{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3462", "width": "2274", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "Class.\\nBook.", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3260", "width": "1987", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "iit\\ntS P", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "THE SHEEP\\nBY\\nDR. WILLIAM A. RUSHWORTH,\\nLate Sheep Inspector, Larimer Co., Colorado.\\nInspector Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agricluture, Etc., Etc.\\nA historici l and statistical description of SJieep and their pro-^\\nduct The fattening of Sheep. Their diseases^ with\\nprescriptions for scientific treatment. The respective\\nrf eds of Sheep and their fine points. Govern-\\nnent inspectio7i, etc., with other valuable\\ninformation.\\nIncluding Numerous Illustrations;\\nALSO\\nAN APPENDIX CONT.AINING\\nSHEEP BREEDERS DIRECTORY.\\nTHE BUFFALO REVIEW CO.\\nPublishers,\\n1899.", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "1 WCJ JOfIES RECEIVED.\\n^-^w-\\nC *^6\\n51097\\nEntered according to Act of Congress, in the year IS by\\nWM. A. RUSHWORTH,\\nIn the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Wasliinyton.\\niccowD cone", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "preface*\\nThe present work was undertaken by the author from the\\nbelief that at this time a short and concise treatise on the sheep\\nin general, and more particularly the diseases of the sheep, would\\nprove acceptable to the veterinary student, and perhaps assist the\\ntheep-owner in combatting some of the conditions affecting his\\nstock, especially if the same was written in plain language with\\nthe least possible use of technical terms. In the parts of the\\nwork dealing with the anatomical structure and digestive arrange-\\nment endeavor has been made to merely make mention of and\\nexplain those parts, and their uses, which are most often involved\\nin the diseases of the system.\\nThe author desires to express his sincere thanks to many of\\nthe secretaries of the different sheep societies of America, who\\nfurnished him data concerning their respective breeds, and to\\nwhom he is indebted for many valuable electrotypes of prize-\\nwinning animals.\\nIn the part of the work relating to disease, the classification\\nfollows the parts involved. All specific diseases have been rele-\\ngated to one chapter, and those due to parasitic invasion are also\\ntreated separately.\\nThe laws and regulations governing the importation, ex-\\nportation and inter-state shipments of live stock, sheep more\\nespecially, are given in full in a chapter devoted to that purpose;\\nas with the exception of the Inspectors of the Department of\\nAgriculture and those specially engaged in enforcing the laws.", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "IV. PEEFACE.\\nfew persons are familiar with the process, or really appreciate\\nthe use and benefits which they derive from such legislation.\\nThe author, in compiling this short treatise, has obtained\\nmuch information from many noted authorities, credit to whom\\nis given in the pages of this work; especially is he under great\\nobligations to Dr. A. S. Alexander, Professor of Hygiene and\\nBreeding at the Chicago Veterinary College, for much valuable\\ninformation, and whose able assistance and ability used in editing\\nthis work has made it possible for it now to be presented to the\\ngeneral reader.\\nTHE AUTHOR.", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "Chapters*\\nCHAPTER I\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Sheep. Their Origin and Early History.\\nCHAPTER II\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Prominent Breeds of Sheep.\\nH- -Long-OToolcd Breeds.\\n1. The Leicester and Border Leicester.\\n2. The Cotswokl.\\n3. The Lincoln.\\n4. The Rommey Marsh, or Kentish Long-wooled.\\nB\u00e2\u0080\u0094Zbc Middle-Olooled Breeds.\\n1. The Sonthdown.\\n2. The Shropshires.\\n3. The Hampshire Down.\\n4. The Oxfordshire Down.\\n5. The Dorset Horned.\\nG. The Suffolk Down.\\nC\u00e2\u0080\u0094 8bort-5Clooled Breeds.\\n1. The Spanish Merino.\\n2. Rambonillet.\\n3. Delaine ^Merino.\\nD\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mountain Breeds.\\n1. The Che^not.\\n2. The Herd wick.\\nCHAPTER III\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Wool Industry.\\nCHAPTER IV\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Feeding and Fattening.\\nCHAPTER Y\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Anatomical Structure.", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "VI. CHAPTEES.\\nCHAPTER VI\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Digestive System.\\nCHAPTER VII (a) Rumination, how performed.\\n(b) The Intestinal Organs.\\n(c) The Genito-Urinary System,\\nCHAPTER VIII\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mating and Selection.\\nCHAPTER IX\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A Study of Disease in general.\\nCHAPTER X Diseases of the Brain and Xen^ous System.\\nCHAPTER XI\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Diseases of the Respiratory Organs.\\nCHAPTER XII\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Diseases of the Digestive Organs.\\nCHAPTER XIII\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Diseases of the Urinary System.\\nCHAPTER XIV Parasitic Diseases; due to Internal Parasites.\\nCHAPTER XA Parasitic Diseases of the Skin.\\nCHAPTER XVI\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Specific Diseases.\\nCHAPTER XVTI Operative Surgery and Diseases of the Eye.\\nCHAPTER XVIII\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Local Xon-Contagious Diseases.\\nCHAPTER XIX Parturition and Diseases incidental thereto.\\nCHAPTER XX Medical Treatment in General, agents used,\\ntheir therapeutic actions and doses.\\nCHAPTER XXI\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Inspection of Sheep\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Federal and State.", "height": "3250", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "Synopsis of Chapters.\\nCHAPTER I\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SHEEP. Their origin and early history.\\nThe White Sheep of Asia. Rocky Mountain Sheep. The Mns-\\ninon of Africa. First domestication ver} remote and uncertain.\\nSheep of the Bible. Sheep the forerunners of and aid to the\\ncivilization of man. Adaption to climatic conditions. Sheep\\nhusbandry a most honorable calling among the ancients. The\\nSheep of Greece, Italy and Spain. Spanish Wool. First weav-\\ners of wool. Origin of English breeds of Sheep, very early.\\nTheir advent in America. The Llama. Importations to United\\nStates. Growing demand. Xow is the time to embark in Sheep\\nraising.\\nCHAPTER II\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE PROMINENT BREEDS OF\\nSHEEP. Long-wooled breeds. The Leicester and Border Lei-\\ncester. The Cotswold. The Lincoln. The Rommey Marsh, or\\nKentish Long-wooled. The middle-wooled breeds. The South-\\ndown. The Shropshires. The Hampshire Down. The Oxford-\\nshire Down. The Dorset Horned. The Suffolk Down. Short-\\n^vooled breeds. The Spanish Merino. Rambouillet. Delaine\\n^ferino. Mountain breeds. The Cheviot. The Hcrdwick.\\nCHAPTER III\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE WOOL INDUSTRY. Cloth\\nmanufacture dates back to earliest Bible history. Romans first\\nestablished factories in England. pinning universal under the\\nSaxon Monarchy. History of ancient woolen factories. The\\nSpinster. Wars of the Crusades. Wool and national wealth\\ntakes the place of money. The fine goods of Holland. Spain", "height": "3250", "width": "2004", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "VIII. SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS.\\ntaxes the wuoleu iiuliistry out of the coiintrv, ami it goes to Eng-\\nland, and among her greatest industries. Xature of wool fila-\\nments. Secreting glands, the yolk, felting of wool. Discovery\\nof the character of wool filaments. Processes of manufacture.\\nloth. Worsteds. Carpet wools. Points to consider in selec-\\ntion of wool. Strength, fineness, curl, thickness, closure, bad\\nqualities of. Constitutional and hereditary defects in slieep.\\nStripy wool, toppiness, felty wool, cloudy wool, broad-topped,\\nl)reak in wool. Exportation statistics and tables.\\nCHAPTER IV\u00e2\u0080\u0094 FOOD OF THE SHEEP. Feeding\\nlarge proportions of the business. Export trade. Crossing of\\nmutton breeds. ]\\\\Iethods of feeding. Desirability of large and\\nsmall sheep for mutton. AVestern customs. Colorado and New\\nMexico. Alfalfa. Corn. Oats. Changing feed. Pock salt.\\nHot and cold weather. Pegularity in feeding. Cost of. Ship-\\nments east. Feeding in general amount. Flow to keep sheep\\nliealtliy. How to produce fat. Waste of tissues. Other ani-\\nmals. Canivora versus herbivora, carbon, etc. Proportions of\\nflesh and blood. Analysis of mutton fat. Failure of some foods\\nin producing. Importance of protein, casein, albumen. Tables\\nshowing quantities for proper feeding. The AVolff standard.\\nCorrect rations. Clean troughs. Proportions of food to fat pro-\\nduced. Oil meal, corn, turnips, etc. Oxen and sheep as sheep\\nmature. Offal diminished. Intestines of sheep. Feeding for\\nhome and foreign markets. The best feeders to buy.\\nCHAPTER V\u00e2\u0080\u0094 AXATOMICAL STRUCTURE. Tech-\\nnical terms and their avoidance. Resemblance between the\\nsheep and ox. Cells. Tissues. Solids. Fluids. Epithelial\\ncells. Muscular tissue. Xerve tissue. Bone tissues. Bones,\\nhow jointed. Tendons. The brain and spinal cord. Glandular\\nstructure. Stomach. Heart. Veins. Circulation of the blood.\\nLacteals. Chyle. Intestines. Description of the bony structure..", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS. IX.\\nPhysiological coiiclitions. Inorganic salts. Long, hollow and flat\\nbones. Spine. Ossification. The skull. The cranial cavity.\\nHorned sheep. The parietal bones. Frontal, cerebrum, occipital\\nand temporal bones.\\nCHAPTER YI\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTE^I. How\\nsheep feed. Conformation of the month, lips, teeth, jaws,\\nfibrous pad, tooth growth and development, incisors, molar teeth,\\ngums, cheeks, salivary glands and ducts. Great quantity of\\nsaliva produced. Swallowing food. Rumination. Complica-\\ntion of the digestive organs. Their nervous energy. The eoso-\\nphagus. Procession of the food. The first, second, third and\\nfourth stomachs. How the weight of food is supported in the\\nabdominal cavity. Compartments. Honeycomb formation.\\nMucus secretion and liquids of the stomach. The object of\\nl^apillae, in third stomach. AVhy some sheep scour habitually.\\nOnly one opening to the omasum. The true stomach, where the\\ngastric juice is secreted. Xature of gastric juice; its specific\\ngravity. Shape of the fourth stomach; the difference between\\nthe mucous lining of it and other stomachs. The pylorus, how\\nconstructed.\\nCHAPTER VII\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (a) RUMIXATIOX, how performed.\\nFood deposited in rumen.\\nWhen rumination commences, sheep generally lies down.\\nChange of position of food in rumen. Liquid portion of food\\npasses to reticulum. How food is returned from the stomach to\\nthe mouth. The oesophagus has a double duty to perform.\\nDry condition of third stomach. The stomach proper. Stom-\\nach employed by laml)s when existing solely off the ewe s milk.\\nDevelopment of first, second and third stomachs. Food con-\\nverted into chyme.\\n(b) THE INTESTI^^AL ORGAXS. The pyloric open-\\ning permits passage of chyme from abomasum to intestines.", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "X. SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTEES.\\nHow return of chyme from intestines to abomasiim is prevented.\\nClassification of intestines, tlie large and small; difference in ap-\\npearance. Small intestines arbitrarily divided into tliree sub-\\ndivisions. Glands in the duodenum. Entry of ducts from\\npancreas and liver. Formation of small intestines. Divisions of\\nlarge intestines. Shape of caecum, valve at juncture of ileum\\nand caecum. Use of caecum; how important. Various dimen-\\nsions of the colon. The faeces changed into pellets. Manifold\\nfunctions of the liver; importance of bile secretion. Sugar\\nmanufactured in liver gains access to the circulation. External\\nappearance of the liver; its intimate structure. Examination of\\na lobule. The blood from which the bile is elaborated. Rumin-\\nants have a reservoir for the reception of the bile; anatomical\\ndifference as compared with the horse. Functions of the bile.\\nDefinition of secretion and excretion. Pancreatic juice; its ac-\\ntivity. Specific action of pancreatic juice on fatty matter.\\n(c) THE GEXITO-URIXARY SYSTEM. Urine sep-\\narated from blood. Appearance of kidney. Direction of ureter;\\nmode of effecting entrance to bladder. Important part in the\\nanimal economy played by the kidneys. Extent of mi cous\\nmembrane lining renal basin. Minute tubes in structure of kid-\\nneys; their uses. Properties of the urine. Separation of m ca.\\nAVhat produces uraemic poisoning. Extent of urethra in the\\nram.\\nTHE GENERATIVE ORGAXS. Those of the male.\\nThe semen, its uses, and where elaborated. Dispos-ition of peri-\\ntoneum in scrotal sac. What constitutes congenital hernia.\\nHow the semen is expelled from the vesiculae seminales; where\\ndeposited. Wonderful procreative power of rams. How vermi-\\nform appendage is frequently injured.\\nTHE GENERATIVE ORGANS OF THE FEMALE;\\nwhere situated. Their uses. Where the germ ovum is located.", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS. XI.\\nSituation of womb. Termination of uterus; its projection into\\nvaginal cavity. Vaginal cavity lined with mucous membrane.\\nThe ovum is vivified. Period of time required before birth of\\nlamb takes place.\\nCHAPTER YIII\u00e2\u0080\u0094 MATIXG AND SELECTIOX.\\nQualities to be considered. The influence of the male. Na-\\nture s laws tend to fix external conformation by the sire. Points\\nsought for by breeders. Signs of good qualities. What consti-\\ntutes a good quality. Points sought after in breeding. Distri-\\nbution of flesh. Judicious cross-breeding. Long-wooled breeds\\nimproved by Leicester cross. Cross-breeding experimental. In-\\nand-in breeding. Objectionable in application to the human\\nfamily. Advantages of in-breeding as applied to animals.\\nBreeding with a view to improvement. Best qualities become\\nconcentrated in one family. Inheritance of the good qualities of\\nin-bred ancestors. Stock to be preserved pure. Selection.\\nAVeeding undesirable ewes from the flock. Drafted ewes unfit\\nto perpetuate their kind. Selection of rams. Breeding for\\nwool. Breeding for mutton. Breeding for both wool and mut-\\nton. Faulty conformation of ram, evidence of weakness in\\nchain of ancestry. Particular class desired by the breeder.\\nMaking drafts from the flock. Drafts tend to strengthen ap-\\npearance and value of flock. Undesirable ewes. How bad\\npoints may be overcome in breeding. Condition of ew^es before\\nbeing served by the ram. The best shape to conceive. Lamb-\\ning season materially shortened.\\nCHAPTER IX\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A STUDY OF DISEASE IX GEX-\\nERAL. Definition of health. What is disease? Symptoms\\nof disease. Dry condition of the fleece. Unnatural posi-\\ntions. Diseases of sheep numerous and frequently fatal.\\nExcessive development of digestive organs of the sheep.\\nSheep unfitted for laborious exercise. Its energy and vital-", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "XTI. SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS.\\nity tend to weaken as sheep become better bred. Small\\nproportion of blood in the sheep as compared to other ani-\\nmals. Combustion depends on exertion. Tissue waste. Large\\namount of vascularity unneeded in the sheep. Specific diseases\\nfew as compared to some other classes of animals. Sheep\\nslaughtered before reaching maturity. Examination of sheep.\\nProper methods of control. Xot to be held by the wool. How\\nto catch ewes. Use of the crook. How to lift the sheep. Vari-\\nous operations. Trifling derangements liable to become serious.\\nDiseases affecting digestive organs more numerous than any\\nothers. Herding in flocks facilitates spread of infectious diseases.\\nEnzootic diseases. Bleeding; how performed. Effects of purga-\\ntive drenches; how assisted. Bleeding from the jugular vein.\\nAmount of blood to be drawn. Hoav to bleed from the cheek\\nv?in. The saphena vein, its location and how operated on.\\nLigature. Difficulty in bleeding fat sheep. Definition of the\\npulse. Xumber of pulse beats per minute. Where to take the\\npulse in the sheep. Temperature not a reliable sign to go by in\\nthe sheep. Effects of shearing on the temperature. The gait of\\nthe animal to be taken into consideration in diagnosing diseases.\\nOther signs. Incorrect diet and lack of hygienic surroundings\\nfertile causes of disease. Prevention of disease more profitable\\nthan medication.\\nCHAPTER X\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DISEASES OE THE BRAIX AXD\\nXERVOL^S SYSTEM. XerviDus system of lower animals not\\nso sensitive as that of the human. Divisions of the nervous sys-\\ntem, phenomena peculiar to themselves. When the brain is in-\\nvolved in the disease. In cases of transverse paralysis. Dis-\\nease of the spinal cord. Localized parts only paralized. Injury\\nto corticle portion of the brain. Injuries to deeper portions;\\nwhat they effect. May be great derangement of function with-\\nout perceptible alteration of structure. Frenzy, encephalitis, or", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTEES. XIII.\\ncerebritis its causes. Predisposing influences. Affects lambs\\nmore frequently than grown sheep. The symptoms of cerebritis^\\nviolent actions on part of affected subjects. ]\\\\rore marked in\\nlambs than old sheep. Treatment for Cerebritis. The post-\\nmortem appearances. Apoplexy, frequently caused from ple-\\nthora; more cases among sheep than cattle; why? Symp-\\ntoms. Affected animals generally die before aid can be ex-\\ntended them. This condition is easier to prevent than to treat.\\nEpilepsy, its causes, reflex irritation due to parasites; its\\nsymptoms and treatment, irydrocephalus, the nature of. Rare\\ndisease among adult sheep. Treatment always unsatisfactory.\\nLouping-ill, Tremblings, Mad-staggers, etc. A remarkable dis-\\nease, its pathology and supposed causes. Great loss caused from\\nlouping-ill. Symptoms and treatment. Simple Paralysis, Palsy,\\noccurs in ewes after difficult parturition. Occurs in other sheep\\nalso. Its causes. Symptoms and treatment. Paralysis in newly-\\nborn lambs. Simple treatment therefor.\\nCHAPTER XI\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DISEASES OF THE RESPIRA-\\nTORY ORGAXS. Less frequent and numerous than those of\\ndigestive system. Pleurisy a common affection of sheep. Sheep\\nearly shorn liable to pleurisy. Xasal catarrh frequently\\naffects sheep. Exists in three forms. Symptoms of nasal\\ncatarrh. Its treatment. Weakness subsequent to attacks of\\ncatarrh hard to overcome. Its prevention. Sore-throat, also\\ncalled laryngitis. Symptom?. Treatment. Operation of\\ntracheotomy. Bronchitis; adult sheep suffer severely from this\\naffection. The atmosphere as a cause of bronchitis. Symptoms\\nof bronchitis. ]\\\\Iethods of detection. Treatment, hygienic\\nsurroundings a necessity. Inflammation of the lungs; of com-\\nmon occurrence. Symptoms and treatment. Pleurisy due\\noften to sudden changes in temperature. It frequently follows\\ndipping. Symptoms and treatment of pleurisy.", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "XIV. SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS.\\nCHAPTER XII\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE\\nSYSTEM. Generally arise from errors of diet. Concentrated\\nfoods dangerons. Diseases of the digestive system of sheep very\\nniimerons. Aphtha, sore-month, frequently fatal. Affects suck-\\ning lambs. Ewes become inoculated from their young. Cause of\\ndisease unknown. Symptoms and treatment. Obstruction of the\\ngullet may occur in the pharynx. Symptoms dependant also on\\nderangement of pneumogastric and sympathetic nerves. Treat-\\nment, entirely operative. Methods. The trocar, and its uses.\\nBloat, also called Hoven or Blasting, not a disease; due to fer-\\nmentation of contents of rumen. Symptoms and treatment. Loss\\nof Cud, not a disease, but a condition. Impaction of the Om-\\nasum, often due to pasture containing astringent herbs. Impac-\\ntion of the Rumen, a mechanical distention of the organ. AVheat\\nproduces this condition. Fatal terminations frequent. Symp-\\ntoms, dintingulshed from bloat by examining left flank. Treat-\\nment, both medicinal and operative. Intestinal obstructions,\\nWool-balls, Stony Concretions, Calculi, Rupture, Hernia,\\nStrangulation, Stricture, Volvulus, Intus-susception. Impaction\\nof the fourth stomach of lambs, due to milk curdling. Colic, a\\nrare affection among sheep. Inflammation of the Bowels. Xot\\ncommon in sheep. Diarrhoea results usually from mismanage-\\nment. May be a symptom of some other condition. May be due\\nto any of many different causes. Diarrhoea of Lambs, White\\nSkit, virtually due to constipation. The Green Skit, due to ex-\\nposure and dietetic errors. Treatment for diarrhoea in adult\\nsheep, also for white and green skit. Dysentery, frequently\\nfatal; of a typhoid character. Finding. Flies and maggots at-\\ntack the hind quarters. Remove wool and keep parts clean.\\nMake affected animals comfortable, give good hygienic surround-\\nings. Constipation, rectal injections beneficial. Imperforate\\nAnus, a surgical operation necessary. Hemorrhoids, Piles, pile\\nointments. Peritonitis, a rare disease in sheep, may result in old", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTEKS. XV.\\nslieep from debility. Diseases of the Liver, size of liver as com-\\npared with that of other animals. Only two, non-parasitic in\\norigin, considered in this chapter. Hepatitis, Jaundice Icterus.\\nCHAPTER XIII\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DISEASES OE THE UIIIXAEY\\nSYSTEM. Surplus of nitrogen in the system. Urea. Kidneys.\\nUreters. Bladder. Urethra. Acid urine. Alkaline urine.\\nLitmus paper. Urine tests. Sabulous deposits. Xephritis, never\\nreported as an original lesion. Renal Calculi, generally the\\ncauses of urinary diseases in sheep. L^rethral Calculus, liable to\\ncause rupture of the bladder. Treatment operative; liable in\\ncases of rams to injure their procreative qualities.\\nCHAPTER XIV\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PARASITIC DISEASES DUE TO\\nIXTERXAL PARASITES. Parasites, living animal organ-\\nisms. Entozoa. Ectozoa. Parasitic disease of the brain.\\nSturdy. Gid. Coenurus cerebralis. Hydatid cysts. Disease\\nresembling gid. Operation for gid not always successful. Dogs\\nand their relation to gid. Parasitic diarrhoea, a serious com-\\nplaint. Taenia expansa. Observers quoted. Description of\\nparasite causing the disease. Parasitic gastric catarrh. Occurs\\nas an epizootic. Xodular disease; first recognized in Washing-\\nton, D. C, hj Dr. D. E. Salmon, Parasitic nasal catarrh, due\\nto oestrus ovis. Surgical treatment for removal of larvae.\\nParasitic bronchitis. Hoose. Husk. Snots. A destructive\\naffection. Strongylus filaria, strongylus refescens. Xature of\\nthe disease. Methods of introduction. How they arrive in the\\nbronchial tubes. Treatment, both preventive and curative.\\nThe Rot has caused more loss to flock-owners than all other dis-\\neases. Virulent in Egypt. Distoma hepaticum. Wonderful\\nlife cycle of parasite. Duration of the disease. Post-mortem\\nappearances. Description of fluke. Preventive treatment.\\nCHAPTER XV\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE\\nSKIX. Scabies causes great losses to the wool-growers. Life", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "XVI. SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTEES.\\nhistory of scab parasites. Gerlacli s table of scab mite multi-\\nplication. The Common Scab. The Head Scab. Examina-\\ntion of sheep for scab. Methods of infection. Xew Mexican\\nlambs, their liability to scabies. Dipping. Hand-dressing for\\n:scab. Dipping plant. Lime and sulphur dip. Sheep Tick.\\nMelophagus Ovinus. Lice. Peculiar appearance of the wool\\nof sheep affected with lice. The Fly. Lucellia Marcellaria.\\nCause of maggot.\\nCHAPTER XVI\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SPECIFIC DISEASES. Germs.\\nClassification of germs. Methods of introduction into animal\\neconomy. Germs the cause of all specific diseases. Period of\\nincubation. Braxy. Anthrax Fever. Treatment preventive.\\nAVool-sorters disease. Black-leg. Quarter-ill. Quarantine of\\ninfected pastures. Foot-and-Mouth Disease. Infectious\\nAphtha. Eczema Epizootica. Tetanus lock-jaw. As seen fol-\\nlowing parturition. Use of tetanus anti-toxin. Erysipelas.\\nActinomycosis due to a fungus occurs in the human, cattle,\\nswine, and rarely in the dog. Sheep Pox. Variola Ovina.\\nTuberculosis very rare in sheep. Rabies. Hydrophobia. Post-\\nmortem appearances. Symptoms of rabies in the dog. Blood\\nDiseases. Red Water. Sanguineous Ascites. Anaemia.\\nRheumatism. Pining. Vinquish.\\nCHAPTER XVII\u00e2\u0080\u0094 OPERATIVE SURGERY AXD\\nDISEASES OF THE EYE. Castration. Methods of\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0operation. Covered operation for scrotal hernia. Trapping.\\nTying or lashing. Bistournage. Docking. Spaying. Frac-\\ntures. Simple. Compound. Comminuted. Wounds, incised,\\npunctured, lacerated, or torn, contused or bruised. Bruises.\\nStrains. Sprains. Abscess. What constitutes a tumor. Over-\\ngrowths of tissue. Homologous and heterologous tumors. Meth-\\nods of growth. Vascularity. Malignant and benign tumors.\\n-Causes of tumor formation. Cohnheim s tlieorv. Parasitic", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS. XVII.\\norigin. Cvstic tumors. Treatment of tumors. Goitre. Struma.\\nReal, fibrous, varicose, cystic bronchocele. Treatment of goitre.\\nDiseases of the Eye. Simple Ophthalmia. Simple. Specific\\nAmaurosis. Gutta-serena. Glass-Eye. Fungus liematodes.\\nOpacity of the Cornea. Wounds of the Eye.\\n^o\\nCHAPTER XVIII\u00e2\u0080\u0094 LOCAL XOIS^-COXTAGIOFS\\nDISEASES. Eczema, different forms of. Erythema. Cellu-\\nlitis Prurigo. Impetigo larvalis. Foot-Rot. Paronychia In-\\nterdigitalis. VVet pastures conducive to this condition. Differ-\\nences between foot-rot and foot-and-mouth disease. Foot baths.\\nFungoid growths. Inflammation of Inter-Digital Canal.\\nCHAPTER XIX\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PARTURITIOX AXD DISEASES\\nIXCIDEXTAL THERETO. Xormal Parturition. Period of\\nGestation. Womb contractions. Prolonged parturition, causes.\\nRigidity of os uteri. Obliteration of the os. Torsion of the\\nuterus. Mal-presentations. Monstrosities. Conditions liable to\\noccur incidental to Parturition. Retention of Foetal Mem-\\nbranes. Inversion of the Womb. Prolapsus Uteri. Inversion\\nof the Vagina. Inflammation of the Vagina. Vaginitis In-\\nflammation of the Womb. Metritis. Malignant Parturient\\nFever. Garget. Mammitis or Mastitis. Cracked Teats.\\nFounder. Parturient Laminitis. Asphixia. Bleeding from the\\nTTmbilicus. Umbilical Hemorrhage. Inflammation of the Um-\\nbilical Cord. Xavel-Ill. Retention of the Meconium. Imper-\\nforate Anus. Cyanosis. Abortion.\\nCHAPTER XX\u00e2\u0080\u0094 MEDICAL TREATMEXT IX GEX-\\nERAL, AGEXTS USED, THEIR THERAPEUTIC AC-\\nTIOXS AXD DOSES. Medicinal treatment of sheep. Singly\\nand in flocks. Drugs having a nauseous taste. Violent poisons.\\nVis medicatrix naturae. Medicinal agents. Definition. Thera-\\npeutic action. Astringents. Alteratives. Anti-spasmodics.", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "XVIII. SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS.\\nAnaesthetics. Anthelmintics. Ant-Acids. Anodynes. Anti-\\nseptics. Cathartics. Carminatives. Cholagogues Diuretics.\\nDiaphoretics. Hypnotics. Vermifuges. Vermicides. Tonics.\\nDoses for sheep and lamb. Fluid measure. Weight measure.\\nSymbols. Drug tables.\\nCHAPTEK XXI\u00e2\u0080\u0094 INSPECTION OF SHEEP, FED-\\nERAL AND STATE. Commencement of live-stock inspection\\nin the United States dates back about twenty years. Method of\\ninspection. Condemnation of carcasses unfit for human con-\\nsumption. Sheep imported from other countries. Canada and\\nSouth American republics excepted. Quarantine regulations.\\nSpecial regulations concerning Canadian imports of live stock.\\nOfficial Canadian veterinarian s certificate required. Sheep for\\nimmediate slaughter do not require certificate. Duration of\\nquarantine exacted on importations of live-stock from Europe.\\nSheep scab guarded against. Regulations concerning the ex-\\nportation of sheep abroad, notably to England. Inter-state\\nshipments; regulations concerning the same. Movement of\\nWestern range sheep to Eastern feeding grounds; their liability\\nto carry the infection of scab. State Inspection. Western and\\nIMiddle West States adopt legislation for their own protec-\\ntion. Chas. Gresswell, M. R. C. V. S., opinions on inspection\\nof live-stock in general. Resrulations of the State of Colorado\\nconcerning the transportation of sheep into or across that State.\\nOther States adopting similar legislation.", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER I.\\nSheep,\\nTlieir Origin and Ilistorv. It is beyond qnestion impossi-\\nble to know, or even surmise, tbe actual origin of the domestic\\nsheep. It appears very doubtful whether there exists any con-\\nnection between them and the Argali, or white sheep of Asia,\\nand the ]\\\\Iusmon of South Europe and Africa or the Eocky\\nJMountain sheep of Xorth America; even should this connection\\nbe believed in, they must have been domesticated in the very\\nremote past, tlieir habits materially changing before any records\\nappear in the most ancient histories we can command. We\\nfind on consulting the Bible that sheep are spoken of in its\\nearlier passages, and that Abel chose sheep-herding as his\\nvocation, while Cain tilled the soil, and that the jealousy\\nresulting from Abel s offering of a firstling of his flock for\\nsacrifice, resulted in the first murder o-f which there is any\\nrecord. Before agriculture was practiced to any great extent,\\nwhen the population of the earth was comparatively small, sheep\\nhusbandry was universally followed, their natural disposition\\nand constitution rendering them capable of adaptation to differ-\\nent climates and conditions, furnishing food and clothing to\\ntheir possessors, affording a profitable investment to the shep-\\nherd, the most ancient and honorable calling of man. AVe find\\nsheep preceeding civilization of the different parts of the world.\\nAncient Greece for many years was the sole possessor of this\\nvaluable animal in Europe; its introduction to Italy following\\nthe foundation of the Roman Empire; the Roman Conquests\\nextended their use to the conquered territories, Spain especially\\naffording- them an abundance of pasture, and to Spain the honor", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "20 SHEEP, OKIGIN AND HISTOKY.\\nbelongs of developing and improving their condition, so that even\\nin the time of the Eomans, Spanish wool was celebrated for its\\nquality, which pre-eminence it retained up to the commence-\\nment of the present ccntnry. In ancient times sheep skins\\nwere used for clothing, but as civilization progressed, we find\\nmanufactured cloths taking the place of skins. This necessitated\\nthe improvement of the fleece by careful breeding and selection.\\nIn Ancient Eome fine wools were made a study, the fineness of\\nthe fleece was cultivated to an extraordinary extent; the, sheep\\nwere clothed to insure a delicacy of the wool filaments; the\\nfleece being combed to prevent matting of the wool, the skin\\nbeing oiled and moistened with wine. Pliny, a Roman writer,\\nstates that the best wool was that of Apulia on the Adriatic\\nSea; the excessive care bestowed on these sheep predisposed to\\nconstitutionally weaken them, rendering them liable to disease;\\nand with the fall of the Roman Empire these choice breeds\\nwere broken up and lost, and while a few fine-wooled sheep can\\nstill be found in Italy, they are badly formed and very inferior\\nto their ancient progenitors.\\nThe history of the sheep in England dates back to the ear-\\nliest records. We find that the Romans considered the British\\nwool as an object of luxury in the Capitol of the Empire. Dur-\\ning the Roman occupation of Britain, a wool factory was estab-\\nlished at Winchester, the fabrics of which became a subject of\\nfavorable comment to the historians of Rome, and while the\\norigin of the difi^erent English breeds of sheep is altogether\\nshrouded in mystery, we know that certain breeds have occu-\\npied stated localities as far back as the earliest records, and\\nfrom these localities we are enabled to trace the different classes\\nof English sheep, ascertaining their sources of improvement, and\\nthe evolution of the recognized mutton breeds of the present\\nday.\\nThe origin of sheep in Xorth America dates back to the", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "SHEEP, ORIGIN AND HISTORY. 21\\nconquest of Mexico by the Spaniards in the fourteenth centurv..\\nPrevious to their advent in the Xew AVorld, the nearest ap-\\nproach to the species was the Ihima, found in South America,\\nwhen Pizarro conquered Peru, and so far as is known even this\\nanimal was not found north of Central America. After Mexico\\nwas parcelled out among the conquerors and colonization was\\nstarted, the necessity of stocking the grants caused the exporta-\\ntion of large numbers of live stock from Spain to Xorth America,\\nand as the western broncho can be traced as a lineal descendant\\nof the fiery barb, ridden by the Spanish cavaliers, so can the\\n]\\\\rexican sheep be traced back to the silky-fleeced Merino of\\nCastille. The care of the converts under the supervision of the\\npriests, and the pastoral duties of the different missions which\\nincluded raising of live stock and agricultural pursuits in\\ngeneral, as much as the welfare of the souls of the converted\\nIndians, was responsible for the rapid increase of the flocks and\\nherds and their extension to other parts of the continent, notably\\nXew Mexico and California. AVhile Spain is to be credited\\nwith being the source from which the Southern and Western\\nsheep in this country originated, we find also that in the year\\n1600 sheep were imported by the early settlers of the Xew\\nEngland States from England and Holland, and that prior to\\nthe War of Independence many importations were made, the\\nhousewives in those days being expert with the spinning wheel.\\nImported cloth fetching a high price, sheep were bred for the\\nwool they produced, the clip being spun and converted into cloth\\nat home for the use of the members of the family. Erom the\\ncommencement of tliis century up to the present time the im-\\nportations have been many and good, the best breeds of all\\nforeign countries having been freely drawn from, the imports\\nembracing all the recognized breeds from the Spanish Merino\\neven to the Persian sheep, and increasing in number until at\\nthe present time the annual importations amount to many thou-", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "22 SHEEP. ORIGIX AND HISTOEY.\\nsands for breeding purposes alone. While tlie importations for\\nbreeding purposes have been large, the number of sheep in the\\nUnited States has decreased rather than increased in the last\\ntwenty years, which at first glance appears remarkable when\\nthe increasing consumption of mutton as a food is taken into\\nconsideration, and it can only be accounted for by the decrease\\nin the price of wool, which made the handling of large herds\\nof wool sheep unprofitable to the flock owner.\\nWe find that in 1ST9 there were all told in the United\\nStates 38,123,000 sheep, and that in 1884 the top of the ladder\\nwas reached, there being at that time 50,026,626 in the country.\\nFrom then the decline in numbers gradually progressed till in\\n1895 there were all told only 42,204,064 head, and at the\\npresent time, 1899, the estimates only call for 39,114,453, a\\nmost remarkable decrease since 1884; and when the increase in\\npopulation and increasing popularity of mutton as an article of\\ndiet for the home market, as well as the growing demand from\\nabroad is taken into account, that there should be a decrease in\\nnumbers since 1879 of nearly half a million head, and from\\n1884 to 1898 of a decrease of 11,512,173 head, makes the fact\\nbecome all the more surprising. It would certainly appear\\nreasonable that now is the time to embark in sheep husbandry,\\nthe demand for feeders increasing every year. Every year new\\nfeeding grounds are springing up in the AVest till at the present\\ntime the breeding and feeding of sheep has risen to be the most\\nprofitable branch of stock-raising in which the farmer can\\nen 2;a2;e.", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II,\\nChe prominent Breeds of 8beep.\\nIn describing the diflferent breeds of sheep we shall classify\\nthem according to their fleece, as long, middle or short-wooled.\\nThe long-wooled breeds are white-faced, somewhat coarse in flesh\\nand not so active as the shorter-wooled species. The long-\\nwooled breeds of sheep are English by origin. AVe find belong-\\ning to this class the Lincoln, Kent, Cotswold, Leicester; also the\\nDevon long-wooled breeds. The first place on the list nndonbt-\\nedly belongs to the Leicester, it being the first breed improved by\\nskilfnl selection and crossing.\\nLeicesters and Border Leicesters.\\nTHE LEICESTER SHEEP appears to have been a native\\nof Leicestershire and adjoining counties. Eor a considerable\\nperiod before it came under the genius of Bakewell, to whom be-\\nlongs the honor of being the pioneer in the field of improvement\\nof all kinds of live stock. This man, who was an English farmer\\nli\\\\ing at Dishley, Loughborough, Leicestershire. He recognized\\nthe fact that the properties of parents may be transmitted to their\\noffspring until the type will finally become fixed. He was also\\nendowed with the gift of discernment, in being able to tell by an\\nanimal s exterior and quality whether or not it possessed the\\nproperties he desired to perpetuate. About 1755 Bakewell com-\\nmenced on the improvement of the Leicester sheep, the result\\nbeing the fo. an animal somewhat smaller than the\\noriginal type, r and deeper, more symetrical and better\\nadapted for f nening, combined with an earlier maturity. The\\nold Leicester a coarse, large sheep, with an abundant", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "r ,\\\\i,. ^n", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "LEICESTERS AND BOEDEli LEICESTERS. 25\\nfleece, but in the selection of smaller and more compact animals,\\nnecessary for the improvement in carcass, unfortunately the\\nfleece diminished in weight proportionately to the decrease in\\nsize of carcass. The Leicester sheep as improved by Bakewell\\nmay be described as a white-faced, hornless sheep, covered with a\\nfleece abont seven inches in length, having a lashy wool, ter-\\nminated with a short twisted curl. The points of the Leicester\\nare: Head, hornless, long, small, tapering towards the muzzle;\\nlips and nostrils black; nose slightly narrow and Eoman, giving\\nthe face a wedge-shaped appearance; face is covered with thin,\\nwhite hairs; forehead covered with wool; ears thin, rather long\\nand mobile and directed backward; a black speck on face, and\\nears not being uncommon; eye large and prominent; neck short,\\nlevel with the back and broad at its base where it leaves the chest,\\ngradually tapering towards the head, being particularly fine at\\nthe articulation of the head and neck, the neck appearing to ])ro-\\nject straight from the chest, so that there is almost one continued\\nhorizontal line from the rump to the poll. The breast is deep,\\nbroad and full; shoulders upright and wide across the tops, giv-\\ning a great thickness through the heart; well filled up behind the\\nshoulders, making the girth large; ribs are well sprung; loins\\nwide; hips level; quarters long and straight; barrel round; ribbed\\nwell home; no irregularity on the line of the back or the belly.\\nThe bone is fine, the legs being small, standing wide apart; no\\nlooseness of the skin about them, and are comparatively free of\\nwool; the fleece is fine and curly and free from black hairs; firm\\nflesh; springy pelt and pink skin. In general form, the carcass\\nis rectangular, with legs set well on, hocks straight, pasterns good\\nand neat feet. All. these various points were only obtained bj\\npaying long, continued attention to the individual pecularities,\\nselecting the best to breed from, always bearing in mind that it\\nis far easier to perpetuate a defect than to fix an improvement.\\nThe LEICESTER fattens best when about a vear or a vcar", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0096\u00a02 LEICESTEPvS AIS D BOEDER LEICESTERS.\\nand a half old, the carcass then weighing about 80 to 85 pounds.\\nTliey are an excellent sheep for crossing purposes, reproducing\\ntheir wonderful carcasses even when crossed on very inferior\\nstock.\\nThe pure-bred Leicester is liable to lay on fat very thickly,\\nwhich is to their disadvantage, the demand for fat mutton hav-\\ning ceased. There are few breeds, however, which have not\\nbeen improved by an admixture of the Leicester blood, Xotably\\nhave the Sonthdowns, Cotswolds, Lincolns and Hampshire\\nI)owns. It may be as well to mention here the breed known as\\nBorder Leicester. This is now recognized as an independent\\nbreed, rivalling in its value and distribution the original Bake-\\nwell Leicester, from which it is descended. The breed originated\\nabout 1863, when a ^Ir. George Cully visited Dishley, forming\\nan intimate friendship with Mr. Bakewell, he obtained Leicester\\nrams, and by crossing them on a long-wooled breed, called the\\nTeeswaters, in time established a flock of Leicesters. The Cully\\nstock is looked upon as the origin of the Border Leicester.\\nBams from their flock were hired by breeders both English and\\nScotch, wd io often paid as high as $500 for the use of a ram for\\none season.\\nThe difference between the Leicester and Border Leicester\\nis chiefly observed in the head, that of the Border Leicester being\\nwhite, nose slightly Boman, full muzzle, wide nostrils, and erect\\nears. The head is clean and free from wool, while the English\\nLeicester has a tuft of wool on its head, also having wool in the\\nshanks. The head of the English Leicester instead of being\\nclear white, has a blul?h white tinge; the carcass also is not so\\nlong or large as the Border Leicester.\\nFault has been found with the Leicester ewe on account of\\nits predisposition to get too fat, especially when on good soil.\\nThis has been partially overcome by crossing with the Cheviot,\\nwhicdi produces a hardier sheep, and not so liable to over-fatten.", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "THE COTSWOLD. 27\\nChe Cotswold Breed,\\nThis is a very ancient breed. AVe find favorable mention is\\nmade of the Cotswolds by the very early writers. Speed, writ-\\ning nearly 250 years ago, says that the wool from this breed\\nrivalled that of Spain. It has been claimed that they even were\\nthe origin of the Spanish Merino, it being a historical fact that\\nEdward TV. permitted the exportation of a number of this breed\\nto Spain, where they increased and spread rapidly, but, as before\\nstated in the chapter on the origin of sheep, Spanish wool was\\nnoted long before this for its fineness of fibre. AVe also find writ-\\ners in the time of Queen Elizabeth speaking about the long-\\nwooled Cotswold, which would go far to prove that the breed has\\nalways been so, and that they were never originally short-wooled.\\nThe COTSWOLD is a large, hornless sheep, with a long and\\nabundant fleece. The ewes are good nurses and very prolific. The\\nCotswold of to-day contains a considerable strain of the Leicester,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2which has tended to rather diminish the size and shorten the\\nfleece, but they have retained the hardihood of the Cotswold, and\\nare good rustlers and should cross well on the native stock of\\nthis country.\\nDescription of the Cotswold.\\nLegs and face white, with occasional dashes of brown or\\ngray, showing traces of the original stock. The head is strong\\nand massive, without horns, and having a heavy forelock of\\nwool; the neck and fore-quarters are strong and square; the\\nbrisket fairly prominent; the hind quarters are square, full and\\nbroad; the ribs well sprung, making a round barrel; the flanks\\nare deep; the legs close but not long; the bone fairly heavy.\\nTheir general appearance is attractive, indicating a hardy, vigor-\\nous animal. They are shaped to fatten easily, making them a\\nprime mutton breed. The fleece is close upon the back, and", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "ft\\n05", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "THE LINCOLX, 29\\nlong, someti::ies being nine inches in length; is well waved and\\nsoft. The Cotswold has assisted materially in establishing sev-\\neral of the present crossbreeds, notably the Oxford Downs and\\nShropshires in England, and the Cotswold Merino in Germany.\\nIts availability of adaptation to varions climates and conditions\\nand the general iisefnl character of its fleece in woolen manu-\\nfacture makes it one of the most valuable breeds we possess at\\nthe present time.\\nChe Lincoln Sbccp.\\nThis is another famous breed of English sheep, and may\\nalmost be said to be a manvifactured breed, owing as it does its\\npresent perfection and size to systematic and judicious crossing\\nof the old Lincoln sheep with other breeds, notably the improved\\nLeicester. THE OLD LIXCOLIST was a large coarse sheep,\\nwith flat sides and hollow flanks, large legs and feet. Their\\nfleece averaged between ten and twelve pounds, almost touching\\nthe ground, and was very oily. They fattened slowly, and made\\nmuch fat internally.\\nTHE XEW LK^COLN is, as before stated, the product of\\nLeicester crosses upon the original breed, the result being a largo\\nsheep; in fact, the largest of any in the British Isles. The flesh\\nis firm; wool extraordinarily long; fleece very heavy, a ram s clip\\noften weighing between twenty-five and thirty pounds; the wool\\nis bright, and lustrous when shorn. While some breeders con-\\nsider that the Lincolns as a mutton breed are inferior to the\\nDowns, every one admits that for crossing on the common or\\nnative stock of the American Continent they are second to\\nnone. H. A. Danniels, Secretary of the N ational Lincoln Sheep\\nBreeders Association, writes concerning their early importations\\nto this country as follows: Among the first importers of this\\nbreed to Canada were John Geary of London, WilliamAValker of", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "oK\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2a g\\no\\na. a.\\n-o o\\n,2", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "S)\\nIs\\nIs\\nO 3\\n4\\no", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "32 THE LINCOLN.\\nIlderton, and J. T. Gibson of Denfield, also last, but not least,\\nWilliam Oliver of Avonbank. The first Lincolns brought to the\\nUnited States were from the above importations, and the first\\nlireeders were G. S. Allen of Portland, Mich., and Kobert\\nKnight of Marlette, Mich. J. J. England of Cairo was one of\\nthe early breeders, buying largely in Canada, and in 94 made a\\nCbampton. Lincolnshire Gvce, shown at J^evc South OTales, Hustralia, 1898.\\ndirect importation from England. The writer started a flock\\nabout this time, viz., 1880, buying the first lot of Robert Knight,\\nlater making purchases in Canada, having brought over of Cana-\\ndian and English bred five bunches.\\nThe National Association was organized in 1891 with nine\\nmembers, and now is composed of 112 of the best Lincoln\\nbreeders in Xorth America. We have 5,000 Lincolns regis-", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "THE LINCOLN. 33\\ntered, the association having now attained its ninth year, and i*\\nstill growing.\\nStandard and Scale of points of Lincoln Sheep.\\nConstitution Body deep, back wide and straight;\\nwide and full in the thigh bright, large eyes skin\\nsoft and of a pink color 25 points-\\nSize Matured rams not less than 250 pounds, when\\nin good condition. Matured ewes not less than\\n20j0 pounds. 10 points\\nAppearance Good carriage and symmetry of form. .10 points\\nBody Well proportioned, good bone and length;\\nbroad hind quarters; legs standing well apart;\\nbreast wide and deep 15 points\\nHead Should be covered with wool to the ears; tuft\\non forehead; eyes expressive; ears fair length;\\ndotted or mottled in color. 10 points\\nNeck Medium length; good muscle; Avell set on body 5 points\\nLegs Broad and set well apart; good shape; color\\nwhite, but some black spots do not dis-\\nqualify; wooled to the knees 10 points\\nFleece Of even length and quality over body; not\\nless than eight inches long for one year s growth 10 points\\nQuality of Wool Rather fine, long wool; strong,\\nlustrous fiber; no tendency to cot 5 points\\nTotal 100 points\\nCbe Romney JMarsh, or Kentish Long-Cdooled.\\nThis sheep belongs to one of the old breeds which grazed on\\nthe marsh lands of the coast of Kent, England, taking their name\\nfrom the locality called Romney Marsh, a low-lying strip of land", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "B\\no", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "THE EOMNEY MARSH. 35-\\nnot exceeding fourteen miles in length by ten miles in breadth.\\nThe soil being a heavy rich clay, was adapted to the growth of\\na large breed of sheep, and we find the Romney Marsh compet-\\ning with the Lincoln for weight of carcass.\\nThe unimproved breed is described as having had flat sides,\\nbig bellies, narrow chests and large heads, and were evidently\\nmore useful than good-looking; but by the judicious infusion of\\nimproved Leicester blood, and years of careful selection, they\\nhave attained a place of favor in the estimation of sheep breeders\\nwhich they certainly merit. They are especially adapted to low-\\nlying soils.\\nIn general appearance they resemble the Lincoln, being\\nwhite-faced, hornless; the wool is of long staple and heavy. The\\nfirst importations of the breed to America are supposed to have\\nbeen in the early settlement of Massachusetts, evidently being\\nthe unimproved breed. Latterly the Eomney Marsh are spring-\\ning into favor, and doubtless in a short time an association will be\\nformed in the I ^nited States to record correct pedigrees, etc.,\\nand establish the breed in its proper place among the others of\\nthis countrv.\\njVIiddk-QIookd Breeds*\\nChe Southdown.\\nAlso called the Sussex. This breed of sheep trace back\\nwith a long line of pure descent to a period prior to the reign\\nof William the Conqueror. It is beyond a doubt one of the\\npurest and most unmixed breeds in England, holding a position\\nin the esteem of breeders second to none. This noted breed has\\nreached its present slate of perfection by unceasing attention on\\nthe part of breeders, perpetuating the purity and perfection of", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "i u\\no\\n3\\nO\\n(S)", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHDOWN. 37\\nthe original ancestors. As far back as 1776, a Mr. Alford\\nYoung comments on their fine coat, but criticizes the thin chine,\\nlow fore-end and rising back bones. The aim in improving this\\nbreed has been to amend these defects, and in accomplishing\\nthis the improvement has produced a readier disposition to fatten,\\nwith a heavier carcass, while they still retain their character for\\nhardiness and good rustling qualities. One of the great points\\nof excellence in these sheep, as compared with many others,\\nis that they can stand bad weather, with a correspondingly\\nless loss of flesh, and being good travelers, are adapted\\nfor use on the ^Yestern plains. There is no reliable data\\nconcerning the first importations of this breed to America. We\\nhave, however, every reason to believe that some w^ere brought\\nhere by the first settlers in the New England States, and as early\\nas 1648 some ewes were bought by Gov. Winthrop; also that\\nthey were known in Virginia as remote as 1688 there is no\\ndoubt, as we find Mr. John Clayton of that period mentioning\\nthem, and praising their mutton qualities. These of course were\\nfrom the old and unimproved breed, whic h have from time im-\\nmermorial been renowned for their mutton qualities, the present\\nimprovement being due to the efforts of such men as Ellman,\\nDrake, and Jonas Webb of England, who, like Bakewell, in\\nbreeding Leicesters, made certain points of excellence their aim\\nin breeding. We find that in 1803 A. D. Rose imported a small\\nfl.ock of Southdowns to his estate at Fayette, Y.\\nLater, in 1824-1828, John H. Powell of Philadelphia, Pa.,\\nand Erancis Rotch of New York made importations, supposed to\\nhave been obtained from tlie Ellman flock of England. Still\\nlater we find Samuel Thorne and L. G. Morris, both of Xew\\nYork, made importations from the best flocks of England, and\\nby 1863 Mr. Thome s flock counted descendants from fourteen\\ndifferent importations, principally from the flock of Mr, Jonas\\nWebb of Babraham, Cambridgeshire, Eng. In 1844 Mr. Jesse", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "THE SOUTHDOWN. 39\\nA. Pickrell of Sangamon Co., Illinois, imported a ram and two\\newes; and in the same year Mr. J. T. King of Warren, Ohio,\\nbegan to breed Southdowns with stock imported by Mr. J. M.\\nHesless of Trumbull Co., Ohio. In the year 1848 Mr. J. C.\\nTaylor of New Jersey commenced breeding Southdowns, and\\nestablished a flock which was entirely descended from the cele-\\nbrated Webb stock. Mr. E. Scott of Kentucky was also noted\\nfor his efforts in forwarding the claims of the Southdowns,\\nGen. C. M. Clay, White Hall, Ky., commenced breeding South-\\ndowns in 1855, and by constantly introducing blood by the best\\nrams obtainable, and only breeding to his own ewes, he obtained\\nsheep of great excellence, increasing the amount of wool, and\\nalmost doubling the size of the carcass. In 1857 the Illinois Im-\\nporting Co. made an importation of thirteen head from the flock\\nof Jonas Webb. Again in 1861 Hon. John Wentworth of Chi-\\ncago, 111., made importations of Southdowns, and by intelligent\\nselection and a long term of years so successfully improved his\\nflock that it is hard to obtain a better foundation for a flock to-\\nday than from those descended from the Summits farm. In\\n1875 the Xortli Elkhorn Importing Co. of Kentucky made im-\\nportations, and in 1876 sixteen rams and twenty-three ewes were\\nimported from the Walsingham flocks of England.\\nOn May 1st, 1882, at Springfield, 111., the American South-\\ndown Breeders Association sprung into being, its aim being the\\ncollection, revision, preservation and publication of the history\\nand pedigrees of pure-bred Southdown sheep. The aim of the\\nAssociation has been to encourage and aid breeders. of South-\\ndown sheep, taking care that none but worthy claims should be\\nadvanced to their credit, and also that none but worthy sheep\\nshould be recorded. The following is the standard of excellence\\nadopted by the American Southdown Breeders Association, and\\nwhich is accepted both in this country and in England as a cor-\\nrect guidance for determining the true type of the Southdown:", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "40 THE SOUTHDOWN.\\nStandard of excellence for Southdown Sheep,\\nHdoptcd by the Hmerican Southdown Hssociation.\\nHead medium in size and hornless, fine, carried well up, the\\nforehead or face well covered with wool, especially be-\\ntween the ears and on the cheeks, and in the ewe\\nslightly dished 5\\nLips and under jaw fine and thin 1\\nEars rather small, tolerably wide apart, covered with fine\\nhair, and carried with a lively back and forth move-\\nment 2\\nEyes full and bright 3\\nFace a uniform tint of brown, or gray, or mouse color 3\\nNeck short, fine at the head, but nicely tapering, and broad\\nand straight on top at the shoulders 4\\nShoulders broad and full, smoothly joining the neck with the\\nback 5\\nBreast wide, deep, and projecting w^ell forward, the forelegs\\nstanding wide apart 5\\nBack and loin broad and straight from shoulders to rump. 7\\nRibs well arched, extending far backward, the last projecting\\nmore than the others j. 6\\nRump broad, square and full, with tail well set up 6\\nHips wide, with little space between them and last ribs 6\\nThighs full and well let down in twist, the legs standing well\\napart fi\\nLimbs short and fine in bone, and in color to agree with face. 3\\nForelegs well wooled and carrying mutton to the knees, but\\nfree from meat below 2\\nHind legs well filled wnth mutton and wooled to the hocks,\\nneat and clean below 2", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "THE SHEOPSHIEE. 41\\nBelly straight and well covered with wool, the flank extend-\\ning so as to form a line parallel with the back or top\\nline 5\\nFleece compact, the whole body well covered with moderately\\nlong and close wool, white in color, carrying some yolk. 12\\nForm throughout smooth and symmetrical, with no coarse-\\nness in any part 9\\nGeneral appearance spirited and attractive, with a determined\\nlook, proud and firm step, indicating constitutional vigor\\nand thorough breeding 8\\n100\\nCbe Shropshire Breed*\\nThe Shropshire is undoubtedly a cross-bred animal, and evi-\\ndences a striking example of the perfection that may be obtained\\nby judicious crossing of various breeds. The original breed was\\nhorned, and it is believed that the first attempt at improvement\\nwas to abolish these useless appendages. There is good reason\\nto believe that this was effected by a Southdown cross. The\\noriginal stock were called Morfe Common sheep, deriving their\\nname from the locality to which they were indigenous, if such a\\nterm could be used. They were a black-faced^ brown or spotted-\\nfaced sheep; horned; not subject to scab, or rot, producing only\\nabout forty-four to fifty pounds of mutton to a carcass, clipping\\nnearly two pounds of fine wool to the fleece. These sheep were\\ncrossed with the Southdown and afterwards with the Cotswold\\nand Leicesters, the crossing and re-crossing, combined with care-\\nful selection, yielding the uniformity sought for and obtained,\\nthus establishing the present superior breed. Since 1874 further\\ncrossing has been considered unnecessary, the results obtained\\nprior to that time having produced a distinct and separate breed.\\nThe Shropshire sheep are hardy, thrive well on moderate keep", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "THE SHKOPSHIRE. 43\\nami fatten quickly, these qualities rendering them invaluable for\\norossing on the common native sheep.\\nVVe find that a few Shropshire sheep were imported to this\\neountrv in 1833, becoming popular wherever known. In 1875\\na Mr. H. C. Chaffee of Tippecanoe City, Ohio, imported quite a\\nnumber, other importations following fast. In 1883 about\\n4,000 were imported, and in 1884 5,000 more.\\nIn the year 1884 the Shropshire Registry Association was\\nestablished, and at the present time (1899) there are recorded in\\nthe registery of the Association over 100,000 individual pure-\\nbred registered Shropshires. Shropshire sheep have gained in\\npopularity every year, their fecundity, hardiness and ability to\\nadapt themselves to different climates and conditions being un-\\nexcelled by any other breed.\\npoints of 6xccUcticc\\nf*or pure-Bred Shropshire Sheep, Recorded, or GUgible to Registry in\\nthe Hmerican Shropshire Registry Hssociation Record.\\nGeneral Appearance Attractive, indicating breeding\\nand quality, with stylish carriage and a symmetri-\\ncal form covered with a dense fleece 25 points\\nConstitution Robust as indicated by width and d^3th\\nof chest, strength and formation of neck, and by\\nbold active movement 10 points\\nSize In breeding condition when fully matured.\\nRams should weigh not less than 180 to 225\\npounds, and ewes not less than 125 to 170 pounds. 10 points\\nFleece and Skin Fleece of good length, dense, elastic\\nto touch, medium fine, free from black fibre,\\nslightly crimped, with evenness of texture\\nthroughout; scrotum of rams well covered with\\nwool. Skin light cherry color, clear and free\\nfrom dark spots 15 points", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "-V\\\\\\nE\\nO", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "THE HAMPSHIEE DOWN. 45\\nBody Well proportioned, with shoulders well placed,\\nfitting smoothly upon the chest, which should be\\ndeep and wide, broad and straight back, thick loins\\nwell covered with firm flesh; hind-quarters well\\nfinished; twist deep and full 20 points\\nHead and Neck Head, short, broad between the ears\\nand eyes, bold and masculine in rams, without\\nhorns, well covered with wool, ears short and\\nerect, eyes bright, color of face and ears dark-\\nbrown. Xeck of medium length, strong and mus-\\ncular (especially in rams), symmertically joined\\nto head and shoulders 15 points\\nLegs Well set apart, broad, short, straight, color dark-\\nbrown and well wooled; pastern strong and up-\\nright 5 points\\n100\\nChe Rampebire Down.\\nThe Hampshire Down of to-day in no manner resembles the\\nold Hampshire from which it is supposed to be descended.\\nThe old Hampshire had probably existed on the Downs of\\nHampshire in the time of the Roman occupation of Britain, and\\ndoubtless its fleece helped furnish the supply for the wool factory\\nestablished by the Romans at Winchester.\\nThey were a large, long-horned sheep, with fine, short wool.\\nThe rams were noted for their large, bony, unsightly heads.\\nThe present improved Ilampshires are supposed to have\\noriginated from a cross between the old Wiltshire horned-sheep\\nas well as the Berkshire Knot and the Southdown. About 1820\\na Mr. John Twynam used improved Cotswold rams on Hamp-\\nshire ewes, obtaining an animal which combined the qualities of\\ntlie old Wiltshire, Southdown, and Cotswold. As we find the", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "B", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "THE HAMPSHIRE DOWN. 47\\nname of one man generally figuring in the building up of a par-\\nticular breed, so we find that the Hampshire Downs owe their\\npresent excellence in a great manner to a Mr. Humphrey of Oak\\nAsh, Wantage, Eng., who by careful crossing with the largest\\nand best fleshed of the improved Southdowns, succeeded in pro-\\nducing a sheep of perfect form, with a strong constitution, and\\ncarrying a useful and valuable fleece. All the praise, however,\\ndoes not belong to Mr. Humphrey, as among the careful breed-\\ners of this particular breed tlie names of Mr. Rawlence of Bul-\\nbridge, Mr. Stephen King, Mr. William King, Mr. Moore, Mr.\\nEdward Waters, Mr. Frank Budd, and some others, are divided\\nthe honors of bringing this breed to its present state of perfec-\\ntion and excellence.\\nThe Hampshire sheep were first imported into the United\\nStates a short time before the War of the Rebellion, the first im-\\nportation being made to Virginia. In 1855 Thomas Messenger\\nof Great Neck, Long Island, imported a small flock of these sheep\\nfrom England. In 1881 Henry Metcalf of Canandaigua, N. Y.,\\nimported the ram Shepherds Pride. Since this time the im-\\nportations have increased in frequency, the Hampshires obtain-\\ning their just deserts in becoming more popular year by year.\\nThe imported Hampshire Down vies with the Oxfordshire\\nDown for being the heaviest of the Down breeds. They mature\\nearly. The fact that the Hampshire ram lambs are sold for ser-\\nvice at seven and eight months would go to prove this assertion.\\nThe ram lamb should have a black face, surmounted by\\nwhite fleece; a dark tinge round the poll not being desirable, and\\nwill materially reduce the value of the animal possessing it.\\nThe ears must not be mottled, but should be semi-transparent,\\nresembling a bat s wing. The shanks should be a rich brown,\\nalmost black color, free from mottled appearance; the nose of the\\nram should be thick, the head being large, with a slightly Roman\\nprofile; the neck is long and well set on; shoulders sloping; deep", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "r-", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "THE HAMPSHIEE DOWX. 49\\nin the brisket; ribs well sprung; back straight; broad across the\\nloin; the quarters are long and broad; the hams round and heavy.\\nThe ears are characteristic of the breed. They are thin and mo-\\nbile, falling outwards slightly, giving the appearance of great\\nwidth of poll. The head is w^ll covered with wool between the\\nears and on the cheeks. The wool is medium length, and of\\nstrong fibre. Mature rams weigh up to 300 pounds and ewes a\\ntrifle over 200.\\nAs a race of sheep they possess constitutional vigor; mature\\nearly; the lambs possess excellent fattening qualities. The ram\\nis endowed with remarkable prepotency, indelibly leaving his\\nmark on his offspring, making him a valuable animal to cross on\\ncommon ewes.\\nWe print here the standard of excellence for Hampshire\\nDowns as recognized by the Hampshire Down Breeders Associa-\\ntion of America\\nStandard of GxceUcncc.\\nHead Moderately large, but not coarse; well covered with\\nwool on forehead and cheeks.\\nXostrils Wide.\\nColor (head and legs) Dark-brown or black.\\nEyes Prominent and lustrous.\\nEars Moderately long and thin, and dark-brown or black\\ncolor.\\nLegs Well under- outside of body, straight, with good size\\nof bone, black.\\nXeck A regular taper from shoulders to head, without\\nany hollow in front of shoulders, set high up on body.\\nShoulders Sloping, full, and not higher than the line of\\nback and neck.\\nChest Deep and full in the heart place, with breast prom-\\ninent and full.\\nBack Straight, with full spring of rib.", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "50 OXFORDSHIRE DOWN.\\nLoin AViJc and straight, without depression in front of\\nhips.\\nQuarters Long from hips to rump, without sloping, and\\ndeep in thigli. Broad in liips and rump, with full hams. Inside\\nof thighs full.\\nScale of points.\\nHead Size and shape, 5; ears and eyes, 3; color, 5; legs\\nand feet, 2 15\\nXeck, shoulders and breast Xeek, 5; shoulders, 10; chest\\nand breast, 15 30\\nBody Back and loin, 15 rib, 5 20\\nQuarters Length, 10; width, 10; twist, 5 25\\nWool Forehead and cheeks, 2; belly, well covered, 3; qual-\\nity, 5 10\\nTotal 100\\nOxfordshire Down,\\nThis popular breed of sheep originated shortly prior to 1833\\nas the result of crossing Cotswold rams on Hampshire Down\\newes. A Mr. Samuel Druce of Eynsham, Oxon, England, was\\nthe first to establish the new breed, his aim being to produce a\\nsheep with the frame of the long wool and the quality of the\\nDown. The Hampshire at this time w^as not that of the present\\nimproved type, but the old stock, said to be a loosely made, big-\\nheaded sheep, which a few years afterwards underwent improve-\\nment at the hands of Mr. Humphrey. About this time a nuni-\\nl)er of breeders became interested in the cross instigated by Mr.\\nDruce, and w-e find that Mr. Gillet of Southleigh, Mr. Twyn-\\nliam, and a Mr. Blake practising this method. As the number\\nof breeders of this particular class increased, the opportunities", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "3.\\no\\nLJ\\no\\n1\\nu.\\nC\\ni\\n1 1\\n3\\n1\\na\\n2\\nO\\nri\\n3\\nI\\ns.\\nO\\n|i\\n.(A\\nf.f^", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "52 OXFOEDSHIEE DOWN.\\nof better selection advanced. It became possible by this means\\nto produce a distinct breed of a uniform shape and character.\\nPrior to 1859 they were known as Down-Cotswolds Mr.\\nDruce calling them his half-breeds. When the breed was still\\nin its embryonic stage, the records show that a considerable\\namount of promiscuous crossing took place before a type was\\nlinally fixed.\\nMr. C. T. Eead states: The owner formerly divided his\\nHock into three parts, putting a half-breed ram to the ewes\\nwhich were about right a Cotswold to the smaller ones, and a\\nDown to the coarser sheep, and we also find that several breed-\\ners used Cotswold rams on Southdown ewes, thus infusing the\\nblood of the improved Southdown in the new breed. As already\\nstated, they were named Oxford Downs in 1859, and have un-\\ndoubtedly been bred pure ever since that date. They obtained\\nrecognition as a distinct breed in 1862, the Royal Agricultural\\nSociety, at the Battersea meeting, offering prizes for Oxfordshire\\nDowns, recognizing the fact that short-wooled sheep, not South-\\ndowns, was not a proper classification of the middle-wooled\\nbreeds of sheep of the British Isles.\\nThe first importation of Down-Cotswolds to America was\\nmade in 1846 by Mr. Clayton Reybold of Delaware City, Del.,\\nand in 1853 William C. Rives sent to A^irginia one ram and five\\newes, a Mr. Fay introducing them into Massachusetts about the\\nsame time, obtaining them from the same flock in England as\\nthose obtained by Mr. Rives. Careful breeding and selection\\nhas given them that uniformity of character, the lack of which\\nwas freely criticised in the early lifetime of the breed, till since\\n1870 the type has become firmly fixed, specimens of the breed\\nbeing found in almost every part of Europe, South Africa, Aus-\\ntralia, Xorth and South America.", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "54 THE DORSET.\\nCbc Dorset,\\nThis is the oldest known breed of English sheep, having\\nbeen preserved nnmixed from a very remote period, and are cer-\\ntainly the best of all the horned breeds. The Dorset has some\\nvery valuable traits, the chief of which is fecundity and the\\nability to breed at an early season. Dorset ewes take the ram in\\nApril, and yean in September. The lambs are then fit for the\\nChristmas market. The ewes make excellent nurses, frequently\\nbearing twins, and will rear a greater number of lambs than any\\nother breed of sheep. The Dorset horned-sheep is somewhat\\nlarger than the Southdown; longer in the legs; face and legs\\nwhite, and the horns of both sexes of moderate size; their frame\\nis more compact, the barrel rounder, and they are by no means\\nbad feeders. Mr. M. A. Cooper, Secretary of the Dorset Horn\\nBreeders Association of America, writes about the breed as fol-\\nlows: Dorsets were first introduced into America in 1885, but\\nlittle interest being taken in the breed until about 1890 to 1891,\\nwhen a few breeders in America united and formed an associa-\\ntion. Since 1891 importations have been made every year, till\\nat present they have been introduced into twenty-eight of the\\ndifferent States. Two very large importations were made in\\n1897. The Dorsets are popular with breeders generally, the de-\\nmand exceeding the supply. The Dorset ewes are more correct\\nin their shape than many of the improved breeds, being straight\\nin the carcass, deep in the body, the rump large and round, the\\nleg full and well let down toward the shank. Losses in lambing\\nand barreness in ewes are rare; 150 to 160 lambs may usually be\\ncalculated for every 100 ewes. The rams are being extensively\\nused in the Western States for crossing purposes. The demand\\nfor Dorsets increase every year, as their merits become known\\nto the flock master. The Dorsets are hardy, very quiet and\\ndocile, readily adapting themselves to changes in surrounding-^.\\nand conditioxis.", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "56 THE SUFFOLK.\\nChe Suffolk.\\nThis is one of the few remaining breeds of Down sheep\\nwhich grazed on the chalk hills of England, from Norfolk and\\nSuffolk to Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Hampshire, Bucks, Berks, Wilts\\nand Devonshires, all of which counties possess an underlying\\nchalk formation. The origin of this breed were the old Nor-\\nfolks, of which mention is made by Arthur Young in 1797, who\\nstates that their mutton for the table was superior in grain,\\nflavor, quality and color of gravy. The first improvement was\\nmade by crossing improved Southdown rams. This, however,\\nwas supposedly prior to 1850, since which time it is claimed they\\nhave been bred pure, without any outside admixture of blood.\\nThe Suffolk Sheep Society of England lay down the follow-\\ning points as necessary attributes of this breed:\\nHead hornless; face black and long; muzzle reasonably fine,\\nespecially in ewes (a small quantity of clear white wool on the\\nforehead not objected to) ears medium length, black and of fine\\ntexture; eyes bright and full; neck moderately long and well set;\\nshoulder broad and oblique; chest deep and wude; back and loin\\nlong, level and well covered; tail broad and well set up; ribs\\nlong and well sprung, with a full flank; legs and feet straight and\\nblack, with fine and flat bone; wooled to knees and hocks, clean\\nbelow fore legs set well apart hind legs well filled with mutton\\nbelly well covered with wool; fieece moderately short, close, fine\\nfibre, wdthout tendency to mat or felt together, and not shading\\noff into dark wool or hair; the skin fine, soft and pink. The\\nfirst importation of Suffolk sheep to the United States was in\\n1888, made by Mr. M. B. Streeter of Brooklyn, N. Y., the first\\nPresident of the American Suffolk Flock Registry Association.\\nIn 1890 the Iowa Suffolk Sheep Company of Atlantic, Iowa, im-\\nported quite a number, subsequent importations both in this\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2country and Canada following fast, till at the present writing", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "38 THE SUFFOLK.\\nthey are becoming well known, and have established themselves\\nas an important addition to the recognized breeds of sheep on the\\nAmerican Continent. They are a hardy, healthy sheep, suitable\\nfor ranging on the Western prairies, and their comparative free-\\ndom from foot-rot favors their trial on some of the marshy soils\\nof the Eastern and Middle States.\\nThe following is the scale of points adopted by the Ameri-\\ncan Suffolk Flock Registry Association\\nScale of points for Suffolk Sheep.\\nGeneral Appearance Pleasing outline; good carriage, and\\nsymmetry of development. Points 7\\nGeneral Form Large in size; inclined to long in body; me-\\ndium strength of bone; somewhat cylindrical in shape,\\nand straight above, below and in the rear 15\\nHead Medium in size, inclining to be long and covered\\nwith fine, short, glossy, black hair to the junction with\\nthe neck; a small quantity of clean, white wool on the\\nforehead is not objected to, muzzle moderately fine,\\nespecially in the ewes; eyes bright and full; ears of\\nmedium length and fineness 10\\n!N eck Moderately long and well set, and blending well with\\nthe body with some crest in the lambs 5\\nPore-Quarters Well developed; breast wide, deep and full;\\nbrisket, broad; cliest, capacious with good heart girth;\\nshoulders, broad, oblique and well filled in the neck vein\\nand crops; withers, broad; arm, well developed 15\\nParrel Roomy; back, straight, broad and well fleshed\\nthroughout its entire length ribs, well sprung and mod-\\nerately deep; fore and hind flanks, full and deep 15\\nHind Quarters Pong, deep and full; tail, broad and well set\\nup; buttock, broad; twist, full; thigh, broad and full. 15", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "THE MEEINO. 59-\\nFeet and Legs Straiglit, of medium length with flat bone;\\nbare of wool below the knee and hock, glossy black in\\ncolor and set well apart S\\nFleece Moderately short with close fine lustrous fibre, and\\nwithout tendency to mat or felt together, or to shade off\\ninto dark or gray wool or hair, especially about the neck\\nand tail. The fleece should cover the whole body ex-\\ncept the head and the legs below the knee and hock;\\nand the skin underneath it should be fair, soft and of a\\npink color 10\\nTotal 100\\nChe Sbort-CKooled Breeds,\\nChe JMerino.\\nThe home of this ancient and famous breed appears to have\\nbeen in Spain, from whence they were imported into France,\\nEngland, Germany, the United States of America and Australia.\\nThey are the only truly short or fine-w ooled breed, and as raised\\nin Spain, were distinctly a wool sheep. We cannot do better\\nhere than print verbatim an article written by Mr. E. IST. Ball,\\nSecretary of the Michigan Merino Sheep Breeders Association,\\nwhich fully covers the history of the breed and its first importa-\\ntions to this country:\\nThe ancestors of the American Merino, called by some\\nat this late date Spanish Merino, Vermont Merino, etc., were\\nimported to the United States from Spain. The true origin of\\nthe sheep and the country from which they erainated is some-\\nwhat uncertain, but at an early day fine-wool sheep of excellent\\nquality were transported from Syria to Greece, from Greece to\\nItaly, and from Italy to Spain.", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "THE MERIXO. 61\\nAt a very early period ^liletn?, a Grecian colony in Syria,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0was celebrated for its woolen fabrics, and historians lead iis to\\nbelieve that not only the woolen goods but also the sheep that\\nproduced the wool were carried into Greece itself.\\n708 B. C, Tarentum, in Italy, was settled by the Greeks,\\nand of this prosperous settlement mention is made of the produc-\\ntion and manufacture of its excellent w^ool. The Tarentine\\nsheep were unexcelled for their fine wool. Dr. Perry notes that\\nthe Spanish Merino and the ancient Italian race seem to have\\ncertain qualities common to both. It was a marked character-\\nistic of these sheep that the rams had horns and the ewes had\\nnone, and this is believed to be the only breed of short-wooled\\nsheep in Europe presenting this distinguishing characteristic.\\nMorrell states that about the beginning of the Christian\\nera, the sheep of Italy surpassed all others in the fineness of their\\nfleeces, and according to Pliny the best wools are those of Apulia,\\nwhich are of a very short staple.\\nYouatt says of the sheep of Spain that they were probably\\nimported from Italy. They were the Tarentine breed and had\\ngradually spread to the w^estern extremity of Europe.\\nThese sheep once introduced and established never after-\\nward were aliens to the country of Spain. In the eighth cen-\\ntury the Saracens and Moors conquered a portion of Spain, which\\nabounded in flocks and herds. These people were enterprising,\\nand under their management the sheep increased in number and\\npopularity, and to such an extent had grown the wool industry\\nof Spain and so renowned her woolen fabrics that in the\\nthirteenth century 16,000 looms were in operation in Seville\\nalone, but later, when the Moors were expelled from Spain, the\\nlooms of Seville dwindled to sixty, and Spain was importing\\nwool. In 1576 she exported to Bruges 40,000 sacks, each sell-\\ning for no less than $45. Others of finer quality w^ere shipped\\nto Italy at the price of $112.50 per sack. For centuries the", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "THE MEKIXO. 63\\nMerino sheep of Spain contributed largely to the support of the\\nGovernment.\\nThe Spanish Merino was of two divisions, transhiimantes,\\nor migratorv flocks, and Estantes, or stationary flocks. The\\nTranshnmantes were divided into two classes, Leonese and\\nSorian. Of all the sheep of Spain those of Leon were superior\\nin form, quantity and quality of fleece.\\nAt the beginning of this century Dr. R. R. Livingston,\\nmany years a -resident of Spain, says of this class of sheep there\\nwere about four or five million distributed as follows:\\nThe Duke of Infantadoes flock 40,000\\nThe Countes del Compo de Alonse Xegretti 30,000\\nThe Paular Convent 30,000\\nThe Escurial Convent 30,000\\nThe Convent of Gaudaloup 30,000\\nThe Marques Perales 30,000\\nThe Duke of Bejar 30,000\\nTen flocks belonging to sundry persons 200,000\\nAll other flocks in the Kingdom 3,800,000\\nAs to the very first importation from Spain to the United\\nStates there seems to be a difference of opinion. One says in\\n1793 Mr. William Foster of Boston, Mass., imported two ewes\\nand a ram smuggled through the port of Cadiz. These Mr.\\nFoster gave to Mr. Andrew Craigue of Cambridge, who, not\\nknowing their value, killed and ate them. Another says the first\\nimportations was by AVilliam Porter of Boston in 1798 of two\\newes and a ram. These he gave to Mr. Andrew Craigue of\\nCambridge, who, not knowing their value, killed and ate them.\\nOne thing seems pretty certain, the first importations of Spanish\\nMerino sheep into the ITnited States disappeared as mutton, and\\nwere of no account from a breeding standpoint, but beyond a\\ndonbt the mutton was good. In 1801 Seth Adams imported a", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "64\\nTHE MERINO.\\npair of Merino sheep that were taken to his farm in Zanesville,\\nO. In 1801 a Merino ram, Don Pedro, was imported, being\\none of four selected, the others having died, at the request of\\nMr. Dupont de Nemoues by M. Delessert of Paris, who was at\\nthe head of a commission to select in Spain on behalf of the\\nFrench Government a flock of 4,000 Merino sheep.\\nChampion )^Iertno Swe, Daisy. Shown at JHcw South CElales, Hustralia, 1898.\\nThe first importation of value was on the 10th of April,\\n1802. Colonel David Humphreys shipped at Lisbon seventy-\\nfive ewes and twenty-five rams pure Spanish Merinos one and\\ntwo years old, and after a voyage of fifty days landed seventy\\newes and twenty-one rams in the United States, which were taken\\nto his farm at Derby, Conn. The larger portion of the ewes", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "THE MEKINO. 65-\\nwere retained in one flock, but a portion of the rams were sold to\\nneighboring farmers for improvement of their flocks. In 1803\\nDr. James Meares of Philadelphia imported two ewes and two\\nrams.\\n1809 William Jarvis procured 200 Mermos of the Eoyal\\nEscnrial flock by special favor, and these, no doubt, were the\\nonly Escurials ever imported. In 1810 Mr. Jarvis procured\\n1,400 Spanish Merinos of the Paular flock. These sheep were\\nfrom true Transhumantes, from the best flocks, and were un-\\ndoubtedly among the best sheep imported into the United States.\\nMr. Jarvis imported approximately 1,400 Paulars, 1,700\\nAguirres, 200 Escurials, 130 jSTegrettis, and about 200 Mont-\\narcas 3,630 in all.\\nIn 1810 Gen. E. H. Derby made a shipment which re-\\nsulted in landing 300 to 400 Merinos. In the same year, 1810^\\nPeck and Atwater of Xew Haven, Conn., imported a flock, and\\nin January, 1811, Heaton Co. of Xew Haven, Conn., landed\\na cargo which were taken to Connecticut.\\nFrom these early importations the Spanish Merino fast\\nbecame scattered throughout the Eastern portion of the United\\nStates. The improvement has been steady until the original\\nSpanish Merino is lost sight of in the more perfected animal,\\nknown as the American Merino, reared in a large number o\u00c2\u00a3\\nStates from the far East to the extreme West, and there is not a\\nState in the Union where sheep are bred that the stamp of the\\nAmerican Merino is not seen, and exports have reached to Aus-\\ntralia, Africa, and South America.\\nIn the management of Merino flocks in Spain great care is\\nexercised to promote the growth and prevent injury to the fleece\\nfrom any cause whatever. They are constantly under the care\\nof shepherds, who house them whenever it rains, and are always\\nstabled at night. The average amount of fibres to the square\\ninch of skin surface is from 40,000 to 48,000, far in excess of the", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "66 THE EAMBOUILLET\\nnumber of any other breed. The length of the wool varies from\\none to four inches. As a general description we find the Merino\\nis of fair size; head handsome; decorated with horns, the head\\nshort around ears and well covered with wool. The horns\\nare open and wide, well turned and marked with fine transverse\\nAvrinkles. The nose is short and may be pink in color, but a\\ndarker shade is preferable. The neck is short but full and gains\\ncharacter from the heavy folds of skin which adorn both males\\nand females. The shoulders should be very wide over the tops,\\nthe body long, ribs deep and well sprung. The legs are short,\\nthe hocks incline to be cat-hammed. Folds of skin are gathered\\nround the base of the tail which, from their disposition, are\\ncalled the rose. The wool must grow over the whole body down\\nto the claws, and wool fibres are often seen growing out of the\\nclefts of the hoof.\\nCbc RatnbouiUct^\\nThe origin of the French Merino dates back to 1721, when\\nsome ewes were imported from Spain into France. This impor-\\ntation was followed by another about 1750, and in 1776 M. Tru-\\ndaine, the French Minister, imported another flock. In 1785\\nLouis XVI., King of France, who owned an estate called Ram-\\nbouillet, established there an experimental farm and obtained\\npermission to purchase and export from Spain a flock of pure-\\nbred Merinos, which he placed on this estate. This importation\\nwas made from the fines); flocks of Spain, being selected from the\\nflocks known as the Serales, Paular, Xegretti, Escurial, Alcola,\\nSan Juan, Portaga Iranda and Salezar. Of this importation 360\\nhead, composed of forty-one rams, 318 ewes and seven wethers,\\narrived safely at Rambouillet, although thirty-five of the ewes\\nand gixtv lambs succumbed to foot-rot soon after their arrival.", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "3\\ns,\\nis\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0OH\\nO 3\\nc\\nj; ai 3,\\no\\n-t ^M\\nJfA\\nIS\\nS\\n2,2\\n3aa\\n-.hi. i J.", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "68 THE EAMBOUILLET\\nThe Ramboiullet flock, after surviving many vicissitudes\\nduring the French Revolution and subsequent reconstruction\\nperiod, was the subject of close attention and care on the part of\\nthe French authorities, an exact record being kept and every\\nmeans taken to insure its well-being. About 1534 several of the\\nEnglish mutton breeds were imported into France. The cross\\nof those on Merinos being favorably thought of by the French\\nagriculturists induced the management of the Rambouillet flock\\nto increase the size of their sheep, the increase being obtained\\nsolely by selection and feeding, thus maintaining the purity of\\nthe breed. In 1850, continuing these methods, the Ram-\\nbouillets had become large in carcass, but less robust in constitu-\\ntion, accompanied also with a diminution of the fleece. To over-\\ncome the last two defects a return to original conditions became\\nnecessary, the Negretti type becoming the favorite, till in 1867,\\nthe flock improved in regard to the production of wool, and be-\\ncame able to support itself exclusively on pasture, and endure\\nthe hardships incidental to weather changes and dry seasons, for\\nwhich the high feeding and long continued pampering had\\n.almost ruined it.\\nThe first importation of Rambouillets to the United States\\nwas made by D. C. Collins of Hartford, Conn., in 1840, who\\nsucceeded in obtaining two rams and twenty ewes. Later, in\\n1846, a Mr. John A. Taintor secured two rams and seven ewes\\nfrom the Gilbert flock; these were also brought to Connecticut,\\nsubsequently being purchased by A. L. Bingham of Cornwall,\\nYt. These first importations did not prove popular, however,\\nand it was not till some years later that this particular class of\\nMerino found favor among the fiock-owners of this country.\\nThe Rambouillet Association was organized in March, 1890,\\nthe list of members and number of animals recorded increasing\\nyear by year.", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "THE DELAINE MEEIXO. 69\\nDelaine JMerino.\\nIs supposed to have sprung from an importation of In-\\nfantados, imported about 1810 by R. W. Meade, part of which\\nin 1820 or 1821 passed into the hands of a Mr. Alexander Reed.\\nLater several parties purchased sheep from Mr. Reed, and these\\nthen became the base for that particular type called the Delaine.\\nThese were a small sheep originally, but by good feeding\\nand careful selection they soon developed into large-framed,\\nblack-topped sheep, with an abundant fleece.\\nThe mating of the Dickinson Merino with the Meade sheep\\nappears to have been the origin of the new Delaine, and while\\nno one or two individuals can claim to have been the ancestor of\\nthis particular class, as the breeders made selection from all the\\nbest Merino flocks which had been imported from Spain, there\\nappears to be no doubt that to the Meade or Dickinson stock the\\nchief credit is due.\\nIn 1882 an association was formed to record all such ani-\\nmals as were eligible to registry in the Register of the Associa-\\ntion, only sheep designated as belonging to the Victor-Beale De-\\nlaine Merino were to be admitted to registration.\\n]\\\\rature rams should weigh not less than 150 pounds and the\\newes not less than 100 pounds.\\nScale of points as given by the Delaine Merino Sheep\\nBreeders Association is as follows:\\nConstitution 10 points\\nHeavy round the heart 6 points\\nShort heavy neck 6 points\\nGood dewlap 5 points\\nBroad back 8 points\\nWell sprung ribs 5 points\\nShort legs 6 points", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "70 THE CHEVIOT.\\nHeavy bone 8 points\\nSmall, sharp foot 10 points\\nLength of staple, one year s growth three inches. 8 points\\nDensity of fleece 8 points\\nDarkish coat on top 5 points\\nOpening up white 5 points\\nGood flow of white oil 5 points\\nGood crimp in staple 5 points\\nPerfection 100 points\\nJMountain Breeds.\\nOf these breeds we shall only take special notice of two,\\nviz., the Cheviot and the Herdwick, the first named breed\\nclaiming more particnlar notice, importations of them having\\nbeen freely made to the United States. The Herdwick can be\\ntaken as a type of other, monntain breeds, of which there are\\nc[nite a number, dift ering only one from the other in name,\\npossessing, all more or less, the same general characteristics.\\nChe Cheviot,\\nTakes its name from the hills which it has grazed over for a\\nperiod of centuries. They are a hardy sheep, fitted to thrive on\\nscanty pastures, and contend with the climatic changes so\\nprevalent in their native hills. Beyond a donbt their present\\nexistence has largely been due to the law of survival of the\\nfittest, they being the one breed out of many others which fre-\\nquented the same district which withstood the test of time, not\\nonly having held their own, but spreading out, obtaining foot-\\nhold in manv localities other than their native hills.", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "72 THE HEEDWICK.\\nThey are a white-faced, hornless sheep, carrying a fine, short\\nfleece. Like the majority of mountain sheep, they are liable to\\nbe light in the fore-quarter.\\nTheir designation as Cheviots appears to have been given\\nthem in 1792 by Sir John Sinclair. They were termed long\\nsheep (meaning length of body) in contradistinction to the black-\\nfaced or short sheep a breed more especially to be met with in\\nthe North of Scotland, the stronghold of the Cheviot being in\\nthe South. The first improvement of the original stock appears\\nto have been about 1755 or 1756, by the judicious admixture of\\nLincoln blood; they have also been greatly benefited, as have\\nmany other of the prominent breeds of to-day, by crossing\\nwith the improved Leicester However, experience has proven\\nthat to maintain the characteristic hardiness of the race, it is\\nnecessary to breed them pure. As a mountain sheep they are\\nunexcelled, and should prove valuable to withstand the hard-\\nships of the Western mountain ranges.\\nChe Rerdwich*\\nIs a native of the Xorth of England Lake Region, grazing over\\nthe beautiful mountain districts of Westmoreland and Cumber-\\nland. It has become famous throughout the North of England\\nmore on account of the delicate flavor of its mutton th^n for its\\nwool-growing qualities.\\nTradition places the origin of this breed at the time of the\\ndefeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, stating that a Spanish\\nvessel, in trying to escape, ran aground on the coast of Cumber-\\nland, and that forty small sheep managed to save themselves\\nfrom the wreck, swimming ashore at Drigg, and were claimed as\\njetsam and flotsam by the lord of the manor. Eor the last 300\\nyears they have held their own in the district, being peculiarly\\nadapted to their mountain ranges.", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "THE HERDVVICK. 73\\nIn general appearance the Herdvvick is a small sheep, carry-\\ning a heavy fleece, which is disposed to be heavy on the top of\\nthe shoulder; the wool grows well down to the knees and hocks,\\nthe poll and belly being well covered. The head is broad, nose\\nRoman, the nostrils are wide, jaws deep; the eyes are prominent\\nand lively; the ears are fine and white. The faces and legs of\\nlambs when first dropped are black, a few white hairs, however,\\nbeing visible at the tips of the ears, and also in some cases round\\nthe feet. The white hairs gradually increase till at three year?\\nof age the white predominate, some being perfectly white, others\\na steelish grey.\\nThe rams generally are horned, the horns starting well at\\nthe back of the head, and curled. The hoofs should be white.\\nThere are no records to show that any of this breed have\\nbeen imported to America, and it is doubtful whether they\\nwould prove a useful addition to the stock of the country, being\\nsmall in size, and carrying a poor quality of wool. Their only\\nrecommendation is their inherent hardy constitution to overcome\\nthe above mentioned disadvantages.", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "famous Xmportcd Collie, Cleveland perfection, sired by South-\\njsort perfection. Xmported and owned bjp Robert\\nS. OXest, Cleveland, Ohio.", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III.\\nCbc CClool Industry.\\nThe manufacture of woolen goods dates back to Bible his-\\ntory. As stated in the introductory chapter of this work, the\\nRomans introduced the arts of weaving and spinning wool and\\nestablished a factory for the same at Winchester, England, soon\\nafter their conquest of that country. Under the Saxon mon-\\narchy following the Roman exodus from Britain, we find that\\nwool spinning became universally followed in all households,\\nand so high was the art esteemed that princesses and noble ladies\\nlearned to spin, and from the habit being universally followed\\nby the female members of the families the word spinster for un-\\nmarried ladies has been handed down to the present time. In\\nthe time of the Wars of the Crusades, and even later, we find\\nthat wool reprsented the national wealth, frequently being used\\nto supplement the limited coinage of those times. It was ac-\\ncepted in payment of ransoms and as collateral security for the\\nsinews of war. Later Holland excelled all other countries in the\\nmanufacture of woolen goods up to the time of its conquest by\\nSpain, Then the industry suffered from the tyrannical imposts\\nof the governing power, which finally drove the artizans to seek\\nother lands. England afforded many of these exiles protection,\\nand to this source is directly traceable her superiority in the art\\nof woolen manufactures, which to a certain extent she retains\\nup to the present day.\\nWool, unlike hair, grows in a spiral form, is softer and more\\npliable, due to a fatty secretion issuing from the glands situated\\nin the cutis vera or true skin, which supplies the yolk of the", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "76 THE WOOL INDUSTRY.\\nfleece, preventing injury to the wool fibres from cotting or felt-\\ning from the constant friction while upon the sheep s back.\\nWool resembles hair, in that each filament is a minute tube\\nfilled with pulp, covered externally by a scaly covering formed\\nby flat cells, the edges of which over-lapping each other, give the\\nfilament a serrated appearance when examined under a\\nhigh magnifying power, to which also the wool owes its felting\\nproperties and its adaptation for clothing purposes. The felting\\nproperty and other qualities of different wools have long been\\nknown by practical experience, but that felting was due to the\\nserrated edges of the individual wool filaments is a comparatively\\nrecent discovery which was made in 1795 by a Mr. Monge in\\nFrance, and later, but independently, by a Mr. Youatt in Eng-\\nland. Different wools were found to possess a greater or a less\\nnumber of serrations to the inch in length, the felting property\\ndepending on the increase or decrease of the serrations. It was\\nfound that in Merino wool (Saxony) the serrations ran as high as\\n2,700 to the inch, in the English SouthdoM n 2,050, and in the\\nLeicester 1,850.\\nFine wool, possessing a greater number of serrations and\\ngrowing in a spiral form, being superior in its felting properties\\nto the coarser goods.\\nWool when it is to be manufactured first undergoes the pro-\\ncess termed carding. The card is an instrument which breaks\\nthe wool, dividing it i^to a multitude of fragments, which from\\nits spiral form are left in a curved state. When pressure and\\nmoisture are applied the serrated and curved filaments intertwine\\nand lock together. This is termed felting. After wool is\\ncarded it is spun and woven into cloth, being oiled during this\\nprocess. Following this it is treated with Fuller s earth to ex-\\ntract the oil, the moisture and pressure which are now applied\\ncalling out its felting properties and giving the cloth a close and\\ndense appearance.", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "THE \\\\YOOL INDUSTKY. 77\\nWool for worsteds is treated very differently. Instead of\\nbeing carded, it is combed. This consists in combing it out\\nsmooth and then spinning it, giving it a looser appearance, thus\\naccounting for the more open texture which carpets possess as\\ncompared to cloth or carded goods. Eaw wool passes through\\neleven different stages before the manufacture is completed, viz:\\nSorting, washing, drying, plucking, combing, breaking, drawing,,\\nroving, spinning, reeling and weaving.\\nWool is generally classed as long or short, being graded as\\nsuperfine, fine, medium and coarse. The same fleece will be-\\nmade up of wool of the various degrees of fineness, it being the\\nbusiness of the wool stapler or sorter to separate these various\\nqualities and prepare them for manufacture. The fleece is un-\\nrolled; the wool sorter then selects the fine locks from the coarse;\\nthe finest wool is selected from the neck, shoulders and sides;\\nthe next best from the upper part of the legs and thighs, extend-\\ning to the haunch and tail; the inferior wool being distributed on\\nthe upper part of the neck, throat, belly, breast and part of the\\nlegs. The stapler then divides the finest wool into ten lots,.\\nclassed according to the degree of fineness, commencing with the\\npick lock, then the prime, the choice, the super, the head, the\\ndownrights, the seconds, the abb, the liA^er, and lastly the breech\\nwool. These are the divisions which are found to exist in a\\nsingle fleece. On the sheep s back the following points are\\ntaken into consideration\\n1. Strength of fibre.\\n2. Fineness.\\n3. Curl.\\n4. Thickness.\\n5. Closure of the fleece.", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "78 THE WOOL INDUSTRY.\\n1. THE STKEXGTH OF FIBRE. This is indicated by\\nthe amount of yolk in the fleece. AVhen this is small in quan-\\ntity the fil)re becomes dry and brittle in character.\\n2. FIXEXESS. The wool shonld be fine in quality all\\nover the carcass, the diameter of the filaments jooo fo j^gg of an\\ninch in thickness.\\n3. CURL. This is the waved appearance of the wool\\nfibi es. These waves should be uniform and numerous through-\\nout the length of the fibre.\\n4. TlIICTvXESS. This means the closeness of the fibres\\nupon the skin, which varies according to the breed, those of the\\npure-bred ]\\\\rerino being as many as 48,000 to the square inch of\\nskin surface.\\n5. CLOSURE OF FLEECE. This is important. A\\nwell-closed fleece renders the wool impervious to dust and dirt,\\nwhich would be injurious to the quality of the staple. The clos-\\nure^ is formed by the matting together of the free ends of the\\nwool fibres through the viscid properties of the yolk. This\\ngummy substance gathers the dust, which forms a black coating\\nto the fleece, making a crusty covering, which when lightly\\npressed upon feels elastic to the touch. The bad qualities of a\\nfleece mav be enumerated as follows:\\n1.\\nStripy or watery wooL\\no\\nToppiness.\\no\\nO.\\nFclty wool.\\n4.\\nLlemp.\\n5.\\nCloudy wool.\\nr,.\\nBroad-topped wool.\\nBreak.\\n1 STRIPY OR AV ATER Y WOOL is generally found in\\nor near the shoulder, where the best wool should be. This wool", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "THE WOOL INDUSTRY. 79\\nis called stripy on account of the straiglitness of the fibres, the\\nnatural waves or curves being absent, when pressed between the\\nfingers it appears lifeless; devoid of elasticity; more like cotton\\nthan wool. This staple is only fit for very inferior goods, and\\nsheep with this defect should not be bred from.\\n2. TOPPIXESS. This is where the tops of the wool\\nfibres do not join together evenly to effect a perfect closure of the\\nfleece. This defect frequently causes a matting together of the\\nends of the points of the wool, making when the wool is worked,\\na quantity of noils, causing waste. This may be due to uneven\\ngrowth in the early life of the lamb, in which case, after the first\\nshearing, it will not be liable to recur. When present in old\\nsheep it indicates a defect in the animal s breeding.\\n3. FELTY AVOOL. This is caused by an absence of\\nyolk in the wool, which allows the wool fibres to felt on the\\nsheep s back. It may be due to exposure to wet weather long\\ncontinued or more frequently to a low condition from poor feed,\\nor chronic ill health. Sheep possessing felty wool as a constitu-\\ntional defect should not be bred from.\\n4. HEMP consists of hairs interspersed among the wool\\nfibres. It may be detected on the face and forearm, and in rams\\non the scrotum. Whenever it is found in these localities it will\\nbe present throughout the whole fleece. These hairs being\\nwhite and not taking the dye, injure the fleece for the manu-\\nfacture of dress goods and fine cloih to such an extent that a\\nfleece so affected is reduced by value one-half. Sheep with this\\ndefect should be sold to the butcher, as they are worthless for\\nbreeding for wool, the defect being hereditary.\\n5. CLOUDY WOOL is a condition where the fibres ad-\\nhere together from the skin to the points of the wool, but not to\\nsuch an extent as to be termed felty. A flossiness is apparent at\\nthe bottom of the staple which, in combing, is removed, while in", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "SO THE WOOL INDUSTRY.\\ncarding wools this is not so objectionable; in combing wools the\\n\u00c2\u00a3oss is thrown out, and becomes waste. This defect is also\\nhereditary. Sheep so affected should not be bred from.\\n6. BROAD-TOPPED WOOL is a very serious defect.\\nIt consists of an interlacing of the fibres, which are split, the\\ntop appearing even; but the surface is divided into broad masses,\\nor, as they are commonly termed, tops, and on endeavoring to\\npart the wool, it will be found felted together, tearing apart with\\ndifficulty. Broad-topped wool is dead, deficient in yolk, break-\\ning off in the process of manufacture, causing a very great loss of\\nmaterial. This affection is also hereditary, and should preclude\\nthe animal from breeding.\\n7. BREAK m WOOL renders the fleece worthless\\nas far as combing is concerned, and no matter how fine the staple\\nmay be as regards quality it can only be used to manufacture\\nthe class of goods which are made from inferior wool. A\\nbreachy staple when stretched out for examination will be found\\nto part with great ease down the middle or in some other part,\\n.showing a weak place in the wool. On examining the fibres\\nmicroscopically at this spot they will be found of a dead, stripy\\nappearance. This defect being present in the staple, makes it\\nimpossible to sort, and causes the entire fleece to be classed as in-\\nferior in quality. This is a common defect, and is generally due\\nto mismanagement in feeding or exposure or any other cause\\naffecting the condition or health of the sheep. The weak spot\\nin the fibre is carried forward as the wool grows. If the cause\\nis removed, however, the wool may regain its normal condition.\\nTo avoid this trouble the flock should be fed and watered regu-\\nlarly, and shielded from undue exposure, as a check for a short\\ntime is a frequent cause of this serious trouble.\\nAnother cause, and the most general one for break in the\\nwool, is the use of caustic solutions in sheep dips, especially the", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "THE WOOL INDUSTRY. 81\\nlime and sulphur preparation. It is a fact that the majority of\\nthe wool clip from the Western States, namely, Colorado, Xew\\nMexico, Arizona, Wyoming and Utah, is seriously depreciated\\nin value from the fleece containing this defect, and it has been\\nargued more particularly at Farmers Society meetings in the\\nEast by certain local authorities that it was due to the alkali dust\\nrobbing the fleece of its natural yolk. This idea is erroneous,\\nhowever, a properly topped fleece containing the normal amount\\nof yolk will not permit the entry of foreign substances, whether\\nit be dirt, sand or alkali dust but the mere fact of dipping sheep\\nin the solution above mentioned, which robs it of its power of\\nself-protection, is almost wholly responsible for this defect in\\nWestern fleeces. This is easily shown. Sheepmen who use\\nstandard preparations Avhich contain mineral or vegetable oils\\nand which do not exert caustic properties on the wool fibres, do\\nnot experience this difficulty in the fleece.\\nMr. H. W. Smart of Ogden, Utah, who runs between\\n50,000 and 55,000 sheep on the range annually, in talking to the\\nwriter on the subject of dips made this statement: We have\\nhad to fight the scab year after year, and have used lime and sul-\\nphur because it was cheap. There is no doubt that it is in-\\njurious to the sheep, causing break in the wool, besides exerting\\na cauterising effect of the skin, and we are continually experi-\\nmenting with and are on the lookout for something to take its\\nplace which will not be too expensive. If Mr. Smart was to\\ntake into consideration the amount of money which he loses an-\\nnually from this defect in his wool clip from the use of the above\\nnamed solution, he could well afford to use some preparations\\nwhich are known to be effective, and which do not cause this de-\\nfect in the fleece, even though it cost him five cents per head to\\ndip his sheep.\\nWhile the production of wool in the United States has stead-\\nily increased from year to year, the supply has never been suffi-", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "82 THE WOOL IXDUSTliY.\\ncient for the home demand. We find in 1850 there were, all\\ntold, 21,723,220 head of sheep in the United States, according\\nto statistics of the Agricultural Department. In January, 1897,\\nthe total number amounted to 36,818,643 an increase since\\n1850 of 15,095,423. But when the corresponding increase in\\nthe population of the country is taken into account, we find that\\nthe sheep supply falls far short of keeping pace with the growth\\nof the population.\\nOn next page we print a table showing the amount of wool\\nimports into the United States from 1893 to 1898, inclusive, as\\ncompared with 1838.\\nThe exportation of wool from this country being of such\\nsmall amount it is only necessary to state that the total exporta-\\ntion for the year ending June 30, 1896, amounts to only 855,950\\npounds. Tlie above figures being correct, it becomes apparent\\nthat so far as wool is concerned, there is no probability for some\\nyears to come to fear an over-production. The sheep industry\\nis steadily on the rise, with prospects of higher prices for wool,\\nand an increasina vearlv demand for feeders.", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "O\\ncd\\ntd\\nH\\n3:\\n-1\\nr;\\n-H\\n-3\\na:\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0r\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0i\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0n\\n-t\\n-I\\nT\\n1\\nu\\n3\\nn re\\nT\\nX\\nr.\\no\\nE\\n3\\nn\\no\\nc\\nr\\n5\\nr\\n-I\\nfii\\n5\\n3\\ne\\n3\\nU\\nW\\n2\\n5\\ni. i\\ns- p-\\n5 5-\\ni S\\nS s\\no\\n2\\nO Ti\\n3\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0n\\nW\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2n\\ni\\n3.\\nc\\nV X\\n5\\nen\\no\\n3\\na.\\n3 -5\\nn.\\na\\nn\\na\\no\\nd\\n,_,\\nz\\ntU\\n00\\ni^\\n-i\\ni\\nc\\nt-\\nen\\n3\\nlo\\nX\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2a\\nu\\nti\\nj^\\n:j\\no\\nX\\nM\\no\\no\\niJ\\n^i\\nX\\no\\no\\n9R\\no\u00c2\u00bb\\n\u00c2\u00a32\\nM\\nX\\n2\\no\\nM\\nc\\nX\\nvO\\no\\no\\n^T\\nT:\\no\\n1.J\\nto\\n-I\\nc\\nX\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2fl\\no\\nd\\nt-t\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2z\\nJO\\nja.\\nro\\no\\n~t\\n5\\n2\\n5\\nX\\nen\\nrfk-\\nM\\n31\\n31\\nX\\nS2\\nX\\ns^\\nto\\nJ5\\n--T\\nJl\\nt. o o\\na (X\\nc\\n03\\n31\\n35\\nJ5\\nu\\nX\\n00\\nGO\\ns\\nO bl CO 00. O GC CC QC\\n31\\nc\\n_n\\ns;\\nX\\no\\nJ!\\nO\\nX\\no\\n5\\nJ; oi\\ns\\nw\\nCX\\n-n\\n-1\\nj:\\n3\\nX\\ny. o\\n-o\\nt\\nd\\nZ\\nOl\\n5\\n\u00c2\u00a3k\\n3\\nX\\nH-*\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0o\\nJ\\nCI in\\ntc\\nS\\nz^\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0o\\n(56 O 5.\\n31\\no\\n^1\\n^i\\n3\\n-1\\nX\\n..O lO Ol\\ni/T Ol\\nO\\nc;\u00c2\u00bb\\nSS\\n-I\\nO\\n-I\\nOl 31 W\\nl\\n5\\nCi\\n\u00c2\u00a3:k\\no\\no\\n31\\ng\\ni 31 Is3 iS\\nc b\\nX\\nji\\n4^\\no\u00c2\u00bb\\no\\n3i\\n-J\\nX\\nX\\n-I CD\\nX\\no\\nd\\nIZ\\n!Z\\no\\n05\\nOl\\nJO\\nh5\\n-J\\nO\\n3\\nO\\nO\\nX\\nX\\no\\n03\\nS\\n4\\no\\nDC\\nCD\\nX\\nLo\\nI\\nK\\nW\\nOi\\nJ5\\nj^\\n-J\\nX\\nrf^\\nND\\nN3\\nX\\nX\\nOl\\no w\\no\\nJi\\n-J\\nM\\n-n I o;\\nX\\nc\\ns\\ntJl\\ncr.\\nJ3\\n*J\\nX\\nX\\n31\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00ba13\\nO\\nd\\nZ\\no\\nK^\\nDO\\n3\\nJ\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0X\\n.5\\nj\\np\\nwl\\n_.,\\nr^\\nJ\\na\\no\\n^I\\nO\\n.J\\n\u00c2\u00a3k\\n..n\\n-1\\nCD\\nD\\nc\\nN3\\nJ,\\nX\\n_g\\n31 S\\n-3\\nOl\\n3\u00c2\u00bb\\nj3\\nM\\ni.\\nCl\\nJ\\n5\\n^I\\ns\\n.\u00c2\u00a3k.\\ni\\n31\\n2\\nJ\u00c2\u00a7\\ni\\n-I\\ng\\n3?\\np\\n1^\\ng\\nM\\nS\\no\\nM\\n3\\n.D\\nX\\ns\\nH\\nw\\nW\\no\\nl-l\\nlO\\nP\\nGC!\\n!0\\n2\\n?32\\nda\\nH\\n\u00c2\u00b02\\nD\\ntn\\nK\\nCO\\no\\nd\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a25\\n(C\\n3\\nP\\n0^\\n5^\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0-1\\n00\\nS\\nii\\n3\\nn\\nS\\nlo\\nlO\\nn\\nOl\\nt\\no\\njo\\nM\\n05\\nIS\\nJ\\nOt\\nP\\n(5\\nti\\n00 I\\no 1\\nCCi|\\nB\\no\\noo; J5\\no\\no\\nc\\n00 2\\no\\nH\\na\\nB\\n00 w\\nB\\nB\\n50\\nO\\nM\\nlO\\nc\\np\\n^I\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2-0\\nKj\\n;1\\nM\\nhi\\non\\nOl\\n1\\nP\\noi\\nc\\nft\\nIC\\ni_i B", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nf^ecding and fattening.\\nIt is only of recent years tliat the industry of feeding sheep\\nin this country for the liome and export trade has assumed large\\nproportions. Formerly the sheep were valued more for the wool\\nthey produced than their mutton qualities, but as wool depreci-\\nated in value and the people at large became educated to the\\nvalue of mutton as an article of diet, chiefly through the crossing\\nof valuable foreign mutton breeds on the native stock, the matter\\nof feeding sheep to meet the demand claimed the attention of\\nthe flock-owners, until at the present time sheep feeding has be-\\ncome of almost as much importance as wool growing. It is our\\naim here to show the various methods in feeding adopted in\\ndifferent parts of the country, which, necessarily, have to vary\\nto suit different localities and conditions. Naturally the atten-\\ntion of feeders is called to consider what particular breed has\\nthe most aptitude to make flesh and fat, also wdiat particular\\nclass will fetch the highest price on the market he is feeding for.\\nFor instance, a feeder expecting to supply the export trade will\\nfeed onlv such animals that have a laro-e carcass, the demand\\nabroad being for large mutton, while that which brings the top\\nprice at home is the medium size to small of frame when prime.\\nAgain the majority of feeders in this country are not breed-\\ners, but rely chiefly on the supply from the AVestern States and\\nterritories for their stock to feed. That being the case, it re-\\nmains to be seen what is considered the best class of sheep to\\nfeed.\\nOf late years the common lambs from Xew Mexico and\\nSouthern Colorado have sprung much into favor, their points of", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "FEEDING AND FATTENING. 85\\nadvantage being their ability to fatten quickly, adapt themselves\\nto different climates, and being small in carcass, rarely weighing\\nover ninety-five pounds when prime, they fetch the top market\\nprice, being eagerly bought by the butcher on account of the\\nsmall amount of waste in killing, white fat and finely flavored\\nmutton.\\nThese sheep are generally bought by a commission buyer,\\nwho distributes them around to his customers. As soon as they\\narrive at the feeding pens they are given all the hay (alfalfa if\\nobtainable) they will eat. Then after the first week they are\\nput on ration of oats, commencing with a small quantity, which\\nis gradually increased imtil at the end of the fourth week they\\nare eating about a pound per day to the head. Corn then is\\ngradually introduced with the oats, the feed of oats being cut\\ndown a\u00c2\u00bb the corn is substituted until the sheep are on corn only,\\neating about one-half pound a head per day at the end of the\\nsixth week. From now on the corn is slowly increased till full\\nfeed is reached, which means just what they will clean up with-\\nout leaving any in the feeding trough?. It is a good plan once\\na week, every Saturday for instance, to substitute oats for the\\ncorn. The sheep will be found to relish the change and come\\nback to their corn next day with a renewed desire for it.\\nEock salt should be kept in the pens at all times. They\\nshould be watered twice a day, excepting in very cold weather,\\nwhen once will be sufficient. This should always be prior to\\nfeeding. The feeding should be done at regular hours. For\\ninstance, if a pen is fed at 4 o clock P. M. one day, it should be\\nfed at the same time or as near that time as possible every day.\\nRegularitv in feedino- will be found vcrv essential to success.\\nThis is the general method of feeding Mexican lambs in the\\nWestern States, where no sheds are required, where the air is\\ndry and climate uniform. During the last year a number of\\nMexican lambs have been imported into the Eastern States to", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "86 FEEDING AND FATTENING.\\nfeed, especially in Ohio and ^lichigan and even as far East as\\nNew York, and it is a qnestion whether the same success will\\ncrown the efforts of the Eastern feeders, the climate being\\ndiametrically opposite to that of the Western States, sheds being\\na necessity and higher priced feed having to be taken into con-\\nsideration.\\nOn the feeding of Sheep in General.\\nA certain amount of food is required to enable an animal to\\nlive and remain in health. This is termed the necessary ration\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0of food. Should this be diminished the animal will fail in\\nflesh, and in time die; vice versa, if more than the necessary\\nration be fed than is requisite to repair the natural waste of the\\nanimal body it will gain flesh, or give an increase, if a female, in\\nthe milk supply or wool.\\nA full-grown sheep takes 3 1-3 per cent, of its weight in\\nhay per day to keep in ordinary condition. Growing animals\\nshould be given all they will eat readily. Quietude and warmth\\ngreatly facilitate the process of fattening; that this is a fact is\\neasily shown. Motion increases waste of tissue, causing an in-\\ncreased respiration to supply the extra amount of oxygen needed;\\nthe excess of oxygen requires an increased amount of carbon,\\nwhich is virtually wasted, whereas it should be expended in pro-\\nducing fat. Cold operates in a like manner, an extra supply of\\noxygen and carbon being required to produce extra combustion\\nto restore the loss in temperature. Among herbivorous animals,\\nto which class of course the sheep belong, the carbon required\\nfor the warmth of the system and respiratory process is in\\ngreater part supplied by the food the animal consumes, while in\\ncarnivorous or meat-eating animals it is chiefly supplied from\\nthe waste of the tissues of the animal economy. With carniv-\\nora, the whole of the food consumed can be converted into flesh,\\nwhile with herbivora, only a portion is capable of being assim-", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "FEEDING AND FATTENING. 8T\\nilated. A simple analysis of the blood and flesh can be esti-\\nmated as follows: I or simplicity, we will take 10,000 parts\\ninstead of 100, which will avoid the use of decimals, making it\\nmore intelligible to the general reader.\\nIn 10.000 parts of flesh and blood we find:\\nCarbon 5.182 5.195\\nHydrogen 757 717\\nNitrogen 1.501 1.507\\nOxvgen 2.137 2.139\\nAsh 423 442\\n10.000 10.000\\nIt will be apparent by comparing these figures that but a\\nslight difference between the two exists, and that the proportion\\nof carbon and nitrogen in both is practically the same. These\\nare the proportions in which these two elements unite in the\\ntissues of the body.\\nXitrogen always will be found in the elements composing\\nmuscle structure, commonly called flesh. Any food devoid of\\nnitrogen being valuless in nutritious properties. The difference\\nbetween flesh and fat can be said to consist in the absence of\\nnitrogen in the latter.\\nAn analysis of mutton fat, taking 10.000 parts again, can\\nbe estimated as follows:\\nCarbon 7.900\\nHvdrogen 1.170\\nOxygen 930\\n10.000\\nSo it will be apparent that articles of food, such as oil, but-\\nter, starch, sugar, etc., which are devoid of nitrogen, while they\\nincrease the development of fat, fail entirely to nourish the\\ntissues, and so would in time fail to support life.", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "88 FEEDING AND FATTENING.\\nBefore giving a table of feeding stuffs, it will be as well to\\nbriefly explain the terms used. For instance, our analysis of the\\nblood and tissues was found to contain carbon, hydrogen, nitro-\\ngen, oxygen and ash, and the value of a foodstuff will depend on\\nthe proportion of the above elements which it may contain.\\nThe oxygen and hydrogen will be taken into the animal body in\\nthe form of water. AVater (all feeding-stuffs contain water),\\nthe amount varying from eight to fifteen pounds per 100 pounds\\nof dry materials such as hay, straw, or grain to sixty to eighty\\npounds in ensilage, and ninety pounds in such roots as turnips,\\netc.\\nMaterials containing nitrogen are classed as\\nProtein. These furnish materials for the creation of\\nmuscle-fibre, blood, skin, tendons, nerves, hair, horn, wool and\\nthe constituents of milk, known as casein and albumen, thus\\nconclusively showing that protein is one of the most important\\nconstituents of feeding-stuffs.\\nAsh is the residue from the combustible part of any feed-\\ning-stuff, and is found chiefly to consist of potash, soda, iron,\\nlime, magnesia, chlorine and carbonic, sulphuric and phosphoric\\nacids. It is largely responsible for the formation and building\\nup of the bones of the body, the excess of ash being voided in the\\nmanure.\\nCarbo-hydrates are free from nitrogen and are classed un-\\nder the head of nitrogen-free, extract. They include fat pro-\\nducers, such as starch, sugar, gums, oils, etc., and form an im-\\nportant part of all feeding stuffs. Carbo-hydrates form the\\nlarger part of all vegetable foods. They are either stored up as\\nfat or consumed in the body to produce heat ^nd energy.\\nA certain quantity of food being required to repair the\\nwaste of the animal economy, as has been stated heretofore, is\\ntermed the necessarv ration. An excess of this ration means a", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "FEEDING AND FATTENING.\\nso-\\ncorresponding gain in flesh, or fat, milk or wool, etc., while a\\ndiminution would mean a wasting or starving of the constituent\\nparts of the body and finally death. In trying to ascertain the\\nfood-requirements of the sheep we cannot do better than print\\nWolff s tables for the same:\\nper Day and per T eacL\\nGrowing\\nSheep.\\nAge.\\nAverage\\nLive\\nWeight\\nper Head,\\nPounds.\\nDigestible Food Materials.\\nTotal Or-\\nganic Matter\\nPounds.\\nCarbo- y\\nP,\u00e2\u0080\u009eteio. \u00c2\u00abSf P-\\nFuel Value,\\nCalorics.\\n5 to 6 mo.\\n6-8\\n8 11\\n11 15\\n15 20\\n56\\n67\\n75\\n82\\n85\\n.18\\n.17\\n.16\\n.14\\n.12\\n.87\\n.85\\n.85\\n.89\\n.88\\n.045\\n.040\\n.037\\n.032\\n.025\\n1.6\\n1.7\\n1.7\\n1.8\\n1.9\\n2143\\n2066\\n2035\\n2067\\n1966\\nBy calculating the daily ration of the sheep, assuming that the\\nfood consists of clover, hay, corn-silage, wheat bran, whole corn,\\nbarley or oats.\\nWe find that the Wolff standard for growing sheep between\\nthe ages of six to eight months calls for protein .17, carbo-\\nhydrates .85 of lb. and ,040 of a pound or 40-1000 of a pound\\nof fat, which would produce 2,066 calories of heat.\\nIn 100 lbs. of clover hay, corn-silage, wheat bran, whole\\ncorn, barley and oats, etc., the following proportion of dry mat-\\nter and digestible food ingredients will be found:\\nFood Stuff\\nDry\\nMatter\\nProtein\\nCarbo\\nHydrates\\nRed clover 84.7\\nCorn-silage 20.9\\nAlfalfa 91.6\\nCorn grains 89.1\\nBarley 89.1\\n89.0\\n88.5\\n9.5\\n11.4\\n90.8\\nOats\\nWheat bran...\\nTurnips\\nlluta-bagas...\\nLinseed meal.\\n6.58\\n0.56\\n10.58\\n7.92\\n8.69\\n9.25\\n12.01\\n.81\\n.88\\n28.76\\n35.35\\n11.79\\n37.33\\n66.69\\n64.83\\n48.34\\n41.23\\n6.46\\n7.74\\n32.81\\nFat\\n1.66\\n0.65\\n1.38\\n4.28\\n1.60\\n4.18\\n2.87\\n.11\\n.11\\n7.03\\nFuel\\nValue.\\n84.995\\n25,714\\n94,936\\n156,836\\n143,490\\n124,757\\n111,138\\n13.986\\n16,497\\n144,313", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0096\u00a090\\nFEEDING AND FATTENING.\\nThe foregoing table gives an analysis of the food values per\\n100 lbs. of the common stuffs used for fattening sheep in this\\nconntrj. The method to obtain the necessary ration of corn and\\nhay or alfalfa, oats, corn and linseed meal or any other mixture\\nto compare with AVolff s table is as follows:\\nfor eight to eleven jvionths old Lamb, Cbrce JNIontbs feeding.\\nEation.\\nTotal\\nDry\\nMatter.\\nDigestible\\nPortein.\\n.317\\n.039\\n.020\\n.071\\nDigestible\\nCarbon-\\nHydrates.\\n1.110\\n.333\\n.120\\n.032\\nDigestible\\nFat.\\nFuel\\nValue.\\n3 lbs. alfalfa hay...\\n1-2 lb. corn\\n2.7480\\n.4405\\n.2225\\n.2270\\n.041\\n.021\\n.0104\\n.017\\n2848.08\\n784 18\\n1-4 lb. oats\\nl-41b. linseed meal.\\n311.11\\n360.77\\nTotal\\nWolff standard,\\n3.680\\n1.7\\n.447\\n.16\\n1.595 .0894\\n.85 .037\\n4304.14\\n2035.\\nThe above ration is not given as a correct ration, but as a\\ncomparison in food values, as taken with Wolff s feeding stand-\\nard. It will be readily seen that there is an excess in total of\\ndry matter of almost two-thirds, an excess of proteids of nearly\\nthe same amount, .an excess of carbo-hydrates by one-half, a\\npractical similarity in digestible fats, and twice the amount of\\nfuel value. Taking Wolff s standard as correct, the ration\\nshould be changed by reducing the amount of alfalfa hay, and\\ncorn till the amount of digestible proteids and carbo-hydrates\\ncompare as near as possible with the standard. It is, however,\\nimpossible to give any exact ration which would be suitable to\\nany and all feeding sheep or lambs. The amount consumed\\nis governed by the individual idiosyncrasy of the animal, the\\nmain point in feeding all animals being regularity as regards\\ntime for feeding grain, giving just what the sheep can clean up\\nreadily, dry quarters, and quietude.\\nThe value of a feeding table is that it shows intelligent\\nfeeders the relative difference between certain foodstuffs as fat", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "FEEDING AND FATTENING. 9r\\nand flesli producers, enabling them to intelligently increase the\\nfeed as needed, so as to ensure desired results.\\nfood and Increase.\\nSheep fattening on corn with good hay, or alfalfa, com-\\nbined with some roots or other succulent food, will consume on\\nan average of fifteen pounds of the dry substance of the mixed\\nfood per 100 pounds of the live weight per week, and should\\nyield over a considerable period of time one part of increase in\\nlive weight for about nine parts of the dry substance of their\\nfood. The food being of extra good quality, sheep may give a\\nmaximum amount of increase for a given amount of total dry\\nsubstance of food, provided the latter contain as much as five\\nparts of total non-nitrogenous to one of the nitrogenous com-\\npounds. Cereals contain on an average rather more than six\\nparts of total non-nitrogenous to one of nitrogenous compounds\\nthe leguminous seeds, such as peas and beans, often not more\\nthan two parts to one.\\nOil meal and corn contain rather more than six-sevenths of\\ntheir weight of dry substance. Turnips and ruta-bagas contain\\nfrom one-twelfth to one-ninth, and potatoes about one-fourth of\\ntheir weight of dry substance. With as much as five or six parts\\nof total non-nitrogenous to one of nitrogenous compounds in the\\ndry substance of the fattening food for sheep the increase will\\nprobably be very fat. In the earlier stages of feeding it is de-\\nsirable to have a lower proportion of total non-nitrogenous to\\nnitrogenous compounds.\\nChe proportion of parts.\\nTn proportion to their weight, sheep yield rather more in-\\nternal loose fat than oxen. In relation to their weight oxen\\ncontain considerably more of stomachs and contents than sheep.\\nOxen and sheep are proportionately equal in the other internal", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0080\u00a292 FEEDING AND FATTENING.\\norgans, sucli as the heart, aorta, lungs, windpipe, liver, gall-\\nbladder and contents; they also are proportionately equal so far\\nas blood is concerned.\\nAs sheep mature and fatten, the internal offal parts increase\\nin actual weight, but decrease in proportion to the weight of the\\nanimal. The loose fat alone of the internal offal parts in-\\ncreases in actual weight in proportion to the weight of the body.\\nAs sheep mature and fatten the total offal increases in actual\\nweight but diminishes in proportion to the weight of the body.\\nFattened sheep (shorn) should yield about 58 per cent,\\ncarcass in fatted live weight; excessively fat sheep may yield\\n64 per cent, or more. AVhen the fattening food of sheep\\ncontains less than about five parts of non-nitrogenous to one of\\nnitrogenous compounds, the proportion of gross increase for a\\ngiven amount of dry substance of the food, will not increase with\\nthe increased proportion of nitrogenous compounds, whilst the\\nproportion of the carcass to the live weight will be somewhat\\nless, the carcass being more fleshy and containing less fat.\\nSheep should ^tore up about ten parts of fat for every 100 parts\\nof non-nitrogenous substance consumed. Sheep on a mixed\\nfattening diet should give about nine parts dry increase, made\\nup of about eight parts fat, eight-tenths to nine-tenths of a part\\nnitrogenous substance, and about one-fifth of a part mineral\\nmatter for 100 parts dry substance consumed, demonstrating\\nthat nearly ninety parts of the consumed dry substance are ex-\\npired, perspired, or voided from the system. The stomachs and\\ntheir contents constitute about seven and one-half per cent, of\\nthe entire weight of the body; the intestines and other contents\\namounting to about three and one-half per cent.\\nTaking collectively the stomachs, small and large intestines\\nand their respective contents, we find that the entire bodies of\\nsheep yield an average of rather more than eleven per cent.", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "FEEDING AND FATTENING. 93\\nThe rate of increase in actual weight as the sheep fattens is\\nrather greater for the heart, aorta, lungs and widpipe, liver and\\ngall-bladder, pancreas, spleen and blood than it is for the col-\\nlective stomachs, intestines and their contents. A fat sheep or\\nlamb fit to kill should contain about thirty per cent, of fat a\\nvery fat sheep might contain considerably more. It must be\\nthoroughly understood that in fattening sheep, the same as in\\nfattening other animals, that heat is a food saver. Little exer-\\ncise and warm quarters will effect a saving of a third in the cost\\nof feeding.", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V.\\nHnatomical Structure of the Sheep.\\nWe shall not enter deeply into a consideration of the\\nanatomy of the sheep, believing that the technical terms, while\\nvery necessary for the nse of scientific men, would only tend to\\nconfnse the. general reader. We will endeavor to simply ex\\nplain the general structnre and internal organs and their uses,\\nso that when describing symipioms of diseases, and after-death\\nappearences, the parts mentioned can be readily understood.\\nWe find that the sheep, so far as its general make-up is\\nconcerned, resembles the ox very closely. The animal body is\\nan aggregation of separate cells, each endowed with life and\\nhaving a certain function to perform. The general make up of\\nan animal is called tissue. Tissue of an animal body is a collec-\\ntion of cells, together with their formed material, which is char-\\nacterized by a special function. The formed material is that\\nwhich surrounds the cells and is not vital in its properties.\\nThe animal body is composed of solids and fluids. The\\nsolids are the muscular, nervous, epithelial and connective\\ntissues. They may be said to enter into the confonnation of\\nthe solids. There are, however, a few special tissues which it will\\nnot be worth our while to consider in this work.\\nEpithelial cells are those having the special function of\\nprotecting the organs underlying them, they also have the func-\\ntion of secretion and enter into nerve construction. They are\\nalwavs found covering the surface of the body, and the interior\\nof all cavities having communication Avith the exterior of the\\nsv\u00c2\u00abtem. Connective tissue is a collection of cells with their", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "AXATO^rrCAL STRUCTURE OF THF. SHEEP. 95\\nformed material controlling the shape and framework of the\\nbody. Connective tissue is divided into three classes, 1 fibrous.\\n2 cartilaginous, 3 bone.\\nMuscular tissue is composed of a collection of cells wirh\\ntheir formed material, having the function of contraction. Of\\nmuscular tissue we have two varieties, namely, the voluntary\\nand the involuntary. The voluntary muscular tissue is that\\nwhich is under the control of the will, such as the muscle tissiu\\nof the legs, neck, tail, etc. Involuntary muscle tissue is that\\nwhich is not under the control of the will of the animal, fur\\ninstance, the muscle structure of the heart, stomach, etc. Fat\\nis formed in the animal body by the degeneration of the cells\\nthemselves. Adipose, or fatty tissue, is formed by the aggrega-\\ntion of masses of degenerated cells held together by the formed\\nmaterial of those cells.\\nXervous tissue is composed of a collection of cells, endowed\\nAvith the function of irritability. To support the various tissues\\nand afford shape and support for them, we find the class of con-\\nnective tissue called bone, being arranged to form a framework,\\nor skeleton, to which all the various tissues are attached. In\\nthe sheep we find that the skeleton is composed of nearly two\\nhundred separate bones of various sizes and shapes. The bones\\nin order to permit movement, one over the other, are joined\\ntogether by strong bands called ligaments, the motion of the\\nlimbs, head, and neck and other parts of the body being effected\\nby the contraction of the various muscle structures, which are\\nconnected to the bones. The insertion of the muscle to the\\nbone being by means of a tough fibrous structure, intimately con-\\nnected with the muscle substance, and called the tendon.\\nMuscles as a rule have two separate points of attachment,\\nwhich are generally bones, the contraction of the muscles brings\\nthese points nearer together, so effecting motion.", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "96 ANATOMICAL STEUCTUEE OF THE SHEEP.\\nMuscles are supplied with vessels of various kinds, such as\\narteries, to bring them blood for their nourishment; veins to\\ncarry away the worn out material, nerves to furnish sensation to\\nthe parts and communicate the mandates of the will.\\nThe nerves pass from the brain or spinal cord, and resem-\\nble a system of telegraph wires; one set of which receives sensa-\\ntion and transmits it to the brain, the other which transmits the\\nwill from the brain to the muscles. The brain is a whitish,\\npulpy substance situated in a large cavity in the skeleton of the\\nhead, which extends from the forehead, above the eyes, to the\\nbase and back of the skull. The spinal cord is situated in the\\nhollow found in the center of the bones of the back, generally\\ncalled the vertebrae, and extends from the base of the skull,\\nwhere it connects with the brain, to the center of the first bone\\nof the tail. The body, viewed as a whole, can be divided into\\ntwo cavities, that of the chest, in which the heart and lungs and\\nvarious gland structures are situated, and that of the abdomen,\\nwhere the stomachs, intestines and other organs necessary for the\\ndigestion of foods are located.\\nThe heart is the pump of the system, the lungs may be said\\nto be the filter and sterilizer. The blood as it leaves the heart\\nis forced by the heart s contraction to all the various parts of the\\nbody, carrying to those parts nourislmient and material to repair\\ntheir continual waste. Having performed these functions it\\npasses into minute vessels called capillaries, from thence into\\nlarge ones called veins, and from there it is returned to the\\nheart, only entering into a different cavity in that organ than\\nthat from which it started. From this cavity the blood is again\\nexpelled by the heart s contraction, passing to the lungs, there it\\nis exposed to the air and takes up oxygen, throwing off the\\ncarbonic acid gas and effete matter which it had collected in\\nits journey through the animal body; from the lungs it passes\\nback to the heart, finally entering into the same cavity from", "height": "3250", "width": "2025", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. 97\\nAvliicli it was first expelled, only to be again pumped out and\\nsent on its mission through the system. The abdomen contains,\\nas has been mentioned, the stomachs, liver, intestines, kidneys,\\nbladder, and other organs, where the functions of digestion are\\ncarried on, and where various fluids are manufactured for or\\nexcreted from the system. We find that the internal organs are\\nnot firmly fixed in the different cavities, but are suspended as\\nit were from the roof of these chambers by a membrane, en-\\ndowed with nerves and blood vessels, called respectively: the\\npericardium, as it envelopes the heart; the pleura, as it invests\\nthe lungs, and the peritoneum as it suspends and covers the stom-\\nachs, liver, intestines, and other parts in the abdomen. The\\npart of the peritoneum suspending the large and small intestines\\nis called the mesentery, and contains within its folds nerves,\\nblood vessels, and glands, connecting with the circulation of the\\nblood supply of the absorbent glands of the bowels, called villi.\\nThese glands in the mesentery are called lacteals, they absorb\\nthe products of digestion, called the chyle, and convey it away\\nto a duct or canal called the thoracic duct, which enters the cir-\\nculation near the point of entrance of the venous blood to the\\nheart. It is the chyle in the blood which furnishes nutriment\\nto the various tissues, and is of vital importance in repairing the\\nincessant waste of the tissues. We shall consider the functions\\nof the liver and other organs of the body when describing the\\nrespiratory and digestive organs of the body.\\nThe Skeleton of the Sheep is an aggregation of bones possess-\\ning stability and firmness for the attachment of muscles, and the\\nprotection of the vital organs situated in the chest and ab-\\ndominal cavities.\\nBones are composed of inorganic salts deposited in a basis\\nof animal matter; to the former it owes its hardness and density,\\nto the latter its elasticity and tenacity, the combination of the\\ntwo rendering the tissue solid and elastic enough to prevent", "height": "3250", "width": "2025", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "98\\nANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP.\\nbreaking from any ordinary cause. The external surface of\\nevery bone is covered by a dense, tough, inelastic membrane\\ncalled the periosteum, except where a tendon plays over the\\nbone, or where one bone articulates with another, in which places\\n^vill be found a layer of cartilage.\\nThe periosteum is firmly adherent to the bone, and is the\\nbed in which the blood vessels and nerves supplying the bone\\nSkeleton of the Sheep.\\nare distributed. It becomes very painful when inflamed, on\\naccount of the pressure on the nerves, due to its inelasticity.\\nIt is the protecting life membrane of the bone it covers; any\\nbone denuded of this covering will in all probability die, ex-\\nfoliate and decay.\\nThe long bones of the limbs contain a hollow cavity\\nextending from one end of the bone to the other. This\\neavitv contains a substance called the marrow, which is a soft", "height": "3250", "width": "2025", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OP THE SHEEP. 99\\nyellow fat, deposited in fibres of connective tissue. It nuiirishes\\nthe bone, preventing brittleness and dryness. Bones are classed\\nas long, flat or irregular. Under the head of long bones are\\nclassed the bones of the limbs, which support and act as levers\\nfor the bony framework. Flat bones are found where the\\nleast possible motion is desired. They help to enclose cavities\\ncontaining important organs, such as the brain; or the bones en-\\nclosing the cavity of the chest, where the heart and lungs are\\nsituated. Irregular bones include all not classed with the long\\nand flat varieties. They are found in the spinal column, skull,\\nand also in the limbs. They possess as a rule many angles, with\\nsurfaces for attachment of tendons and articulating surface. In\\nproportion to their size they present a much greater mechanical\\nstrength than those of the other classes.\\nCbc Bones of the Head.\\nThe skull of the sheep articulates with the first cervical verte-\\nbrae from which it is suspended by its base. It is composed of\\na number of distinct and separate bones, which, as the animal be-\\ncomes advanced in age, ossify into one solid mass. The first ob-\\nject of the bones of the skull is to protect the brain from injury.\\nFor this purpose the skull surrounding the brain consists of two\\nplates or tables, the outer tough and thick, the inner hard and\\nbrittle. The outer, being tough, yields slightly to resistance,\\ndiminishing concussion, while the latter, by its hardness, prevents\\nthe entrance of sharp bodies into the brain. The cranial cavity\\ncontaining the brain is about one-third the size of the other parts\\nof the skull, the other cavities being the mouth, for the entrance\\nand masitication of food, and the nasal, for breathing and smell-\\ning purposes.\\nThe cranial cavity is formed by the union of nine distinct\\nbones, cabled respectively 2 frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal,", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "100 ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP.\\nsphenoid, ethmoid, occipital. The frontal bones form the an-\\nterior part between the eyes, called the forehead. The inner\\nplate of these bones is separated from the outer, forming a\\ncavity between them called the frontal sinns, which sinus is\\ndivided by a septum or ridge to afford support and strength to\\nthe part.\\nThe internal plate covers the anterior portion of the part\\nof the brain called the cerebrum. In horned sheep this frontal\\nsinus or cavity is considerably deeper than in others, affording\\ngreater protection for the brain, the horned sheep being naturally\\nmore pugnacious than its hornless brother, and with greater ad-\\nvantages to do harm. In horned sheep the horns proceed on\\neach side from the frontal bone, appearing to be prolongations\\nof that bone. The two parietal bones are placed at the upper\\nand middle part of the cranium, covering the middle parts, or\\nlobes of the cerebellum, their internal surfaces closely corres-\\nponding to the external conformation of the cerebellum.\\nThe occipital bone is situated at the back or base of the\\nskull. It is a single bone possessed of great strength. Its in-\\nternal surface covers the base of the brain called tlie cerebrum,\\nthe medulla oblongata, which may be classed as the connection\\nbetween the brain and spinal cord, resting on its floor; the pos-\\nterior part of the bone is smooth and round, to articulate with\\nthe first bone of the cervical vertebrae or neck, called the atlas.\\nIt has many external projections for the attachment of muscle\\ntendons, giving motion of the head on the neck.\\nThe temporal bones forming the sides of the cranium are\\ncomposed of two parts, one the squamous temporal and the\\nother the petrous temporal, which in the sheep ace distinct and\\nseparate from each other.\\nThe squamous temporal is externally a convex plate, with a\\nhooked projection arising from it. This projection assists in\\nforming what is called the zygomatic arch. The squamous", "height": "3250", "width": "2025", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "ANAT0:MICAL STEUCTUEE of the sheep. 101\\nportion in its posterior part has a shallow cavity for the articula-\\ntion of the lower jaw-bone. This cavity is shallow in herbivorous\\nanimals, snch as sheep, when compared with that in meat eating,\\nor carnivorous animals. This is due to the different modes\\nof mastication of the two classes, that of herbivora being a\\ngrinding lateral motion, only a shallow articulation is required,\\nwhile in carnivora, which require to tear and rend their food\\nnecessitating opening the jav. s very wide, the articulation is\\nnecessarily deep.\\nThe petrous portion of the bone is hard, flinty, apparently\\na solid convex figure. It is the receptacle, however, for the\\norgan of hearing, and contains on its internal face orifices for the\\npassage of the auditoiy nerve, with a corresponding larger one\\non its external face for the passage of sound.\\nThe inferior and middle parts of the cranium are formed\\nprincipally by the sphenoid bone. This supports the middle\\nlobes of the cerebrum, and has many holes in it for the passage\\nof nerves and blood vessels.\\nAnterior to and inferior to the cranial cavity we find an-\\nother called the nasal, which is separated from the cranial by a\\nbone called the ethmoid. This bone supports the anterior lobes\\nof the cerebrum, and has passages through it for the exit of the\\nolfactory nerves, Avhicli are those conve^ang the sense of smell\\nto the brain. This is the bone which is punctured when oper-\\nating on sturdy or giddy sheep, by passing a wire up the\\nnasal cavity through the ethmoid and puncturing the sack con-\\ntaining the parasite in the cerebral part of the brain substance.\\nThe other bones of the head are those composing the part\\ncalled the face, viz., the frontal, nasal, superior maxillary,\\nlachrymal, anterior maxillary, palate bones, malar, and inferior\\nmaxillary. These bones are of various sizes and shapes, in-\\ntimately joined together, becoming blended almost into one\\nsolid tnns^J as the animal progresses in age.", "height": "3250", "width": "2079", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "102 ANATOMICAL STEUCTURE OF THE SHEEP.\\nCbe Bones of the Body.\\nThe backbone, or vertebrae, extends from the articulation of\\nthe first bone of the neck, called the atlas, to the last bone of the\\ntail, termed the coccyx.\\nThe bones of the neck, or cervical vertebrae as thev are\\ntermed, are very irregular in shape, with a large channel in the\\ncenter passing through all of them, and protected on all sides by\\nthe bodies of the separate vertebrae. It is in this channel that\\nthe spinal cord is situated, and through holes in the bodies of\\nthe vertebrae, called foramen, the spinal nerves pass to the\\ndifferent parts of the body. These bones all have large projec-\\ntions from their superior surfaces and sides, which are respec-\\ntively termed the superior and transverse processes. The super-\\nior increase in size become very large in the region of the\\nshoulder, and then decrease as they approach the tail, while the\\ntransverse processes are small in the region of the neck and\\nshoulder, increasing in length as they approach the loin, finally\\ndisappearing at the coccyx.\\nThese processes or spines are for the attachment of the\\nvarious muscles, and from those of the neck we also find a yellow\\nelastic ligament passing forward from the withers to the poll,\\nwhich is mainly instrumental in supporting the head and neck.\\nAttached to the side of the bodies of the vertebrae of the\\n-lioulders and loin are long, flat bones, termed the ribs, 13 on\\neach side, eight of which being attached directly to the chest-\\nbone, called the sternum, are termed the true ribs, the other five\\nare attached by a cartilage to the former, and are termed the\\nfalse. The ribs should sprJng horizontally from tJie backbone\\ndescribing an arch as they descend downward and slightly for-\\nward, increasing the rotundity of the frame, which gives the\\n.inimal a greater surface for the deposition of flesli. The loins\\nare formed by the strongest of the vertebrae, the transverse pro-", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "AXATOMICAL STRUCTUEE OF THE SHEEP. 103\\ncesses at this point being long and broad, they afford protection\\nto the roof of the abdominal cavity. On their length depends\\nrlie breadth of loin and a})ility for the animal to pnt on flesh at\\nthat part.\\nBehind the loin we find that five of the vertebrae become\\nossified into one single bone of great strength, and perforated by\\nnnmerous holes for the passage of spinal nerves. The spinal\\ncord diminishes in size on entering this bone, terminating at its\\nhind extremity in several nerves, which pass to the mnscles of\\nthe tail. The bones of the tail, called the coccyx, are not per-\\nforated in their middle, are irregular in shape, and nnmerous.\\nThey simply give attachment to the tail mnscles.\\nCbc Bones of the fore Gxtrewities.\\nThe shoulder-blade, called the scapula, is a triangular-\\nshaped bone, the base being situated uppermost. It has a spine\\nor ridge running down its middle for muscle attachment. It is\\nnot very long in proportion to its width, being flat and slightly\\nhollowed out on its inner face, where it is attached to the ribs\\nby means of muscles. The forepart of the body being slung,\\nas it were, between the fore extremities, concussion and injury is\\nmaterially diminished and an additional flexibility is given to\\nthe body, wlich could not be obtained by a bony articulation.\\nArticulating with the lower end of the shoulder blade we\\nfind a thick, irregularly-shaped long bone, termed the humerus,\\nor upper arm bono. It projects downward and backwards, and\\narticulates with the lower arm lione or radius. This bono in the\\nsheep is short and strong. Back of the radius and running par-\\nallel to it .and articulating with the knee-joint below and\\nhumerus above is situated the elbow-bone or ulna; below these\\nilie bones of the knee-joint are situated, and below these again i?\\nthe shank or metacarpus, composed of two bones, oue uf which.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "104 ANATOMICAL STKUCTUEE OF THE SHEEP.\\nis rudimentary. The principal metacarpal bone is furrowed\\nthroughout its entire length by a deep fissure, a trace of primi-\\ntive separation of the bone in two pieces, the posterior face\\nbeing also similarly marked. Below the metacarjous we find\\nfour bones or digits, two of which are perfect. Behind the\\narticulation of the metacarpus and digits are two small bones\\ncalled sesamoids, which serve as levers, over which tendons pass.\\nThe bone of the foot or os pedis is also double, and articulating,\\nsuperiorly with pasterns, gives the conformity of cloven foot.\\nThe foot is formed by the coffin bones and navicular, two of\\neach, surrounded by a horny box, as an outside protection to the\\nsensitive parts overlying these bones.\\nThe lower and back part of the coffin bone is attached to an\\nelastic pad of a fibrous nature, which by its elasticity minimizes\\nthe concussion consequent to the weight of the animal being\\nsuddenly thrown on the foot. This pad, resting on the hornv\\nheels, supports the principal part of the animal s weight, very\\nlittle being communicated to the toe of the foot. In sheep the\\ncrust of the foot is secreted by a vascular structure, the coronary\\nsubstance which in the horse secretes the greater part of the\\ncrust, being absent in the sheep. The sole of the foot is\\nsecreted from the vascular membrane situated immediately\\nabove it, called the sensitive sole, there being a considerable\\nthickness of this dense substance between the coffin bone and\\nhorny sole. This explains why, in sheep with foot rot, the foot\\ncan be so quickly restored, as when the horn is lost it is imme-\\ndiately replaced from the structure under it, and there is not the\\ndelay as in the horse, where the secretion is mainly formed from\\nthe coronary substance.\\nThe inside of the crust, between the toes or cleft of the foot,\\nis much thinner than that portion on the outer side, and it is here\\nthat foot rot most frequently commences. The horny part of\\nthe foot consists of the crust, or outer shell, and sole. The crust", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "ANATOMICAL STKUCTUEE OF THE SHEEP. 105\\nsurrounds the sides and front of the foot, turning inwards at the\\ntoe, passing straight back to the heels. It is thin on its inner\\nsides, getting thick at toe and outside of foot. The sole covers\\nthe bottom of the foot, the heels being jointly formed by the\\ncrust and sole.\\nThe heels are springy and soft. They support the principal\\npart of the animal s weight, and are the part which suffer most\\nwhen the sheep are compelled to travel far over hard ground.\\nAt the pastern joint where the foot becomes cleft a small open-\\ning can be detected, which is the entrance to what is tei*med the\\nXntcrungulatc Sinus of Sbccp.\\ni\u00c2\u00bb\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Inner aspect of first phalanx. J\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hoof or Claw. r\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Interung-ulate g-land.\\nd Orifice of its duct.\\ninterdigital canal. This enlarges, passing downwards and wind-\\ning around in a circular direction, terminating in a closed pouch,\\nculled a cul-de-sac. The internal surface of this canal is lined\\nwith hair covered with a sebaceous secretion from glands open-\\ning into the canal. The use of this hair-lined canal is to pre-\\nvent friction in the movements of the pastern joint, w^hich is so\\ngreat in sheep that without some such provision of nature the\\nskin would be continually chafed, and it happens that when this\\npart becomes dry from a lessening of normal secretion, or", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "106 ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP.\\nthrough accumulations of drv sand, that an ulceration is set up,\\nwhich often proves very difficult to cure.\\nIl^bc Rind extremeties.\\nThe pelvis is composed of six separate bones in the young\\nanimal, which become ossified into a single one as the sheep ad-\\nvances in age. The pelvis has two sides and a floor, and affords\\nprotection to the bladder and organs of generation; it lies in an\\ninclined plane, projecting downwards and backwards, the\\ninner surface of its superior projections articulating with the\\nfirst transverse processes of the sacrum, passing backwards and\\ndownwards they converge inwards, forming an imperfect circle,\\ntheir union forming a flat surface, called the floor of the pelvis.\\nThe posterior projections of the bones are called the ischiatio\\nspines; the superior and interior projections forming the hips of\\nthe animal, these in well formed sheep being short and covered\\nwith flesh and fat. Just anterior to the ischatic spines will be\\nnoticed a deep cavity in which the head of the thigh bone, or\\nfemur, articidates. This bone has a round head, the form of\\narticulation and depth of cavity in which its rests permitting a\\nbackward and forward motion, and to a certain extent rotary.\\nWe find that the femur extends downwards and forwards, that\\nit is proportionately heavier in the sheep than in the horse, and\\nit is thickly surrounded with flesh, which, when cut off the car-\\ncass for sale, is termed the leg of mutton.\\nIts lower end forms with the bone below and one placed in\\nfront of their union, the stifle joint, the bone in front of the joint\\nl)eing called the patella, so situated as to act as a lever for the\\nmuscles of the anterior part of the hind limb. The bone below\\nthe femur is termed the lower thigh bone, or tibia, extending\\ndowmwards and backwards from its articulation with the patella\\nand femur. AVe find that in proportion to the horse it is not", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "ANATOMICAL STEUCTUEE OF THE SHEEP. 107\\nSO long; it corresi^onds to the lower arm bone or radius of the\\nfore extremities, and its inferior part forms with the bones im-\\nmediately underneath the hock joint.\\nThe hock joint is composed of six bones arranged in layers,\\nforming three distinct joints, the motion being confined to the\\nupper layer the bones below, serving as buffers to minimize con-\\ncussion, with the exception of the bone projecting upwards from\\nthe back of the joint, which is called the calcis, and acts as a\\nlever for the powerful extensor muscles of the hind leg.\\nThe bones below the hock correspond with those below the\\nknee joint in the fore extremity, and the description of them\\nalso applies to these.\\nChe Nci vous and Muscular System.\\nThe brain is a softish grey body, situated in the cranial\\ncavity. It is the seat of the mind and sensation. Its size in the\\nsheep as compared with man is small. The outer surface is\\ncovered v. ith ridges, called convolutions, with a dividing furrow\\nfrom before backwards, separating it into two halves called the\\nright and left hemispheres. The anterior larger part of the\\nbrain is called the cerebrum, the middle and small part the cere-\\nbellum, while the underlying posterior portion is called the\\nmedulla oblongata. Between the brain substance proper and\\nthe bones forming the cranial cavity we find a strong dense\\nmembrane closely attached to the bony structure, called the\\ndura mater, immediately underlying which and attached to the\\nbrain substance, is another called the pia-mater, the space be-\\ntween these two membranes being called the arachnoid space.\\nThe spinal cord is virtually a continuation of the brain extend-\\ning from the medidla oblongata througli the vertebrae aud\\nterminating in the sacrum at the root of the tail. It is envel-\\noped by the same membranes disposed in the same manner as", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "108 ANATOMICAL STRUCTUKE OF THE SHEEP.\\nthose of the brain. In form the spinal cord is cylindrical, com-\\nposed of bundles of nerve fibres, with a fissure or canal passing\\nthrough its center.\\nAVe find that in sheep forty pair of nerves originate from\\nthe brain and spinal cord, ten arising from the brain, the balance\\nbeing from the cord, are hence called spinal nerves.\\nXerves are an aggregation of nerve tubes, the tubes being\\ncomposed of sections of nerve cells enveloped by a membrane\\ncalled the sheath of Schwann.\\nOf the cranial nerves the first pair are the olfactory, which\\nconduct the sense of smell to the cerebrum, arising in the cere-\\nbrum they pass out of the cranial cavity through the ethmoid\\nbone, to be distributed throughout the mucous membrane lining\\nthe nostrils.\\nThe second pair are termed the optic. They also originate\\nin the cerebrum from opposite hemispheres, joining before leav-\\ning the skull, when the right nerve passes to the left eye, and\\nthe left to the right eye by a process termed decussation, taking\\nan oblique course, they pierce the outer coats of the .eye and\\nspread out over the retina, from whence impressions of objects\\nare conveyed to the brain. The sense of taste is supplied by the\\nfifth pair of nerves, that of hearing by the auditory, a portion of\\nthe seventh pair; the other cranial nerves conveying motion and\\nsensation to the various parts of the head.\\nAnother nerve of the cranium which deserves special nn n-\\ntion, being the most important of them all, is the tenth pair, or\\npneumogastric, remarkable for its extent and for the multiplicity\\nof the physiological uses ascribed to it, being distributed to the\\ngullet, throat, lungs, bronchial tubes, windpipe, and stomach.\\nIt controls the motions and secretions of the organs to which it\\nis distributed, having special power over the heart s action.\\nSpecial nerves are termed compound nerves with a double func-\\ntion and twofold oriain, convovinc; both sensation and motion.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "ANAT0:MICAL STEUCTURE of the sheep. 109\\nThey arise by numerous filaments from both the superior\\nand inferior surfaces of the spinal cord, the filaments intertwine,\\nand before they emerge through the dura mater, they join to-\\ngether just anterior to their union, a sort of knot being formed\\non the upper nerve, which is termed a ganglion. This upper\\nnerve is the one conveying sensation, while the lower is the nerve\\nof motion, so these nerves, originating as they do, form different\\nportions of the spinal cord, even after they join together. The\\nintimate fibres convey, or rather own, different attributes, al-\\nthough all are bound together in one sheath. Lastly we shall\\nmention the sympathetic nerve, it rivalling in importance the\\npneumogastric, which has already been described.\\nThe great sympathetic nerve is the nervous apparatus\\nof the organs of vegetative life. It extends in the form of two\\nlong cords from the head to the tail, the two cords being situated\\nimmediately under the vertebral column to the tail, appearing\\nto arise from a ganglion at the base of the brain, anterior to the\\ncommencement of the spinal cord. By its numerous branches\\nit is connected with all the other nerves, and distributes branches\\nto all the glands, blood vessels and lymphatics of the system,\\nalso the heart, lungs and digestive organs. It is the virtual life-\\nof the organic system, influencing all functions of nutrition and\\nsecretion.\\nThe brain of the sheep is small when compared with that\\nof other animals, the whole make-up of its nervous system being\\ncomparatively feebly developed. This fact has a considera1)le\\ninfluence over the diseases which affect the animal, accounting\\nfor the fact that in so many debility quickly follows sickness;\\nthe sheep speedily succumbing to what at first appear to lie\\nsliaht ailments.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "110 ANATOMICAL STKUCTUEE OF THE SHEEP.\\nr^bc Muscular System.\\nMuscles are fibrous organs, possessing the property of con-\\ntraction under the influence of a stimulus. While the shape of\\nthe body depends to a great extent on the bony framework, there\\nis a vast difl^erence between the appearance of the skeleton and\\nthe body itself.\\nThe muscles are the flesh of the animal, attached to and\\ncovering every part of the skeleton.\\nThe motion of any and all parts of the body is dependant on\\nthe contraction of the muscles attached to those parts. Muscles\\nare attached to different bones. Their contraction drawing the\\nparts together causes motion, thus limbs are bent, the head raised\\nand lowered, and the slightest movement even of an eyelash\\ncontrolled.\\nThose which bend or flex the limbs are called flexor muscles,\\nthose extending the same being called extensor muscles\\nMuscles vary in size from the large muscles of the loin and\\nshoulder to those almost microscopical in size of the internal ear.\\nSome are thick and bulky, others extremely short, others cylin-\\ndrical and of great length. Muscles are supplied with nerves,\\nblood vessels and absorbents. The nerves in muscle tissue are\\nthose of motion and sensation; those of motion convey the man-\\ndates of the will, thus causing motion; those of sensation com-\\nmunicate the sense of feeling, being the medium both of pain\\nand pleasure. Muscles are composed of bundles of muscle fibres,\\nbound together by a cellular membrane. In sheep we find they\\nare for the most part clothed in fat, and also that fat is deposited\\namong the fibres. It is the ability of the animal to contain this\\nfat and the abundancy of the adipose membrane surrounding it,\\nwhich distinguishes a good sheep from one of an inferior breed,\\ngiving to the former the soft and elastic feel to the hand, even\\nwlion tlie animal is in yinov flesh.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. 111\\nA sheep of good breeding has large muscles, especially in\\nthe region of the loins, bnttoek and shoulders, while the head\\nshould be lean and small. The flexor and extensor muscles are\\ninterlaced with tendonous fibres, and are not so palatable as those\\nfrom the loins and buttocks. It will be unnecessary to make in-\\ndividual mention of any particular muscle or group of muscles,\\nthe subject would be too yast for a work of this kind, and unin-\\ntelligible to the general reader.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI.\\nChe Digestive System*\\nAVe fiiul that tlic slieep can, owing to the conformation of\\nits nioutli and appendages, the lips, thrive on scanty pasture,\\nwhere an ox or otlier animal would have to struggle for exist-\\nence. The lips being covered by hair, are protected from in-\\njury against the ground, in which they come in close contact\\nwhen the animal is feeding. We find on examination that the\\nupper lip is cleft, and that the two when together tend to form a\\npoint, enabling the animal to virtually crop the grass on a level\\nwith the surface of the ground.\\nCbc Ccctb.\\nThese are the agents by which mastication of the food is\\ncarried on. They are hard organs, bony in appearance, firmly\\nimplanted in the jaws, and projecting into the interior of the\\nmouth.\\nThe incisor teeth, or nippers, are in the sheep as well as in\\nother ruminating animals situated upon the lower jaw, the\\nujiper jaw with which they come in contact during mastica-\\ntion being covered by a dense fibrous pad. We find that the in-\\ncisors, unlike the back or molar teeth, are not firmly embedded\\nin the lower jaw, but possess a certain degree of mobility (some-\\ntimes being mistaken for a diseased condition); this, however, is\\nnecessary in order to prevent their injuring the fibrous pad of\\nthe upper jaw, against which they press.\\nThe Incisor Teeth are eight in number when the mouth\\nis perfect, or full, as it is termed, We find that the lamb when", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 113\\nfirst dropped lias two incisor teeth, and that two more are shortly\\nin evidence. In fourteen days time after birth two more arc\\nerupted, making six then in all, and by three weeks after birth\\ntwo more become visible, giving the lamb eight incisor teeth.\\nThis is not by any means without exception, as frequently lambs\\nare dropped with all eight incisors in evidence. These are the\\ntemporary or milk teeth, and as the animal progresses in age\\nthey drop out, and are replaced by the permanent teeth. For\\ninstance, when the lamb gets to be between one year and one\\nyear and a half old the two central incisors are replaced by two\\nlarger and stronger teeth, the lamb then being called a yearling.\\nBy two years the tooth on either side of the centrals under-\\ngoes the same transformation, and are succeeded the following\\nyear or year and a half by those adjoining, so that in three and\\na half years the sheep has six permanent teeth, and between\\nfour and four and one-half years the last two temporary incisors\\ndisappear to be replaced by permanent ones, the sheep then\\nbeing; said to be full mouthed. While the above is substantially\\ncorrect and can be counted on as a general rule, yet sometimes\\npermanent teeth appear much earlier, and at others their appear-\\nance may be protracted to a later period. After the sheep\\npossesses a full mouth the teeth rarely remain perfect for any\\nlength of time, some of them becoming broken or lost. They are\\nthen said to be broken mouthed. In appearance the incisor\\nteeth are chisel shaped, rather resembling the human incisors,\\nthey are curved, being convex in front and concave behind, the\\nAvhole of the crown being covered with enamel.\\nThe Molar Teeth are twenty-four in number, twelve on\\neach jaw. They are firmly implanted in the jaw bones, being also\\ncovered with enamel on their face. These faces are very irregular,\\nto enable them to grind tough and unyielding substances, sucdi\\nas corn and drv ffrass. On the sides of the base of the visibh", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "114 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.\\nportion of tlie molars tlie giuiis are situated, which, in coninion\\n^vith the other parts of the month, are eoA-ered by mucons mem-\\nbrane, in some parts a firm dense material being interposed\\nbetween this membrane and the bone.\\nThe sides of the month cavitv are formed by the cheeks,\\nmade np of powerfnl muscles, covered internally by mncons\\nmembrane and externally by the skin, they form the greater part\\nof the bulk of the face and are the agents which control the\\ngrinding motion of the lower jaw. The lips serve for the pre-\\nhension or gathering of both the solid and liquid food, retaining\\nit in the mouth after its introduction therein, and preventing the\\nescape of the saliva; they are furnished with nerves of feeling,\\nand are composed of muscles externally covered by the skin,\\nthe inside surface being covered by mucous membrane, they\\npossess the powers of motion and sensation to a considerable\\ndegree. The mouth is plentifully supplied with a watery,\\nslightly alkaline fluid termed the saliva. This is secreted by\\ntlu ee pairs of glands, collectively termed the salivary glands.\\nThere is a slight flow of saliva from these glands into the mouth\\nat all times, which is considerably increased during mastication.\\nThe largest pair of these glands is known as the parotid,\\nsituated at the base of each ear, extending downward in a line\\nwith the jugular vein, they connect with the mouth cavity by\\nmeans of a duct, which opens into the mouth about the level of\\nthe fourth molar. This is known as Steno s duct, and some-\\ntimes becomes enlarged, forming a fluctuating tumor at the side\\nof the face, due to obstruction from inflammation and obliter-\\nation of it, from injury, where it lies close to the surface in the\\nmeshes of the masseter muscle, passing upwards over the lower\\njaw. The next largest pair is knowm as the submaxillary. They\\nare situated under the jaws, their ducts opening into the mouth\\nby projecting elevated points or barbs placed near the fraenum", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 115\\nof the tongiu The other pair of ghmds is eaUe(l the s\\\\th-\\nlingual, placed umhn- the tongue, they communicate with tlic\\nmouth close to the opening duct from the submaxillary. In addi-\\ntion to these we find other small glands connected with the\\ncheek and floor of the mouth, all of which assist in secreting\\nfluid to lubricate the bolus of food and perform the first stage of\\ndigestion. Herbivorous animals secrete considerably more\\nsaliva than the carnivora, which is rendered necessary by the\\nhard and woody nature of the food the animal is called upon to\\nconsume. Situated on the floor of the mouth, and principally\\nfilling that cavity, a pointed, rough, elongated body is found,\\ntermed the tongue. This is principally muscular in structure\\nand very flexible. It is the special organ of taste, and also\\nmaterially assists in mastication and swallowing. In the sheep\\nit is a prehensile organ, assisting the lips in gathering the food\\ninto the mouth. A decided difference in the back part of a\\nhorse s and sheep s mouth is noticeable. While in the horse\\nthe soft palate, situated in the entrance of the gullet, is suffi-\\nciently long to fall down and completely close the back part of\\nthe mouth, excepting when food is being swallowed, prohibiting\\na horse from breathing otherwise than through the nose, and\\nalso preventing vomition, whereas in the sheep, being a ruminat-\\ning aninuil, such a structure would be inapplicable, as it would\\nprevent the return of the contents of the first stomach to the\\nmouth, consequently the soft palate is considerably shorter and\\nnarrower, not reaching the tongue. At the base of the tongue\\nwe find the larynx and pharynx connected to the tongue and tit\\nthe upper jaw bone,iir rather the bones of the head, by means of a\\nbone called the os hyoides. Adjoining the pharynx are two\\nspaces called the eustachian tubes, situated one on each side.\\nand communicating by means of a tube with the internal ear.\\nAt the superior extremity of tlie trachea, between the first and\\nfourth rings of that tube, are found two round, ovid bodies, one", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "116 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.\\non each side of the t\\\\ibe, joined togetlier bv a narrow band, or\\nistliinus. Tliese glands are termed the thynuis or thyroid bodies.\\nThey are hirge in foetal life, but tend to diniinisli in size as the\\nanimal matures in age; they are well supplied with blood vessels,\\nnerves and lymphatics, and although their use is not fully de-\\ntermined upon by anotomists, they doubtless exert an important\\ninfluence, especially in young animals. It is these glands which\\nbecome enlarged in goitre, a condition which we shall consider\\nlater on in this work.\\nTZhc Digestive Organs in General.\\nThese are more extensive and complicated rhan the corres-\\nponding parts of the canivorous animals, as they have a more\\nonerous task to perform, the food being crude and wholly un-\\nprepared as compared to the flesh consumed by the carnivora,\\nwhich virtually is composed of the constituents of the blood it-\\nself, and has not to be transformed into the material like the\\ngrains and grasses forming the natural diet of the sheep.\\nSo to comply with these extra requirements the digestive\\norgans of the sheep have to be more spacious to afford means to\\nretain the food until the nourishment can be extracted there-\\nfrom. To perfom these extra functions the digestive track of\\nhorbivora is endowed with greater nervous energy, causing a\\nlarger amount of vital and chemical force to be manufactured,\\nthus enabling a greater -digestive force to be exerted.\\nAVe fiud that herbivorous animals in a state of nature are\\nalmost continually feeding, a greater amount of the crude ma-\\nterial having to be taken into the system to support life, so to-\\nenable the animal to retain this food, the alimentary canal has\\nto be of enormous bulk, digestion being almost continually car-\\nried on. Sheep when grazing tear the grass off by a jerking\\naction of the muscles of the head and neck, the sTa^ig beine, held", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 117\\nLctwec ii the iiiei. ur teeth and the cartilaginous pad in the\\nmouth, is moderately chewed by the molar teeth, being replaced\\nbetween them by the action of the tongne and cheeks, it is then\\nformed into a bolus, thoroughly saturated with the saliva, and\\nconveyed by the tongue back into a pouch situated at the super-\\nior extremity of the gullet, called the pharynx.\\nThe pharynx is lined with mucous membrane the same as\\nthe mouth. It is virtually a mucous lined muscular box, the\\ncontraction of the sides being the means by which the food is\\nforced into the gullet, Avhich scientifically is termed the oeso-\\nphagus, and is the tube connecting the mouth with the stomach.\\nImmediately under the pharynx we find a cartilaginous box,\\ntermed the larynx, forming the entrance to the Avindpipe, or\\ntrachea. The food passes into the gullet, over the larynx, from\\nwhich, however, it is prevented from entering by a triangular\\nlid composed of cartilage and termed the epiglottis, which is\\nforced down, effectually closing the entrance to the larynx.\\nDirectly the food has passed over the larynx, the epiglottis as-\\nsumes an upright joosition, freeing the entrance to the larynx\\nand permitting the entrance of air for the purpose of respiration.\\nThe food after leaving the pharynx passes into the gullet. This\\nis composed of involuntary muscular fibres, and the bolus, acting\\nas an irritant, causes these muscles to contract, the fibres run-\\nning lengthwise with the tube, draw it up, shortening the distance\\nbetween the stomach and the mouth, while the contraction of\\nthe circular fibres forces the food down the tube, finally lodging\\nit in the first stomach. Tracing the course of the gullet we find\\nthat on leaving the pharynx it passes down the neck, at first be-\\nliind the windpipe, then inclines to the left of it, entering the\\nchest cavity in company with it; it then passes to the upper side\\nof tlie trachea over the base of the heart, through the muscle\\ndividing the chest from the abdominal cavity, and which is\\ncalled the diaphragm, and entering the stomach by a funnel-", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "118 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.\\nshaped opening. The oesophagus, on leaving the pharynx and\\nentering the chest cavitv, diminishes in calibre, expanding again\\n^s soon as it has passed through the diaphragm or midriff. It does\\nnot actually terminate in either of the stomachs, but ends in a\\npouch called the oesophageal canal. This is about 4 to 4^\\ninclies in length, formed superiorly by the oesophagus and in-\\nferiorly by muscular pillars or duplicatures of the upper por-\\ntions of the first and second stomachs. So it will be apparent\\nthat the oesophageal canal or furrow is a sort of passage, having\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0connections with the different stomachs, and which, with the\\nexception of the second and fourth, are the only openings these\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2stomachs are endowed with. The food passing from the oeso-\\nphagus enters the first stomach, called the rumen, the entrance\\nto which is close to the termination of the oesophagus and the\\nentrance of the canal. The rumen is of enormous extent, oc-\\ncupying when full of food nearly three-quarters of the whole of\\nthe abdominal cavity.\\nBy reference to the illustration on opposite page it will be\\nseen that the oesophageal furrow or food duct commences at the\\nentrance to the rumen, its floor being composed of muscular\\npillars formed by the upper part of the second stomach, the en-\\ntrance to which is between these grooves. The pillars are con-\\ntinued within the cavity of the second stomach for nearly an\\ninch and a half to the entrance to the cavity of the third, which,\\ni)eing situated above, forms the roof of the oesophageal furrow.\\nThe entrance to the fourth stomach is 2^ inches in length,\\nformed by the turning back of the mucous and muscular coats\\nof the viscus, which at times are in close apposition one with the\\nother, as the necessity of nature may require. The food on\\npassing through the oesophagus usually falls into the rumen or\\nfirst stomach. This stomach, the largest of the four, occupies\\nthe left flank; by a constriction across its middle it is almost\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0di\\\\nded into two compartments. Externally lining it is the", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "(From Chauveau s Anatomy.)\\nStomach of the Sbccp. Seen from Xtiterior of the Omasum.\\nO\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CEsopliagus. P\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Rumen. R\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Reticulum. C\u00e2\u0080\u0094Abomasuni. F\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Omasum, opened\\nat its larg-e curvature, the two portions being- reversed forward and backward. 1 Open-\\ning- between the rumen and reticulum, surrounded by the extremity of the lips of the\\noesophag-eal furrow. 2 Opening- between the omasum and aboniasuni. I Commence-\\nment of the small intestine.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "120 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.\\nmembrane termed tlie peritoneum, which covers all organs in\\nand virtually suspends all intestinal organs from the roof of the\\nabdominal cavity. The internal surface of the rumen is cov-\\nered by a multitude of papillary prolongations, which are de-\\npendencies from the mucous membrane. These papillae are\\nA ery large (foliated or leaf like in shape), and numerous on the\\nright side of the stomach, being more rare on the left and absent\\non the muscular bands or columns running on the inside and, as\\nl:)efore stated, partially dividing the organ. While we have said\\nthat the stomach is partially divided into two compartments, it\\nwill be more correct to say that there are four or five of these\\ndivisions, the utility of which is to prevent any one portion of\\nthe stomach being compelled to bear all the weight of the food\\nat any one time. By their arrangement they afford depositories\\nfor food which has partially undergone maceration, the upper\\ncompartment being the one into which the food is raised previous\\nto the process of rumination. AVhile the rumen is partially at-\\ntached to the second stomach, it only communicates with it\\nthrough the common opening of the two stomachs with the\\noesophageal canal. The second stomach is called the reticulum.\\nThe reticulum or honeycomb is the smallest of the four. It is\\nelongated from side to side, slightly curved on itself, placed be-\\ntween the midriff and the forward extremity of the left sac of\\nthe rumen.\\nIt is globular in shape and is the part of the animal w hich\\nis eaten as tripe. The internal structure consists of a vast num-\\nber of shallow cells, resembling honeycomb; the cells near the\\nentrance to the stomach are small, increasing in size as they leave\\nthis point. The sides of the cells are formed by ridges from the\\nmucous and cuticular coats, and across within these cells smaller\\nridges will be observed. They are in sliape five or six sided, and on\\ntheir surfaces are an immense number of papillae, more pointed\\nbut much smaller in size than the corresponding papillae in the", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 121\\nrumen. These papillae secrete a mucous fluid which assists in\\nthe process of digestion. Externally covering the second stom-\\nach we find the peritoneum, under which is situated the muscu-\\nlar coat, composed of two separate layers of strong muscle fibres\\ncriss-crossing each other. The opening into this stomach is of\\nsome extent, the grooves forming it are the floor of the greater\\nportion of the oesophageal canal. The contents of this stomach\\nare more liquid than those in the others. Just before the end\\nof the entrance to the second stomach the oesophageal furrow\\nvirtually ends in the third stomach, called the Omasum or Many\\nPlies, so called from its peculiar internal make up, which is\\nformed by a number of unequally developed leaves of mucous\\nmembrane filling and running the length of the cavity. These\\nleaves increase the internal, surface of the organ ten fold; they\\nare studded with numbers of small papillae, which are harder\\nthan those in the reticulum. Some of the papillae on the edges\\nof the leaves are in the shape of a bent cone pointing towards\\nthe entrance of the stomach, the object of these being to retain\\nfood for a certain period of time, and it has been found that in\\ncertain sheep, -which were subject to scours and unable to\\nretain their food, that these cones were abnormally short. The\\nomasum has but one opening, which is in direct communication\\nboth with the oesophageal furrow and the fourth stomach. In\\nappearance the third stomach is globular in form, possessing\\nmuscular and mucous coats the same as the first two. Its con-\\ntents will generally be found to be hard, and much more so than\\nthe contents of the other stomachs. The fourth stomach, or\\nAbomasum, is in fact the true stomach, corresponding to the\\nstomach of man, being that which secretes the gastric juice,\\nwhich, by its action on the food, converts it into chyme. This\\njuice is by nature acid. It is a clear watery yellowish liquid\\nhaving a specific gravity of 1005, as compared to water at 1000.\\nIt contains solids to more or less extent, the main part of which", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "123 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.\\nis pepsin, hydrochloric acid being present in the watery part in\\nthe strength of about 2 parts to the 1000 of water. Externally\\nthis stomach is somewhat conical in shape, the apex being the\\npart joining the intestines. It possesses three coats. The in-\\nternal surface, however, differs in appearance from that of the\\n-other stomachs, being red and shining, the mucous membrane\\nbeing very vascular, the glands secreting the gastric juice, being-\\nembedded in its folds. By its internal surface being in the form\\nof plaits arranged lengthwise, the digestive capacity of the organ\\nis considerably increased. The entrance to this stomach is close\\nto the entrance of the omasum, the exit being situated at the\\napex, which is closed by the valve called the pylorus, which is a\\nrduplicature of the mucous lining of the viscus.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII.\\nRumination.\\nThe rumen is the first receptacle in which the food is\\ndeposited after it has been sufficiently masticated and covered\\nwith saliva to permit the act of deglutition; being received in\\nthe stomach mouthful by mouthful, until the viscus is compara-\\ntively full, the animal feels repletion, at which time rumination\\ngenerally commences, the sheep usually assuming a recumbent\\nposition.\\nThe food to be re-chewed is not that which was last swal-\\nlowed, but that which has been in the rumen for twelve to six-\\nteen hours previously.\\nThe food in the rumen is constantly being changed to a\\ndifferent location by the action of the muscular walls of that\\norgan, being mixed with the juices secreted by the mucous\\nglands of the internal surface. Entering the superior portion it\\npasses to the inferior, again passing to the superior before rumin-\\nation commences. For the act of rumination to be performed it is\\nnecessary that the rumen be at least three-quarters full to enable\\nthe food to occupy the upper part of the organ to enter the oeso-\\nphageal groove. The liquid portion then passes on to the reti-\\nculum, which is only a kind of offshoot or diverticulum, acting\\nas a reservoir to dilute the solid substances which may pass\\ninto it.\\nAll the food which is taken into the rumen does not go\\nthrough the process of rumination, but only the hard, indigest-\\nible substances. These are supposed to be separated at the junc-\\nture of the oesophagus with the rumen and reticulum, the hard", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "124\\nEUMINATION.\\nsubstances being returned through the oesophagus to the mouth\\nby the contraction of the muscle fibres of the tube, assisted by\\nthe action of the midriff or diaphragm, which presses on the\\nrumen, contracting its size and forcing the contents into the\\noesophageal groove to the gullet. The other portion passes on\\nto the reticulum, some even entering the third stomach or\\nomasum, without passing through the second stomach. In the\\nreticulum the contents are subjected to pressure, extracting the\\nliqnid portion, which pass^es on to the third and fourth stomachs.\\nMC\\n(From Chauveau s Anatomy.)\\nicctton of the VClull of the Omasum of the Sheep, from the Great Curvature, Shov^ing\\nthe Origin of the t-eavcs.\\nP Peritoneum. M The two muscular layers. E Epithelium. 1, 1 Principal\\nleaves at their orig in. 2 Secondary leaf. 3,3 Leaves of the third order. 4 Den-\\nticulated lamina. 5,5 Two plaucs of muscular fibres ascending into the principal\\nleaves, some issuiag from the. muscular layer of the organ.\\nthe solid, dry residue being taken up by the oesophagus and re-\\nturned to the mouth to be re-masticated, proving that it is not\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0only the contents of the rumen which enter into rumination,\\nbut those of the reticulum as well. The oesophagus in ruminat-\\ning animals having a double duty to perform, is proportionately\\nsupplied with muscles. Especially is this the ease around it\\nlower portion, where the bolus is first seized to be returned to the", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "EUMIXATIOX. 125\\nmouth. Beyond a doubt some portions of the food undergo re-\\nmastication several times. The liquid portion of the food after\\npassing through the reticulum most likely goes direct to the\\nfourth stomach. This is inferred from the dry condition of the\\ncontents of the third stomach, even when the animal is in the\\nbest of health, that viscus being the organ which triturates and\\nbreaks up into small fragments, the matter which passes into it\\nthus rendering them more susceptible to the action of the gastric\\njuices of the abomasum or stomach proper. Where the leaves\\nin the omasum are imperfectly formed it has been observed that\\nthe animal so affected will not thrive, although it may consume\\na large amount of food. The fourth stomach, called the\\nabomasum, is the stomach proper, where the virtual act of diges-\\ntion is carried on, the contents being subjected to the action of\\nthe gastric juice. Young animals existing on their mother s milk\\nemploy only the fourth stomach for- the digestion of the same.\\nThe other stomachs, not being in use, are practically undevel-\\noped, but as it commences to feed on other substances requiring\\na more extensive and intricate process to extract their nutritive\\nproperties the other stomachs develop in size to accommodate\\nthe new conditions. By the time the food arrives in the fourth\\nstomach it has been well macerated and mixed with fluid, forming\\na pulpy mass, ready to be submitted to the action of the pepsin\\nand acid secreted from the mucous glands of the organ. The\\nfood in this viscus is converted into a mixture called chyme,\\nrendering it fit for further processes of digestion in the intestinal\\ncanal. On leaving the fourth stomach the food passes through\\na valvular orifice called the pyloric opening, the passage through\\nwhich is guarded bv valves opening towards the intestines,\\naffording entrance to them, at the same time rendering a return\\nof tlie contents of the intestines to the stomach impossible.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "126 THE INTESTINAL OEGANS.\\nChe Intestinal Organs.\\nThe intestines are sub-divided into two classes, the\\nsmall and the large; the small being narrow and uniform in\\ndiameter and of considerable length, the large being irregularly\\ndilated and sacculated. The small intestines are arbitrarily\\ni-\\nI, 1,111 If* K.* a\\n(From Chauveau s Anatomy\\na, a\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Lacteal vessels in the villi. ^\u00e2\u0080\u0094Superficial layer of the lacteal vessels (rete\\nangustum). c, c Deep layer of the lacteals (^^^f atnplum.) d, d Efferent vessels pro-\\nvided with valves, e Lieberkuhn s g-lands. X\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Payer s grlands. ^\u00e2\u0080\u0094Circular muscular\\nlayer of the wall of the intestine. A\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Long-itudinal layer. Peritoneal layer.\\ndivided into three sub-divisions, that joining the abomasum\\nbeing called the duodenum, which is a short curved portion con-\\ntaining glands called Peyers patches, and receiving ducts from\\nthe pancreas and liver. This is succeeded by a short portion", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "THE INTESTINAL ORGANS. 127\\ndesceiRliiig duwnward and backward to the left tlank, where it\\nbecomes the jejununi, the ileum being the portion suspended in\\nthe left flank whieh terminates at its junction with the large gut\\ncalled the caecum.\\nr^be Large Intcatttics\\nAre divided into three divisions. 1. The Caecum. 2.\\nThe Colon. 3. The Rectum.\\nThe caecum is a vast reservoir in the form of a cul-de-sac.\\nIt is nearly cylindrical in form without bulgings or longitudinal\\nbands; its extremity is rounded and globular, floating freely in\\nthe cavity of the abdomen and directed backwards. The ileum\\njoins the caecum by piercing the latter at right angles at its\\nsuperior extremity, the internal mucous membrane of the ileum\\nforming a valve permitting the passage of material to the\\ncaecum, but effectually preventing its return. The caecum\\nserves as a reservoir for the enormous quantity of fluid ingested\\nby herbivorous animals, which in its rapid course through the\\nstomachs and small intestines is not absorbed by the villi or\\nmucous projections in the bowels. The fluids accumulate iu\\nthis gut, and by their solvent properties on the matter contained\\nin it favor their entrance into the circulation through the large\\nexpanse of absorbing surface which the mucous membrane of\\nthe gut presents. It is in this viscus that digestion is virtually\\ncompleted in herbivorous animals. The colon commences\\nfrom an opening situated above the entrance of the ileum to the\\ncaecum. In calibre it at first equals the caecum, but soon be-\\ncomes constricted, maintaining a uniform diameter, which, for\\nabout eight feet in length, is nearly treble the diameter of the\\nsmall intestines; then the gut decreases in size to the same\\ncalibre as that of the small intestines, continuing so for about\\nnine feet in length, when it again increases in size about one foot\\n]U ior to its termination, this latter part being termed the rectum.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "THE INTESTINAL ORGANS. 129\\nAt the point of diminution of calibre of the large intestines the\\nfaeces gradnally become hard, acquiring the form of small black\\npellets, being voided in this condition when the animal is iu\\ngood health.\\nWe shall now consider the organs secreting fluids which\\nhave entrance to the intestinal canal, for the purpose of\\naiding digestion. Of these we find two, the liver and pancreas.\\nThe liver is the largest and most useful solid organ of the\\nbody. Having manifold functions, it secretes the bile which is of\\nvast importance for the digestion of food; and furthermore, it\\nmanufactures sugar, the bile is thrown into the ducts, while the\\nsugar finds immediate access to the blood vessels, to be conveyed\\non through the system. In the sheep the weight of the liver\\naverages about l-50th part of that of the carcass, with a slightly\\ngreater specific gravity than water. The structure of this organ\\nis peculiar, owing to the diversity of the functions it is called\\nupon to perform. Externally it is found to present a mottled\\nappearance due to small polygonal spaces of a rounded appear-\\nance, in the center of which redish spots will be observed.\\nThese circular bodies are the lobules about l-20th of an inch\\nin diameter, separated one from the other by the polygonal\\nspaces, which are really a network of blood vessels. To explain\\nthe structure of this important organ it will be only necessary to\\nexamine one of the lobules. The lobule itself is separated from\\nthe others and held in place by a network of blood vessels, which\\npermeate its substance, joining together in the center of the\\nlobule. An artery called the hepatic artery and a vein called the\\nportal vein convey blood to the liver, both entering the organ\\nside by side through a fissure called the transverse.\\n\u00e2\u0082\u00acbc Bile.\\nThe bile is elaborated from the blood brought to the liver\\nby the portal vein, which conies direct from the intestinal mu-\\ncous surfaces, charged with assimilable substances absorbed by\\nthe veins of the intestinal papillae called the villi.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "130 THE INTESTINAL ORGANS.\\nThe bile being separated from the blood is conveyed into\\na receptacle called the gall bladder, from which a dnct issues,\\nopening into the small intestines about eighteen inches from the\\njunction of the stomach and intestines. Ruminants are all\\nfurnished with this reservoir or gall bladder, so also is man, and\\nthe majority of carnivorous animals, the exception being the\\nhorse, in which case the bile is thrown out into the bowel as soon\\nas it is manufactured, causing at all times a constant flow into the\\nintestines of this liquid.\\nXlbc functions of the Bile.\\nBile is both a secretion and an excretion. To better under-\\nstand the meaning of these terms ir may be well to define them\\nas follows:\\nA secretion is a fluid manufactured in the animal body for\\nfurther use.\\nAn excretion is a waste material to be eliminated from the\\nsystem.\\nBile contains both secretory and excretory ingredients. It\\nis a natural purgative, stimulating the action of the intestinal\\njuices and the peristaltic motion of the bowels. Besides being an\\nantiseptic, it assists in the digestion of fats. Entering the in-\\ntestines close to where the chyme flows from the stomach it pre-\\ncipitates certain ingredients in that fluid, rendering them suscept-\\nible to the action of the juice from the pancreas.\\nThe quantity of bile secreted from a sheep s liver in 24\\nhours by weight amounts to between three and five pounds.\\nThe liver then may be considered as the regulator of the\\namount of sugar and fatty matter in the blood, any excessive\\namount which is not required to support combustion accumulat-\\ning in the various tissues of the body.\\nChe Pancreas.\\nThe Pancreas is an organ composed of glandular tissue\\n.entirely, making a fleshy mass, hence the name pancreas,", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "THE GENITO-URINAEY SYSTEM. T3t\\nwhich means all flesh. The fluid secreted from tia^ oi^c^x^\\nempties into the intestines through the same duct conveying the\\nl)ile. It is exceedingly active, possessing in its varied functions\\nmore powers than any other juice. In herbivorous animals the\\nflow of pancreatic juice is continuous, never ceasing entirely. It\\ncontains five difi^erent ingredients, which exert changes on vari-\\nous kinds of foodstuffs, having a specific action in emulsifying\\nfatty matters, rendering them capable of absorption.\\nCbe Genito-Clrinary System.\\nUrine is an excretion, separated from the blood by the kid-\\nneys, which are two solid organs situated in the abdominal cavity,\\nfirmly attached to its roof in the part called the sub-lumbar\\nregion, or loin.\\nThe kidney in appearance is bean-shaped, with a tube leav-\\ning its concave portion called the ureter. This tube proceeds\\nbackwards and downwards, reaching the pelvic cavity, where\\nimmediately below the terminal end of the intestine we find a\\nlarge fluctuating sac, the size of which depends on the amount\\nof its contents this is called the bladder. The ureter passes\\nback to the neck of the bladder, to which it gains access by pene-\\ntrating first its muscular coat, between which and the mucous\\nmembrane it passes for a short distance, then piercing the\\nmucous membrane it gains access to the interior of the bladder,\\nthis peculiar manner of penetrating the coats of the bladder\\nbeing an arrangement of nature by which the flow of the urine\\nfrom the bladder back into the ureter is prevented. The kidneys\\nplay a most important part in the animal economy, as they\\neliminate from the blood not only the superfluous water and\\nother accessory substances, but the excremential nitrogenous\\nproducts resulting from tissue waste. Comprising the urinary\\napparatus we find the", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "132 THE GENITO-UKINAEY SYSTEM.\\n(1) Kidneys. (2) The ureters. (3) The bladder. (4)\\nthe urethral canal leading from the bladder and communicat-\\ning with the outside of the animal body either by passing through\\nthe penis, or, as in the female, by an opening on the floor of the\\nvaginal cavity.\\nIf a horizontal section is made of a kidney it will be found\\nto possess a cavity called the renal basin, which receives the urine\\nas it is secreted by the gland. It is here that the ureter com-\\nmences. The internal surface of the renal basin is covered with\\na mucous membrane, which extends continuously through the\\nureters to the bladder, which organ it entirely lines, extending\\nfrom it down the urethral canal to the end of the penis, or. in the\\nfemale, the vulva.\\nThe intimate structure of the kidney is composed of minute\\ntubes which arise from tufts of blood vessels. The excremen-\\ntitious matters are separated from the blood in these tufts and\\neonvej^ed down the tubes to the renal basin, from which they\\nare conveyed by the ureters to the bladder, being voided from\\nthat organ in accordance with the will of the animal.\\nThe urine is a peculiar fluid. Its solids represent the waste\\nfrom tissue change. It is the sewage of the system, and con-\\ntains among its solid ingredients a substance termed urea, which\\nif separated and purified ajipears in the shape of needle-like\\ncrystals, which are soluble in hot or cold water. Urea is sup-\\nposed to arise from excess of nitrogenous food, and from nitro-\\ngenous changes constantly taking place in the body. Its elimina-\\ntion from the system is very important. Should urea remain in\\nthe blood, or be re-absorbed, uraemic poisoning is produced, a\\ncondition frequently seen in cases where the functional proper-\\nties of the kidneys are impaired by disease. In the ram the\\niirethra is of considerable length, extending as it does the whole\\nlength of the penis; just below the anal opening it forms an\\nacute angle to conform with the downward and forward direction\\n.of the penis.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "THE GENITO-UKINAKY SYSTEM. 133\\nChe Generative Organs.\\nIiuliviJuals in the organic kingdom possess the faculty of\\nreproduction in order to perpetuate the species to which they be-\\nlong. Milk-giving animals, to reproduce their kind, need the\\nconcurrence of tAvo individuals, a male and a female, who\\nunder certain circumstances have intercourse, the male furnish-\\ning the fertilizing fluid for the germ, which is supplied by the\\nfemale. The fluid from tlie male is called the semen. This\\nvivifies the ovum, rendering it capable of development.\\nCbc 6enital Organs of the Male.\\nThe semen, or vitalizing fluid, is elaborated in two glands\\ncalled the testes or testicles. These are oval in shape and situated\\nin a cutaneous sack placed between the hind legs, which is called\\nthe scrotum. In this sack they are separated one from the other by\\nmeans of a dividing septa, a prolongation from the peritoneum\\nlining the abdominal cavity. The testicles in the foetus are\\nformed in the abdominal cavity, descending into the scrotum a\\nfew days prior to or after birth. In descending they carry their\\nperitoneal covering down with them into the scrotum, giving\\nthem three coats as it were, one of skin and two of folds of\\nperitoneum. Frequently the testicles in leaving the abdominal\\ncavity are accompanied by a portion of the intestines, which also\\noccupy the scrotal sac, forming what is termed a congential\\nhernia. Arising from the testicle is a thin whitish cord, which\\nconnects it with the glands or reservoirs placed on the superior\\nsurface of the neck of the bladder. This is called the spermatic\\ncord. It is composed of nerves and blood vessels and a portion\\nof peritoneal covering, enclosing also the duct called the va?\\ndeferens, which conveys the semen from the testicle to the glands\\non the bladder, termed the vesiculae seminales. Connecting\\nthe vesiculae seminales to the urethra are two short tubes termed", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "134 THE GENITO-UEINARY SYSTEM.\\nthe ejaciilatorj ducts. The semen being thrown through the\\nejaculatory ducts into the urethra, by the contraction of the\\nwalls of the vesiculae seminales at the time of copulation, passes\\ndown the urethra and is deposited in the vagina of the female.\\nThe testicles in sheep are very large in proportion to the animal s\\nsize, which accounts for the wonderful procreative powers\\npossessed by rams, that are able, when full grown, to serve from\\n75 to 100 ewes in the course of a month. The penis of the ram\\nhas at its extremity a vermiform appendage, which is a prolonga-\\ntion of the urethra. This is very sensitive, and is the part fre-\\nquently injured in the removal of calculi from the penis. When\\ninjured this appendage is very apt to slough off, seriously affect-\\ning the usefulness of the ram for breeding purposes.\\nChe 6eiicratm Organs of the \u00e2\u0096\u00a0female.\\nSituated in the abdomen, close to the borders of the pelvic\\ncavity, are found two ovoid shaped glands, one on each side, rest-\\ning in the folds of a ligamentous structure called the broad liga-\\nment. These are the ovaries, and are to the female what the\\ntesticles are to the male. In these bodies the germ ovum is gen-\\nerated. Passing downwards and backwards from the ovary we\\nfind a very short convoluted tube, which connects the ovary with\\nthe womb. This tube is called the fallopian tube. It is at-\\ntached to the ovary at the time of germination of the ovum by\\nDieans of a fimbriated umbrella- like opening called the pavilion\\nof the tube. The womb is a membranous sac to which the\\novum is carried, and in which it develops. It is situated at the\\nentrance of the pelvic cavity, immediately under the rectum,\\nbeing held in position by the broad ligament. It possesses a\\nbody and two arms, or horns as they are termed, the extremities\\ncf which are twisted upwards and outwards, and are also held in\\nplace by folds of the broad ligament. The posterior end of the\\nuterus terminates in a muscular neck, called the cervix uteri,.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "THE GENITO-UEINAEY SYSTEM.\\n135\\nwhich projects into the vaginal cavity. The cervix uteri i\\nalways tightly closed, excepting in the period of oestrum and dur-\\ning parturition. The vagina is a muscular cavity, lined with\\nmucous membrane, situated immediately under the rectum and\\ncommunicating with the outside by means of a slit-like opening\\ncalled the vulva. The ovum being generated in the ovary, is\\nCltcrus, Oviducts and Ovaries of Sbccp.\\n/\u00e2\u0080\u0094Confluence of cornua. e Round lig atnent. g Cornua. h Fallopian tube.\\nm Broad ligament (Owen).\\nvivified by the semen from the male, either in the fallopian tube\\non its passage to the womb or in the womb itself. As soon as\\nfertilized, the egg locates in one of the horns of the womb and\\nthere develops into the foetus, the process of development lasting-\\nover a period of about five months before birth of the mature\\nlamb takes place.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIII.\\nJVIating and Selection.\\nIn mating sheep the qualities of both parents must be con-\\nsidered, aiming to correct the bad ones and at the same time per-\\npetuate those which are desirable. In the greater number of\\ncases the influence of the male on the offspring is found to ex-\\nceed that of the female. This is seen in other animals as well as\\nsheep. A mule, for instance, simulates its sire, the ass, in gen-\\neral conformation and habits; a small mare bred to a large stal-\\nlion produces an offspring half as large again as itself; a Lincoln\\nram on a Down ewe will produce offspring resembling the\\nformer more than the latter. jSTature s laws seeming to be that\\nthe sire shall to the greater extent fix the conformation of the\\noffspring, the disposition being frequently governed by that of\\nthe dam, the exceptions to this being few, and only tend to prove\\nthe rule. In mating and selecting sheep, breeders seek for\\nvarious points, not so much on account of their particular value\\nwhen taken singly, but because they are evidence of other valu-\\nable qualities, such as an ability to quickly take on flesh or\\nmature early. Thus we find that in the Southdown breed small\\nheads and legs and small bones are sought after, as these quali-\\nties are found to be accompanied with exceptional fattening\\nproperties. Again black legs and muzzles are desirable, gener-\\nally insuring a hardy constitution. These then are only the\\nsigns of good qualities, the qualities themselves consisting in the\\ndifferent points tending to make up the general conformation of\\nthe animal for instance, a straight back is a quality in itself, as\\nalso is breadth of loin and rotundity of frame. A straight back", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "MATING AND SELECTION. 137\\ngives a large surface for putting on flesh, and also affords more\\nspace for the abdominal organs beneath it. For mutton breeds\\nsmall bone is desirable; large bone takes a correspondingly\\ngreater supply of nutriment in the form of blood, etc., which\\nAvould otherwise be employed in building up the fleshy tissues,\\nhence it is a superfluous quantity, and for a like reason horny ap-\\npendages can be dispensed with. Rotundity of frame is an ex-\\ncellent attribute, supplying as it does an extended surface for the\\nattachment of the muscles of the back and loins. A soft mellow\\nfeeling to the skin is another good quality to be sought after,\\nshowing as it does that the cellular tissue underlying it is in a\\nhealthy condition, and that fatty cells are being formed in its\\nmeshes. The j^oint sought after in breeding is a well formed\\nanimal, its frame plentifully supplied with flesh, with as little\\nbone and gristle as possible. The flesh should be distributed\\nlargely on the loins and quarters, correspondingly less on the\\nhead and neck. Where a large development of flesh exists a\\ndisposition to fatten will also be found, and for this to be profit-\\nable the animal must be capable of quick maturity. A number\\nof the prominent breeds, especially those of mutton qualities,\\nhave been improved and owe their present state of excellence to\\njudicious cross-breeding, and while this is a fact, it has been\\ndemonstrated that no more difficult task in breeding animals\\nthan successful crossing can be attempted, calling for not only\\nthe application of correct principles, but a degree of practical\\njudgment and shrewdness, which in some persons seems to be in-\\nherent M ith their nature, while others may strive a lifetime and\\nnever acquire the science. Time and time again useful breeds\\nhave deteriorated by the injudicious application of cross-breed-\\ning, some fatal defect having been overlooked only to appear ex-\\naggerated in the progeny.\\nAgain there is hardly a breed of long-wooled sheep whicdi\\nhas not been imprm-ed by the admixture of Leicester blood,", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "138 MATING AND SELECTION.\\nLut where tliis has been tried on the middle-wooled breeds re-\\nsults were moderate, not effecting any permanent improvement,\\nand often, as in the case of the Southdown breed, were far from\\nsuccessful or virtually failures. So it must be borne in mind\\nthat crossing in the main is experimental, at times succeeding\\nbeyond the breeder s most sanguine expectations, at others fail-\\ning entirely for no visible reason. Where judgment\\nassists in the process is in selecting the successful results, per-\\npetuating them and rejecting the failures. In this manner after\\na few generations a breed of sheep is sometimes produced which,\\nas in the case of the improved Oxford Downs, Shropshires, and\\nsome others we could mention, are desirable to perpetuate with-\\nout the further admixture of foreign blood.\\nAnother subject of great importance to breeders is in-and-\\nin breeding This process as applied to the human family\\nwould be found highly objectionable, for the reason that among\\npeople marriages are contracted with little if any regard to the\\nhealth of the individuals concerned, and certainly without an\\nextensive knowledge of each other s family history. For in-\\nstance, we tind a healthy man marrying a consumptive female\\nto perpetuate the faults of her constitution to his offspring, or a\\nhealthy young woman marrying a syphilitic man to hand down\\na curse to four generations of their descendants. ]^[ow should\\nthe offspring of these ill-sorted couples inter-marry the predis-\\nposition to tlie disease already inherited would be increased two-\\nfold. A scrofulous brother and sister, from sexual intercourse,\\ncould only beget diseased progeny; but supposing that a family\\nhad been bred by careful selection, if for generations the ancest-\\nors on the male side had been always healthy and w^ell formed,\\nand the same could be said of the ancestors on the female side,\\nwdiat danger could be apprehended from a cross in, as breeders\\nterm it, viz: the intercourse of brother and sister, or son with\\nparent, where there were no defects to be transmitted, none", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "MATING AND SELECTION. 139\\nwould be possible, and the unnatural mating would only tend to\\nincrease the strength of the already present good qualities.\\nWhile this would be an impossibility as applied to the human\\nfamily on account of the promiscuous intermingling and indelible\\nstamj)ing of inherent defects for generations and generations,\\nwhen applied to animals its rationality becomes apparent.\\nWhere due attention has been paid to the breeding only from\\nhealthy, well formed subjects, in time the disposition for health\\nand form become inherent, and as a sound constitution and per-\\nfect conformation are essential to successful breeding, it is the\\ndevelopment of these points which we most desire. For this\\nreason the objection to breeding from close relationship, which is\\ninsurmountable in the human family, is untenable when applied\\nto animals. The advantages of in-breeding as applied to animals\\nare as follows Supposing that the qualities of both parents are\\ngood, the more likelihood of the progeny inheriting them by\\nbreeding with a view to improvement, the best qualities become\\nconcentrated in one family. Should the members of this family\\nnot breed one with the other, they would most likely have to\\nbe crossed with inferior animals of either sex. This process in-\\nstead of furthering would retard improvement. It is for this\\nreason, therefore, that the most eminent and successful breeders\\nhave built up and perpetuated individual families of sheep by\\nthe process of in-breeding, and the stock from these pure-bred\\nsheep have proved the strength of heredity by the inheritance of\\nthe good qualities of their in-bred ancestors.\\nWhere in-breeding fails is in neglect of proper selection,\\nnot culling the weak and badly formed from the flock, the\\nbreeding of these only tending to perpetuate defects, or whore\\ntwo animals possessing the same bad quality are allowed to\\nbreed. Xotwithstanding their own good qualities, the tendency\\nto perpetuate the bad becomes increased tw^ofold and is hard to\\nget rid of, a defect seemingly being handed down with greater", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "140 MATING AND SELECTION.\\nease than a good point can be introdnced. Should, however,\\nproper care be employed, and only those animals possessing good\\nforms and sonnd conditions be allowed to breed, then beyond\\nquestion the stock will be preserved pnre, the proper form and\\nqualifications will be handed down to the offspring.\\nSelection.\\nThis consists in the proper weeding out of the undesirable\\newes from the flock and the selection of rams specially fitted to\\npropagate the type of breed and form sought after by the breed-\\ner. The drafted ewes, consisting not only of those with broken\\nmouths, but such of the younger stock whose faulty conforma-\\ntion renders them unfit to perpetuate their kind. The breeder\\nselects every year one or more rams to place with the ewe flock,\\nand naturally selects those wdiose points and breeding are in line\\nwith his desires. Should he be breeding for wool more\\nthan mutton the selection will be of a ram of the Merino type,\\ntaking care that in all respects it is a typical representative of the\\nbreed. If breeding for mutton, or for both wool and mutton,\\nthose selected will be from such breeds as are noted for these par-\\nticular points and qualities, but in no case does the breeder\\nselect a ram of faulty conformation, even though he be descended\\nfrom a long line of noted ancestors, the mere fact of his imper-\\nfections being evidence of a weakness in his chain of ancestry.\\nThe same applies to the selection of ewes. The breeder hav-\\ning decided on the particular class which he desires, always bears\\nthe same in mind when buying ewes to add to his flock. He will\\nalso make annual drafts from the flock, all undesirable animals\\nbeing sold as feeders, or if fat disposed of to the butcher.\\nEvery draft made on a flock tends to strengthen the general\\nappearance and enhances the value of the remainder. Ewes\\nwith weak necks, imperfect form or fleece, flat ribs or slanting\\nquarters, are undesirable, their progeny being certain to inherit", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "MATING AND SELECTION. 141\\nsome of their faulty features. If the breeder will cull out all\\nsuch animals it will only be a short time before the results will\\nmore than pay for the sacrifice. At the same time it must be\\nadmitted that a weak fore-end can be overcome by crossing with\\na ram with an exceptionally strong one; that a weakness on the\\npart of one parent may be surmounted by the selection of one of\\nthe opposite sex which evidences a proportionate amount of\\nstrength where the other shows weakness.\\nEwes before being put to the ram should be in good condi-\\ntion. They will then be in the best shape to conceive, and the\\nlambino- season will be materially shortened therebv.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IX.\\nH Study of Disease in General.\\nBefore defining the word disease it would be as well to un-\\nderstand what constitutes health. Prof. A. H. Baker of the\\nChicago Veterinary College defines health as follows: When\\nthe lungs, heart and abdominal vestments, with their functions,\\nattendants, and adjuncts, causing respiration, circulation and\\ndigestion, all presided over by the brain and nervous system,\\nworking harmoniously together are each performing their func-\\ntion rythmically, one with the other, the condition is known as\\nhealth.\\nDisease is the opposite to health, or a deviation from the\\nhealthy condition, some organ or organs failing to perform its\\nproper functions.\\nThe general symptoms of disease in a sheep are the want of\\nsprightliness, acting in a dull manner, an inability or indifference\\nto remain with the flock, a rough, dirty, dry condition of the\\nfleece, assuming unnatural recumbent positions, a desire for its\\nown company, leaving the herd, and moping by itself. The dis-\\neases of sheep are numerous, and frequently fatal, being influ-\\nenced by the nature and habits of the animal as well as by its\\nconstitution. As stated previously, when considering the digestive\\nsystem, the organs of digestion are excessively developed in the\\n.sheep to permit it to extract nutrition from coarse and seemingly\\ninnutritions foods; to supply this complicated digestive machin-\\nery an excessive nervous development is required, and hence it\\nwill be found that the brain is small and the intellect poorly de-\\nveloped, the nervous energy being expended on the stomachs\\nand intestines.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "A STUDY OF DISEASE IX GEXEKAL. 143\\nThe muscular system is also weak, the sheep being imfitted\\nfor laborious exercise, even in its free state, and still more so\\namong the better bred and pampered varieties, where the nature\\nof the food and enforced inactivity tend still further to weaken\\nits energy and vitality.\\nIn comparison with the weak muscular development we find\\ntliat the vascular system is also feeble, the amount of blood cir-\\nculating in the system being considerably less in proportion to\\nthe body weight than in the horse.\\nExertion requires extra combustion, greater waste of tissueSj\\nand a correspondingly greater circulation of blood to supply the\\ntissue and repair its waste. The horse being required to exert\\nmuscular force frequently needs a large blood supply, whereas\\nin the sheep these exertions are not necessary, hence the waste\\nof tissue is also less, and a large amount of vascularity is un-\\nneeded and while the sheep consumes a greater amount of food,\\nas compared in size w4th the horse, we find that it is quickly con-\\nverted into flesh, only a small portion remaining as blood in the\\nsystem. It will be noticed that the number of specific diseases\\nof sheep as compared to the horse and ox are few, seemingly due\\nto the animal s inherent constitution, which resists certain dis-\\neases affecting other herbivora, as pleuro-pneumonia contagiosa,\\nglanders, etc., but it is found that the diffusion of races of sheep\\nto other localities has tended to increase the number of con-\\ntagious sheep diseases. Again a large proportion of sheep are\\nsold to be slaughtered before reaching maturity, and the ma-\\njority before reaching old age, virtually reducing the number\\nof diseases to which they would be liable had they been allowed\\nto reach adult state. For this reason we have few chronic diseases\\nto deal with, such as produce serious changes in the skeletal, cir-\\nculatory, and digestive system of the horse for an example\\nresulting from overwork and old age.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "144 A STUDY OF DISEASE IN GENEKAL.\\nTiie small size of the sheep, combined with its docile nature,\\nrender its handling for examination and treatment in disease an\\neasy matter, but it may be as well to state here the proper man-\\nner to catch them to avoid injuring the animal or the staple.\\nSheep shonld not be held or lifted by the wool, as it not only\\nproduces unnecessary pain, but the struggles on the part of the\\nanimal cause the skin to be bruised. Ewes heavy in lamb should\\nnever* be caught by the hind leg for self-evident reasons. To\\ncatch sheep, especially large heavy ones, seize the animal by the\\nneck with both hands, pass one hand around the body, grasp the\\nbrisket, and lift the sheep clear from the ground, setting it on its\\nrump. When using a crook apply it quickly to the hind leg\\nabove the hock, drawing the animal back sharply to prevent it\\nfrom springing sidewise and wrenching the leg; when the sheep\\nis within reach seize the leg, releasing the crook. The simplest\\nmanner to lift a sheep without inflicting injury is to grasp it\\naround the body with the arms immediately behind the forelegs,\\nraising it and laying it on its side or setting it on its rump. The\\ndomestication of the sheep calls for various operations, such as\\nshearing, washing, castration, etc., any of which when not\\nproperly carried out being liable to cause disease; exposure to\\ncold storms, errors in hygienic surroundings, even if apparently\\ntrifling, grazing on unsuitable pastures are all fertile causes of\\ndisease. Even domestication predisposes to disease, especially\\namong the highly improved breeds, from the artificial nature of\\nthe animal s existence, which renders the system more compli-\\ncated and susceptible to trifling derangements, which very\\nquickly become serious. Owing to the complex arrangement of\\nthe digestive system it is frequently the seat of disease, which is\\nas often caused by an excess of aliment as a deficiency, or a super-\\nabundance of dry matter, or from the germs of parasites, which\\nmature and exist in the internal economy at the expense of the\\nhealth of the aninuil, and it will be observed that the diseases", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "A STUDY OF DISEASE IN GENERAL. 145\\nwhich affect the digestive organs are more numerous and fre-\\nquent than all others to which sheep are liable. By their ex-\\nposure to the vicissitudes of the weather, although greatly pro-\\ntected by their woolly covering, also from being grazed on cold\\nand wet soil, unsuitable to their natural habits, diseases are fre-\\nquently induced, especially those of the feet, such as foot-rot.\\nThe herding together in flocks facilitates the spread of infectious\\ndiseases through the herd, and the attacks of flies and other\\nvermin during the summer months are a source of annoyance\\nand care to the sheep owner. Parasites are the most serious and\\nfatal causes of sheep diseases, producing a large proportion of\\nthe losses. They affect the animal internally and externally,\\ncausing debility and wasting, but at the same time they are\\neasily recognized, and yield readily to properly applied agents.\\nDiseases which affect limited areas or districts, due to some local\\ncause, are called enzootic. Sheep from their conditions of life\\nand management are frequently subject to enzootic diseases, a\\nnumber of a flock being affected simultaneously, causing the\\nnecessary treatment to be applied in a wholesale or general man-\\nner. In the treatment of large numbers of a flock it would be\\nimpraticable to catch each individual member and dose it separ-\\nately. To overcome this difficulty it is necessary to supply such\\nagents in the food, which, being consumed by the flock, will do\\nthe most good, and for this reason such medicines as sulphate of\\niron and salt are given in the feeding troughs; for foot-rot foot\\nbaths (consisting of shallow troughs containing the desired\\nmedicinal agents) through which the sheep are driven; dipping\\nor washing with agents to destroy parasites and salves of different\\nkinds have been found useful, the hoalrhy as well as the diseased\\nbeing submitted to the treatment. In the treatment of plethoric\\ndiseases, such as apoplexy, phrenitis, and some congestive disor-\\nders and blood derangements, bleeding is useful and frequently\\nresorted to. Purgatives arc specially valuaV)le on account of", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "146 A STUDY OF DISEASE IN GENERAL.\\ntheir quick action on tlie digestive sjateni; of these we find oily\\ndoses more useful than the Glauber and Epsom salts. Pills or\\nboli so frequently used in the treatment of the horse are unsuit-\\nable for the sheep or ox, and should not be used. The effects of\\npurgative drenches are greatly assisted by the addition of\\nstomachics and stimulating agents, which by their action on the\\nnervous system give tone to the mucous lining of the stomachs,\\nespecially the maniplies. When bleeding is resorted to the\\nveins under the ear and eye are usually selected for the operation,\\nbut should a considerable blood letting be desirable opening the\\njugular will be found the quickest and best. The amount of\\nblood to be drawn should not exceed eight ounces. It is useless to\\ntake less than one ounce, as the effect of the loss of such a small\\nquantity on the system would be nil. A rough method of\\nbleeding frequently applied is the anq^utation of the ear or tail.\\nThis is, however, a crude method of obtaining the result desired,\\nand inflicts disfigurment on the animal.\\nTo bleed from the cheek vein stand astride the sheep,\\npressing its body between the knees, pass the left hand un-\\nder the jaw, draM ing the head upwards and backwards slight-\\nly. When in this position the animal can neither struggle nor\\nescape, then press the fingers of the left hand beneath the angle\\nof the right jaw, just in front of the swallow or gullet. This will\\nstop the circulation of the vein, causing it to enlarge; with the\\nright hand trace the swelled vein in its course over the cheek,\\nand at a point about equidistant from the eye and angle of the\\nmouth insert the lancet, making the incision from below, up-\\nwards, being careful not to cut through the inner side of the vein,\\nbut only its outer border. After sufficient blood has been ex-\\ntracted discontinue the pressure caused by the left hand and the\\nbleeding generally will cease. Should it not, however, insert a\\npin through the lips of the incision and wind some thread round\\nit. It is sometimes advisable to bleed from the saphena vein.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "A STUDY OF DISEASE IN GENEKAL. 147\\nTlii: is located on the inside of the hind leg, and is operated on\\nabout two inches above the hock joint. To operate lay the\\nsheep broadside on the ground, tie three legs together, leaving\\nthe one to be operated on free, have an assistant draw it out\\nstraight and hold firmly. Shave off any hair or fleece over the\\npart to be operated on, and by compression or ligature above\\nthe part distend the vein, then make incision through its\\nexternal coats with the lancet, remove desired amount of\\nl)lood, release the pressure, and secure lips of incision with a pin,\\nas above described. In bleeding from the jugular the animal is\\ncontrolled in the same manner as when operating on the cheek\\nvein; the neck is then compressed by passing a string around it\\ntightly; this is termed ligating, the string being called the liga-\\nture; the wool is then cut away from the course of the vein and\\nthe lancet inserted. After sufficient blood is drawn the wound\\nis closed by pin suture. Bleeding from the jugular, in fat sheep,\\nis a difficult matter on account of the adipose tissue placed im-\\nmediately under the skin, making it hard to satisfactorily locate\\nthe vein. In such cases bleeding from the saphena or cheek\\nveins is advisable.\\nThe pulse is defined as the impulse given to the blood\\nthrough the action of the heart, representing, as it docs the ac-\\ntual heart beats, which in healthy subjects average a certain num-\\nber per minute. It acts as a register of the condition and num-\\nl)er of heart beats, which when they exceed the normal or fall\\nl)elow the same to any amount would show a derangement of the\\nanimal economy, viz: disease.\\nThe normal pulse of a sheep ranges from 00 per minute in\\nthe lamb to 60 in the adult, averaging 75. It can readily be\\ntaken at the femoral artery on the inside of the thigh by press-\\ning it firmly with the fingers against the thighbone. The pulse\\nin sheep, however, cannot altogether be relied on as an indicator\\nof disease, as in all animals when subjected to excitement it is", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "148 A STUDY OF DISEASE IN GENEKAL.\\nliable to run up considerably above the normal, and the sheep\\nbeing very timid and excitable when caught is liable to be found\\nwith an abnormally high pulse, although in a state of perfect\\nhealth. So also the temperature, which while in most animals is\\na sure index to the condition, in the sheep varies consider-\\nably even in health, different observers having arrived at various\\nresults in forming estimates of the average, running all the way\\nfrom 101 degrees to 104 degrees Fahr.\\nShearing has also been found to cause a slight fall, the tem-\\nperature of unshorn sheep exceeding those shorn.\\nAn experienced flock-master is generally able to determine\\nwith comparative ease the nature of any particular affection\\nwhich may be of frequent occurrence in a flock, the finer methods\\nof diagnosis only being necessary as a rule in obscure sporadic\\ncases. The gait of the animal and its behavior are special guides\\nto many affections, such as lock-jaw, sturdy, rabies, etc., the color\\nof the mucous membranes of the eye, state of the tongue, condi-\\ntion of the urine or faeces, all are guides governing the animal s\\ncondition. The condition of the tongue is an extremely valu-\\nable sign. Youatt states that in inflammations affecting serous\\nn)enibranes, such as peritonitis, pericarditis, etc., the tongue will\\nbe found red, and tliat previous to an attack of dysentery the\\nedges become red, showing a marked contrast to the body of the\\norgan. It becomes yellow-brown in disease of the liver, purple\\nor black in blood and respiratory diseases, pale and soft in atonic\\nmaladies and anaemia.\\nThe condition of the faeces, their character, color and com-\\nposition, and amount of urine voided, its color, etc., are all valu-\\nable guides to the animal s health. The shedding of wool, or\\nslipping the fleece, wool-slip as it is termed, is frequently ob-\\nserved after severe diseases, where the internal body temperature\\nhas been high, or may be caused by drinking an excessive amount\\nof cold water when fatigued, or through sudden changes of diet.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "A STUDY OF DISEASE IN GENERAL. 14\\nFrequent causes of disease; among sheep are iinsuital)le\\npastures, containing an excess of laxative or perhaps astringent\\nherbs; the excessive feeding of roots, snch as tnrnips, grazing on\\nrye or old dead grass, even salt in some cases causes plethora,\\nand many such simple causes are all fertile disease-breeders to\\nsheep, showing that what at one time may constitute a healthful\\narticle of diet, at others becomes a menace to the animal s exist-\\nonce. When studying the cause of obscure maladies all the\\nabove causes must be taken into consideration, as also the nature\\n(jf the soil and composition of drinking water, and everything\\nwith which the animals have come in contact. Overcrowding in\\nfeeding lots, or overstocking of pastures, want of exercise, all\\nare prejudicial to a normal, healthy condition.\\nDisease in many instances can be prevented by a proper re-\\ngard to sanitation, only exhibiting healthy diet, taking into con-\\nsideration all the common causes of disease, and removing the\\nsame where possible, in fact the judicious use of common sense\\nas applied to sheep raising will be found generally more profit-\\nable than medication.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER X.\\nDiseases of the Brain and JServous System.\\nWhile tlie nervous system of the lower order of animals\\npossibly is not qnite so sensitive as that of the human, it is found\\nthat the finer bred the animal is the more sensitive the nervous\\narrangment becomes. Each of the divisions of the nervous sys-\\ntem have phenomena peculiar to themselves, enabling the ob-\\nserver to ascertain which becomes involved in disease. The dif-\\nferent classes of disease being divided according to the parts in-\\nvolved, those of the brain being called cerebral, of the spinal cord\\nthe spinal, and of the nerves the peripheral. When the brain is\\ninvolved in disease there is a loss of perception, volition and\\nspecial sensation. In paralysis of one side of the body, either\\nmotor or sensory, the brain is affected, but in cases of transverse\\nparalysis, where the hind limbs are affected or a posterior portion\\nof the carcass, then it is due to disease of the spinal cord, also in\\ncases of incontinence of urine or retention, we conclude the cord\\nto be affected. Where certain localized parts only are paralized,\\nsuch as a muscle or set of muscles of one portion of the leg, it is\\ndue to an affection of the nerves supplying the part, and is\\ntermed peripheral.\\nInjury to the outer or corticle portion of the brain will\\naffect the voluntary motions of the animal, while injuries to\\nthe deeper portions affect the involuntary or automatic motion,\\nand severe injury to the vital parts produces instant death by\\ncausing paralysis or suspension of the vital functions. All in-\\njuries embracing the whole system produce either excitation and\\nincreased nervous excitability or paralysis. One of the greatest", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "DISEASES OF THE BKAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 15i\\npeculiarities of this system is that there may be a great derange-\\nment of function without perceptible alteration of structure.\\nfrenzy, encephalitis, or Cerebritis.\\nThis is inflammation of the brain substance. It is fre-\\nquently seen occurring as a sequela to the operation for gid. or\\nfallowing an attack of apoplexy or fractures of the cranium. It\\nis also caused by exhaustion and exposure or as the result of some\\nspecific fever from the blood becoming poisoned. Food of too\\nstimulating a nature, or an excess of coarse, innutritions food-\\nstuffs. Rye-grass tops are apt to cause the disease, especially\\nwhen overripe. Plethora and exposure to the hot rays of the\\nsun in the summer season are predisposing influences. Lambs\\nare more often afflicted with this disease than grown sheep.\\nSymptoms.\\nThe primary symptoms arc stupor, the animal being dull\\nand unwilling to move. This stage is rapidly succeeded by more\\nactive symptoms. The animal becomes frantic, throwing itself\\nabout with great violence, the mucous linings of the eyelids be-\\ncome red and congested, the eyes appear to bulge from their\\nsockets, the pupils of the eyes contract, respirations become\\nirregular and bowels constipated. In lambs the violent symp-\\ntoms are most marked. They jump about continually, their\\nmotions appearing ridiculous. A few generations ago when thus\\naffected they vere said to be bewitched, and burned alive by good\\nchurchmen to exorcise the fiends. Grown sheep when attacked\\nmay suddenly spring from the ground and fall dead, or should\\nthe attack be prolonged the periods of excitability are alternated\\nwith intervals of exhaustion and quiet. During the acute\\nperiods the sheep breathes hard and runs about in all directions\\nwith its tail carried upwards. It will butt in its delirium at men\\ni r other sheep or anything wliicli conies in its way.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "152 DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM.\\ntreatment.\\nThis in sncli a severe affection mnst be prompt. It is advis-\\nable to bleed from the jugular vein, as directed in a preceeding\\nchapter, taking abont eight ounces of blood from a full-grown\\nsheep. This should be followed by a cathartic. In this case\\nEpsom salts are useful; give four ounces in half pint of warm\\nwater, to which one drachm of Jamaica ginger should be added.\\nWhen the animal affected is of sufficient value to warrant ])ar-\\nticular care, it should be confined so as not to injure itself during\\ndelirimn and given one drachm doses of bromide of potassium\\nevery two or three hours.\\npost-^Iortcm Hppearanccs.\\nThe lungs will be found congested, the blood vessels in the\\nl)rain much distended, in some eases being ruptured, the blood\\noozing into the brain substance.\\nHpoplcxy.\\nThis is an intense congestion of the blood vessels of the\\nbrain, with rupture and more or less hemorrhage. This disease\\nis most frequently caused from the plethoric condition. It gen-\\nerally occurs in hot weather and where sheep are grazed on rich\\npastures. It is more frequently met with in the sheep than the\\nox, Youatt explaining this as being due to the less perfect heat\\nregulating power of the former animal and its being more forced\\nin feeding.\\nSymptoms.\\nThe attack is always sudden. The sheep falls to the ground\\nin an unconscious condition, sometimes froths at the mouth, the\\neyes are dilated and prominent, the animal often seeming to be\\nblind. In the commencement of the attack, instead of falling\\ndown, the sheep mav stand still in one spot, apparently oblivious\\nto its suiTOundings, and on being compelled to move falls over", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 153:\\nand dies suddenly. Owing to the causes producing this tro\\\\ible^\\nthe first precaution should be to move the balance of the flock tf).\\npoorer pasture, supplement this with a wholesale purge of Epsom\\nsalts and gradually reduce all artificial food, such as linseed meal,\\noil cake, etc.\\nThe affected animals as a rule die before aid can be extended\\nthem, and should they recover from the apoplexy they are very\\nliable to be attacked with inflammation of the brain. This is a\\ndisease Avhich can better be prevented than treated, and if the\\nsheep has been carefully watched some premonitory signs may\\nbe detected, such as a refusal to feed, the animal does not chew\\nthe cud, appears listless and dull, the linings of the eyelids are\\ncongested, and the respirations rapid. As soon as these signs are\\nnoticed the sheep should be bled at once, taking at least eight\\nounces of blood, making the incision in the jugular. The animal\\nshould be removed to different quarters, the feed reduced, and\\nfour ounces of Epsom salts, combined with ounce of liquor\\nammon. acetatis and pint of warm water administered as a\\ndrench. In the majority of cases this will ward off the threat-\\nened attack, and is always worthy of a trial.\\nepilepsy, fits and Coii\\\\ ulstons.\\nEpilepsy, fits, convulsions with delirium, the sheep becom-\\ning insensible, and at times comatose, is a disease caused by any-\\nthing which tends to instate the nervous system, such as tumors\\nin the cavity of the cranium, fractures and depression of the\\ncranial bones, or reflected irritation to the brain from other parts\\nof the body, caused by the presence of worms in the intestines;\\nindigestion, especially such as occurs in lambs due to sudden\\nchanges of pasture, neglect or mismanagement. Grazing the\\nflock early in the morning while hoar-frost is still on the ground\\nis also a cause, and accounts for epilepsy frequently breaking out", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "154 DISEASES OF THE BKAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM.\\namong sheep in the early spring and late fall, when thev are\\nthriving well and in good condition.\\nSymptoms.\\nThe sheep being apparently in good health suddenly throws\\nup its head, staggers, looks wild, champs its jaws, and froths at\\nthe mouth, runs round a few times, then falls, convulsions en-\\nsue, the movements of the limbs become rigid, the sheep becom-\\ning totally insensible. The fit may last a minute or two, then\\nconsciousness returns. The animal rises W ith a dazed look,\\ngradually getting all right and commencing again to feed, as if\\nnothing had occurred.\\ntreatment.\\nIf due to hoar-frost on the grass, keep animals confined till\\nit has disappeared before allowing them to graze. If due to\\nworms, treat for the same as prescribed in the chapter on worm\\ndiseases.\\nGeneral treatment consists in affording hygenic surround-\\nings, paying particular attention to the feeding, seeing that\\nstimulating and fattening foods are fed sparingly. Mark the\\nanimals in the flock subject to epilepsy and sell them for\\nslaughter. Do not breed from animals subject to the disease.\\nKever in any case set a dog on a sheep suffering from an epileptic\\nfit to drive the fit away, as is sometimes brutally done.\\nRydrocepbalus, or ^ater on the Brain.\\nHydrocephalus, water on the brain, dropsy of the brain,\\nusually due, always in the adult, to a serous collection in the\\nventricles of the brain. The lamb is particularly subject to this\\ncomplaint, and as it sometimes exists prior to birth, the size of\\nthe head prevents delivery. When found occurring in the\\nfoetus (unborn lamb) it is due to ^ome congenital taint, which\\ninterferes with the proper development of the foetus.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 155,\\nThis disease in the adult sheep is rare. When occurring,\\nthe symptoms are similar to those of inflammation of the brain,\\ncommencing with drowsiness without delirium. As the serum\\ncollects, consciousness diminishes, the pressure on the brain\\nfinally causing paralysis, death usually taking place during con-\\nvulsions.\\nCrcatmcnt.\\nTreatment is always unsatisfactory. AVhen the first symp-\\ntoms become noticeable the sheep should be slaughtered, and if\\nin fair condition, and in the commencement of the disease, could\\nwith safety be used for human consumption.\\nAs seen in the foetus, to save the life of the ewe, it becomes\\nnecessary to destroy the lamb by puncturing its skull to permit\\nescape of the fluid and allow the bones to collapse. Prudence\\nteaches us not to use the ewe again for breeding, and if many\\ncases occur in a flock, the ram must be looked upon with sus-\\npicion, and had better be changed.\\nLouping-IU.\\nLouping-ill, also called Tremblings, Thorter-ill, ]\\\\Iad Stag-\\ngers, etc. This is a remarkable disease, seemingly caused by a\\nderanged sensibility of the nerves of the hind parts, probably\\ndue to a sub-acute inflammation of the spinal cord, more particu-\\nlarly in the region of the loins.\\nThe inflammation of the spinal cord is followed by a serous\\neffusion, which in mild cases coagulates, becoming transformed\\ninto a sort of fibrous tissue. This produces permanent pressure\\non the cord; not sufficient to produce paralysis, but enough to\\ncause derangement of sensibility. Great losses have resulted\\nfrom this disease, and notwithstanding the large amount of prac-\\ntical and theoretical investigation instituted as to its nature and\\ncause, much remains shrouded in darkness. Gamgee, Eich-", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "156 DISEASES OF THE BEAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM.\\nthofer, Koll, Hamilton, Profs. AVilliams, Dick and Young-\\nhave conducted careful studies and experiments as to the origin\\nof this disease without any definite results. The history of loup-\\ning-ill shows that it has existed in epidemic form many times in\\niScotland notably on the Silurean strata, extending from the\\nHebrides to the Southern extremity of Dumfriesshire. Waldie\\nof Jedburg- long ago suggested that louping-ill was due to liming\\nthe soil, and that it disappeared when the lime became ex-\\nhausted. Steele. Dr. Hamilton suggested that the disease was\\ninflammation of the brain and spinal cord. Profs. Dick and\\nEobertson both considered that smut on grasses caused the dis-\\nease; coarse withered grasses for food are also generally asso-\\nciated with this disorder. Ticks have also been considered to\\nbe the cause, supposedly carrying some specific poison and in-\\nfecting the sheep, but this theory seems untenable, as the dis-\\nease has been known to appear in pigs, where the idea of tick\\ninfection would have to be discarded, it being more probable\\nthat it originated in them from eating sheep offal from animals\\nwhich had suffered from the malady. Overstocking, poverty,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0dry easterly frosty winds in April and May are also said to be\\nproductive of louping-ill to a great extent in fact, almost every-\\nthing has been claimed to be a cause, showing certainly a great\\ndiversity of opinion as to the origin of this obscure complaint.\\nSymptoms.\\nTrembling of the hind parts, twitching of the muscles. In\\nacute cases, the pulse is accelerated, skin dry and hard, catarrh\\nis often present, emaciation sets in, the sheep grinds its teeth,\\ncommences to pine, and finally death supervenes. Richthofer\\nclaims that the disease has only developed and become hereditary\\nsince the introduction of Merinos, and Roll also classes it as a\\ndisease of high-bred, fine-wooled sheep. In the early stages of\\nthe disease the sheep are in poor condition and going back, the", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 157\\nfleece is dry and de^id to the touch, the nervous symptoms soon\\nsetting in, generally evidenced by a loss of power in one or more\\nlimbs, sometimes the whole side being involved, or even the\\nwhole body of the sheep may be affected, appearing to be palsied\\nor attacked with tetanus, both of which diseases it simulates to a\\nconsiderable extent. The head and neck are attacked with\\nperiodic spasms, which contract or draw them backwards with a\\nviolent jerk, tending to constrict the oesophagus and threaten\\nstrangulation on attempting to swallow liquids. A frothy\\nsaliva is emitted from the mouth, especially during the convul-\\nsive fits, which may occur every five minutes, and are ac-\\ncompanied by a very laborious and quick respiration, which sub-\\nsides on the termination of the spasm. A sheep may exist for\\ndays in this condition, and should it not rally, death sooner or\\nlater ensues; even of those which eventually recover, many will\\nlose the use of a hind leg for a considerable time, drawing it\\nbehind when moving, the leg feeling dead and cold to the touch.\\nNot infrequently tumors appear around a joint or on the fore-\\nlegs and brisket, which on being opened are found full of pus.\\nCreatmcnt.\\nTreatment is entirely preventive, and consists in remov-\\ning the flock to new and fresher pastures, feeding commer-\\ncial foods, as oil cake, etc. Give the lambs a sufficient dose of\\nEpsom salts to act as a purge, about four ounces for adult sheep.\\nIn fact, stimulating, nourishing diet and good hygienic surround-\\nings are all we can prescribe for this condition, owing to the lack\\nof knowledge as yet existing in reference to the cause of this\\nmost destructive complaint.\\nSimple paralysis Palsy.\\nSimple Paralysis Palsy, is a loss of power either sensory\\nor motor, or both. It is a frequent disease in lambs, caused by", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "158 DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTE:\\\\r.\\nexposing the ewe at weaning time to inclement weather, com-\\nbined with want of proper nutriment. This affection is also seen\\noccurring in ewes as a sequela to abortion or prolonged difficult\\nlabor. It frequently attacks newly-dropped lambs, often prov-\\ning fatal in a night. Indigestion caused from gorging on roots,\\npoisons ingested with grasses from the pastures, or obstinate con-\\nstipation are frequent causes of paralysis.\\nSymptoms.\\nWhen not very sevci-c the lamb will be found standing still,\\nwith the hind parts powerless. In bad cases the subject will be\\nfound down, unable to rise, all power over the hind limbs being\\nlost. Where the motor functions are generally affected, a severe\\nand persistent diarrhoea frequently results, the animal seldom\\nthoroughly recovering.\\ntreatment.\\nFor adult sheep, purgatives, tonics, and stimulating lini-\\nments are best calculated to remove the cause and restore tone to\\nthe system. Take\\nGentian fluid extract 1 drachm\\nGinger tincture 1 drachm\\nSweet spirits of nitre 2 drachms\\nMix and give as one dose in two ounces of water twice daily.\\nFor lambs give one-quarter to one-half of the above\\namount, according to age. In persistent cases nux vomica\\nmay be tried, administered in gruel; of this give five to ten drops\\nin the gruel, commencing at five drops and gradually increasing\\nthe dose till ten is reached, then scale down to five again. Where\\nthe loins are badly affected and the animal is valuable, the owner\\nwishing to save it, should clip the fleece off over the loins for a\\nspace of three inches each way and paint the back with a solution\\nof lunar caustic one drachm to one ounce of distilled water.\\nApply some of the above with a brush to part; use it once", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND XERVOUS SYSTEM. 159\\ndaily for a period of two or three days. Kepeat in a week if\\nnecessary. Where the animals are in good condition and fit for\\nslaughter, they should be sold to the butcher, unless, as above\\nstated, the owner is particularly desirous of keeping them.\\nAs seen occurring in newly-born lambs, the young animal\\nshould be rubbed and warmed gradually; a teaspoonful of sweet\\nspirits of nitre should be administered in a little warm water, and\\nthe lamb returned to the ewe, both being made as comfortable\\nas possible and protected from cold winds.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XI.\\nDiseases of the Respiratory Organs.\\nThese include all diseases of the lungs, bronchial tubes,\\nlarynx, nostrils, etc., and while they occur less frequently and are\\nnot so numerous as those of the digestive system, yet they will\\n1)6 found occurring both in the milder forms of influenza and\\ncatarrh and the severer forms of inflammation of the lungs, or\\ntheir serous coverings in the form of pleurisy, or attacking the\\nbronchial tubes, as in bronchitis. In fact it is asserted that\\npleurisy is a common affliction of sheep, numerous cases of the\\nsame having been recorded following shearing and dipping, etc.\\nSheep shorn early in the season are very liable to pleurisy, and\\nfatal terminations are not uncommon.\\nNasal Catarrh.\\niSTasal Catarrh, commonly termed snuffles, very frequent-\\nly affects sheep which have been exposed to stormy weather,\\nespecially in the winter season. Sheep which have been shipped\\na long way to market frequently arrive at their destination with\\na severe attack of snuffles. Nasal catarrh is an inflammation of\\nthe lining membrane- of the nose, and may exist in either of the\\nthree forms of inflammation, viz: acute, sub-acute or chronic.\\nSymptoms.\\nIn the acute form considerable fever will be present, de-\\nnoted by rapid breathing, a high color of the visible mucous mem-\\nbranes. The head is held out straight, the appetite is atiecied\\nto a certain extent and there seems to be a tendency for the in-\\nflammation to pass downwards to the lungs. A cough is gener-", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "DISEASES OF THE KESPIKATOEY ORGANS. 161\\nally present, caused by the accumulation of mucus from the\\ninflamed surfaces. In the first stage the sheep sneezes fre-\\nquently, shaking its head, evincing pain, and in the course of\\na few hours a mucus discharge from the nostrils commences.\\nThe mucus discharge soon becomes thick, but is odorless. After\\na few days pus is formed and emitted with the discharge, which\\nin consequence becomes thicker and yellow, with a heavy specific\\ngravity, sinking in water. This disease will often, if not\\ntreated, continue in this state for several weeks, till nature effects\\na cure, or it may be followed by an extension of the inflammation\\nto the lung tissue, causing pneumonia or bronchitis, which are\\nvery liable to prove fatal.\\nCreattnent.\\nThe removal of affected sheep from exposed places and ad-\\nministration of tonics and stimulants will in the majority of cases\\neffect a speedy cure. Give one teaspoonful of sweet spirits of\\nnitre three times daily in a little water, or Dunn s tonic drench,\\nmade as follows\\nGruel 1 pint\\nTincture of iron 2 drachms\\nTincture of ginger ounce\\nFluid extract gentian ounce\\nMix and divide into three doses; give one dose daily.\\nAnother excellent tonic is Elixir calisaya bark, iron and\\nstrychnine, dose one teaspoonful four times daily in a little water.\\nOn account of this disease affecting a number of a flock\\nsimultaneously, it has been held to be contagious. This, how-\\never, is erroneous, the multiplicity of cases being due to all of\\nthe sheep having been exposed to the same errors of hygiene\\ncontemporaneously.\\nCatarrh causes a weakening and prostration of the affected\\nsheep, which is very hard to overcome, making them unprofitable", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "162 DISEASES OF THE KESPIRATORY ORGANS.\\nfeeders; so it should be guarded against by not unduly exposing\\nthe flock in the fall and winter to severe storms or grazing them\\non damp unsuitable pastures. Randall says: I early found\\nthat depletion in catarrh in our severe winter months rapidly pro-\\nduced that fatal prostration from which it is next to inqjossible\\nto recover the sheep entirely impossible without bestowing an\\namount of time and care on it costing far more than the price of\\nan ordinary sheep. The next course is to prevent the disease\\nb}- judicious precautions.\\nSore Chroat, Laryngitts.\\nThis is inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the\\nlarynx the cartilaginous box situated at the superior extremity\\nof the windpipe or trachea. We find in acute caees the swelling-\\nis oedematous (spongy), the blood-vessels of the throat becoming\\nengorged with blood, while gangrenous patches may form on the\\nmucous membrane which may extend over the whole of the\\nthroat, causing diphtheritic sore throat.\\nSymptoms.\\nSome fever, indicated by rapid respirations, the head\\nprojected in as straight a line as possible, the mouth is held open,\\na frequent painful dry cough is present, the sheep evidences diffi-\\nculty in swallowing, especially liquids, which return through the\\nnostrils, the eyes protrude more or less, and saliva forms in the\\nmouth, which dribbles from it in the animal s repeated efforts at\\nswallowing.\\nCrcatmctit.\\nApply the following stimulating liniment to the throat once\\nor twice daily for two or three days, rubbing it well in:\\nTake. Oil of turpentine 1 ounce\\nStrong aqua ammonia 1 ounce\\nLinseed oil i ounces\\nMix, shake well before using.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "DISEASES OF THE EESPIRATOEY OEGANS. 163\\nInternally give:\\nChlorate of potash 4 drachms\\nTincture of iron 6 drachms\\nWater 8 ounce\\nGive one tablespoonful three times daily. This is a dose\\nfor an adult sheep. For lambs give one-quarter of above.\\nYearling sheep one teaspoonful. Give affected animals warm\\nquarters and good nursing. This disease in the sheep as a rule\\nyields to treatment, whereas in the horse it is a serious affection,\\nfrequently proving fatal. Youatt, in his work, mentions two\\ncases of oedematous sore throat in sheep in which he per-\\nformed tracheotomy (an operation in which the windpipe is\\nopened and a tube inserted) with satisfactory results. This is\\nevidence that severe cases may occur which require heroic treat-\\nment. It is a good policy where a valuable animal becomes at-\\ntached with laryngitis to commence treatment early to avoid any\\nsuch difficulty.\\nBroticbitis.\\nIs inflammation of the mucous lining of the bronchial\\ntubes. In its nature it is catarrhal, and is frequently found\\noccurring as a sequela to nasal catarrh and laryngitis. Adult\\nsheep, according to Gamgee, suffer severely from this affection,\\nand lambs are very liable to it, due to too early exposure to the\\nelements or continued wet, stormy weather and overcrowding in\\niheds. Having to breathe, a vitiated atmosphere also is a fertile\\ncause of this disease.\\nSymptoms.\\nAre the same as those of nasal catarrh, but the cough is\\nmoist in character, a wheezing sound being audible, consider-\\nable fever is present, the throat and belly are tender to the touch,\\nthe respirations arc quick, increasing in rapidity as the disea5e\\nprogresses, the appetite is lost from the start, the thirst, which at", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "164 DISEASES OF THE EESPIKATOKY OEGANS.\\nthe commencement of the attack is not excessive, soon becomes\\nso. By placing the ear to the sides of the chest peculiar mur-\\nmurs called rales, will be heard; these are caused by the expired\\nair passing through secretions of liquid mucus in the bronchial\\ntubes. As the disease progresses the sheep rapidly becomes\\nAveak, the urine is scanty and high-colored, and the droppings\\nare coated with slime, but dry and hard on the inside.\\ntreatment.\\nHygienic treatment for this affection is most desirable.\\nRemove the sheep to a roomy shed where it can obtain plenty of\\nfresh air and at the same time be protected from draught.\\nStimulants especially are needed in the treatment of this\\ncomplaint.\\nTake. Fluid extract of belladonna leaves. .1 drachm\\ni luid extract liquorice root 2 ounces\\nMuriate of ammonia ^y ounce\\nAlcohol 2 ounces\\nWater 4 ounces\\nMix. Give one tablespoonful twice daily. This is a dose\\nfor an adult sheep. Combined with this treatment give two\\ndrachms of sweet spirits of nitre twice daily in half pint of\\noatmeal gruel. Purgatives are not safe to use in this affection\\nand all dfugs which tend to debilitate or deplete the animal s\\nsystem should on no account be used.\\nInflairnnation of the Lungs\u00e2\u0080\u0094 pncutnotita.\\nThis disease is of common occurrence where sheep have\\nbeen subjected to exposure, particularly if the climate is damp\\nand subject to sudden changes of temperature. It is also found\\nfollowing the inhalation of noxious gases or the extension of the\\ninflammation of nasal catarrh or larvn2:itis.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "DISEASES OF THE RESPIKATOKY ORGANS. 165\\nSymptotns.\\nIt is usually ushered in by a shivering fit, which, however,\\nis seldom noticed on account of its short duration. About the\\nfirst warning symptom will be a persistent and troublesoirnj\\ncough, the breathing becomes labored, the elbows are generally\\nturned outwards, there is increased motion of the ribs, and the\\nflanks heave rapidly, the pulse becomes quick and strong. Thia\\nhowever is only during the primary stages of the disease, as\\nlater on it becomes soft and very weak. The appetite is partial-\\nly and oftentimes wholly lost, the sheep ceases to chew the cud^\\nthirst is considerable, there is a foetid discharge from the noso,\\nthe animal grinds its teeth as though in pain. Weakness now\\nbecomes yery evident, the eye has a peculiar glazed appearance;\\non passing the hands over the loins a crepitating noise is notice-\\nable, the sheep has fits of delirium, and shortly succumbs from\\nexhaustion.\\nCrcatmctit.\\nAs pneumonia in sheep has a tendency to assume a gangren-\\nous character the need of administering only remedies which\\nhave a tonic and stimulating effect is indicated. Counter-\\nirritation, such as the application of a stimulating ammoniacal\\nliniment, applied behind the elbows, will prove of some benefit.\\nAs a prescription the following will be found useful\\nTake. Sulphate of quinine 40 grains\\nTincture of iron ounce\\nWhiskey 7^ ounces\\nMix. Give two tablespoonfuls every four hours in half\\npint of oatmeal gruel. This is the dose for an adult sheep, others\\nin proportion.\\nWhen sheep suffer from chronic pneumonia the animal is\\nnot worth the treatment, never being likely to breed, and useless\\nfor fattening.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "166 DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.\\npleurisy.\\nThis is inflamination of the serous coverings of the lung\\nand chest cavity. It is produced bj the same causes which result\\nin inflammation of the lungs, more particularly in sudden\\nchanges in temperature, which tend to thoroughly chill the\\nwhole system. It is frequently seen following dipping in the\\nlate fall or sheep-washing in the spring, or may arise from the\\nextension of inflammation from parts contiguous to the pleural\\nsurface or from direct injury, or adventitious growths involving\\nthe pleura, such as cancer, etc.\\nSymptoms.\\nSpasmodic pains will be observed, causing the sheep to grunt,\\ngrind its teeth and appear anxious and uneasy. The other symp-\\ntoms resemble closely those of inflammation of the lungs, except\\nthat the pulse is hard and strong, the ears and legs become cold,\\nthe flanks heave, while the ribs appear fixed. This stage of the\\ndisease may last two or three days, recovery taking place by a\\ncessation of the inflammation and a return of the parts to their\\nnormal condition. Should this not occur, however, it is very\\nliable to terminate fatally, but death may be deferred for a\\nweek or even ten days. Prior to this second stage the appetite\\nis lost, but as the effusion from the inflamed pleural surfaces\\ntakes place, resulting from the inflammation, the sheep com-\\nmences to feed, the extremities get warm and an apparent change\\nfor the better takes place. This, however, is only the fore-\\nrunner of the third stage of the disease. The effusion increases\\ntill the chest cavity becomes filled with a watery serous liquid,\\nthe respirations once more become labored, the eyes become\\nglassy, and the sheep soon dies, virtually from suffocation. The\\neffusion in the chest cavity is termed in scientific works hydro-\\nthorax, which may at the commencement terminate favorably\\nthrough a cessation of the effusion and its absorption by the", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATOKY ORGANS. 167\\nsystem. This, however, seldom happens in the sheep. Follow-\\ning attacks of pleurisy the lungs frequently adhere to the chest\\nwalls from the adhesive action of the inflammation. Sheep in\\nthis condition are very unsatisfactory feeders, generally losing\\nflesh instead of fattening, and are not liable to breed.\\nCrcatment.\\nFor pleurisy, when noticed in the first stages, bleeding is\\nuseful the extraction of not less than eight ounces of blood\\nfrom an adult sheep is advisable. It should not be repeated.\\nGive the animal good hygienic treatment, and in the commence-\\nment of the attack, if noticed when shivering, a dose of whiskey,\\nabout one ounce in four ounces of gruel, will effect much good.\\nTn the second or painful stage of the disease give as follows:\\nFluid extract belladonna 2 drachms\\nSweet spirits of nitre 2 ounces\\nMuriate of ammonia ounce\\nWater 6 ounces\\nMix. Give one tablespoonful every two hours in one-third\\npint of gruel. Apply the ammonia liniment, previously pre-\\nscribed in this chapter, behind the elbows and lower part of chest.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XII.\\nDiseases of the Digestive System.\\nThese generally arise from errors in diet, the food being-\\neither too bulky or too concentrated, too rich or too poor, not\\nsufficient food or over-feeding an excess of indigestible foodstuff,\\nor a deficiency of the same, to which may also be added irregular\\nfeeding. A concentrated food, if fed in large quantities, pro-\\nduces indigestion, the effect being felt in the stomach. Food\\nshould not enter the stomach in a wholly digestible state, as that\\norgan needs a stimulus to make it work, the stimulus resulting\\nfrom the irritation caused by the indigestible matter in the\\nfood. It will be found that of all the classes of diseases affecting\\nsheep those of the digestive system are the most numerous, more\\nlosses probably occurring from them than from all the other\\nclasses combined.\\nHpbtba; Sore Mouth.\\nThis is a very troublesome and at times even fatal affec-\\ntion. It is generally seen occurring among lambs in the early\\nspring, those still sucking the ewes being most frequently\\naffected. Older sheep sometimes are severely affected by it.\\nStock over two years old, however, is rarely attacked by this\\ndisease. There seems to be some ground for the belief that feed-\\ning sheep turnips has a tendency to cause this condition errors in\\ndiet are also supposed causes, improper sanitary conditions, the\\nspores of certain fungi, low vitality, and in aged sheep carious\\nteeth, etc., have all been set down as causes of aphtha. The\\nfact, however, that even in simple aphtha the teats of the ewe be-", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 169\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0come affected from the lips of the lambs would tend to prove its\\ncortagioiis nature. Kocard claims that it is due to a micro-\\norganism which he has found not only in the milk but also in\\nthe watery effusions present in the abdominal cavity after death.\\nApparently the lambs first become attacked, the ewes being in-\\noculated by their young, but as to the actual cause or source\\nfrom which the lambs receive infection but very little is known.\\nSymptoms.\\nThe first apparent symptoms rre on the part of the lambs a\\ndisposition to drag behind, not keeping up with the ewes, reluct-\\nance or inability to grasp or suck the teat, taking it into the\\nmouth and letting it go quickly, the mouth when the lamb is\\nendeavoring to suck becomes filled with foam, which coats the\\nudder of the ewe, a desire to lay down and not frisk about is\\nobserved, the lambs get weak, evidences of cachexia or wasting\\naway becoming apparent, they appear listless, the ears hanging\\npendulous and the head drooping forwards. Small pimples will\\nnow be observed round the mouth. These enlarge and ulcerate,\\nbecome confluent, forming sores which become covered with\\npcabs. Inside the mouth these pimples and sores will also be\\nfound attacking the tongue, gums and lips; in severe cases the\\ng-ums ulcerate, the teeth even become loose, and may fall out, the\\nlower jaw bone in such cases generally being diseased. When\\nexisting in this form death frequently occurs from an inability\\non the part of the affected animal to obtain food. In these\\nsevere cases there seems to arise a systemic blood-poisoning,\\nwhich induces inflammation of the lungs, abscesses on the course\\nof lymphatic vessels, causing prostration, rapid breathing, cough-\\ning and inability to move.\\nWhen the udder of the ewe is attacked the eruption is\\nsimilar to that found in and around the mouth of the lamb. The\\nteats are covered with sores, which become crusted over with", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "170 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.\\nthick black scabs, and as the lamb is unable to extract the milk\\nfrom the udder, both on account of its condition and the soreness\\nof it, the gland becomes inflamed from retention of milk and ex-\\ntension of the disease on the course of the milk ducts, resulting\\nfrequently in a gangrenous condition, the whole or a large por-\\ntion of the udder sloughing off.\\ntreatment.\\nImmediately separate the healthy stock from the sick; take\\nthe healthy to- an entirely new locality. The others, being\\naffected, may as well remain where they are till cured, so as not\\nto spread the disease. Change the feed of the ewes, and so long\\nas the udders are not affected the lambs may be allowed to re-\\nmain with them. Should the udder be attacked, wean the lamb,\\nand raise it by hand. To the sore udder apply the following\\nlotion:\\nTannic acid 1 drachm\\nAcetic acid 1 ounce\\nWater 1 pint\\nHandle the gland carefully. It should be milked out twice\\ndaily, using great care not to bruise the part. This is a trouble-\\nsome procedure, but very necessary, as it will prevent the loss\\nof the ewe. Internally, at the commencement of the attack, a\\ndose of Epsom salts is indicated. Give four ounces in half\\npint of warm gruel. In the feed-trough mix with the food and\\ngive as follows:\\nPowdered liquorice root 4 ounces\\nSulphate of iron 5 drachms\\nPowdered gentian 4 ounces\\nWood charcoal 2 ounces\\nLinseed, ground 5 ounces\\nMix. A tablespoonful should be given in the food twice\\ndaily. To the above a small quantity of common salt might be\\nadded with benefit. The mouth of the lamb should be washed", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 171\\nseveral times daily with a solution of chlorate of potash, applying\\nboth inside and externally over the sores.\\nTake. Borax ounce\\nAqua 1 pint\\nOr Chlorate of potash ounce\\nWater 1 pint\\nSwab out the mouth with one of these mixtures, being care-\\nful that very little if any is swallowed also apply the lotion ex-\\nternally to the affected parts. If the mouth is foetid, the ulcers\\nappearing gangrenous, use as follows:\\nPotassium permanganate grains X.\\nWater 1 pint\\nMix, and apply as directed with the other. Should proud\\nflesh appear on the lips or gums, touch it with caustic potash, or\\nbetter still, nitrate of silver; if the teeth become loose and cari-\\nous, they should be removed.\\nObstruction of the Gullet Choking.\\nThis may occur in the pharynx, but generally in the oeso-\\nphagus or gullet. It is usualy caused by the lodgment of food.\\nIt is rarely seen in sheep as compared with the ox, but may occur\\nwhere roots are being fed.\\nSymptoms.\\nThe sheep stops feeding, the breathing appears difficult, the\\nanimal commences to bloat, the swelling appearing greater in the\\nregion of the left flank than in the right. Death frequently\\noccur=;, due to suffocation from pressure of the distended stom-\\nachs on the diaphragm or midriff, which diminishes the capacity\\nof the chest cavity, preventing free expansion of the lungs, the\\nderangement of the pneumogastric and sympathetic nerves from\\nthe irritation also helping to cause a cessation of the vital func-\\ntions.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "172 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.\\ntreatment.\\nThis is entirely operative, and for tlie speedy relief of the\\nanimal a probang is needed. This is a thin flexible tube, with a\\nsmall knob or protuberance on the end which is inserted in the\\nmouth.\\nTo operate, set the sheep on its rump, the shoulders rest-\\ning between the knees of an assistant, who also takes hold of\\nthe fore-feet to keep the animal steady; then by the use of a gag\\nor the hand of the operator the sheep s mouth is kept open, and\\nthe probang, smeared with lard or vaseline, is gently passed\\nover the back of the tongue and down the gullet. When\\nthe obstruction is reached only gentle pressure must be exerted,\\nas violent efforts are liable to rupture or lacerate the coats of the\\noesophagus, in which case the animal would most likely have to\\nbe destroyed. When the obstruction is moved by the probang\\nand passes into the rumen, relief is instantaneous.\\nWhere bloating is considerable, the rumen should be punc-\\ntured prior to passing probang, with an instrument termed a tro-\\ncar^ this is a very necessary article for all stock-owners to\\npossess; its use permits the escape of gases arising from fermenta-\\ntion in the stomach or bowels, and secures time for the adminis-\\ntration and action of medicinal agents.\\nThe trocar is a pointed stillet, about 1-16 of an inch in\\ndiameter and five inches in length, which fits in a closely fitting\\ntube. The part to be operated on is selected and the instrument\\ninserted. The stillet is withdrawn, leaving the tube in position,\\nthrough which the escape of gases is perfected. In bloat from\\nchoke in both oxen and sheep the place to be operated on is the\\nleft flank, the operator selecting the location by careful examina-\\ntion, taking the soft and most bulging point for a guide, so a\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00bb\\nnot to strike the last ribs, or transverse processes of the lumbar\\nvertebrae with the instrument. Should the probang not be suc-\\ncessful in removing the obstruction, the animal, unless very valu-", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 173\\nable, had better be slaughtered. If, however, extreme meas-\\nures are to be tried, select the bulging portion of the gullet\\ncaused by the choke for the point to be operated on, clip the wool\\noff from the part, wash the skin with soap and water, and\\napply a 5 per cent, solution of carbolic acid; then make a bold\\nincision with a sharp knife (which must be clean, and should have\\nbeen dipped previous to use in the carbolic solution) through\\nthe skin and underlying tissues to the gullet, lay the gullet open\\nby another stroke of the knife, remove the obstruction, take a\\nsurgeon s needle, threaded with sterilized silk or catgut, and\\nbring the edges of the gullet together, being certain that the in-\\nside mucous linings are in apposition, wash the wound out with\\ncarbolic solution and sew up the skin, using three or four stitches.\\nAfter the operation the animal should be kept perfectly quiet\\nand fed on a liquid diet till the wound in the gullet has perfectly\\nhealed, the best food being linseed jelly or oatmeal gruel, to\\nwhich a little whiskey has been added, or anything which can be\\nswallowed without exerting the muscular coats of the gullet. If\\nin two or three days after the operation the swallowed liquids\\ncontinue to exude from the wound the animal had better bo\\nslaughtered, as the chances are that the operation has been a\\nfailure.\\nBloat, Rown, also Called Blasting.\\nThis is not in itself a disease, but rather a condition arising\\nfrom the mal-assimilation of food, it being due to the collection\\nand formation of gases in the rumen or first stomach, due to the\\nfermentation of its contents. It arises from various causes, such\\nas the eating of grasses still wet with dew especially should they\\nbelong to the clover family frosted roots, or root tops, and a\\ndiet containing a surplus of moisture, especially if suddenly\\nforced on the sheep, or it may arise as a sequel to choke, as\\nstated in descriptions of preceding disease.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "174 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.\\nSymptoms.\\nThe sheep is dull, breathes hard, exhibits abdominal pain,\\nthe body back of the ribs commences to enlarge, especially in\\nthe region of the left flank where the rumen is situated, the\\nswelling on this side being more bulging and projecting higher\\nthan it does on the other.\\nCrcatmcnt.\\nThis may be both medicinal and operative. In many cases\\nagents which, when swallowed, arrest the process of fer-\\nmentation, will be all that is necessary to effect a speedy cure.\\nThe writer has found the following one of the most effective\\nagents to remedy this condition, and it is always worthy of trial\\nbefore using the trocar. Take tincture of colchicum seeds and\\nplace 20 to 30 drops on the sheep s tongue, repeating in 20 min-\\nutes if necessary. This is in the line of homeopathic treatment,\\nbut experience has proved its success, and being simple to ad-\\nminister, is a desirable remedy to use. Bi-carbonate of soda is\\nalso administered for this trouble, and if the colchicum is not\\nobtainable is a good article to use, as all households have a supply\\nof cooking soda on hand. The dose should be one tablespoonful\\ndissolved in half pint of warm water and given as a drench. If\\nthe bloating is very severe, the trocar should be used without de-\\nlay. Plunge it into the highest bulging portion of the left flank.\\nThis will permit the escape of the gases. Then administer the\\ncolchicum or soda treatment to arrest the fermentative changes\\ntaking place in the viscus.\\nIf this trouble arises from eating wet grasses in the early\\nmorning or from the ingestion of too succulent a diet, correct\\nthe same, seeing that dry hay is fed or the animals kept in the\\npens in the early morning till the dew has disappeared from the\\ngrass.\\nLo99 of the Cud.\\nThis is not a disease, but an effect of derangement of some\\npart of the system. An animal suffering from any serious sick-", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 175\\nness naturally does not desire food. When the trouble is re-\\nmoved, the animal will soon commence to chew the cud again.\\nWhen this happens without any appreciable cause, the adminis-\\ntration of a cathartic such as Epsom salts 4 ounces, hyposulphite\\nof soda 1 ounce, dissolved in one pint of warm water, will gen-\\nerally give satisfactory results. If it is due to indigestion, evi-\\ndenced by the sheep pulling and eating its wool, prepared chalk\\nmixed with common salt sprinkled over the fodder will effect a\\ncure.\\nImpaction of the Rumen.\\nThis is a mechanical distension of the rumen with food. It\\nis practically a filling up of the rumen with solid food, more\\nparticularly grain; it may also be seen where sheep are grazed\\non new grass in stubble fields, the sudden changing from poor\\nto rich pastures; new wheat also has been known to produce very\\nfatal effects. The walls of the rumen become paralyzed, their\\nnatural motions cease, and the food remains in the viscus as an\\ninert indigestible mass.\\nSymptoms.\\nIt will be distinguished from bloat in that pressure on the\\nleft flank reveals a doughy, pitting feeling, the rumen, as felt\\nunder the skin, not being a yielding buoyant tumor as in bloat.\\nThe sheep appears dull and stupid, naturally does not chew the\\ncud, grunts occasionally from pain, has an anxious look, and, as\\nbefore stated, a diagnostic symptom is the inelastic, doughy,\\nfeeling of the left flank.\\nCrcatmcnt.\\nA cathartic should l^e administered, combined with which\\nstimulants are indicated, both nervous and systemic.\\nTake. Fluid extract nux vomica 5 minims\\nBarbadoes aloes ounce\\nAromatic spirits ammonia 2 drachms\\nWarm water 1 pint", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "176 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.\\nMix. Give as one dose. Should this not prove effective,\\nand the owner wishing to save the sheep for breeding purposes,\\nclip the fleece off the region of the flank, then take a clean\\nsharp knife, make an incision downwards and inwards through\\nthe skin from a point about two inches from the protuberance\\nof the hip bone, making it about three inches in length to permit\\nentrance of the hand of the operator; break through the tissues\\nunderlying the skin with the fingers, exposing the external coats\\nof the first stomach, make a bold incision through this, insert\\nthe hand (first taking a napkin or clean cloth and placing it so\\nthat it covers the dependent part of the wound in the skin and\\nalso stomach this to prevent the contents from falling down be-\\ntween the walls of the stomach and abdominal cavity, in which\\ncase peritonitis would most likely result), remove at least one-\\nthird of its contents, and then pour into the stomach a purgative\\nsuch as\\nTake. Common salt 2 ounces\\nSolution of ammonium acetate -J ounce\\nWater 1 pint\\nThen sew up the walls of the rumen (stomach), being careful to\\nbring the inside surfaces together, making the stitches with a fine\\nsurgeon s needle about half an inch apart, using sterilized cat gut\\nor silk for the sutures. Then take silk and sew up the skin.\\nDo not take the stitches through the tissues underlying it be-\\ntween it and the walls of the rumen. Dress the external surface\\nof the wound with pine tar. This is a very effectual operation,\\nand if properly performed is not liable to produce any serious\\nresults.\\nIiTtpacttoii of the Chird Stomach.\\nImpaction the Third Stomach, or Omasum, also termed\\ngrass staggers, drying up or fardel bound, occurs in the\\nsame way as impaction of the first stomach or rumen. Prof.\\nAVilliams says that it is always accompanied with inflammation", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 177\\nof the fourth stomach, which, he claims, is the original lesion.\\nSudden changes of food, changing the sheep from a grass to a\\ndryer and less nutritious ration, astringent herbs in the pasture,\\nespecially when the season is dry, also cause this condition.\\nThe omasum becoming filled with dry food, the leaves of\\nmucous membrane, of which its interior is composed, become\\npartially paralyzed, their movements and mucous secretions\\ncease, this beiirg immediately followed by inflammation of the\\norgan, due to the irritation caused by the retention of its con-\\ntents. As a result of the inflammation, the contents become\\ndryer and the mucous membrane exfoliated from the folds,\\ncausing a highly dangerous condition.\\nSymptoms,\\nThe bowels may be natural or even loose in the first stages\\nof the disease. This is soon followed, however, by obstinate\\nconstipation and fever. The sheep stands with a straightened\\nneck, the nose is hot and dry, the eyeballs stand out prominently,\\nthe mouth is covered with a frothy, slimy discharge, the animal\\nwill grunt frequently, cough is rarely present, which will assist\\nin not confounding this complaint with lung trouble, the respir-\\nations become quickened, evidences of cerebral derangement ap-\\npear, such as delirium and erratic violent motions, followed by\\nstupor. Exhaustion takes place rapidly and unless relieved the\\nsheep quickly succumbs.\\nCrcatmctit.\\nEndeavor to soften the contents of the omasum. For this\\npurpose an oleaginous purge as indicated.\\nTake. Barbadoes aloes ounce\\nFluid extract belladonna leaves. drachm\\nLinseed oil 1 pint\\n]\\\\Iix and give as a drench. When drenching ruminants,\\niind it ia desired to have the medicines reach the third and fourth", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "178 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.\\nstomachs without passing into the rumen, pour the drench into\\nthe animal s mouth slowly. In this case the drench being in-\\ntended for the omasum, it should be administered as directed\\nabove. Give frequent drenches of oatmeal gruel or linseed jelly\\nin warm water, to which should be added some such stimulant:\\nas aromatic spirits of ammonia, whiskey, etc. The following\\nprescription will be found useful:\\nTake. Aromatic spirits of ammonia. .-.ll ounces\\nFluid extract, nux vomica drachm\\nAlcohol 2^ ounces\\nMix and administer two tablespoonfuls twice daily in half\\npint of oatmeal gruel. It will be found advisable in obstinate\\ncases to give rectal injections (enemas), composed of warm water\\nand soap, to which a small quantity of common salt, about half\\nteaspoonful, has been added. These should be used twice daily.\\nPowerful purgatives, such as croton oil and mercury, or calabar\\nbean, are absolutely useless and exceedingly dangerous.\\nThis disease is always serious and demands the best of care\\nand attention, in spite of which fatalities frequently occur.\\nXntestinal Obstructions.\\nFirst under this head we recognize accumulations of wool,\\nor wool ball, stony concretions, etc., all called calculi.\\nSecondly, rupture, or hernia, with strangulation.\\nThirdly, stricture,.\\nFourthly, volvulus and intus-susception.\\nXJdooX Balls.\\nWool balls, the results of felting wool and food ma-\\nterials, are frequently found in post mortem examinations of\\nthe first stomach of the sheep. These appear to cause the animal\\nbut little inconvenience and deserve but passing notice, excepting\\nwhen occurring in lambs, just after the ewes have been shorn,", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 179\\nand the ticks migrate to the lambs, causing them to bite, and\\ntear out the wool, which they swallow in large quantities, it is\\nliable then to produce conditions which are apt to terminate\\nfatally. Calculi, composed of stony or mineral material, formed\\nround some object, which acts as a nucleus, such as a nail-head or\\npiece of gravel, are frequently found in the bowels, wdiere they\\nalso effect little harm, forming pouches or depressions in the bow-\\nels, where they rest, and it is only when through some cause or\\nother they become ejected from these pouches that they are liable\\nto cause colicky symptoms, which may terminate fatally through,\\ninflammation of the bowel.\\nRcrnia, Rupture.\\nOf this we have several different kinds, depending on their\\nlocation. Hernia in general is a protrusion of a part of an in-\\ntestine, through an opening in the peritoneal covering of the\\nabdominal cavity. Hernia is recognized as a fluctuating tumor;\\nwhen occurring in the middle of the belly near or at the navel\\nit is termed umbilical hernia. When in the scrotum, as is some-\\ntimes seen in rams, it is called scrotal hernia. When above the\\nscrotum, high up on the inside of the flank it is termed ingiiinal.\\nShould an intestine protrude through the midriff or diaphragm,\\nor should that muscle become ruptured from any cause it is\\ntermed diaphragmatic hernia. Should the aperture through\\nwhich the bowel exudes be small so that the bowel becomes con-\\nstricted and the free passage of the faeces becomes interferred\\nwith, strangulation takes place, in which event the bowel outside\\nthe opening becomes congested and swollen, gangrene sets in,\\nthe bowel sloughs and the animal quickly dies from the effects.\\nOiapbragmatic Rcmia.\\nAlways results from flatulence, due to accumulation of\\ngases in the stomachs, which, through pressure on the midriff,\\ncause it to rupture; this condition is always fatal.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "180 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEJM.\\nClmbtUcal F cmia.\\nUmbilical Hernia is very common in the sheep, and rarely\\nif ever causes any inconvenience.\\ntreatment.\\nWhere rnptnre threatens the life of the animal through\\nstrangulation it had better be sold to the butcher. Umbilical\\nhernia as seen in sheep, while unsightly, is seldom serious and in\\nno case would an operation for this trouble in sheep be justified.\\nStricture.\\nIn the bowel occurs as a result of changes in the tissues of\\nthe bowel, resulting from acute inflammation, chronic thickening\\nand degeneration of its walls, Avhich by constricting the tube,\\nacts as a mechanical obstruction to the passage of faecal ma-\\nterial. This complaint is rare, and when occurring in sheep\\nhas no differential symptoms to distinguish it from inflammation\\nof the bowels, which it virtually causes.\\nIt is always fatal. ~So treatment.\\nTolvulus.\\nIs a twist or alteration from natural position of part of the\\nbowel, generally the ileum twisting round the colon. Xo treat-\\nment or diagnostic symptoms. Always fatal.\\nIntus-Susccption.\\nIs when one part of the bowel slips into the part posterior\\nto it. It may be likened to the finger of a glove, half turned\\ninside out. This is supposed to occur from violently increased\\nbowel motion, (peristalsis). This also is a fatal affection, with no\\nparticular diagnostic symptoms. In all the above enumerated\\ntroubles the symptoms simulate those of inflammation of the\\nbowels, there being intense nervous prostration and nausea, with\\nan absence of bowel sounds or murmurs, scientifically called bor-\\nborvgmus. jSTo treatment.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 181\\nImpaction of the fourth Stomach of Lambs.\\nDue fO milk curdling. This is a very fatal and frequent dis-\\nease, being due to forcing lambs for the early spring market,\\nwhere cow s milk is given in addition to what the lamb obtains\\nfrom its mother.\\nSymptoms.\\nThe lamb is dull, stupid, unwilling to move, breathes hur-\\nriedly, is constipated, the belly is swollen and tender.\\ntreatment.\\nFreely administer thin gruel to which has been added bi-\\ncarbonate of soda. Give about 10 grains by weight of the soda\\nin every dose of gruel, administering two or three ounces of\\ngruel every two hours. Follow this treatment with linseed oil\\nas follows:\\nAromatic spirits of ammonia. A teaspoonful\\nLinseed oil 4 ounces\\nShake well and give as one dose.\\nCoUc.\\nThis is rather a rare affection so far as sheep are concerned,\\ndue no doubt to the fact that the food having been so thoroughly\\nworked over in the stomachs, indigestible materials rarely enter\\nthe bowel.\\nSymptoms.\\nColicky pains, grinding the teeth, frequently getting up and\\nlying down, striking the belly with the hind feet, the pain not\\nconstant, there being intervals of ease between the spasms of\\npain. This condition is more frequently seen occurring in lambs\\nthan sheep, resulting from errors in diet, such as over-feeding\\nfrom the bottle, when cows milk is used, or from obtaining a\\nsurfeit of milk even from its own dam.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "182 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.\\nCreatmcnt.\\niXntispasmoclics and carminative agents are indicated, sncli\\nas peppermint, ginger, and sulphuric ether. Counter-irritation,\\nsuch as the application of a stimulating liniment to the belly,\\nthe ammonia liniment prescribed in this work being useful.\\nCathartics should also be given.\\nTake. Tincture of ginger 1 drachm\\nSulphuric etlier 1 ch-achm\\nAVarm water 4 ounces\\nMix. Give as one dose. This is the dose for a lamb about\\nthree months of age; others in proportion to age. This will be\\nfound in the majority of cases to speedily give relief. A rectal\\ninjection of soap and warm water may also be administered with\\nbeneficial results.\\nInflammation of the Bowels, enteritis.\\nThis is a rare condition in the sheep, and whether it really\\nexists as a disease or is the effect of other diseased conditions yet\\nremains to be proven, it being considered doubtful by a number\\nof authorities whether true enteritis ever occurs in the sheep.\\nYouatt mentions strangulation, intussusception, volvulus, her-\\nnia, rupture and ascites, as found in post mortem cases where\\nfrom the caecum to the abomasum, after including it and other\\nstomachs, there was -distinct inflammation and sometimes gan-\\ngrene. Steele.\\nSymptoms.\\nIn addition to those found in cases of colic, the sheep\\nlies down most of the time, the pain is continuous instead of in-\\ntermittent, the temperature is elevated and continues so, till\\ntowards the termination of the attack. A frothy saliva will be\\nobserved round the mouth, the bellv is tender to the touch.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 183\\nCrcattnent.\\nA stimulating application to the belly is indicated. For\\nthis use the amnioniacal liniment, or the fleece may be clipped\\nclose and a mustard plaster applied. Purgatives in this disease\\nshould never be used. Opium, combined with quinine, and per-\\nhaps belladonna and camphor, will often afford relief. Give\\nmucilaginous fluids instead of clear water to drink; during con-\\nvalescence administer mild diffusible stimulants, such as solution\\nof ammonia acetate in drachm doses, and should constipation be\\npresent use rectal injections to counteract it. On no account\\nuse purgatives. A prescription for enteritis may be written as\\nfollows\\nTake. Laudanum li ounces\\nSpirits of camphor 6 drachms\\nFluid extract belladonna leaves. .2 drachms\\nAlcohol 6^ ounces\\nMix. Give one tablespoonful every three hours in quarter\\npint of warm griiel. The counter-irritation in the form of ex-\\nternal applications to the belly should not be neglected in these\\ncases, and, as stated above, the application of mustard will afford\\nluuch relief\\nDiarrhoea, or Supcr-purgatton.\\nThis is an unnaturally fluid condition of the faeces, result-\\ning from mismanagement and neglect. It exists either as a\\nfunctional disturbance or a symptom of some other condition.\\nIt is caused by some irritant in the stomach or bowels, which\\nproduces an increase in their peristaltic motions, an excessive\\namount of water being extracted from the capillary blood ves-\\nsels in the mesentery, and thrown out into the bowel. This\\ngives rise to an increased thirst, which unless controlled will only\\nincrease the trouble. Abundant and watery diet, unripe grasses,\\nsudden changes in the food, exposure to inclement climatic con-", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "184 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.\\nditions, or after such operations as dipping, shearing or washing,\\nare all common causes in adult sheep. Mechanical and chemical\\nirritants, local tissue changes, functional changes of the abdom-\\ninal glands as seen in tuberculosis, diseases of the liver, where an\\nover-secretion of bile is present, are also fertile causes of\\ndiarrhoea. This disease is frequently complicated with dysen-\\ntery, often terminating in an attack of that affection.\\nSymptoms.\\nA thin, watery condition of the faeces, frequent, painless,\\nodorless, and free from slime or blood. At the commencement\\nof the trouble there will not be any constitutional disturbance,\\nbut should the trouble persist, the lining of the bowels becomes\\ninjected, causing colicky pains, increased pulse beats, which get\\nweaker and weaker. A rapid lowering of the temperature takes\\nplace, in all cases an excessive thirst will be exhibited, the animal\\nloses flesh rapidly, the face has an anxious, haggard look, the\\ntongue becomes furred, the extremities, as death approaches, get\\ncold, the visible mucous membranes turn a pale color instead of\\nthe normal pink, these latter symptoms being those of extreme\\nand protracted cases of diarrhoea, which if existing would clearly\\ngo to prove neglect on the part of the sheep-owner.\\nDiairboca of Lambs.\\nDiarrhoea of Lambs, also called the White Skit, from\\nthe profuse white-colored evacuations. This is caused by the\\ningested milk curdling in the lamb s stomach. It is a dangerous\\ndisease, and is virtually due to constipation and not diarrhoea,\\nthe watery discharge being the whey from the mass of curdled\\nmilk in the fourth stomach. The fourth stomach of rumin-\\nants, as has been stated in a prior chapter in this work, is the\\ndigestive stomach, and normally possesses the property of curdling\\nmilk to better facilitate its digestion. This disease being due to", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 185-\\nan excess of tlae natural functions of the stomach, the milk either\\nbeing too rich in quality, or partaken of in excess, coagulates too\\nquickly from the increased powers of the gastric juice, which\\nincrease takes place when the lamb commences to pick other\\nnourishment.\\nSymptoms.\\nIn addition to the characteristic white color of the dis-\\ncharges will be found dullness, heaving of the flanks, a tense, en-\\nlarged condition of the abdomen and at times costiveness.\\nChe 6rccii Shit.\\nAlso a disease of lambs, in which the watery evacuations are\\nof a greenish color. This is due to exposure and errors of diet\\nat the time of weaning. It is often quickly fatal, sometimes\\nterminating unfavorably in tw^enty-four hours.\\nCrcatment for Diarrhoea in Hdult Sheep.\\nMake the patient as warm and comfortable as possible. As-\\ncertain the cause of the trouble and if possible remove it. In all\\ncases withhold the water, only allowing the sheep to drink bland\\nfluids, such as linseed or rice tea, flour gruel, etc.\\nTake. Cooking soda 1 ounce\\nWater 1 gallon\\nAllow the sheep to quench its thirst with the above. It\\nwill be found useful to correct any excess of acidity in the stom-\\nach and bowels, and may go far towards relieving the trouble.\\nTake\\nPrepared chalk 1 ounce\\nLaudanum 4 ounces\\nTincture of ginger 1 ounce\\nPeppermint water 8 ounces\\nMix. Shake before using, giving the affected sheep two to\\nthree tablespoonfuls night and morning. For lambs just weaned", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "186 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM,\\ngive half the above dose. In all cases of diarrhoea the diet de-\\nmands particular attention, and if the purging persists over\\ntwentv-four hours, the sheep should be moved to dryer pastures\\nor fed dry food, such as hay and bran. In cases of diarrhoea it\\nis not considered good practice to try and stop the evacuations\\nsuddenly with astringent mixtures, but rather to aid nature in\\ngetting rid of the irritant. For this purpose it is as well to com-\\nmence treatment with linseed oil, and if pain is a marked symp-\\ntom, opium in any of its forms, preferably laudanum, can be\\nadded, as for instance\\nTake. Linseed oil 4 ounces\\nLaudanum 2 drachms\\nGive as one dose for an adult sheep; younger animals in pro-\\nportion to age. Then a few hours after, if the sheep does not ap-\\npear better, commence the use of the prior prescription.\\ntreatment for the Cdbitc Scours or Skit.\\nIn this instance we must endeavor to dissolve the hardened\\nmass in- the fourth stomach, the proper method being the admin-\\nistration of alkalies.\\nTake. Sulphate of magnesia 1 ounce\\nCooking soda ounce\\nTincture of ginger 1 drachm\\nWarm thin gruel 4 ounces\\nMix and give as one dose. Following this a cordial mixture\\nmay be used, such as\\nTincture rhubarb 1 ounce\\nMagnesia 1 ounce\\nBi-carbonate of soda 2 ounces\\nTincture of catechu 2 ounces\\nGlycerine drachms\\nWater 12 ounces", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 187\\nMix. Give from one-half to two tablespoonfuls three timeir.\\ndaily according to the lamb s age. In all cases where the young\\nanimals are still dependent on their mother s milk for their nour-\\nishment it is advisable to treat the dam, especially is this the case\\nin diarrhoea attacking lambs. To do this the preceding mix-\\ntures can be administered to the ewe twice daily in doses of three\\nto four tablespoonfuls, the direct treatment of the lamb being re-\\nduced to a minimum.\\nFor green skit as seen in lambs just weaned, the animals\\nshould be made as warm as possible, and the above cordial mix-\\nture prescribed for the white skit should be given in tablespoon-\\nful doses every three hours. Combined with which it will be\\nwell to use small doses of whiskey, as a quick stimulant is\\nurgently needed in this complaint.\\nDysentery, Bloody flux, also called Cling.\\nIs an inflammatory disease, affecting the mucous membrane\\nof the large intestines, and is frequently fatal. It appears to be\\nattended by a form of fever typhoid in character, accompanied by\\nfluid discharges from the bowels, large quantities of mucus and\\nsome blood. It is often caused by the continual feeding of\\ncoarse and unwholesome food, or from grazing on low lands\\nwhich have been submerged by water, the sand and grit de-\\nposited on the grasses setting up an irritation, followed by inflam-\\nmation of the bowels. Hay cut from such pastures will also\\nproduce this disease.\\nSymptoms.\\nThe sheep has an exhaustive diarrhoea, fever quickly de-\\nvelops, the animal showing evidences of extreme weakness. The\\nfever in these cases marks the difference between them and\\ndiarrhoea, as in that disease the temperature is lowered instead of\\nelevated. The evacuations are thin^ but adhesive, painful, laden\\nwith mucus and often accompanied Avith blood, the belly is", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "188 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.\\ntender to the touch and swollen, the waterv faeces adhere to the\\nwool of the tail and thighs, causing soreness and sometimes ulcer-\\nation of the parts. Flies invade the sore surfaces, maggots de-\\nveloping as a result of their attacks. The sheep has an excessive\\nthirst, the appetite is unnaturally good, the animal still eating,\\nnotwithstanding its weakened and diseased condition. Death\\nmay result in a few days, or the attack may be prolonged up to\\nfive or eight weeks, the animal finally succumbing from exhaus-\\ntion. The wool may become so matted over the rump as to pre-\\nvent the expulsion of the faeces. This condition is called pind-\\ning, and should it not be removed it will eventually cause death\\nfrom retention of the faecal matter. Mistakes are also liable to\\noccur. A cursory examination might result in this condition\\nbeing taken for constipation, and purgatives administered, which\\nwould produce fatal efPects. Youatt makes special mention of\\nthis condition, and states that it is frequently found affecting\\newes when suckling lambs. To avoid this condition in cases of\\ndysentery the wool on the rump and thighs should be removed\\nand the parts kept clean. The following powder dusted on the\\npart will be soothing and prevent the attacks of flies.\\nTake. Iodoform i drachm\\nCalomel 1 drachm\\nSub-nitrate of bismuth 2 ounces\\nMix. Or a solution of oil of tar and turpentine can be em-\\nployed, which is less expensive and equally effective, as\\nOil of tar 1 ounce\\nSpirits of turpentine 1 ounce\\nSpirits of camphor 2 ounces\\nNeatsf oot oil 4 ounces\\nThe affected animals should be comfortably housed. The\\ndiet must be of the best. Dry feed, such as a ration of oats and\\nbran, with good hay, with small allowance of linseed meal. In\\nthe commencement of the disease give the sheep four ounces of", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 189\\nlinseed oil. This will tend by its laxative action to remove any\\nirritant from the bowels, and at the same time has a soothing\\neffect on the mucous surfaces. Small doses of linseed oil should\\nbe persisted in all through the treatment. This is best given\\ncombined with rhubarb, ipecacuanha and laudanum,\\nTake. Laudanum 2 ounces\\nWine of ipecac 1 ounce\\nTincture of rhubarb 1 ounce\\nLinseed oil 9 ounces\\nMix. Give two tablespoonfuls twice daily. Combined\\nwith this, administer Dover s powder, 30 grains, once daily for\\nthree days. Where the discharges are offensive Dr. Alexander\\nrecommends administering as an adjunct to other remedies, pure\\nbeech-wood creasote in drop doses. Convalescents from this dis-\\nease need careful feeding and should receive tonic treatment for\\nsome time, as recovery is slow in all these cases.\\nTake. Powdered nux vomica 3 drachms\\nPowdered sulphate of iron 3 ounces\\nPowdered gentian root 4 ounces\\nPowdered saltpeter 1 ounce\\nLinseed meal 8 ounces\\nMix. The above prescription, on account of containing\\nnux vomica, must be thoroughly mixed to insure the even dis-\\ntribution of that ingredient through the balance of the prescrip-\\ntion. Give the sheep recovering from dysentery one tablespoon-\\nful in the feed twice daily. All sheep in the spring of the year\\nshould be tagged, which consists in the removal of the tags of\\nwool around the breech, so, that should they scour the evil\\neffects from flies will not take place.\\nConstipation\\nin adult sheep. This is a condition arising from a surfeii of dry\\nfeed. When occurring in lambs it may be due to gastric trouble.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "190 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.\\nIn adults it may be due to defective peristaltic motion, caused\\nby impaired nerve force, the result being a deficiency of mucus\\nin the bowels, so retarding the onward passage of the faeces.\\nCrcatmcnt.\\nFor adult sheep administer at once a rectal injection of soap\\nand water or warm linseed oil, or better still glycerine, and in-\\nternally giv3\\nBarbadoes aloes ounce\\nTincture of ginger 1 drachm\\nLinseed oil 6 ounces\\nMix. Give as one dose. For lambs the best agent to admin-\\nister is an animal fat, such as lard, three or four tablespoonfuls of\\nwarm hog s lard is to be highly recommended, and should this be\\nslow in acting, give a rectal injection of warm milk, to whieli\\nsufficient molasses has been added to make it a chocolate color.\\nThe best way to give this is to suspend the lamb by the hind\\nlegs, the syringe is then inserted, the animal held up for a brief\\nperiod, and then set free the results should be prompt. The\\nnewly born lamb is best treated through the medium of its dam.\\nTo effect this give the ewe the cathartic drench above prescribed.\\nIn cases where the rectum of the young animal is obstructed\\nwith hardened faecal matter, it should be removed with the\\nfingers and a small injection of oil given. This will soften the\\nmucous surface which might be injured during the extraction\\nof the mass.\\nImperforate Hnus.\\nIs a condition sometimes seen affecting the newly born, the\\nrectum having no communication with the outside. Sometimes\\nthe rectum can be felt underneath the skin, in which event a\\nsurgical operation may be successful. In any event, should this\\ncondition not be righted, death would soon take place from the\\nabsorption of effete material.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 191\\nRcmotrboids, Piles.\\nThese may project externally or be situated within the\\nrectum. Internal piles cause a bloody appearance of the faeces,\\nand the animal appears stiff behind. The external project from\\nthe anus sometimes to the extraordinary length of six to eight\\ninches, being an eversion of the rectum. The writer has seen\\nquite a number of these cases, the mucous membrane surface\\nbeing congested and ulcerated, the best treatment for which is\\nslaughter, for if the animal has not been suffering from\\nirritative fever due to the trouble, the flesh may with safety\\nbe consumed by the public. This trouble generally occurs from\\nconstipation, or may follow an attack of diarrhoea, and is due\\nthen to an atonic condition of the bowel. We have classed it\\nhere under the head of hemorrhoids. It is scientifically termed\\nprolapsus of the rectum, and only differs from protruding piles\\nin the large amount of surface exposed.\\ntTrcatmcnt.\\nLaxative diet, the application of an ointment composed of\\nequal parts of sulphur and lard will be found of service, or\\nTake. Acetate of lead 20 grains\\nTannic acid 2 drachms\\nCalomel 2 drachms\\nSulphate of morphia 4 grains\\nGlycerine 4 ounces\\nMix. Apply to the hemorrhoids. Where the piles pro-\\ntrude, smear them with the ointment, and pass them back\\nthrough the anus.\\nPcrttonttis.\\nIs inflammation of the peritoneum or covering of the bow-\\nels, which also invests the walls of the abdominal cavity. This is a\\nvery rare disease in sheep. The omentum or that part of the\\nperitoneum investing the bowels is remarkable for its large size.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "192 DISEASES OF THE LIVEK.\\nIt is frequently the seat of parasitic diseases, notably the nodular\\ndisease caused by the oesophagostoma columbianum, which we\\nshall treat of in the chapter on parasitic diseases. Steele says\\nthat simple peritonitis is common in old sheep, resulting from\\ndebility, the evidences of which are dropsical swellings, etc.\\nIn these cases the destruction of the animals is the best method\\nof procedure, very old sheep not being worth the time and\\ntrouble necessary to effect a cure.\\nDiseases of the Liver.\\nThe liver of the sheep is one-twenty-fifth part of the weight\\nof the animal, exceeding in weight the liver of the human being,\\nbeing proportionately twice as large. Of the diseases affecting\\nthe liver of sheep non-parasitic in origin, we shall only describe\\ntwo as being of sufficient importance, viz., inflammation of the\\nliver, called Hepatitis and jaundice or Icterus Diseases\\naffecting the liver, which necessarily interfere with its func-\\ntions, are recognized by the yellow appearance they produce on\\nthe visible mucous membranes, especially the lining of the eye-\\nlids (conjunctiva).\\nHcutc InfUminatioti of the Lmi*^ Rcpatitis.\\nThis is supposed to arise in the investing membrane of the\\norgan, called the capsule, being virtually its peritoneal covering,\\noriginating generally as a result of inflammation in some con-\\ntiguous organ.\\nIt is most frequently caused by grazing sheep on low-lying\\npastures, where the growth of grass is high and rank, and is sup-\\nposed to be due to over-nutrition.\\nSymptoms.\\nThe sheep is feverish, the respirations hurried, the visible\\nmucous membranes are of yellowish appearance, due to the pres-", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "DISEASES OF THE LIVER. 193\\nence of bile in the fine capillary blood-vessels. That pain is\\nevidenced when pressure is exerted behind the right shoulder\\nwe believe to be doubtful, unless abscesses already exist, in the\\nliver, although this has been claimed by authorities, notably\\nWilliams, to be a diagnostic symptom lameness of the right fore-\\nleg has also been stated as a prominent symptom.\\nCrcattnent.\\nThe sheep should be bled. This is best accomplished by\\nopening the jugular, as has already been described in this work.\\nThe diet should be reduced and the following cathartic admin-\\nistered.\\nTake. Glauber salts 4 ounces\\nBi-carbonate of soda 1 drachm\\nCommon salt 1 ounce\\nDissolve in a sufficiency of warm gruel and give as a\\ndrench, administering it slowly. After the purgative has oper-\\nated, the following prescription will be found useful.\\nTake. Fluid extract gentian ounce\\nAlcohol 2 ounces\\nSulphuric acid -J drachm\\nWater 8 ounces\\nMix. Give one tablespoonful twice daily half an hour be-\\nfore feeding grain.\\nSheep suffering from hepatitis should be fed grain spar-\\ningly, the best ration being a small feed twice daily of bran and\\noats mixed, half lb. of each.\\nIfauiidicc, Icterus.\\nIs a yellow condition of the system, and may be due to\\neither a non-secretion of the bile from the blood, or a re-absorp-\\ntion of the bile into the blood, through some obstruction in the\\nbile ducts of the liver. Prof. Dick claimed that jaundice was", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "194 DISEASES OF THE LIVEK.\\nmore frequently observed in the sheep and dog than in the other\\ndomesticated animals, but this assertion no doubt included cases\\nof liver-fluke, of. which we shall treat separately. Where sheep\\nare highly bred, and especially where they are pampered for ex-\\nhibition purposes, the liver is very liable to acute or chronic de-\\ngeneration of a fatty character, and according to Steele, this\\nseems to be the nature of the fatality which often occurs among\\nhighly-bred sheep, more especially ewes in lamb. Sheep, how-\\never, die in great numbers from liver diseases about the period\\nof parturition; sometimes without presenting any symptoms of\\ndisease of that particular organ, or of any disease whatever;\\nsometimes anaemic, and occasionally with well marked symptoms\\nof jaundice. Williams, Vet. Med.\\nSymptoms.\\nWill be recognized by a general yellowish appearance of the\\neyes and mucous membranes, the faeces are offensive, the mouth\\nhas a sour smell, the skin is itchy, dry and yellow in color\\ninstead of normal pink. In acute attacks the condition may re-\\nsemble anthrax,, death occurring in from sixteen to twenty-four\\nhours. Should the trouble persist, blood-poisoning is likely to\\nset in, in wdiich case the evacuations become black, then green,\\nand finally bloody in character, the temperature being elevated\\nand the respirations hurried.\\nCrcatment.\\nThis is in the main preventative; the disease being caused\\nby errors in diet, the first procedure is to correct the same, cer-\\ntainly so far as the balance of the flock not yet diseased are con-\\ncerned. In the sheep this affection arises from feeding mater-\\nials rich in saccharine products and lacking in nitrogenous ele-\\nments, and is frequently seen arising where, turnips have been fed\\nin large quantities to the exclusion of other foodstuffs. So in", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "DISEASESS OF THE LIVER. 195\\norder to change the diet to rectify this error, nitrogenous foods\\nshould be supplied mixed with the roots, such as hay, or straw,\\nbran, oats, etc.\\nThe affected sheep should be given a liver stimulant, es-\\npecially if the disease is due to non-secretion of the liver.\\nTake. Aloes 2 drachms\\nFluid extract of rhubarb root 1 drachm\\nWarm water pint\\nGive as one dose. Follow this daily with one ounce of\\nGlauber salts.\\nDissolve one ounce of cooking soda in one gallon of water\\nfor the animal to drink.\\nAll medicinal treatment in this trouble, however, is very\\nliable to be unsatisfactory when applied to sheep.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIII.\\nDiseases of the Urinary System.\\nThe surplus of nitrogen in the system is formed into\\nurea and voided through the organs composing the urinary\\nsystem, viz., the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. Should,\\nhowever, this through some cause be retained, its effects would\\nproduce blood-poisoning from the altered condition of the blood\\nsupply, being evidenced by delirium, terminating in coma and\\ndeath. In herbivorous animals the urine has what is termed an\\nalkaline reaction and is tested by dipping in it a piece of red\\nlitmus paper; this (when the fluid is normal in character) will im-\\nmediately turn blue in color and vice versa; should the urine\\nbe acid, blue litmus paper will be turned red. It is not necessary\\nin this work to enter into any extended description of urine tests\\nto diagnose the diseases which affect the urinary system of the\\nsheep, as these animals rarely suffer from such complaints, those\\noccurring generally being due to sabulous deposits in the bladder,\\nor calculi in the kidneys and ureters, due to an excess of phos-\\nphates, caused by high-feeding, unnatural conditions, etc.\\nNephritis, Itiflammation of the Kidneys.\\nThis disease has never been reported as an original lesion in\\nadult sheep. Steele gives an account of it occurring in lambs\\nnewly born, recapitulating an address delivered on the subject\\nby Mr. Roger Williams at a meeting of the Pathological Society\\nof London, April 6th, 1886, who states as follows: The dis-\\nease began soon after being Svet born/ with difficulty in walking,\\nthe new-born falling down and lying down on one side, some-", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "DISEASES OF THE URINAEY SYSTEM. 197\\nTiiiu s with choreoid movements, without loss of consciousness,\\nwithout difficulty in breathing or cough. They may linger on\\nfor two or three weeks, but in the end always die. Sucking was\\nnot impaired nor the appetite. The disease may terminate in\\njoint evil, with pus in the joints and all along the spine. The\\ndisease occurred on heavy clay soil, and in the lambing season the\\neast wind was cold and nipping. At all events, it was found that\\nif a ram served only ten ewes, the progeny was vigorous and did\\nnot become affected with the disease.\\nThe urine was albuminous and acid; there were no renal\\ncasts, crystals, pus or blood. The capsules of the kidneys stripped\\noff easily, exposing a surface studded with congested stellate\\nveins. The cortex was swollen and soft, pale and yellowish in\\ncolor, whilst the pyramids were firm and deep red in color. The\\ndisease was acute tubal nephritis. The interstitial tissue was\\nnormal nothing abnormal w-as detected in any of the organs,\\nand the spinal cord w^as healthy. Some of the lambs were born\\nwith the disease and soon succumbed.\\nRenal CakuU.\\nStony deposits in the pelvis of the kidneys and in the\\nureters. These deposits are generally the cause of urinary dis-\\neases in sheep. They are mostly composed of phosphate of\\nlime, and seem to be due to an excess of dry food, as sheep at\\npasture are seldom affected with this complaint. When these\\ncalculi occur in the kidneys they seldom cause any appreciable\\ndisturbance, but their lodgment in the ureters, which would tend\\nto cause a retention of urine, would be followed by grave results.\\nThese cases are very rare, however. As seen in the bladder,\\nthey appear harmless, their effects being marked when they cause\\na stoppage of the urethra, in which case an excessive inflamma-\\ntion of tissue and extravasation of urine results, which speedily\\nproves fatal.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "198 DISEASES OF THE UEINARY SYSTEM.\\nClrctbral Calculi.\\nAre deposits of stony materials which by their presence ob-\\nstruct the passage of the urine through the urethra, causing its\\naccumulation in the bladder, with distension and perhaps rup-\\nture of that organ or a filtering through its walls into the adjoin-\\ning tissues, causing pyaemia, eventually septicaemia and death.\\nSymptoms.\\nThe sheep is unable to void its urine, prefers the recumbent\\nposition, on being forced to rise the back is suddenly curved,\\nafter which a few drops of urine are passed. The respirations\\nare hurried, the sheep grunts frequently, is restless and uneasy,\\nrefuses to feed. As the urine accumulates the animal becomes\\nstupid, symptoms of abdominal pain are evidenced, the temper-\\nature is elevated, the mucous membranes becoming red and con-\\ngested, uraemic poisoning results, quickly followed by death un-\\nless previous to the uraemia the calculus is forced through the\\npenis above the vermiform appendage, leaving a free passage for\\nthe accumulated urine.\\nCreatmcnt.\\nThis is necessarily operative. If the sheep is turned up on\\nits rump and an examination made of the skin covering the end of\\nthe penis, called the prepuce, it will be found enlarged and in-\\nflamed; a dropsical condition of the tissues of the belly will also be\\nfrequently noticed, especially in cases where the trouble has existed\\nfor some time. Push back the prepuce and draw out the penis;\\nan examination of the worm-like extremity will generally reveal\\nthe presence of sediment, obstructing the end of the urethra.\\nThis deposit may be in the form of gravel or fine sand, and un-\\nless it is removed little can be done to afford relief. Where the\\ndeposit is of a gravelly nature, the best method is to remove the\\nappendix entirely. When the deposit is very fine in character", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "DISEASES OF THE UEINARY SYSTEM. 199\\na careful manipulation of the part will almost always effect its\\nremoval. This should always be preceded by the application of\\nwarm water to relax the tissues, so facilitating the removal of the\\ndeposit and reducing the liability of lacerating or bruising the\\nsensitive vermiform appendage. If the obstruction is caused by\\nsabulous material deposited on the lining membrane of the\\nurethra, extending some distance from the appendage, it may be\\nnecessary to cut down and remove the deposit, making a longi-\\ntudinal incision in the penis, through the urethra, laying it open\\nfrom above downwards to the vermiform process. This oper-\\nation on wethers is simple and efficacious, but when performed\\non rams is liable to seriously impair their breeding qualities,\\nalthough there is considerable difference of opinion on this point,\\nmany breeders claiming to have lambs got by rams w hich have\\nbeen so mutilated as to have lost the vermiform process entirely.\\nShould the operation on the penis prove of little benefit it must\\nbe taken as evidence that the accumulations are so abundant that\\nthey occupy not only the urethra but the bladder, ureters and\\nkidneys, in which event no treatment could prove of any service\\nand the animal should be destroyed. In these cases the meat is\\nunfit for human consumption, the tissues of the belly being im-\\npregnated with urine, the presence of which taints the w^hole\\nsystem.\\nWhere several animals in a flock show^ symptoms of strang-\\nury, it is Avell to inspect their diet, which should be changed and\\ncarbonate of potash administered. A frequent cause for urethral\\ncalculi in sheep is feeding excessive quantities of mangolds or\\nbeets. Where this is the case, change to other rations.\\nThe following will be found useful in these conditions.\\nTake\\nFluid extract of belladonna 1 ounce\\nPotassium carbonate 3 ounces\\nWater 1 pint", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "200 DISEASES OF THEUKINARY SYSTEM.\\nMix. Give one tablespoonfiil three times daily dose for\\nadult sheep. Sanmetto in teaspoonful doses three times daily is\\nalso a most effective remedy in all diseases of the urinary organs\\nof sheep. As a dressing to the penis, where gravel has been re-\\nmoved by operation, the following will be found useful:\\nFluid hydrastis (Merrill s) 2 drachms\\nDistilled extract witch hazel 1 ounce\\nWater 3 ounces\\nThis can also be injected into the urethra, and will prove\\nbeneficial.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIV.\\nparaeitic Diseases, Due to Internal parasites*\\nParasites are living animal-organisms, which extract nour-\\nishment for their existence from the tissues of their host. Of\\nthese we shall recognize two general classes.\\nEntozoa, those which live on the natural cavities or solid\\ntissues of the animal.\\nAnd Ectozoa, those infesting the outer surface, or skin,\\nexisting on the effusion created by the irritation caused bj their\\n]\u00c2\u00bbresence.\\nIn this chapter we shall consider only the diseases due to the\\npresence of the entozoa, or internal parasites. In sheep we find\\nthat parasites are the cause of many of the most serious diseases\\nthey invade all the organs of the body, from the brain to the\\nrectum, their multiplication and resultant damage being in\\ndirect proportion to the neglect and bad management on the\\npart of the flock owner.\\nparasitic Disease of the Brain.\\nSturdy, 6id, CumsicU,\\nThis is a condition due to the presence of a larval tapeworm\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0or hydatid in the brain substance, the parasite as seen in its cystic\\nstate imbedded in the brain being termed the coenurus cerebralis.\\nIt is caused from the ingestion by the sheep of the eggs of the\\ntaenia coenurus a species of tapeworm, wdiich have been dis-", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "202\\nDISEASES DUE TO INTEKNAL PABASITES.\\ntributed on the ground or in the drinking water by other animals^\\nsnch as wolves, foxes, coyotes, etc., but more especially is the dog\\nresponsible for sowing the germs of this disease. The prevalence\\nof this disorder depends to a great extent on the use of sheep\\ndogs, it being noticeable that where the sheep run in enclosed\\npastures where dogs are not required to assist the herders, the\\nliability to infection is reduced to a minimum.\\nThe eggs of the tapeworm on being swallowed by the sheep\\nhatch within its stomach, immediately pierce the walls of that\\norgan and gain entrance to the circulation. They are then car-\\nt^aenia Coenurus. Hdult, J^atural Size.\\n(Raillet.\\nried to the different parts of the body, those which reach the\\nbrain and spinal cord remaining in those organs, developing into\\ncystic bodies, which continue to thrive and grow at the expense\\nof the tissues. The others which fail to reach the brain and\\nspinal cord may locate temporarily in the heart, lungs,\\ndiaphragm, etc., where they seem to grow for a time and then\\ndisappear. On reaching the brain substance the young para-\\nsites pierce the tissue, lodging in it and commence to develoj).", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES.\\n203\\nIn the course of two or three months time they may have at-\\ntained the size of a hazel nut, their presence at that stage seri-\\nously interferring with the general health of the sheep. Should\\nthe head of a sheep infested with these hydatids be fed to dogs\\nthese organisms in the brain tissue develop into adult tapeworms,\\nthe eggs of which being passed by the dogs on the grasses, etc.,\\nand being eaten by the sheep, develop again into hydatids, so\\ncompleting the life cycle.\\nBrain of Sheep with Cocnurus in poste-\\nrior part of Right Bcmisphcre.\\n(COBBOLD.\\nBrain of Sheep with four Coenuri\\nsimultaneous!)?.\\nSymptoms.\\nThe sheep appears dull, out of sorts, grazes in a listless\\nmanner, rumination is imperfectly performed, the animal seeks\\nseclusion, its movements are erratic, staggers as it walks, becomes\\ngiddy and falls down frequently. Again it may be grazing\\nquietly, suddenly jumps as if frightened, and runs away at full\\nspeed. The primary symptoms of dullness and stupor seemingly\\nare due to congestion and inflammation of the brain caused by\\nthe invasion of the young parasites, and should the sheep re-", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "204 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES.\\ncover from this stage there will be an apparent improvement in\\nits health for a few weeks time, till the gradual enlargement of\\nthe cyst or cysts so press upon the brain substance as to interfere\\nwith its blood supply, causing absorption of brain tissue, at the\\nsame time numerous heads are protruded from the cyst, which\\nalso tend to produce irritation of the brain. At the commence-\\nment of the second stage the animal is weak and fallen away in\\nflesh, due to the first attack. This condition speedily becomes\\naggravated, the sheep stops feeding, the appetite is lost and\\nrumination suspended. The animal has a haggard appearance,\\ndue to blindness, which may affect one or both eyes, caused from\\npressure on the optic nerve. The sheep continually moves in a\\ncircle, assuming peculiar gaits and positions, depending on the part\\nof brain in which the hydatid is located. Spooner states that if\\nthe head is held constantly on one side, and the animal always\\nmoves in a circle, corresponding to the way the head is held, that\\nthe coenurus is located in the depressed side, probably in the\\nlateral ventricle of the brain. Should the sheep move in a circle\\nsometimes in one direction, and again in another, it may be con-\\ncluded that a parasite is present in both hemispheres, and if the\\nanimal depresses its head, moving forward in a straight line,\\nstumbling over and running into everything in its path, the\\nhydatid is probably located in the division of the brain between\\nthe hemispheres. Again should the sheep throw up its head,\\nmoving forward with a reeling motion, the conclusion is drawn\\nthat the cyst is in the cerebellum or fourth ventricle of the brain.\\nWhen more than one cyst is present, the symptoms are a com-\\nbination of the above, and cannot be relied on as a guide for\\noperation, of which we shall treat later. When the coenurus in-\\nvades the spinal cord or medulla oblongata it causes paralysis,\\nand should this symptom be combined with blindness, the prob-\\nability is that the cyst is located at the base of the brain. When\\nthe spinal cord is invaded the sheep stagger and walk without", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "DISEASES DUE TO INTEKNAL PARASITES. 205\\ncontrol of the posterior limbs, or an intense itchiness may be\\npresent along the backbone, and complete paralysis of the pos-\\nterior portion of the body involving the bladder and rectum fre-\\nquently takes place.\\nA disease which resembles gid to a certain extent is caused\\nby grubs in the nasal and frontal cavities, produced from the\\nlarvae of the gad-fly. It will be recognized, however, by the\\nsymptoms of catarrh and sneezing, and lack of the violent move-\\nments seen in gid.\\nCrcatmcnt.\\nThis is preventive to a great extent and consists in adminis-\\ntering vermicides to the dogs which inhabit the farm where\\nthe sheep are kept, especially the sheep-dogs, and keeping the\\nsheep where they are not so liable to pick up the eggs voided by\\ndogs belonging to other parties. The heads of affected sheep\\nshould on no account be fed to dogs, but should be burnt or\\notherwise effectually destroyed. These precautions, while they\\nwould not entirely stamp out the gid on account of other ani-\\nmals, such as foxes, wolves and coyotes being bearers, they will\\nlessen the trouble to a great extent. Experience shows that with\\na better general care of sheep, gid is less frequently observed at-\\ntacking them. Gid attacks appeai: to be more frequent in ani-\\nmals wdiich have been exposed to inclement weather, which has\\na tendency to Aveaken the nervous system, the resulting debility\\nmaking them more prone to attack. When one or more cases\\noccur in a flock, it is permissible to suppose that a number have\\nbeen invaded at the same time, in which event any animal\\nwhich is fat, and shows the slightest indication of gid, should be\\nsold to the butcher. Where treatment is to be tried, the oper-\\nation of trephining the skull and puncturing the sack is per-\\nformed. This allows the escape of the contents of the cyst, and\\nin some cases w^here only one cyst is present it has been known\\nto be successful.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "206 DISEASES DUE TO INTEKNAL PAEASITES.\\nCo Operate.\\nIt is necessary to make a careful examination of the skull,\\nand where the cyst is located close to the surface a softening of\\nthe bone will be noticeable. By trephining the skull at this\\npoint the parasite can be discovered and removed, also an oper-\\nation termed wiring has been performed. This was the method\\nfirst employed by a Scottish shepherd by the name of Hogg,\\nand in his hands was oftentimes successful. It consists in feeling\\nfor the soft spot in the skull and placing the thumb of one hand\\nfirmly on it, while with the other hand a thin wire or knitting\\nneedle is pushed up the nostril nearest the affected part till the\\npoint of the wire is felt under the thumb, so perforating the\\ncyst and permitting the escape of its contents. Should this not\\ncause inflammation of the brain, and no more cysts be present,\\nthe sheep will have a good chance to entirely recover.\\nTo treat the sheiep-dogs and to ensure their freedom from\\nthe cause of all this trouble it is necessary to administer vermi-\\ncides to them about every four months.\\nThe dog to be treated should not be fed for at least twelve\\nhours before receiving the medicine, but it can be allowed all the\\nAvater it desires. The evening before administering the worm\\nmedicine a dose of castor oil is advisable for large dogs the dose\\nis three tablespoonfuls. ]\\\\redium sizes one to two tablespoon-\\nfuls. Then in the morning\\nTake. Kamala 3 drachms\\nGruel 1 ounce\\nMix. Give as one dose. Where the dog is medium sized,\\ntwo drachms of kamala will be sufficient. This is a very effectual\\ntaeniacide. It is not necessary to follow up its administration\\nAvith a cathartic on account of its laxative properties.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PAEASITES. 207\\nI iiilay Dun presci ibcs for tapoworiii as follows.\\nTake. Oil of male shield fern 20 drops\\nOil of turpentine 30 drops\\nSulphuric ether 60 drops\\nBeat all together with one egg and administer to the dog in\\na small quantity of souj). This should be followed in twelve\\nhours time by a dose of castor oil. This disease occurs more\\nfrequently in lambs than in old sheep, presumably due to the\\ntissues of the young animal being softer and more easily pene-\\ntrated by the parasites. As dogs are the most fruitful source of\\ndistribution of this pest, and the sheep being the source from\\nwhich they obtain the same, it is advisable that all viscera and\\nheads from slaughtered sheep should be withheld from them,\\nunless thoroughly cooked. If this was universally carried out\\nthe losses from gid would materially decrease.\\nparasitic Nasal Catarrh.\\nThis disease is directly attributable to the invasion of the\\nnasal cavities by a fly called the gad-fly (oestrus ovis), which de-\\nposits its larvae on the inside of the nostrils. The embryos\\nproceed to crawl up the nostrils, producing intense irritation of\\nthe mucous membranes, investing the frontal and maxillary\\nsinuses. In appearance the gad-fly resembles an overgrown\\nhouse fly. When flying it is so quick as to be almost invisible.\\nIt is a dull-colored insect, the head and thorax being about as\\nlong as its abdomen, the back is brown, with small points and\\npatches of darker color, its under surface is dark brown, with\\nyellow spots at the center of each abdominal segment. The\\nwings are transparent, mottled with spots and stripes, they are\\nalmost as long as the body, which they completely envelop. The\\nhead is large, containing two large greenish eyes, the under sur-\\nface of the head has white markings. The antennae are short", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "208 DISEASES DUE TO INTEENAL PAEASITES.\\nand bulbous at their bases. There are a few hairs on the head\\nand quite a number on the body, sides and limbs. It has no\\nmouth, or appreciable proboscis, its object in life seeming to be\\nthe propagation of its species, which when the male has im-\\npregnated two or three females, marks the end of his existence.\\nThe male gad-fly in size is as large as the female, but its head is\\nnarrow. They do not attack the sheep, and, as above stated,\\nonly exist to impregnate the female. The female gad-fly is sup-\\nposed to deposit not the eggs, but live larvae within the nostrils\\nof the sheep, few only being placed on any one animal owing to\\nthe agitation and violent movements exhibited by the sheep on\\nthe approach of the fly. These larvae are exceedingly small in\\nsize when first deposited. Their bodies are elongated and white.\\nOn examination with a lens they show that the body consists of\\neleven segments, with two hooks at its anterior end to be used to\\nattach itself to the tissues and also to draw its body upwards and\\nforwards; the posterior end is furnished with two stigmata, or\\nbreathing pores. The under surface is covered with minute\\nspines. The bodies are transparent, close examination revealing\\nthe respiratory and digestive apparatus. The larvae as it ma-\\ntures changes in appearance, attaining a considerable size (about\\nthree-quarters of an inch), the body becomes dark and striped\\nwith black bands, the spines also turn black. When this condi-\\ntion is reached the grub escapes from the nostrils of the sheep,\\nand falliufj: on the ground immediately bores into it. It remains\\nin the ground for a period of from one to two months (the length\\nof time depending on the weather conditions). When the fly\\nis matured within the chrysalis, it pushes up the upper end of the\\ncase and reaches the surface of the ground by the same hole the\\nlarvae made in the first instance. On arriving at the surface\\nthe fly appears at first sluggish and dull, the body and wings\\nneeding exposure to the air to cause them to harden. When\\nthis has taken place and the right time comes that is wdien the", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PAEASITES. 209\\nfly is fully matured it. darts off with remarkable swiftness to\\nfind a flock of sheep and single out its victim.\\nSymptoms.\\nOn the fly touching the nostrils of the sheep the latter im-\\nmediately shakes its head, at the same time striking the ground\\nwith its fore-feet. The sheep commences to run, holding its nose\\nclose to the ground, endeavoring to escape its pursuer. The ani-\\nmal runs into the middle of the flock. The whole flock becomes\\nalarmed even if only one fly is in evidence. They place their\\nnoses close to the ground and huddle together as closely as possi-\\nble to make it difficult for the fly to attain its object. The\\nyoung larvae deposited on the mucous membranes create an in-\\ntense irritation from the insertion of their hooks and spines,\\ndrawing themselves up the nasal chamber by means of these pro-\\njections, leaving dark points of hemorrhage on the mucous sur-\\nface wherever the points have been inserted. On proceeding up-\\nward they reach the turbinated bones, entering the frontal\\nand even superior maxillary sinuses. Those that reach the\\nsuperior maxillary sinuses grow in size, but never escape\\nfrom their location, finally dying and undergoing degeneration.\\nThose which reach the frontal sinuses, however, on reaching ma-\\nturity find their way backward to the nasal chambers, and are\\nA oided to the ground. As the larvae grow in size in the sheep s\\nhead the animal becomes affected with a catarrhal discharge.\\nThis is at first clear, but later becomes thick with mucus. The\\nsheep frequently sneezes, these efforts resulting in the expulsion\\nof mucus and oftentimes matured larvae. The animal will lie\\ndown and hold the nose pointed in the air, gradually turning its\\nhead round and backwards. The eyes become red and w^atery,\\nthe sheep moves vvith the nose close to the ground, stepping high\\nwith the hind legs, frequently raising the head to the wind and\\nbending it sharply baclcwards. They may be seized with giddi-", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "210 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES.\\nness, and stagger, but they do not turn in a circle or show evi-\\ndences of any acute brain disturbance, all signs tending to show\\nan obstruction and irritation of the nasal chambers.\\nThe duration of the attack may be from sixty days to ten\\nmonths, all depending on the time the larvae remain in the nasal\\nchambers. A sheep may be re-infected at different times, and\\nso contain larvae of different sizes and various stages of develop-\\nment. The fly is liable to attack the sheep whenever the tem-\\nperature is not too low for its existence, the months of June and\\nJuly being those in which its depredations are most to be feared.\\ntreatment.\\nThis is of two kinds, preventive and surgical. A practical\\nmethod of prevention consists in smearing the noses with a mix-\\nture composed of tar and grease in equal parts, rubbing it on with\\na brush. Where the owner has only a few sheep to take care of\\nthis individual dressing of the animals may be feasible, and to\\nbe effective should be applied at least once a week throughout\\nthe fly season. AVhere large flocks are kept it becomes an ex-\\nceedingly difficult matter to secure them from the attacks of this\\npest. It is a good plan to herd them during the hot part of the\\nday (when the fly is most active) on dusty ground, the dust\\nraised by the sheep tending to prevent the onslaught of the flies.\\nSurgical Crcatmctit.\\nThis is only resorted to wdiere the removal of the larvae is\\nabsolutely necessary, the owner desiring to keep the animal for\\nbreeding purposes, and its life being threatened by the attack.\\nIt consists in trephining the skull at the frontal sinus, the olden-\\ning being made, according to Turn, as follows: Cut off the\\nwool which covers the forehead. Trace with colored chalk a\\ntransverse line uniting the middle of the two eyebrows and\\ndivide it by another line passing at the middle of the forehead.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 211\\nThe point of choice for trephining will be in each of the two\\nupper angles thus obtained, without engaging the lines which\\nlimit them. The operation is performed according to the ordin-\\nary rules of surgery. From the opening made one often sees the\\nlarvae, which are extracted by forceps. To kill others, benzine\\nmoderately diluted with water is injected. The flap of skin\\nis then cleaned, applied to the opening and sewed to the adjoin-\\ning skin. The whole is then covered with a turpentine-coated\\nleather plaster. The patient is separated for a few days from\\nother sheep. Sheep bear the operation with the same impunity\\nas they do marking the ears or other minor operations. This\\noperation would not be advisable in the hands of every flock\\nowner, and when all is said and done, it only relieves the trouble\\nfor the time being, as the next fly which comes along and de-\\nposits its larvae will create the same trouble. Perhaps the ad-\\nvice given by Neumann, in his work on parasites, is the best and\\neasiest carried out (except where the sheep are valuable and de-\\nsired for breeding jiurposes). lie says: At all times, if the\\nnumber of animals affected is considerable, the malady should\\nbe left to follow its course, and those which present the gravest\\nsymptoms should be sent to the shambles.\\nAs a preventive in large herds the following might be tried\\nTake a squared log and bore holes in it with a large augur; in\\nthese place salt, and dress the edges of the holes with tar. Sheep\\nthen will apply tar to their noses every time they eat the salt.\\nparasitic Bronchitis; Roosc, Rusk.\\nAlso vulgarly called Snots. This destructive affection is\\ndue to the invasion of the bronchial tubes and lung tissue by\\nworms scientifically called the strongylus filaria and strongylus\\nrufescens, the former, however, is the one most frequently pres-\\nent, and is found attacking other ruminants, notably tlie camel\\nand goat.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "213 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES.\\nThe strongylus filaria in length is from one to two and a\\nhalf inches long, in color the male is a brownish yellow, and the\\nfemale white, their bodies are uniform throughont their entire\\nlength, except at the ends, which are tapering. The head is\\nshort, stumpy, rather angidai but not tuberculated as in other\\nstrongyles. Extending from the mouth is a short oesophagus,\\nentering the stomach, from which a straight intestine is con-\\ntinued nearly to the extreme end of the tail. The tail of the\\nfemale is pointed; the oviducts filled with eggs and live young-\\nextend into the vulva, which is situated close to the anus.\\nAVilliams.\\nIn aged sheep these parasites do not always cause incon-\\nvenience, as an examination of the lungs of fat sheep has shown\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0them to be loaded with these worms; but in lambs the parasites\\npierce the softer lung-tissue, gaining entrance to the bronchial\\ntubes, where they set up an intense irritation, frequently caus-\\ning death. While aged sheep are not so liable to show the effects\\nof attacks from these parasites, sometimes they become anaemic\\nand debilitated, especially is this noticeable in lambing ewes,\\nmany of which succumb to the trouble. These parasites in\\nsheep are the cause of bronchitis and sometimes pneumonia, and\\nvery often a combination of the two called broncho-pneumonia.\\nThe method of their introduction appears to be through the\\nmedium of the water supply, or from grasses, especially those of\\nlow-lying lands having an insufficient drainage. On gaining\\naccess to the alimentary canal (stomachs and intestines) they\\npierce the walls of these viscera and obtain entrance to the circu-\\nlation, by which they are carried to the lung tissue, where they\\nremain till mature, when they pierce the tissues and pass into\\nthe bronchial tubes. Their presence then sets up the irritation\\ncharacteristic of the disease, the parasites remaining in the lung\\ntissue outside of the tubes, appearing to cause little if any incon-\\nvenience. Williams states that he has observed these parasites", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 213\\nill the cavities of the heart and in the blood-vessels, and this goes\\nto prove the correctness of the above theory of migration. A\\nvery large number of worms may be present in the lungs of a\\nsingle sheep and are also found infesting the intestines. This\\nwould account for the amount of infection and source of danger\\na single diseased sheep may be to a pasture.\\nSymptoms.\\nThese depend to a great extent as to whether the lungs\\nonly are attacked, or v.hether the parasites are also present in the\\nintestinal canal. In the majority of cases the parasites are\\npresent only in the lungs; in some cases both the lungs and\\nalimentary canal contain the worms, and in a few exceptional\\ncases they are only jDresent in the stomachs and intestinal canal.\\nAs seen attacking the lung-tissue of lambs, they cause distressing-\\nfits of coughing, difficulty in breathing, the affected animal fre-\\nquently rubbing its head against the ground. Symptoms of\\nanaemia (bloodlessness) soon become apparent. This is evi-\\ndenced by a paleness of the mucous linings of the eye-lids, the\\nskin becomes dry and papery, the wool has a tendency to fall out,\\nthe breathing becomes hurried, the animal loses strength and\\nsinks rapidly. When the parasites are present in the intestinal\\ncanal as well as the lungs, purging is associated with the other\\nsymptoms above mentioned. The animal has colicky pains, in-\\ntense thirst, and a tendency to dropsy.\\nAn examination of the mucus discharges of the nose and of\\nthe faecal matter will frequently reveal the live parasites.\\nThe disease runs a course extending all the way from one\\nto four months, depending on the strength of the sheep and the\\nnumber of parasites gaining access tojthe system. If the symp-\\ntoms are well marked at the outset, the disease is almost sure to\\nprove fatal unless the worms are few in number and the animal", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "214 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PAEASITES.\\nhas sufficient strength to cough them up. This disease appears\\nto be more prevalent some seasons than others, its ravages being\\nmore serious after prolonged damp spells, when it is liable to be\\nepizootic, and cause very large losses to the flock-owner.\\ntreatment.\\nThis must be both preventive and curative. As a preventive\\nthe sheep, lambs especially, should be moved to fresh pastures.\\nIf the season is wet they should be herded on the hill sides,\\navoiding all low-lying lands as much as possible. Salt seems to\\nexert destructive influence on the parasite; rock salt should be\\n]ilentifully supplied for the sheep to lick, and dry fodder should\\nbe fed if obtainable in which salt has been plentifully sprinkled.\\nThe curative treatment, which will be found most practicable,\\nis to confine the sheep in sheds, which are as air-tight as possible,\\nthen by burning sulphur in an iron kettle suspended from the\\nroof of the shed just above the heads of the sheep sulphurous\\nacid gas is formed. The inhalation of the fumes will cause\\nviolent expectoration on the part of the sheep, the parasites being\\nexpelled in the mucus discharges. These fumigations should\\nbe repeated three or four times. The safest plan is for an\\nattendant to stand in the shed, and when he finds that the fumes\\nare as strong as he can possll)ly bear them, to come outside,\\nbringing out the burning sulphur with him. The sheep should\\nthen remain in the shed for a period of ten minutes. This pro-\\ncedure should be repeated the next day, the sheep being com-\\npelled to inhale the fumes for a longer period, say twenty min-\\nutes. On the third day the fumigations should again be carried\\nout, which should prove sufficient to greatly relieve if not en-\\ntirely cure the sheep. AVhen the flock is few in number, so that\\nindividual treatment can be instituted, injections of medicinal", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 215\\nagents into the trachea (windpipe) will often prove of great\\nbenefit.\\nTake. Iodine 2 drachm\\nloditle of potassium 2^ drachms\\nDistilled water 3 ounces\\nThis solution is mixed with two ounces of oil of turpentine\\nto whicli must be added six ounces of olive oil. Of this mixture,\\nafter it has been thoroughly shaken, one to two drachms shouhl\\nbe injected into the trachea by means of a hypodermic\\nsyringe. The injection may be repeated in two or three\\ndays time, the number of injections depending on the seriousness\\nof the attack. Where the parasites are suspected in the aliment-\\nary canal, it becomes necessary to administer such agents as have\\na tendency to destroy the pests.\\nTake. Oil of cloves 5 drops\\nTincture of ginger drachm\\nOil of turpentine 2 drachms\\nLinseed oil 1 ounce\\nMix. Give as one dose in oatmeal or linseed gruel, which\\nmay be repeated after an interval of two to four days.\\nThe viscera, lungs, etc., of sheep and lambs which have been\\ndestroyed by this disease should be burnt or otherwise disposed of\\nso as not to spread the infection. Pastures which have become\\ninfected should receive a thorough dressing of salt. Care should\\nhe taken in introducing strange sheep into the flock to provide\\nagainst their carrying the contagium of the disease.\\nparasitic Diarrhoea.\\nThis disease is now recognized as one of the serious com-\\nplaints affecting sheep. It is extensively distributed, occurring\\nwherever sheep are to be found, and is the source of great con-\\ncern to the sheep owner on account of its frequent fatalities. It", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "216 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES.\\nis caused bv irritation of the mucous membranes of the aliment-\\nary canal, owing to the presence of the tapeworm, scientifically\\ntermed the taenia expansa. Many writers report having ob-\\nserved cases of diarrhoea in sheep and lambs where segments of\\ntapeworm were found in the faecal discharges. In 1877 an out-\\nbreak occurred in Central Park, New York, in which the in-\\ntestines of lambs were filled with taeniae ranging from one to\\nfifteen feet in length. The animals were unwell for two or\\nthree days, then, becoming affected with convulsions, would\\nturn round in a circle and drop dead. Cross of Shrewsbury,\\nEng., the same year reports a case of scouring in lambs, in which\\ninnumerable segments, with double sexual organs and unarmed\\nheads, were found in the alvine discharges. Cobbold also re-\\nports large losses in Australia, due to the same pests, and Gamgee\\nalso states that in Australia an enzooty, due to taeniae in lambs,\\nis of frequent occurrence, especially on land Avhicli is over-\\nstocked. Where tapeworm is suspected in a flock of sheep, an\\nexamination of the soil (after a heavy rain) on which they have\\nbeen folded will often reveal the segments, washed free from\\nthe faecal matter. Cooper Curtice in the Government report of\\n1890 states that no section of the United States seems to be\\nentirely free from it, and further says: It was introduced into\\nthis country from Europe along with the imported flocks, which\\nharbored it.\\nDescription of the parasite\\nLength variable, the largest measure from five to six yards\\nin length and from one-twenty-fifth of an inch in breadth at the\\nhead to one-half an inch at the tail. The head is generally small\\nand pointed, the neck very short, if discernible at all, the first\\nsegments are very short, the others as they proceed backwards\\nto the tail becoming longer and broader. The head is small at\\ntlie end, and is furnished with four suckers. The body of the", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PAKASITES. 217\\nworm is made up of segments, very wide and flat, which varv In\\nlength in the different portions of its extent. In appearance the\\nworm is a dull white, but becomes transparent on being sub-\\nmerged for a few hoi-.rs in water. Each segment is endowed\\nwith an independent set of genital organs, and contains eggs or\\nyoung embryos, so it will be observed that each segment is cap-\\nable of reproducing its kind without the assistance of outside\\nagencies. The segments become mature as the embryos develop\\nwithin them, and are separated from the others to be ejected with\\nthe excreta on the ground, there to fulfill their life cycle. The\\nsegments nearest the tail maturing first, are the first to be shed,\\nthe remainder following in their turn till the head only remains.\\nIt is owing to this process that lambs are able to recover after\\nbeing attacked by this species of taenia.\\nSymptoms.\\nA paleness of the skin will be noticeable, the visible mucous\\nmembranes, such as the lining of the eyelids, will also have a\\nbloodless appearance, the fleece is dry and brittle, the animal be-\\ncomes poor in flesh, and, should it be a lamb, it ceases to develop.\\nThe appetite will still remain good, being increased if anything,\\nthe desire for liquids is also increased, the animal at times drink-\\ning greedily. The digestive functions soon become deranged,\\nrumination is imperfectly performed, the breath becomes foetid,\\nsigns of colic will be observed at irregular intervals, the- evacu-\\nations are varied in character, at times the animal is constipated,\\nagain it suffers from exhaustive diarrhoea, the belly becomes\\ndistended owing to accumulations of faecal matter or gas. The\\nevacuations have a mucus character and are yellowish in color,\\nan examination frequently revealing segments of the taenia ex-\\npansa. In severe cases the sheep becomes so weak that it with\\ndifiiculty keeps with the flock when grazing. They are attacked\\nwith convulsions, finally a malignant diarrhoea wliicb refuses to", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "518 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES.\\nyield to treatment sets in, the effect of which is to so increase the\\ndebility and wasting that the animal falls down unable to rise,\\nquickly succumbing from exhaustion.\\nCreatmcnt.\\nThis is also both curative and preventive. Where taenia\\nexpansa is suspected in a flock all the animals should be dosed,\\nas the well ones if allowed to graze in the same pasture as those\\nalready afi^ected are sure to pick up the eggs of the parasite, and\\nin turn become mediums for its distribution. Before adminis-\\ntering vermifuges to the sheep they should be prepared for the\\nsame by being kept without food and water for at least twelve\\nhours. They should be all dosed at one time and kept confined\\nfor at least twenty-four hours after receiving the medicine, so\\nthat the segments and eggs, which will be voided, are not dis-\\ntributed over the pastures. AVhen the owner or foreman is satis-\\nfied that the medicine has had the desired result, the sheep should\\nTdb allowed access to the pasture, and the yard in which they were\\nconfined should be thoroughly covered with quick lime to de-\\nstroy all evidences of the disease. One of the best and simplest\\ntaeniacides to use. is kamala. This is obtained in the form of a\\ncoarse red powder, its effects on the sheep for the expulsion of\\ntapeworm being very satisfactory. Take\\nKamala 3 drachms\\n]\\\\lix thoroughly in three ounces of linseed gruel; this is the\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0dose for adult sheep, lambs take from one to two drachms, ac-\\ncording to their age. This should be administered very slowly\\nto the animal to insure its passing into the fourth stomach and\\nso on into the intestines, as, if it should be hastily given, it is\\nliable to enter the rumen, where its effects would in all probabil-\\nity be nil. Should the kamala not prove efficacious the follow-\\ning can be tried.\\nTake. Ethereal extract, male shield fern.l drachm\\nCastor oil 4 ounces", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "DISEASES DUE TO INTEENAL PARASITES. 219^\\nMix and give as one Jose to adult sheep; lambs can be given\\nfrom one to three-fourths of the above with safety. Following\\nthis treatment a tonic should be used to stimulate the appetite\\nand assist nature in restoring health.\\nTake. Salt 2 lbs.\\nEpsom salts 1 lb.\\nSulphate of iron i lb.\\nPowdered gentian lb.\\nNitrate of potash 4 ounces\\nMix thoroughly. This can be given by mixing it in the\\nfeed, and will make a sufficient quantity for 100 sheep. It\\nshould be repeated two or three times a week till the animals\\nshow signs of marked improvement.\\npreventive Creatmcnt.\\nConsists in not over-stocking the pastures. The lambs\\nshould be kept in fields which have not been used for some\\nmonths previously. Attention must be paid to the water supply,\\nas this appears frequently to be a source of infection. It must\\nbe borne in mind that this disease is more prevalent during the\\nsummer months and that the majority of fatalities take place\\nin lambs under six months of age. Lambs recovering from the\\nattacks of taeniae or those which have been treated and rid of\\nthe same, should receive the best of care and attention, as the\\nsystem is run down, the animals are weakened and emaciated,\\nmaking them more liable to attacks from other ailments.\\nparasitic Gastric Catarrh.\\nThis disease is generally found occurring as an epizootic.\\nIt is due to the presence of round worms, scientifically termed\\ntwisted strongyles (strongylus contortus) in the abomasum\\n(fourth stomach). As seen attacking lambs it is particularly\\nfatal. It is found occurring in all countries where sheep are", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "Strongylua Cotitortus, Rud.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 221\\nDescription of Xllustrations on Opposite page.\\nFig. 1. Adult female, X G, a, head; b, ovaries wound around the intes-\\ntines; c, c, uteri d, a large papilla, just in front of and cover-\\ning the vulva e, anus.\\nFig. 2. Adult male, X 6.\\nFig. 3. Head\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a, two barb-like papillae; mouth; t, oesophagus rf, in-\\ntestine.\\nFig. 4. Eggs, highly magnified\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a, eggs before they have left the ovaries\\nd, eggs showing nuclei c, eggs after they have passed through\\nthe oviduct; d, egg with one cell; e, with two with four;\\ng-, with eight h, with many i, egg as it is laid.\\nFig. 5. Skin, showing nine of the eighteen longitudinal lines.\\nP ig. 6. Portion of female a, the intestine; b, b, the ends of the ovaries.\\nFig. 7. Caudal end of female\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a, the anus; b, the vulva; c, vagina; d, d,\\nuteri filled with eggs; e, oviduct; ovary g; intestine.\\nFig. 8. Spicula, enlarged.\\nFig. 9. Bursa, expanded to show costfB a, ventral b, ventro-lateral\\nc, lateral d, dorso-lateral e, dorsal spicula.\\nFig. 10. Group of adult males and females, natural size.\\nFig. 11. Caudal end of male\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a, bursa A, spicula; c, seminal reservoir; d,\\nintestine.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "223 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES.\\nkept. It is frequently complicated with verminous bronchitis,\\nand is generally prevalent during the spring and summer\\nmonths.. ]^o portions of the United States appear to be free\\nfrom its ravages. Throughout Arizona, New Mexico and\\nMexico proper, it is known under the name of lombriz, a deriva-\\ntion from the Spanish lombrici, meaning worms; its attacks\\nbeing of frequent occurrence in those districts.\\nHppcarance of ^orms.\\nBody red or white according as its intestine is full of blood\\nsucked from the mucous membrane of the stomach, the extremi-\\nties are pointed, just behind its anterior extremity two small\\nlateral projections (papillae) are noticeable. These are shaped\\nin the form of teeth, projecting backward. Tine lines or striae\\nmark its integument (skin) transversely, in addition to which\\nare longitudinal ridges forty or fifty in number. The male\\nworm is from one-half to one inch in length, the female from\\none to one and one-half inches, its body terminating in a pointed\\ntail. Its vulva is situated a short di-stance from the tail in a de-\\npression covered by a powerful tongue-like appendage, which\\npoints backward; its eggs are ovoid and infinitesimally small in\\nsize.\\nThe probable source of infection of sheep by these pests is\\nthrough the medium of the water supply. Leukart reports that\\nhe has seen them grow rapidly in muddy water, reaching such\\na state of growth as tcr be able to mature after gaining access to\\nruminants. Such being the case, it is necessary to guard against\\nthe water supply being contaminated with the excrements of\\nanimals which are themselves suffering from these worms.\\nSympt otTio.\\nThese so far as being characteristic of this particular order\\nof worms are not well marked. The affected animal is dull,", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "DISEASES DUE TO INTEKNAL PAEASITES. 223\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2suffers from a depraved appetite, intense thirst, becomes poor in\\nllesli and dropsical, the belly becoming enlarged and tense. It\\nwill suffer frequently from attacks of colic, and is affected with\\na black diarrhoea, which generally terminates in death.\\npost-Mortem.\\nExamination of the fourth stomach of sheep which have\\nbeen attacked by these worms will find it containing hundreds\\n^nd perhaps thousands of twisted round worms closely packed to-\\ngether, their heads buried in the mucous membrane, which is\\nthickened and has a bloodless or pale appearance.\\nCreatmcnt.\\nWhere the sheep are suspected to be suffering from worms\\nthey should be dosed individually, unless the flock is so large as\\nto make it impracticable.\\nTake. Kamala 3 drachms\\nLinseed gruel 6 ounces\\nMix this is a sufficient dose for one large sheep. Lambs\\ncan be given from one-half to two drachms of kamala according\\nto their age and size. Finlay Dunn in his work on veterinary\\nmedicine, prescribes as follows.\\nTake. Common salt 3 lbs.\\nPowdered ginger lb.\\nPowdered salt petre i lb.\\nDissolve in three gallons of warm water, to which when\\nnearly cold add twenty-four ounces of turpentine. The dose for\\nlambs of from four to six months old is two ounces, the full\\nprescription being a sufficient quantity for 160 head of lambs.\\nZurn recommends picrate of potash, claiming that it will be\\nfound less irritating, and at the same time as eflficient a vermicide\\na.-=; kamala. The dose for a lamb is from three to five grains, and\\nior grown sheep twenty grains. It should be administered dis-", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "224 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PAHASITES.\\nsolved iu water. Where large numbers of sheep have to be\\ntreated pumpkin seeds have been used, and in many cases with\\nsatisfactory results. These can be given in unlimited quantities,\\nmixed with dry feed, such as shorts, the great drawback in using\\nthis simple remedy being the difficulty to get the sheep to eat a\\nsufficient quantity. After treatment the flock should be moved\\nto fresh and uninfected pastures. The ground from which they\\nhave been moved should not be used to graze sheep on for at\\nleast two seasons, and where practicable the pasture should be\\ngiven a dressing of lime or salt.\\nA new method, and apparently, from all data which can be\\ngathered on the subject a most successful one, is the use of\\nbenzine, or to make it more plain to the reader, gasoline, in a\\ntreatment of this affection. This is used as follows: For lambs\\nweighing about 75 pounds administer one tablespoonful of gaso-\\nline in half a pint of linseed tea or oat-meal gruel; repeat daily\\nfor three or four days. Adult sheep take from two to three\\ntablespoonfuls. This treatment is simple, and from all accounts\\nwould certainly warrant a trial. It was first used in France, and\\nthe reports from that country were most gratifying, leading to\\nthe adoption of this agent by many prominent sheep men in this\\ncountry, notably Jos. E. Wing of Mechanicsburg, Ohio, who re-\\nports favorably.\\nNodular Disease of the Intestines.\\nThis is a diseased condition of the intestines, due to a para-\\nsite called the oesophagostoma columbianum, the last word\\nsignifying that it was first found in the District of Columbia.\\nThe investigations leading to and determining this particular\\nspecies of worm were successfully carried out by Dr. D. E.\\nSalmon, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, assisted by\\nDr. Cooper Curtice, also a member of the Department of Agri-\\nculture. Its presence can only be detected by post mortem ex-", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "DISEASES DUE TO INTEENAL PARASITES. 225\\namination, when it will be foimd that the intestines of the sheep,\\nmore particularly the large guts (colon and caecum), are studded\\nwith whitish tumors, ranging in size from that of a millet seed\\nto as large as a hickory nut, giving the external coat of the bow-\\nels a knotty appearance, so injuring the gut as to make it worth-\\nless for sausage casings, inflicting serious monetary loss to the\\nbutcher. The adult worm is found in the large intestines of\\nsheep in considerable numbers, and in the same animal may also\\nbe found the tumors. The parasite is usually found below the\\nnarrowing of the large intestines, where the latter changes from\\na sac-like receptacle to a large tube, and below the mass of tum-\\nors. The tumors may, however, extend the entire length of the\\nintestines. It is evident that the distribution of the eggs of this\\nadult would be favorable for sheep becoming again infected by\\nthem. Department of Agriculture Report 1890, Cooper Cur-\\ntice.\\nThere are no special symptoms characteristic of this par-\\nticular species of worm. The writer has seen hundreds of sheep\\nkilled at the abattoirs, the intestines of which were studded with\\ntumors, the animals in life showing no particular signs of verm-\\ninous trouble. In fact, it was frequently noticeable affecting\\nthe intestines in fat, prime sheep, but there is no doubt that\\nserious trouble results to sheep harboring this parasite for any\\nextended length of time, its effects appearing to be more disas-\\ntrous in the Southern and South Eastern States of America than\\nin the more northern latitudes.\\nThe white tumors or cysts being situated under the peri-\\ntoneal covering and external to the mucous lining of the intes-\\ntine, are not susceptible to the action of medicinal agents. The\\nmature worms which are found in the intestines will yield to tlic\\nsame treatment as that prescribed for tapeworms causing para-\\nsitic diarrhoea.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "226 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES.\\nThe fact of this particular oesophagostome being so\\nuniversally distributed over large portions of the United States\\nrenders the problem of possible infection a hard one to solve.\\nAs a matter of economics this disease is worthy of grave consid-\\neration; large importations of sausage casings being necessary to\\nsupply the home demand.\\nChe Rot.\\nThis disease has been the cause of greater loss to the flock\\novv^ners than almost all the others combined, with the exception,\\nperhaps, of sheep scab. Records dating back hundreds of years\\nshow that in Egypt the disease was most virulent, appearing\\nthere annually following the inundation of the banks of the Nile.\\nBeyond a doubt, all cases of rot have arisen from keeping sheep\\non a wet, swampy soil, they being naturally an inhabitant of dry\\nand lofty situations, and while they have been made to thrive on\\nunsuitable grounds, the perversion of their natural habits ex-\\nposes them to attacks by this most disastrous disease.\\nThe parasite causing this disease is known as the distoma\\nhepaticum or liver-fluke; and while it is very common and has\\ncaused immense losses on the European continent and Great\\nBritain, it has rarely been found affecting American sheep, al-\\nthough a few cases have been recorded in the East, on Long\\nIsland, also in Louisiana, Texas and California. As a matter of\\nhistory, it may be stated here that the liver-fluke in Great Britain\\nalone was, until recently, responsible for the loss of 1,000,000\\nsheep and lambs annually, and that in 1830 to 1831 this number\\nwas more than doubled, many farmers losing all their flocks, one\\nfarmer in the County of Kent losing $15,000 worth of sheep in\\nthe course of three months.\\nOn the continent of Europe its ravages haye been fully as\\ngreat. Its presence has also been felt in Australia, and to a", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 227\\ncertain extent tliroiigliout tlie different parts of the world where\\nthe land is swampy and subject to floods.\\nM. M. Hamont, in an essay on this subject, states that it\\nassumes its most serious character after heavy rains and extensive\\nfloods, and in wet countries covered with aquatic plants. It\\naffects animals of different ages and in all seasons. It appears\\nevery year in Egypt after the fall of the Nile, and it follows and\\nkeeps pace with the subsidence of the waters. In the superior\\nparts of Upper Egypt it commences about the end of July, near\\nCairo in August, in the environs of the capital in October and\\nNovember, and during the months of December, January and\\nFebruary in the Delta. It is most obstinate and continues long-\\nest in the neighborhood of the confluence of the waters. In\\nLower Egypt it lasts about 120 to 130 days, and it disappears\\nsoonest and is least fatal when the rise of the Xile has not been\\nconsiderable. Desolation and death accompany it wherever it\\npasses. The Arabs say that this pest annually destroys 16,000\\nsheep in Egypt. Its victims usually perish on the twenty-fifth,\\nthirtieth, thirty-fifth or fortieth day after the apparent attack.\\nFrom this extract we can readily understand that it is a particu-\\nlarly fatal disease, and that it being of so rare an occurrence\\nin the Ignited States of America is a cause for self-congratulation\\namong the flock owners of this country.\\nSymptoms.\\nThe primary symptoms are slight. Instead of the animal\\nlosing flesh it appears to increase in weight, the appetite remains\\ngood, the tendency to fatten being due to the better assimilation\\nof the food products, owing to the increased secretion of bile\\ncaused from the irritation due to the young liver-flukes in the\\nbile-ducts and liver, and this very tendency to fatten in the first\\nstages of the disease has led feeders, notably the celebrated\\nBakewell, to purposely expose the sheep intended for early", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "228 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES.\\nmarket to the infection, so that the period of feeding would be\\nshortened, and the profits correspondingly increased. Among\\nthe first noticeable symptoms will be a dullness and a pale ap-\\npearance of the mucous membranes of the eyelids, nasal cavity\\nand mouth; the membrana nictitans, or winking eyelid, situated\\nat the corner of the eyes nearest the nose, becomes yellow.\\nAs the disease progresses the affected sheep become flaccid\\nabout the loins, and commence to shrink; by passing the hand\\nover the hips a crackling sound is produced, caused by the pres-\\nence of gases in the sub-cutaneous connective tissue the counten-\\nance becomes pale, the skin changes color from the normal\\nhealthy pink hue to a pale red, the wool parts easily from the\\nskin, which as the disease progresses becomes covered with\\nyellow and black spots; in a short time the dullness increases, the\\nanimal continues to lose flesh, the paleness of the mucous mem-\\nbranes increases until they become almost white, at which stage\\nthey commence to become yellow, showing the presence of bile\\nin the blood; the yellow appearance extends to the skin, which\\nnow becomes loose and flabby, a watery fluid collecting under it,\\ndropsical swellings being noticeable under the belly between the\\nfore-legs and under the jaw. This last appears in the form of a\\nlarge watery swelling, giving the sheep the appearance termed\\nchockered. When this stage is reached the sheep quickly\\nsuccumbs.\\nDuration of the Disease.\\nSome authorities state that the flukes remain nine months,\\nothers claim fifteen months in the affected sheep, and that after\\nthis time they gain access to the intestinal canal and are voided\\nwith the droppings.\\nThomas says he has seen the sickness last six years, Neu-\\nmann claiming, as does Perroncito, that the flukes rarely quit\\ntheir hosts, and the question of re-infection of the same animal", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "DISEASES DUE TO INTEENAL PARASITES. 229\\ncreates a doubt whether such a long period of infection was all\\ndue to the same parasites or to renewed generations of them.\\nThe disease ordinarily lasts from three to six months, but\\nthis is very uncertain, affected animals having been known to\\nsuccumb in a few days after infection, the death in such cases\\nbeing caused by acute inflammation of the liver, due to the irri-\\ntation caused by the presence of the parasites. Sheep suffering\\nfrom the rot, owing to their weakened condition, become suscept-\\nible to other maladies which are liable to cause death, even before\\nthe liver disease has had time to run its course.\\npo9t-)VIortcm.\\nPost mortem appearances depend entirely on the stage in\\nAvhich the sheep is destroyed. Shortly after infection the thin\\nedge of the small lobe of the liver, termed the quadrate lobe, be-\\ncomes a whitish-blue color, which spreads along the upper and\\nlower sides.\\nWhen the disease has run a more protracted course, the\\nflesh is found pale, and in the dependant parts of the body in-\\nflltrated with a yellowish serous fluid. In far advanced cases\\nfew parts of the body are found which do not present evidences of\\ndisease, the heart is soft and pale, the lungs often being studded\\nwith tubercles; in all cases the liver is found extensively affected,\\ngenerally pale in color and friable or mottled, with hard scirrhous\\nspots with a fluid jelly-like deposit on different parts of its sur-\\nface, particularly so around the bile-ducts. It will also appear\\npuckered in places with cicatricial markings, caused by the re-\\nparative process and contraction of the newly formed tissue.\\nhannels are formed in the substance of the organ under the\\nserous membranes covering it. These are visible to the naked\\neye. The biliary ducts are irregularly enlarged and thickened,\\nthe sacculations frec[uently being as large as a hickory nut, and\\noil makiiio- a traneverse section of these thev will be found to", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "230\\nDISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES.\\ncontain flukes of varions sizes in a greenish black, sticky mass,\\nthe inside surfaces of pouches being lined with a gritty calcare-\\nous deposit. When the flukes leave the liver for the intestinal\\ncanal the structure of the organ will partially heal, but the liver\\nnever returns to the normal healthy condition.\\njSTeumann describes the appearance of the liver-fluke as\\nfollows: Description. Body flattened, leaf-like, pale brown,\\nirregular, the adult from eighteen to thirty-one mm. long and\\nDistoma Dcpaticurrit I^inn.\\nFig 1. Adult fluke, natural size young fluke, natural size. (RaiUet).\\nFig. 2. Eggs a, egg with developing embryo; i, egg with embryo; c, egg-shell.\\n(Raillet.)\\nFig. 3. Ciliated and free embryo a, perforating apparatus; i, ocular spot. (Leuckari).\\nFig. 4. Encysted embryo found in snails. (A. P. Thomas).\\nfrom four to thirteen mm. wide, oblong, oval or lanceolate,\\nlarger and rounder in front, Avhere it is abruptly contracted in\\nsuch a way as to present a conical neck, attenuate and obtuse be-\\nhind, skin bristling with numerous little points directed back-\\nward. Oval sucker terminal, rounded. Ventral sucker, large,\\nprojecting with a triangular opening, situated about three mm.\\nbehind the first. Intestine with two ramified branches visible\\nthrough the skin, and of a deep shade. Penis projecting in front", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 231\\nof the abdominal sucker, always recurved. Yiilva small, situ-\\nated at the side of the male orifice or a little behind. Eggs\\nbrown or greenish, ovoid, length from 0.130 to 0.145 mm., width.\\n0.070 to 0.090 mm.\\nThe parasite has been found in the livers of the sheep,\\ngoats, cattle, camels, and a number of wild rnminants, also in the\\nhorse, ass, pig, elephant, rabbit, and man. Its habitat is in the\\nbiliary ducts of the liver where, according to Knchenmeister, it\\nfeeds on the blood from the mucous membranes of those pass-\\nages.\\nIts life history was first determined by Leuckart, and later,\\nbut independently, by Thomas, an English scientist.\\nIt was called the fasciola hepaticum by Linnaeus, the\\nnaturalist, the name of distoma hepaticum being bestowed on it\\nby Retzius, the word hepaticum being used in conjunction with\\neither of the others to designate that the fluke is found in the\\nliver.\\nThe flukes deposit their eggs in the biliary ducts, from\\nwhich they pass into the intestines, and are voided from the sys-\\ntem, dropping on the ground, where those falling in suitable\\nplaces, under favorable conditions, hatch and escape by the rais-\\ning of a lid-like contrivance on the small end of the egg. These\\nnewly-hatched parasites are not young flukes; on the contrary,\\nthey are small ciliated embryos, which are enabled by the fine\\ncilia (hair) covering them to swim about in water. These em-\\nbryos immediately seek out the small water snail, it being neces-\\nsary for the completion of the life cycle of this remarkable para-\\nsite that this snail act as an intermediary host for it during the\\ncompletion of this stage. Should the embryo fail to become\\nattached to the water snail in two days time it will die without\\ncompleting its life cycle. On the other hand, should it become\\nattached to the snail, it immediately bores through the shell.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "232 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES.\\nlodging in the respiratory cavity of that mollusk. Here it be-\\ncomes encysted, contracting into an oval mass, which grows\\nrapidly. At this stage it is called a sporocyst. This sporocyst\\nsplits up into from five to eight bodies, called rediae, which are\\nabout 2 mm. in length, these leaving the cyst one by one.\\nThese rediae each one of them develop within themselves fifteen\\nto twenty cercariae, which are thrust out in turn through an\\norifice under the neck of the rediae.\\nThese cercariae are what escape from the snail, being scat-\\ntered broadcast in its wanderings. After a short time they lose\\ntheir tails, and again become encysted, the contents of these\\ncysts being attached to blades of grass, etc., are swallowed by\\nthe sheep or other animal, the gastric juices acting on it break\\nthe covering, setting free the young flukes in the stomach and\\nduodeneum, from which they gain the biliary ducts, and pass up\\nthem to the liver, where they grow into adult hermaphroditic\\nparasites able to give origin to other generations of young.\\nThe life cycle of this parasite is as wonderful as any occur-\\nring in nature, at least seventy-five young flukes under suitable\\ncircumstances being able to develop from a single egg.\\npreventive treatment.\\nWe cannot do better than print verbatim Thomas formu-\\nlated rules of prevention against this parasite, founded on its life-\\nhistory, as follows:\\n1. All eggs of the liver-fluke must be vigorously de-\\nstroyed. Manure from rotten sheep or other infected animals\\nmust not be put on wet ground. As the liver and intestines con-\\ntain the eggs, those too must be destroyed or put in the compost\\nheap. The manure of affected animals should not be stored\\nwhere there is a drainage from it to the neighboring grass. It\\nshould be mixed Avith lime and salt before being spread on\\nmeadows or cultivated fields.\\n2. If sheep are infected, lot them be sent to the butcher", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 233\\nat once, unless they are specially valuable and are not badlv\\naffected. If kept they must not be put on wet ground.\\n3. Care must be taken to avoid introducing eggs of the\\nlluke, either with manure or fluked sheep or in any other way.\\nliabbits and hares must not be allowed to introduce the eggs.\\n4. All heavy and wet ground must be thoroughly drained.\\n5. Dressing of lime and salt (or both) should be spread\\nover the ground at the proper season to destroy the embryos, the\\ncysts of the fluke and also the snail, which acts as host.\\n6. Sheep must not be allowed to graze closely, for the\\nmore closely they graze the more fluke germs they will pick up.\\n7. When sheep are allowed to graze on dangerous ground\\nthey should have a daily alloMance of salt and a little dry food.\\nJ^edicinal Creatment.\\nA perfect cure is almost hopeless. After the period of\\nmigration of the flukes to the intestines, a spontaneous cure\\nsometimes results, which, however, is very rare. So far as me-\\nlicinal treatment is concerned, Mojkowski reports, according to\\nXeumann, satisfactory results by giving the sheep napthol twice\\ndaily for a week, in ten to fifteen grain doses, alone or mixed\\nwith gentian. Another old English recipe calls for\\nSulphate of iron 1 drachm\\nSalt 1 drachm\\nAnise seed i drachm\\nMixed with half a pound each of linseed meal, peas and\\nlocust beans, and given daily to each sheep. The fact that salt\\nis fatal to the fluke and that sheep may be grazed with impunity\\non salt marshes, is evidence that salt should be freely offered to\\nsheep. This is best accomplished by keeping quantities of rock\\nsalt within easy access. Combined with medicinal treatment a\\nproper stimulating and nourishing diet is of great importance,\\norn. barley, peas, oats, oil-meal, cake, any dry grains, should\\nbe fed in judicious proportions. AVatcry foods such as turnips,\\nSwedes, etc., are to be avoided.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XV.\\nparasitic Diseases of the Shin,\\nWhile the diseases of this particular class are not so\\ndangerous to the animal s existence as those occurring from in-\\nternal parasites, yet we must place great importance on disease?\\nof this nature, as to one of them at least, viz., scabies, the greatest\\nloss of the wool-grower is directly attributable. The yearly\\nshrinkage of the wool crop due to its attacks amounting through-\\nout the world to millions of dollars. All diseases of the skin\\ntend to produce bodily discomfort, the sheep after feeding in-\\nstead of being able to rest quietly, is called upon to resist the at-\\ntacks of pests, the excessive itching always present in these com-\\nplaints causing the animal to rub itself violently and pull the\\nfleece from the diseased surfaces with its mouth. Animals suffer-\\ning from these attacks do not fatten readily. Should they be\\nneglected, no treatment being used, the diseases become virulent,\\nthe animal perceptibly loses flesh, and is virtually eaten alive by\\never-increasing multitudes of parasites.\\nScabies, Scab.\\nIs a disease due to the presence of an animal parasite, which\\nexists on the effusion arising from the irritation to the tissues\\ncaused by its presence. Of the scab insect infesting sheep \\\\v(.\\nfind three kinds, namely, the sarcoptes ovis, which burrow in\\nthe skin; the dermatodectes, also called the psoroptes communis,\\nthe cause of common scab, which simply bite and hold on to tlie\\nskin, and which is the parasite we shall mostly have to deal with\\nin this chapter, and thirdly the symbiotes, or chorioptes ovis, the", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "PAEASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN.\\n23c\\ncause of foot scab. In studying the life-history of these para-\\nsites WQ find they are virtually alike, in that they attack the\\nskin of the sheep, and live on the fluid arising from the irritation\\nfrom their bites. The scabs form oyer the irritated surfaces;\\nand beneath these crusts the insects deposit their eggs. In the\\ncourse of from two to three days the eggs hatch, the newly born\\nparasite becoming adult in fifteen days. Each female parasite,\\n0rcup of emaciated and Scabby Sbecp.\\naccording to Gerlach, will lay fifteen eggs, ten of which will\\nbring forth females, the balance males. The young parasites\\nas soon as they hatch spread and invade new territory, which\\ngives the affected part the appearance of spreading by a constant\\nadvance of its circumference. The eggs being embedded in\\nthese crusts or scabs, are deposited on posts, feeding troughs, or\\nbedding, etc., and become fresh centers of infection, it onlv", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "emales.\\nMales.\\n10\\n5\\n100\\n50\\n1,000\\n500\\n10,000\\n5,000\\n100,000\\n50,000\\n236 PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN.\\nbeing necessary that they become deposited on the skin of the\\nsheep for them to develop into live and aggressive parasites.\\nGerlach, the German authority mentioned previonsl} com-\\nputed that in three months time a single female would be re-\\nsponsible for the existence of 1,500,000 progeny, as is shown in\\nthe following table:\\nFirst generation after 15 days produces.\\nSecond generation after 30 days produces.\\nThird generation after 45 days produces.\\nFourth generation after 60 days produces.\\nFifth generation after 75 days produces.\\nSixth generation after 90 days produces. 1,000,000 500,000\\nUnless the affected sheep is submitted to proper treatment\\nto destroy these pests they will increase indefinitely in numbers\\nuntil death to the patient ensues. The form of scabies com-\\nmonly affecting the sheep in the United States from the Atlantic\\nseaboard to the Pacific Ocean is that caused by the psoroptes\\ncommunis, which attacks the ])arts of the sheep covered by the\\nheavy fieece, causing the animal to rub and pull the fleece, so\\neffecting a shrinkage in the wool clip, which, when the large num-\\nber of affected animals are taken into account, will be found to\\nannually mount up to millions of dollars, all of which could be\\nprevented by intelligently carrying out the Federal and State\\nregulations governing the same, subjecting all affected animals to\\na rigid quarantine and effective treatment, and heavily punish-\\ning the owner of a lot of infected sheep if he should wittingly\\nallow them to run at large.\\nThe common scab attacks the backs, flanks, sides, shoulders,\\nnecks, bellies, and rumps of the sheep, the spot infected appear-\\ning ragged, the sheep frequently biting the part as if it was try-\\ning to tear the wool, or striking the spot with a hind foot; in", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "Showing Scabies in its first Stages.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "238 PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN.\\naggravated cases tearing the skin with the hoof, causing ulcer-\\nation and thickening of the cuticle.\\nCbc f)ead Scab.\\nThis disease, as has already been stated, is caused by para-\\nsites called the sarcoptes scabiei. They are the smallest of the scab-\\nforming parasites, being almost invisible to the naked eye. In\\nappearance they are rounded, ovoid bodies, with small pointed\\nproboscis, the full grown parasite having eight legs, four to a\\nside, supplied with suckers or feelers, while the newly-hatched\\ninsect possesses only three pair of legs, the other pair appearing\\nabout thirty-six hours after birth.\\nLocation and Symptoms.\\nThis disease first makes its appearance around the nostrils,\\nrarely on the eyelids, and around the ears. From these locations\\nthe scab extends over the whole face, cheeks and eyelids, even\\nto the lower portion of the limbs, under the belly, and especially\\nin the flexures of the knee, hock and pastern joints, wherever\\nthe wool is scarce, as this species does not attack the parts covered\\nby the heavy fleece. The first symptom noticeable will be that\\nthe sheep rubs and scratches its head violently. On examination\\nat this period, a very small whitish yellow pimple will be found,\\nwhich, on being rubbed, ruptures, allowing the escape of a yel-\\nlowish serosity. This in drying forms minute crusts, the aggre-\\ngation of which tend to form a thick and hard scab. The\\nvesicles themselves are formed by the parasites burrowing into\\nthe skin, where they find the necessary nourishment for their\\ngrowth and the propagation of the species. The young as soon\\nas they hatch out migrate to a fresh location, where they imme-\\ndiately bury themselves in the skin in the same manner as their\\nprogenitors. In this manner the disease spreads, slowly at first,\\nbut after the first thirty days by leaps and bounds. As the dis-", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 239\\nease progresses the scabby patches become confluent, thicker and\\nliarder and white in appearance, extending over the lips, cheeks,\\nnostrils, face, forehead, eyes and ears in one hard, thick scabby\\nmass, causing an incessant, unbearable itching, in trying to allay\\nwhich, by rubbing and striking the part with its feet, the animal\\ntears through scab and skin, causing bleeding, soreness and ulcer-\\nation of the part. As these patches increase round the edges,\\nthe centers tend to heal, leaving scars and cicatrices to show the\\nravages of the disease. When the scabs cover the eyelids, the\\nanimal is in danger of starving to death, being unable to see\\nwhere or how to obtain food. To find this insect it is necessary\\nto raise the scab and examine the moist underlying exudate by\\nthe aid of a microscope. They are not to be found on the hard\\nand dry portions of the scab.\\nHead scab is not a common form of the disease in T^orth\\nAmerica, although cases of it are occasionally found. It is the\\nmost susceptible to treatment of the three kinds of scab, and\\nwliile, unlike the common scab, it does not work direct injury to\\nthe fleece If neglected, the patient becomes poor in flesh, and\\nindirectly by its effect on the general health, the normal growth\\nof the fleece is prevented,. so curtailing the clip.\\ntreatment.\\nThe application of a good sheep dip or wash will effectually\\ncure this trouble.\\nComTnon Scab, Psoroptcs Communis.\\nThe parasite causing this disease is much larger than the\\nsarcoptes, being easily discernible with the naked eye, especially\\nif placed on a black surface. It has caused more monetary loss\\nto sheep breeders of all countries than any other condition or\\ndisease, not excepting the ravages caused by the liver-fluke; so\\nrapidly does it run through a flock, and so destructive are its", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "240\\nPAEASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN.\\neffects on the wool indnstrv, that nearly all governments have\\nenacted legislation aiming to control and eradicate the disease.\\nSymptoms.\\nWhen scab first breaks out in a flock of sheep the affected\\nones will be noticed scratching, biting, rubbing themselves, tak-\\ning hold of the wool and pulling it from the skin, causing the\\nfleece to have a rough uneven look, the wool fibres being stuck\\ntogether and wet where the animal has been biting the part.\\nH Y\u00c2\u00ab u 9f 6ix-lcggcd Hcarus x loo. (Brown.)\\nSheep badly affected will be uneasy at all times, constantly\\npulling and scratching, especially is this the case if they are\\ndriven around and over-heated, the itching then becoming very\\nsevere.\\nCo examine a Sbcep for Scab.\\nPart the wool over the spot where the animal has been bit-\\ning, and by closely examining the skin small whitish-yellow\\nelevations will be observed which present a marked contrast to\\nthe normal pink skin. These elevations are caused from the\\nbites of the scab mites, which will be found on the wool fibres\\nin close proximity. As the mites increase in numbers,", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "PAEASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN.\\n241\\npsoroptcs Commums Tel Dcrmatodcctcs Ovis. (\u00c2\u00a9crlacb.)", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "242\\nPARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN.\\nthe elevations do likewise, becoming closer together, finally\\nuniting. The vesicles, on being rnbbed, exude a watery seros-\\nity. which accnnnilates and in drying forms a thin crnst, called a\\nw^^^\\n6-\\n\u00c2\u00a9roup of Scab parasites x 40. (Brown.)\\na. mature female acarus in a mass of scab. i young acarus after change of skin.\\nc, cast-off skin of an acarus. drum with yolk contracted. drum containing a\\nyoung acarus. orum with young acarus in interior about to be hatched.\\nscab. The scab appears as a yellowish, thin, greasy layer. This\\nas the disease progresses becomes thick and hard, spreading\\nwider as the parasites invade fresh tissue around the edges of the\\nscabs. These crusts in being rubbed off or torn out bv the", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "PAEASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 243\\nfrenzied motions of the sheep carry with them tags of wool.\\nleaving the affected surfaces denuded and sore. These become\\nagain covered bj scabs, which are thicker than the former, these\\nbeing still further increased in circumference by the outward\\nmigration of the parasites. As the affected surfaces enlarge\\ntheir centers tend to heal, but the skin remains thick and\\nwrinkled for a long time, the growth of the fleece being re-\\ntarded and sometimes destroyed from the injury to the hair\\nfollicles.\\nIxodes of Infection.\\nSince scab is caused by insects which are being continually\\ndistributed by the sheep rubbing on posts or dropping tags of\\nAvool containing pieces of scab, which on coming in contact with\\nother sheep soon cause an outbreak on them also, it can read-\\nily be seen that the sources of infection are many, among which\\ncan be enumerated the shipping of infected sheep in railroad\\ncars as one of the commonest methods of distribution, or per-\\nmitting healthy sheep to graze on a range on which scabby sheep\\nhave been kept, or the exposure in any way of healthy sheep to\\nthe eggs of the parasite, which are more to be dreaded than the\\nmite itself. The parasite itself cannot live for any length of\\ntime away from the body of its host, and experiments have\\nshown that it will succumb after a period of from ten to fifteen\\ndays, but its eggs, being almost indestructible owing to their\\ndense fibrous covering, will last indefinitely, and should tlie\\nsheep pick up any particle of wool or pieces of scab containing\\nthese eggs it is only necessary for them to remain in contact with\\nthe skin for a short period for them to hatch and become the foci\\nfor new and disastrous outbreaks. Ranges when once infected\\nare not considered safe grazing grounds for the space of one year.\\nPens when infected need to be thoroughly gone over with slaked\\nlime wash, with some parasiticide added to it, before they are", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "244 PAEASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN,\\nsafe to hold sheep again. All railroad ears should be thor-\\noughly cleaned and disinfected after having been used for the\\ntransportation of sheep, especially is this necessary in the West,\\nwhere cars frequently are kept in use till the manure has ac-\\ncumidated to such an extent that it becomes almost impossible\\nto load sheep in them. These manure beds teem with the eggs\\nof the parasites, which arc picked up by the sheep s fleece, caus-\\ning a wholesale infection of all exposed, thus carrying the dis-\\nease from one district to another or from State to State, and in\\nmany instances from the far West to the Atlantic seaboard.\\nThere are few if any counties in the Western States and terri-\\ntories in which scabies is not constantly present, and it is\\nfrom these districts that the lambs are sold to be fitted by the\\nEastern feeder for the spring market, which accounts for the\\ngeneral distribution of this disease every fall and spring. AVhile\\nat the time of sale and up to their arrival at the feeding grounds\\nthey may appear perfectly clean and healthy, experience has\\ntaught those who make a business of handling feeders that it is\\na waste of time and feed to neglect dipping the lambs at once on\\ntheir arrival, and if possible before they go into the feeding pens,\\nas when this is delayed, as soon as the animal begins to get on\\nfeed the scab is sure to break out, the disease then being almost\\nimpossible to cure on account of the infection of the pens. The\\nwriter, when sheep inspector at Fort Collins, Col., can remember\\none season in particular when the lambs from Xew Mexico ap-\\npeared healthy on their arrival from that territory, but in a short\\ntime scab developed in every flock of feeders in Larimer County,\\nand as there were 150,000 head on feed in fifty-five separate\\nflocks the reader can well understand the loss sustained by the\\nowners, some of whom were compelled to dip their flocks five\\ntimes in as many months, and then were only able to keep the\\ndisease under control, but not eradicated. Had these sheep", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "H Bad Case of Scabies, the affected area extending from the Crooh around the Hnimal s\\nJS^cch to the thumb of the examiner. Che Cuticle is much tbichencd and raw\\nwith pus in the Sub-cutaneous Cissues.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "246 PAKASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN.\\nbeen thoroughly dipped before shipping and then loaded on clean\\nand disinfected railroad cars, this trouble would have been\\naverted to a great extent, arid one more dipping on their arrival\\nat the feed yards would have been all that was necessary to carry\\nthem through till spring.\\nThe mite causing common scab can easily be found at the\\nedges of the scabs, and can be studied by means of a low power\\nmicroscope, and so numerous are these parasites that one slide\\nwill often reveal the adult mites, the six-legged young and many\\neggs. Fall and winter are the seasons most favorable for the\\nspread of this disease, owing to the animals being congregated\\ntogether under sheds or in feeding lots, and the fleece at those\\nseasons being long, facilitates the propagation and vitality of the\\nparasites. In summer the change from dry food to green grass\\nappears to effect a certain influence antagnostic to the spread of\\nthe scab, especially is this so after spring shearing. Scab if not\\ntreated will eventually cause extreme debility and perhaps death,\\nowing to impoverishment of the blood and fatigue from loss\\nof rest and sleep, caused by the intense itching due to the pres-\\nence of these pests. Where breeding ewes become affected with\\nscabies, there is great danger of abortion, and should this not\\noccur, the newly born lamb will be weak and feeble, predisposed\\nto sickness, and very hard to rear. Ewes not in lamb will sel-\\ndom conceive when affected with this disease, and when this\\nfact is taken into consideration, together with the depreciation\\nof the value of the wool clip, from double ended wool, and a\\nlight fleece, it will readily be understood that the damages to\\nflock owners from this disease which is spread so universally\\nover the country, especially in th e Western States, is enormous,\\nand that without exaggeration it must amount to several millions\\nof dollars vearlv.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN.\\n247\\nCrcatmcnt.\\nTreatment for common scab is of two kinds:\\n(1). Dipping; where the animal is immersed in a watery\\nsolution containing parasiticides, which while they destroy the\\npests, are supposedly harmless to the sheep.\\nHn Hggravated Case of Scabies, showing the Subject Kiching with its f oot and morh-\\ning its Mouth in Response to a Little Hdditional Xmtation\\nfrom tb\u00c2\u00ab Gxamimr.\\n(2). Hand dressing; Avhich consists in the application of\\nsome such substance as the mercury stone or turpentine and lard,\\netc., which is rubbed on the affected parts. This method is only\\npracticable where few animals are to be treated. In all cases", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "248 PAEASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN.\\nwhere large flocks are infected, tliorougli dippings of all the sheep\\nis the only practicable method of combatting the disease.\\nDipping.\\nUnder this head we cannot do better than quote verbatim\\nsome of the instructions given out by the Department of Agri-\\nculture in a bulletin lately issued dealing with the subject.\\n(1). Select a dip containing sulphur. If a prepared dip\\nis used, which does not contain sulphur, it is always safer to add\\nabout sixteen and one-half pounds of the sifted flour of sulphur\\nto every 100 gallons of water, especially if after dipping the\\nsheep have to be returned to their old pastures.\\n(2). Shear all the dieep at one time, and immediately\\nafter shearing confine them to one-half the farm for two to four\\nweeks. Many persons pref(?r to dip immediately after shearing.\\n(3). At the end of this time dip every sheep (and every\\ngoat also, if there is any on the farm).\\n(4). Ten days later dip the entire flock the second time.\\n(5). After the second dipping place the flock on the por-\\ntion of the farm from which they have been excluded during the\\nprevious four or five weeks.\\n(6). Keep each sheep in the dip for two minutes by the\\nwatch, do not guess at the time, and duck its head at least once.\\n(7). Be careful in dipping rams, as they are more likely\\nto be overcome in the dip than are the ewes.\\nBe careful in making your choice of a dip. In these days,\\nwhen manufactured non-poisonous preparations are obtainable\\nthere is no excuse for endangering the lives of the sheep, and not\\nthem only, but those of the other live stock of the farm by using\\npoisonous compounds, especially those heavily charged wntli\\narsenic. In regard to arsenical dips, the United States Depart-\\nment of Agriculture, in the bulletin already quoted from, says:\\nThere are both home-made arsenic dips and secret proprie-", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "PAKASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 249\\ntary arsenical dips. It is well to use special precautions with\\nboth, because of the danger connected with them. One of the\\nprominent manufacturers of dips, a firm which places on the\\nmarket both a powder arsenical dip and a liquid non-poisonous\\ndip, recently summarized the evils of arsenical dips in the fol-\\nlowing remarkable manner:\\nThe drawbacks to the use of arsenic may be summed up\\nsomewhat as follows:\\n(a) Its danger as a deadly poison.\\n(b) Its drying effect on the wool.\\n(c) Its weakening of the fibre of the wool in one particu-\\nlar part near the skin where it comes in contact wdth the tender\\nwool roots at the time of dipping.\\n(d) Its not feeding the wool or stimulating the growth\\nor increasing the weight of the fleece as good oleaginous dips do.\\n(e) The danger arising from the sheep pasturing, after\\ncoming out of the bath where the wash may possibly have\\ndropped from the fleece, or where showers of rain, after the dip-\\nping, have washed the dip out of the fleece on to the pasture.\\n(f) Its occasionally throwing sheep off their feed for a\\nfew days after dipping, and so prejudicing the condition of the\\nsheep.\\n(g) Its frequent effect upon the skin of the sheep causing\\nexcoriation, blistering and hardness, which stiffen and injure the\\nanimal, sometimes resulting in death.\\nAlthough this manufacturer has gone farther in his attack\\nupon arsenic tlian this Bureau would have been inclined to do, it\\nmust be remarked that when a manufacturer of such a dip can\\nnot speak more highly of the chief ingredient of this compound\\nthan this one has done in the above quotation, his remarks tend\\nto discredit dips based upon that ingredient.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "^50 PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN.\\nThe extracts from the Bureau of Animal Industry concern-\\ning the use of arsenic are fully endorsed by the majority of flock\\nowners.\\nAmong the most popular agents used for dipping purposes\\nwe find tobacco and carbolic acid; these two enter largely into\\nthe composition of the most extensively used prepared dips.\\nCobacco.\\nIs a very efficient agent for the destruction of the acari.\\nIts effects appear to last longer than those of the carbolic acid or\\ncoal tar preparations. We find it as the base of some of the\\nmost popular sheep dips. Home-made tobacco infusions, pre-\\npared by boiling a certain quantity of the natural leaf in a given\\namount of water, were formerly very popular with sheep owners,\\nbut since manufactured extracts have been placed on the market\\ntheir extended use has largely been superceded by the prepared\\narticle, which possesses the advantage of always being uniform\\nin strength and requiring only the admixture of warm water to\\nbe ready for use.\\nCarbolic Hcid.\\nCarbolic acid is also a reliable parasiticide. Many of the\\ncold water preparations are largely composed of this article mixed\\nwith other ingredients, and presented to the public in such a\\nform as to make a perfect emulsion when mixed with water.\\nZhe Dipping plant.\\nThis consists of a trough or vat and catching and draining\\npens. The vat is made either circular or straight. It should\\nbe at least five and one-half feet deep, and not to exceed six\\ninches in wddth inside measure at the bottom, and twenty inches\\nin the clear at the top. Its length will depend on the number\\nof sheep intended to be dipped in it at any one time. For a dip-\\nping plant with a capacity for 5,000 sheep per day the following\\ndimensions will be found satisfactorv:", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "TAKASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIX. 251\\nChe Catching pen.\\nThis should connect with a large pen, made to hold 1,000\\nhead of sheep, from which they are driven into the catching pen,\\nwhich is built as follows:\\nIts floor is raised eighteen inches above the ground, to be\\non a level with the sides of the dipping vat, which project about\\nthat distance above the ground; its size, to be convenient for\\ncatching sheep, should not exceed twelve feet by twelve feet. A\\ngate is placed at the end communicating with the large pen, the\\nsides are boarded up for about three feet in height, an opening\\ntwo and one-half feet wide being left where the vat and pen join.\\nChe Vat.\\nThe vat should be at least fifty feet long, the other\\ndimensions the same as those previously given. It should be\\nbuilt of two-inch grooved pine lumber, well leaded in the seams\\nwhen put together, to make it absolutely water-tight. It is sunk\\nin the ground to a depth of four feet, so that it projects not to\\nexceed eighteen inches above the ground the sides should be tied\\nto beams sunk in the earth, level with the bottom of the vat, to\\nprevent the outside pressure causing the sides to bulge in and\\nmake it too narrow. The end of the vat next to the catching\\npen is made perpendicular, while the end leading to the drain-\\ning pens is made to slant at an angle of forty-five degrees, with\\nstrips nailed across to form a ladder for the sheep to climb out on.\\nLength of vat on surface fifty feet. Length at bottom forty\\nfeet.\\nThe draining pens are of great importance, as they effect a\\nlarge saving in dip. They should be built as per the illustra-\\ntion, the plan being to build one large pen twenty feet by twenty\\nfeet square, having a slope of one foot from back of floor to end\\nof vat, the sides sloping towards the center, with about six\\ninch pitch from side of pen to center. In the center is a gutter", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": ",JVIammotb Sbecp-Dtpping Vat at the JVew ^orh Central Stoch ^ards, Buffalo, |N^. Y- t-engtb\\nof Swim in the clear 1 36 feet. Capacity 100 Sheep at a time. Beatcd by steam and with\\nall the latest improvements, mahing it by far the largest and best appointed\\nDipping plant in the United States.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN.\\n253\\neight inches witle running the whole length from back of pen to\\nvat. The floor is made of matched flooring laid on rough two-\\ninch lumber. In center of pen, in a line with gutter, a division\\nfence is run, which forms two pens ten feet by twenty feet, a\\nswing gate being placed at end next vat, which when closing one\\n1. Draining- pens, 2. Steps leadinjir from vat to draining- pen. 3. Showing- di-\\nvision of draining pen. 4. Swing gate at entrance to pens. 5. Slats of bottom of pens,\\nleading from sides of pens to gutter in center. 6. Gates at e.xit of draining pens.\\n7. Runway back to ground.\\n})en leaves the other open, so that when one pen becomes filled\\nwith sheep the gate is brought over, leaving the other opening-\\nfree. When this pen is filled, the sheep in first pen will have\\nbeen drained sufticiently, and the gate at rear of pen can be\\nopened to give them exit. By this means a continual stream of\\n^heep is kept passing through the pens.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "254 PAEASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN.\\nThe entire cost of a dipping plant of this size should not ex-\\nceed $150, and is a very necessary investment for the successful\\nraising of sheep. In the Western States, where thousands of\\nsheep are fed for the Eastern markets, every feeder has a dipping\\nplant close to or adjoining his feeding pens, so that on the first\\nsign of scab the affected sheep can be immediately treated before\\nthe disease obtains much headway; and even where a few sheep\\nonly are kei)t, and those mostly for breeding purposes, a dipping\\nvat is an indispensable necessity. The flock should be dipped at\\nleast once a year and better twice to rid them of vermin, which\\nare the natural enemies of the sheep in its domesticated state.\\nTicks, lice, etc., of which we shall treat later, are common pests\\nof sheep, and -are best reached by thoroughly dipping the ani-\\nmals harboring them-\\nF)and Drcsoing for 6cab.\\nThis can only be satisfactorily carried out when the flock is\\ncomposed of a few animals. It consists in catching the affected\\nones and pouring a strong solution of a prepared dip along the\\nmiddle of the back, first parting the fleece into a furrow, and\\nalso in the arm pits and flanks, any affected part is also thorough-\\nly saturated with the mixture. A mixture of lard and turpen-\\ntine, or coal oil and lard is frequently used for an application to\\nthe affected patches. This, however, while effectual in killing\\nthe parasites, leaves a dirty black mark in the fleece, which re-\\nmains for months, besides frequently so cauterizing the skin as to\\ncause it to slough, and in no way are the effects superior or\\ncheaper to an application of some standard preparation which by\\nreason of its mixing properties with water is easily applied and\\ndoes not leave any mark to show that it has been necessary to use\\nsuch an agent. It should be borne in mind that the pens in\\nwhich affected sheep have been kept are sources of contagion for\\nfuture outbreaks. When dipping sheep in feeding lots, the pens", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "PAEASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 255\\nshould be thoroughly cleaned out, and the woodwork gone over\\nwith a solution of lime, or the ooze from the vat may be used in-\\nstead, so that the pens are thoroughly disinfected before return-\\ning the sheep to them. Should this not bo done, the dipping of\\nthe sheep is only palliative at the best, for as soon as the effects\\nof the dip leave the fleece the sheep will become re-infected\\nfrom their own surroundings.\\nLime and sulphur has not been recommended here as a dip\\nfor general use, as, in order for it to be serviceable it has to be\\nproperly made, requiring much experience to be able to mix it\\nso that the effects will not be deleterious to the fleece. The\\npresence of lime in the mixture tends to harden the wool fibres,\\nmaking them brittle and dry, appearing to rob the fleece of its\\nnatural yelk. While experimenters on a few head of sheep at\\nagricultural colleges claim that its use does not set the sheep\\nback or interfere greatly with their well being, it has been the\\nexperience of large feeders that hot lime and sulphur dips cause\\ngreat damage, in some cases blinding the animals, and in all\\ncases putting them off their feed for fourteen days or longer,\\nAvhich does not seem to be the case where some of the standard\\npreparations have been used.\\nSbccp Och. (Mclopbagus Ovinus.j Linn.\\nA v ery common parasite of the sheep found generally\\nthroughout the whole extent of the United States and Canada.\\nThis parasite, while not nearly so destructive as that causing the\\nscab, produces sufficient damage to merit a study of its habits and\\nlife-history. In appearance the sheep tick may be said to repre-\\nsent a greatly enlarged scab mite, witli the exception of its being\\nminus suckers and feelers, and also only possesses six legs,\\nwliereas the adult scab mite has eight. In length they are about\\none-(iiiarter of an inch, the body is short, broad, and tough. In\\nC(\u00c2\u00bbliir it is ferruginous, its abdomen being a greyish brown,", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "256\\nPAEASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN.\\nirregularly mottled. The head is small and resembles that of\\nthe common house fly in being disengaged from the thorax.\\nThe legs and body are covered with minute fine hair. Its legs\\nare strong, each one being furnished with two strong, sharp\\nclaws. The abdomen of the tick when filled with blood\\nfrom its host is immensely distended and transparent, the blood\\nbeing plainly visible through its texture. The male and female\\ndiffer from each other, the former being a little smaller than the\\nHdult Sheep Ctck, a: and puparium, )^lelopbagu8. enlarged, after Osborn, 1896.\\nlatter. The eggs laid by the female are flat, ovoid in appearance\\nand of a brownish color. They are nearly one-third the size of\\nthe abdomen of the parent. The eggs are laid one at a time,\\nand are covered with a sticky dark material, securely fastening\\nthem to the wool fibres. When mature the embryo emerges\\nthrough an opening in one end of the shell made by the splitting\\noutwards of a portion of it, resembling a lid to a box, the young\\ninsect being an exact counterpart of its progenitors, and not\\nhaving to pass through any intermediate stage of development,\\nso generally the case in the reproduction of parasitic life. The\\nlife of the parasite is wholly spent on the body of its host. A", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "PAKASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIX. 257\\nsheep infested with ticks, is a source of infection for the whole\\nflock. A sheep freed from ticks can only again become infected\\nwith them by contact with other sheep harboring the parasite.\\nSymptoms.\\nThe severity of the symptoms depends to a great extent on\\nthe number of parasites infesting the sheep. While a few will\\ncause the animal but a trifling annoyance, in a short time they\\nincrease to such numbers that they cause an intense irritation\\nand restlessness, interferring greatly with the well-being of the\\nsheep. Lambs particularly (owing to their tender skin) suffer\\nfrom these pests, being especially noticeable after shearing.\\nAnimals harboring a large number of ticks will scratch and pull\\nthe wool, the condition being easily differentiated from scab^\\nhowever, as a casual examination will reveal the ticks.\\nCrcatment.\\nThe best method is to dip the whole flock, and the best time\\nis directly after shearing. One thorough dipping in any prepar-\\nation used for scabies will be sufficient to destroy all the live\\nticks, but as some of the nits are sure to be left in the fleece, it is\\ngood policy to repeat the dipping in two or three weeks time.\\nSheep should not be turned into the old pastures until two\\nor three weeks after dipping. This allows a suflicient time for\\nthe death of whatever ticks may have been dropped on the\\nground. In fact it is a good plan to disinfect and clean out the\\nsheep-pens on the farm at least once L year. Many ticks will be\\ndestroyed if this is carried out. Before introducing fresh mem-\\nbers to the flock they should always be dipped. This is a useful\\nprecaution, and if taken will often prevent the spread of this class\\nof parasitic diseases. These parasites being easily destroyed, the\\nflock-owner should experience but slight difficulty in keeping his\\nsheep free of the same.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "258 PARASITIC DISEASES OP THE SKIN.\\nLtcc.\\nThese parasites are frequently found auacking sheep. In\\nappearance the sheep-louse resembles closely the common dog-\\nlouse. In length it is about one twenty-fifth of an inch, the\\nfemale being slightly larger than the male; its general color is\\nwhite, with the exception of the head, which is a reddish-brown.\\nSheep Louse\u00e2\u0080\u0094 \u00e2\u0096\u00a0pcmalc. Cricbocepbalus Spboerocepbalus.)\\ni, autenna. c, d, dorsal and side view of leg, enlarged.\\n(After Osborn, 1896.)\\nTheir life-history resembles that of the sheep-tick; the adults\\nlay their eggs at the base of the wool fibres, to which they are\\nadherent by a sticky glutinous material. The eggs hatch out in\\nthe wool, the young louse emerging by pushing up a lid-like\\ncontrivance of the shell. They are often found in large numbers", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 259\\nassociated with scab. Their favored locations appear to be the\\ninner part of the thigh and sides of the neck.\\nTheir presence on the sheep produces considerable discom-\\nfort, a thickening of the skin, which becomes rough and covered\\nw itli dry blackened scales, the wool becoming dry, brittle, and\\nlifeless, giving the sheep an appearance of being out of condition\\ngenerally. Sheep harboring lice will rub against posts and nib-\\nble at their flanks, frequently scratcliing the elbows with the\\nhind feet. When afl^ected sheep lie in the sun, the parasites\\nstrike for the outside of the fleece, a careful examination reveal-\\ning multitudes of small brown parasites.\\ntreatment.\\nA thorough dipping or a dressing with a preparation of\\nsulphur will quickly rid the sheep of this form of parasite.\\nli^bc fly. (LuccUia MarceUaria.)\\nThis insect is the chief cause of maggot in sheep in the\\nUnited States. It, according to Xeumann, measures from one-\\nthird of an inch to half an inch in length, and is recognized by\\nits blue thorax, streaked with the darker blue bands of a purple\\ntint; the pads are black, and the wings brown at the base. The\\nlarva measure from one-half to five-eighths of an inch in length.\\nThis fly is met with over a great portion of America, from the\\nXorth of the United States to the Argentine Republic. The\\nfly deposits its eggs on the wool, the larvae living on the yolk,\\nthe most favored location being the base of the tail, especially\\nshould the animal be suffering from diarrhoea or dysentery,\\nthen all parts contaminated with the discharge are attacked by\\nthe fly. Any sores, such as those caused from fighting in rams\\nor wounds and abrasions of any kind, are liable to attack during\\nthe fly season. As soon as the eggs hatch the larvae or maggots,\\nas they are termed, begin to burrow into the tissues, causing", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "260 PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN,\\ngreat pain and distress. The sheep shakes its tail, will bite itself,\\nis very restless; or the reverse may be the case; it may stand with\\nits head down, leave the rest of the flock, and have a listless, de-\\njected appearance; the wool at the parts attacked by maggots is\\nraised and rough. An examination of the affected sheep will re-\\nveal numbers of whitish maggots attacking the sore spots.\\nShould the animal not receive any treatment, diarrhoea sets in as\\na complication, due to the enfeebled state of the animal s system,\\nfollowed by marasmus and death.\\ntreatment.\\nTake flowers of sulphur and benzoated lard, equal parts,\\nand apply to the sore surfaces. Oil of tar applied to the diseased\\nparts will quickly destroy the maggots and prevent fresh attacks\\nfrom the fly. The fleece should be cut away exposing the whole\\nsurface of the sore before applying the tar. A few drops of fish\\noil sprinkled on the fleece will protect the sheep against the fly\\nfor a whole season, but owing to its very unpleasant smell and its\\ninjury to the fleece, due to its lasting properties, it is not advis-\\nable to use this agent.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVI.\\nSpecific Diseases.\\nAre those which arise fiom a certain germ or poison, which\\nbeing introduced into the system prodvices the same disease as\\nthat affecting the subject from which the germ or poison origin-\\nated. For instance, tuberculosis (consumption) was proven by\\nKoch to be due to the presence in the tissues of the body of a\\nrod-shaped micro-organism, termed by him the bacillus tuber-\\nculosis. He also proved that tuberculosis did not exist without\\nthe presence of this special bacillus, and that the introduction of\\nthese baccilli into healthy subjects produced tuberculosis and no\\nother disease. This also holds good for all specific diseaoes.\\nEvery specific disease has its specific germ, which if introduced\\ninto the animal economy through some channel (by the mouth,\\ninoculation, respired air, etc.,) and finding suitable sun oundings\\nto develop in, quickly reproduces itself and poisons the blood\\neither by direct destruction of the red blood corpuscles or by pro-\\nducing an alteration of the normal blood constituents, which soon\\ncauses the death of the affected subject; and vice versa, should\\nthe system be strong enough to overcome the freshly introduced\\ngerms, the surroundings not being suitable for their reproduction\\nand development, they soon perish, in many cases without affect-\\ning any constitutional disturbance.\\nGerms, then, are the cause of all specific diseases, and the\\nquestion arises, what are germs? They are vegetable micro-\\norganisms, rounded, ovoid, or spiral in shape, which possess the\\nproperty of reproducing themselves in the animal economy.\\nTheir waste products termed the ptomaines being chiefly re-\\nsponsible for the damage and destruction they cause. They are", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "262 SPECIFIC DISEASES.\\ndivided into many classes and sub-classes, which it would be im-\\npossible to enumerate in this work, it being sufficient to say that\\nthe rod-shaped germs are called bacilli (rods), the ovoid ones are\\ncalled cocci, generally termed micro-cocci, on account of their\\nbeing microscopical in size, and the corkscrew-shaped ones are\\ntermed spirilla. Rod-shaped germs (bacilli) possess the prop-\\nerty of reproducing themselves by fission, which is a breaking in\\ntwo of the rod, each rod forming then two germs, and also by the\\nformation of spores. These are roundish, clear bodies, which\\nappear in the centers of the bacilli, and which also possess the\\nproperty of forming bacilli, should they find suitable media and\\nconditions for growth. It can be readily understood that these\\nminute organisms are capable of indefinite and rapid multiplica-\\ntion, which accounts for the short and virulent course of many\\ndiseases of this particular class.\\nHtitbrax fever. Bv^xy*\\nThis is one of the most widespread diseases, its presence\\nbeing recorded in all parts of the world occupied by animal life,\\nand at the same time it is a very dangerous affection and highly\\ncontagious. With few exceptions all warm-blooded animals are\\nsubject to its attacks and the poison from dead carcasses, con-\\ntaminating rivers and streams has been asserted to be a prolific\\ncause for the mysterious deaths of numbers of fish.\\nWe find that it is strictly a specific disease due to a specific\\ngerm, and that although in different countries and kinds of ani-\\nmals it is known under different names, still it is one and the\\nsame affection, due to one and the same cause. For instance, in\\nthe human family Ave find it occurring as wool-sorters disease, or\\nmalignant pustule. In cattle it is termed anthrax fever, splenic\\napoplexy, also milzbrand in Germany and charbon in France.\\nIn the horse it has various names, depending on the locality in\\nAvhich it occurs. In East India it is knoAvn as loodiana disease,", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "SPECIFIC DISEASES. 263\\nand in Africa as horse sickness. While in the sheep it is gener-\\nally called braxy, but is also known as Cumberland disease (Aus-\\ntralia), or great head (Xorth England), or typhus, etc., etc.\\nBut as occurring in all animals it is strictly correct to term\\nit anthrax, as in all cases it is due to the presence in the system\\nof a rod-shaped, spore-bearing bacillus, termed the Bacillus An-\\nthracis. The history of anthrax is very interesting, dating back\\nas it does to the remote past. A reference is supposed to be\\nmade to this disease in the Bible, Exodus, Chap, ix: Boils\\nwhich came forth as blains, upon man and upon beast through-\\nout Egypt, one of the plagues of Egypt. Ancient Latin and\\nGreek recoTds describe its appearance about the time of the\\nseige of Troy, and in 1617 at Naples, in Italy, 60,000 persons\\nare supposed to have perished from eating the flesh of anthra-\\ncoid animals.\\nIn Erance its ravages have been severely felt. In the latter\\npart of the century, it assumed a most virulent form, all\\nkinds of domesticated animals succumbing to its attacks, and to\\nthe investigation of a Erenchman, the celebrated Pasteur, is due\\nthe recognized preventive treatment, namely, the inoculation\\nof healthy animals with an attenuated virus of the disease,\\nwhich renders them forever after immune to its attacks.\\nIn the sheep as well as in cattle a condition is met with\\nwhich simulates anthrax. This is called black-leg, quarter-ill,\\netc., and while this is a very serious affection, its virulence is not\\nto be compared with anthrax proper; in fact it is not due to the\\nbacillus anthracis, but to another form of micro-organism.\\nDiseases which are specific in character and similar to\\nanthrax, are classed generally as anthracoid. They are not due\\nto the anthrax bacillus and must not be confounded with that\\ndisease.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "264 SPECIFIC DISEASES.\\nCause of Hntbrax.\\nCertain influences seem to favor the development of the\\ndisease. It is found to be more prevalent in the early fall when\\nthe days are hot and the nights cold. Sudden changes in the\\nweather are frequently attended by an outbreak of anthrax;\\nhumid weather, if associated with fogs, being especially liable to\\ncause its development. Pastures bordering on rivers and streams,\\nwhich are submerged at certain seasons of the year, frequently\\nabound with anthrax infection, presumed to be carried there by\\nthe floods, which bring the germ from other localities where\\nanimals have succumbed to the disease. Hay from infected\\nfields is liable to produce the disease, the spores having become\\nattached to the blades of grass, only wait a suitable time and\\nmedia for their development. Flies also spread the contagium\\nby carrying the bacteria in their systems, and while resisting the\\ninfluence of the virus themselves, they inoculate other animals\\nwith the germs, w^ith disastrous effects. Dietetic errors seem to\\npredispose the system to attacks from this disease, particularly\\nis this noticeable in changing from poor to highly nutritious\\nfoodstuffs,- especially if the same contain a high percentage of\\nnitrogen. A plethoric condition is extremely favorable to the\\ndevelopment of the anthrax bacillus, which would account for\\nthe fattest sheep in the flock generally being the first to suffer,\\nespecially those which have been thriving rapidly. It is also no-\\nticeable that the disease is very liable to break out after moving\\nthe flock from a poor to a rich pasture. Sheep on high feed pre-\\nparatory to slaughter also frequently succumb to this complaint.\\nGrazing animals on pastures or ranges, where deaths have previ-\\nously occurred from anthrax, is also a prolific cause of the\\ntrouble.\\nSymptoms.\\nAnthrax fever is more particularly marked by its lack of\\ndiagnostic ante-mortem symptoms, deductions being drawn from", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "SPECIFIC DISEASES. 265\\nthe circumstances surrounding the affected sheep. Sudden and\\ninexplicable deaths of several sheep of a flock, which have sud-\\ndenly been attacked by convulsions, rapidly terminating in\\ndeath, the animals, prior to the seizure having been in a healthy\\ncondition, should cause the sheep-owner to at once suspect\\nanthrax as the cause. Then if a careful watch is kept on the\\nflock, some premonitory symptoms may be observed. A sheep\\nhere and there will be noticed to be off its feed. On examining\\nthe same, the mucous membranes will be found congested; the\\nanimal appears stiff, especially about the head and neck; it\\nmoves with a sort of stiff gait, or it may be dull, and refuses to\\nkeep up with the flock, and if made to move will stagger and\\nappear dizzy. Where the disease runs a comparatively slow\\ncourse the patient will be feverish, appetite lost, appears dull,\\nleaves the flock, the head hangs down, and the ears cold to touch\\nand pendulous; the sheep is stupid and at times delirious, fre-\\nquently tries to urinate, the material passed being scanty and\\nbrown-colored, the animal lies down almost all the time, is con-\\nstipated, apoplectic symptoms, supervene, speedily followed by\\ndeath. Associated with the above symptoms will frequently be\\nnoticed a discharge of mucus streaked with blood from one or\\nboth nostrils, the faecal matter also containing quantities of a\\nblood-colored fluid; the carcass may swell, more especially the\\nhead and legs; the swellings emit a crackling sound when\\npressed by the hand, due to the presence of gases under the skin\\n(a sign of mortification of the tissues). On the inside of the\\nmouth patches on the mucous membrane are often present.\\nThese exhibit a light violet color. Twitching of the muscles and\\neffusions of a bloody serum between the skin and carcass, more\\nparticularly in the region of the shoulders and neck, generally\\ntake place just prior to death. When anthrax attacks a flock of\\nsheep it will be noticeable that a very few, possibly 1 per cent,\\nof those contracting the disease, make a recovery. This fact", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "266 SPECIFIC DISEASES.\\nalone should cause an observer to suspect anthrax in an outbreak\\nof the above character. It will also be noticed that the fat sheep\\nare the first ones to succumb and are also the first to be attacked\\nby the disease. The sheep-owner must be a careful observer of\\nconditions leading to sickness in his flock to be able to satisfac-\\ntorily diagnose and differentiate disease, and in cases where his\\nintelligence appears to him to be at fault before the majority of\\nthe animals are destroyed, a professional man of known ability\\nshould be called in who can readily tell by microscopical exam-\\nination of the blood from the dead animals whether or not\\nanthrax is the disease affecting the flock. As in almost all cases\\nan outbreak of anthrax can be checked by moving the whole flock\\nto an entirely new locality and vaccinating the healthy members\\nwith Pasteur s Anthrax Vaccine.\\nCreatmetit.\\nIn all cases of anthrax is only preventive, the disease run-\\nning such a rapid course, the subject frequently dying before\\neven showing signs of sickness, medicinal agents cannot be used\\nwith any hope of success. The matter of first importance is to\\nfind out whether the complaint causing destruction to the flock\\nis anthrax or not. Should it be this disease, the sheep should\\nimmediately be moved to different pastures or ranges, and Pas-\\nteur s method of inoculation used on all the healthy members of\\nthe flock. This consists in the injection under the skin of the\\nhind leg of an attenuated virus of the disease, which has to be\\nspecially prepared, and is obtained from the Pasteur laboratory\\nin Paris, France, agencies for which exist all over the civilized\\nworld. Sheep when once treated with the anthrax virus are\\nimmune to the disease for the balance of their lives. This pro-\\ncess is extensively carried on in European countries, and has been\\nintroduced in America mth good results.\\nIn Europe thousands of cattle as well as sheep are sub-", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "SPECIFIC DISEASES. 267\\njectecl to vaccination, with the result that the losses in those\\ncountries practicing this method have been steadily reduced\\nyear by year. The sheep-owner must exhibit great caution in\\nthe handling of animals which have died or are suffering from\\nthis disease, as malignant pustule in man results from the inocu-\\nlation of anthrax blood into his system by the slightest wound or\\nabrasion of the skin, a pin scratch having been known to produce\\nthe disease. Steele says: A case is recorded of a shepherd, in\\nbleeding a braxy sheep, getting a drop of blood in his eye, not\\nwashing it out, and dying from anthrax in three days.\\nThen again woolsorters disease is caused by the inhalation\\nof powdered anthrax material from the wool of diseased sheep.\\nThe flesh of animals which have succumbed to this disease is ex-\\ntremely dangerous, and has proven fatal to pigs and dogs. So\\nin all cases the carcasses should be burned without skinning, or\\nburied to a depth of at least six feet, the carcass being thickly\\ncovered with quick lime.\\nThe after-death appearances of an anthrax carcass will re-\\nveal the following: Liquid bloody effusions directly under the\\nskin, the blood in the arteries and veins is black and does not\\ncoagulate, red spots will be noticeable on the peritoneum cover-\\ning the bowels, and on the kidney capsules, effusions of blood will\\nbe found in the stomachs and bowels, the spleen is greatly en-\\nlarged, and the trabeculae (partitions) on its inside are broken\\ndown, so that by holding it up by one end its contents will gravi-\\ntate to the other. This condition is not present in any other\\ndisease, and is of itself diagnostic of the complaint. The liver is\\nalso enlarged, and the urine in the bladder appears to be mixed\\nwith blood.\\nBlach-Lcg Quartcr-IU.\\nScientifically termed emphysema infectuosum and haema-\\ntosepsis. This is an anthracoid disease, due to a germ which,", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "268 SPECIFIC DISEASES.\\nwliile being distinctly different to the anthrax bacillus, causes\\nsymptoms which simulate thofee of that disease. It is a very\\nfatal affection, but does not spread so rapidly throughout a flock\\nas anthrax fever. Like anthrax, it generally selects the fattest\\nand best feeders in the flock for its victims. The disease runs a\\nrapid course, and a very small percentage of the affected animals\\nmake a recovery. It is due to the introduction in the system of\\na vegetable micro-organism, which in size is slightly larger than\\nthe bacillus anthracis. It appears to localize itself in certain\\nparts of the system, being present in the effusion of the affected\\nquarter, but is absent in the spleen. Its methods of infection are\\nvery similar to those of anthrax. Low-lying pastures and\\ngrounds bordering on streams seem to be fertile localities for\\nharboring the germs. The soil on which black-leg patients have\\ndied abounds with the bacilli, the grass on these spots generally\\ngrowing very rank from the fertilizing effect of the carcass, and\\nis eaten by the best feeders of the flock, which are not so par-\\nticular about their diet as those which do not feed so heartily,\\nthe consequence being that they become inoculated with the\\ngerms of the disease, which develop with fatal effect. This in\\npart accounts for the fact that the fattest animals generally are\\nthe first to be attacked, their plethoric condition also favoring\\nthe rapid multiplication of the germs. It is a common dis-\\nease of both cattle and sheep, gcneraly seeming to prefer the\\nyoung, immature members of the herd or flock, but older animals\\nare not immune.\\nSjrniptoms.\\nThe sheep is noticed to be dull, off its feed, found lying\\ndown. If the disease has not progressd so far as to prevent the\\nanimal from getting up, it will be slow in its movements and\\nvery lame, either in front or behind, depending as to wdiether\\nthe fore or hind quarters are attacked. If the animal is down\\nand unable to rise, an examination will reveal swelling of a fore", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "SPECIFIC DISEASES. 26a\\nor liiiul quarter, generally the latter. The swelling is emphy-\\nsematous (air in tissues under the skin), and on passing the hand\\nover it emits a crackling sound; it feels bloated to the touch,\\nwhich is due to the rapid mortification and death of the part,\\ntaking place even before the death of the animal. The skin\\nis bluish in color. The symptoms resemble so closely those of\\nanthrax that it is only of late years the difference has been\\nrecognized, it being satisfactorily proven by comparing the\\nbacilli of the two diseases and noting their different character-\\nistics.\\nCrcatmetit.\\nLike anthrax, the medicinal treatment of black-leg animals\\ndoes not recommend itself to our notice, the germs having gained\\naccess to the system, produce such grave and rapid tissue changes\\nthat no amount of dosing could be expected to restore normal\\nconditions. Such being the case preventive treatment is relied\\non, and can be as satisfactorily administered as that used for\\nanthrax fever. The Pasteur method of vaccination is used to\\nthis end, and has proved itself remarkably successful. It has\\nbeen in vogue many years on the continent of Europe, and has\\nbeen extensively used in large cattle herds throughout the West-\\nern States. It offers the same advantages for use in sheep, and\\nis a subject well worthy of the attention of the flock-owner.\\nCarcasses of black-leg subjects should be burned or buried with\\nquick lime. Infected pastures should be quarantined and thor-\\noughly dressed with lime. When the members of a flock com-\\nmence to die from black-leg, the rest should immediately be\\nmoved to fresh grazing grounds. Should this be done and the\\nhealthy members of the flock vaccinated in the majority of cases\\nthe death-rate will cease as suddenly as it commenced.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "270 SPECIFIC DISEASES.\\nfoot and Mouth Disease; also called Infectious Hphtba^ or\\nGczema Gpizootica.\\nThis is a specific eruptive fever, wliicli not only affects\\nsheep but cattle, pigs, clogs, poultry and occasionally the\\nhuman family. There have been repeated outbreaks of this\\ndisease in Europe, its history being almost as ancient as that of\\nanthrax. England first experienced its attack in 1839, the first\\nappearance on the American Continent being about ten years\\nlater. It is a highly contagious affection, evidenced by pustules\\nin the mouth, mostly on the dental pad, and around the coronets\\njust above the hoofs, and in the clefts of the digits, these pus-\\ntules rapidly forming angry sores which extend their circumfer-\\nences and tend to coalesce.\\nIt is supposedly caused by a micro-coccus, although the\\ngerm of this particular malady has never been isolated, but that\\nsuch a germ exists is beyond a matter of doubt, all the character-\\nistics tending to prove that the disease is specific in origin. The\\ninfection is contained in the saliva and excretions. It can be\\ncarried from animal to animal by the attendant. The excretions\\nfrom the sores, also containing the contagium, accounts for the\\nwholesale infection of pastures and the wide distribution of\\nthis disease. Dogs may carry the virus on their feet from one\\ndistrict to another, as also beyond a doubt do rabbits and other\\nanimals. An instance is recorded by Williams where the virus\\nwas evidently distributed by a shepherd, whose clothes had be-\\ncome infected a year prior to the outbreak of the disease. This\\nappears doubtful, however. The period of inoculation is short\\nfrom tv/enty-four hours to six days. The disease usually runs\\na benign course, the mortality being light. One attack does not\\nconfer immunity against subsequent ones.\\nSymptoms.\\nThe course of this disease is divided into four staii es.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "SPECIFIC DISEASES. 271\\n(1) In which fever, alternated with shivering fits, will be\\nnoticed; the pulse is rapid and the temperature high. The sheep\\nappears dull; its nose is dry; the head feels hot; and in ewes\\nsuckling lambs, the milk secretion ceases. The urine is scanty,\\nand sometimes slavering from the mouth is noticeable. This\\nstage may last two or three days, then the second commences.\\n(2) \\\\^esicular eruptions appear on different parts of the\\nbody; the feet become swollen, the sheep being very lame.\\n(This is often mistaken for foot-rot.) The vesicles are noticeable\\naround the coronets, between the digits (toes), on the vulva if a\\nfemale, and also on the teats, and in some instances, rarely how-\\never in sheep, in the mouth on the dental pad. When the\\nmouth is affected, the saliva flows from it freely, the appetite is\\ngood, the inability to eat being due to the sore mouth and not to\\nconstitutional disturbance.\\n(3) The vesicles break and discharge; ulceration com-\\nmences, the ulcerous patches having a tendency to extend and\\ncoalesce. Extensive sloughing of the skin above the hoofs fre-\\nquently takes place, the sheep kneeling to eat, and also moving\\non its knees. In severe cases the sloughing extends into the\\njoints, causing open-joint a very serious and dangerous condi-\\ntion. The duration of this stage is from a few days to perhaps\\ntwo weeks, then being followed by the fourth.\\n(4) The ulcers dry up, desication taking place; the sore-\\nness leaves the mouth, the animal eats well, exhibiting a good\\nappetite, recovery being rapid and satisfactory.\\ntreatment.\\nMedicinal treatment is of little avail, the disease running a\\nregular course. Foot baths arc, however, especially beneficial\\nto sheep, as they suffer more in this complaint from foot soreness\\nthan other animals.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "272 SPECIFIC DISEASES.\\nTo administer this shallow troughs are made with fences at\\nthe side, and the sheep compelled to walk through them, the\\nmedicinal agents being mixed with water in the troughs. Fur\\nthis the following will be useful:\\nTake. kSiili^hato of zinc 2 lbs.\\nAcetate of lead 2| lbs.\\n(^arbolic acid crystals S ounces\\nWater 10 gallons\\nMix thoroughly, pour into trough and compel the affected\\nanimals to walk through it once or twice daily, and care should\\nbe taken that lame sheep immerse each foot, as they are apt to\\nhop through on three legs. This mixture must be stirred thor-\\noughly before passing sheep through it.\\nCubcrculosis\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Consumption.\\nThis is a rare affection of sheep, and while tables\\nmesenterica has frequently been reported as present in post-\\nmortem, we must believe that it has been confounded with\\nnodidar disease of the intestines, due to the oesophagostoma\\nColumbianum, a very prevalent condition, which is described in\\nthe chapter on internal parasites.\\nWalley, in his work, The Four Bovine Scourges, writing\\nconcerning tubercle, says as follows:\\nSpecies of animal: The bovine tribe is pre-eminently\\ndisposed, equally so indeed with nian. Next in order comes the\\ncommon rabbit, which animals in some districts are almost anni-\\nhilated by the disease; the pig is very prone to tubercle, as are\\nalso poultry, our feathered household pets, and under certain cir-\\ncumstances, game birds. I have even seen it in the rook, though\\nit is curious that the palmapedes are exempt from it. Tubercle\\nis rarely seen in the sheep, cat or dog.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "SPECIFIC DISEASES. 273\\nMany conditions have been asserted to be due to tubercular\\ninfection, and are sadly lacking in proof.\\nWhere the disease is suspected, a subcutaneous injection of\\ntuberculin would readily facilitate a correct diagnosis.\\n8becp pox. Yariola Ovina.\\nThis is a very destructive and dangerous disease which fre-\\nquently breaks out among sheep on the European Continent,\\nbut which has up to the present time been unknown in the\\nhemispheres of the Xew World. The reason for this is due to\\nits short period of incubation. Even should infected sheep be\\nshipped across the Atlantic, the disease would break out while they\\nwere on shipboard, which would, owing to the excellent meth-\\nods of inspection and quarantine of imported animals, debar them\\nfrom becoming a source of danger to the flocks of this country.\\nShould, however, the time ever arise when cattle-boats would\\nmake the trip at the same rate of speed made by the present\\nliners the dangers of introduction of this disease would be in-\\ncreased considerably and would call for extraordinary efforts on\\nthe ]:art of the authorities to overcome the same.\\nCauses.\\nBeyond a doubt this is a specific disease, although the\\nspecial contagium or germ responsible for its appearance has not\\nyet been satisfactorily demonstrated. It is a highly contagious\\naffection, and all conditions, such as overcrowding, cold, damp\\nspells of weather, or any such causes which facilitate the spread\\nof other contagious affections, hold good for this disease also.\\nThe stage of incubation when arising from natural infection and\\nnot experimental inoculation is computed by Prof. Simonds to be\\nfrom nine to twelve days. The disease may be carried from one\\nlocality to another on the clothes of persons who have been in\\ncontact with diseased sheep. The contagium contained in the", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "274 SPECIFIC DISEASES.\\ndischarge of the sores on becoming dried and powdered up is\\ncarried by the wind and distributed over large areas, the virus of\\nthis disease appearing many times more volatile than that of the\\nmajority of the contagious affections to which the sheep are\\nliable.\\nSymptoms.\\nThe first apparent symptom is the presence of nodules which\\nseem to be deeply imbedded in the skin. These are reddish in\\ncolor and are more particularly noticeable on those parts not\\nthickly covered with fleece, as the inside of the thighs and arm-\\npits, the prepuce of the ram, lips of the vagina in the ewe, and\\nthe under surface of the tail. The papillae enlarge and coalesce,\\nand the animal is feverish from the first commencement of the\\nattack. The red elevations enlarge in size, rising considerably\\nhigher than the surrounding skin; liquid forms under them;\\ntheir centers become transparent and finally turbid; the liquid\\nin the vesicles dries up, forming scabs which are desquamated,\\nthe under-lying part healing and gradually assuming its normal\\ncondition.\\nIn the malignant form it frequently does not produce typi-\\ncal vesicles, but destroys the sheep from blood-poisoning. In\\nthis case the skin cracks in fissures, the nostrils become filled with\\nfoetid pus, and the animal soon succumbs to the disease.\\nCrcatmetit.\\nConsists in separating the healthy sheep from the sick and\\nestablishing a rigid quarantine. Keep sick animals in as cleanly\\ncondition as possible; the nostrils should be frequently syringed\\nout to prevent the accumulation of pus, which would be liable to\\ncause suffocation. Give the sheep good shelter and keep them\\nwarm, and should they desire to eat, feed nourishing, easily-\\ndigestible foods. Medicines do not effect much benefit, the", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "SPECIFIC DISEASES. 275\\ndisease running a regular course, and should only be used to com-\\nbat special conditions, such as diarrhoea or excessive rises in\\ntemperature.\\nRabies, IMadncss, Rydropbobia.\\nThe earliest writers described this most fatal affection.\\nRegarding it Mr. George Fleming, in his work dealing on the\\nsubject, states as follows:\\nIts great antiquity is undoubted. Plutarch asserts that ac-\\ncording to Athenodorus, it was first observed in mankind in the\\ndays of the Asclepiadae, the descendants of the god of medicine,\\nAesculapius, by his sons Podalirius and Mechaon who spread\\nthrough Greece and Asia Minor, as an order of priests, prophets\\nand phvoicians, preserving the results of the medicine experi-\\nence acquired in the temples as a hereditary sect. They were\\nthe earliest physicians known to us, and it is not unlikely that\\nthey may have been the first to observe the madness of dogs\\ntransmitted to man. The contagion seems to chiefly reside in\\nthe saliva, the infection being transmitted from animal to animal\\nand also to man by a bite from an affected subject. It is un-\\ndoubtedly a specific disease due to a specific germ, although up\\nTO the present time, notwithstanding careful investigation, fhc\\ngerm has not yet been isolated. It is important, so far as slieep\\nare concerned, on account of their association with dogs, these\\nanimals seeming to be more susceptible to this particidar trouble\\nthan any other species.\\nRabies is only transmissible by direct inoculation with the\\nsaliva from an afi^ected patient. The deposition of the virulent\\nsaliva on an abraded surface will as readily produce the disease\\nas a bite from an affected animal. This should be borne in mind\\nwhen handling sheep which may have been bitten by a sup-\\nposedly rabid animal.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "276 SPECIFIC DISEASES.\\nThe period of incubation varies considerably in the differ-\\nent species of animal, the shortest recorded in the dog being-\\nseven days, the longest 155 days, while in sheep the disease\\nis liable to develop any time between fourteen days to eight\\nmonths.\\nSjmiptoms.\\nThe sheep will appear restless, evidences a desire for sexual\\ninterconrse, is off its feed and rapidly runs down in flesh, soon be-\\ncoming dull, a state of stupor developing. This is followed by a\\nstate of great excitement. The sheep shows a desire to attack\\nwhatever comes in its way, butting with its head to such an ex-\\ntent and with such violence as to produce severe injury, being\\noblivious, however, to any pain. A frothy saliva dribbles from\\nthe mouth, the appetite is depraved, and rumination is suspended\\nfrom the commencement of the disease.\\nThe sheep now manifests a desire to nibble and bite both\\nanimate and inanimate objects; does not appear to dread water,\\nbut is unable to swallow liquids. Muscular tremblings will be\\nobserved, accompanied by rapid and shallow breathing; the seat\\nof inoculation appears to cause pain, evidenced by the sheep biting\\nand pulling the wool from the part. The violent symptoms are\\nquickly followed by paralysis of the hind extremities; coma sets\\nin, death usually taking place between the sixth and eighth day\\nafter the first apparent symptoms of disease were noticeable.\\nCrcatmcnt.\\nAfter the disease has once manifested itself medicinal treat-\\nment will be devoid of beneficial results. Where several sheep\\nin a flock have been known to be bitten by a dog, supposed to be\\nrabid, they should be separated from the flock and kept apart\\nfrom all the other animals for at least three months. If rabies\\ndoes not develop in that time it would be safe to infer that they\\nhad not been inoculated.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "SPECIFIC DISEASES. 277\\nAs a preventive, bitten animals should have the wourJs\\ncauterized, actual cautery being preferable to the application of\\nnitrate of silver or caustic potash. AVhere a rabid dog has run\\namuck in a flock of sheep the only safe procedure is to shear the\\nwhole flock, carefully examining each animal and cauterizing all\\nthe wounds which may have been inflicted.\\npost-J^ortem Hppcarancc\\nThe fourth stomach contains a dark brown colored slime;\\nportions of the brain and spinal cord are congested; there ap-\\npears to be a breaking down or softening of the brain substance\\nand meninges, particularly at the base of the brain. The blad-\\nder is usually empty, its mucous lining being covered with\\npetechiae (spots). The lungs are congested, the capillary blood\\nvessels being distended with a tarry, imperfectly coagulated\\nblood. The spleen, liver, and kidneys coated with red spots, due\\nto the capillary extravasation.\\nSymptoms of Rabies in the Dog.\\nAs the dog is generally the agent in disseminating the virus\\nof the disease, it will be appropriate here to describe the symptoms\\nas they appear in that animal, which will act as a guide for the\\nflock-owner in determining as to whether his flock has been ex-\\nposed to the infection of rabies, or subjected to the bites of a\\nnaturally vicious animal.\\nThe first noticeable symptoms of rabies in the dog is a\\nscared appearance; the animal is inclined to hide and will howl\\nfrequently; it appears to be very thirsty and endeavors to lap\\nwater, but is unable to swallow it, probably due to muscular\\nparalysis of the throat; it will exhibit a depraved appetite, de-\\nvouring excreta, sticks, earth and small stones; delirium sets in;\\na desire to gnaw is noticeable; the dog will bite frequently, often\\nsitting up and snapping at the air. A ropy saliva flows from\\nthe mouth; the animal attacks everything in its path. Where a", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "278 SPECIFIC DISEASES.\\ndog attacks a flock of sheep, inflicting bites on a number without\\ntrying to kill outright any of them, it at once becomes an object\\nof suspicion, such an animal should not be destroyed, (that, is to\\nsay, if it can be caught and confined without anyone being ex-\\nposed to its attack), as, if rabid, the disease will run its course in\\na short time, four to eight days, after which there is still time to\\napply preventative treatment to the sheep, rabies not being liable\\nto make its appearance among them for twenty days after\\ninoculation. Where a dog has been found annoying sheep and\\nis killed, a post mortem examination of its stomach will material-\\nly facilitate a diagnosis. If rabid, the stomach will contain rub-\\nbish, such as sticks, stones, etc. This can be relied on as diag-\\nnostic.\\nDogs which foam at the mouth and have fits are not rabid,\\nand no danger is to be apprehended from them, even though\\nthey should inflict bites during the period of the fit.\\nCctanus Loch Jxvq*\\nIs a condition caused by the direct inoculation with a germ\\ncalled the bacillus tetani. It is decidedly a specific disease, and\\nin no manner can it be said ever to arise spontaneously. Wounds\\nand abrasions of the skin are very liable to be the channel\\nthrough which the contagion gains access to the system. The\\ngerm of tetanus is of the character called anaerobic, meaning\\nthat it develops only in media free from oxygen; hence we find\\nthat slight wounds, especially punctures which tend to heal and\\nclose up immdiately after infliction, so excluding the oxygen of\\nthe air, are the most prone to be followed by tetanus. The germ\\nappears to be present very generally in the soil, and only awaits\\nthe opportunity to gain entrance into the animal economy to de-\\nvelop and multiply with the most disastrous results to its host.\\nWhere cases are noticed arising without any apparent cause, it\\nwould be possible for the subject to have become inoculated", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "SPECIFIC DISEASES. 279\\nthrough an abrasion in the mucous membrane of the alimentary\\ncanal, the germ having been taken into the system with the food.\\nThat form of nervous affection, arising after exposure to cold\\nstorms or the hot sun, in which many sheep become affected\\nsimultaneously, cannot be said to be tetanus proper, but rather\\na condition of innervation, accompanied with tetanic spasms, as\\na result of the perverted nervous functions. This condition is\\nnot nearly so fatal as tetanus proper, and will frequently yield\\nto treatment.\\nRams, when castrated, are liable to develop tetanus; sheep,\\nafter shearing, have also been known to suffer from this disease.\\nIt is also met with as a sequel to parturition, in which event\\nmetritis, (inflammation of the womb), is always present.\\nSymptoms.\\nFirst signs of this disorder are a stiffness of the head and\\nneck, involuntary twitchings of the superficial muscles of the\\nface; the animal grinds its teeth; the jaws in a short time become\\nrigid; the whole carcass becomes affected, the muscles of the\\nneck especially become hard and knotty; the neck is curved,\\ndrawing the nose out straight, pointing, if anything, slightly up-\\nAvards; the limbs become stiff. The condition of rigidity is sub-\\nject to periods of excitability, during which the patient is thrown\\ninto convulsions, the rigidity being more marked and severe\\nfollowing each period of convulsion. The disease in sheep tends\\nto run a rapid course, generally terminating fatally in from ten\\nto twenty-four hours after the seizure.\\nCreatmeiit.\\nIf due to wound infection or following castration, wash out\\nthe wound with a strong antiseptic wash five per cent, watery\\nsolution of carbolic acid, or a one to 1000 solution of corrosive\\nsublimate. In all these cases give the wound plenty of air en-\\nlarsfins the cut if necessarv.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "280 SPECIFIC DISEASES.\\nThe sick animal should be kept in warm quarters, and if\\nthe disease has been detected in the early stages, a full dose of\\nEpsom salts is to be recommended, followed by such drugs as\\nhave a sedative action on the nervous system, such as potassium\\nbromide, chloral hydrate, etc.\\nAs seen in ewes following parturition it is almost always\\nfatal in fact this disease is a most intractable and unsatisfactory\\none to treat a small percentage of cases making a perfect recov-\\nery. Where sheep ha\\\\e suffered from tetanus and have been\\ndestroyed, they should not be used for human consumption. In-\\njections of tetanus anti-toxin are reported as being very success-\\nful in treating this disease in the human subject, and in case of a\\nvaluable animal becoming stricken, its use on sheep would be\\njustifiable.\\nerysipelas.\\nThis is a contagious and malignant affection of the skin, due\\nto the introduction of a germ known as the streptococcus erysipe-\\nlatis, which on gaining access to wounds and abrasions of the\\ncuticle is responsible for a deep-seated inflammation, which not\\nonly attacks the epidermis, but is prone to penetrate and involve\\nthe sub-cutaneous structures.\\nSheep frequently suffer from this disease, it being often ob-\\nserved after shearing, wdiere the cuticle has been injured, or fol-\\nlowing any and all classes of wounds. Malignant metritis of\\newes, following lambing, is frequently due to inoculation with\\nerysipelas streptococci. The period of incubation is from fifteen\\nto sixty hours.\\nSymptoms.\\nFirst recognize a tense, hard swelling of the skin, which is\\nvery painful to the touch the sheep exhibits symptoms of fever.\\nIn parting the fleece, and carefully examining the skin, numer-\\nous small blisters will be found, which contain a reddish, watery", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "SPECIFIC DISEASES. 281\\nserositj The affected part may at first be small in diameter,\\nbut exhibits a tendency to enlarge by constantly increasing its\\ncircumference. The line of demarkation between the healthy\\nand affected part is well defined, the affected portion being of\\nsuch a deep red, inflamed appearance, and spreading so quickly\\nas to have merited the popular name of wild-fire, especially\\nappropriate when occurring in the epizootic form, when it at-\\ntacks numbers of sheep in a flock or district almost simultaneous-\\nly, these cases appearing to arise spontaneously in the form of a\\nviolent skin inflammation.\\ntreatment.\\nThe affected animal, if in good condition, should receive a\\nfull dose of Epsom salts; mineral tonics, especially iron, are in-\\ndicated in this disease. These are the best administered in the\\nfeed.\\nTake. Sulphate of iron 2 ounces\\nGentian 4 ounces\\nQuinine sulphate 4 drachms\\nLicorice root powd 6 ounces\\nLinseed meal 4 ounces\\nMix thoroughly. Administer one tablespoonful in dry\\nchopped feed twice daily, or where the patient refuses to eat its\\nfeed give it as a drench, mixed with half pint of water.\\nTo the inflamed surface apply an antiseptic wash, such as\\nthe White lotion, the formula for which will be found in the\\nchapter on Medicinal Agents, or camphorated oil, or any other\\nsoothing antiseptic application will be all that is required.\\nHctitioTnycosia.\\nIs a condition caused by the presence in the tissues of the\\nanimal economy (most generally those of the mouth or lungs)\\nof a vegetable fungus termed the actinomyces or ray fungus.\\nEvery stock-owner is familiar with this disease, as it occurs", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "282 SPECIFIC DISEASES.\\nin cattle under the name of lump- jaw, but in sheep its pres-\\nence is very rare, and when occurring in them is generally found\\nlocated in the soft tissues of the mouth; the writer remembers\\none case, however, where the lungs were affected.\\nThe presence of the fungus in the tissues of the body acts as\\nan irritant, causing excessive cell proliferation in the immediate\\nsurroundings, resulting in a tumor formation, the swelling being\\ncomposed of fibrous tissue, which exhibits a tendency to granu-\\nlate, and finally break down, forming a large firm mass with one\\nor more centers of suppuration. The liquid pus from the tumor\\ncontains small, yellowish, cheesey granules, which, if properly\\ntreated under the microscope, will prove to be colonies of ac-\\ntinomyces.\\nWhile actinomycosis generally locates itself in the tissues\\nof the upper or lower jaw, still the tumors may be found in any\\npart of the animal economy. The fungus being a common para-\\nsite of certain grasses and grains, on being taken into the animal s\\nmouth along with the fodder, causes actinomycosis principally by\\ndirect inoculation; should the sheep have a hollow tooth or\\nabrasion of the mucous membrane of the mouth, its localization in\\nthat part of the system can readily be understood, and this ac-\\ncounts for those parts being more frequently the seat of the tumor\\nthan the internal organs. The internal organs, such as the liver,\\nspleen, etc., must evidently, when affected, become so through\\nthe media of the blood supply, and the fact that these organs at\\ntimes are the seat of this disease would go to prove the danger\\nattendant to actinomycotic infection.\\nActinomycosis occurs in the human family, cattle, sheep,\\nswine, etc. This being the case, the flesh of animals suffering\\nfrom the disease should be viewed with suspicion. When once\\nthe disease has obtained a firm foothold, medicinal treatment is\\nof no avail, and the subject had better be destroyed.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "BLOOD DISEASES. 283\\nBlood Diseases.\\nRed QIatcr. dangutticous Hscitcs.\\nThis disease is frequently seen occurring in lambs, in those\\nstill sucking, as well as those already weaned. It also occurs in\\nadult sheep. It is a very fatal affection, running a rapid course,\\ndeath frequently taking place in six hours or less, after the first\\nsymptoms have been manifested.\\nThe cause of this condition appears to be in the nature of\\nthe food, turnips and other foods containing an excess of water,\\nand a lack of flesh and fat-forming materials, are especially re-\\nsponsible for this disease. Spooner states: It usually attacks\\nboth sheep and lambs when feeding on turnips, and particularly\\nwhen there is a hoar-frost, and the sheep are folded on them\\nduring the night. It is a condition which all herbivora appear to\\nbe liable to, even the deer and other of the wild ruminants when\\nkept in captivity, are liable to contract the disease. The writer\\nwas so fortunate as to be present at a post mortem on a young\\nmoose at the Park Zoo, Buffalo, N. Y., which evidenced every\\nsymptom of this interesting and obscure complaint. This animal\\nhad been running in a paddock containing succulent grasses,\\nnotably clover, which in the mornings would be heavily coated\\nwith dew; that, and the fact, perhaps, that the food supplied\\nlacked some essential characteristic contained in the material\\neaten by the moose when roving wild, was evidently, partly, if\\nnot wholly, responsible for its death.\\nSymptoms.\\nThe first noticeable symptoms will be a refusal to feed on\\nthe part of the sheep; rumination is suspended; the animal ap-\\npears dull; the eyes have a staring look; the breathing is labored;\\nbelly enlarged; the bowels may be very loose, with foetid dis-\\ncharges, or the subject may be constipated. Swellings will frc-", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "284 BLOOD DISEASES.\\nquently be noticeable under the jaws and lower part of the neck.\\nIn some cases the animal falls dead suddenly, without having\\nevidenced any marked symptoms of sickness, or they may be\\nsuddenly seized with giddiness, fall down on one side, become\\ndelirious, and succumb very quickly.\\nLambs, when attacked, appear to lag behind the flock; are\\ndull and listless; succumbing suddenly without previously show-\\ning signs of acute pain.\\ntreatment.\\nConsists in a change of diet; internally iron and mineral\\ntonics are indicated. If the stock have been grazed on rape or\\nturnips, they should be given plenty of dry food to compensate\\nfor the watery qualities of the other.\\nWhere the symptoms have once manifested themselves, the\\nsheep is almost sure to perish, medical treatment being of no\\navail. The other members of the flock, however, should at once\\nbe moved to dryer pastures, and receive the tonic treatment\\nalready mentioned before greater losses ensue.\\npost-]Mortcm Hppearanccs.\\nThe abdomen will be found to contain a red, watery fluid;\\nthe tissues of the body are anaemic, and present a glistening\\nappearance, being pale in color; the blood vessels, and cavities of\\nthe heart, are comparatively empty; the kidneys are pale, the\\ntubules containing a viscid fluid; the liver is enlarged and soft-\\nened, appearing as if it had been boiled; the peritoneum shows\\nevidences of inflammation, frequently being covered with\\npetechiae (spots).\\nAll conditions on post-mortem point toward anaemia with\\ngreat debility, and extravasation of blood from the capillaries,\\nthe blood itself being altered in character.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "BLOOD DISEASES. 285\\nHnacmia\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bloodlcssness.\\nThis is a term used to designate a condition of the system,\\nwhere a poverty, or deficiency of the normal constituents of the\\nblood exists, arising from various causes, mismanagement being\\ndirectly responsible.\\nIt is a condition frequently seen accompanying debilitating\\ndiseases, or where the system has been (subjected to hardships\\nwhich have overtaxed its strength. Ewes suckling lambs, when\\nnot supplied with sufficient nourishing diet, frequently become\\nanaemic. The ravages of both internal and external parasites\\ntend to produce this condition, owing to their ability to extract\\nnourishment from the blood supply at the expense of the subject\\nharboring them. Loss of blood, diarrhoea, insufficient food, ex-\\nposure to sudden changes of temperature, foods containing an\\nexcess of water in proportion to the flesh-forming materials, wet\\ngrasses, and all such causes are prolific of this trouble in sheep\\nas w ell as other animals.\\nWilliams states that During the winter of 1ST2-3 this con-\\ndition was exceedingly prevalent, owing to the inferiority of the\\ngrasses, the moist condition of the turnips, and the humidity of\\nthe atmosphere, for in many instances no organic disease or\\nparasitic invasion were present.\\nSymptome,\\nWhen not caused by some parasitic invasion, or, as resulting\\nfrom some other diseased condition, can be summed up as fol-\\nlows:\\nThe visible mucous membranes are very pale in color, al-\\nmost white; the pulse is feeble; the subject is easily tired; the\\nbowels are very irregular, frequently being constipated, owing\\nto lack of tone in their muscular coats; dropsical swellings fre-\\nquently appear round the joints, or dependant parts, especially\\nbeneath and between the rami of the lower jaw, giving the sheep", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "286 BLOOD DISEASES.\\na puffy appearance of the head, termed by some chockered or\\npoked. The tongue is cool, moist, and very pale in color.\\nSteele, writing on this condition, gives the following as having\\nappeared in a report on diseases among the sheep of Oregon:\\nThe lambs were weaned in 1872, on the 20th of July, on tim-\\nothy aftermath; four weeks afterwards they looked miserable and\\ndied fast. Last year the lambs died rapidly shortly after wean-\\ning. This season they gave way while sucking. The symptoms\\nboth in young and old were tucked-up appearance; cough, wool\\nrough and dry, with fleeces partially cast, and wool on faces car-\\nried longer than usual; the lambs do not gambol. Some of the\\nanimals droop their heads; run at the nose; have gatherings under\\nthe chin, which occasionally dispel and at other times break out\\ninto running sores; a marked bloodless appearance of the mucous\\nmembranes and skin. The above animals were long-wooled\\nsheep which for six months in the year were continually wet;\\nthe Merinos, being comparatively healthy, their thick, close,\\ngreasy wool seeming to prevent the moisture from penetrating to\\nthe skin.\\nEwes in lamb are very subject to a fatal form of anaemia;\\nthe wool is dry and hard; they become feeble, and fall away in\\nflesh, becoming very weak just prior to parturition.\\ntreatment.\\nIn all cases of anaemia it is necessary to seek for the cause\\nand, if possible, remove it. When due to parasitic invasion, this\\nmust first be attended to before a change for the better can be\\nexpected. If due to faulty management, not sufficient nourish-\\ning diet, or a superabundance of moisture, these conditions must\\nfirst be changed and then the proper medicinal agents applied in\\norder to effect a cure. In all cases of anaemia iron and vegetable\\ntonics are indicated, such as the following:", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "BLOOD DISEASES. 287\\nTake. Sulphate of iron 2 ounces\\nCommon salt 4 ounces\\nGentian powd 4 ounces\\nLicorice root powd 8 ounces\\nMix thoroughly, and administer one tablespoonful twice\\ndaily in ground dry feed.\\nWhere ewes heavy in lamb show signs of anaemia, great\\ncare must be observed in their treatment. They should imme-\\ndiately be moved to high, dry ground, and supplied with a differ-\\nent diet to that which they had been having. Ground grain fed\\ndry, with the addition of warm quarters for the very weak ones\\nto sleep in will be found necessary to effect improvement. Par-\\nticular attention should be given to the pastures, to be certain\\nthat no causes exist there which are responsible for the trouble.\\nRbcumattsin\\nappears to be particularly a blood disease dependent upon some\\nimascertained alteration of the blood. It may exist in one of\\nthree forms acute, sub-acute, and chronic. The mature sheep\\nare easily affected with this condition; it seems, however, to fre-\\nquently attack lambs, generally in the acute form. The predis-\\nposition for this disease has always been looked upon as heredi-\\ntar}^ and in every case where mal-nutrition of the body is present\\nrheumatism is frequently observed. As it occurs in mature ani-\\nmals it is supposed to follow some debilitating disease. The ex-\\nciting cause in sheep and lambs, in most cases, seems to be expos-\\nure to cold and damp.\\nSymptoms,\\nFirst notice lameness. The animal is feverish; the affected\\njoint or part feels hot to the touch and frequently commences to\\nswell; the pulse is hard and rapid; the swelling feels firm and\\ntense; if the joints become involved, inflammation of the perios-\\nteum and synovial membranes frequently follows, accompanied", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "288 BLOOD DISEASES.\\nby the deposition of porcelaineous deposits between the heads of\\nthe bones constituting the joint, in which event the lameness be-\\ncomes permanent.\\nIn sheep the neck and loins are frequently attacked, making\\nthe animal stiff and weak in its back; if the trouble locates in\\nthe neck, it will be carried bent to one side, or the disease may\\nsuddenly leave the neck or other parts and locate in a limb, the\\nability to leave one part of the body only to at once re-appear in\\nanotlier being termed metastasis.\\nAffected sheep generally assume the recumbent position.\\nThe acute form of rheumatism may terminate fatally. In\\nsuch an event, a metastasis to the heart is generally the cause.\\nThis is not frequent, however, as the disease has a tendency to\\nbecome chronic, the animal remaining stiff, with a liability to\\nrelapse to the acute condition during cold weather.\\nCrcatmcnt.\\nAcute cases of rheumatism require good hygienic surround-\\nings if a cure is to be expected. The affected sheep should have\\nwarm, dry quarters and nourishing food. Internally salicylate\\nof soda in fifteen grain doses should be administered twice daily,\\nor potassium iodide can also be given wnth good results. Ex-\\nternally to the inflamed parts a stimulating liniment should be\\napplied, such as\\nStrong water of ammonia 2 ounces\\nSpirits of turpentine 2 ounces\\nLinseed oil 8 ounces\\nChronic rheumatism incapacitates a sheep for further use-\\nfulness in the flock. Animxals so affected should be destroyed,\\nor, if in good condition, should be sold to the butcher.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "BLOOD DISEASES. 28\u00c2\u00bb\\npining Tinquisb.\\nIs a disease due to grazing sheep on pastures containing a\\nlarge amount of astringent plants, which by their action on the\\nsystem, cause a fatal constipation of the bowels. This condition\\nis not reported as having caused any serious losses in this country,\\nbut it has occurred frequently, accompanied with great fatality,\\nin the North of England, being said to be mostly met with in the\\nregion of the Cheviot Hills.\\nS miptoins.\\nThe affected sheep are dull, languid, lying down most of the\\ntime, the ears droop, eyes run, the hair on the face becomes dry,\\nthe wool having a bluish cast. Death usually takes place in a\\nmonth s time after the first symptoms of ailing were noticeable.\\nA whole flock may be affected simultaneously, or only a few\\nsheep at a time. Change of pasture to good succulent herbage\\ngenerally affects a cure.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVII.\\nOperative Surgery and Diseases of the 6ye\u00c2\u00bb\\nOperative Surgery.\\nIn the management of sheep, surgery as a part of the medi-\\ncal treatment is, with the exception of such operations as cas-\\ntration, docking and possibly at times spaying, very seldom\\ncalled for. Sheep, with the exception possibly of valuable pure-\\nbred animals, should they meet with such accidents as fractured\\nlimbs or other severe injuries are, as a rule, at once turned over\\nto the butcher, the carcass being valuable as mutton, whereas\\nsurgical skill in such cases besides being costly might not at all\\ntimes prove successful, and if unsuccessful, would result in a\\ntotal loss to the owner. We shall treat more particularly in\\nthis chapter of the surgical operations necessary to the proper\\nmanagement of the flock, describing also methods of setting\\nfractures and treatment of wounds, etc.\\nCastration.\\nIs an operation for the removal of the testicles of\\nlambs, by which they become deprived of sexual desire, and\\ntheir ability to fatten becomes materially increased, the subject\\nmaturing earlier, the quality of the mutton being improved, as\\nalso is that of the fleece. Opinions differ considerably as to the\\nbest age at which this operation should be performed, many\\nexperienced flock-masters preferring to operate as soon as possi-\\nble after the lamb is dropped, from twelve to twenty days of age,\\nprovided the weather is favorable, and claim that when thus early\\noperated upon there is less danger of loss, the young animals", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "OPEKATIVE SUKGEKY. 291\\nhardly appearing to notice the absence of their male appendages,\\nwhile others prefer to let the lambs run until three or four\\nmonths of age, or even longer, claiming that the carcass is in-\\ncreased in size, and the animals grow stronger and thrive better\\nby the delay. However it is a mere matter of choice on the\\npart of the owner as to what age to operate. All that is neces-\\nsary is to perform the operation properly and in seasonable\\nweather.\\nCo Operate.\\nSet the lamb on its rump, and make a careful digital exam-\\nination of the scrotal sac to be sure that hernia is not present.\\nIf the parts are in the normal condition, with the fingers and\\nthumb of the left hand draw up the lower end of the scrotum\\n(bag) and make a clean cut right across the end, severing it en-\\ntirely. This is far preferable to slitting the sac, as such a wound\\nis liable to heal prematurely and be the cause of serious trouble;\\nwhereas if the end of the sac is entirely removed the aperture\\nwill be forced to close gradually, thereby insuring good drain-\\nage, which is very essential for the ultimate success of this oper-\\nation. After removing the end of the sac, grasp the upper end\\nof the scrotum, forcing the testicles covered by their investing\\ntunics to project from the opening, with the scalpel or knife\\nnow cut a longitudinal incision across each testicle, severing the\\ntunics but not necessarily cutting the testicles; then take the\\ntesticles one at a time and draw downwards gradually, twisting\\nthe cord and scraping it with the knife, until it finally becomes\\nsevered. If this is properly performed and the cord slowly\\ndrawn out until it resembles a fine string, there will be little if\\nany bleeding; whereas if the cord is directly cut across there\\nis danger of excessive bleeding from the severed sper-\\nmatic artery. The after-treatment, should the operation have\\nbeen performed in fly-season, consists in dressing the parts with\\na carbolic salve to prevent the wound becoming maggoty. If", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "292 OPERATIVE SURGERY.\\nthe operator will be careful in performing this operation in a\\ncleanly manner, taking care that not only his hands and knife\\nare clean, but that the dirt from the soil does not gain entrance\\ninto the wound, unfavorable results are not to be feared. In\\ncases where tetanus follows castration, it is always due to a want\\nof the above mentioned precautionary measures, the wound\\nbeing infected by the germs of that disease. (See tetanus.)\\nMany operators, especially in Europe, use elaborate meth-\\nods in performing this very simple operation, all of which, how-\\never, with the exception of clams for scrotal hernia, of which\\nwe shall treat later, are quite uncalled for and liable to produce\\nthe very results which they are supposed to guard against. For\\ninstance, the method of searing the cord with a red hot iron,\\nwhile the operation is necessarily antiseptically performed, the\\nwound sloughs from the cauterization, requiring a longer time to\\nheal without acquiring any material benefit to the subject.\\nCrapping.\\nWhich consists in tightly binding the scrotum between two\\npieces of wood, until it sloughs off, is a slow, tedious process and\\ndecidedly antiquated and cruel.\\nCying and Lashing.\\nIs virtually the same as trapping with the exception that a\\ncord takes the place of the wooden clams. It has nothing but\\nits antiquity to recommend it. The French method, termed\\nBistournage, is exceedingly severe and cruel to the subject. It\\nconsists in so manipulating and dislocating the testicles that\\ntheir blood supply is shut off, the organs gradually withering\\naway; a ligature is necessary, tightly tied around the scrotum\\nbelow the testicles, which are forced upward into the inguinal\\ncanal. This process is mentioned here simply as an illustration\\nof a simple operation made complex and painful by ignorance,\\nor an inborn desire to produce unnecessary suffering on dumb\\nbrutes.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "OPEKATIVE SURGERY. 293\\nCbc Covered Operation for Scrotal F)emia.\\nWhere the small intestines descend the inguinal canal and\\noccupy the scrotal sac in company with the testicles, the condi-\\ntion is termed scrotal hernia. Ir is necessary when per-\\nforming castration on subjects with this condition to use a\\nspecial method to prevent prolapse of the intestines, which\\nwould inevitably take place if the scrotum was opened in the\\nmanner used where the parts present normally. Where scrotal\\nhernia exists the subject must be laid on its back and the intes-\\ntines returned to the abdominal cavity. An incision is then\\ncarefully made in the sac exposing the testicle covered by the\\ntunica vaginalis (investing membrane), wooden clams are then\\napplied to the cord. These are two short, flat-sided pieces of\\nwood which are placed one on each side of the cord above the\\ntesticle and firmly tied together by pieces of string at each end of\\nthe clams. These are then left on until the compression by ar-\\nresting the circulation of the parts causes them to slough and\\nfinally drop off, the parts above the clams becoming adherent,\\npreventing egress of the intestines. In fact the inflammation\\nwhich this process as a rule sets up is generally so extensive as\\nto obliterate the inguinal canal, effectually preventing a future\\ndescent of the intestines.\\nDochttig.\\nThis very simple operation is generally performed on lambs\\nat an early age as a rule, and properly so at the time of castra-\\ntion. A sheep s tail is, to say the best of it, a useless appendage.\\nIt cannot be used to brush off flies or anything else, and while\\nmost likely it had its use in prehistoric sheep, domestication by\\nrelieving it of whatever use it may have been put to, failed to\\nprevent its appearance, atavism being stronger than years of\\ndomestication. Should the tail be left intact it collects mud\\nand dung, giving the animal an uncleanly appearance. The", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "294 OPERATIVE SURGERY.\\naccumulation of filth is also liable to cause fissures in the skin,\\nwhich become attacked by the fly. The tail may be severed by\\nthe knife without any after treatment, or should it be preferable,\\nafter cutting, the parts are seared with a red hot iron, which in-\\nstantly checks the hemorrhage.\\nEwes for self-evident reasons should always be docked even\\nIf the wether lambs are allowed to go without.\\nSpaying.\\nThis is the removal of the ovaries of the female, a counter-\\npart of the operation of castration of the male, and while it is\\nrarely performed on ewes, owing to the fact that their breeding\\nqualities are more to be valued than the slight improvement in\\nthe mutton and facility to fatten which this operation is sup-\\nposed to confer, still as it is a common operation on other classes\\nof she stock, notably swine and cattle, and as beyond a doubt a\\nspayed female will take on flesh quicker and do better as a feeder\\nthan one which is entire, which would be an advantage in fitting\\newes for exhibition in the fat stock class, we shall briefly de-\\nscribe here the modus operandi of the operation.\\nPlace the ewe on its back on an inclined plank, having as-\\nsistants to hold the subject securely in position; make an incis-\\nion directly back of the umbilicus (navel) extending backwards\\ntowards the mammae about two inches in length, cutting directly\\nthrough the skin and sub-cutaneous structures, exposing the lin-\\ning of the abdominal cavity (peritoneum) pierce this by insert-\\ning the knife at right angles to the body of the subject, and\\nwiden the opening suflEiciently to permit the insertion of the two\\nfirst fingers of the hand, by reaching backwards and slightly to\\none side the horn of the uterus will be felt. This can be traced\\nforward until the ovary manifests itself, situated at the extrem-\\nity of the cornua; bring the ovary to the surface and hold it\\nwith one hand, employing the fingers of the other to trace and", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "OPERATIVE SUEGERY. 295\\nsecure the other ovary, the possession of the first materially as-\\nsisting in finding its fellow. The ovaries are twisted off to pre-\\nvent hemorrhage, which would be liable to occur if the parts\\nwere directly cut with the knife. The horns of the uterus are\\nthen returned to the abdominal cavity and the lips of the incision\\nbrought together by sutures. It is well to take one deep suture\\nthrough the skin, abdominal walls and peritoneum, and two\\nsuperficial ones through the skin, just bringing the edges of the\\ncuticle in apposition. The sutures should not bring the edges\\nof the wound tightly together, as the inflammation which al-\\nways results would tend to tear out the stitches, which would be\\nfollowed by serious if not fatal results.\\nThe after-treatment consists in dressing the seat of the oper-\\nation with pine tar or some such agent to keep the wound in an\\naseptic condition and prevent attacks of the fly.\\nfractures.\\nA fracture of a bone is the solution of its continuity. A\\nsimple fracture is where the bone is broken without injury to the\\nsoft tissues covering it.\\nA compound fracture is where an open wound exists which\\nconnects with the broken bone.\\nWhere the bone is shattered into fine fragments, the frac-\\nture is said to be comminuted, and complicated, when together\\nwith the broken bone, severe injury to the adjacent tissues, or\\ndeep-seated bruising of the parts also exists.\\nSymptoms.\\nGreat lameness, inability to bear weight on the limb, which\\nhangs limp, the animal being unable to exert any control over\\nthe affected member. Manipulation of the part reveals crepitus,\\nthe sound made by the broken ends of the bones coming in con-\\ntact with each other. The animal exhibits great pain when the\\nparts are being handled.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "296 OPERATIVE SURGERY.\\nCreatmcnt.\\nConsists in bringing the ends of the fractured bones to-\\ngether and holding them in place bj putting the parts in splints\\nor a plaster of Paris cast.\\nA sheep will, as a rule, nurse a broken leg and make a good\\nrecovery if the parts have been properly dressed, but unless the\\nanimal be a valuable ram or ewe, especially desired for breeding\\npurposes, it is best not to try treatment, but to turn the animal at\\nonce over to the butcher.\\nCdounds.\\nThese may be divided into four classes\\n1. Incised or clean-cut wounds.\\n2. Punctured.\\no. Lacerated or torn.\\n4, Contused or bruised.\\nXnciscd or Clean-cut CClounds.\\nA clean-cut wound will as a rule unite by what is termed\\nfirst intention, that is the parts when brought in apposition, ad-\\nhere and heal without any visible process of granulation. The\\nproper treatment for incised wounds is to wash them with a\\nfour per cent, solution of carbolic acid to remove any foreign\\nmatter which may have gained access, and at the same time de-\\nstroy bacteria, rendering the parts aseptic; bring the lips of the\\nwound together by sutures and apply to the surface some dry-\\ning antiseptic powder, such as:\\nCalomel 1 drachm\\nSub-nitrate of bismuth 1 ounce\\nMix. Dust over affected parts once or twice daily. This\\nas a rule will be all that is necessary.\\npunctured bounds.\\nPunctured wounds require frequently to be enlarged to per-\\nmit drainage. As this class of wound heals by granulation and\\nsuppuration, the healing process to be satisfactory should com-", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "OPEKATIVE SURGERY. 297\\nluence at the bottom, extending outwards; the parts must be\\nkept clean, and daily injections with some mild antiseptic solu-\\ntion will be found to promote the process of healing and prevent\\ndanger of septic infection, to which this class of wound is\\nespecially liable.\\nLacerated or Corn bounds.\\nRemove all the torn, hanging shreds of tissue and wash out\\nthe parts with some antiseptic solution, then dress daily with\\nsome powder such as calomel and bismuth, or\\nTake. Boracic acid 1 ounce\\nIodoform 1 drachm\\nPowdered chalk 2 ounces\\nMix and dust over the parts once or twice daily.\\nA lacerated wound heals by granulation. At times these\\nbecome excessive, projecting above the surface and bleeding-\\nvery readily. These should be reduced by touching lightly\\nwith lunar caustic or sprinkled over with burnt alum.\\nContused or Bruised bounds.\\nA bruised or contused wound is rarely met with in sheep,\\nexcepting those which have been shipped to the market in over-\\nloaded cars and getting down are trampled upon. The treat-\\nment when applied consists in removing the inflammation by\\nmeans of hot fomentations and dressing the parts with some\\ncooling agent, such as the White lotion.\\nBrutscd.\\nThe sheep in the pasture or feeding lot rarely becomes\\nbruised owing to the protection afforded by its fleece. Sheej)\\nwhich are shipped on railroad cars, from overcrowding, are often\\ntrampled on and bruised, the treatment for which is the same as\\nthat prescribed for contused wounds.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "298 OPEEATIVE SUEGEEY.\\nStrains or Sprains.\\nA sudden stretching of a soft strncture, accompanied by\\nrupture of the muscle fibres or extension of the tendons, is often\\nfollowed by acute inflammation, swelling and fever. The\\naffected parts are then said to be strained or sprained.\\nThe sheep, owing to its naturally slow and careful move-\\nments, rarely becomes affected with this condition. The sudden\\nfrightening of sheep by dogs or other causes might, however,\\nresult in the sprain of a limb from a sudden mis-step.\\nCrcatmcnt.\\nConsists in bathing the affected part with either hot or cold\\nwater to reduce the inflammation, and then applying some cool-\\ning lotion such as:\\nDistilled extract of witch hazel 4 ounces\\nTincture of arnica 1 ounce\\nSoap liniment 1 ounce\\nAlcohol 2 ounces\\nWater 8 ounces\\nHb9CC39.\\nIs the collection of pus under the skin or in the deeper seat-\\ned tissues. It may follow the infliction of a bruise or result from\\nsome constitutional ailment.\\nWhen an abscess is in process of formation the affected part\\nfeels hot to the touch; is painful and as a rule the animal shows\\nsigns of constitutional derangement, such as high fever.\\nWhen the abscess is formed, by pressing the part, the fluid\\ncontained in it is felt to fluctuate, but the part does not pit on\\npressure like dropsical swellings. When the part feels soft to\\nthe touch the abscess is said to point. It is then ready to open\\nand if left to itself would burst. This, however, leaves a gaping\\nwound which takes time to heal. The knife should alwavs be", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "OPERATIVE SURGERY. 299\\nused before this stage is reached. Insert the knife in the most\\ndependent part of the abscess, making a wide opening to permit\\nfree drainage, after the contents have been evacuated the injec-\\ntion of an antiseptic solution will be all that is necessary.\\nAny unnatural swelling or protuberance of the tissues of\\nthe animal body is termed a tumor. Tumors are virtually hyper-\\ntrophies or overgrowths of tissue. A tumor may be composed\\nof tissue similar to that sun-ounding it, in which event it is\\ntermed a homologous tumor; or it may be entirely different\\nfrom the contiguous tissue, and is then termed heterologous.\\nTumors grow in size, either by central or peripheral\\ngrowth; both, however, depend on cell proliferation, the\\ngrowth being formed in the same manner as normal tissue.\\nThe blood-vessels leading to the tumor usually become enlarged^\\nto supply nutrition to the growth, new blood vessels form among\\nthe meshes of the tumor cells. Consequently, as a rule, we find\\novergrowths of tissue to be very vascular, and bleed extensively\\nwhen excised. Tumors are said to be malignant when they tend\\nto destroy the tissues in which they are situated, and have a\\ntendency to recur after removal. A benign tumor is that which\\ndoes not differ materially in structure from the tissue surround-\\ning it, and does not show a tendency to degeneration and ulcer-\\nation, as do the malignant variety, neither does it as a rule recur\\nafter removal.\\nTumors are classified generally according to the structure\\ncomposing them. We shall not here, however, enter into this\\nsubject, as the sheep rarely, with the exception perhaps of goitre,\\nis affected with overgrowths of tissue, and malignant cancerous\\nswellings in this species of animal are exceedingly rare.\\nThe etiology or cause of tumor formation has never been\\nverv satisfactorilv denionstratcrl. Bevond a doubt a blow or", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "300 OPERATIVE SURGERY.\\ninjury to a part may be followed by tumor formation, not merely\\na simple swelling of tlie tissue resulting from inflammation con-\\nsequent to the injury, but by the formation of new adventitious\\ntissue growth; but in the human family, and also in some of the\\nherbivora we find heredity undoubtedly is a vital point in the\\nsituation. Then again, Cohnheim s theory of the misplacement\\nof embryonal cells undoubtedly is frequently correct. And of\\nlate years parasitic origin appears to be receiving much consid-\\neration at the hands of investigators.\\nCystic tumors are enlargements containing a fluid-like\\nserum, and, according to Paget, originate by three different\\nmethods: Either by enlargement and fusion of the spaces of the\\nconnective or other tissues, the fluids accumulating in these\\nspaces, causing the tissues to become rarefied, the dividing septa\\nof the spaces becoming broken down till a sac or cyst is formed,\\nthe outside boundaries of which continue to secrete fluid which\\naccumulates in and press out the walls of the sac, so enlarging it;\\nor by dilatation and growth of natural ducts; or by rapid growth\\nof new elementary structures, which is the form occurring as\\ngoitre, in the thyroid bodies of young animals, lambs frequently\\nbeing oo afl^ected.\\nCreatment.\\nTreatment of tumors consists in their early extirpation by\\nn.eans of the knife or destruction of the cell elements with strong-\\ncaustics, etc. The ram is at times affected with a tumor of the\\npenis, which appears to belong to the carcinomata, and which\\nnecessitates early removal by knife or ligature.\\nFor the removal of a malignant growth to be successful\\nevery particle of the foreign tissue must be removed, it being a\\nsafe plan to dissect out some of the normal tissue contiguous to\\nthe growth, and so guard against the possibility of leaving be-\\nhind any of the adventitious tissue. Yet even in many instances\\nwhere the growth is malignant, it tends after removal, to recur", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "OPERATIVE SUEGERY. 301\\nin other parts of the system by a process termed metastasis,\\nmaking such growths one of the most dangerous and unsatis-\\nfactory conditions to deal with which affect animal life. Further\\nmention will not be made of any special class of tumor liable to\\naffect the sheep, with the exception of goitre, which will now be\\nconsidered.\\nGoitre. Struma*\\nThis is an affection of the thyroid glands, in which they be-\\ncome enlarged, sometimes to such an extent that the functions\\nof the trachea and oesophagus become interfered with, so as to\\nthreaten the subject s existence. It may exist in any one r)f\\nfour forms, viz:\\n(1) Real Goitre, when the swelling is due to enlargement\\nof the gland follicles, the whole gland or only part of it being\\ninvolved.\\n(2) Fibrous Goitre, where the connective tissue of the\\ngland is increased, the follicles remaining normal or nearly so,\\n])ortions of the gland as a rule only being affected.\\n(3) Dilatation of the veins, or varicose goitre.\\n(4) Cystic Goitre or bronchocele. This last form is\\nthat generally found affecting sheep, lambs more especially, and\\nis supposed to be due to the presence of magnesia in the drinking-\\nwater.\\nGoitre is a common affection of the human family as well as\\nanimals, and up to the present time the causes do not appear to\\nbe very well understood. The locality appears o have a predis-\\nposing effect. Williams states that animals grazing on soil ricli in\\nmagnesian lime are prone to this affection. As it attacks ani-\\nmals, sheep especially, lambs, appear to be more subject to tlie\\ncondition than mature sheep. Heredity appears to have a strong-\\nrelation to the transmissibilitv of the disease, instances havin\u00c2\u00abr", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "302 DISEASES OF THE EYE.\\nl)eeii recorded where a number of affected lambs in a flock were\\nall got by one ram wliicli had the disease. Lambs from flocks in\\ncertain localities have been attacked enzootically at various sea-\\nsons. Low sitv.ations or a damp atmosphere upon elevated situ-\\nations, according to Williams, will act as a cause of bronchocele.\\nSymptoms.\\nSwelling immediately under the larynx, at one or both sides\\nof the trachea. This may not increase in size very rapidly, and\\nin some instances tends to diminish and disappear of its own ac-\\ncord. Where the gland increases in size so as to compress the\\ntrachea and interfere with deglutition as well, an operation for\\nremoval of the gland might be permissible.\\nCrcatmctit.\\nConsists in the administration internally of iodide of potas-\\nsium in full doses, also giving once a week a cathartic dose of\\nEpsom or Glauber salts. The wool should be clipped from\\naffected surface, and the parts painted with iodine, or the com-\\npound ointment of iodine applied. Goitre, due to cancerous\\ninvasion, such as carcinomatous goitre, should be sufficient cause\\nfor slaughter of the animal. The meat on no account should\\nin this instance be offered for human consumption. Removal of\\nthe affected gland or glands is not liable to result satisfactorily,\\nin that the subject will become checked in its growth, and is\\nliable to anaemia with marked debility. There would be noth-\\ning to recommend this operation so far as sheep are concerned.\\nDiseases of the 6ye.\\nThe sheep frequently suffers from eye affections, as do other\\nof the lower order of animals. Many of these disorders are\\nliable to produce permanent blindness, which is less noticeable\\nin sheep than in other animals from the fact that their hearing", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "DISEASES OF THE EYE. 303\\nbeing unimpaired tliey are enabled to keep with the flock and ex-\\nperience but slight difficulty in grazing.\\nSimple Ophthalmia.\\nInflammation of the conjunctivae or mucous membranes lin-\\ning the eyelids. It may be caused from foreign matter such as\\nhayseed or dirt gaining access to the eyes, or bites from insects.\\nIt arises also as the result of exposure or as a complication of\\nnasal catan-h.\\nSymptoms.\\nThe eye is partly closed, the eyelids are swelled, the eye is\\nretracted into the orbit, there is a copious secretion of tears which\\nflow down over the cheeks. On turning back the eyelid the con-\\njunctiva is found to be congested, with red streaks running\\nacross it.\\nWhen occurring as a complication in nasal catarrh it in-\\nvades the eye through the lachrymal duct. Should it attack the\\ncornea, exudation often takes place infiltrating the tissues of that\\norgan. The organization of this exudate produces a condition\\nknown as opacity of the cornea.\\nCrcatmcnt.\\nIf due to the presence of foreign material this must be re-\\nmoved, this in some cases is a matter of great difficulty, es-\\npecially when the object becomes embedded in the tissues of the\\neyeball, and in many cases it may be necessary to transfix the\\nmembrana nictitans (winking eyelid) by means of a suture before\\nthe particle can be abstracted. After-treatment consists iu bath-\\ning the eye with cold water and using some simple lotion, such as:\\nSulphate of zinc 2 grains\\nSulphate of morphia 2 grains\\nDistilled water 1 ounce", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "304 DISEASES OF THE EYE.\\nDrop a few drops into the eye two or three times daily,\\nhere the mucous membrane of the eyelids has been cauterized\\nby some such agent as lime, (this is frequently seen following the\\nuse of lime and sulphur as a dip for scab), introduce something\\ninto the eye which will lubricate and have a soothing effect, such\\nas a drop or two of linseed tea, or a kernel of flaxseed may be in-\\nserted under the lids.\\nOphthalmia proper, also called the Blinds.\\nThis is a condition of inflammation of the conjunctiva simu-\\nlating in symptoms simple opthalmia, with the difference while\\nthat is due to foreign matter, or the extension of inflammation\\nfrom other diseases, such as nasal catarrh, this appears often\\nas an epizootic; is recurrent in character, each successive attack\\nbeing more severe, the result being total blindness in the major-\\nity of cases. This disease appears to be closely allied to the dis-\\nease known as specific ophthalmia to which the equine is liable,\\nwhich is also a recurrent disease apt to terminate in cataract and\\nblindness. The cause of this affection so far has not been de-\\ntermined, but that it is infectious in character is extremely doubt-\\nful. The symptoms are the same as those noticed in simj)le oph-\\nthalmia, but that there appears to be a certain amount of consti-\\ntutional derangement and a tendency for the complaint to run a\\nmalignant course. The treatment would be the same as for\\nsimple ophthalmia. It is a good plan, however, to commence with\\na mild physic, such as four ounces of Epsom salts; use cold appli-\\ncations to the eye and the zinc sulphate lotion. In extreme\\ncases bleeding from the angular vein appears to afford relief.\\nHmaurcsis, 6utta Serena, Glass Gye,\\nIs a condition in which there is paralysis of the optic nerve,\\nrendering the eye useless. It may be caused from injuries, such\\nas a blow over the head with a crook, or may be due to tumors in", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "DISEASES OF THE EYE. 305\\nthe cranium which interfere with the functions of the djjtic\\nnerve. This condition is incurable.\\nfungus Raetnatodcs.\\nThis is a malignant, cancerous disease attacking the cavity\\nof the orbit. It is most commonly seen attacking cattle, but\\nsheep are by no means exempt. It makes its first appearance as\\na small red spot at the side of the orbit, which enlarges rapidly,\\ninvolving not only the eye itself but the bones and tissues sur-\\nrounding it.\\nCrcatmcTit.\\nConsists on its early removal, to accomplish which the\\neye must also be extirpated. If the bones are already attacked\\nthey must be scraped and the parts cauterized. The actual\\ncautery being preferred, the removal to be successful must be\\ncomplete, otherwise the growth will quickly recur. Unless the\\nsheep be a very valuable animal and it is desired to keep it for\\nbreeding purposes no treatment should be attempted, but as soon\\nas the condition manifests itself the patient should be turned\\nover to the butcher.\\nOpacity of the Cornea.\\nIs a sequel to inflammatory conditions of the eye, such as\\nophthalmia. It is due to the organization of the exudates which\\nfollow inflammation. This is of very common occurrence in\\nsheep, due to the fact that unless the animal is valuable or is a\\nmember of a very small flock, ophthalmia would pass unnoticed\\nby the flock-ow^ner, and if observed would not as a rule be-\\nthought worthy of treatment, in wdiich event the disease running\\nits course uninterrupted would in the majority of cases terminate\\nwith this condition.\\nbounds in the Gyc,\\nThese, when occurring in the conjunctiva, would be accom-\\npanied by all the symptoms of simple ophthalmia. When the cnr-", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "306 DISEASES OF THE EYE.\\nnea is injured, as may occur from a sharp instrument penetrat-\\ning the eye, and the aqueous humor is evacuated, the len is\\nliable to fall out, in which event of course the usefulness of the\\neye is lost. In the treatment of all ^younds of the eye try to\\nkeep down the inflammation and endeavor to maintain an\\naseptic condition. Always use weak solutions to drop into the\\neye, and in many cases the addition of one drachm of a four per\\ncent, solution of cocaine added to one ounce of the lotion will\\ngive excellent results by relieving the pain. In all cases of in-\\nflammation in and around the eye, it is a good plan to use atro-\\npine directly to the organ. This by dilating the pupil prevents\\nthe organization of the inflammatory exudates, or, better still,\\nuse the atropine solution in the following manner:\\nSulphate of atropia 2 grains\\nCocaine hydrochlorate sol. 4 per\\ncent 1 drachm\\nDistilled water 1 ounce\\nUse for two or three days, applying a few drops to the eye several\\ntimes a day. And then\\nTake. Eserine 2 grains\\nDistilled water 1 ounce\\nand use this for two or three days.\\nThe atropia solution dilates the pupil while the eserine solu-\\ntion has the opposite effect. In this manner the pupil is kept\\nmoving, lessening the possibility of organization of the products\\nof inflammation. An opaque cornea, when of recent occurrence,\\ncan often be corrected by stimulation. To effect this apply with\\na feather or camel s hair brush a solution of the nitrate of silver,\\nsuch as\\nNitrate of silver x grains\\nDistilled water 1 ounce\\nApply this directly to the opacity once or twice a day. It is a\\ngood plan to administer internally saline diuretics, such as nitrate\\nof potash in drachm doses, and a full dose of Epsom salts.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVIII,\\nLocal ]Von-Contagious Diseases.\\nIn the arrangement of this work a few diseases which did\\nnot especially belong with those already classified have been in-\\nserted under the above heading. Among snch are several of\\nthose affecting the integument and glands of the skin and also\\ncertain conditions affecting the feet. We shall now consider\\nsuch diseases of the skin as are dependent on constitutional\\nderangement either from errors in diet or from faulty excretion\\nof effete materials, due to an abnormal condition of the glands,\\neczema.\\nThis is a common affection among sheep, especially with\\nyoung immature animals which are highly fed to prepare them\\nfor exhibition purposes.\\nWhile eczema is recognized in several different forms, we\\nfind that the vesicular is that to which sheep are more generally\\nliable.\\nThe attack comes on suddenly, the parts attacked generally\\nbeing the face and lips, but it also may attack any of the parts of\\nthe skin, especially those where the fleece is lightest, such as the\\nbelly, inside of thighs and armpits.\\nThe visible symptoms are intense itching, the animal rubs\\nitself violently, small vesicles appear on the affected parts.\\nThese rupture, discharge a M atery fluid, and, on drying up, a small\\nnodule remains in the place of each vesicle, which might be mis-\\ntaken for scab, from which, however, it is easily differentiated,\\nas an examination of the parts will reveal the absence of para-\\nsites.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "308 LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.\\nCrcatmctit.\\nThis condition is invariably due to dietetic errors, from\\nover-feeding, or feeding certain grains and grasses in excess^\\nsuch as clover or buckwheat. An entire change of diet will as a\\nrule effect a speedy cure, especially if it is possible to put the\\nsheep on fresh grass. When show sheep are attacked with this\\ncondition it is well to decrease their rations and give a saline\\ncathartic such as Epsom salts. Combined with the food such\\nmedicines also may be given as exert a special action on the skin,\\nas Fowler s solution of arsenic, which can be administered in\\nfrom one-half to one drachm doses twice daily. As a local ap-\\nplication to relieve the itching and prevent the animal tearing its\\nfleece and thereby becoming ragged, a cooling lotion will be\\ntV und beneficial.\\nTake. Acetate of lead -i drachms\\nWater 1 pint\\nApply to affected parts once or twice daily, or, if preferred,,\\nfinely powdered boracic acid may be dusted over the parts.\\nThis is simply inflammation of the skin and may arise from\\none of several causes, such as stings of insects, frost bites, etc.;\\nchapped teats in ewes, due to lying on wet ground, is also\\nerythematous in character.\\nIt is characterized by a redness of the affected portion. Ac-\\ncompanying the abnormal redness, the parts feel hot to the\\ntouch; appear swelled and are sore\\nAnything interfering with the normal functions of the skin\\nis liable to produce erythema, cold and wet being very common\\ncauses. It is also seen following debilitating diseases, where the\\nsystem is weakened and the functions of the skin interfered with.\\nThe udder of the ew* just previous to or following par-", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 30\\nturition is very liable to this condition. Sore teats in ewes when\\nnot due to infection of aphtha maligna must be classed a\\nerythema.\\nCreatment.\\nIt is always good practice to administer a saline cathartic in\\nthese cases. The parts can be dressed with a cooling dressing,\\nsuch as the White lotion, the prescription for which is to be\\nfound in the last chapter but one of this work. Nitrate of pot-\\nash in one-half drachm doses can be given with advantage twice\\ndaily in the feed. For chapped teats in ewes dressing with some\\nastringent mixture, such as\\nTannic acid 40 grains\\nGlycerine 2 ounces\\nwill quickly effect a cure.\\nCcUuUtis.\\nThis is inflammation of the cellular tissue underlying the\\nskin, which it also involves. It appears to be due to a derange-\\nment of the circulation or may occur from blood-poisoning; it also\\noccurs as an extension of erysipelas; in which case, however, its\\norigin would be specific. Abscesses fomi in the cellular tissue,\\nproducing mortification and gangrene of the skin above them,,\\nwhich sloughs off. This condition is very rare in sheep.\\nCrcattnetit.\\nConsists in administering tonics, such as iron and arsenic, or\\nvegetable tonics, such as gentian and quinine, feeding stimulat-\\ning, easily digestible food, and adopting good hygienic measures\\ngenerally.\\nprurigo.\\nThis is a condition of the skin characterized by intense\\nitching, but not accompanied by any eruption. It appears to be\\ndue to an altered sensory condition of the periphery of the", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "310 LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.\\nnerves and seems to arise as a sequela to indigestion, probably\\nfrom some peculiar effect which indigestion produces on the sys-\\ntem generally. Overfeeding is also liable to produce this condi-\\ntion, especially where the diet has lacked a change. Associated\\nwith prurigo is generally a plethoric condition.\\nCreatment.\\nWhen due to indigestion, such agents must be administered\\nas will tend to correct that condition, as charcoal and vegetable\\n-and mineral tonics.\\nTake. Sulphate of iron 1 ounce\\nGentian 4 ounces\\nPowdered willow charcoal 4 ounces\\nFenugreek 1 ounce\\nNitrate of potash powdered ounce\\nLinseed meal 4 ounces\\nMix. Give one tablespoonful in feed once or twice daily.\\nWhen accompanied by a plethoric condition, commence\\ntreatment with saline cathartics, Glauber or Epsom salts, and feed\\ngreen food, such as fresh grass, etc., when possible. When\\nsheep on high feed are attacked with this condition it becomes\\nnecessary to reduce the ration if a cure is to be expected.\\nImpetigo Labialis.\\nIs a pustular condition found affecting the faces and lips of\\nlambs. Some fever and other constitutional symptoms accom-\\npany the breaking out- of the eruptions, but these, however, soon\\ndisappear, a change of diet being as a rule all that will be neces-\\nsary to effect a cure.\\nfoot-rot, paronychia Intcrdigitalis.\\nWe shall consider this disease under the head of non-\\ncontagious affections because its contagious character has not, up\\nto the present time, been properly established. Not that it is de-\\nsired to take issue with any of the noted authorities, who have", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.\\n311\\nexpressed themselves as satisfied witli its contagiousness, but that\\nit is necessary when claiming a specific character for a disease to\\nbe able to show incontrovertible proof that such is the case, and\\nTig. 1.\\nFig. 3.\\nFig. 2.\\n^1\\nFig. 4.\\nFig-. 1. 1. Shrivelled or decayed horn. 2. Dark spot indicating- a cavity.\\n3. Minute fissure.\\nFig. 2\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Early stage of foot-rot induced by rubbing matter on interdigital cuticle\\nat a.\\nFig. 3. Advanced foot-rot. Hoof-horn overgrown to a degree highly abnormal;\\nundjr-surface broken and rotten at 6. From one digit the hoof-hora is nearly\\ndetached, exposing inflamed foot at a. covered with fibres of soft horn,\\n(These three illustrations are from originals of Prof. Brown.)\\nFig. 4. Section of foot through horn-fissure (a), showing extension of the crack,\\nto the interior; (6) edge of hoof bent under, permitting collection of dirt. (Brown.)", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "313 LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.\\nwhile certain experiments have been carried out by different\\nnoted veterinarians to that end, they have only been attended\\nwith success in very few instances, and then under such circum-\\nstances that it is reasonable to believe that the methods employed\\nAvould have caused the condition without the introduction of the\\ndischarge from affected feet.\\nFoot-rot is the cause of very severe monetary losses to\\nflock-owners, not that it is liable to terminate fatally, but that the\\nirritation and fever it produces so interfere with the animal s\\nwell-being as to make it unthrifty, causing it to lose flesh, and\\nthereby inflicting serious injury on its owner. The fact that\\na large number of animals in a flock often become affected\\nsimultaneously, has led many sheep-owners and also veterinarians\\nto believe it to be a contagious affection. The question of its\\ncontagiousness has been affirmatively answered by many noted\\nEuropean authorities, among whom may be mentioned Gohier,\\nGasparin, Girard, Reynal, Mr. George Fleming and many others,\\nand as directly denied by such eminent authorities as the late\\nProf. Dick of Edinburgh, and Profs. Brown and Williams. The\\nlate Mr. Eead of Crediton, Eng., after making exhaustive in-\\nvestigations on the subject, concluded against its contagious char-\\nacter, and stated that it was caused from the soil not being-\\nadapted to graze sheep over, and that the mere moving of infected\\nsheep to healthy land was sufficient in itself to perfect a cure.\\nBefore considering the causes of this disease it may be as\\nwell to consider briefly the anatomy of the foot, a knowledge of\\nwhich will materially assist in determining the cause of the\\ntrouble. The hoof of the sheep is composed of two separate\\ndigits, each enclosed in a horny box or framework, the passage\\nbetween the digits being termed the cleft. AVe find under the\\nhorn or wall of the foot a membrane termed the subcorneus\\nmembrane, which is composed of a number of leaf-like bands", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 313\\nrunning parallel one with the other. This laminal tissue covers\\nthe digits in the same fashion as a sock does the foot, the horny\\ncovering outside of everything being similar to the boot. The\\nouter surfaces of the claws are convex, while the inner surfaces\\nare slightly concave, which permits them to come in contact one\\nwith the other only at their extremities. Situated between the\\npasterns we find a gland known as the interungulate gland, its\\nopening being protected by a few long projecting hairs. This\\ngland secretes a yellow viscid fluid, intended to lubricate and pre-\\nvent friction in .the cleft of the foot, and were it not present the\\ncontinual movements of the claws and their constant contact with\\ngrit and other foreign matter would set up a chronic state of in-\\nXnterungulatc Sinus of Sheep,\\na\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Inner aspect of first phalanx. Hoof or claw, c\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Interung-ulate gland,\\na Orifice of its duct.\\nflammation. This canal at times becomes diseased. Inflamma-\\ntion and disorganization of the structures of the hoof then de-\\nvelops, which if permitted to exist will eventually terminate in a\\ncondition simulating foot-rot. The hoof-horn is secreted from\\nthe coronary band, situated at the juncture of the skin and hoof.\\nThis structure is very vascular, and anything which would inter-\\nfere with its normal functions would necessarily affect the secre-\\ntion of the hoof-horn, either to decrease such secretion or through", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "314 LOCAL NON-OONTAGIOUS DISEASES.\\nsome false stimulation abnormally increase its formation, al-\\nthough its character would be changed and degenerated.\\nNow it would appear plausible that if sheep are grazed on\\nwet pastures, the continual maceration the horny covering re-\\nceives would eventually affect its structure, and that the coronary\\ncushion would also from the same cause secrete a softened ab-\\nnormal horn, the oily covering of which being washed off, es-\\npecially in the cleft, would render the parts liable to not only\\nsoreness and inflammation from friction and contact with dirt\\nand foreign matter, but would render them liable to absorb ma-\\nterial, the presence of which would tend to set up inflammation\\nand disintegration of the horn substance, and if that state is per-\\nmitted to endure for any length of time the bones or soft struc-\\ntures of the foot would perforce of circumstances also become in-\\nvolved in the process of degeneration.\\nIn considering the causes liable to induce foot-rot we must\\nthen lay great stress on the grazing of sheep in wet, low-lying\\npastures, and every authority, even those who advocate the\\ntheory of its contagiousness, admit that for the disease to exist it\\nis necessary that the sheep should have been grazed on wet land.\\nMr. Read in an essay upon the subject, which has been frequently\\nmentioned by different authorities, says:\\nLow situations conjoined with moisture are the fruitful\\nand primary causes of foot-rot. Sheep in these situations have\\ntheir hoofs and the integument above, to which they are united,\\nand the highly elastic tissue situated between the claws constantly\\nin a wet and humid state. Go into any of these pastures after\\nthe sheep have been placed there for only a short period and\\nlook at their feet. Will there not be an increased growth of the\\nhoof? Will not the skin around the coronet and highly sensi-\\ntive membrane be blanched? Will not the vascularity of the\\nparts be weakened from its circulation being enfeebled? Now", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "LOCAL NON-CO.NTAGIOUS DISEASES. 315\\nthis is all produced by wet. In a few days, perhaps, we have a\\nchange of temperature; evaporation is produced from the surface\\nof the land and from animal bodies as well, and the ground be-\\ncomes drier. A reaction takes place; the circulation is quick-\\nened the hoof swells or rather is pushed from the parts beneath\\nthe skin between the claws inflames; the heels bulge; the coronet\\nenlarges; abscesses form; matter penetrates between the horn and\\nthe substance beneath, and disunites the sensitive from the horny\\nlaminae, and, in the worst forms of the disease, the hoof falls\\noff.\\nThis description by Mr. Read very properly and accurately\\ncovers the subject, given the cause, namely, prolonged unnatural\\nsurroundings, and it is not necessary to have any specific germ to\\nassist in producing the changes in the hoof-horn. The fact that\\nso many members of a flock appear to become affected simulta-\\nneously, is easily explained, they all having been subjected to the\\nsame cause. The hoof to maintain its normal healthy condition\\nmust be submitted to a certain amount of wear and tear, other-\\nwise the horn being continually under the process of formation,\\nunless worn off and kept to its proper proportions, would grow\\nabnormally long and favor changes in the horn substance. For\\nthis reason foot-rot is at times met with on dry, sandy soils, the\\nsoftness of the soil not furnishing sufficient wearing properties to\\nthe feet. The mere fact of healthy sheep contracting foot-rot\\nfrom being placed with those already diseased, in no manner\\nproves that the disease is contagious, as the sheep are submitted\\nto the same causes which produced the condition in the former.\\nThe form of the disease met with on high, gravelly soil is pro-\\nduced from an excessive wearing away of the claws from contact\\nwith sharp, gritty particles, and while they go lame and at times\\nabscesses form with fungoid growths of horn, it cannot be said to\\nbe malignant foot-rot, meaning the kind which arises from moist-", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "316 LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.\\nure, as by moving the sheep .to less gravelly surroundings and\\nemploying simple treatment, such as an application of pine tar,\\na cure is speedily effected, the horny secretion in this instance not\\nbeing perverted and changed, as Is the case where the parts have\\nbeen kept in a super-moist condition.\\nSymptoms.\\nThe sheep is noticed to walk with difficulty, appearing to\\nrest frequently after progressing for a short distance. Distinct\\nlameness will be observed in a day or two, the animal then lags\\nbehind the flock and soon assumes a lank appearance.\\nOn examination a moist foetid discharge will be noticeable\\nbetween the claws of the affected feet. The feet are hot, the\\nanimal exhibiting signs of pain when they are pressed, and the\\ncoronet is swollen. In the commencement of the attack only one\\nfoot may be affected, or both fore-feet, or both hind, rarely all\\nfour feet are affected. At first the disease appears located in the\\nfoot, but it is liable to extend, involving the soft tissues of the\\ncoronet, forming abscesses above the hoof, and at times invading\\nthe bones and tendons of the knee. This, however, is very rare.\\nThe hoof -horn, as the disease progresses, takes on a species of\\ndry-rot falls away piece by piece, exposing the delicate sensitive\\nlaminae situated underneath. These sprout outwards, forming\\nfungous growths resembling excessive granulating tissue, in that\\nthey bleed easily when touched. The discharge from the affected\\nsurface is extremely offensive, and so strong in character that if\\nonly a few sheep in a flock are affected the disease can be recog-\\nnized at some little distance from where the diseased flock is\\ngrazing.\\nThe horny sole becomes attacked and peels off, exposing the\\nsensitive parts covering the pedal bone. The subject is then\\nquite lame and should the fore-legs be the ones affected, it will\\nmove around on its knees, crawling on its belly if its hind feet", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 317\\nare diseased. The affected sheep lie down frequently; fall away\\nin flesh, becoming eyesores to their owners. In extreme cases\\nthe claws are shed and the animal is liable to succumb to the dis-\\nease from the pain and inability to procure food. In the summer\\nseason the odor from the affected feet appears to act as an attrac-\\ntion to the fly; the sores become infected with maggots, produc-\\ning a most deplorable condition. In a prize essay by Hogg, the\\nEttrick shepherd, we find the following:\\nOn examining the foot in the first stage of the disease, the\\ncoronary edge, while no external injury can be traced, is some-\\ntimes found a little swollen and inflamed; at other times the\\nhoof is eroded, but whether it be shattered or entire, an intense\\nheat is always perceptible in the feet, with a strong pulsation in\\nthe arteries where they are inserted in the coronary edges of the\\nhoof, and, however sound the hoof may appear externally, the\\nconnection between it and the interior of the foot is always dis-\\nsolved, though the separation is not evident until the hoof is\\npared away. A peculiar smell is perceptible, especially in the\\nadvanced stages or when the ulcerous part is newly opened, yet\\neven in the worst cases a large quantity of ichor is never dis-\\ncharged, there being little more than will wet the finger and that\\nonly when pressed out.\\nThis extract from Mr. Hogg s essay places the first symp-\\ntoms of this disease very plainly before the reader, and it only\\nremains to describe the differences between foot-rot and a disease\\nwhich it, to a certain extent, simulates and for which it has been\\nmistaken namely, aphthous fever. (Foot and mouth disease.)\\nf^oot-rot in its primary Stages,\\nIs not associated with constitutional fever. The appetite\\nremains good and the milk-supply of ewes suckling lambs is not\\nmaterially diminished, hardly at all in the first stage of the\\ndisease.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "318 LOCAL NON-OONTAGIOUS DISEASES.\\nIn foot-rot, as a general rule, one or two feet only are\\nattacked at first, generally the two fore-feet. In foot and mouth\\ndisease all four feet generally are affected, vesicles extending\\nover the front of the digits, and almost always around the heels.\\nIn foot-rot vesicles do not appear in other parts of the body,\\nas on the udder, skin, or in the mouth, which is the case in foot\\nand mouth disease.\\nIn foot-rot the separation of the wall of the hoof from\\nthe digit proceeds from below upwards, the reverse being the case\\nin foot and mouth disease.\\nLastly, foot and mouth disease is highly contagious. By an-\\nnointing a wisp of hay with the discharge and drawing it through\\nthe mouth of a healthy sheep, a definite diagnosis can be arrived\\nat, as this is always in case of foot and mouth disease sufficient\\nto inoculate and produce the condition in the healthy subject;\\nwhereas in foot-rot the effects would be nil, it being impossible to\\npropagate it in such a manner.\\ntreatment.\\nThis must be prompt and in many cases heroic if a speedy\\ncure is to be expected. When a large number of a flock become\\naffected, the daily turning of each diseased sheep would be a\\nmattter requiring a large expenditure of time and trouble. To\\novercome this, various foot baths have been adopted through\\nwhich the flock is driven once a week or oftener, if desired, and\\nit is highly proper here to describe this method before taking up\\nthe individual treatment of the members of the flock.\\nA shallow trough about two feet in width and eighteen\\ninches deep, the length being a matter of convenience, depending\\nupon the number of sheep to be treated, is set in the ground. A\\nlow fence is made to run the entire length and on each side of\\nthe vat, so that the sheep will be compelled to stand in it. A\\nsolution of arsenic made as follows:", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "LOCAL N0N-C?ONTAGI0US DISEASES. 319\\nTake. Arsenioiis acid 3 lbs.\\nCarbonate of potash 2 lbs.\\nWater 14 gals.\\nThe arsenic and potash mnst be boiled for at least half an hour in\\nthe fourteen gallons of water in order that the arsenic may ho\\nwell dissolved. A sufficient quantity of this solution is then\\npoured into the trough so that the liquid will be about three\\ninches deep, to permit it to thoroughly cover the feet and pas-\\nterns of the sheep.\\nAffected sheep before being stood in the bath, should have\\ntheir feet pared; all fungoid growths should be removed. It is\\nnot necessary to stand the sheep in the bath for any length of\\ntime if the trough is over ten feet in length, the mere passing of\\nthe sheep through it will be sufficient. After leaving the bath\\ncare must be taken that the sheep are not allowed to graze until\\nthe liquid has drained from their feet, otherwise the drippings on\\nthe grass being eaten by themselves or other animals would\\ncause arsenical poisoning.\\nIt is a good plan to place the trough on some bare place as\\nfar away from the farm buildings as possible, having a pen at\\neach extremity of the trough, so that the sheep can be driven\\nthrough without difficulty. The pen at the outlet to be used as\\na draining pen, the sheep to be held there until the feet have\\ndrained dry. The trough also should be provided with a water\\ntight lid and kept locked, otherwise it would be dangerous to the\\nlive-stock of the farm. In mild cases of foot-rot, sulphate of\\ncopper (blue stone) may be used in the place of the arsenic, this\\nshould be used in the strength of one pound to the gallon of\\nwater.\\nAfter the sheep have passed through the bath, it is found\\nvery beneficial to apply quick lime to their feet. The easiest\\nmethod being to sprinkle the floor of a barn with the quicklime\\nand compel the sheep to walk on it. It must be borne in mind.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "320 LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.\\nhowever, that treating the disease without bettering the sur-\\nroundings which led to, and are responsible for the condition,\\nwill be a very unsatisfactorj^ undertaking. If the disease has\\narisen from the excessive moisture, this must be changed before\\na cure can be expected; the same holds good when the soil is\\ngravelly and liable to make the animals foot-sore. If possible run\\nthe sheep on ground which is suitable and accords with their\\nhabits. Where it is impossible to do so, it becomes necessary to\\nhouse the sheep at night on dry ground or in sawdust-floored\\npens, and to adopt all such measures as will tend to counteract\\nthe drawbacks of the locality.\\nWhere a few sheep only in a flock are affected, those which\\nshow signs of lameness should be caught and turned. The affect-\\ned feet should be pared down, all shreds of horn or fungus being\\nremoved. The ulcerated surfaces should be cauterized to stimu-\\nlate the secretion of healthy horn. Many different agents have\\nbeen used for this purpose with more or less success, such as\\nbutyr of antimony, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, creosote, chromic\\nacid, terebene, and many others. Perhaps that which gives as\\ngood if not better results without danger of excessive cauteriza-\\ntion is butyr of antimony. After applying this or any of the\\nother agents to the sore surfaces, the parts should be dressed with\\nStockholm tar or carbolized tar, which makes an antiseptic and\\nhealing dressing having the tendency to stimulate the growth of\\nhealthy horn.\\nWhen the granulations are very profuse, it will be found\\ngood practice to apply the actucil cautery, the red-hot iron in\\nthese cases appearing to exert a special action not to be obtained\\nby the use of any chemical astringent and caustic agents. Ewes\\nin lamb require careful handling, and unless the disease is far\\nadvanced they should not be turned for dressing; it will be found\\nsafer to stand them in the arsenical or copper solution. Quick-", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "LOCAL NON-OONTAGIOUS DISEASESv 321\\nlime is liiglily recommended by many experienced flock-owners\\nfor this condition. It can be applied as already stated, and, as\\nits cost is comparatively small, it certainly justifies a trial.\\nBear in mind that foot-rot generally prevails on moist land\\nin wet weather, and on dry land in very dry weather (the ground\\nthen being hard on the feet). During such seasons special vigil-\\nance must be used by the flock-owner and measures adopted to pre-\\nvent the occurrence of this troublesome affection.\\nItifUiTiTnatioii of the Ititcrdigital Canal.\\nOn the anterior of the pasterns superior to the claws, mid-\\nway between the coronet and the upper pastern joint, is situated\\na small aperture from which project three or four hairs about\\none fourth of an inch in length. This aperture is the opening of\\nthe canal leading to the gland known as the interungulate gland,\\nthe uses of which have already been described.\\nAt times this canal becomes inflamed from irritation caused\\nby the entrance into it of foreign bodies, such as pieces of grit\\nor dirt, etc. Should these not be removed ulceration of the part\\nis liable to occur and abscesses form. The pus burrows through\\nthe walls of the canal between the digits, setting up intense in-\\nflammation of the foot, which may, if not speedily relieved, proA e\\nfatal. This condition is readily separated from foot-rot in that\\nthe disease only attacks one foot and commences at the inter-\\ndigital canal, the orifice of which is swollen; in the same manner\\nit will not be mistaken for foot-and-mouth disease, as only one\\nmember is affected, whereas in that complaint the likelihood\\nwould be that all four feet would be involved in the inflamma-\\ntory process.\\nSymptoms.\\nGreat lameness, an examination reveals the orifice of the\\ninterdigital canal swollen, the surrounding parts being swollen", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "322 LOCAL XON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES.\\nand the skin very red. The sheep is feverish aud uii its feed; ex-\\nhibits symptoms of intense pain. It carries the, affected leg off\\nthe ground, limping aronnd on three legs while grazing.\\ntreatment.\\nConsists in removing whatever may have entered into or\\nblocked the outlet of the gland. The foot should be washed in\\nwarm water, the canal syringed out with a carbolized solution\\nand the foot then placed in a poultice. After-treatment consists\\nin applying some astringent application, such as a tincture of\\nmyrrh.\\nWhere the inflammation has been excessive, sinuses and ab-\\nscesses already having formed, the canal must be laid open and the\\nparts dressed with a strong antiseptic solution.\\nWhen it is necessary to operate in this manner the applica-\\ntion of a four per cent, solution of cocaine hydrochlorate will\\nmake the operation painless to the subject.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIX.\\nparturition and the Diseases Incidental Cbereto,\\nNormal parturition is the act of expulsion of the foetus\\nfrom the womb of its mother after the completion of its full\\nperiod of development within that organ.\\nThe period elapsing from the time of its first conception and\\nits final expulsion from the uterus is called the term or period of\\ngestation. This, as it occurs in sheep, extends over a period of\\nnearly five months, or, to be more exact, from 142 to 150 days.\\nThe act of parturition, while a natural physiological process,\\nis attended in all mammalia with more or less pain and risk to\\nthe existence of the subject. The foetus, being fully developed,\\nacts as an irritant to the organ in which it has been elaborated,\\ninducing a marked disturbance of the nervous system, accom-\\npanied with violent contractions of the womb, aiming to expel\\nthat which has now become a foreign body.\\nExpulsion is not effected by one effort, but by successive,\\nslow and progressive contractions, becoming more severe and ex-\\nhausting as the labor becomes prolonged. At first the pains are\\nof short duration, increasing gradually in force. Normal con-\\ntractions take place at the fundus, (center of the body of th6\\nwomb); the cornua (horns) shorten towards the fundus; the\\nwomb towards the neck, and the neck towards the opening into\\nthe vaginal cavity called the os. The water-bag enveloping the\\nfoetus acts as a mechanical dilator to the neck of the womb,\\nwhich, as the pressure increases, becomes thinner and shorter^\\npermitting the water-bag to dilate its opening or os. The limb?\\nand head of the foeUis acting as a wedge maintain the dilatation)\\nof the parts, which, as the pains increase in severity, finally fi-", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "324 PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL.\\nlarge, obliterating the os entirely, making the vagina and uterus\\none large distended cavity. When this stage is reached delivery\\ntakes place very rapidly.\\nSheep frequently bring forth twins, and these may be born\\none directly after the other, or, after the birth of one lamb, a\\nperiod sometimes of two or three days may elapse before the de-\\nlivery of the other takes place.\\nEwes, during the period of gestation, should be kept quiet\\nand free from such distvn-bances as would be liable to result in\\npremature delivery. Chasing of pregnant ewes by dogs, sudden\\nchanges in diet, improper hygienic surroundings, are all liable to\\nresult in abortion, and endanger the lives of the ewes themselves.\\nThe act of parturition is liable to be prolonged, owing to a\\nnumber of causes which may arise, many of which are of such a\\nserious nature as to result in the death of the ewe. As causes re-\\nsulting in protracted labor we find: (1) Exhaustion from gen-\\neral debility. (2) Cold weather at time delivery is due. (3)\\nPremature rupture of the envelopes (water-bag), permitting the\\nescape of the liquor amnii (water); the uterus then becomes ex-\\nhausted from contracting on the foetus, the neck of the womb\\nnot being dilated. (4) Obstructions in the genital passages,\\nsuch as tumors in the neck of the womb or vagina. (5) Rigidity\\nof the neck of the womb, frequently due to some injury inflicted\\nin a previous delivery. (6) A complete obliteration of the os,\\nwhich condition, however, is rare. (7) Torsion of the uterus,\\nin which event the womb has become twisted on its neck a con-\\ndition caused by violent motions on the part of a pregnant sub-\\nject, and which has to be rectified before delivery can take place.\\nThe first set of causes, such as exhaustion from general\\ndebility, exposure, etc., are due wholly to mismanagement on the\\npart of the flock-owner, and are not to be overcome at the last\\nmoment, but should be guarded against and prevented by proper", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. 325\\ncare of the ewes from the time of intercourse with the ram till\\ndelivery is due to take place. Where labor is prolonged from\\npremature rupture of the water-bag, injections of warm water,\\nor warm infusions of slippery-elm bark will facilitate the de-\\nlivery.\\nWhere obstructions, such as tumors in the genital organs,\\nexist, their removal must take place before parturition can pro-\\nceed.\\nIn cases of rigidity of the os, whether due to previous injury\\nor perverted nervous function, applications of warm water\\ndouches, or smearing the os with the extract of belladonna will\\noften overcome the difficulty; should this not prove successful,\\nhowever, it becomes necessary to operate, the proper procedure\\nbeing as follows\\nPass the hand in the vagina. This is a matter of some diffi-\\nculty, as the passage is very small as compared with that of the\\ncow or mare, but by diligent manipulation, using vaseline to pro-\\ntect the mucous membranes, it can be accomplished; pass a probe-\\npointed bistoury into the os, and make three slight incisions, as\\ntheoretical Drawing, showing JMethod of Incision of Os Oteri.\\nOuter circumference of os uieri. B Supposed centre of same. C C C\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Incisions\\nstarting^ from B to circumference\\nshown in illustration. This will permit the os to dilate and de-\\nlivery to take place. Where ewes have been delivered in this\\nmanner they should not be bred from again on account of cica-\\ntricial tissue forming in the os. After the lamb is weaned, the\\newe should be fattened for the butcher.\\nWhere obliteration of the os uteri exists, the above operation", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "326 PARTUKITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL.\\ncan be performed, but it is then n matter of great difficulty to lo-\\ncate the proper point for making the incision. A great deal will\\ndepend on the experience and skill of the operator.\\nTorsion of the uterus is a very difficult matter to overcome,\\nespecially in the ewe, where the passage is of such limited size.\\nThe proper method is to introduce the hand into the vagina and\\nup into the uterus, where the spiral turn can be felt. After\\ndeciding as to whether the twist is to the right or left side, have\\nan assistant turn the body of the ewe in the opposite direction,\\nthe operator leaving his hand in the cavity, endeavoring to exert\\nhis force in the direction opposite to that in which the assistant\\nis tuaning. When the womb regains its natural position, deliv-\\nery will be able to take place in its normal manner.\\nParturition is frequently interfered with by malposition on\\nthe part of the foetus, its presentation not being suitable for its\\nexpulsion through the genital passages, or deformities of the\\nfoetus, termed monstrosities, may interfere with its delivery.\\nThese are to a certain extent common in sheep, and when present\\nthe skill of the operator will be required if the life of the ewe is\\nto be saved.\\nThe various mal-presentations may be summed up as fol-\\nlows:\\n(1) Where head and one fore-leg is presented, the other\\nbeing retained. To overcome this condition, gently repel the\\nfoetus back into the womb, and endeavor to obtain possession of\\nthe retained leg; bring it up into position, and allow parturition\\nto proceed naturally.\\n(2) Where the head alone is presented both fore-legs\\nbeing retained push the head back, bring up the fore-legs, so\\npermitting delivery to take place.\\n(3) Where the two fore-legs are presenting, but the head is\\nturned back in this instance the head may be directly turned\\nbackwards, or may be dropped either between the legs or to one", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. i.T\\nside of them. It will be necessary here to obtain possession of\\nthe head. Introduce a finger into the mouth of the foetus, or\\nget the hand round the mouth, using force suificient to bring the\\nhead up into the passage, and deliver the lamb.\\n(4) Where the side of the foetus only can be felt, it must\\nbe turned to its natural position. This requires judgment,\\npatience, and skill on the part of the operator. No iron-clad\\nrule of procedure can be laid down. The operator must manipu-\\nlate the parts until he can obtain possession of a limb, which\\nshould be brought up into position and another one sought for,\\nwhich, when obtained, the foetus can be extracted. Either hind-\\nlegs or fore-legs are sufficient, of course, if the fore-legs are\\nbrought into position the head must present properly, as in\\nparagraph three.\\n(5) Where the back of the foetus presents itself the same\\nprocedure recommended in paragraph four must be employed.\\n(6) Where the breech presents, the hind-legs being re-\\ntained, repel the foetus, standing it on its head in the uterus;\\nreach for a hind-leg, bring it up into the canal, then bring up the\\nother, and extract the lamb by pulling it out backwards.\\n(7) Where the foetus is too large for delivery. These\\ncases call for embryotomy, the foetus having to be extracted\\npiece at a time. Frequently, in these cases, if the operator can\\ndisembowel the foetus the carcass will collapse sufficiently to per-\\nmit its being extracted. Where the head is enlarged (hydro-\\ncephalic), it must be punctured to allow the fluid to escape; the\\nhead can then be crushed and delivery take place. Monstrosities\\nalso come under this class. They frequently necessitate the use\\nof the knife on the foetus if the ewe is to be saved.\\nIn all cases where it is necessary to offer assistance to the\\newe in lambing, care must be exercised to see that no dirt or\\nforeign substances are introduced into the womb, which would be\\nliable to result later in septic poisoning and death to the subject.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "328 PAETUEITIOX AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL..\\nForce, when used, should be exerted gradually, in order that the\\nsoft parts are not injured or torn.\\nIt is always proper to thoroughly wash the hand and arm\\nbefore inserting it in the vagina, also using vaseline or carbolized\\nsweet oil to lubricate the passage and prevent abrasion of its\\nmucous lining. Assistance should only be offered when it be-\\ncomes apparent that the ewe is unable to lamb without it; even\\nwhere labor has been protracted, if the presentation is right, and\\nthe ewe still possesses good strength, it is better to let nature\\ntake its course than to try to hurry matters along.\\nConditions liable to occur incidental to parturition are as\\nfollows: Retention of the foetal membrai: These should be\\nexpelled from the uterus shortly after the lam as been born.\\nWhere they are retained for over twenty-four hours their pres-\\nence is very liable to cause septic poisoning. Take the o-fe^-.\\ning portions, twist them round a stick, and pull gently and stead-\\nily. This is generally all that will be required. After removal^\\ngive the ewe four ounces of Epsom salts, or better still.\\nTake. Epsom salts 2 ounces\\nCarbonate of ammonia ^O grains\\nNitrate of potash 1 drachm\\nG inger, powdered 1 drachm\\nDissolve in eight ounces of water, and give as a drench.\\nThis is a very useful prescription to give ewes a week before-\\nlambing is due. T^ :;:\u00c2\u00a3ists in preparing the subject for the su-\\npreme act in nature and prevents, to a great extent, such condi-\\ntions a; apt to follow parturition in well-bred pampered ani-\\nmals.\\nBlccdiiii?, flcx^iing, post-partcm J^cmorrbagc.\\nMay occur ?.s a result of the retention of the foetal membraneS; or\\nfrom their being too suddenly severed from their attachments, or\\nfrom exhaustion following protracted labor, which interferes with\\nthe natural contractions of the womb.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. 329\\nCrcatmcnt.\\nAdminister a quick stimulant, such as the following:\\nTake. Sulphuric ether 2 drachms\\nAromatic spirits of ammonia 2 drachms\\nAlcohol 2 drachms\\nAdd one half pint of water and give as a drench.\\nThen make an examination, and if the womb is distended,\\nfilled with clots of blood, syringe it out with warm water. When\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2cleaned out, inject a solution of iron\\nTake. Tincture of iron 4 drachms\\nWarm water 1 pint\\nInject it into the uterus, apply cold water to the vulva, and\\ninternally administer the following:\\nFluid extract ergot 2 drachms\\nInversion of the Womb.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 prolapsus Cltcri\\nThis may be partial or complete. In partial inversion the\\nfundus of the womb only is inverted into the vagina, or the\\nwhole may be inverted, projecting outside of the vaginal cavity,\\nresembling a glove turned inside out. Where the condition has\\nnot existed for any length of time, it can readily be remedied.\\nWash the inverted portion with carbolized warm water, and be-\\nginning at the most dependent part, commence to turn it in by\\npressing the part forward and inward, turning it back into itself,\\nas it were.\\nWhere the condition has existed for some time, the parts\\nmay need scarification this is done by lightly criss-crossing the\\norgan with a knife, not cutting deeply, then apply common salt\\nor a mixture of equal parts of powdered allspice, salt, and ginger;\\nthen turn the part back as before.\\nWhere gangrene has set in, amputation of the uterus will be\\nnecessary if the life of the ewe is to be saved. This can be done\\nby taking a needle with a double thread and passing it directly", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "330 PAKTUEITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL.\\nthrough the neck of the organ as far up as possible. Cut the\\nends of thread next the needle, leaving four separate ends; then\\ntake the ends of one thread and tie a simple knot, bringing it\\ntight. This will enclose and effectually stop the circulation of\\nhalf the stem. Do the same with the other thread, and then\\nsever the parts outside of the suture with a sharp knife. After\\nthe uterus has been amputated, place the ewe in such a position\\nas to raise the hind parts. Administer also an opiate, such as four\\ndrachms of laudanum or one grain of sulphate of morphia.\\nIn cases of inversion of the uterus, if the womb tends to pro-\\nlapse after it has been returned to position, it may be necessary\\nto take a deep suture with sterilized silk through the lips of the\\nvagina, or a pessary can be inserted in the vagina, a simple and\\nefficient method being the introduction of a pig s bladder, pre-\\nviously softened by soaking in warm water; its external surface\\nis well oiled, and after it has been placed in position, is blown\\nup through a tube inserted in the neck; the neck of the bladder\\nis then secured to prevent the escape of the air and is left inside\\ntill all danger of prolapse is over.\\nInversion of the Tagina.\\nThis is a condition very similar to prolapse of the uterus^\\nand may be accompanied by that condition. When occurring, it\\nis generally as a sequela to premature rupture of the foetal mem-\\nbranes and escape of the waters.\\nThe young animal, on being extracted in a rough manner,\\nso lacerating; and bruising the delicate mucous lining of the vagi-\\nna, and also the underlying connective tissues, causes a flaccidity\\nor lack of firmness in the tissues, leading to inversion, which\\nmay take place immediately following the delivery, or at a\\nlater period, caused by straining due to after-pains, or it may take\\nplace any time during several days subsequent to parturition. It\\nis also met with followine; abortion or retention of the foetal", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. 331\\nmembranes. It i? an accident which may occur in other than\\npregnant females, due then to lack of tone in the parts, or some\\ninjury, and also can occur during pregnancy in the latter period\\nof gestation, caused then by pressure from the gravid uterus.\\nSymptoms.\\nNotice a circular reddish mass projecting from and between\\nthe lips of the vulva. Its surface is smooth unless lacerated and\\ncovered with particles of foreign matter from contact with the\\nsoil. The tumor appears larger when the ewe is lying down.\\nAn examination of the mass will be necessary to differentiate\\nbetween this condition and inversion of the uterus. In that con-\\ndition the cotyledons or placental papillae are easily discernible.\\nIn inversion of the vagina, the mass is perfectly smooth and\\nmarked on its under surface with a furrow, leading to the ure-\\nthra, and in some cases the cervix uteri can be seen situated in the\\nmiddle of the mass.\\nCreatment.\\nWash off with a warm antiseptic solution, and commencing\\nfrom each side, at tl^e lips of the vulva, turn the edges inward\\ngradually manipulating the mass till it has regained its normal\\nposition. Where the parts have become lacerated it is necessary\\nto apply topically some astringent anodyne agent.\\nTake. Lead acetate 1 ounce\\nDissolve in one pint of water, to which may be added two\\nounces of laudanum. This can be injected into the vagina, and\\nif necessary a deep suture can be taken through the vulva, the\\nsame as advised in inversion of the womb.\\nInflammatton of the Tagina.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Tagitiitis.\\nThis follows generally as the result of injury inflicted to the\\nvagina during parturition. It is as a rule accompanied with in-\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0flammation of the womb (metritis), in which case it is a very\\ngrave affection.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "332 PAKTUEITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL.\\nSjnnptoms.\\nIn appearance the lips of the vagina are very much swollen,\\nthe mucous lining of the cavity being of a deep red or livid color,\\nfrequently covered with patches of congestion; the parts feel hot\\nand dry; the natural secretion having ceased. Pain is evidenced\\nby the ewe when urinating; the vulva itches intensely; the ewe\\nwill rub against posts, etc., and in so doing is liable to lacerate the\\nparts. As the inflammation progresses, the mucus secretion\\nwhich was at first suppressed becomes abnormally increased, flow-\\ning as a serous liquid, streaked with blood, changing into a puru-\\nlent discharge, which in passing over the thighs exerts a caustic\\nand excoriating effect on the skin. Where the inflammation is\\nexcessive it has a tendency to terminate in gangrene, in which\\nevent the ewe is liable to succumb from septic poisoning; this\\ntermination, however, is rare.\\nCreattnctit.\\nWash the parts in warm water, and use astringent injec-\\ntions; that suggested in Inversion of the Vagina can also be\\nused in these cases with good effect. Should there be danger of\\ngangrene, iron and quinine can be administered internally and the\\nparts dressed with carbolized oil.\\nInflannnation of the ^QotTib\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Metritis.\\nParturient fever is a serious condition, due to one\\nof several causes, such as injuries to the genital canal during\\nparturition, retention of the foetal membranes (after birth), or\\nthe introduction of septic material, and exposure to cold during\\nlambing has also been claimed as a cause of this condition.\\nSymptoms.\\nThe ewe evidences symptoms of distress; the pulse is full\\nand bounding; the respirations are hurried; the visible mucous\\nmembranes are congested; the lining of the vagina is inflamed^", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "PARTUEITIOX AX D DISEASES IXCIDBNTAL. 333\\nand the vulva swollen; the bowels are constipated, and the natur-\\nal secretion of milk is suppressed. The ewe lies down, and if\\nforced to rise does so reluctantly. A discharge from the vagina\\nis noticeable at first transparent, soon becoming reddish in color\\nand thick. The rumen is liable to become distended with gas,\\nand in cases which terminate fatally the temperature will remain\\npersistently high. Where the inflammation extends to the peri-\\ntoneum dropsy of the abdomen frequently follows as a sequela\\nin these cases the abdomen becomes enlarged, giving the subject\\na full appearance.\\nCrcatmcnt.\\nIn these cases it is always advisable to commence treatment\\nwith a full dose of Epsom salts. The following is a useful pre-\\nscription\\nTake. Epsom salts 2 ounces\\nCommon salt 2 ounces\\nGinger 1 drachm\\nMolasses 8 ounces\\nMix and give as one dose.\\nPlace the ewe in warm comfortable quarters, and where the\\ntemperature appears high, give full doses of quinine and aconite\\ncombined. If the udder is swollen, bathe frequently with hot\\nwater, and after each fomentation apply some soothing ointmenr,\\nsuch as\\nPoke root powdered oz.\\nBenzoated lard 2 oz.\\njMaH^^nt partunctit fever.\\nThis is a very grave condition indeed, due in all cases to\\nseptic infection, complicated frequently Avith erysipelas. It is\\nvirtually a blood-poisoning, and must not be confounded with\\nsimple parturient fever. It can be carried from ewe to ewe by\\nthe lamber making examinations of ewes which are in the act of\\nparturition, after having handled an affected subject.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "334 PARTUEITION A SB DISEASES INCIDENTAL.\\nSymptoms.\\nAll the symptoms of parturient fever are present in an ag-\\ngravated form; the bowels at first are generally constipated, but\\nas the disease progresses they become relaxed, diarrhoea setting\\nin, the discharges being foetid, and in many cases accompanied\\nby or streaked with blood. The udder is very much swollen, and\\nshows symptoms of erysipelas infection. When this occurs the\\npatient rarely, if ever, recovers. The ewe shows signs of abdom-\\ninal pain, and strains frequently a sanious foetid discharge being\\nejected from the vagina during these efforts. The disease runs\\na rapid course, the animal becoming delirious, coma setting in just\\nprior to fatal terminations.\\npost-^lortcm Hppearances.\\nThe womb is enlarged and thickened; the mucous mem-\\nbrane lining it is of a darkish brown color, darker patches being\\nnoticeable in places. In the cavity of the womb, a chocolate-\\ncolored fluid is present, in which remnants of the foetal mem-\\nbranes are often found; the whole organ presents the appearance\\nof rapid decomposition, and has a very foetid odor. The vagina\\nfrequently has ulcerous patches on its mucous surfaces, particu-\\nlarly round the vulva and meatus urinarius (opening of the ure-\\nthra into the vagina). The abdominal cavity contains a reddish\\nliquid, the whole peritoneal surface showing signs of intense in-\\nflammation; this is particularly noticeable in that part covering\\nand supporting the womb. The muscular tissues are dark, at\\ntimes almost black. The udder is sometimes spotted with gang-\\nrenous patches, resulting from a previous erysipelatous condition\\nof that organ. Plain signs of general septic infection are also\\nnoticeable.\\ntreatment.\\nShould be on the same lines as that prescribed in Metritis.\\nA laxative drench is always to be recommended in these cases,\\nespecially at the commencement of the trouble.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "PAKTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. 335\\nThe womb should be thoroughly syringed out with warm\\nantiseptic douches. Permanganate of potash, one half drachm, in\\none pint of water, or injections of carbolic solutions in strength\\nof one to forty will be found beneficial. Internally, quinine and\\niron are indicated, or salycilic acid combined with carbolic, and\\nadministered frequently but in very small doses. The strength\\nof the ewe must be maintained by such stimulants as aromatic\\nspirits of ammonia, alcohol, etc.\\nTake. Salicylic acid grs. x\\nCarbolic acid 90 per cent sol m. iii\\nDissolve in one ounce of gruel and give as one dose, repeating\\nevery two hours, or\\nTake. Sulphate of quinine 1 drachm\\nTincture chloride of iron ounce\\nWater 12 ounces\\nMix and give one ounce as a dose, repeating every two hours. As\\na stimulant, the following is useful:\\nTake. Sulphuric ether 3 cz.\\nAromatic -pirits of ammonia 3 oz.\\nAlcohol 3 oz.\\nDose one ounce in four ounces of water, repeated every three\\nhours. To the inflamed udder apply warm fomentations fre-\\nquently. Between these the gland should be dressed with the\\nointment of poke-root and lard previously mentioned, or covered\\nall over with a thick coating of vaseline. In all these cases the\\nlamb should be taken away at the commencement of the attack.\\nThis disease is very liable to terminate fatally, to prevent which\\ncareful nursing is very necessary.\\n6argct\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Matninitis, or Mastitis.\\nIs a congested condition of the udder, which may be due to\\nseveral causes, among which may be mentioned exposure to eo^l\\nor wet, or the udder becoming bruised from contact w .tl: l::.-i", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "336 PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL.\\nground when the ewe lies down, or when the ewe has only one\\nlamb to suckle, which is unable t(j take the full supply of milk;\\nor it may arise as a sequela to diseases of parturition, such as par-\\nturient fever, or puerperal septicaemia. This is a very frequent\\ncondition with ewes, attacking them more often than it does other\\nspecies of mammalia. It is a troublesome and dangerous affection,\\nsometimes proving fatal from mortification of the parts taking\\nplace, and very often leaving the udder in an enlarged, indur-\\nated condition, ruining the ewe for breeding purposes, necessi-\\ntating her being fattened and sold for slaughter.\\nSymptoms.\\nAs seen occurring following injuries or exposure, swelling\\nof the gland or part of it, appears suddenly. This swelling is\\nhard and tense; the secretion of milk is impaired, that which is\\nsecreted being frequently streaked with blood; in mild cases, the\\newe suffers very little pain, and there is no perceptible fever.\\nThese conditions tend to make a favorable recovery, but in cases\\nof septic infection, the symptoms are aggravated, the disease\\nbeing prone to run a malignant course. The swelling generally\\ncommences at one of the teats, rapidly spreading to other portions\\nof the gland. The swelled portion pits on pressure, having a\\ndoughy feeling; symptoms of fever are well marked; the ewe\\nappears dull and off its feed; rumination is suspended; the pulse\\nis quick and hard, all signs of systemic derangement being pres-\\nent. The skin of the udder is very red and, in severe cases, turns\\nblack, mortification setting in. The gangrenous portion of the\\ngland commences to slough; the disease has a tendency to extend\\nto the skin of the abdomen, simulating erysipelas; the affected\\newe loses flesh rapidly; death may ensue from blood-poisoning.\\nThis malignant form of inflammation of the udder is generally\\nconsidered to be contagious. Severe cases run a very rapid\\ncourse, sometimes fatal terminations taking place in twenty-four\\nhours after manifestation of the first signs of the trouble.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0342.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "PARTURITIOX AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL 337\\nWhere recovery takes place, the part of the udder which\\nwas affected is liable to remain in an indurated, scirrhus condi-\\ntion, and even should this not be the case, the condition is liable\\nto recur, making the ewe of little value to breed from.\\nCreatmcnt.\\nIn all cases of garget, the lamb must be taken away and put\\nto another ewe or raised on the bottle. The udder must be fre-\\nquently bathed in warm water, using about two ounces of cook-\\ning soda in every quart of water. Between the fomentations\\ndress the part with camphorated oil. Internally, in all cases ac-\\ncompanied with high fever, aconite can be given with good re-\\nsults. A full dose of Epsom salts should be given at commence-\\nment of treatment.\\nWhere blood-poisoning is to be anticipated, quinine and iron\\nwill be found useful, and also fluid extract of poke-root, internally,\\ngiven in half-teaspoonful doses every three hours, which often\\ncontributes materially in controlling the inflammation of the\\ngland.\\nIf abscesses form, they must be opened and the contents\\nevacuated, the after-treatment consisting in washing out the\\npockets with some antiseptic fluid and seeing that the parts are\\nkept clean. Where gangrene sets in, the affected portion must be\\namputated. This can be done without danger of excessive hem-\\norrhage if the parts are incised inside of the line of demarkation.\\nThe edges of the wound should be dressed daily with oil of tur-\\npentine.\\nRecovery from malignant attacks is a slow process. The\\newe will generally slip its fleece. This is of frequent occur-\\nrence, however, following febrile conditions in sheep.\\nCracked Ccats.\\nThis is quite a common condition, which may be caused by\\nthe lamb pulling on an empty teat, or may be the result of infec-", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0343.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "338 PAETURITION A^D DISEASES I^XIDENTAL.\\ntion,as in aphtha, where the disease is transmitted from the month\\nof the lamb to the ewe s udder, or may arise from a number of\\nsimple causes which it is unnecessary to enumerate here.\\nCracked teats, when not due to contagious affections and\\nwhere the fissures are superficial, will, as a rule, readily yield to\\ntreatment. But where the fissures are deep and bleed readily\\nthey are extremely sensitive, and the ewe wall not permit the\\nlamb to suckle. This condition then is liable to result in oblitera-\\ntion of the duct, and may finally terminate in inflammation of\\nthe udder from the retention of its contents.\\ntreatment.\\nConsists in drawing off the milk with milk tubes, and dress-\\ning the fissures with flexible collodion or glycerine and tannic\\nacid.\\nTake. Tannic acid grs. xx\\nGlycerine 1 oz.\\nMix and apply to sores with a brush or feather.\\nfoundcf, following Lambing\u00e2\u0080\u0094 parturient Laminitis.\\nThe causes leading up to this condition are not very well un-\\nderstood. The symptoms are lameness due to inflammation bo-\\ntween the claw^s, extending up to the coronets and heels. Cold\\napplications appear to give more satisfactory results than hot.\\nInternally aconite in small frequent doses combined with quin-\\nine, to which, if the pain seems excessive, opium may be added.\\nA moderate dose of Epsom salts should be administered the ewe\\nshould be kept in comfortable quarters, and given light, laxative\\nfood. The secretion of milk is suppressed from the commence-\\nment of the attack, and the return of milk can be regarded as a\\nsign for quick recovery.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0344.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORN. 339\\nDiseases of the JVewly-Bom*\\nHspbixia.\\nThis is generally due to interrupted circulation in the um-\\nbilical cord, from pressure on it in the passing of the foetus\\nthrough the pelvis.\\nClean any secretion from round the nostrils; close the mouth\\nand blow into the nostrils; should respiration be established, give\\na stimulant, or pour a few drops of brandy into the nostrils, place\\nthe lamb where it will be kept warm.\\nBleeding from the Umbilicus Umbilical f)acmorvbagc.\\nThis comes, as a rule, from the cord being severed too close\\nto the body. The application of styptics or astringents, such as\\nnitrate of silver, or tannic acidj will as a rule, correct this condi-\\ntion.\\nInflammation of tbc Umbilical Cord\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Navel 111.\\nThis is a very serious and fatal affection, appearing to be of\\nspecific origin. It first appears as inflammation of the umbilical\\nvein, but rapidly spreads to the adjoining tissues, t ^rm.inating in\\nsystemic blood-poisoning.\\nThis disease generally runs a malignant course, the inflam-\\nmation rarely being confined to the umbilical vein. A clot forms\\nat the umbilicus, which causes suppuration and the forming of a\\npervious opening or fistula. The inflammation ascends the um-\\nbilical vein, as the clot enlarges and ascends, until the whole\\ncourse of the vein as high up as the liver becomes affected, the\\ntrouble extending frequently to the portal and hepatic veins.\\nSymptoms.\\nThe umbilical cord, instead of drying and withering up\\nafter birth of the lamb, remains moist and commences to swell,\\nprojecting from the navel slightly, feeling hard and unyielding,", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0345.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "340 DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORX.\\nand ill size about the thickness of a common lead pencil. From:\\nthe center of the projection flows a thin, viscid fluid, which dues\\nnot possess any particular odor. The mere fact of the umbilicus\\npresenting this appearance is evidence of the disease.\\nThe general symptoms are as follows: First notice the lamb\\nto appear dull, assuming a recumbent position, rising with reluc-\\ntance, and when made to rise, stands with the back arched, all\\nfour feet drawn together. The lamb will not care for the teat;\\nappears to be suffering from a dull pain; the respirations are hur-\\nried, particularly so when septicaemia ensues.\\nAs the trouble progresses all the symptoms become aggravat-\\ned; the region around the navel commences to swell, and is pain-\\nful to the touch; the bowels which at first may have been consti-\\npated, become very loose, the discharges being offensive, which\\nis nearly always the case in systemic blood-poisoning the urine is\\nscanty and at times verv red in color; the visible mucous mem-\\nbranes become yellowish an evidence of liver complication;\\nswellings take place in various portions of tlie body, particularly\\naround the hock joints. When these appear the subject shortly\\nsuccumbs.\\nCrcatment.\\nThis is mainly preventive, and as the cause is fairly well de-\\ntermined, and the preventive treatment being simple to use as\\nwell as effective, there is hardly any excuse for the occurrence\\nof this fatal complaint.\\nCleanliness is the main preventive agent, adopting measures\\nto prevent the freshly-severed umbilical cord of the newly-born\\nlamb from coming in contact with filth or other material liable to\\nharbor the germs of this disease.\\nDireetlv, or as soon as possible after birth, anoint the fresh-\\nIj-severed cord with a solution of carbolic acid, or some other\\npowerful antiseptic agent. If this is carefully followed out dur-\\ning the lambing season, there will be very few deaths from\\nnavel-ill.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0346.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "DISEASES OF THE MEWLY-BORN. 341\\nBut when the disease has once obtained a foothold, its\\ntreatment will be found very difficult and unsatisfactory. Even\\nwhen successful, recovery is tardy, the lamb taking a long time\\nto mature and proving an unprofitable feeder.\\nSjTinge out the opening of the umbilical vein with an anti-\\nseptic solution\\nTake. Acid salicylic 20 grains\\nAcid carbolic 90 per cent, (sol.) drachm\\nWater 2 ounces\\nMix. Use as an injection several times daily.\\nInternally, those agents should be given which have a ten-\\ndency to counteract blood-poisoning and support the system.\\nGive the salicylate of soda in ten-grain doses every hour, alter-\\nnated with fifteen minims of the tincture of iron (med). Feed\\nskimmed milk warm, or fresh cow s milk diluted one-third with\\nwarm water. If the lamb will suck, give the teat. See that the\\newe gets plenty of nourishing diet to eat.\\nWhere navel-ill breaks out as an epidemic, the flock should\\nbe moved to fresh pastures or lots, and care taken to treat each\\nlamb as fast as it is dropped.\\nRetention of the Meconium.\\nThe contents of the intestines of the foetus are called the\\nmeconium. They are as a rule voided immediately after the\\nlamb is born. Should this not take place, however, means must\\nbe taken to insure the removal before ill-results appear. This is\\neffected by oiling the anus with sweet oil, injecting a small quan-\\ntity, or inserting therein a small piece of soap. If removal does\\nnot take place the lamb will show signs of pain, refuse to suck,,\\nand after a few days of suffering will succumb from inflamma-\\ntion of the bowels.\\nImperforate Hnus.\\nIs a malformation, the rectum not being communicable with the", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0347.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "342 DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORN.\\noutside of the bouy. iSometimes the termination of the gut can\\nbe felt under the skin where the anus should be. In these cases\\nan incision can be made and the end of the gut fished up and\\nsewed to the edges of the incision. Success is doubtful, however.\\nThe cheapest and best method is the destruction of the\\nlamb, as it otherwise would liave to linger and suffer, only ulti-\\nmately to succumb. The same condition may exist in connection\\nwith the vagina, or the prepuce of the male. They are simply\\nmentioned here as malformations, and not to advise any special\\ntreatment.\\nIs also another mal-formation of young animals. It ic caused by\\nthe non-closure of the foramen ovale at the time of birth, which\\nproduces a mixed venous and arterial circulation hence the\\nname of Cyanosis (blue disease), from the blue color of the\\nmucous membranes.\\nXo cure. Death usually takes place in a short while after\\nbirth.\\n8hiti Dryness.\\nThis is a condition when the lamb after being dropped,\\nthrough neglect or inability of the ewe to reach it, becomes dry,\\nthe result being that the ewe does not recognize it as her off-\\nspring, from its lacking some peculiarity which it seems to possess\\nwhen wet with the amniotic fluid.\\nThis is frequently met with in young ewes with their first\\nlambs, and it is a fact that smearing the lamb with the foetal\\nmembranes will cause the ewe to recognize and care for it.\\nTo make a ewe care for a strange lamb, something which is\\nvery frequently necessary in the lambing season, select a ewe\\nwhich has just been delivered of a single lamb, rub the strange\\nlamb against the fleece of the other while it is still wet and smear\\nit freelv with the amniotio, fluid which flows from the uterus of", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0348.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BOEN. 343\\nthe ewe. Then present the lamb to the ewe, she will at once\\ntake care of it, bestowing the same amount of affection on the\\nstranger as it accords to its own offspring.\\nHbortion.\\nIs the expulsion of the foetus before it is sufficiently devel-\\noped to exist external to its parent.\\nWhere the lamb is not carried the full term, but is suffi-\\nciently developed to exist for any length of time in the external\\nworld, it is said to be born prematurely.\\nWhen the foetus is dropped twenty days previous to its\\nproper time or anywhere between the period of its first concep-\\ntion and that time, the ewe is said to have aborted.\\nAbortion may occur from several causes, such as climatic\\ninfluences, cold rains, sudden changes in temperature, or from\\ninjurious ingredients in the food-supply, over-feeding on stimu-\\nlating and easily digestible food, excessive drinking of cold\\nwater, partaking of certain herbs or eating corn-fodder which is\\nmouldy or covered with smut.\\nTJoses of purgative medicines often are responsible for abor-\\ntion, as are injuries, sudden back slips, etc. Excitement or fear,\\nsuch as the chasing of pregnant ewes by dogs; the forcible tup-\\nping of a pregnant ewe by a ram, neglect, starvation, and many\\nsimilar causes, but last and the most serious of all, bacteria,\\nwhich, on gaining access to the vagina of a pregnant animal,\\nquickly cause this condition, and which we shall consider here\\nunder the head of\\nInfectious Hbortion.\\nThis is now recognized as a separate and distinct affection,\\nbeing due to the introduction of certain germs into the genital\\npassages of the pregnant female, and while experiments and in-\\nvestigations have all been conducted with a view to fix the\\nspecificity of this disease as occurring in cattle, without a doubt", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0349.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "344 DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORN.\\nthe causes producing the condition in dairy cows are identical\\nwith those inducing the same affection in sheep.\\nIt has been conclusively proven that the introduction of a\\ncow to a herd will often be followed by abortion of a number of\\nthe members composing the herd, that is to say, if the new-comer\\nis from a herd where abortion has frequently taken place.\\nIt was also found that a bull which served cows that had\\naborted was liable to carry the infection to other previously\\nhealthy cows, with the consequence that while they would con-\\nceive and carry the foetus for a certain length of time, the ma-\\njority would abort, or be prematurely delivered about the seventh\\nmonth of gestation.\\nA Scotch commission, selected to enquire into the causes\\nand devise methods for the prevention of abortion among dairy\\ncows in Scotland, made a voluminous report in which the con-\\nclusion was drawn that it was virtually a contagious affection, al-\\nthough they were unable to isolate the particular germ respon-\\nsible for the trouble, but it was shown that the introduction of\\nsmall quantities of the vaginal discharge from an aborting sub-\\nject into the vagina of a healthy pregnant cow would be invari-\\nably followed by abortion on the part of that animal. In fact it\\nwas only necessary to soil the posterior parts and tail of a healthy\\npregnant subject with the foetal membranes from an affected\\nanimal to shortly produce the same condition in the former. It\\nwas also apparent that the concagium was very active in the\\nfoetal membranes and tissues of the prematurely delivered calf,\\nand that these being allowed to remain in the field or on compost\\nheaps were a constant source of danger to pregnant animals. As\\nhas previously been stated, so far all experiments have been con-\\nducted to determine the nature of this affection among cattle\\ndairy cows in particular. Tke loss to the dairyman having as-\\nsumed large proportions, the production of milk was seriously\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2curtailed by its ravages. While this condition among ewes has", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0350.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORX. 345\\nnot called for or been made the subject of special investigation,\\nit must not be construed that the trouble does not affect them,\\nbut rather that the damage to the ewe flock from this disease has\\nnot yet been properly recognized, or assumed such proportions as\\nit has among dairy cows. Abortion resulting from whatever\\ncauses manifests certain premonitory symptoms which will at\\nonce be noticed by the careful shepherd and place him on his\\nguard to prevent the trouble if possible.\\nSymptoms.\\nThe first noticeable symptom will be dullness and refusal to\\nfeed; the ewe bleats frequently and appears very uneasy.\\nShould these first premonitory symptoms pass unnoticed, no\\neffort being made to alleviate them by proper treatment, all the\\nsigns become aggravated, labor pains set in, and in the course of\\nfrom six to twelve houi s abortion takes place. Cases of abortion\\narising from accident, fear or improper food, etc., are usually\\nmanifested by the premonitory signs ah-jady described; while in\\ncases due to infection there is apparently little if any warning.\\nThe ewe i ludder-.y ^eized with labor pa ns, delivery shortly fol-\\nlowing.\\nAbortion in ewes is very liable to be followed by inversion\\nof the uterus or vagina, or both. Where the foetus is dead be-\\nfore delivery, the placenta is very liable to precede its expulsion,\\nand in these cases inversion of the uterus is frequently met with.\\nIn cases of abortion due to infection from septic material, the\\nfoetus is generally born dead, the foetal :i/i?mbranes showing\\nmr rked evidence of being diseased.\\nCrcatmcnt.\\nThis is both preventive and curative. When abortion oc^\\ncurs in a flock of ewes and several are affected, it is always proper\\nto move the flock to fresh pastures, being careful to separate the\\newes which have already aborted from the balance of the flock.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0351.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "346 DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORN.\\nThe cause must diligently be sought for and removed if possible.\\nFor instance, if the season has been wet and cold it is well to sub-\\nstitute at once dry food and to move the flock to high ground\\nwhere the herbage is shorter and less succulent. Ewes which\\nhave been subjected to excitement and fear, and show signs of\\nabortion, should be placed in quiet quarters and given some nerve\\nsedative, such as chloroform, opium, or viburnum prunifolium\\n(the black cohosh which is given with very satisfactory results\\nin these conditions), and can be given in teaspoonful doses in\\nthe form of the fluid extract, or an infusion of the crude drug\\ncan be made and two ounces given to such of the ewes as mani-\\nfest symptoms of abortion.\\nIn all cases of abortion, whether due to infection or other\\ncauses, the dead foetus and its membranes should at once be de-\\nstroyed, and not left in the pasture where other pregnant females\\nmay come in contact with them. The flock-owner must exhibit\\ngreat caution and should on no account handle any other healthy\\nmembers of the flock after attending to an ewe during abortion,\\nas he can readily carry the infection, which is liable to spread\\nlike wild-fire through the whole ewe flock.\\nFollowing abortion in ewes where the foetal membranes are\\nretained the following will, as a rule, cause their expulsion.\\nTake. Laurel berries, powdered 2 ounces\\nFennel, powdered 1 ounce\\nBi-carbonate of soda 2 ounces\\nInfuse in two quarts of water, giving eight ounces as one\\ndose, repeating in six hours time if necessary. This mixture is\\nhighly recommended by Zundel, who claims that it proves\\nefficacious in nearly every instance.\\nIn small flocks of ewes where infectious abortion is to be\\nfeared wash the vulva and base of the tail with an antiseptic\\nsolution such as a five per cent, watery solution of carbolic acid.\\nThis is an effectual preventive. In these cases it is well to in-", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0352.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORN. 347\\nject a small portion of the solution into the vagina. This treat-\\nment, however, would only be practicable in small flocks, where\\nthe value of the animals would warrant individual treatment.\\nIn all cases of threatened abortion the ewe should at once be re-\\nmoved from the flock and should be isolated therefrom for a\\nperiod of at least ten days. Abortion frequently takes place\\nwhere the ram has been overworked, having too many ewes\\nto serve, in which event there seems to be a disposition to\\nweakness on the part of the foetus, which prohibits its being car-\\nried the full term. This can be rectified by limiting the number\\nof ewes to the ram a matter which every careful shepherd\\ngives attention to. Ewes in lamb should not be fed on excessive\\nquantities of watery foodstuffs Roots, such as turnips, especial-\\nly should be fed sparingly. The management of pregnant ewes\\ncalls for close attention and care on the part of the flock-owner,\\nwhich will be more than compensated for in percentage of lambs,\\nbesides materially reducing the amount of losses to the ewes\\nthemselves during the lambing season.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0353.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XX.\\njMedtcinal treatment in General.\\nHgcnts Used, Cbcir Cbcrapcuttc Hctions and Doses.\\nThe medicinal treatment of sheep, when applied to a whole\\nflock, differs to a certain extent from that used in the treatmeiifc\\nof the individual members of a flock, in that when a disease\\nbreaks out in a herd, requiring that all the members or a large\\nnumber of them be subjected to the actions of remedial agents,\\nwe find it impracticable to use drugs, which, however much they\\nmay be indicated, possess a nauseous taste, or properties prevent-\\ning them from being exhibited in the food. To overcome this\\ndifficulty the practitioner or flock-owner has to chiefly rely on\\nhygiene, combined with the presence of simple tonic agents ad-\\nministered in the food or drinking water, several such prescrip-\\ntions being inserted for their guidance in the part of this work\\ndescribing disease. Hov/ever, in the treatment of small num-\\nbers, where each animal can be caught separately and the agents\\nadministered, by far the most satisfactory results will be obtain-\\ned, as the animal then will receive just the required amount of\\nthe drug or drugs to obtain the desired systemic effect. Medi-\\ncines which when taken in quantity (as would have to be the case\\nin wholesale prescribing) are violent poisons, become invaluable\\naids to restore normal healthy conditions when given in\\ncorrect doses. So in prescribing for large numbers of animals,\\nwhere we have to rely on what each individual member will con-\\nsume along with its food and water, we are at once placed at a\\ndisadvantage, as the only medicines suitable for such prescrip-", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0354.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "MEDICINAL TREATMENT IN GENERAL. 349\\ntions are necessarily not of the kind suitable lor grave systemic\\nderangements. To combat this disadvantage, as above stated,\\nhygiene must be relied on. This cannot be too strongly enforced\\non the minds of the flock-owner. For instance, in cases of foot-\\nrot, remove the flock to high, well-drained ground, where the sur-\\nroundings are dry. This, in connection with the treatment pre-\\nscribed in this work, will effect a speedy cure, but to give foot-\\nbaths, etc., and leave the animals in the same locality will not be\\nattended with the degree of success sought after. In medicinal\\ntreatment it is well to remember that in the animal economy\\nthere resides to a great extent what is termed vis medicatrix\\nnaturae, (power of nature to cure itself), and that medicinal\\nagents are only useful in so far as they assist that power, and\\nthat animals are frequently injured or recovery retarded or per-\\nhaps the sheep are killed outright by the promiscuous adminis-\\ntration of drugs. Xo agent should be given without the party\\nadministering the same knowing just what he is giving, what re-\\nsults he expects to obtain from the drug and in what manner it is\\nsupposed to act, and finally, the correct dose for the subject to\\nwhich it is to be given. This is a fundamental rule in prescrib-\\ning medicine. If you would be successful in treating your flock\\nin disease, study their wants and desires when in health. Re-\\nmember for sick animals no dosing is far and away preferable to\\nthe ignorant use of powerful drugs or nauseous concoctions com-\\npounded by ignorant and bigoted quacks, who consider that the\\nfilthier the agent is which they prescribe the more salutary will\\nhe its effects. When in doubt what to use, call in someone who\\nis qualified by his education and experience to prescribe. Use\\nwhat he tells you, and don t follow the advice of every loud-\\nmouthed empiric, who is generally talking for effect, but when\\nput to trial lacks knowledge of even the simple necessaries per-\\ntaining to the treatment of disease.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0355.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "350 MEDICIINAL TKEATMENT IN GENEKAL.\\nMedicinal Hgcnts.\\nAre substances liquid, solid or gaseous, which are adminis-\\ntered with a view to their exerting some particular effect on the\\nanimal economy by which changes incidental to a perversion of\\nnormal conditions arising from any cause whatsoever may be\\novercome and the subject restored to health.\\nBy the therapeutic action of a medicine, we mean\\nthe result obtained on the system from the amount of a certain\\ndrug necessary to alleviate or cure disease. By the physiological\\naction of a drug, we mean that action obtained on the system by\\na drug which is the same both in health and disease.\\nThe following columns describing the therapeutics of the\\ncommon drugs used, doses and also a certain number of prescrip-\\ntions, are not written so much for the use of the veterinarian,\\nwho by his education is specially fitted to know what agents are\\nindicated and how to combine them t# meet certain conditions^\\nbut for the sheep-owner, who can refer to them for guidance, the\\nmatter being written in plain language without Latin terms, or\\nabbreviations, so that it can readily be understood, a slight\\ndefinition of certain terms describing the medicinal actions of the\\ndrugs being all that will be necessary.\\nHstringents.\\nAgents which cause a contraction of the tissues.\\nHltcrativcs.\\nDrugs which by their modification of the nutrition over-\\ncome certain pathological conditions, permitting the parts to re-\\nturn to a healthy condition.\\nHtiti-Spasmodics.\\nAre feeble cerebral stimulants, which by their action on the\\nnerve-centers increase their tone, thus overcoming minor spasms\\nand nervous conditions.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0356.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "MEDICINAL TREATMENT IN GENERAL. 351\\nAgents which cause a temporary loss of sensation. There\\nare two classes of anaesthetics: (1) Local; (2) General.\\n(1) Local, where the agent being applied to the body pro-\\nduces anaesthesia only at the seat of application.\\n(2) General. These produce a general condition of\\nanaesthesia to the whole system. They are administered by in-\\nlialation.\\nHntbclmintics.\\nDrugs which either destroy or expel intestinal worms.\\nHnt-Hcids.\\nAlkalies which, by their chemical action in the system,\\ncounteract excessive gastro-intestinal acidity.\\nHnodytics.\\nDrugs which by their power to diminish excitability of\\nnerves or nerve centers, overcome the sensation called pain.\\n3titxseptic9.\\nAgents which prevent the development of bacilli or spores,\\ncausing a condition of septic decomposition.\\nCathartics.\\nAre agents which stimulate the action of the bowels, caus-\\ning an increased flow of fluids to the parts. Of these there are\\nthree classes.\\n(1) Laxatives.\\n(2) Purgatives.\\n(3) Drastics.\\nA laxative, causes a mild action. Purgative, a slightly\\nstronger. While a drastic causes a severe purgation.\\n(Swlphur.\\nLaxatives (Epsom salts.\\n(Cascara segrada.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0357.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "352 MEDICINAL TEEATMEXT IX GENERAL.\\n(Senna.\\n(Castor oil.\\nPurgatives (Epsom salts.\\n(Jalap.\\n(Aloes.\\n(Croton oil.\\nDrastics (Gamboge.\\n(Colocynth.\\nCarminatives.\\nAre agents which facilitate the expulsion of gases from the-\\nstomach or bowels.\\nCholagogues.\\nAgents which cause a removal of bile from the intestinal\\ncanal, by exciting the bowel movements.\\nDiuretics.\\nMedicines which increase the secretion of urine.\\nDiaphoretics.\\nAre drugs which by their action on the glands of the skin^\\nincrease its secretory functions, producing perspiration.\\nRj pnotics.\\nAgents which, by their action on the system, induce sleep\\nwithoat causing ;^revious cerebral excitement.\\nVermifuges.\\nAre agents which remove parasites from the bowels hj me-\\nchanical action, the parasites not necessarily being killed in the\\nprocess of removal.\\nVermicides.\\nAgents which destroy intestinal parasites.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0358.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "MEDICINAL TREATMENT IN GENERAL. 353\\nMonies.\\nAre medicines which produce a permanent though scarcely\\nperceptible excitement of all the vital functions.\\nDose for the dbeep and Lamb.\\nHas been arbitrarily set down in the following pages.\\nThat of the sheep being close to the maximum amount to be ad-\\nministered in any one dose.\\nThat for the lamb being the amount safe to administer to\\nthe young animal of three to four months of age. However the\\nflock-owner must use judgment and grade his dose in accordance\\nwith the age and size of the individual animal to which the medi-\\ncine is to be given, as no hard and fast rule can be laid down in\\nthis regard. All the doses given, except when otherwise stated,\\nare for the amount called for of the crude drug. The more con-\\nvenient form in which to administer medicine is that of the fluid\\nextract, the doses for which being exactly the same as those of\\nthe crude drug, prevents mistakes being made as regards the\\nrequired amounts.\\nFluid measure:\\n60 minims 1 drachm.\\n8 drachms 1 ounce.\\n16 ounces 1 pint.\\n2 pints 1 quart.\\n4 quarts 1 gallon.\\nWeight measure:\\n20 grains 1 scruple.\\n3 scruples, 60 grains 1 drachm.\\n8 drachms 1 ounce.\\n12 ounces 1 pound.\\nS)Tnbols\\nm stands for minim\\ndr drachm\\noz ounce", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0359.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "354\\nMEDICINAL AGENTS.\\nI\\n1\\nC5\\nMust be freely diluted Avhen given in-\\nternally. Vinegar, which is dilute\\nacetic acid, is best for internal use.\\nForms the basis of many patent sheep\\ndi])s. As given internallj it is use-\\nful in rinde pest, anthrax, etc.\\nInternally it has been used in tetanus\\n(lock jaw), with beneficial results.\\nExternally, mixed w ith water and\\nI)otash, it allays itching.\\nTake: Liquor potasse 1 dram.\\nPrussic acid X di ani.\\nAqua 1 pint.\\nMix. Apply, being careful the skin\\nis not abraded.\\nIt is commonly combined with other\\ndrugs, being used as a vehicle for\\ntheir active principles.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0A\\nco\\na\\nIS\\n3\\nt\\ny.\\ny.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2A\\no\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1\\ni pi-\\n1\\n1 tf\\n1 w\\nCO\\np\\nl)\\nii a\\naf O\\nCC 73\\nfc- c\\nF 50\\n^o\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2r 4)\\n=P\\np 3\\na\\nu\\np\\nP\\n+j\\n5\\na\\nOi\\nas\\nS\\nO\\naj\\nfcc\\n_p\\n.5\\nInternally it is antiseptic; used to\\nprevent the multiplication of or-\\nganisms in the blood. p]xternally\\nit is used as a parasiticide and dis-\\ninfectant.\\nParalyses the ends of sensory nerves,\\nand allays irritation when applied\\nexternally. Internally it is a car-\\ndiac depressant.\\nHeduces temperature, lowers pulse\\nbeats, relieves pain. It is useful in\\nperitonitis or other acute inflam-\\nmatory conditions.\\nStimulant. Useful in colic and ab-\\ndominal pains, equalizes irregular\\ncirculation in chills; is benefici;il\\nin Inmbing if followed by chills.\\nC\\ni\\ni\\nAcetic Acid.\\nP\\n+-1\\naj\\nAcid Carbolic.\\n1:1\\nP O\\nOl\\ni\\np\\nin\\no\\no", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0360.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "MEDICINAL AGENTS.\\n355\\noT\\nfcc\\na\\na\\ng\\no\\n-a\\nij\\na\\nC^ X\\nS o\\nrt X\\n3 eS\\noc\\na\\nc\\na\\nc\\na\\na\\nO\\nOD\\n0)\\nX\\nO\\nrc\\na\\n.i\\ne5E\\naj a\\nd X\\na-\\nlO\\nQ\\nX\\nOD\\no\\nO\\nOB\\no\\n\u00c2\u00ab3\\no\\nr-l\\nOD\\nU\\nCO\\nx\\n3\\nu\\no\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nStimulant and tonic combined with\\nBuch remedies as gentian, etc.\\nCathartic and purgative; not Cer-\\ntain in its effect on slieej). It is\\nuseful, however, in indigestion,\\nalso inflammatory conditions, and\\nis best given combined with\\nsalines, gamboge or croton oil.\\nIs given as an astringent, in cases\\nof diarrhoea, or applied externally\\nto prevent bleeding, etc.\\nTaeniacide and vermifuge. Especial-\\nly recommended in cases of tape-\\nworm; it is not superior to male\\nshield fern, however.\\n1\\n1\\nc\\ni\\n3\\n3\\nH\\n3\\n_i|\\nOD\\n3\\n3", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0361.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "356\\nMEDICINAL AGENTS.\\nREMARKS.\\nIs recommended in the first stages of\\npneumonia. It is supposed to stim-\\nulate the cutaneous circulation.\\nArsenic forms the basis of many pois-\\nonous sheep dips, which, at the pres-\\nent time, when non-poisonous equal-\\nly as efficient preparations are to be\\nhad, are dangerous and unprofitable.\\nUsed in a watery solution, however,\\nin shallow troughs, combined with\\ncarbonateof potash, it provesagood\\nagent for the treatment of foot-rot.\\nIf a solution is desired, mix with an\\nequal quantity of compound tincture\\nof myrrh; water decomposes it.\\nBelladonna is fi-eciuently added to lin-\\niments and ointment, on account of\\nits soothing effect. It is also useful\\nin eye surgery, the alkaloid being the\\nform used.\\ni\\nI\\nIC\\n1\\nCQ\\na\\nt\\nPowder,\\nSolution,\\nYi dram.\\nX\\nto\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2A\\n1\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2A\\nc!\\nu\\nM\\nX\\na\\nPowder,\\n2 grs.\\nSolution,\\n2 drams.\\n1 dram.\\ns a\\nt^ a\\na\\nTHERAPEUTICS.\\nQuickens the circulation, stimulates\\ndesire to urinate. Used externally\\nto relieve inflammation in sprains,\\netc.\\nIs given as a tonic, combined with\\nopium and ant-acids. It is useful\\nin cases of imperfect digestion\\nwith diarrhoea. Externally it is\\nused for foot rot, etc.\\nCarminative, mild stimulant; it is\\nalso useful in cases of constipa-\\ntion, combined with aloes or salts.\\nCaustic; useful in foot-rot. Diseased\\nsurface to be paretl off and dressed\\nonce or twice a week with the\\nagent.\\nI\u00c2\u00ab useful in catarrh, sore throat,\\npneumonia, bronchitis, or where-\\never there is an excessive mucous\\nsecretion to be counteracted.\\n1\\nc\\n1 I\\n1\\nJ\\nJ\\n3\\na\\nArsenic,\\n(Fowler s\\nSolutioa of)\\ns\\n1\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Antimony,\\n(Bntyrof)\\nBelladonna,\\nFluid extract)", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0362.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "MEDICINAL AGENTS.\\n357\\ni OS\\nFriar s balsam, the compound tinct\\nlire of benzoin, is a splendid applica\\ntion for wounds, ulcers and sores o\\nany descrii)tion.\\nAs a vehicle to apply, ia conjunction\\nwith other agents, benzoated lard\\nhas much to commend it.\\nTake: Tannic acid 1 dram\\nO\\n11\\nN\\nc:\\no:\\nBenzoated lard.... 2 ozs.\\nMix. As an application to sores, oi\\nfor the maggot it will be found un-\\nexcelled.\\n5\\n3\\nla\\ni?\\n.3:3\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0X\\n^3\\n*5\\nTake: Linseed oil 1 pint.\\nSpts. turi)entine 2 ozs.\\nAdd slowly sulp-\\nhuric acid 6 drams.\\nLeave bottle uncorked until chem-\\nical action subsides. This is a useful\\nprej)aration for foot-rot.\\n1\\nX\\nX\\nx\\nr-l\\nTHERAPEUTICS.\\nIs a mild stimulant, and is useful in\\npneumonia and bronchitis com-\\nbined with other remedies.\\nX\\nC\\nX\\n+i\\ns\\nCl. 4.\\no\\nge\\n3\\nInternally in gastric diarrho a of\\nlambs.\\nX\\nt z\\nX X\\n1\\na\\n5\\nM\\na\\nO\\n1\\nx\\n_2", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0363.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "358\\nMEDICINAL AGENTS.\\nof\\nPC\\nPS\\nIn ointment form, combined with other\\ningredients, it makes a valuable an-\\ntiseptic application for wounds.\\nc\\nX\\nK\\nc\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0J\\n,c\\na\\nMix. Makes a useful application to\\nallay itching in skin affections, and is\\nalso a servicealile douche to be inject-\\ned after prolonged and difficult par-\\nturition, where antisepsis is desired.\\nX\\nO)\\nX\\n03\\no\\n3\\nX\\n3\\no) ;3\\nc\\no\\nX\\nOj\\nbe\\na\\no\\ni)\\na!\\nX\\nIs prescribed in cases of nervous excit-\\nability, to ward off fits of epilepsy,\\nand to promote sleep.\\nIt is used in diarrhoea, combined with\\nother agents; also to relieve bron-\\ncliial irritation. Dissolved in oil, or\\nj)ut up in ointment form inbenzoated\\nlard, it will i)revent attacks of the fly.\\nIn eversion of the rectum, frequently\\nobserved in sheep suffering from an\\natonic condition of the lower bowel,\\na Buppositoi-y of caco butter and\\ncannabis indica, after the protnsion\\nhasbeen reduced, will effect beneficial\\nresults.\\ni\\no\\ni\\n1\\nx\\nfi\\n5\\nX\\nSo\\nX\\nbo\\nX\\n5\\no\\n1)\\n.3\\nX\\nx\\nSo\\no\\nr-l\\nr-l\\na\\n1\\nCD\\nt\\nT5\\nX\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2A\\ny\\n02\\nOh\\ns\\na\\na\\nu\\n0)\\n0/\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0-5\\nOl\\nX\\n+J\\n3\\nValuable antiseptic, useful in sore\\nmouths, used as a wash. .\\\\lso\\ngiven internally in cases of gastric\\nirritation.\\n-i-j\\na\\na\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a05\\n6\\neg\\naj\\n15\\nX\\nC\\na\\nX\\n2\\nc\\nO x\\n1\\naJ\\n+3\\ns\\n5\\n3\\nX\\nX\\nCO\\nC\\ni\\nX\\na\\n|l\\nX\\nS\\n1!\\n5 i\\n3\\n3 .5\\nF a\\n1 a\\n7\\n5\\n3\\nO\\n-u\\nX\\nOJ\\n3\\n03\\no\\no\\nX\\naj\\nc\\nX\\ne\u00c2\u00ab X\\n:2 o\\na\\nCO\\na;\\nca\\nu\\nCO\\ncS\\n5\\n3\\nc\\ng\\n3\\n03\\n1 3\\n3\\n3 a\\n03 3\\na", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0364.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "MEDICINAL AGENTS.\\n359\\nfee\\nu E.o\\ni 3 +3\\nS\\nO C iC\\nIP\\nC a; +3\\nt: 8\\nOf r oi\\nlis\\n5 X\\no^\\n2\\n0--\\nc\\n5 cu\\nci 4i .S\\na as\\no\\nS CD\\n1^\\nC CO E IE r^\\nCC N N N N O\\nC O O O O r\\nVN\\\\\u00c2\u00bbiXN;0 CD\\n5r, aJHS\\nrSi O JU\\no\\ni\u00c2\u00a3! OJ Q, tl\\nO 2\\nS-? _\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a25^^ jP-t CD\\nC^ e3 J\\n2 Sj\\nS E^i-^\\n!J0 CJ K o\\nB t\u00c2\u00ab ^Z\\n2 -If 5\\n3 5\\nO; g\\nO o3\\n03 .2\\nU T. ZJ\\n-2\\n+i to\\nw\\nhe\\na\\na i\\n-1\\nCO +J^\\n5 c\\np. o\\noj S\\nP\\ncc c S^ o-^\\nC3 i^ C\\nS oj C oj\\nTO p 00 s X\\na: I ..O O\\n05\\no 5\\nIC\\n5 OB\\ncot; t^\\nr O c3 o\\nS it*^\\nTO n- 1-\\nO i\\na o 0^\\ncc -M .t: H\\njj a\\n+j a* P oi\\ns 5 o S\\nC H !E\\naa5-S\\nc a i^\\nS i.a\\ns\\nC\\na\\nfp\\na;\\nC\\na\\no\\n+j\\nc\\nC3\\nIE 4,\\nc S\\n5\\na\\na\\ns\\nN a\\na 2\\nfee a\\na .5\\nQD QO\\na a\\nS\\n0-;\\na-\\nI O 4)\\nt-", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0365.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "360\\nMEDICINAL AGENTS.\\nTo relieve pain it is combined with\\noi)ium or morphine and belladonna.\\nIt is useful in severe cases of jjarturi-\\ntion.\\n1\\na\\nAdministered in syrup or mucilagin-\\nous gruel, to avoid scalding the\\nmouth. When administered as an\\naufesthetic it is inhaled, requiring\\nabout 1 oz. to produce complete an-\\naesthesia.\\nTo be well diluted with water, on ac-\\ncount of its cauterizing effect on the\\nbuccal mucous membrane.\\nUseful in cases of diarih(ea and dys-\\nentery.\\nCO\\nc.\\n3\\na\\n3\\nX\\no\\nX\\ni i\\nX\\nB\\nX\\na\\ncS\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2O\\n(M\\nX\\na\\na\\nX\\nN\\no\\n1^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2r.\\ny.\\na 1\\ncS\\nrH\\no\\nH\\nP\\nK\\npi\\nK\\n3\\n3\\na\\nX\\n3\\ns\\nQuiets irritability, causes sleep.\\nCombined with bromide of potas-\\nsium it is used in inflammation of\\nthe brain.\\nof\\nb\\n1\\nX\\nOj\\nX\\nX\\nOJ\\nH\\nX _\\n3\\n5 id\\n3 -5\\no o\\na a\\nX\\nX\\n^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0i\\n3\\nIf\\n3 X\\n3\\n3\\n3 Xj\\no\\n3^\\n3\\n3 t;\\nX _3\\n^1\\ns\\nIs a combination of drugs contain-\\ning chloroform, Indian hemp, mor-\\n])hine, tincture of capsicum, prus-\\nsic acid, aconite, hyoscamus, oil\\nof peppermint, hydrochloric acia,\\nand simple syrup.\\n3\\n3\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0i\\nas\\nP5\\n=3\\nd\\nc\\nu\\no\\n1\\naj\\na\\n3 3\\n1\\ni 1\\n3 1\\n1 1", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0366.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "MEDICINAL AGENTS.\\n361\\nc\\nCC tc\\nt. fj\\no\\nCO a\\no (u 5\\n=J i 0- cd\\npj 3\\nc; 3- S\\nP J\\nP. QQ\\n5 i t- .i F^\\nC S f\\no X 9\\no 3 cd o\\n5 CCT3.P\\n-2 o\\nS OJ CC 3\\n_ 0)\\nS ctf C\\n^TS\\n2 S\\nf i\\n5\\na: 1^\\ni: o\\n5\\nX\\nss\\na\\nC :d\\na\\nc S\\nf-i O O\\no a\\nc s- 5\\nS Qj o\\na^\\nX\\ncw Ol ra\\n0:= i x\\nfe\\nso. 2\\n.9 cs g\\na 1^ o\\n4^\\n1\\naj\\nTl\\nu\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00941\\n.c\\n0/\\nP\\noT\\n,0\\n01\\nc\\np\\n7^\\np\\n.J3\\nf\u00c2\u00bb\\nOD\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a073\\np.\\np\\np\\nn\\nS aj 4;\\nX 3 X _^\\na 9^\\n3 0;^-P\\nri\\nc\\nOj X .0^\\np cd X\\n0^ cs\\ntj3 _ B Cb\\n0)\\nfl p\\nc\\nP o\\nc\\nSr3\\n3 P\\na) S-C-^\\n01\\nca\\nX\\n01.^ j: r-:\\no tj\\n5^ r -p 3\\nr .p a\\np X a\\nX P a; a\\ni: S s=\\np S^ 2 =i r\\n_:; !E _\\nS^ +j a O\\n-Mi-4 O a\\n\u00c2\u00ab3\\na\\nI\\n*2\\np.\\na\\nX\\nX\\nO)\\n.a\\n-M\\nTl\\nu\\n1\\na\\nR\\nn\\ncS\\naT h S -S\\ng O X\\naj 11 j]J S\\na!.a\\nP 03 fc-\\n+^\u00e2\u0096\u00a033\\nX O O\\n2 =0\\nS i S", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0367.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "362\\nMEDICINAL AGENTS.\\nii X rj r-\\ns t;--^\\no I* .9\\nn\\no\\nCO a\\nO o^ _\\no a g\\nft o\\nu 4^;:^ X\\nX\\n3 Q, a\u00c2\u00bb\\nc^i o\\nli\\nc S c\\nu u\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2-\u00e2\u0080\u00a2o a\\ni2 c:L,t^\\n.9.9\\neg\\n0) a-\\nM2 ft\\nO 41 t-\\nOi\\no S\\nM\\nS 5 S\\nc\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^.9 O\\naj X\\nrS X\\na j o\\ncS ei\\nX X\\nX o\\ns a\\nt^ 0* t^\\n5 w cs i;\\na T3 t-\\ng aj 03\\n.2 feJJc\\nCC cS Sh\\nft.^ -p u\\nX c r\\nA\\n_a S\\n_\u00c2\u00ab be fl\\n3 41 a\\nSi S f I*\\nX o oj\\n2 cj c3 0)\\n1-5 Ox\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a23\\ni o fee\\na jri a X o)\\n,2|-^\u00c2\u00a7x\\np o -C\\no a a_\\nX a\\nO X\\nt\\nOJU X\\ni\\nCO\\na P A\\nO\\nO\\nbr-i_\\nX i a\\na-\\nft CC ti.\\n-M CS\\na\\nc\\n+j a\\nTS x- s^\\n^-a|^\\na o\\nox).^ g a\\nH Cij O) Oj\\nS ft a\\nCO Qj\\nri 3\\n5- S\\n5 ^-i\\na\\nCOT\\nC O\\ng X\\n5S\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0M 4,\\na 3 +j\\nS ?y\\nX o a.i\\nf^ a\\nt3 -p a\\ng S 5\\n1) rt 3\\n05 CO\\noil iJ\\nsib\\nS^ft^\\nX\\noi a\\n33\\n1 t- X\\nI\\nra X\\na o\\nCfl-O\\nX 3\\nPT,\\nco.t:\\nS S\\n^xi ce\\na 0) ft\\n3 X\\n.9 ==-r^\\nX a\\n03 3 +j\\nX\\nO\\n4 X,\\nS t)\\nX\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0.Z 4 ft\\n*J Oi\\no; X\\na T5 a,\\nSt:\\nOX3\\na:s\\nc3\\na\\nCJ", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0368.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "MEDICINAL AGEi fTS.\\n363\\n1\\nAfter expulsion of intestinal worms iu\\nsheep it is advisable to feed them\\ncondition powders in the feed, con-\\ntaining sulphate of iron. Or in the\\ncase of individual animals whose\\nvalue warrant particular care, the\\nfollowing will be found to be an ex-\\ncellent tonic.\\nTake: Tincture of the chlor-\\nide of ii-on 1 OZ-\\nX\\na\\na\\no\\n3\\ni\\nWater enough to make 4 ozs.\\nin all.\\nDose 1 tablespoonful, in 4 ozs. of\\nwater, twice daily, after being fed\\ngrain.\\nDose given is that of the extract,\\n(solid.)\\no\\ni\\na\\nX\\nbe\\na\\nt\\n-3\\nbo\\n02\\nX\\nbe\\ny.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2A\\n4 drauis.\\nX\\nbii\\nX\\n1\\nc\\nc\\nJ\\nQ\\nU\\nd\\ninternally it is a haeraatinic tonic\\nand astringent, useful in aniemic\\nconditions. It improves the ap-\\npetite and exerts a good effect in\\ncases of diarrhoea due to a general\\natonic condition. Kxternally it is\\nan astringent, styptic and a good\\nantiseptic agent.\\nAsa substitute for linseed oil in lin-\\niments, etc.; external use only.\\nu\\nr\\ncS\\nj\\np\\nOi\\n1)\\nzr.\\nA mild hepatic stimulant, blood\\npurifier and tonic; not so good as\\ngentian or golden seal.\\n3\\ncS\\n+3\\n3\\na\\na\\nX -tJ\\nc3.2\\n.3\\na\\nis\\no\\nCopperas.\\n(Sulphate\\nof Iron.)\\n5\\na\\no\\nCyanide of\\nPotassium.\\nDandelion.\\n(Taraxacum).", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0369.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "364\\nMEDICINAL AGENTS.\\n1\\nI xA\\nA Dovers powder will frecpiently be\\nfound to afford relief in cases of pro-\\nlonged diarrhcea.\\nIn cases of fardel-bound, epsom salts\\ncombined with other agents, is fre-\\nquently prescribed.\\nTake: Epsom salts 4 oz.\\nFl. ext. nux vomica... xxx gtts.\\nAmmonia carbonate. .xxx grs.\\nTincture of ginger 1 dram.\\nWater 1 itt\\n(live as one dose, administering it\\nslowly, to prevent as far as possible\\nits entrance into the first stomach or\\nrumen.\\nChills, and shiveiing fits, the premon-\\nitory signs of disease, are fre(|uently\\nchecked, by a full dose of suli)huric\\nether, combined with aromatic spir-\\nits of ammonia and water.\\n1\\nX\\nfcc\\naj\\nN\\no\\nX\\na\\n03\\nc\\n13\\na\\nUI\\n1 dram.\\nX\\nO\\n1 dram.\\n00\\na\\n03\\nu\\na:\\nH\\nW\\n1\\n1\\nComposed of ipecacuhana, opium\\nand potassium sulphate. It is a\\ndiaphoretic, and expectorant, it\\nis useful in bronchitis and the first\\nstage of pneumonia.\\nA valuable and frequently used pur-\\ngative, its use is indicated in cases\\nof indigestion, impaction of the\\nIst and 8rd stomachs; it causes\\nan excessive, secretion of waterly\\nmucus from the walls of the\\nbowels, which clears them of undi-\\ngested, fermenting food material,\\nthe presence of which is an irritant,\\nfrequently being the cause of di-\\narrhoea.\\nUsed in cases of protracted labor, to\\ninduceand strengthen labor pains.\\nFollowing parturition, if the\\nuterus fails to contract, or flood-\\ning ensues, its use is indicated.\\nInternfilly, diluted with water, it is\\nan effectual cnrminative, it checks\\ngastric fermentation, and controls\\nflatulence, it being particularly\\nindicated in blasting or hoven.\\nIt is also a strong diffusible stini\\nulant.\\ng\\nO\\nu\\no\\nX\\nm\\na\\no\\nX\\no\\nA\\nEther.\\n(Sulphui-ic\\nEther.)", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0370.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "MEDICINAL AGENTS.\\n365\\no d if\\nc*- o o\\n=.2\\noo\\na\\n03\\no o\\nP.5.S\\nU \u00e2\u0080\u00a2fr O\\n-t^ o !-ii\\nO s_ TT\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0w n tc K a\\nX I 2 2\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0S^ o 9\\n550\\niil\\n2 OC OD\\nfl.S^ O\\nO\\nJ!\\nO o\\nOD C S j;\\na cs eg 5\\ns\\no\\ncd\\n2?\\nrt OJ a\\n.S c o\\nX\\nO) x\\nCEcc\u00c2\u00a3\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a05\\n00 C^l -t -J, M\\n+j 4J a\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a21=3\\nSi\\nX\\nEC .3\\nC O\\n^ss^c-s\\n^13\\nO c\\nS a a\\no 3 Q .a J\\no\\n9j O\\nOj\\nOD\\nJ5\\n03\\nH\\na\\nu\\nP\\nrU\\n.3\\n-^3\\n0)\\nm\\na\\nE-i\\no\\na\\nIS t-i\\n-M aj a X\\ncS OC O o\\no t- 3\\ncd cj a fcc\\n-g CO c a\\n0) X w -jii x\\nbJO t: r\\nO ^S i\\nbC h X\\nis bf 2 f* .2\\nX o\\ngg.a?\\nCO a\\na a\\nO 0)\\n.a\\ndj\\nau-\\no o\\n.-a\\n.i! a\\na =d\\no 3\\na o\\niat.S.2\\naj 0/ X\\n-H X be\\nX 2 S\\n0- a -d\\nr- O X\\na\\nC cd\\nX _a\\na iD 3\\nC a,\\nS 2 rt a S\\nbe\\no\\nX3\\no", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0371.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "366\\nMEDICINAL AGENTS.\\ni\\na\\nUsed as an astringent dressing to\\nwounds, etc. it can be used internally\\nbut has nothing to specially com-\\nmend it above lead acetate.\\nActive purgative.\\nTake: Hogs lard 4 ozs.\\nCroton oil 5 minims.\\nHeat till lard just melts, give as one\\ndose.\\nrfl\\no\\n1\\nP.\\nh3\\na\\na\\nC8\\n00\\na\\n73\\noc\\no\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00ba\u00e2\u0080\u00941\\nH\\nR\\n1\\n1 s;\\nH\\n1\\nAromatic stimulant, carminative\\nand stomachic, given in conjunc-\\ntion with purgatives it lessens\\ntheir tendency to gripe.\\nInternally, it is a laxative, given\\nwith castor-oil, it increases the\\nactivity of that agent. Used exter-\\nnally it composes the basis of many\\nlotions, etc., and is a useful vehicle\\nfor carbolic acid, etc.\\na\\ns\\nS\\no\\nw.\\n\u00c2\u00b0o\\nce\\n_\u00c2\u00a3\\nXfl\\no;\\n0)\\nA preparation of the acetate of lead,\\nand the oxide, boiled for a certain\\nl)eriod of time, then filtered, and\\nthe original amount of water\\nmade good.\\nUsed as a base for medicinal agents,\\nwhere it is desirable to use them\\nin ointment form. Internally, it\\nis sometimes given warm as a\\nlaxative, or combined with other\\nmedecines for a purgative.\\na\\nS\\n00\\nS\\nLi\\nP-i\\nD\\n02\\n1 c\\nr\\n5\\nJ\\nu\\nv\\nbe\\ne\\n6\\n6\\n.a\\n5\\nm\\nXfl\\nu\\na\\n3\\nOS\\n5\\ncd\\n00 b\\n-A\\n5\\nas\\n00\\nbC\\nO\\nX\\nIs\\n73", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0372.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "MEDICINAL AGENTS.\\n367\\nREMARKS.\\nHydrochloric acid aids digestion, es-\\npecially of albuminoids; it prevents\\nfermentation of food in young ani-\\nmals, particularly those feeding on\\nmilk, and by doing so reduces their\\nliability to diarrhoea. Its use is in-\\ndicated in white skit, or scours of\\nlambs.\\nA useful injection to be used after re-\\nmoving urethral calculi, is made as\\nfollows:\\nTake: Fluid hydrastis 1 dram.\\nDistilled extract witch\\nhn7.pl 1 o7\\no a\\n+j\\nu O\\na;\\nl\u00c2\u00ab\\nS o\\na\\nFoul smelling wounds are rendered\\ndeau and asceptic by washing them\\nout with equal parts water and hy-\\ndrogen peroxide. This is a good ap-\\nplication to precede, the dressing of\\nall wounds and sores.\\nt\\nFor cases of indurated udd^r appli-\\ncations of thecompound iodine oint-\\nment are frequently found beneficial.\\nC\\ns:\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00ba5\\nz\\nS\\nX\\n1 dram.\\ns\\n2\\nI.\\nr,\\n1\\nH\\nInternally, it is astringent, tonic,\\nand antiseptic, and is an antidote\\nfor poisoning from alkalies. Exter-\\nnally it is used as a caustic, stim-\\nulant, astringent and antiseptic.\\nTonic and simple bitter; locally ap-\\nplied, preparations of hydrastis\\nhave a remarkable effect on mu-\\ncous surfaces.\\nIsan anti-ferment, destroys bacteria,\\nrenders wounds asceptic, it ap-\\npears to have a special affinity for\\ncombining with and destroying\\nl)us cells.\\nIts use is indicated in epilepsy, it is\\nalso an anodyne, and is used to\\nameliorate thegriping of cathartics.\\nThis agent is prescribed internally\\nas an alterative, and resolvent,\\nits use being indicated in dropsical\\nconditions. Internally, it is a ser-\\nviceable stimulant for unhealthy\\nwounds.\\n1 c\\n5\\n:5\\no\\nis\\no E3\\nHydrastis\\nCanendensis.\\n(Goldenseal.)\\n4J\\nu\\nrs\\na\\no\\nIodine.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0373.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "368\\nMEDICINAL AGENTS.\\nREMARKS.\\nc\\nc\\nc\\na\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0J\\nJ\\nSub-nitrateof bismuth, 2 ozs.\\nMix. Dust over sores; it will pro-\\nmote their healing and prevent the\\nattacks of flies and other insects.\\n1\\nO\\nQ\\nM\\ncc\\nSo\\nEel\\nEl!\\nI\\nOD\\nu\\nH\\no\\nH\\nP\\nOh\\nW\\nExternally as an antiseptic and\\ndeodoriser; as an application to\\nwounds it will prevent attacks of\\nflies, etc.\\nPromotes the secretion of bronchial\\nmucus, and is useful in cases of\\ndysentery, combined with other\\ndrugs under the name of Dover s\\nPowders.\\nThis mineral and its salts are ranked\\namong the most valuable agents\\nat the disposal of mankind. Met-\\nallic iron, in the form of filings or\\niron powder, is occasionally used\\nas an antidote to mercury or cop-\\nper poisoning; but it is with the\\nsaltsor compoundBofironthatthe\\nprescriber will mostly deal.\\nNot a stable form of iron; exposure\\nto air changing it into ferric oxy-\\nhydrate.\\nIndicated in nervous diseases, or for\\nricketty patients.\\nSee Copperas.\\nC\\nP\\nc\\nJ\\nc\\nC\\nIpecacuanha.\\na*\\np\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1\\n5\\ncS\\na\\no\\nX!\\nce\\no\\na\\nIron\\nPhosphate.\\nIron Sulphate.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0374.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "MEDICINAL AGENTS.\\n369\\n3\\nM C\\n.a c^\\no\\no\\n3\\n0) C\\nbe 8-\\n2\\nS t\\na\\nOJ t\\nO 3^\\ntc.S\\n+3 a\\nCO 3 n\\n1\u00c2\u00b0^\\n-1-\\nr-\\na\\nS\\nUse as an injection. The above will\\nalso be found useful to destroy\\nworms in the rectum, but will require\\nfurther dilution; about Y2 the amount\\nof the tincture of iron being ample.\\n1\\nas\\n2\\na.\\n4) 03\\na 0.\\na)\\n5 aj\\nbO\\na\\nla\\n+j\\nIn preparing ointments lor sheep, in\\nwhich animal fat forms the base,\\nit is considered preferable to use\\nhogs lard, or fat other than that\\nextracted from the sheep or its avooI.\\n3\\na\\n3d\\nX 2\\n\\\\l\\na\\nT-l\\n5\\ni\\nXXX. grs.\\n1 dram.\\n1 oz.\\nIE\\na\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0i\\na\\n7\\nb\\nu\\np\\np\\na\\nTonic and astringent, ha?matinic\\nand styptic. In cases of debility\\nanaemia this form of iron is spec-\\nially indicated.\\nlisematinic, tonic and alterative;\\nis useful to stimulate the absorp-\\ntion of swellings in young weakly\\nsubjects.\\nIndicated in rheumatism and to\\npromote the absorption of serous\\neffusions.\\na;\\nC^i Co\\n.si a\\nc3\\nStomachic, carminative and in large\\ndoses diuretic. Presumed to be\\nbeneficial in cases of rot.\\nVermifuge and purgative; specially\\nuseful to expel tape-Avorm, being\\nfully as efficient as male shield fern.\\n+j\\na;\\n-t-T\\n3\\nOJ\\na\\na\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a03\\n.2\\nm\\nS\\nc3\\nJD\\ncS\\nOS\\n1 =3\\n13\\naj\\nc\\na\\ncc\\nf\\nOJ\\n3 .1\\n3\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a21\\n3\\nil\\nu\\n3\\n1 -5\\na!", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0375.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "370\\nMEDICINAL AGENTS.\\nREMARKS.\\nThis agent is useful in all cases of strain-\\ning and irritability after lambing.\\nAnd for all cases where pain is pre-\\nsent without acute fever. Inconges-\\ntive and inflammatory diseases of\\nbrain, it should on no account be\\nused.\\nWhite lotion.\\nTake: Acetate of lead 4 drams.\\nZinc sulphate 3 drams.\\nWater 1 pint.\\nA u.seful antiseptic astringent lotion.\\no\\nQ\\ni\\n1\\n00\\n1\\nX\\nu\\nbe\\n4 drams.\\nX\\nN\\n5 drams.\\nx\\ns~\\nfcn\\ny.\\ny,\\n1 to 2 ozs.\\n12 OZS.\\nDRU(i. THERAPEUTICS.\\nAllays pain and irritability; relieves\\ncongestion and inflammation by\\ndiminishing the activity of the\\nvaso-motor centre. It is invalu\\nable in diarrhoea, arising from any\\ncause whatsoever. It is indicated\\nin dysentery, colic, peritonitis and\\nin diseases of the respiratory or-\\ngans.\\n-IS\\nw.\\nIs iiulicated in diarrhoea and dysen-\\ntery, p^xternally it is employed in\\nthe form of a lotion, as a cooling\\napplication to bruises, strains, etc.\\nL sed as an ant-acid in indigestion\\nand diarrhoea. Combined with\\nturpentine it destroys bronchial,\\nround worms of lambs. Mixed\\nAvith olive oil it makes a useful ap-\\nplication to burns.\\nIn ordinary doses laxative; in large\\nones cathartic; it is a good men-\\nstruum, for the administration of\\nagents which otherwise would\\ncauterize tiie mucous membrane\\nof the mouth and oesophagus.\\nLaudanum.\\n(Tincture of\\nOpium.)\\nu\\n3\\nO4\\nX\\nce\\nP\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1\\n.4-1\\nCS", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0376.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "MEDICINAL AGENTS.\\n371\\nI\\nzc\\nS\\ni\\n1\\nbe\\n.S\\nct\\na:\\nC\\ni\\nc\\nli\\nThe liquid extract is preferable to the\\npowdered root; the dose given here\\nis that of the liquid.\\nFor local dressing for scabies in shoei)\\nit is often used, and while very effec-\\ntual for destroying the i)arasites, its\\nuse is accompanied with some dan-\\nger for the patient, through absorp-\\ntion of the drug. Ewe s suckling\\nlambs should never be dressed with\\nthis agent, owing to the liability of\\nabsorption and ])assage into the\\nmilk.\\ni\\ni\\no\\nQ\\ns\\nX\\nDC\\nX\\nX\\n1\\n1 1\\n1\\n1\\ni\\n1\\nf\\nj\\ni\\ni\\n1\\n-1\\nIt\\nThe powdered root added to con-\\nditioning powders makes them\\nmore palatable. It is useful to\\nallay irritation of the bronchial\\nmucous membrane.\\n-l-i\\nC\\na..\\nbC\\ng\\nJ\\ncS\\nt3\\nd\\nx\\na\\ncd\\ni\\ng\\nCD\\na\\na;\\nVermicide and laxative frequently\\nprescribed for the removal of tape-\\nworm.\\nS\\noc\\nO\\nC\\n03\\n_o\\n!5\\ncd\\na\\no\\ncc\\nh C\\n5\\nCommonly called blue ointment\\nused exclusively as a parasiticide\\nfor external use.\\na\\n-1-1\\na;\\nd\\na\\nl-H\\n0)\\nrjl\\n2\\n.S\\n^4\\n1\\nC\\n0.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0+J\\n3\\nO\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1\\n6\\n-t-\\neS\\n-S\\nMercury.\\n(Mercurial\\nOintment.)\\na^\\n.2-0\\nso\\n3", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0377.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "372\\nMEDICINAL AGENTS.\\nREMARKS.\\nNicotine is the active principle in the\\nsheep dips, composed from to-\\nbacco alone, or with other ingredi-\\nents. Such dips are very effectual for\\ndestroying parasitic life, and are\\nharmless to the sheep.\\nThe dilute acid when given according\\nto the dose set down here, must be\\nfreely diluted with water or some\\nbland fluid. When applying it as a\\ntopical application in foot rot, the\\nsurrounding parts should be dressed\\nwith oil, and the acid applied to\\ndiseased surfaces with a glass rod,\\nor splinter of wood, care being taken\\nthat an excessive cauterization does\\nnot take place.\\nxn\\nO\\nP\\nbo\\nS\\nX\\n2 drams.\\nS\\nX\\na:\\nX\\n4 drams.\\nTHERAPEUTICS.\\nX\\na\\n_o\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a03\\ns\\nso\\n3Q\\nX\\na\\nX\\n3 3\\n3T3\\n5\\nAlkaloid of tobacco. Tobacco or its\\nactive principle nicotine are not\\nused internally. Externally, it is\\nused as a parasiticide.\\n6\\nIS\\n02\\nInternally in the dilute form, it is\\na hepatic stimulant and tonic. Ex-\\nternally, it is used to remove mal-\\nignant growths and as a caustic\\nfor foot-rot.\\nStimulant, diaphoretic and diuretic.\\nIt is used as a carminative and\\nantispasmodic, when combined\\nwith hyoscyamus, opium and\\nother anodynes.\\nIncreases the pulse beats but lowers\\narterial pressure, by its action on\\nthe vaso-motor centers. Useful in\\nepilepsy, both in warding off and\\nshortening the duration of the fit.\\nc\\n3\\na\\na\\nu\\nO\\nNicotine.\\nNitric Acid.\\nNitre.\\n(Sweet\\nSpirits of)\\n3", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0378.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "MEDICINAL AGENTS.\\n373:\\nx/i\\n+i ITS t,\\naj\\nO\\no -E -a -e\\n-kJ O S OJ 43\\n4. a t3\\n8\\no a\\na^\\n^o o o ot: o o\\nS tt5 rH tJ^ oi\\nO\\n5R ce\\no) o aj I\\n:fl O\\n2 TO O -O\\nn a d5\\nO^\\ntS cu\u00e2\u0080\u0094 o\\n0)\\na\\no\\nr3\\ncd rn 03\\nOi ct--\\nCC 3 TO\\nS c^\\nI\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I O ly\\nbX!\\nbt.S\\nP od\\n_ 0\\nO cj\\ns\\nO;\\ncc^ a!\\nO\\nbo\\no\\nW\\nCL,\\ni\\na\\nH\\nC Cu\\n5 O 00\\n._ t- i\\n-a 73\\n2 o\\na ai aa\\na--\\nC -M\\nace 3\\nJ\\n6\\nf 5 a\\n.o a\\nw o\\nc Q. t- a\\nco^ o o\\nIj tC 43\\nS a= a\\nC T3\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a23 CO TO\\nI- a o t a\\ng^a\\n-a S o\\n1* a\\nj_, +3\\nS o ai\\n\u00c2\u00b0a3\\nto a _\\nc6 +J 3\\n(C CS OD\\na.sg*,\\na bfi cs\\ng\\ni5C 5 2\\n0) a CO\\nOj +J;^\\nI. 0^ -3\\na .5^\\nas\\n^5\\niO\\n00\\nlO ,00", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0379.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "374\\nMEDICINAL AGENTS.\\na -t^\\no\\nci B\\nc. O\\n9 t-\\nIS o\\na: T\\nC P\\n1\\na cb\\na T\\nt. CJ rt\\na a\\nCo o\\n0)\\nO)\\nO ai i*\\nC3 lA\\na +j o oj\\n2+^\\n3 t^\\nH CO CC\\na (UM i^\\n.QX! 5J\\na a =s H-?\\nt, g,gi cs^ cc\\noT-a b t3\\n3 o o\\nbP\\ncC\\nO\\nCC C\\no2\\ns\\no\\na\\n(M\\no\\np\\nSame therapeutically as Oil of Anise;\\nsame dose also.\\no\\nIP\\n02\\nInternally and externally it is both\\nantiseptic and stimulant. Its use\\nis indicated iii all cases of septi-\\ncft mia, combined with quinine,\\niron, ether, and alcohol.\\nPrompt counter-irritant externally.\\nInternally stomachic and carmin-\\native. For internal use the ground\\nmustard is used, the dose for which\\nis stated here, (not the oil.)\\n4)\\ncS\\n.S\\na\\nai\\nu\\na,\\ni\\nS\u00c2\u00a3\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0-P\\na\\na\\na\\nis\\nIs\\ncd o)\\n.CJ 00\\nu\\na\\nP-,\\n7\\na\\no\\nS\\ncd\\na\\na\\nc\\nO\\nc\\nC\\na\\n04\\n13\\n3\\nm\\na\\na\\ni\\nCd", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0380.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "MEDICINAL AGENTS.\\n375\\n.s o cd\\n\u00c2\u00aby fl t.\\nO\\ni\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I oo\\n0;\\nis\\n3\\nKj 0) Oj\\nc\\nO DO\\n5\\nCS 0; K-\\nfl S\\n01 3\\n.2 o\\ni^ S^ 5\\nP-^.t S o\\nw S\\na\\no o\\no\\nS\\no\\nSO)\\na. l*\\na\\no 2\\ns a\\ncS -+3\\na-\\nOJ\\n0?.- _\\n.2 .a\\nb O cc\\nO\\n^\u00c2\u00b0o\\na 2\\nfl :ti o\\nC o\\n2 S\\n.i\u00c2\u00a3 2i a\\nct S-.\\n3 O nj\\nSo\\nOS O\\n0*\\nO 4-1\\nX1\\nre oc tc cfl\\nt- 0! -M\\ns cc cc\\n-a a j2 a\\no a--\\nclaims\\nO) C3 -(J\\ng oj cC r;\\nbo\\na a\\na\\nOJ\\np\\nai\\n-l-l\\nl-u\\nrn\\na\\na\\n(1\\ncS\\n+J\\na\\n01\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a043\\na g\\na OS\\n-i3\\n*-a n\\nZir-j o a\\n_ oj o ;s\\no.ii o fe\\nj; ac a j3\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0u !c a a\\n^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^.2\u00c2\u00ab\\n+J \u00c2\u00abJ =y\\na o oc a\\n__ a\\nQ.\\ni CO\\nIp CO r^\\noi ri a\\noaSo\\ni-; .S o tc a:\\nId 4\\nO.\\n3 X\\nO o\\nc.a\\n_a\\n3 a\\nd o\\n0.2\\na X\\nc5 e;.ti\\na 5 c\\n3 o JJ.\\nii^t:\\n13\\n?cS X\\n=\u00c2\u00aba^\\nX t- C Sh\\na S 0-\\na a CTJ\\nOj\\na\\na X ra-3\\na;\\nc\\nr-\\nS 2 s .s: I -y\\n-S ia -^::r-aJ_r^-a^i^\\na Tr X a\\nX\\nii a o-r\\nce 2 Sg S\\nj: d\\n4;.s+- wS a- xx\\nPS\\ny x c .g 13\\n.ago o\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0S.2-4r H\\n2 -t^ X s OJ\\nS Oj O; aj 3\\no a 13 +j\\na bi)_^ T\\nC a _i; _-\\n.g X\\nr^ :a O) -g\\nX p 4;\\na X r^ X\\na.a -1- ji a\\nl\u00c2\u00bb3\\n3\\nS.\\nlO o\\na\\nW\\nn\\na)\\na\\na\\na.\\na\\nOi\\nCh\\ni.g^", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0381.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "376\\nMEDICINAL AGENTS.\\no\\nfee\\nQ. CD\\nO fe o\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2T3 +j\\nt^ a*\\nCo %t\\n\u00c2\u00a3-1 T\\nr. 1- j;\\n4^ 3 03 -U\\ntt .S\\nf^ .Sis\\nz: a*\\ncc\\na w\\nii\\n.5 fl S\\n111 a-\\na t\\nQJ o\\n2 S= 2\\nO OJu-\\na: D r^\\n03 r\\nCO\\ny\\nOx\\nth 5\\n5g\\n-0\\nSc^\\nOj\\nS c6\\nO Oi\\n.C c\\ncc cS 3\\nC a!\\n4-J X\\n5\\ni\\nc?\\nc a\\n-M X\\nI\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nS C\\n3\\n_o o S\\nOj o\\nO oj a;\\nan.\\ni C\\nci tc\\nE.5 .a\\nO -P\\no X r\\nX Ci; ;g\\nX\\nn a:\\na oj bC\\nrt\\nce\\nc\\nci\\nN\\nCO\\naj\\no a\\nt; p\\ngo\\n.5 a\\nCL\\niC\\na X .a i2 _\\nra t^\\n01^,\\n000,\\nX 3 ti cS\\no a cs\\no\\nCC p.\\nOj\\nr--. X a\\n^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2-2 ce\\noj 5 -a ,i^\\n^J J if) sS a)\\ncs t- s J\\nX\\n-T! O S\\n5 ot\u00c2\u00a3\u00c2\u00b0o\\nbo\\n3 t- a\\n9 o\\n3 2 X\\nJ X 0.),\\nC3 oj\\nX3\\ncS rt\\ncS X\\ncC\\nft\\naj -rt\\nx\\no P\\na ^S-il\\na S a\\na N o\\n+j S a\\nt. X a\\na; a-:\\ncS 3j +j o\\nii C\\nw=\\nx^ a o ^g\\nO\\nC3 X\\na ctf\\na^H\\nc3\u00c2\u00ab_\\na o\\n1\\nCS\\na\\ncS\\nOj\\n4J\\nb\\nr,\\nw\\nf:\\n1\\nC\\nPh\\na\\na-a\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2so\\nP4", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0382.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": "MEDICINAL AGEXTS.\\n377\\nre\\ns\\nt5\\ni^\\n0)\\no\\ng\\nat\\nm\\n(-1\\n0)\\n3\\nto\\nL.\\n0)\\ntn\\no\\nec^ 1\\nc\\n4^\\nAJ\\nc\\nu\\n(1)\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0n\\n-t-\\nfC\\ntJ\\nFT\\nO)\\nCD\\ni/\\n,o\\na^\\n03\\n01\\n2\\ntI3\\nP\\nC\\n15\\no\\n-U\\nfcJO\\nc\\nbX\\n-3\\ni\\nw\\nO\\n-i^\\nOj\\nCC\\nCC\\nOj X a: t-\\n-M OJ O\\ntn Ch a\\no.r -e o\\nri 0-*\\n^\u00e2\u0080\u00a22 g\\no o-Sl\\na\\nOB 3D a: X\\nb K\\niC bCiCO\\nM X(M\\ns\\n.9 s .Si\\n5 s\\n5-r Cfl\\n^H OS S a a\\no o\\nOi o iS\\nCC S 1,\\n-a -3 41\\nO m\\nO\\nOJ\\nT)\\n01\\nc\\no\\nOJ\\nIt\\ns\\na:\\n03\\nce\\nXJ\\nr\\na\\na\\no\\nO\\nm\\nOD\\nm\\nCS\\nm\\nf\\na\\n.M\\n1)\\nO\\na\\na\\n-M\\na\\no\\no\\nbe\\nO\\nK X\\ns X\\neg\\na) XI\\n05\\n3\\n33\\nH 2\\ncS o\\nX 7^ oS\\nX X\\nt-\\nQ\\n1^.9 a\\no) j:^\\nX\\nS +J\\na; -1 a,\\ndj i; c3\\nX -O\\nO c3\\np a\\n3\\nX S\\na^ X\\nX\\na s\\n0) S\\n-P o\\no O\\na -p\\no X\\n13\\n\u00c2\u00a7\u00e2\u0080\u00a29\\nX X\\na o\\nC TO\\n|.9^\\nC X 3\\na a Q\\na cs\\ni o\\nbt\\np 0, w a/ H bt\\na^, S 4^ 03 S a\\n03.2^\u00e2\u0080\u0094 9-0\\n\u00c2\u00ab3.\u00c2\u00a3 a :S bo\\na a 9 2 i:\\n-jr el O O o a\\n0Q.2 jn w S\\nea\\nOf", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0383.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "378\\nMEDICINAL AGENTS.\\no\\n-2\\nc a\\nr :3\\nCO 3\\n.s\\no\\nIE\\nCO\\n5\\nO C3 S\\ne o\\nJ IE\\no t;\\n5C S\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00c2\u00a75 5\\n0^ fl\\ncc\\nC o\\nfc\\ncS tt\\nCS\\na 3\\n0.2\\nO\\nCC OD\\nO j^\\nCC O-\\n5:2\\na cc\\ncC\\nai X\\no\\n0; fJC\\nc ti\\nO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2a I\\nCD\\nO\\n-go\\n3 t.\\nO\\nM\\nubar\\nCom\\nPow\\nft\\n-a\\nA\\n2 S S\\n5\\n+3 i +3 W\\ncc a bfS\\n-rS\\na 22 a\\neC X C\\nt- a,\\n-W X\\n03 .S\\na o.^ a\\nCI\\no \u00c2\u00abu\\na^\\nt; o\\nfccB 00\\nfe5\\nni Ir^Tl ?i-e\\n.5\\nbca\\na o JS\\nX 3) +3\\n2 S2 a\\nHi 13 r cS\\nCo u cc\\nc =s\\n-a X\\niJ CO -i\\na cc\\na\\n5--\\ncc^ CO a\\nfrt a S^ X +-1\\na; a\\nCS -P Ml\\ncC\\n.5\\no\\no o\\nEsc\\n1 X", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0384.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "MEDICINAL AGENTS.\\n379\\nW\\nPS\\nc\\nc\\no c\\nN\\nja\\no\\n-u\\n-i-j\\n1.1\\nC\\n(M\\nC\\n-a\\ni\\na\\nrs\\nC\\nI-\\ni.\\na\\na:\\nMix. Liniment for bruises, etc.\\nSolutions of nitrate of silver, 5%\\nstrength will readily destroy the\\nscab parasite.\\nRelieves flatulence and can be benefi-\\ncially used in all cases of flatulence\\narising from indigestion.\\nO\\nQ\\n1\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1\\nc\\na\\na:\\nSo\\nCJD\\n00\\n5)\\na\\na\\nH\\nE\\na\\no\\nu\\nO\\nSi\\nSB\\na\\n31\\nt\u00c2\u00ab a\\no\\nAstringent and caustic as used ex-\\nternally. Internally, tonic and\\nastringent- Its use is indicated\\nin epilepsy, also combined with\\nopium for diarrhceaand dysentery.\\nIt is a very effectual application\\nfor foot rot.\\nAntiseptic, deodoriser and insecti-\\ncide. When used internally the\\ngastric juices chemically acting on\\nthe drug set free the sulphuric acid\\ncontained therein, making it an\\ninvaluable internal antiseptic.\\nAnt-acid, diuretic and diaphoretic.\\nIt is used with benefit, in indiges-\\ntion and flatulence. Externally,\\nsolutions of soda, relieve the in-\\ntense itching of skin affections.\\n5\\n-i-\\nc\\na\\nc\\nt4\\ni\\nSilver Nitrate.\\n(Lunar Caustic)\\nSodium\\nHyposulphite.\\n1\\na\\no\\n.a\\n2\\no", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0385.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": ".380\\nMEDICINAL AGENTS.\\nI 3J\\nP rc\\n01 Ih\\nC 4)\\na\\no\\nc\\n-3\\n0)\\nS\\nbe\\ni O aj 05\\n2 C_l ce c3 r\\n1^ rH 2e 5\\n3 fi\\ny cs\\n,5 0)\\np; S c o\\n(ii -t^ S\\nIE tc\\no i;\\nfi=S c\\nar t- c-\\no a\\nx 1\\nO s-\\nC 4) tc\\n+j\\nO\\nS\\nO Oj xi\\nC\\ns s\\nS3\\n3^\\ng -S 0)\\nXi p,-M\\na \u00c2\u00a3-56 cd\\nX a\\na a\\n2 v i\\nS o i\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^t^ S O S X\\nG\\na eg\\n+j a\\nr O)\\ni=: a\\n5 E\\no a +i\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0a s- X\\n5 03\\nX iji a\\ncs\\na\\ni=L,i2\\nIII\\ni)=; fc^ o. X\\na g X t-\\nX 0) c X P\\n+j a^ a^ t- .a\\nc 4 5 a i^\\nC3\\nX t. S 4j a _.\\n:i O^ X\\n.t^ X 5\\ntS rj\\nS^ a a S\\ne *.S =:J X\\njs a aj a\\nX CgX! CO 5\\n(h\\nO\\nO 3 X\\no: a; C\\na ac\\no i: o\\nB\\no o\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a032 r^\\nt%\\n1-H\\nZ:n\\nS3\\nu\\n86\\nl\u00c2\u00bb\\n3\\nX\\ncc\\nX :j\\no^\\n3", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0386.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "MEDICINAL AGENTS.\\n381\\nrt 1-\\nT^ rt\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2C i; V. i;\\naj o Bi D\\nP,\\nn! OJ\\nu C\\nrt\\nC 3\\nctuni, by\\nring-e, inj\\nult sheep\\nlenias are\\neep arisin\\n0) r~^ -S\\no \u00c2\u00abi oj jq\\nc 0) -M\\n0)\\nt; 5\\nV -M n\\n1) C 0) c\\nK J X o\\nJi ri\\nS o 2\\n*j U 3 T-j 3\\n2 aj j:\\ny U 01\\nXI bj)a;i\\nS\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2eg o o 3 ja\\no\\nu\\n60\\nbO\\nw\\no~\\nP\\nT1\\np\\na\\n03\\nT3\\n4-\\no\\nff(\\nC\\ntf\\no\\n+J\\nS\\nu\\n6\\n0)\\n0)\\no\\nc\\nn\\na XJ\\nSi\\no\\no\\n,a\\na\\nu\\na.\\n-t-/\\nC\\n0)\\na\\n-t-\\nc\\no\\nO\\n4J\\nn\\n0*\\nr/i\\nOj\\nfl\\ncc\\nOJ\\na\\nee\\na\\n(71\\nc8\\nT1\\n(K\\nm\\n!C\\nac S m S\\nC X! as\\nS ct !h\\nS i^ 5.9\\no s\\ng .Si S -a\\ncjo a ^H o o\\nc O a; N o\\nI-. ,a a \u00c2\u00a3i)\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0JC! a u\\ncc o\\n03\\n9. h\\nC 33 c\\nsi\\nCO\\nt- o\\n?s\\no c* aj\\no P. ce\\nS o\\nST!\\nsD a\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2a\\no\\no\\n3B\\na,\\n3", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0387.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXI.\\nInspection, 6overnnient and State.\\nThe inspection of live stock and meat products, starting\\nAvitli a small beginning some twenty years ago, has gradually\\nrisen to vast proportions, embracing not only the inspection of\\nlive stock entering the United States, but exercising a rigid in-\\nspection of export animals and their products, a careful examin-\\nation of inter-state shipments, and at the large market centers\\nof the country, an unexcelled stock-yard inspection, where the\\ndiseased and crippled stock after being examined on arrival at\\nthe yards, are tagged by inspectors and killed under their per-\\nsonal supervision. When if unfit for human consumption the\\ncarcasses are immediately tanked. The results from the tank-\\nage being converted into fertilizers, axle grease, etc., permitting\\nonly the healthy to enter the channels of consumption. The\\nGovernment inspection of sheep may be briefly stated as follov/s:\\nFirst. As regards their importations into the United States.\\nOn arriving at the port of entry, after complying with the cus-\\ntoms regulations, they, if they should be importations from other\\ncountries than Canada, are placed in a suitable quarantine sta-\\ntion, where they remain for a stated period of time (fifteen days)\\nsubject to daily inspections by the veterinary inspector in charge.\\nShould they at the termination of that period prove to be in a\\nhealthy condition they are permitted shipment to their destina-\\ntion in the interior, and vice versa, should any evidences of dis-\\nease appear among such animals while in quarantine they are\\nimmediately slaughtered and the carcasses destroyed or rendered\\nin compliance with the regulations. Sheep imported from Can-\\nada, however, are admitted under special regulations common", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0388.jp2"}, "389": {"fulltext": "INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 383\\nto both countries. They have to be accompanied with a certifi-\\ncate given by the official Canadian veterinarian of the district\\nwhere they were bred in Canada, stating that they have been\\npersonally inspected by him and are free from any contagions\\nand infections affections, and that no contagions disease (except-\\ning tuberculosis or actinomycosis) has existed in said district for\\nthe period of six months prior to said shipment. The clause relat-\\ning to tuberculosis and actinomycosis, referring more particularly\\nto cattle than sheep. The importer also in making his entry\\nmakes affidavit that said stock is imported for breeding or\\nslaughtering purposes. Should they be for breeding and a cer-\\ntificate of registry accompany them showing that they are pure-\\nbred and that their ancestors for two generations back are also\\nregistered, they then enter duty free, and are allowed to pass\\nimmediately to their destination. Sheep entering for immediate\\nslaughter do not require a veterinary certificate, but only the\\naffidavit of the importer. They are, however, submitted to a\\nrigid examination by a veterinary inspector before being allowed\\naccess to the markets. The regulations given below being faith-\\nfully carried out l)v those having charge of the same, virtually\\npreclude the possibility of the introduction of diseased sheep into\\nthe United States.\\nRegulations for the Xtispccttoti and Quarantine of Hnitnals Xmportcd\\nfrom Canada into the Qnitcd States.\\nV. S. Department of Agriculture,\\nOflfice of the Secretary.\\nWashiuffton. D. C, .January 23, 1897.\\nIn pursuance of sections 7, 8, and 10 of the act of Congress en-\\ntitled An act providing for the inspection of meats for exportation,\\nand prohibiting the importation of adulterated articles of food or\\ndrink, and authorizing the President to make proclamation in cer-\\ntain cases, and for other purposes, approved August 30, 1890, and", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0389.jp2"}, "390": {"fulltext": "384 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE.\\nof an act of Congress entitled An act making appropriations for\\nthe Department of Agriculture for the fiscal jear ending June 30,\\n1897, the following regulations, to take effect from and after Feb-\\nruary 1, 1897, are hereby prescribed for the inspection and quaran-\\ntine of animals imported from Canada into the United States, and\\nall orders and regulations or parts thereof inconsistent with these\\nregulations are hereby revoked in so far as applies to inspection and\\nquarantine of animals imported from Canada:\\n1. With the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, the follow-\\ning-named ports along the border or boundary line between the\\nUnited States and Canada have been designated as quarantine sta-\\ntions, and all animals imported from Canada into the United States\\nfor which inspection is required by these regulations must be entered\\nthrough these ports, viz: Vanceboro and Houlton, Maine; Beechers\\nFalls, Island Pond, Newport, Richford, and St. Albans, Vermont;\\nRouses Point, Ogdensburg, Charlotte, Suspension Bridge, and Buf-\\nfalo, New York; Port Huron and Detroit, jNIichigan; Duluth and St.\\nVincent, Minnesota; and Port Townsend, Washington.\\n2. The word animals when used in these regulations refers to\\nand includes all or any of the following kinds: Horses, neat cattle,\\nsheep, and other ruminants, and swine. The term contagious dis-\\neases when used in these regulations includes and applies to all or\\nany of the following diseases: Glanders and farcy, maladie du coit,\\nanthrax, contagious pleuro-pneumonia, Texas or splenetic fever, tu-\\nberculosis, actinomycosis, foot-and-mouth disease, rinderpest, sheep\\npox, foot-rot, sheep scab, hog cholera, swine plague, and erysipelas.\\nAnimals found affected with any one of these contagious diseases must\\nbe returned to Canada or killed without compensation.\\n3. All animals imported into the United States from Canada must\\nbe accompanied by an affidavit made by the owner or importer, declar-\\ning clearly the purpose for which said animals are imported, viz:\\nwhether for breeding purposes, for milk production, for work animals,\\nfor grazing, feeding, or slaughter, or whether they form part of\\nsettlers effects, or whether they are horses entered for temporary stay,\\nas provided in section 7 of these regulations. Said affidavit must be\\npresented to the collector of customs at the port of entry, who will\\ndecide whether the animals are entitled to enter under these regula-\\ntions, and who will notify the inspector of the Bureau of Animal In-\\ndustry in all cases where these regulations require an inspection to\\nbe made.\\n4. All animals imported into the United States fov breeding pur-\\nposes, for milk production, for grazing or feeding, horses for work.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0390.jp2"}, "391": {"fulltext": "INSPECTION, GOVERNlSfENT AND STATE. 385\\nand swine for slaughter must be inspected by an inspector of the\\nBureau of Animal Industry at the port of entry. All animals cov-\\nered by this section except horses, and swine for slaughter, must be\\naccompanied with a certificate signed by a Canadian official veter-\\ninarian, stating that no contagious disease, except tuberculosis and\\nactinomj-cosis in cattle, affecting the species of animals imported,\\nhas existed in the district in which the animals have been kept for\\nsix months preceding the date of importation, excepting animals\\nwhich are part of settlers effects, or belonging to Indian tribes,\\nwhich may be entered without certification or inspection. The owner\\nor importer must present an affidavit that said certificate refers to\\nthe animal or animals imported. The certificate for cattle for breed-\\ning and for such milch cows must also show that they have been sub-\\nmitted to the tuberculin test and found free from tuberculosis, giving\\nthe date of testing, with the chart of reaction, and a description of\\nthe cattle, with age and markings. All animals imported for breed-\\ning purposes, milk production, grazing or feeding, when not accom-\\npanied by the required affidavits and certificates, must be detained in\\nquarantine for one week, at the expense of the owner or importer,\\nunder the supervision of the inspector in charge. During this deten-\\ntion a rigid inspection will be made, and cattle for breeding or milk\\nproduction will be tested with tuberculin. Animals found free from\\ndisease at the end of this period will be released. Cattle and sheep\\nfor grazing or feeding, if accompanied by the required affidavits and\\ncertificates, need not be unloaded for inspection, but all other animals\\ncovered by this section must be unloaded and carefully inspected.\\n5. All Canadian animals will be admitted at any port of the Unit-\\ned States for transit in bond to any Canadian port without inspection.\\n6. Cattle and sheep in bond for export will be admitted without\\ninspection at any of the ports named in section 1, in transit to and\\nfor export from Portland, Me., Boston, Mass., and New York, N. Y.\\nHorses will be admitted in bond at any port of the United States with-\\nout inspection for export from any port of the United States. All ani-\\nmals admitted for export will be subject to inspection at port of ex-\\nport.\\n7. Horses for temporary stay, whether for pleasure driving, team-\\ning, exhibition, racing, or used in connection with stock raising or\\nmining, cattle and sheep for slaughter, and animals belonging to In-\\ndian tribes or forming part of settlers effects will be admitted\\nthrough any port without inspection or certification.\\n8. The railroad cars used in the transportation of animals speci-\\nfied by these regulations must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0391.jp2"}, "392": {"fulltext": "386 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE.\\nbefore said animals are placed therein. All litter from previous ship-\\nments must be removed, and the car \\\\vhitev\\\\ ashed with lime and car-\\nbolic acid, one pound of commercial carbolic acid to five gallons of lime\\nwash. Unless this regulation is complied with Canadian animals will\\nnot be allowed entry into the United States, and animals from the\\nUnited States will not be admitted into Canada. Shippers should see\\nthat cans are properly cleaned and disinfected before animals are\\nloaded.\\nJ. STERLING MORTON,\\nSecretary.\\nRegulations for the Xtispection and Quarantine of )Veat Cattle, Sbcep,\\nand Other Ruminants, and Swine Xmported into the\\nClnitcd States.\\nU. S. Department of Agriculture,\\nOffice of the Secretary.\\nWashington, D. C, February 11, 1S95.\\nIn pursuance of sections 7, 8 and 10 of the act of Congress entitled\\nAn act providing for the inspection of meats for exportation, and pro-\\nhibiting the importation of adulterated articles of food or drink, and\\nauthorizing the President to make proclamation in certain cases, and\\nfor other purposes, approved August 30, 1890, the following regula-\\ntions are hereby prescribed for the inspection and quarantine of neat\\ncattle, sheep, and other ruminants, and swine imported into the United\\nStates, and all previous regulations prescribed for such inspection and\\nquarantine are hereby rescinded:\\n1. ^Yith the approval of the Secretar3 of the Treasury, the fol-\\nlowing-named ports are hereby designated as quarantine stations, and\\nall cattle, sheeiD, and other ruminants, and swine imported into the\\nUnited States, must be entered through said ports, viz:\\nOn the Atlantic Seaboard, the ports of Boston, New York, and Balti-\\nmore; on the Pacific Seaboard, San Diego, Cal.; along the boundary\\nbetween the United States and Mexico, Nogales, Ariz.; El Paso, Eagle\\nPass, and Laredo, Tex.; along the border or boundary line between\\nthe United States and British Columbia and Canada, through the cus-\\ntom ports of Yanceboro and Houlton, Me.; Richford, Newport, St. Al-\\nbans, Island Pond, and Beecher Falls, Yt.; Ogdensburg, Rouses Point,\\nBuffalo, Charlotte, and Suspension Bridge, N. Y.; Detroit and Port\\nHuron, Mich.; Minnesota, Minn., and Puget Sound, Wash\\n2. Ihe word animals, when used in these regulations, refers to\\nand includes all or any of the following kinds: Neat cattle, sheep, and", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0392.jp2"}, "393": {"fulltext": "ESrSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 387\\nother ruminants, and swine. The words contagious diseases, when\\nused in these regulations, includes and applies to all or any of the fol-\\nlowing diseases: Anthrax in cattle, sheep, goats, or swine; contagious\\npleuro-pneumonia in cattle; Texas or splenetic fever in cattle; tuber-\\nculosis in cattle; foot-and-mouth disease in cattle, sheep, goats, and\\nswine; rinderpest in cattle and sheep; sheep pox, foot-rot, and scab in\\nsheep; hog cholera, swine plague, and erysipelas in swine.\\n3. All cattle, sheep, and other ruminants imiDorted into the United\\nStates from any part of the world shall be accompanied with a certifi-\\ncate from the local authority of the district in which said animals have\\nbeen for one year next preceding the date of shipment, stating that no\\ncontagious pleuro-pneumonia, foot-and-mouth disease, or rinderpest has\\nexisted in said district for the past year. And all swine imported into\\nthe United States from anj^ part of the w^orld shall be accompanied\\nwith a similar certificate relating to the existence of foot-and-mouth\\ndisease, hog cholera, and erysipelas. All such animals shall also be\\naccompanied with an affidavit by the owner from whoni the importer\\nhas purchased them, stating that said animals have been in the district\\nwhere purchased one year next preceding the date of sale, and that\\nnone of the above-mentioned diseases have existed among them, nor\\namong any animals of the kind with which they come in contact, for\\none j-ear last past, and that no inoculation has been practiced among\\nsaid animals for the past two years. Also by an affidavit from the im-\\nporter or his agent supervising the shipment, stating that they have\\nnot passed through any district infected with contagious diseases af-\\nfecting said kind of animals; that they have not been exposed in any\\npossible manner to the contagion of any of said contagious diseases,\\nand that the animals, when not driven, have been shipped in clean,\\nand disinfected cars and vessels direct from the farm where purchased.\\n4 The foregoing certificate and affidavits must accompany said\\nanimals and be presented to the collector of customs at the port of\\nentry, and by him delivered to the inspector of the Bureau of Animal\\nIndustry stationed at said port, to allow them to be imported into the\\nUnited States.\\n5. All neat cattle imported into the United States from any part of\\nthe world except Mexico, Central and South America, shall be subject\\nto a quarantine of ninety days, counting from date of arrival at the\\nquarantine station. All sheep and other ruminants, and swine, from\\nany part of the world except North, Central, and South America, shall\\nbe subject to a quarantine of fifteen days, counting from date of ar-\\nrival at the quarantine station.\\n6. Any person contemplating the importation of animals from any-\\npart of the world except North, Central, and South America, or of", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0393.jp2"}, "394": {"fulltext": "388 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE.\\ncattle from the Dominion of Canada, must first obtain from the Secre-\\ntary of Agriculture two permits, one stating- the number and kind of\\nanimals to be imported, the port and probable date of shipment, which\\nwill entitle them to clearance papers on presentation to the American\\nconsul at said port of shipment; the other, stating- the port at which\\nsaid animals are to be landed and quarantined, and the approximate\\ndate of their arrival, and this will assure the reception of the number\\nand kind specified therein at the port and quarantine station named, at\\nthe date prescribed for their arrival, or at any time during three weeks\\nimmediately follow ing, after which the permit will be void. These per-\\nmits shall in no case be available at any port other than the one men-\\ntioned therein. Permits must be in the name of the owner of, or agent\\nfor, any one lot of animals. When more persons than one own a lot of\\nanimals for which permits have been issued, a release from quarantine\\nAvill be given each owner for the number and kind he may own, and\\nthis release will be a certificate of fulfillment of quarantine regula-\\ntions. Permits will be issued to quarantine at such ports as the im-\\nporter may elect, so far as facilities exist at such port, but in no case\\nwill permits fc r importation at any port be granted in excess of the\\naccommodations of the Government quarantine station at such port.\\nUnited States consuls should give clearance papers or certificates for\\nanimals from their districts intended for exportation to the United\\nStates only upon presentation of permits as above provided, with dates\\nof probable arrival and destination corresponding with said permits,\\nand in no case for a number in excess of that mentioned therein. When\\nsuch shipments originate in the interior of a foreign country, these\\npermits should be submitted to the consul of that district and through\\nthe forwarding agent to the consul at the port of embarkation.\\n7. Cattle and sheep from the Dominion of Canada for export from\\nthe United States may be entered at the ports of Island Pond and\\nIJeecher Falls, Vt.. in bond for Portland, Me., for export from the lat-\\nter port only, provided said animals are accompanied by the health\\ncertificate and affidavits required by section 3, and provided, further,\\nthat suitable pens are furnished by the railroad companies at the ports\\nof entry for their unloading and proper inspection.\\n8. All animals imported into the United States shall be carefully\\ninspected by an inspector of the Bureau of Animal Industry, and all\\nanimals found to be free from disease and not to have been exposed to\\nany contagious disease, shall be admitted into the United States, sub-\\nject to the provisions for quarantine as established in paragraph 5.\\nWhenever any animal is found to be affected with a contagious dis-\\nease, or to have been exposed to said disease, said animal, and all ani-", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0394.jp2"}, "395": {"fulltext": "INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 389\\nmals that have been in contact with or exposed to said animal, will be\\nplaced in qnarantine, and the inspector quarantining- the same shall\\nreport at once to the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industrj^ who will\\ndirect whether or not said animals quarantined shall be appraised and\\nslang-htered, as provided by section 8 of the act under which tliesc\\nreg-ulations are made. All animals quarantined by reason of disease\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2or exposure to disease shall not be admitted to the established quaran-\\ntine grounds, but shall be quarantined elsewhere at the expense of the\\nimporter, or dealt with in such manner as the Chief of the Bureau\\nof Animal Industry shall determine.\\n9. In case of imported animals proving to be infected, or to have\\nbeen exposed to infection, such portions of the cargo or the vessel on\\nwhich they have arrived as have been exposed to these animals or their\\nemanations shall be subjected, under the direction of the inspector of\\nthe Bureau of Animal Industrj^ to disinfection in such manner as may\\nbe considered by said inspector necessarj^ before it can be landed\\n10. No litter, fodder, or other aliment, nor any ropes, straps,\\nchains, girths, blankets, poles, buckets, or other things used for or\\nabout the animals, and no manure shall be landed, excepting under\\nsuch regulations as the inspector shall provide.\\n11. On moving animals from the ocean steamer to the quarantine\\ngrounds thej^ shall not be unnecessarily passed over any highway s, but\\nmust be placed on the cars at the wharves or removed to the cars on a\\nboat which is not used for conveying other animals. If such boat has\\ncarried animals within three months, it must be first cleaned and then\\ndisinfected under the supervision of the inspector, and after the con-\\nveyance of the imported animals the boat must be disinfected in the\\nsame manner before it may again be used for the conveyance of ani-\\nmals. When passage upon or across the public highways is unavoid-\\nable in the transportation of animals from the place of landing to the\\nquarantine grounds, it must be under such careful supervision and\\nrestrictions as the inspector raay in special cases direct.\\n12. The banks and chutes used for loading and unloading im-\\n]wrted animals shall be reserved for such cattle, or shall be cleansed\\nand disinfected as above before being used for such imported cattle.\\n13. The railway cars used in the transportation of animals to the\\n|uarantine grounds shall be either cars reserved for this exclusive use\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0or box cars not otherwise employed in the transportation of animals\\nor their fresh products, and after each journey with animals to the\\nquarantine grounds they shall be disinfected by thorough cleansing\\nand disinfection under the direction of the inspector.\\n14. While animals are arriving at the qnarantine stations, or leav-", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0395.jp2"}, "396": {"fulltext": "390 INSPECTION, GOA^ERN.MENT AND STATE.\\ning them, all quarantined stock in the yards adjoining the alleyways\\nthrough which they must pass shall be rigidly confined to their sheds.\\nAnimals arriving by the same ship may be quarantined together in one\\nyard and shed, but those coming on different ships shall in all cases be\\nplaced in separate yards.\\n15. The gates of all yards of quarantine stations shall be kept\\nlocked, except when cattle are entering or leaving quarantine.\\n16. The attendants on animals in particular yards are forbidden\\nto enter other yards and buildings, unless such are occupied by stock\\nof the same shipment with those under their special care. No dogs,\\ncats, or other animals, except those necessarily present, shall be al-\\nlowed in the quarantine grounds.\\n17. The allotment of yards shall be under the direction of the in-\\nspector of the port, who shall keep a register of animals entered with\\ndescription, name of owner, name of vessel in which imported, date of\\narrival and release, and other important particulars.\\n18. The inspector shall see that water is regularly furnished to\\nthe stock and the manure removed dailj% and that the prescribed rules\\nof the station are enforced.\\n19. Food and attendance must be provided by the owners of the\\nstock quarantined. Employees of such owners shall keep the sheds\\nand yards clean to the satisfaction of the inspector.\\n20. Smoking is strictly forbidden within any quarantine inclosure.\\n21. No visitor shall be admitted to the quarantine station without\\nspecial written permission from the inspector. Butchers, cattle deal-\\ners and their employes are especiall^y excluded.\\n22. No public sale shall be allowed within the quarantine grounds.\\n23. The inspector shall, in his daily rounds, as far as possible,\\ntake the temperature of each animal, commencing with the herds that\\nhave been longest in quarantine and ending with the most recent ar-\\nrivals, and shall record such temperatures on lists kept for the pur-\\npose. In passing from one herd to another he shall invariably wash\\nhis thermometer and hands in a weak solution (1 to 100) of carbolic\\nacid.\\n24. In case of the appearance of any disease that is diagnosed to\\nbe of a contagious nature, the inspector shall notify the Chief of the\\nBureau of Animal Industry, who shall visit the station personally or\\nsend an inspector, and on the confirmation of the diagnosis the herd\\nshall be disposed of according to the gravity of the affection.\\n25. The yard and shed in which such disease shall have appeared\\nshall be subject to a thorough disinfection. Litter and fodder shall\\nbe burned. Sheds, utensils and other appliances shall be disinfected", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0396.jp2"}, "397": {"fulltext": "INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 391\\n;is tlie inspector may direct. The y.ard, fence, and manure box shall\\nbe freely sprinkled with a strong solution of chloride of lime. The\\nflooring- of the shed shall be lifted and the whole shall be left open\\nto the air and unoccupied for three months.\\n20. In case of the appearance of any contagious disease the infect-\\ned herd shall be rigidly confined to its sheds, where disinfectants shall\\nbe freely used, and the attendants shall be forbidden all intercourse\\nwith the attendants in other j-ards, and with persons outside the quar-\\nantine grounds.\\nJ. STERLING MORTON,\\nSecretary.\\nThe quarantine exacted from all slieep arriving from for-\\neign conntries excepting Canada reduces the danger of admission\\nof such disease as sheep-pox, rinde-pest, etc., to a minimum,\\nand the proof of the pudding being in the eating, it is only\\nsufhcient to say that since such regulations have been in force no\\noutbreaks in the United States have occurred among sheep which\\nare traceable to the admission of foreign animals.\\nThe same precautions are exercised in the shipments of\\nsheep to foreign countries, notably England. All such animals\\nhave to be carefully examined by a Government official at the\\nmarket where they are purchased. They are again inspected\\nbefore being loaded on the ship for transportation abroad. Great\\ncare is taken that no animal showing the least sign of sickness is\\npermitted to be shipped.\\nSheep-scab is particularly guarded against. The sheep be-\\nfore shipment are submitted to a thorough dipping to insure their\\nbeino- free from this troublesome affection These regulations\\nare necessary owing to the fact that complaints have been made\\nagainst American sheep, claiming that they have been responsible\\nfor outbreaks of contagious diseases in countries importing them,\\nnotably England, it having been asserted that scab frequently\\nfollowed their entrance to that country. These complaints have\\nso prejudiced the authorities there, that at the present time ship-\\nments of live stock arc onlv permitted entry under the condition", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0397.jp2"}, "398": {"fulltext": "392 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE.\\nthat thej are slaughtered at the port where the entry is made.\\nThey are no longer allowed to be sold to the farmers for feeders\\nor stockers. The only way this disadvantage can ever be over-\\ncome is by the rigid enforcement of all the regulations govern-\\ning the transportation and handling of live stock at home, so that\\nforeign countries will finally be forced to believe in the compe-\\ntency of the American inspection and again permit their impor-\\ntations on the former more favorable terms.\\nThe following are the United States regulations governing^\\nthe importation and exportation of sheep:\\nOrder and Regulations for the Xnspcction of Cattle and Sheep\\nfor Gxport.\\nU. S. Department of Agriculture.\\nOffice of the Secretary.\\nWashington, D. C, October 20, 1890.\\nThe following order and regulations are hereby made for the\\ninspection of neat cattle and sheep for export from the United States,\\nto Great Britain and Ireland and the Continent of Europe, by virtue\\nof the authority conferred upon me by Section 10 of the Act of Con-\\ngress approved August 30, 1890, entitled An act providing for the in-\\nspection of meats for exportation, prohibiting the importation of adul-\\nterated articles of food or drink, and authorizing the President to\\nmake proclamation in certain cases, and for other purposes:\\n1. The Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry is hereby directed\\nto cause careful veterinary insiDCction to be made of all neat cattle\\nand sheep to be exported from the United States to Great Britain\\nand Ireland and the Continent of Europe.\\n2. This inspection shall be made at any of the following named\\nstock yards:\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Kansas City, Mo.; Chicago, 111.; Buffalo, N. Y.; Pitts-\\nburg, Pa.; and at the following ports of export, viz: Boston and Char-\\nlestown, Mass.; New York, N. Y^; Philadelphia, Pa.; Baltimore, Md.,\\nand Norfolk and Newport News, Va. All cattle shipped from any of\\nthe aforesaid yards must be tagged before being shipped to the ports\\nof export. Cattle arriving at ports of export from other parts of the\\nUnited States will be tagged at said ports.\\n7. Export animals, whenever possible, shall be unloaded at the", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0398.jp2"}, "399": {"fulltext": "INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 393\\nport of export from the cars in which they have been transported di-\\nrectly at the wharves from which they are to be shipped. They shall\\nnot be unnecessarily passed over any higfhwajs or removed to cars or\\nboats which are used for convejing other animals. Boats transporting-\\nsaid animals to the ocean steamer must be first cleansed and disinfect-\\ned under the supervision of the Veterinary Inspector of the port, and\\nthe ocean steamer must, before receiving said animals, be thoroughly\\nrleaned or disinfected in accordance with the directions of said In-\\nspector. When passage upon or across the public highways is unavoid-\\nable in the transportation of animals from the cars to the boat, it must\\nbe under such careful supervision and restrictions as the Veterinarj\\nInspector ma3 in special cases, direct.\\n8. Any cattle or sheep that are offered for shipment to Great\\nr.ritain or Ireland, or the Continent of Europe, which have not been\\ninspected and transported in accordance with this order and regula-\\ntions, will not be allowed to be placed upon any vessel for exporta-\\ntion, as they will be deemed, under the law, to have been exposed to\\ninfection so as to be dangerous to other animals.\\n9. The supervision of the movement of cattle from cars and\\nyards to the ocean steamer at the ports of export will be in charge\\nof the Veterinary Inspector of the port. No ocean steamer will be\\nallowed to receive more cattle or sheep than it can comfortably- carry.\\nOver-crowding will not be permitted.\\n10. The Veterinarj Inspector at the port of export will notify\\nthe Collector of the Port of the various shipments of cattle or sheep\\nthat are entitled to clearance papers, and certificates of the inspection\\nof said animals will be given to the consignors for transmission with\\nthe bills of lading.\\nJ. M. RUSK,\\nSecretary.\\nOrder and Regulations for the Inspection of Cattle and Sheep\\nfor export.\\nU. S. Department of Agriculture,\\nOffice of the Secretary,\\nWashington, D. C, February 7, 1895.\\nThe following order and regulations are hereby made for the in-\\nspection of neat cattle and sheep for export from the United States to\\nGreat Britain and Ireland and the Continent of Europe, by virtue of\\nthe authority conferred upon me by section 10 of the act of Congress\\napproved August 30, ]S90. entitled An art i)roviding for an inspection", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0399.jp2"}, "400": {"fulltext": "394 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE.\\nof meats for exportation, prohibiting tlie im2:)ortation of adulteratecT\\narticles of food or drink, and authorizing the President to make proc-\\nlamation in certain cases, and for other purposes\\n1. The Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry is herebj directed\\nto cause careful veterinary inspection to be made of all neat cattle and\\nsheep to be exported from the United States to Great Britain and Ire-\\nland and the Continent of Europe.\\n2. This inspection will be made at any of the following- named\\nstock yards: Kansas City, Mo.; Chicago, 111.; Buffalo, N. Y.; Pitts-\\nburg, Pa.; and at the following- ports of export, viz: Portland, Me.;\\nBaltimore, Md.; Boston and Charlestown, ^lass.; New York, N. Y.;\\nPhiladelphia, Pa., and Norfolk and Newport News, Va. All cattle\\nshipped from any of the aforesaid yards must be tagged before being\\nshipped to the ports of export. Cattle arriving at ports of export from\\nother parts of the United States will be tagged at said portS;\\n3. After inspection at the aforesaid stock yards, all cattle found\\nfree from disease and shown not to have been exposed to the contagion\\nof any disease, shall be tagged under the direction of the inspector in\\ncharge of the yards. After tagging, the cattle will be loaded into\\ncleaned and disinfected cars, and shipped through from said yards, in\\nsaid cars, to the port of export.\\n4. All animals shall be reinspected at the port of export. All rail-\\nroad companies will be required to furnish clean and disinfected cars\\nfor the transportation of cattle and sheep for export, and the various\\nstock yards located at the ports of export shall keep separate, clean,\\nand disinfected yards for the reception of export animals onl3\\n5. Shippers shall notify the inspectors in charge of the yards of in-\\ntended shipments of cattle, and shall give to the said inspector the\\nlocality from which said animals have been brought, and the name of\\nthe feeder of said flnimals, and such other information as may be prac-\\nticable for the identification of the place from which said animals\\nhave come.\\n6. The inspector, after passing and tagging said cattle, shall\\nnotify the inspector in charge of the port of export of the inspection\\nof said animals, giving him the tag numbers and the number and des-\\nignation of the cars in which said animals are shipped.\\n7. Export animals, whenever possible, shall be unloaded at the\\nport of export from the cars in which they have been transported di-\\nrectly to the wharves from which they are to be shipped. They shall\\nnot be unnecessarily passed over any highway, or removed to cars or\\nboats which are used for conveying other animals. Boats transporting\\nsaid animals to the ocean steamer must be first cleansed and disin-", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0400.jp2"}, "401": {"fulltext": "INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 395\\nfected under the supervision of the inspector of the port, and the\\nocean steamer must, before receiving said animals, be thoroughly-\\ncleansed or disinfected in accordance with the directions of said in-\\nspector. ^Yhen jiassage upon or across the public highway is unavoid-\\nable in the transportation of animals from the cars to +he boat, it\\nmust be under such careful supervision and restrictions as the inspec-\\ntor may direct.\\nS. Any cattle or sheep that are ottered for shipment to Great\\nBritain or Ireland, or the Continent of Europe, which have not beea\\ninspected and transported in accordance with this order and regula-\\ntions, or which having been inspected are adjudged to be infected, or\\nto have been exposed to infection so as to be dangerous to other ani-\\nmals, shall not be allowed to be placed upon any vessel for exporta-\\ntion.\\n9. The supervision of the movement of cattle from cars and yards\\nto the ocean steamer at the ports of export will be in charge of the in-\\nspector of the port. No ocean steamer will be allowed to receive more\\ncattle or sheep than it can comfortably carry. Overcrowding will not\\nbe permitted.\\n10. The inspector at the port of export will notify the collector of\\nthe port of the various shipments of cattle or sheep that are entitled\\nTO clearance papers, and certificates of the inspection of said animals\\nwill be given to the consignors for transmission with the bills of\\nlading.\\nJ. STERLING MORTON,\\nSecretary.\\n[Hmcndmctit to the Order dated fcbruary 7, 1895.]\\nU. S. Department of Agriculture.\\nOffice of the Secretary,\\nWashington, D. C, Dec. 19, 1895.\\nIt is hereby ordered that the Order and Regulations of February\\n7, 1895, above mentioned, be and same are hereby amended as follows:\\nSection 2 is hereby amended by the addition of Port Royal, South\\nCarolina; New Orleans, Louisiana, and Galveston, Texas, as ports of\\nexport.\\nAnd it is stipulated that transportation companies carrying cattle\\nor sheep to Port Royal, S. C, for export shall establish at that point\\nspecial stock yards for export cattle and sheep, and such stock yards\\nshall be vised for no other purpose.\\nThe cattle exported from Port Royal, S. C, shall originate above\\nthe quarantine line established by the Department of Agriculture and", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0401.jp2"}, "402": {"fulltext": "396 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE.\\nshall not be unloaded south of said line prior to arrival at Port KoyaL\\nCattle exported from New Orleans, La., and Galveston, Tex., shall\\noriginate south of said quarantine line, and no cattle from north of\\nsaid quarantine line shall be exported from ports of New Orleans, La.,\\nor Galveston, Tex., except by special permit from the Chief of the\\nBureau of Animal Industry. All cattle and sheep exported from the\\nthree ports above mentioned shall be inspected, and the provisions of\\nsections 4 and 5 of order of February 7, 1895, shall be applicable there-\\nto, together with such other provisions of said order as may be deemed\\npracticable by the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry.\\nThe tagging of export animals at above ports shall be discretion-\\nary with the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry.\\nJ. STERLING MORTON,\\nSecretarj\\nWhile a strict inspection is thus maintained on all sheep\\nimported into or exported from this country, it must be acknowl-\\nedged that the regulations governing inter-state shipments yet\\nleave something to be desired.\\nFor instance, the interpretation of the term inter-state\\nshipments appears to be somewhat vague. Sheep designed for\\nshipment for feeding or breeding purposes from any of the\\nlarge stock-yards in the country which come under\\nthe care of Federal inspectors must be dipped before\\nbeing allowed to leave the yards. This is a most excellent pro-\\nvision, and if rigidly enforced would materially assist in keeping\\nunder, if not entirely eradicating, the disease known as scab;\\nbut here arises a loop-hole through which advantage of this regu-\\nlation can be taken. Sheep shipped to a stock-yards and held\\nthere for sale and which are sold at those yards and allowed to\\nremain therein several days after such sale come under the State\\nlaws and are not subject to the restrictions of the inter-state\\nregulations. These sheep can be shipped to any point in that\\nState without dipping.\\nNow, it would be evident that if the infection from scab\\nexists in the large stock-yards throughout the country as is\\nclaimed, these sheep would carry the infection to whatever point", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0402.jp2"}, "403": {"fulltext": "INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 397\\nwitliin the State tliey were shipped, and not only that, but they\\nwould infect the car or cars used for their transportation, which\\non being used again in the inter-state trade for other sheep ship-\\nments, would be liable to cause outbreaks of the disease in differ-\\nent parts of the country; furthermore, sheep affected with scab\\nin the State of New York, for instance, can be shipped to the\\nNew York Central stock-yards and from there, should the ship-\\nper so desire and unless the State authorities should see fit to in-\\ntervene, can be shipped to any other point within that State, as\\nin no sense would they come under the regulations governing\\ninter-state shipments. From this it is evident that although the\\nFederal inspectors may use due diligence and care in enforcing\\ntheir regulations, sheep scab can still be distributed over wide\\nareas of country. The Western States appear to have thor-\\noughly grasped this idea and are generally enforcing State legis-\\nlation to cover the movements of diseased animals within their\\nborders; and if every State in the Union would enact laws pro-\\nviding for the appointment of sheep inspectors who shall be\\nassigned to certain districts within each State, and whose duty\\nit should be immediately on the report of a contagious disease\\nexisting within his district, to investigate, and if the\\nfacts should justify him, quarantine said animals and said dis-\\ntrict in which the disease occurs, prohibiting their being removed\\nfrom the farm or feeding lot until cured, it would be a speedy so-\\nlution of this difficulty. Their co-operation then with the Fed-\\neral inspectors at the different stock-yards would render it vir-\\ntually impossible for diseased animals to be transported through-\\nout the country.\\nThe inter-State Federal inspection of sheep is carried out\\nwith the object of preventing the spreading of contagious dis-\\neases, notably sheep-scab, from one State to another, but un-\\nhappily this disease has gotten such a firm hold now generally\\nthroughout the United States, especially where Western sheep", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0403.jp2"}, "404": {"fulltext": "398 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE.\\nare being fed, that the only method for the eradication of the\\npest is to place a rigid quarantine on diseased stock\\nwherever they may be found. An instance can be quoted here\\nto illustrate the desirability of some such proceeding. In 1896,\\nin a Western feeding district where considerably over 100,000\\nlambs are fed every year for the Eastern markets, principally\\nChicago, the majority of the flocks were affected with scab in\\nfact, all but one or two. These animals, while they were thor-\\noughly dipped, were by no means in all cases cured, but were\\nreleased from the State quarantine and shipped to Chicago, be-\\ncause, as it appeared, scabby sheep arriving there for immediate\\nslaughter were passed by the authorities, and it would have been\\ndetrimental to the interests of the sheep-feeders of that State to\\nhave had their flocks held in quarantine while others were per-\\nmitted access to the market. The mere fact that the transporta-\\ntion of animals suffering from such a disease would infect the\\nrailroad ears to the further danger and damage of other shippers\\ndoes not appear to have entered into their calculations. They\\nwere not engaged then in protecting their neighbors territory,\\nand the result now is apparent. Whereas, the scab was mostly\\nconfined some years ago to certain sections of the country, nota-\\nbly the Western States and Territories, now we find it has been\\nscattered broadcast; that clean sheep in feeding lots are the\\nexception and not the rule, the trouble having followed the lines\\nof the railroads till it is unsafe to load absolutely healthy sheep\\non railroad cars and after shipment place them with a flock free\\nof disease, as they carry with them the infection from the cars,\\nwhich in a short time will cause outbreaks of scabies in the flock\\nto which they have been admitted.\\nThe following regulations refer to the inter-State transpor-\\ntations of sheep:", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0404.jp2"}, "405": {"fulltext": "INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 399\\nCransportation of Sheep Hffcctcd with Scabies.\\nU. S. Department of Agriculture.\\nOffice of the Secretary,\\nWashington, D. C, June 18, 1897.\\nTo the Managers and Agents of Railroads and Transportation Compa-\\nnies of the United States, Stockmen and Others:\\nIn accordance with Section 7 of the act of Congress approved May\\n29, 1884, entitled An act for the establishment of a Bureau of Ani-\\nmal Industry, to prevent the exportation of diseased cattle, and to\\nprovide means for the suppression and extirpation of pleuro-pneu-\\nmonia and other contagious diseases among domestic animals, and\\nof the act of Congress approved April 23, 1897, making appropria-\\ntion for the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending-\\nJune 30, 1898, you are hereby notified that the contagious disease\\nknown as sheep scab, or scabies of sheep, exists among sheep in the\\nUnited States, and that it is a violation of the law to receive for\\ntransportation, or transport any stock affected with said disease from\\none State or Territory to another, or from any State into the\\nDistrict of Columbia, or from the District into any State. It is also a\\nviolation of the law for any person, company or corporation to deliver\\nfor such transportation to any railroad company, or master or owner\\nof any boat or vessel, any sheep, knowing them to be affected with\\nsaid disease; and it is also unlawful for any person, company or cor-\\nporation to drive on foot or transport in private conveyance from one\\nState or Territory to another, or from any State into the District\\nof Columbia, or from the District into any State, any sheep, knowing\\nthem to be affected with said disease. All transportation companies\\nand individuals shipping, driving or transporting sheep are requested\\nto co-operate with this Department in enforcing the law for prevent-\\ning the spread of the said disease. Inspectors of the Bureau of Ani-\\nmal Industry are directed to report all violations of this act which\\ncome to their attention.\\nIn order to more effectually accomplish the object of the above\\nmentioned laws, it is hereby ordered that any railroad cars, boats or\\nother vehicles, which have been used in the transportation of sheep\\naffected with said disease, shall be immediately cleaned and disin-\\nfected by the owners or by the transportation companies in whose\\npossession said cars or vehicles may be at any time the animals are\\nunloaded by first removing all litter and manure which they con-", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0405.jp2"}, "406": {"fulltext": "400 INSPECTION, GOVERNiMENT AND STATE.\\ntain, and then saturating the woodwork with a tive per cent, solution\\nof crude carbolic acid in water. Inspectors of the Bureau of Animal\\nIndustry are directed to see that this order is carried into effect.\\nJAMES WILSON,\\nSecretary.\\nState Inspection.\\nSeveral of the Western States and also some of those of the\\nMiddle West have realized the necessity of controlling the passage\\nof live stock across their borders, hence we find that the State of\\nColorado has built up an inspection bureau which has much to\\ncommend it. Starting out to prevent the promiscuous driving\\nof Texas cattle into its territory, (they having been the cause of\\ndisastrous outbreaks of Texas fever among the stock with which\\nthey came in contact), laws were enacted which had\\nfor their especial meaning the prohibiting of sheep affected with\\nscab from coming into the State. Unfortunately, however, the\\nsheep-feeders found their source of supply endangered, as the\\nsheej) raised in the State were insufficient, or not such profitable\\nfeeders as those obtainable from Xew Mexico and Arizona, and\\ntheir influence was sufficient to produce special rulings on the\\npart of the Veterinary Sanitary Board by which they were per-\\nmitted to continue the importations of lambs from infected dis-\\ntricts on the payment of a tax per head of from one to two cents,\\nwhich was termed an inspection fee, although it was virtually a\\npayment for privilege, as an inspection would have prohibited\\ntheir importation altogether. These sheep or lambs then were\\nshipped direct to the feeding districts and placed on the farms of\\nthe feeders, where they were considered to be in quarantine, the\\nfeeder being supposed to use due precaution by means of dipping,\\netc., to clean them up. This could only be a perfunctory pro-\\nceeding at the best; just sufficient to keep the disease under con-\\ntrol but never entirely eradicating it; and when fit for sale the\\nstock was shipped direct to one or the other of the great markets.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0406.jp2"}, "407": {"fulltext": "INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 401\\nThis process was responsible for the scattering of the infection\\nover wide portions of territory. Far better would it have been if\\nsome method could have been found to compel a thorough\\ncleaning of the flocks of ISTew Mexico, compelling every sheep\\nleaving the Territory for other States to be dipped before being\\nloaded on the cars. Then if they had been dipped thoroughly\\nagain on arrival at their destination, the disease would have been\\nunder control, and the danger of transmitting infection reduced\\nto a minimum. We beLf.eve lately better methods are being taken\\nto guard against these conditions, and that a supervision of rail-\\nroad cars and their thorough disinfection is being taken in hand,\\nwhich is sure to produce beneficial results. Dr. Charles Gress-\\nwell, State Veterinary Surgeon and Secretary of the Colorado\\nState Veterinary Sanitary Board, writes concerning inspection as\\nfollows\\nI am strongly in favor and always have been of rigorous\\ninspection regulations, mainly with the object of protecting own-\\ners of improved stock, who, of course, suffer the most from negli-\\ngence of owners of less valuable animals. It is a noted fact that\\nscab does more injury in direct proportion to improvement of\\nbreed and artificial handling. The owner of the wild Mexican\\nsheep suffers but little in comparison to the owner of well-bred\\nShropshires or other pure-breeds. The same idea holds good with\\ncattle, so the whole question resolves itself into one of rigorous\\ninspection or no inspection whatever. With no inspection at all\\nherds of sheep and cattle will gradually become more or less im-\\nmune to contagious diseases which affect them, although with a\\ngreat loss in the process. Animals raised by artificial selection\\nand under our present domesticated conditions have little or no\\npower to resist disease, and the ravages of disease among them are\\nalways very expensive. Therefore modified inspection is apt to\\nmake people think they are secure. They go in for the improved\\nconditions, and then suffer from imperfectly executed inspection", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0407.jp2"}, "408": {"fulltext": "402 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE.\\nlaws. If there were no inspection laws, they might learn to--\\ntake care themselves, or not go into the business of improved\\nstock at all. Therefore, I repeat, inspection laws if once institu-\\nted should be carried out rigorously in spite of the temporary\\nhardships they may and do at times cause, and the execution of\\nsuch matters should he kept absolutely free from politics of every\\nkind.\\nWe publish here the rules and regulations governing the\\nentry and disposition of sheep arriving in the State of Colorado\\nfrom outside States and Territories:\\nState of Colorado Sbccp Quarantine.\\nDenver, Col., May 4, 1897.\\nFrom and after this date and until further notice, the following-\\nregulations will g-overn the admission of sheep from the States of\\nWashington, Oregon, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, California, Nevada,\\nUtah and Texas, and the Territories of Arizona, New Mexico and Okla-\\nhoma, and the Republic of Mexico, into the State of Colorado.\\nFirst. All sheep intended to be driven or shipped into or through\\nthis State from the above scheduled States and Territories must be\\ninspected by the .State Veterinai-} Sanitarj- Board or bj its duly au-\\nthorized deputies before being allowed to enter said State, and due\\nnotice must be given of such intention to the Secretary at the Capitol\\nBuilding, Denver, Colorado, or to one of the authorized inspectors of\\nthis Board, except: Sheep from the above scheduled districts may en-\\nter Colorado without inspection or a bill of health, by rail, provided\\nthey do not unload in the State except in quarantine pens for the\\npurpose of feeding and watering and for a period not exceeding\\ntwenty-four hours.\\nSecond. No sheep, except as provided for above, will be allowed\\nto be driven or shipped across the State line unless accompanied by a\\nBill of Health granted by the State Veterinary Sanitary Board, or by\\nits duly authorized deputies, certifying that such sheep are wholly\\nfree from disease, and have not come in contact with any diseased\\nsheep during the preceding sixty days, or unless accompanied by a\\nSpecial Permit, which will be granted only on the following condi-\\ntions:\\nThat sheep so introduced shall be dipped to the satisfaction and\\nunder the supervision of this Board, or its duly authorized inspectors.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0408.jp2"}, "409": {"fulltext": "INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 403\\nat Denver, Pueblo, La Junta or at such other point as may be desig\\nnated by said Board, before such sheep shall be permitted to reload,\\nor be driven to any point from the point of unloading, and said sheep,\\nif introduced under such Special Permit shall be held in quarantine\\nby said Board until the above provisions of inspection and dipping- are\\nfullj^ complied with.\\nThird. To defraj* the expenses of inspection and the necessary\\nsupervision, a fee of one cent per head will be charged before a Bill of\\nHealth is issued, and a fee of one and one-half cent per head before a\\nSpecial Permit is issued. The latter fee will include the costs of re-\\nlease hereafter granted upon the fulfillment of the terms of the\\nPermit.\\nFourth. The cars used to transport all sheep coming into this\\nState under Special Permit, as provided for above, and the pens in\\nwhich the}- are unloaded, must be disinfected in the following man-\\nner: (a) Remove all litter and manure. This litter may be disinfected\\nby mixing it with lime, or saturating it with a five per cent, solution of\\ncarbolic acid, or if not disinfected it may be stored where no sheep\\ncan come in contact with it. (b) Saturate the walls and floors of cars,\\nfencing, troughs and chutes, or pens with a solution made bj^ dissolv-\\ning four ounces of chloride of lime in one gallon of water, or disinfect\\nthe cars with a jet of steam under a jjressure of not less than fifty\\npounds to the square inch.\\nInspectors will be stationed at the following points:\\nP. J. Towner, E. Las Vagas, New Mexico.\\nH. G. Ballard, Thompsons, Utah.\\nJ. A. Slayton, Carr, Colorado.\\nJ. H. Fleming, Folsom, New Mexico,\\nand at other points of dipping within the State of Colorado.\\nThe penalty for infringement, or an attempt to infringe upon the\\nprovisions of this order, is a fine of not less than $100.00 nor more than\\n$5,000, or imprisonment for not less than three months nor more than\\ntwo years, or both.\\nTHE STATE VETERIN.\\\\RY SANITARY BOARD OF COLORADO.\\nE. J. TEMPLE. President.\\nCHAS. GRESSWELL, Secretary.\\nThe rules and regulations of the various Western States and\\nTerritories governing the transportation or driving of sheep\\nacross their borders are, with few modifications and changes, a\\ncounterpart of the above, so further reference to them will be un-", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0409.jp2"}, "410": {"fulltext": "404 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE.\\niieces:?ary. Suffice to say that inspection is as yet in its infancy.\\nTlie more the intelligent farmers see of its benefits, the more de-\\nsirous are they to claim the protection afforded them by the en-\\nforcement of the laws, and it is safe to predict that the next few\\nyears will see a marked diminution in the spread of contagious\\naffections, and a great amount of capital thereby saved to the pro-\\nducer.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0410.jp2"}, "411": {"fulltext": "Index*\\nH\\nAbdomen\\nAbortion\\nAbomasum\\nAbscess\\nAcari\\nAcetanelide\\nAcetic Acid\\nActinomycosis\\nAconite\\nAdipose tissue\\nAfter-pains\\nAfire, how to tell\\nAle\\nAlcohol\\nAlexander, Dr. AS...\\nAlimentary canal\\nAlfalfa\\nAloes\\nAlteratives\\nAlum\\nAmaurosis\\nAmmonia Liniment.\\nAmniotic fluid\\nAnaemia\\nAnaesthetics\\nAnal opening\\nAnalj^sis food-stuffs\\nAnatomy, the\\nAnise-seed\\nAnt-acids\\nAnterior maxillary..\\nAnthrax fever\\nAnthelmintics\\nAnodynes\\nAntimony\\nAntiseptics\\nAntispasmodics\\nAphtha\\nApoplexy\\nApothecaries meas-\\nure\\nArachnoid space\\nAreca nut\\nArgali\\nArnica\\nArsenic\\nPaffe.\\n96\\n343\\n121\\n298\\n240-241\\n354\\n354\\n281\\n354\\n95\\n330\\n113\\n355\\n354\\n189\\n116\\n90\\n355\\n350\\n355\\n304\\n162\\n324\\n285\\n351\\n132\\n89\\n94\\n359\\n351\\n101\\n262\\n351\\n351\\n356\\n351\\n350\\n168\\n152\\n353\\n107\\n355\\n19\\n356\\n356\\nPage^\\nArsenical sheep dips. 248-\\nArteries 96^\\nAsafoetida 356\\nAsh 88\\nAsphixia 339-\\nAstringents 350\\nAtlas, the 100\\nAuditory nerves 101, 108\\nB\\nBacillus anthracis 263\\nBacillus tetani 278\\nBacillus tuberculosis. 261\\nBall, E. N., Sec. Me-\\nrino Association 59\\nBakewell, Mr 23\\nBarley, food value 89\\nBelladonna 356\\nBenzoated lard 357\\nBenzine 224^\\nBenzoin 357\\nBismuth 357\\nBile, the 129-\\nBile, functions of 130\\nBistournage 292\\nBlack oils 357\\nBlack leg 267\\nBlack leg, vaccina-\\ntion against 269-\\nBladder, the 131\\nBlasting 173\\nBleeding 146, 328\\nBleeding from cheek\\nvein 146\\nBleeding from jugu-\\nlar vein 147\\nBleedintg from sa-\\nphena vein 146\\nBleeding from um-\\nbilicus 339\\nBlinds, the 304\\nBloat 173\\nBlood, the 87\\nBlood anal^^sis 87\\nBlood, circulation of. 96\\nBlood diseases 283-\\nBloodlessness 285", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0411.jp2"}, "412": {"fulltext": "406\\nINDEX.\\nBloody flux\\nBlue-stone\\nBones, the\\nBones of the head\\nBones of the body..\\nBones of the fore\\nextremities\\nBones of the hind\\nextremities\\nBoracic acid\\nBorboryg-mus\\nBrain, the\\nBroad ligiament\\nBronchocele\\nBruises\\nC\\nCachexia\\nCaecum, the\\nCalabar bean\\nCalcis, the\\nCalculi\\nCalculi, renal\\nCalculi, urethral\\nCalomel\\nCamphor\\nCannabis Indica\\nOantharides\\nCapillaries\\nCapsicum\\nCarbo-hydrates\\nCarbolic acid\\nCarbolic dips\\nCarbonate of am-\\nmonia\\nCarbonate of lime...\\nCarbon\\nCarbonic acid g-as\\nCarcass weig hts\\nCard\\nCarding\\nCardamons\\n-Carminatives\\nCartilag-e\\nCartilaginous tissue.\\nCastor oil\\nCascarilla bark\\nCastration\\nCatarrh\\nC athartics\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Catechu\\n\u00e2\u0082\u00acells\\nPage.\\n187\\n358\\n95,97\\n99\\n102\\n103\\n106\\n358\\n180\\n96, 107\\n135\\n301\\n297\\n169\\n127\\n358\\n107\\n178\\n197\\n198\\n359\\n358\\n358\\n359\\n96\\n359\\n88\\n354\\n250\\n360\\n359\\n86\\n96\\n92\\n76\\n76\\n359\\n352\\n98\\n95\\n360\\n360\\n290\\n160\\n351\\n359\\n94\\nPage.\\nCellulitis 309\\nCercaria 232\\nCerebritis 151\\nCerebellum 100, 107\\nCerebrum 100, 107\\nCervical vertebrae 102\\nCerVix uteri 134\\nChalk 185\\nCharbon 262\\nCharcoal 361\\nCheeks, the 114\\nChest, the 96\\nCheviot sheep 70\\nChlorine gas 361\\nChloral 360\\nChloroform 360\\nChlorodyne 360\\nChloride of lime 359\\nChokered 228,286\\nChoking 171\\nOhorioptes ovis 234\\nCtiolagogues 352\\nChyme, the 121\\nChyle 97\\nCinchona 361\\nCling 187\\nCloudy wool 79\\nCocaine 361\\nCoccyx, the 102\\nCodeine 361\\nCod-liver oil 361\\nCoenurus cerebralis. 201\\nCoffin bone 104\\nColchicum 362\\nColic 181\\nColon, the 127\\nCommon scab 236, 239\\nCombing 77\\nCongential hernia 133\\nConjunctiva, the 303\\nConnective tissue.... 95\\nConstipation 189\\nConsumption 272\\nConvulsions 153\\nCooper, M. A., Sec.\\nDorset Association. 54\\nCopperas 363\\nCorn, value for food.. 89\\nCorn, silage 89\\nCornea 303\\nCornea, capacity of.. 305\\nCorrosive sublimate.. 362", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0412.jp2"}, "413": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\nCotswold sheep\\nCots vvold sheep, de-\\nscription of\\nCotton-seed oil\\nCovered operation...\\nCracked teats 169,\\nCranial cavity\\nCranial nerves\\nCreosote\\nCrepitus\\nCross-breeding\\nCroton oil\\nCumberland disease..\\nCyanide of potassium\\nCyanosis\\nCystic tumors\\nD\\nDandelion\\nDaniells, H. A., Sec.\\nNational Lincoln\\nAssociation\\nDelaine Merino\\nDelaine Merino, or-\\nigin of\\nDelaine Merino, scale\\nof points\\nDentition\\nDecussation\\nDental pad\\nDermatodectes ovis.\\nDiaphoretics\\nDiaphragm, the\\nDiaphragmatic herni a\\nDiarrhoea\\nDiarrhoea of lambs.\\nDigitalis\\nDipping\\nDipping plant\\nDiseases, definition of\\nDiseases, anthracoid..\\nDiseases of brain....\\nDiseases of digestive\\nsystem\\nDiseases of eye\\nDiseases of liver\\nDiseases, parasitic...\\nDiseases due to ex-\\nternal parasites..\\nDiseases of the res-\\npiratory organs.\\nPage.\\n27\\n27-29\\n363\\n293\\n308, 337\\n99\\n108\\n362\\n295\\n137\\n362\\n263\\n363\\n342\\n300\\n363\\n29\\n69\\n69\\n70\\n113\\n108\\n112, 117\\n234\\n352\\n117\\n179\\n183\\n184\\n363\\n248\\n250\\n142\\n263\\n151\\n168\\n302\\n192\\n201\\n234\\n160\\nDiseases of the urin-\\nary system\\nDiseases of the new-\\nly-born\\nDiseases, incidental\\nto parturition\\nDistoma hepaticum..\\nDiuretics\\nDocking\\nDorset horned sheep.\\nDorset sheep, first\\nimportations\\nDownrights, the\\nDover s pow^der\\nDrastics\\nDropsy\\nDropsy, abdominal...\\nDruce, Mr\\nDrying up\\nDrying wool\\nDuodenum, the\\nDunn s tonic drench.\\nDura mater\\nDysentery\\ne\\nEarly lambs\\nEctozoa\\nEczema\\nEczema epizootica.\\nEjaculatory ducts...\\nEllman, Mr\\nEoabryotomy\\nEmphysema infectu-\\nosum\\nEnemata\\nEncephalitis\\nEnteritis\\nEntozoa\\nEnzootic diseases....\\nEpithelial cells\\nEpiglottis, the\\nEpilepsy\\nEpsom salts\\nErgot\\nErysipelas\\nErythema\\nEthmoid bone\\nEther\\nEuphorbium\\nEustachian tubes\\nEversion of rectum..\\n407\\nPage.\\n196\\n339\\n323\\n231\\n352\\n293\\n54\\n54\\n77\\n364\\n352\\n192\\n228\\n50\\n176\\n77\\n126\\n161\\n107\\n187\\n54-\\n201\\n307\\n270\\n134\\n37\\n327\\n267\\n381\\n151\\n182\\n201\\n145\\n94\\n117\\n153\\n146, 364\\n364\\n280\\n308\\n101\\n364\\n365\\n115\\n19 1", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0413.jp2"}, "414": {"fulltext": "408\\nINDEX.\\nEwes, conceive best..\\nExamine for scab\\nExamination of ex-\\nport sheep\\nExamination of im-\\nport sheep\\nExcretion, an\\nExtensor muscles\\nf\\nFallopian tubes\\nFardel bound\\nFasciola hepaticum..\\nFeeding-\\nFeeding lambs, ra-\\ntion for\\nFeeding- tables\\nFeeding tables, value\\nof\\nFeeding tables,\\nWolff s\\nFelting\\nFelty w^ool\\nFemur, the\\nFennell\\nFenugreek\\nFibrous tissue\\nFish oil\\nFits\\nFlooding\\nFly, the\\nFoetus, the\\nFood and increase\\nFoot and mouth dis-\\nease\\nFoot-rot 104,\\nForamen\\nFow^ler s solution....\\nFractures\\nFrenzy, the\\nFrontal bones\\nFungus haematodes.\\nGad-fly\\nGall-bladder\\nGamboge\\nGanglion\\nGarget\\nGasoline\\nGastric juice\\nGentian\\nPage.\\n141\\n240\\n392,396\\n383-386\\n130\\n110\\n134\\n176\\n231\\n84\\n90\\n89, 90\\n90\\n89\\n76\\n79\\n106\\n365\\n365\\n95\\n260\\n153\\n328\\n259\\n135\\n91\\n270\\n145, 310\\n102\\n380\\n295\\n151\\n99, 101\\n305\\n207\\n130\\n365\\n109\\n335\\n224\\n121\\n365\\nGerms\\nGerm ovum\\nGestation, period of.\\nGid\\nGinger\\nGlass eye\\nGlauber salts\\nGlycerine\\nGoitre\\nGoulard s extract.\\nGranulation, healing\\nby\\nGrass staggers\\nGreat head\\nGreen skit\\nGressvs^ell, Dr. Chas..\\nGullet, the\\nGutta serena\\nn\\nHaematosepsis\\nHampshire Down\\nHampshire Do wnjthe\\nold\\nHampshire Down, the\\nnew\\nHampshire Down,\\nfirst importations..\\nHampshire Down,\\nstandard of excell-\\nence\\nHay, food value of.\\nHead scab\\nHealing by first in-\\ntention\\nHealing by granula-\\ntion\\nHealth, definition of.\\nHeart, the\\nHeels, the\\nHemorrhoids\\nHemp\\nHepatic artery\\nHepatitis\\nHerdvnck sheep\\nHernia\\nHernia, congenital.\\nHernia, d i a p h r a g-\\nmatic\\nHernia, umbilical.\\nHermaphroditic para-\\nsites\\nPage.\\n261\\n133\\n135, 323\\n201\\n366\\n304\\n146, 366\\n366\\n115, 301\\n366\\n296\\n176\\n263\\n185\\n401\\n117\\n304\\n267\\n45\\n45\\n47\\n47\\n49-50\\n89\\n238\\n296\\n297\\n142\\n96\\n105\\n191\\n79\\n129\\n192\\n72\\n179\\n133\\n179\\n180\\n232", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0414.jp2"}, "415": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\nHogg, the Ettrick\\nshepherd\\nHog s lard\\nHoose\\nHoneycomb, the\\nHoven\\nHock joint, the\\nHumerus, the\\nHusk\\nHumphrey, Mr\\nHydrastis canenden-\\nsis\\nHydrocephalus\\nHydrochloric acid....\\nHydrocyanic acid\\nHydrogen\\nHydrogen peroxide..\\nHydrophobia\\nHydro thorax\\nHypnotics\\nHyoscyamus\\nt\\nIcterus\\nIleum, the\\nIlio caecal valve\\nImpaction of rumen.\\nImpaction of omasum\\nImpaction fourth\\nstomach of lambs..\\nImperforate anus\\nImpetigo Labialis\\nImports from Canada\\nImports other coun-\\ntries\\nIn-breeding\\nIncontinence of urine\\nInfectious abortion..\\nInfectious aphtha\\nInferior maxillary...\\nInfluenza\\nInflammation of blad-\\nder\\nI n fl a m m a tion of\\nbowels\\nI n fl a m m a tion of\\nbrain\\nI n fl a m m a tion of\\nbronchial tubes.\\nI n fl a m m a tion of\\nliver\\nPage.\\n206\\n366\\n211\\n120\\n173\\n107\\n103\\n211\\n47\\n367\\n154\\n122, 367\\n366\\n88\\n367\\n275\\n166\\n352\\n367\\n193\\n127\\n127\\n175\\n176\\n181\\n190, 341\\n310\\n383\\n386\\n138\\n265\\n343\\n270\\n101\\n160\\n198\\n182\\n151\\n163\\n192\\nI n fl a m m a tion of\\nlungs\\nI n fl a m m a tion of\\ninter-digital canal.\\nI n fl a m m a tion of\\nkidneys\\nI n fl a m m a tion of\\npleura\\nI n fl a m m a tion of\\nvagina\\nI n fl a m m a tion of\\nwomb\\nInflammation umbili-\\ncal cord\\nInspection\\nInspection, Federal..\\nInspection, State\\nInterdigital canal\\ninter-State sheep in-\\nspection\\nInter-ungulate sinus.\\nIntestines, length of.\\nIntestinal obstruc-\\ntions\\nIntus-susception\\nInversion of womb.\\nInversion of vagina..\\nInvoluntary muscle\\ntissue\\nIodine\\nIodoform\\nIpecacuanha\\nIron\\nIron carbonate\\nIron iodide\\nIron phosphate\\nIron sulphate\\nIron tincture\\nIschiatic spines\\nJaborandi\\nJalap\\nJaundice\\nJejunum\\nJugular vein\\nJugular vein, bleed-\\ning from\\nJuniper berries\\nK\\nKamala\\n409-\\nPage.\\n164\\n106, 321\\n196\\n166\\n331\\n332\\n339\\n38.^5\\n382-400\\n400-404\\n105\\n399\\n105\\n126\\n178\\n18a\\n329\\n330\\n9S\\n367\\n368\\n368\\n368\\n368\\n369\\n368\\n368\\n369\\n106\\n369\\n369\\n193\\n127\\n146\\n147\\n369\\n369", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0415.jp2"}, "416": {"fulltext": "410\\nINDEX.\\nPage.\\nKentish long--wooled\\nsheep 33\\nKidneys, the 131\\nKidneys, inflamma-\\ntion of structure.. 196\\nL\\nLabor pains 323\\nLachrymal bones.... 101\\nLachrymal duct 303\\nLacteals 97\\nLlama 21\\nLaminal tissue 313\\nLaminitis 321\\nLaminitis parturient 338\\nLanolin 369\\nLarkspur 370\\nLarynx 115,117\\nLaryngitis 162\\nLathing 292\\nLaudanum 370\\nLaxatives 351\\nLead acetate 370\\nLeicester sheep 23\\nLeicester sheep, the\\nold 23\\nLeicester sheep, the\\nnew 25\\nLeicester sheep,\\nBorder 26\\nLeicester sheep,\\nfleece 25-26\\nLice 258\\nLigaments 95\\nLime water 370\\nLime and sulphur dip 81, 255\\nLincoln sheep 29\\nLincoln sheep, the\\nold 29\\nLincoln sheep, the\\nnew 29-32\\nLincoln sheep, scale\\nof points 33\\nLinseed oil 370\\nLinseed meal 89, 90\\nLips, the 112\\nLiquid measui-e 353\\nLiquor amnii 324\\nLiquorice 371\\nLitmus paper 196\\nLiver, the 129\\nLiver, functions of.. 129\\nPage.\\nLiver, inflammation\\nof 192\\nLiver flukes 228\\nLobules of liver 129\\nLock-jaw 148, 278\\nLoodiana disease.... 262\\nLomhriz 222\\nLong-wooled breeds 23\\nLong bones 98\\nLoss of cud 174\\nLouping-ill 155\\nLucellia marcellaria. 259\\nLungs, the 96\\nM\\nMadness 275\\nMad staggers 155\\nMaggots 260\\nMagnesium sulphate. 371\\nMalar bones 101\\nMale shield fern 370\\nMalignant pustule. 262\\nMalignant parturient\\nfever 333\\nMammitis 335\\nManyplies, the 121\\nMarrow, the 98\\nMastitis 335\\nMating 136\\nMeasure, solid 353\\nMeasure, liquid 353\\nMedical agents 350, 381\\nMedical treatment in\\ngeneral 348, 349\\nMedulla oblongata. 100, 107\\nMeconium, the 341\\nMelophagus ovinus.. 255\\nMembrana nictitans. 228,303\\nMercurious chloride. 371\\nMercury 371\\nMerino 59\\nMerino, first impor-\\ntations 63-64\\nMerino, American. 59\\nMerino, Spanish 63\\nMerino, Delaine 69\\nMerino, Dickinson... 69\\nMerino wool fibres. 65\\nMesentery, the 97\\nMesentery, glands of 97\\nMetacarpus 103\\nMetastasis 301", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0416.jp2"}, "417": {"fulltext": "Metritis\\nMexican lambs\\nMiddle-wooled sheep.\\nMidriff, the\\nMilz-brand\\nMindererus spirit....\\nMolar teeth\\nMong-e, M\\nMonstrosities\\nMorphine\\nMountain breeds\\nMouth, the\\nMouth, broken\\nMucus rales\\nMuscles, the\\nMuscular tissue\\nMuscles, contraction\\nof\\nMusmon, the\\nMutton fat\\nMutton, analysis of.\\nMyrrh\\nNasal bones\\nNasal cavity\\nNasal catarrh\\nNavel-ill\\nNephritis\\nNerves\\nNervous tissue\\nNicotine\\nNippers, the\\nNitrite of amyl\\nNitric acid\\nNitrogen\\nNitre, sweet spirts of\\nNitro hydrochloric\\nacid\\nNocard, M\\nNodular disease\\nNon-contagious dis-\\neases\\nNux vomica\\nO\\nOatmeal\\nOats, as food\\nObliteration of os\\nuteri\\nObstruction of gullet\\nOccipital bone\\nINDEX. 411\\nPage.\\nOesophagostoma col-\\numbianum 192, 224\\nOesophagus 117\\nOesophageal canal... 118\\nOestrum, period of.. 135\\nOestrus ovis 207\\nOil of anise 373\\nOil of carron 373\\nOil of cinnamon 374\\nOil of ergot 374\\nOil of eucalyptus 374\\nOil of mustard 374\\nOil of olive 373\\nOil of peppermint. 374\\nOil of tar 374\\nOil of turpentine 375\\nOil of vitriol 375.\\nOlfactory nerves 101, 108\\nOmasum, the 121\\nOmasum, impaction\\nof 176\\nOpacity of the cornea 305\\nOperative surgery 290-302\\nOpium tincture 375\\nOphthalmia, simple 303\\nOphthalmia proper. 304\\nOptic nerves 108\\nOs hyoides 115\\nOs pedis 104\\nOvaries, the 134\\nOvaries, castration of 294\\nOxfordshire DoTvn 50\\nOxfordshire Down,\\norigin of 50\\nOxfordshire Down,\\nearly importations. 52\\nOxygen Sa\\nP\\nPalate bones 101\\nPalsy, the 157\\nPancreas 130\\nPancreas, its uses... 131\\nPancreatic juice 131\\nParalysis 150\\n373 Paralysis, peripheral 150\\n90 Paralysis, simple 157\\nParalysis, transverse 150\\n325 Parasites 145\\n171 Parasites, internal... 201\\n100 Parasites of the skin 234\\nPage.\\n279, 332\\n84-85\\n23\\n118\\n262\\n371\\n113\\n76\\n327\\n372\\n70\\n114\\n113, 140\\n164\\n110\\n95\\n95\\n19\\n87\\n87\\n356\\n101\\n101\\n160\\n339\\n196\\n96, 108\\n95\\n372\\n113\\n372\\n372\\n87\\n372\\n373\\n169\\n224\\n307-322\\n373", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0417.jp2"}, "418": {"fulltext": "412\\nINDEX.\\nPage.\\nParasitic diseases of\\nthe brain 201\\nParasitic gastric ca-\\ntarrii 219\\nPa r a si tic b r o n clii t i s 211\\nParasitic diarrhoea. 215\\nParasitic nasal ca-\\ntarrh 207\\nParietal bones, the.. 100\\nParonchyia inter-\\ndig-italis 310\\nParotid glands 114\\nParturient laminitis. 338\\nParturition 323\\nParturition, diseases\\nincidental to 323\\nParturition, m a 1-\\npresentations 326\\nParturition, normal. 323\\nParturition, p r o-\\nlonged 324\\nPastern joint 104\\nPasteur, M., method\\nof vaccination for\\nanthrax 263\\nPatella, the 106\\nPelvis, the 106\\nPenis, the 134\\nPepper 375\\nPeppermint 375\\nPepsin 122\\nPericardium 97\\nPeritoneum, the 97,120\\nPeritonitis 191\\nPeriosteum, the 98\\nPermanganate of pot-\\nash 376\\nPersian sheep 21\\nPetrous temporal\\nbone 101\\nPeyers patches 126\\nPharynx 115, 117\\nPhysiological action\\nof drugs 350\\nPia mater 107\\nPicklock, the 77\\nPicrate of Potash 223\\nPiles 191\\nPinding 188\\nPining 289\\nPlacental papillae 331\\nPlethoric diseases... 145\\nPage.\\nPleura, the 97\\nPleurisy 166\\nPneumogastric nerve 108\\nPneumonia 164\\nPoked 286\\nPomgranate root\\nbark 376\\nPortal vein 129\\nPost-partem hemorr-\\nhage 328\\nPotassium bi-carbon-\\nate 375\\nPotassium chlorate.. 367\\nPotassium hydrate.. 377\\nPrehensile organs... 114\\nPrime, the 77\\nProbang, the 172\\nProlapsus of the rec-\\ntum 191\\nProlapsus uteri 329\\nProlapsus vaginae... 330\\nProminent breeds of\\nsheep 23\\nProportion of parts.. 91\\nProtein 88\\nProof spirit- 377\\nPrurigo 309\\nPrussic acid 354, 377\\nPsoroptes communis. 234\\nPtomaines 261\\nPulse, the 147\\nPulse beats 147\\nPumpkin seeds 224\\nPurgatives 145, 352\\nPylorus, the 122, 127\\nQ\\nQuarantine regula-\\ntions 383\\nQuarantine, import\\nsheep 386\\nQuarantine, sheep\\naffected with con-\\ntagious diseases... 399\\nQuarter-ill 267\\nQuicklime 319\\nQuinine sulphate.... 377\\nR\\nEabies 148, 275\\nEabies, in the dog. 277\\nRadius, the 103", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0418.jp2"}, "419": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n413\\nPage.\\nRambouillet, the.... 66\\nRambouillet Associa-\\ntion 68\\nKamTDOuillet, early\\nimportations 68\\nRambouillet, origin of 68\\nRectum, the 127\\nRed-clover, value of. 89\\nRediae 232\\nRed water 283\\nRenal basin 132\\nRenal calculi 197\\nRegulations for in-\\nter-state shipments 399\\nRetention of foetal\\nmembranes 328\\nRetention of mecon-\\nium 341\\nRetention of urine... 197\\nReticulum, the 120\\nRheumatism 287\\nRheumatism acute... 288\\nRheumatism chronic. 288\\nRhubarb 377\\nRhubarb, compound\\npowder of 378\\nRibs, the 102\\nRigidity of os uteri 325\\nRock salt 85,214\\nRocky na o u n t a i n\\nsheep 19\\nRomney Marsh sheep 33\\nRomney, first impor-\\ntations of 35\\nRosin 378\\nRot, the 226\\nRot, prevention of 232\\nRumen, the 118\\nRumen, impaction of 175\\nRumination 123\\nRumenotomy 176\\nRupture 179\\nRuta-baga 89\\nS\\nSacrum, the 107\\nSaliva, the 114\\nSalivary glands 114\\nSaliva, its uses 115\\nSalmon, Dr. D. E 224\\nSalt 145,378\\nSanguineous Ascites. 283\\nPage.\\nSanmetto 200\\nSantonin 378\\nSapo Mollis 378\\nSarcoptes ovis 234\\nSearing, the cord 292\\nSecretion, definition\\nof 130\\nScab, the 234\\nScab infection 243\\nScab mites 238-242\\nScab, multiplication\\nof 236\\nScapula, the 103\\nScrotum, the 133\\nScrotal hernia 133,293\\nSecretion, a ISO\\nSelection 140\\nSemen, the 133\\nSesamoids 104\\nShearing 148\\nSheep 19\\nSheep, number in\\nU. S 22\\nSheep, how to catch 144\\nSheep pox 273\\nSheep tick 255\\nShort-wooled sheep. 23,59\\nShropshire breed 41\\nShropshire, origin of 41\\nShropshire, points of\\nexcellence 43-45\\nShropshire, early im-\\nportations 43\\nShropshire Sheep As-\\nsociation 43\\nSilver nitrate 379\\nSimple ophthalmia 303\\nSkeleton, the 95,97\\nSkin dryness 342\\nSnots, the 211\\nSnuffles, the 160\\nSoap liniment 379\\nSodium carbonate... 379\\nSodium hyposulphite 379\\nSore mouth, con-\\ntagious in lamhs.. 169\\nSore-throat 162\\nSoft palate 115\\nSouthdown sheep.... 35\\nSouthdown early his-\\ntory 37-39", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0419.jp2"}, "420": {"fulltext": "414\\nINDEX.\\nPage.\\nSoutflidown Associat-\\nion 39\\nSoutihdown, scale of\\npoints 40-41\\nSpanish Merino 21\\nSpanish wool 20\\nSpaying 294\\nSpecial nerves 108\\nSpecific diseases 261\\nSpermatic cord 133\\nSphenoid bone 101\\nSpinal cord 9G, 102, 107\\nSpinal vertebrae 96\\nSplenic apoplexy 262\\nSpleen in anthrax... 267\\nSporocyst 232\\nSprains V 98\\nSquamous temporal.. 100\\nStarch 88\\nState, inspection of\\nsheep 400\\nStatistics, wool 82-83\\nStavesacre seed 380\\nSteno s duct 114\\nStifle joint 106\\nStomach 97\\nStomach round\\nAvorms 219\\nStomatitis 169\\nStrains 298\\nStreptococcus erysip-\\nelatis 280\\nStricture 180\\nStripy wool 78\\nStrongylus contortus 219\\nStrongylus filaria. 211\\nStrongylus rufescens 211\\nStruma 301\\nSturdy 148,201\\nSubcorneus m e m-\\nbrane 312\\nSublingual glands. 115\\nSubmaxillary glands. 114\\nSuffolk sheep 56\\nSuffolk standard of\\nexcellence 58-59\\nSuffolk Association.. 56\\nSussex sheep 35\\nSugar of lead 380\\nSulphate of iron 363\\nSulphur 380\\nSulphuric acid 380\\nSulphurous acid\\nSuperior maxillary..\\nSuper-purgation\\nSympathetic nerve...\\nC\\nTables\\nTables, wool imports\\nTables, Wolff s\\nTaenia coenurus\\nTaenia expansa\\nTagging\\nTar\\nTar, oil of\\nTaraxacum\\nTeeth, the\\nTeeth, incisors\\nTeeth, molars\\nTeeswaters, the\\nTemperature, how to\\ntake\\nTemporal bones\\nTendons\\nTesticles, the\\nTesticles, castration\\nof\\nTetanus\\nTherapeutic action\\nof drugs\\nThoracic duct\\nThorter-ill\\nThymus, the\\nThyroid bodies\\nTibia, the\\nTissue\\nTissue, kinds of\\nTobacco\\nTobacco sheep dip.\\nTonics\\nTongue, index in dis-\\nease\\nTongue, the\\nToppiness\\nTorsion of uterus.\\nTrachea, the\\nTracheotomy\\nTransverse paralysis.\\nTrapping\\nTreatment of indi-\\nviduals\\nTreatment, a whole\\nflock\\nPage,\\n380-\\n101\\n183\\n109\\n83\\n83\\n88\\n202\\n216\\n189\\n381\\n374\\n363\\n112\\n113\\n113\\n26\\n148\\n100\\n95\\n133\\n290\\n278\\n350\\n97\\n155\\n115\\n115\\n106\\n94\\n95, 96\\n381\\n250-\\n353\\n148\\n115\\n79\\n326\\n117\\n163\\n150\\n292\\n348\\n349", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0420.jp2"}, "421": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n415\\nTrembling s, the\\nTrephining-\\nTrocar, the\\nTuberculosis\\nTumors\\nTumors, treatment of\\nTunica vaginalis\\nTurnsick\\nTurnips\\nTying\\nTyphus\\na\\nUlna, the\\nUmbilical cord\\nUmbilical hernia\\nUmbilical cord, in-\\nflammation of\\nUmbilical h e m o r r-\\nhage\\nUraemic poisoning.\\nUrea\\nUreters\\nUrethra\\nUrine\\nUterus, the\\nUterus, amputation\\nof\\nT\\nVaccination anthrax.\\nVaccination blackleg.\\nVagina, the\\nVaginitis\\nVariola ovina\\nVas deferens\\nVaseline\\nVeins\\nVermes\\nVermiform append-\\nage\\nVermifuges\\nVermicides\\nVesiculae seminales.\\nVilli, the\\nVinquish\\nVoluntary muscle\\ntissue\\nVolvulus\\nVulva, the\\nm\\nWater on the brain..\\nPage.\\n155\\n210\\n172, 174\\n272\\n299\\n300\\n293\\n201\\n89\\n292\\n263\\n103\\n339\\n180\\n339\\n339\\n198\\n132, 196\\n132\\n132\\n131-132\\n134\\n330\\n266\\n269\\n135\\n331\\n273\\n133\\n381\\n96\\n201\\n134, 199\\n352\\n352\\n133\\n97, 127\\n289\\n95\\n180\\n135\\n154\\nPage.\\nWatery wool 78\\nWebb, Jonas 37\\nWheat bran, for food 89\\nWhite oak bark 381\\nWhite skit 184\\nWild-fire 281\\nWing, Jos. E 224\\nWiring lOl, 206\\nWolff s tables 89\\nWool 75\\nWool balls 178\\nWool closure of fleece 77\\nWool curl 77\\nWool, growth of 75\\nWool fibres 65\\nWool fibres, serra-\\ntions of 76\\nWool, fine 76\\nWool, fineness 77\\nWool, superfine 77\\nWool, hemp 79\\nWool, short 77\\nWool, cloudy 79\\nWool, long 77\\nWool, broad-topped.. 80\\nWool break 80\\nWool, watery 78\\nWool, stripy 78\\nWool thickness 77\\nWool, felty 79\\nWool, toppy 79\\nWool, stapler 77\\nWool, strength of\\nfibre 77\\nWool imports 83\\nWool-sorters disease 262\\nWomb, the 134\\nWounds 296\\nWounds contused. 297\\nWounds of the eye.. 305\\nWounds incised 296\\nWounds lacerated.. 297\\nWounds punctured.. 296\\nT\\nYolk of fleece 76\\nYouatt 76\\nZ\\nZinc sulphate 381\\nZygomatic arch 100", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0421.jp2"}, "422": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0422.jp2"}, "423": {"fulltext": "SHEEP BREEDERS\\nDIRECTORY.\\nCONTAINING A LIST OF THE\\nPROMINENT\\nSHEEP BREEDERS ASSOCIATIONS\\nOF THE UNITED STATES AND\\nCANADA.\\nAI SO\\nNAMES AND POST OFFICE ADDRESSES OF BREEDERS\\nOF PUREBRED SHEEP OF THE BEST KNOWN\\nBREEDS OF NORTH AMERICA.\\n1899.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0423.jp2"}, "424": {"fulltext": "Sheep Breeders Hssociations of the United States\\nand Canada*\\nCbc Hmmcan Leicester Breeders Hssocutton.\\nPresident.\\nD. C. GRAHAM, Cameron, 111.\\nVice-President.\\nA. W. SMITH. Maple Lodg-e, Ont.\\nSecretary-Treasurer.\\nA. J. TEMPLE, Cameron, III.\\nDirectors.\\nJohn Kelly, Shakespeare, Ont.\\nJohn Walton, Calkinsville, Mich.\\nJ. W. :Murpliy, Cass City, Mich.\\nJames E. Gaunt, Liicknovv, Ont.\\nJ. M. Gardhouse, Highfield. Ont.\\nJames Snell, Clinton, Ont.\\nC. E. Wood, Freeman, Ont.\\nHonorary Vice-Presidents.\\nW. A. IMcCoy, Mercer, Pa.\\nA. Whilelavv, Guelph. Ont.\\nJohn Marshall, Cass City, Mich.\\nGeorge Richardson, Benedict, Neb.\\nA. L. Wino-ate, Avon, 111.\\nS. P. Goudev, Yarmouth, X. S.\\nWilliam Clark. North Wiltshire, P. E. I.\\nJ. W. McKinney, Salem, Oregon.\\nHtnerican Cotswold Record.\\nPresident,\\nJOHN C. SNELL, Snelgrove, Ont.\\nVice President.\\nJ. HAL WOODFORD. Paris, Ky.\\nSecretary and Treasurer.\\nGEO. HARDING SON, Waukesha, W^is.\\nBoard of Directors.\\nR. C. WATT, Xenia, Ohio.\\nJOHN C. SNELL.\\nJ. HAL WOODFORD.\\nGEO. HARDING.\\nF. W. HARDING.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0424.jp2"}, "425": {"fulltext": "OFFICEES OF ASSOCIATIONS. 419\\nHmcrican Cotswold Record\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\n^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ice Presidents.\\nEastern Ontario James Russell, Richmond Hill.\\nWestern Ontario David McCrae, Guelph.\\nCalifornia Chas. McDairmaid, San Jacinto.\\nColorado\u00e2\u0080\u0094 T. H. Orcutt, Rocky Ford.\\nIllinois Thos. Clark. Beecher.\\nIndiana J. B. Herkless, Carthage.\\nIowa S. Bennington, Volga.\\nKansas S. G. McCandless, Cottonwood Falls.\\nKentucky Abram Renick. Sycamore.\\nMaine Oscar Shirley, Houlton.\\nMichigan W. R. Montgomery, Jr., Hillsdale.\\nMinnesota R. C. Judson, St. Paul.\\nMontana F. K. Parkhurst, Ekalaka.\\nMissouri Hopson Glascock, Rensselaer.\\nNorth Dakota W. C. Heron, Harvey.\\nSouth Dakota Fred Wilson, Conde.\\nNew York John Chick, Attica.\\nOhio W. J. Cherry. Xenia.\\nOregon James Withycombe, Corvallis.\\nPennsylvania S. V. McDowell, Fredonia.\\nUtah Jas. B. Ririe, Weber.\\nWest Virginia James J. Idleman, Mt. Storm.\\nWisconsin\u00e2\u0080\u0094 N. M. Jewell, Mineral Point.\\nNational Lincoln Hssociation.\\nPresident.\\nBERT SMITH, Charlotte, Mich.\\nSecretary-Treasurer.\\nH. A. DANIELLS, Elva, Mich.\\nVice-Presidents.\\nWilliam Oliver, Ontario.\\nE. P. Oliver, Michigan.\\nJ. W. Ganes, Wisconsin.\\nCol. C. C. Rice, Illinois.\\nCol. H. Z. Leonard, Indiana.\\nH. C. Coburn, South Dakota.\\nF. G. Bovver, P. E. Island.\\nC. H. Marshall, Vermont.\\nH. H. Cleaver, Missouri.\\nW. W. Steed, Utah.\\nDirectors.\\nS. W. Beal. Michigan.\\nG. E. Port, Michigan.\\nGraham W^alker, Ontario.\\nM. L. Wasson, Michigan.\\nJames Z. Mott, Michigan.\\nPedigree Committee.\\nCapt. T. E. Robson. Robert Knight, Wm. Shier.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0425.jp2"}, "426": {"fulltext": "420 OFFICEEiS OF ASSOCIATIONS.\\nHmcrican Southdown Breeders^ Hssociation.\\nPresident.\\nJ. H. PICKRELL, Springfield, 111.\\nSecretary.\\nJNO. G. SPEINGEE, Springfield, 111.\\nTreasurer.\\nD. W. SMITH, Springfield, 111.\\nBoard of Directors.\\nGeo. MelCerrow, Sussex, Wis.\\nL. M. Crothers, Crothers, Pa.\\nJ. H. Warren, Hoosick Falls, N. Y.\\nJerome A. Leland, Springfield, 111\\nS. E. Prather, Springfield, 111.\\nC. M. Clay, White Hall, Ky.\\nJohn Jackson, Abingdon, Ont.. Can.\\nJ. D. Pancoast, Moorestown. N. J.\\nF. J. Tompkins, Girard, Mich.\\nHmcrican Shropshire Hssociation.\\nPresident.\\nHon. JOHN DEYDEN, Toronto, Canada.\\nFirst Vice-President.\\nProf. W. C. LATTA, LaFayette, Indiana.\\nSecretary-Treasurer.\\nMORTIMER LEVERING, LaFayette, Indiana.\\nExecutive Committee.\\nH. H. Clough, Ohio, term expires, Nov. 1S99\\nGeorge Allen, 111., 1899\\nDr. G. H. Davison, N. Y.-, 1900\\nT. A. Bixby, Mich., 1900\\nCommittee on Pedigrees.\\nS. H. Todd, Ohio, term expires, Nov. 1899\\nJ. C. Payne, Wis., u 1899\\nH. W. Mumford, Mich., 1900\\nJ. N. Greenshields, Que., 1900\\nVice-Presidents.\\nBritish Columbia E. A. Kipp, Chilliwack.\\nManitoba J. A. S. Macmillan. Brandon.\\nNorthwest Territory O. P. Skrine, Grenfell.\\nNova Scotia David Logan, Pictou.\\nOntario\u00e2\u0080\u0094 W. H. Beattie, Wilton Grove.\\nP. E. I. Donald Ferguson, Charlottetown.\\nQuebec W. C. Edwards, Montreal.\\nArizona Joseph Baum, Phoenix.\\nArkansas\u00e2\u0080\u0094 E. C. Walton, Rogers.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0426.jp2"}, "427": {"fulltext": "OFFICERS OF ASSOCIATIONS. 421\\nHmerican Shropshire Hssociation\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\nCalifornia J. H. Glide, Jr.. Sacremento.\\nColorado\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. D. Stannard, Fort Collins.\\nConnecticut D. B Wilson, Waterbury.\\nGeorgia T. P. Branch, Aug-usta.\\nIllinois\u00e2\u0080\u0094 George Allen, Allerton.\\nIndiana F. C. Yeiser, Avilla.\\nIowa L. M. Hartley, Salem.\\nKansas Elwood Rush, Shaw.\\nKentucky\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. M. Garrett, Fort Garrett.\\nLong Island E. R. Ladew, Glen Cove.\\nMaine Bert Hilton, Anson.\\nMaryland\u00e2\u0080\u0094 C. H. Tilghman, Tunis Mills.\\nMassachusetts\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Frank P. Bennett, Boston.\\nMichigan L. S. Dunham, Concord.\\nMinnesota\u00e2\u0080\u0094 W. J. Boynton, Rochester.\\nMississippi T. H. Harrod. Newton.\\nMissouri\u00e2\u0080\u0094 W. R. Turner, Shelbyville.\\nNebraska C. H. Ballinger, Lexington.\\nN. H.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 H. W. Keyer, North Haverhill.\\nNew Jersey R. Stuyvesant, Allamuchy.\\nNew Mexico C. W. Riggs, Albuquerque.\\nNew York\u00e2\u0080\u0094 James Hilton, New Scotland.\\nNorth Carolina\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. S. Carr, Durham.\\nNorth Dakota R. T. Kingman, Hillsboro.\\nOhio\u00e2\u0080\u0094 S. F. Streetor, Painesville.\\nOregon\u00e2\u0080\u0094 L. F. Mascher, Silverton.\\nPennsylvania .T. A. Woodworth, Sayre.\\nRhode Island\u00e2\u0080\u0094 F. S. Ballon. Slatersville.\\nS. Dakota F. \\\\v Goodrich. Farmingdale.\\nTenn.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 James Calloway, Four Mile Branch.\\nVermont Albert Bresee, Hubbardton.\\nVirginia Mr. Thompson, Swoope.\\nWest Virginia J. L. Hayes, Mannington.\\nWisconsin Prof. J. A. Craig. Rice Lake.\\nWyoming VV. R. Carlin, Medicine Bow.\\nHampshire Down Breeders Hssociation.\\nPresident.\\nlEA J. HILLER, West Bay City, Mich.\\nVice-Presidents.\\nJ. W. GANES, Eeeseville, Wis.\\nJ. G. MASSEY, Rawlins, Wvo.\\nP. W. ARTZ, New Carlisle. Ohio.\\nE. M. BENHAM, Hopewell Center, N. Y.\\nSecretary and Treasurer.\\nJOHN I. GORDON, Mercer, Pa.\\nAuditors.\\nJOSEPH JUNKTN, fiercer, Pa.\\nJ. H. ALLISON, Mercer, Pa.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0427.jp2"}, "428": {"fulltext": "422 OFFICERS OF ASSOCIATIOlSrS.\\nHmcrican Oxford Down Sheep Record Hssociatton.\\nPresident.\\nGEO. McKEKROW, Sussex, Wisconsin.\\nFirst Vice-President.\\nH. J. DeGARMO, Highland, Michigan.\\nSecretary and Treasurer.\\nW. A. SHAFOR, Middletown, Ohio.\\nVice-Presidents.\\nWilliam Duval, Alliance, O.\\nJ. H. Ajlor, Gunpowder, Ky.\\nEdmund Orgill. Bonds, Tenn.\\nA. Bordwell, Fargo, N. Y.\\nF. C. Riddle, Chadds Ford, Pa.\\nD. Williams, Pleasant Valley, W. Va.\\nL. N. Olmsted. Muir, Mich.\\nJ. R. Cunningham, Antioch, Ind.\\nJames Tolton. Walkerton. Out., Can.\\nM. G. Okev, Millersville. 111.\\nL. D. Hill, Hingham, Wis.\\nWilliam M. Liggett, Benson, Minn.\\nEli Kelly, Fairfield, la.\\nR. H. Sampson, Rocheport, Mo.\\nE. Cook, Wilmont, South Dakota.\\nF. C. Goldsborough, Easton. Md.\\nCharles W. Hilton, Anson, Me.\\nF. E. Simpson, Saxonville, Mass.\\nRobert Jones, Fort Steele, Wye.\\nE. S. Dunlap, Truro, N. S.\\nDorset F)orn Sheep Breeders Hssociation of Hmerica.\\nPresident.\\nHON. JOHN A, McOILLIVRAY, Toronto, Canada.\\nVice-President.\\nHENRY PALMER, Avondale, Pa.\\nSecretary and Treasurer,\\nM. A. COOPER.\\nExecutive Committee.\\nWm. E. Kimsey, Angola. Ind.\\nWm. L. McCleary, Washington, Pa.\\nSamuel Briggs, Cleveland, Ohio.\\nE. O. Denton. Somerset, N. Y.\\nL. S. Gillet, Verona, Md.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0428.jp2"}, "429": {"fulltext": "OFFICERS OF ASSOCIATIONS. 423\\nDorset f om Sheep Breeders* Hssociation of Hmerica\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Continued.\\nVice-Presidents.\\nCanada\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A. T. Button.\\nNew Yorlt J. L. Buell.\\nIndiana A. H. Omstead.\\nPennsylvania D. Strickler.\\nMichiigan Lewis Love.\\nConnecticut\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. B. Palmer.\\nOhio\u00e2\u0080\u0094 S. C. Priest.\\nNebraska H. D. Watson.\\nWisconsin Hug-h H. Price.\\nIllinois John J. Gates.\\nKentucky James B. Finnell.\\n^Maryland Gall a way Cheston.\\nMassachusetts Alfred Birnie.\\nMissouri A. M. Teller.\\nDelaware George W. Bush.\\nNew Jersey R. Stuyvesant.\\nNorth Carolina J. S. Carr.\\nVermont James C. Colg-ate.\\nVirg-inia Prof. D. O. Nourse.\\nOntario M. N. Empey\\nMinnesota Giles Hayward.\\nOregon Richard Scott.\\nMaine H. B. Whitman.\\nTennessee James J. McClaskej\\nCotittncntal Dorset Club.\\nSecretary.\\nJ. E. WING.\\nVhc Itnprovcd Blach-^op Merino Sbccp Breeders*\\nHssociation of Hmerica.\\nPresident.\\nL. L. MARSH.\\nVice-President.\\nL. J. WILSON.\\nCorresponding Secretary.\\nO. M. ROBERTSON.\\nSecretary and Treasurer.\\nL. M. CROTHERS.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0429.jp2"}, "430": {"fulltext": "424 OFFICERS OF ASSOCIATIONS.\\nHmcrtcan RambouiUct Sbccp Breeders Hssociation.\\nPresident.\\nJ. E. WEBB, Webb, Ind.\\nVice-President.\\nC. L. HALLADAY, Sebewa, Mich.\\nSecretary and Treasurer.\\nE. V. BUENHAM, Woodstock, Ohio.\\nNational Delaine JMcrino Sheep Breeders Hssociation.\\nPresident,\\nJAMES McClelland.\\nCorresponding Secretary.\\nJ. H. HAMILTON.\\nTreasurer.\\nR. W. CKOTHERS.\\nRecording- Secretary.\\nC. C. JOHNSON.\\nCbe Michigan Merino Sbeep Breeders Hssociation.\\nPresident.\\nA. A. WOOD, Saline.\\nVice-President.\\nH. R. DEWEY, Grand Blanc.\\nSecretar3^\\nE. N. BALL, Hamburg.\\nTreasurer.\\nTHOS. VAN GIESON, Clinton.\\nDirectors.\\nL. W. Barnes, Byron.\\nP. oorhies, Jr., Pontiac.\\nWilliam Hall, Hamburg.\\nF. L. Corbin, Lansing.\\nC. E. Lockwood, Washington, Mich.\\nCommittee of Pedigrees.\\nD. P. Dewev, Grand Blanc.\\nW. E. Bovd en. Delhi Mills.\\nE. W. Hardy, Howell.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0430.jp2"}, "431": {"fulltext": "BREEDERS OF LEICESTER SHEEP. 425\\nNational Cheviot Sheep Society.\\nPresident.\\nPROF. C. S. PLUMB, LaFayette, Ind.\\nFirst Vice-President.\\nP. P. NOEL, Rockville, Ind.\\nVice-Presidents for States.\\nT. N. CURRY, Hartwick. N. Y.\\nU. S. MILLER. Pulaski, Iowa.\\nH. C. DAVIDSON, Elbridge, Tenn.\\nC. H. MARSHALL, Vergennes, Vt.\\nSecretary.\\nHOWARD H. KEI:M, Ladoga, Ind.\\nTreasurer.\\nISAAC LLOYD, Russellville, Ind.\\nArtist.\\nL. A. WEBSTER, Whiting, Vt.\\nExecutive Committee.\\nThe President and Secretary ex-officio.\\nP. P. Noel.\\nHon. D. W. Heagy.\\nR. L. Ainslie.\\nIsaac Lloyd.\\nWilliam Curry.\\nW. S. Crodian.\\nSheep Breeders* Directory.\\nBreeders of Leicester Sheep.\\nArcher, A. E Warwick, Ont,\\nAdams, V. R iJray ton, Ont.\\nAlcoat Bros Brucefield, Ont.\\nAnderson, W. Castle Avery, Man.\\nArmstrong. J. S Marden, Ont.\\nAllison, George Burnbank, Man.\\nAttridge, Wm. T. L Waterdown, Ont.\\nAdair, VYm Alsfeldt, Ont.\\nAndrews, John St. Thomas, Ont.\\nAllin Bros Newcastle, Ont.\\nArmstrong, G B Teeswater, Ont.\\nAustin, W. R ;-;apperton. B. C.\\nArmour, Andrew Diinnville, Ont.\\nAllen, Robert Meibourn, Que.\\nAllin, Henry Orono, Ont.\\nBowman, Richard Charlottetown, P. E. I.\\nBanks, John \\\\niaranth Station, Ont.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0431.jp2"}, "432": {"fulltext": "426 BREEDERS OF LEICESTER SHEEP.\\nBaM, Adolpf Lore, Iowa.\\nBeebe, E. E Huron, S. D.\\nBrodbent, Brooks New VVilming-ton, Pa,\\nBaxter, Daniel .Allans Corners, Que.\\nBissett, J. G Cole Harbor, N. S.\\nBlais, A. J Glen Sandfield, Ont.\\nBennett Pardo Charing- Cross, Ont.\\nBoswall. Albert Pownal, P. E. 1.\\nBlackburn, VV. C Orono, Ont.\\nBaker, La,wrence W Comstocks, N. Y.\\nBaker, Fred Dashwood, Ont.\\nBricker, J. U Grattan, Mich.\\nBrown, Wm Fordwich, Ont.\\nBatchell, C. A Lower Bedford, Ont.\\nBillings, C. J Gooding-, Mieh.\\nBell, Donald Bellingham, Ont.\\nBald\\\\vin Lethbridge Fingal, Ont.\\nBrown, Alfred Bethel, Ont.\\nBarlow, Judson Binbrook, Ont.\\nBannen, J. J Hurlbut, Wis.\\nBower, Augustus Lower Ohio, N. 8.\\nBickell, George Appleby, Ont.\\nBishop, J as. T Summerton, Mich.\\nBowlby, John A Bath, M. Y.\\nBrown, David Maple Creek, Neb.\\nCurrelly. T. Son Fullarton. Ont.\\nClark. Wm North Wiltshire. P. E. I.\\nCampbell, M Northwood, Ont.\\nCornwall, Ira St. Johns, N B.\\nConley, G. B Marshall, Mich.\\nCowan, John S Newry, Ont.\\nCampbell, Jas K Palmerston, Ont.\\nCameron, Andrew West wood, Ont\\nCrozier, Archie Bleachburg, Ont.\\nCunningham, Tbos Tamworth, Ont.\\nCalder, J. A. M v North Glaniord, Ont.\\nClements, Nelson Vanessa, Ont.\\nCorning, Wm. Chegoggin, N. S.\\nCowieson, John Queensville, Ont.\\nCrerar, Alex Lisbon, Ont.\\nCox, E. G Albany, Oregon.\\nCowan, Jas Allans Corners, Que\\nCampbell, Peter Amberly, Ont.\\nCunningham, John Clare, Mich.\\nCraig, Chas Middleton, P. E. I.\\nClark, D. F Sears, Mich.\\nCampbell, Adam Burnbj Ont.\\nCalkins, L. J St. Johns, Mich.\\nCranston, Andrew Madrid, N. Y.\\nCuming, Nicholas Birth, Ont.\\nCuthbert, W. S Hammond, N. Y.\\nCordingley, David Lisgar, Ont.\\nClay, Richard Katrine, Ont.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0432.jp2"}, "433": {"fulltext": "BREEDEBS OF LEICESTEE, SHEEP. 427\\nDwyer, Jas Skerry, N. Y.\\nDoherty, A. F Clare, Mich.\\nDoelly, John Cass City, Mich.\\nDeschenes, M Fraserville, Que,\\nDonkin, Thos. Sons Kiverview, Ont.\\nDavison Bros Harriston, Ont.\\nDavis, T. G Wiarton, Ont.\\nDuncan, Wm L Washburn, Maine.\\nDwyer, C. H North Bang-or, N. Y.\\nDonovan, L. J Coldbrook, St. Johns, N. B.\\nDonaldson, S. S Ubly, Mich.\\nDickson, John Kirkwall, Ont.\\nDeCourcy, Daniel Bornholm, Ont.\\nEaston, Abram Appleby, Ont.\\nEssery, James Union Roads, P. E. 1.\\nElcoat, Appleton Brucefield, Ont.\\nEmpie, Wm Minaville, N. Y.\\nEastwood, R New Toronto, Ont.\\nEg-gert, Frank Sanilac Centre, Mich.\\nEaston, Wm Palermo, Ont.\\nEdwards, Geo B Covey Hill, Quebec.\\nEaston, Adam S Nelson, Ont.\\nFletcher, John North Burns. Mich.\\nFrank, R. W King-sbury, Quebec.\\nFox, Chaa P Moscow, Idaho.\\nFenderson, Garnett So Stetson, Maine.\\nFarran, W. W Clinton, Ont.\\nFennell, Jas Bradford, Ont.\\nFoster, Wm. E Erieview, Ont.\\nFoster, Jesse C Erieview, Ont.\\nForquer. Thos Caldwell, Mich.\\nFisher, Thompson Newton Robinson, Ont.\\nFennell, J. W Painswick, Ont.\\nFleming, Donald Kilsyth, Ont.\\nFothergill, Chas Appleby, Ont.\\nGaunt. E. Son. Lucknow, Ont.\\nGraham, DC Cameron, 111.\\nGoudey, S. P Yarmouth, N. S,\\nGoodal, W Allans Corners, Que.\\nGraham Bros Ailsa Craig, Ont.\\nGourley, Thos Mitchell, Ont.\\nGoodwin, L. F Munro, Ont.\\nGarbutt, R. J Belleville, Ont.\\nGlenn, Wm Clinton. Ont.\\nGrimes. Wxn Speaker. Mich.\\nGardhouee, J. M Highfield, Ont.\\nGamley, Alex D Brandon, Manitoba.\\nGarbutt, C. T Claremont, Ont.\\nGeise, Emil Merton. So. Dak.\\nGamache, Peter St. Modest, Quebec.\\nGrills, James Salem, Ont.\\nGerrow, Geo N Uxbridge, Ont.\\nHammond. Henry Cainesville, Ont.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0433.jp2"}, "434": {"fulltext": "428 BREEDEKS OF I/EICESTER SHEEP.\\nHoward, B. C Apple Grove, P. Q\\nHenry, Frank Calderwood, Ont.\\nHarrison, C. B Mang erville, N. B.\\nHenry, G. P Halifax, S\\nHeard, L. A Escalante, Col.\\nHastings, Robert Wingham, Ont.\\nHarrison, Frea Falkirk, Ont.\\nHart, Alex Hampstead, Ont.\\nHarriman, H. D Saxonville, Mass.\\nHoney, E. J Warkworth, Ont.\\nHyde, G. R PrairieviUe, Mich.\\nHaseltine, E. A Hornellsville, N Y\\nHarvey Bros Kincardine, Ont.\\nHubbard, H. G Dundee, N. Y\\nHill, D. W Potsdam, N. Y.\\nHastings Bros Crossbill, Ont.\\nHood, John Son Park Hill, Ont.\\nHopkins, A. D Morgan town, W Va.\\nHarper, Richard Coldsprings, Out.\\nHastie, Alex C Comber, Ont.\\nHerwance, B. I? Holton, Mich.\\nHutchinson, Jobn Millbrook, Mich.\\nHouse, John G Calkinsville. Mich.\\nHales, D. N Lisle, Ont.\\nHolmes, John T Tupperville, Ont.\\nHodgkin. A. W Tillburg. Ont.\\nHammer, George Reed City. Mich.\\nHaden, John C Nelson, Ont.\\nHigginson, W. W Hawksbury, Ont.\\nHall, J. W Bailieboro, Ont.\\nIngraham, Albert Margaree. N. S.\\nIronsides. H. W Puslinch, Ont.\\nInkster, Wm U liderwood, Ont.\\nIrvin, David Nassagaweya, Ont.\\nIreland, John IS elson, Ont.\\nJackson, John Ahingdon, Ont.\\nJohnson, J. H North Pelham, Ont.\\nJamieson, A. S Clapham, Quebec.\\nJohnston, T. B Hillman, Mich.\\nJenkins, A. S Delaware, Ont.\\nJackson, F. H Winchester, Ky.\\nJohnson, J. W Underwood, Ont.\\nJohnston, Wm Gait, Ont.\\nJacques, T. B Comwallis, N. S.\\nJamieson, John T Lake View, Mich.\\nJohnson, T. B Godfrey, Mich.\\nKelly, John Shakespeare, Ont.\\nKnickerbocker, G. H Pine Plains, N Y.\\nKinsman. J. H Moorefield, Ont.\\nKelley, Frank Grovesend, Ont.\\nKnox, John Clanbrassil, Ont.\\nKing, Thomas Tyre, Mioh.\\nKitching, George Corwhin, Ont.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0434.jp2"}, "435": {"fulltext": "BREEDERS OF LEICESTER SHEEP. 429\\nLawrence. Chas CoUingnvood, Ont.\\nLaidlaw, John Wilton Grove, Ont.\\nLewis, A. M Cairo, Mich.\\nLadd, Wm Portland, Oreg-on.\\nLee, T Hig-hgate, Ont.\\nLog in, D Picton, N. S.\\nLee, J. L Ironside, Oreg^on.\\nLane, Henry Mt. Mellick, P. E. I\\nLogan, John Watford, Ont.\\nLaycock, Fred Gladwin, Mich.\\nLaur, Frank ^lillerton, Onl.\\nLonghead, Jos Lion s Head, Ont.\\nLawson, George Laskay, Ont.\\nLj on Son, C. H Gageville, Ohio\\nMetier, Pete; North Pelham, Ont.\\nMurphy, J. W Cass City, Mich.\\nMartin, R. G Marysville, Ont.\\nMiller, Robert Brougnam, Ont.\\nMorley, Wm Palmersion, Ont.\\nMurra} Jas Glenmorris, Ont.\\nMoodie, .\\\\ndrew Perth, Ont.\\nMarshall, John Cass City, Mich.\\nMason, C. K norneilsville, N. Y.\\nMartin, L. V Volant, Penn.\\nMullin, Wm Coldbrook, St. Johns, N. B.\\nMackintosh, Wm Burgoyne, Ont.\\nMason. Jas Aberfoyle, Ont.\\nMarr, Jos. F Grovesend, Ont.\\nMahon, L H. M East Oro, Ont.\\nMoodie, W. H Wyman, Mich.\\nMurray, Andrew Clanbrassil, Ont.\\nMartin, J. W Canton, Ont.\\nMartin, W. H Warden, Que.\\nMetcalf Bros. Stone East Elma, N. Y.\\nMorrill, B. B Stanstead, P. Q.\\nMaw, Chas Omah, Ont.\\nMurry, P. \u00c2\u00abfe M Summerton. Mich.\\nMull, Melvin Mt. Pleasant, Mich,\\nMellett, Michael Summerton. Mich.\\nMoffatt, H. S North Sydney, Cape Briton.\\nMilne, David Ethel, Ont.\\nMcCoy, W. A. Sons Mercer, Penn.\\nMcEwen, J. D Falkirk, Ont.\\nMcNabb, Mungo Cowal, Ont.\\nMcCaig, Niel Allans Corners, P. Q.\\nMcTavish, John Shakespeare, Ont.\\nMcC-ormick, Edward Mt. Hope, Wis.\\nMcClennan, K Grovesend, Ont.\\nMcNeill, A Charlottetown, Ont,\\nMclntyre. Wm Newington, Ont.\\nMcKinney. L Kingsmill, Ont.\\nMcCarthy, Timothy A Leaton, Mich.\\nMcLean, A Frome, Ont", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0435.jp2"}, "436": {"fulltext": "430 BREEDERS OF LEICESTER SHEEP.\\nMcFarlane, Henry Cayuga, Ont.\\nMcKinney. J. W Salem, Oregon.\\nMcGillaver, Jas Amulree, Ont.\\nMeBain, Thos Kirkwell, Ont.\\nMcLean, Wm. J. M Napier, Ont.\\nMcLarane, John Mt. Salem, Mich,\\nMcKenzie, Duncan Mt. Salem, Mich.\\nMcHardy, J Dunlop. Ont.\\nMcCallum, A Danville, Quebec.\\nMeConnell, Thos. C Spring-brook, Ont.\\nNichol, Bros Plattsville, Ont.\\nNeily, J. B Xictaux, N. S.\\nNewton. Wm. Sons Pontiac, Mich.\\nNevius. C. S. W. V Chiles, Kansas.\\nNeff. Albert Singhamt-on. Ont.\\nNeely, G. M Selby, Ont.\\nNeville, C. W Newburg h, Ont.\\nNelson, Chas Martin, Mich.\\nNugent, Wm Neveburgh, Ont.\\nNorish, John Nassagewaya, Ont.\\nOnt. Agric. College Guelph, Ont.\\nOrr, John Gait, Ont.\\nOliver, Adam Branchton, Ont.\\nOtto Bros Wartburg, Ont.\\nOats, George Collins, Ohio\\nPenhale, George Exeter, Ont.\\nParkinson, G. W Eramosa, Ont.\\nPringle, David Huntingdon, P. Q.\\nPreston, D. R Leamington, Ont.\\nPease, Curtis Westfield, Penn.\\nParlee, M. H Sussex, N. B.\\nPage. J. F Mystic, Iowa.\\nPreston, John W Glennen, N. W. T.\\nPeters, J. C Ft. Wayne, Ind.\\nPatterson, Peter M Rockton, Ont.\\nRutherford, John Koseville, Ont.\\nRichardson, A. J Thayer, Neb.\\nRigley, J. W Oswego Falls, N. Y.\\nRutherford, Ebenezer Amulree, Ont.\\nRamsey, F. J Dunnville, Ont.\\nRay, Wm KentviUe, N. S.\\nRawlings, Caleb Ravenswood, Ont.\\nRolers. Henry A Napoleon. Ohio.\\nRobb, James Kazubazua, Quebec.\\nRundle, John Sparta, Ont.\\nRidenour, D. W St. Johns, Mich.\\nReed, Isaac Ardtrea, Ont.\\nRisch, Wm Grandville, Mich.\\nRogers, W. G Carberry Manitoba.\\nRickman, Chas F LTnion, Ont.\\nRader, Wm Howard City, Mich.\\nRennie, Win Shakespeare, Ont.\\nRoss, D. C Woodville, Ont.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0436.jp2"}, "437": {"fulltext": "BREEDERS OF LEICESTER SHEEP. 431\\nRodger, H. W Hammond, N. Y.\\nSomers, Mrs. Eliza St. Marys, Ont.\\nSmith, A. W Maple Lodge, Out.\\nSnell, Jas Clinton, Ont.\\nSlack, Ezra Ubley, Mich\\nShaw, Robert Glanford Station, Ont.\\nShelton, P. H. Sons Cameron, 111.\\nSmith, W. E Grovesend, Ont.\\nStedman, Smith S Groton City, N. Y.\\nSmith, Frank R Rush Center, Kansas,\\nSoribner, W. L Schoharie, N. Y.\\nSwanburg, Cornelius Shelburn, N. S.\\nSherman, Frank L Bath, X. Y.\\nSilcox, Frank H lona, Ont.\\nSmith, Harry Grovesend, Ont.\\nSalisbury, \\\\Vm. H. Caldwell, Mich.\\nStone, J M Bridgeton, Mich.\\nShaver, Simeon Lunenburg, Ont.\\nSugg, Andrew Mt. Pleasant, Mich.\\nStrait, E Stony Point, Mich.\\nSomerville, Matt Central Lake, Mich.\\nSpearing, George Batteau, Ont.\\nSmith, Harvey Aylmer, Ont.\\nStuyvesant, R Vllamuchy, N. J.\\nStougbton Peter St, Sylvester, Quebec.\\nStewart, Thos Wye Bridge, Ont.\\nSanderson, Jas Fordwich, Ont.\\nSchweiger. Thos Glenwood, Minn.\\nShepard, J. M Shepherd, Mich.\\nSteinaoker, John Mitchell, Ont.\\nBilverthorn. Chas Somerville, Mich.\\nShaw, Ira B Schomberg. Ont.\\nShea, Thos Fergus, Ont.\\nThomson, Adam Shakespeare, Ont.\\nThompson, R. A Newcastle. Pa.\\nTrue, E. V Newport, Vt.\\nTod, Alex. Depew, Iowa.\\nThomson, Jos. Son Salem, Ont.\\nTavlor, Robert Abbott, Neb.\\nTaylor, B. F New York, N. Y.\\nToles, Peter Mt. Brydges, Ont.\\nThompson, Peter Salem, Ont.\\nTigue, Thos Bath. N. Y.\\nTaylor, Jeff D Gainesville, Mo.\\nThorn, J. L CaJkinsville, Mich.\\nTape, Bros Ridgetown, Ont.\\nThompson, David Arthur, Ont.\\nVinz, J. C Oakdale, Wis.\\nV^osburg, J. A tiarrison, Mich.\\nVVingate, A. L Avon, 111.\\nWood, A. F Mason, Mich,\\nWhitelaw, A. Sr W Guelph, Ont.\\nWood. C. E Freeman, Ont.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0437.jp2"}, "438": {"fulltext": "432 BKEEDERS OF AMERICAN OOTSWOLD SHEEP.\\nWeir, Wm. K Millbamk, Ont.\\nWalton, John Calkinsville, Mich.\\nWright, John Chesley. Ont.\\nWatt. W. B Salem, Ont.\\nWhite, A. F Hornellsville, N. Y.\\nWells, John Gait, Ont.\\nWalton. D. D Lake City, Mich.\\nWood, Robert Genoa, Quebec.\\nWolcott. S Shelby ville, Mich.\\nWard, Frank Vermontville. Mich.\\nWhite, Hug-h Evart, Mich.\\nWoolacott, John J Kennicott, Ont.\\nWork, Samuel Calkinsville, Mich.\\nWilk, J. A Forest Hill, Mich.\\nWatson, Henry Kirkwell, Ont.\\nWalker, Georg-e Eady, Ont.\\nWright, Wm, Sons Clachan, Ont.\\nWest, F. B Jefferson, Oregon.\\nWill, John Ft. Covington, N. Y.\\nWinter, E Brown City, Mich.\\nWilley, Levi Clare, Mich.\\nWalker, Alex Hinch. Ont.\\nWaldron, Edwin Mt. Pleasant, Mich.\\nW alton, Edward Calkinsville, Mich.\\nWright, H Guelph, Ont.\\nWood, Wm Palermo. Ont.\\nWilkins. H Port Nelson, Ont.\\nWagoner, M. D Sand Beach, Mich.\\nWalters, Michael Paimerston, Ont.\\nYale, J. W Meriden. Conn.\\nYoung, John Abingdon, Ont.\\nYoung. Wm Guelph, Ont.\\nZimmerman, Jacob Fayette, Ohio.\\nBreeders of Hmertcan Cotswold Sheep.\\nAdams, H. D Newcastle, Ind.\\nAllen, Geo Oriel, Ont.\\nAllen, J. R. Bros Draper, Utah\\nAnderson, C. S Hoagland, Pa.\\nArtz, W. 8 Osborn, Ohio.\\nAmerican Live Stock\\nBailey, A. G Keysville, Va,\\nBailey, Samuel Jttoxeter, Ont.\\nBalsdan, John I Balsam. Ont.\\nBarker. S. Son Mount Vernon, Ont.\\nBassett, H. S Preston, Minn.\\nBaumberger, F Northport, Mich.\\nBell, Geo. B Neely, Kansas.\\nBechtold, R. E Bippus, Ind.\\nBennington, S. Sons Volga, Iowa.\\nBlunden. S Forest, Ont.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0438.jp2"}, "439": {"fulltext": "BKEEDERS OF AMERICAN COTSWOLD SHEEP. 433\\nBonnycastle, F. Son Campbellford, Ontario.\\nBostwick, N Vandorf Ont.\\nBostwick, A Oak Kidges, Ont.\\nBoynton, P. W. Son Dollar, Ont.\\nBrien, E Kidgetown, Ont.\\nBradt, W. H Linesville, Pa.\\nBrown, B. P F -ankf ort, Ind.\\nBrown John L Uxbridge, Ont.\\nBrown, C. H Liberty, Idaho.\\nBrown, F. W Portage La Prairie, Man-\\nBrown, Thos Lo wmore. Iowa,\\nBrown, Reuben Ithaca, Mich.\\nBrunk, Thos. W Eola, Ore.\\nBrooks, J. W Solina, Ont.\\nBryan, D. W Westchester, Ind.\\nBuck, S. N Appleton, Wis.\\nBuckler, S. H Raglan, Ont.\\nBurton, John Brougham, Ont.\\nBurruss, H. D Daum, IlL\\nCampbell. E. Son Pittsfield, Ohio.\\nCase, O. T West Clarksfield, Ohio.\\nCaswell, Guy C Bowen. New York.\\nChapman, F. M Audley, Ont.\\nCherry, D. H. Son Xenia, Ohio.\\nCheesman, John Farmland, Ind.\\nChick, John Attica, N. Y.\\nClark, Thos Beecher, 111.\\nClark, P. Son Cable, Ohio.\\nCoates, Wm, H Claremont, Ont.\\nCook, J Greenbank, Ont.\\nCork, F. L Mineral Point, Wis.\\nCoxworth, S Whitby, Ont.\\nCurrent, Freeman Lost Nation, Iowa.\\nCurtiz, A. E Stanshead, Que.\\nDay, C. L Hudson, Wis.\\nDale, J. H Renville, Minn.\\nDayton, E. C Dickenson, N. D.\\nDevitt, W. J Greenwood, Ont.\\nDodge, H. J Dodgeville, Ohio.\\nDodge, W. H Dodgeville, Ohio.\\nDonaldson, J Pleasant Retreat, Mo.\\nDoty, John M. Son Charleston, lU.\\nDouglas, John Aberfoy le, Ont.\\nDrayer, E Ithaca, Mich.\\nDiinn, J. W Kinsale, Ont.\\nEdgar, J. W New London, Iowa.\\nEsler, A. L Huron, Mich.\\nEverett, L. N Burton, Ohio.\\nFMcht, Valentine Oriel, Ont.\\nFisher, George B LaFarge, Wis.\\nFindley, J. W Olney, 111.\\nForest, James Ashburn, Ont.\\nFreemyer, W. H Portland, Ind.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0439.jp2"}, "440": {"fulltext": "434 BREEDERS OF AMERICAN OOTSWOLD SHEEP.\\nFrinK, B. H Napanee, Ont.\\nGarbutt, C. T Claremont, Ont.\\nGiflford, E. E Fairfield, Maine.\\nGoocher, Geo. B Cresco, Iowa.\\nGoodfellow Bros., John MaceN-ille, Ont.\\nGould, Chas Uxbridge, Ont.\\nGrey, Allen Uxbridge, Ont.\\nGroove, C. B Laingsburg, Mich.\\nHandyside, John Litchfield, Ohio.\\nHarding Son, Geo Waukesha, Wis.\\nHart, Henry Hillsdale, Mich.\\nHeim, J. B New Chambersburg, Ohio.\\nHintz, \\\\Vm Fremont, Ohio\\nHoflfnian, D. M Fayette, Mo.\\nHogan Sons, James Waunakee, Wis.\\nHoover Bros Atha, Ont.\\nHowell, Edward Weiner, Wis.\\nHowitt, James Claremont, Ont.\\nHume, James Arkell, Ont.\\nHyghed, E. B Elwood, Iowa.\\nHysop, Ernest Killarney, Man.\\nIsaac, J Markham, Ont.\\nJackson, W Pond Mills, Ont.\\nJewell, N. M MineralPoint, Wis.\\nJohnson, F. W Freedom, Maine.\\nKealy, A. P Hammond, Wis.\\nKetchum, P. R West Union, Iowa.\\nKirkland, M. E. M. A Ostrander, Ohio\\nKing, George R Cambridge, N. Y.\\nKirby, Jos Armstrong s Mills, Ont.\\nKoch, Theo. F Hector, Minn.\\nLadd, C. E North Yamhill, Ore.\\nLaid law, Wm. G Wilton Grove, Ont.\\nLaird, G. R Guelph. Ont.\\nLambert Sons, F. P Bailev, Iowa.\\nLapham, G. E St. Johns, Mich.\\nLaw, James Ridgetown, Ont.\\nLangmaid, G. A Courtice, Ont.\\nLewis, D. C Camp Point, 111.\\nLinten, Wm. Jr Aurora. Ont.\\nMcCandless, J. R Tama, Iowa.\\nMcCandless, S. A Belle Plaine, Iowa.\\nMcCandless Son, W. G Cottonwood Falls, Kas.\\nMcCrae, D.. Guelph, Ont.\\nMcDowell, S. V Fredonia, Pa.\\nMcKim, F. W I^nsing, Mich.\\nMcKinley. E. Burns Vaughnsville, Ohio.\\nMcNeill, M. H Laurel, Ohio.\\nMcNelly, Hugh Arkell, Ont.\\nMarquis, George Victoria Corners. Ont.\\nMerritt. H. G Onarga, 111.\\nMills, R. G Whitby, Ont.\\nMiddleton, Geo Claremont, Ont.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0440.jp2"}, "441": {"fulltext": "BREEDERS OF AMERICAN OOTSWOLD SHEEP. 435\\nMillard, S. G Huntsburgh, Ohio.\\nMiller, VV. G Waukesha, Wis.\\nMilJer, Robert .Stouffville, Ont.\\nMilne, J Glanworth, Ont.\\nMontgomery, Wm. R. Jr Hillsdale, Mich.\\niMoehrke, Gust Chilton, Wis.\\nMontgomery, J. K West Union, Iowa,\\nMorgan, E. A Kerwood, Ont.\\nMorgan, H. W Ashtabula, Ohio,\\nMorgan, Robert Kerwood, Ont.\\nxMoody, J I;avenswood, Ont.\\nMorrison, C Wesby, Ont,\\nMorrison, John Brooklyn, Ont.\\nMorrow, R. O Hilton, Ont.\\nMoutray, J. I Olney, 111.\\nMurdock, D. S Troy Center, Wis.\\nMurray, James Wilton Grove, Ont.\\nNeville, C. VV Newburgh, Ont.\\nOliver, Wm Greenbank, Ont.\\nOrme Bros Tooele, Utah.\\nOntario Agricultural College Guelph, Ont.\\nOrcutt, T. H Rocky Ford, Col.\\nPark Sons, John Burgessville, Ont.\\nPeavy, Frank Newton, Iowa.\\nPelton, Joshua Falkland, Ont.\\nPhelps, T. C Greensboro, Ind.\\nPorter, M Coi-vallis. Ore.\\nPorter, P. W Howe, Idaho.\\nPotter, Milton Sheridan, Ore.\\nPoiry, John B Portland, Ind.\\nProut, George Zephyr, Ont.\\nPuckrin, Isaac Audley, Ont.\\nPugh, H. E Venedocia, Ohio.\\nPnzey, Henry Fairmount, 111.\\nRawlings Son, H Ravenswood. Ont.\\nRedmond, John McMinnville, Oregon.\\nReed, L. E Sinclairville, N. Y.\\nRenick, A Sycamore, Ky.\\nRichards, R. O .Huron, S. D.\\nRirie, J. B Weber, Utah.\\nRussell, A. S Carrville. Ont.\\nRussell, J. W Richmond Hill, Ont.\\ni^haflFer, N. B Newcastle, Ind.\\nSchwert, Henry Crestline. Ohio.\\nScott, R Milwaukee, Oregon,\\nShaner, W. J Jackson, Mo.\\nShirley, Oscar Houlton, Me.\\nShier, Thomas Cnmbray. Ont.\\nShore Bros Glanworth, Ont.\\nShore, T. Hardy Glanworth, Ont.\\nSlater. Johnathan Buttonville, Ont.\\nSmith, J. E Middlesex. N. Y.\\nSmith, A. B Mossmin, N. W. T.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0441.jp2"}, "442": {"fulltext": "436 BREEDERS OF LINCOLN SHEEP.\\nSmith Peter Hillsdale, Mich.\\nSnell, John C Snelgrove, Ont.\\nSnell, J, G. Bro Snelgrove, Ont.\\nSnell, J. G Snelgrove, Ont.\\nSnell, R. P Snelgrove, Ont.\\nSockett, John Rockwood, Ont.\\nStevens, W. W Niles, Mich.\\nStillman, Wm Campbellsford, Ont.\\nStump, J. B Monmouth, Ore.\\nSwank, Wm Lev^isburg, Ohio.\\nSweet H. J Wessington, S. D.\\nTait, J. B Otter Creek, Pa.\\nTait Sons, F. S Otter Creek, Pa.\\nTeel, H. G RushviUe, 111.\\nThompson, Wm White Rose, Ont.\\nThompson Wm Uxbridge, Ont.\\nThompson John Uxbridge, Ont.\\nTweedie Wm East Brook. N. Y.\\nTweedy Joseph Gallas Point, P. E. L\\nVan Dusen, W. Hillsdale, Mich.\\nVetterick, Reinhart Mt. Etna, Iowa.\\nWallis, Wm Uxbridge, Ont.\\nWard, Jos.. Marsh Hill, Ont.\\nWard, Edward Greenbank, Ont.\\nWatson, A. J Castlederg, Ont.\\nWatt, D. B. Son Xenia, Ohio.\\nWatt, D. B. R. C Xenia, Ohio.\\nWaters, Thos. D Rockwood, Ont.\\nWeekes, George Glanworth, Ont.\\nWeld, W. S Calder, Ont.\\nWestfall, G. W Hillsdale, Mich.\\nWhite, Lorenzo Greenwood, Ont.\\nWilliams, Wat on New Corydon, Ind.\\nWilliamson, W. A Mt. Cory, O.\\nWilliams, Thos Dowagiac, Mich.\\nWillis, Wm New Market, Ont.\\nWilson Bros Muncie, Ind,\\nWillson, Mrs. R. M North Branch, Mich.\\nWilson, Fred Conde, South Dakota.\\nWilson, Wtn Brampton, Ont.\\nWilson Bros. W. W Muncie, Ind.\\nWilson, Herman A Downsville, N. Y.\\nWithycombe, J Hillsboro. Ore.\\nWoodford, J. Hal Shakespeare, Ky.\\nWoodrow, H. S McLean, 111.\\nWright, W. E Glanworth, Ont.\\nBreeders of Lincoln 8becp.\\nI. N. Raymond Lake Odessa, Mich.\\nE. D. Reynolds Cressy, Mich.\\nJohnston, John Redman, Mich.\\nG. H. Brettell Greystead, Ont.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0442.jp2"}, "443": {"fulltext": "BREEDERS OF LINCOLN SHEEP. 437\\nThomas Fraleig-h Arva, Ont.\\nLeonard Parkenson Eramosa, Ont.\\nD. A. Campbell Mayfair, Ont.\\nE. Humphrey Thamesford, Ont.\\nT. E. Robson Ilderton, Ont.\\nR. S. Robson Ilderton, Ont.\\nH. P. Gage St. Johns, Mich.\\nP. B. Smith St. Louis, Mich.\\nWm. T. Lytle Beaconsfield, Man.\\nGeorge Gould Son Rutherford, Ont.\\nW. N. VVakeman Dalton, N. Y.\\nC. C. Robson Ilderton, Ont.\\nDuncan Cameron Ivan, Ont.\\nGeorge Cox Son Michigan.\\nJames Cranston Denfield, Ont.\\nA. Longley Ontario.\\nF. G. Woodruff Athens, Mich.\\nR. F. Nixon Maple Grove, Ont.\\nU. G. Gibson Lowell, Wis.\\nW. W. Crittenden Howell, Mich.\\nWood Morden Langsbank, Ont.\\nIsaac Kinsey Caledonia, Mich.\\nWm. Harding La Grange, Ind.\\nS. Kellogg Bennettsburg, N. Y.\\nRalph Brothers Ballymote, Ont.\\nGeorge Price Leutz, Mich.\\nR. Dexter Leutz, Mich.\\nW. West Ilderton, Ont.\\nCol. C. C. Rice Chicago, 111.\\nJ. W. Frizzell Brooklyn, la.\\nLowry Austin Norris City, 111.\\nGeorge Lewis Ballymote, Ont.\\nJohn Mitchell Glencoe, Ont.\\nDennis Bow Bridgeport, Mich.\\nThomas Shanklin Ivan, Ont.\\nL. D. Bradshaw Ovid, Mich.\\nLewis Bros Perrinton, Mich.\\nM. D. Gray Anson, Maine.\\nNoah Tompkins Fostoria, Mich.\\nFred C. Tompkins Fostoria, Mich.\\nW. W. Steed Farmington, Utah.\\nJames H. Shafer Mason, Mich.\\nJ. F. Miller Logan, Mich.\\nH. A. Bishop Millington, Mich.\\nHenry Dale Owosso, Mich.\\nW. Charlton Ilderton, Ont.\\nJames Anderson Derwent, Ont.\\nKnox Brothers Thamesford, Ont.\\nR. Little Son Ilderton, Ont.\\nJohn Gearej- London, Ont.\\nT. C. Rogers North Ridge, Ont.\\nEli Hodgins Lucan, Ont.\\nA. L. O Neill Birr, Ont.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0443.jp2"}, "444": {"fulltext": "438 BEEEDEES OF SOUTHDOWN SHEEP.\\nFrank Hicks Centralia, Ont,\\nCarey Marshall Vergennes, Vt.\\nE. Osterhout Ovid, Mich.\\nGeorge P. Casler Ovid, Mich.\\nJ. W. Dunkle Ovid, Mich.\\nG. H. Daniells Elva, Mich.\\nJohn Larecht Westphalia, Mich.\\nJ. B. Hoffman Oakley, Mich.\\nS. L. Big-nail Fovvlerville, Mich.\\nLewis Epkey Fowler, Mich.\\nEphraim Knight Cass City, Mich.\\nWelch, G. J. \u00c2\u00abfe Bro Tekonsha, Mich.\\nBreeders of Southdown Sheep.\\nAitken, George Woodstock, Vt.\\nAlexander, A. J Spring Station, Ky.\\nAllen, George Allerton, 111.\\nAlvord, Henry E Lewinsville, Va.\\nAnderson, S. W Asbury, W. Va.\\nArmstrong, L. A Covington, Ky.\\nAylor, John H Gunpawder, Ky.\\nBailey, C. I Winthrop, Me.\\nBaker, Geo. Sons Simcoe, Ont., Can.\\nBarker, Chas. E Pembroke, Ky.\\nBarrett, F. W. Mrs Wadsworth, N. Y.\\nBashford, Lester J Hollovvville, N. Y.\\nBeer, Thomas Bucyrus, Ohio\\nBellevue Farm Co Cranberry, N. C.\\nBenjamin, L. H Haskinville, N. Y.\\nBenninger W. M Benninger, Pa.\\nBickford, Lewis J Dixmont Centre, Me.\\nBillings, Frederick Woodstock, Vt.\\nBooth, A. P Hematite, Mo.\\nBooth Brothers Edgerton, Kan.\\nBoutelle. Geo. K Waterville, Me.\\nBurgess, Mrs. E. L. Son Norwich, Ont., Can.\\nBurroughs, J. L Newburg, Ohio\\nBuswell, Turner Solon, Me.\\nCampbell, G. J Pittsfield, Ohio\\nCarr, Guy Compton Sta., Queb., Can.\\nCass Burns Buffalo Hart, HI.\\nChapman, Wm. J Union Hill, N. Y.\\nClark, Samuel Lawrence, 111.\\nClay, G. M White Hall, Ky.\\nClay, Sidney P Lexington, Ky.\\nCompton, Wm. H Monroe, Ohio\\nCope, Jesse K West Chester, Pa.\\nCrothers, L. M Crothers, Pa.\\nCutting, Walter Pittsfield, Mass.\\nDale, b. H Glendale, Ont., Can.\\nDonnan, J. A. Wadsworth, N. Y.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0444.jp2"}, "445": {"fulltext": "BREEDEES OF SOUTHDOWN SHEEP. 439\\nDonoho, W. T Elmerville, Tenn.\\nDouglas, T. C Gait, Ont., Can,\\nDunkin, John Bridgeport, W. Va.\\nEiselstein, Geo Pomeroy, O.\\nEstill, VV. W Lexington, Ky.\\nEvans, D. W Venedocia, Ohio\\nFargason, J. T Memphis, Tenn.\\nFen nessy, E.J Avon, 111.\\nFisher, I\\\\. M Danville, Ky.\\nFitzgerald, S. E Bryan, Pa.\\nFlinn, W. W Chetek, Wis.\\nFrease, Henry A Stoutsville, O.\\nFrench, Chas Solon, Me.\\nFuller, Alfred G Seymour. Wis.\\nGarland, A. M Chicago, 111.\\nGarland, C. A Bangor, Me.\\nGlessner, J. J Chicago, 111.\\nGraham, D. C Cameron, 111.\\nHaight, Mrs. D. B Dover Plains, X. Y,\\nHamilton, A. L Lexington, Ky.\\nHamilton, H. A. S Staunton, Va.\\nHamilton, Thos. P Auxvasse, Mo.\\nHamilton, W. V Caledonia, X. Y.\\nHanna, A. D Asbury, W. Ya.\\nHartshorn, M. D. Bro Newark, Ohio\\nHarvey J. R Turlington, Nebr,\\nHarvey, T. W Marietta, Ohio\\nHass, John D West Stockbridge, Mass.\\nHenderson P. G Central City, Iowa\\nHenthorn, Wm Richland Centre, Wis.\\nHewitt, Mrs. Sarah A Ringwood, N. J.\\nHill, John A Manor, Texas\\nHilton, A. B Saratoga Springs, X. Y.\\nHilton. W. G Anson, Me.\\nHite, R. P Gallatin, Tenn.\\nHorton, Edw. E Chester, N. J.\\nHuston, John E Xew Lisbon, Ohio\\nHutchison, T. M Xew Wilmington, Pa.\\nIrion, John A Gallipolis. O.\\nIrvine, W. D Danville, Ky.\\nJackson, John Sons Abingdon, Ont., Can.\\nJones, T. C. Soti Delaware, Ohio\\nKellogg, Isaac Son Reading, Mich.\\nKent, A. M Jamestown, X Y.\\nKissinger. J. H Kissinger, Mo.\\nKuder, Geo. Sons Tontoganv, Ohio\\nLadd, Chas. E Portland. Ore.\\nLawell, D. E Grant, Ky.\\nLeiter, L. Z Chicago, III.\\nLeland, J. A Springfield, 111.\\nLibby, A. D Oakland, Me.\\nLorbach. Henry Waverly, Ohio\\nMarkillie, W. B Gobleville, Mich.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0445.jp2"}, "446": {"fulltext": "440 BREEDERS OF SOUTHDOWN SHEEP.\\nMarsh, Robt. Sons Richmond Hill, Ont., Can.\\nMartin, Wm Binbrook, Ont., Can.\\nMass. Ag l College Amherst, Mass.\\nMass. School for Feeble-Minded Waverly, Mass,\\nMathes, W. T Hockley, Texas\\nMcCoy, W. A Mercer, Pa.\\nMcEwen, Robert Byron, Ont., Can.\\nMcKerrovv, Geo Sussex, Wis.\\nMeredith, Mrs. Virginia C Cambridge City, Ind.\\nMetier, Peter North Pelham, Ont., Can.\\nMiller, Wni Markham, Ont., Can.\\nMills, Charles F Springfield, 111.\\nMoorhead, E. S Williamsburg, Ohio\\nMorton, Levi P Rhinecliff, N. Y.\\nNoble, W. U Brecksville, Ohio\\nNunes, F, D Chatham, 111.\\nOntario Ag l College Guelph, Ont., Can.\\nPagham Harbor Co Selsey, Chichester, Eng.\\nPancoast, J. D Moorestown, N. J,\\nPate, J. M Rising Sun, Ind.\\nPeck, J. M Hornellsville, N. Y.\\nPhillips, Richard New Waterford, Ohio\\nPickrell, James H Springfield\\nPickrell, Jesse C Lanesville, 111.\\nPomeroy, R. F New Castle, Pa.\\nPotts, J. H Jacksonville, 111.\\nPrather, S. E Springfield, 111.\\nPrivett, Uriah Bro Greensburg, Ind.\\nRedky, H. H Sugar Tree Ridge, O.\\nRenick, Abram Sycamore, Ky.\\nRhodes, J. Foster Woodstock, Vt.\\nRidgway, Wm B New Holland, Ind.\\nRobinson, F. F Hanover, Ohio\\nRockefeller Wm Tarry town, N. Y.\\nRook, Thos. G Salem, la.\\nRupert, L. S Bloomington, 111.\\nScott, F. A Huntsville, Mo.\\nSharpless, S. J Phihidelphia, Pa.\\nShaw, C. C. Son Newark, Ohio\\nShaw, Robt. Sons Renton Sta., Ont., Can.\\nSheets, S. E. A West Milford, W. Va.\\nShoemaker, T. T Charleston, 111.\\nSimenton, A. Sons Blackheath, Ont., Can.\\nSimpson Stock Farms Saxonville, Mass.\\nSites Albert Lennox, Ohio.\\nSmith, D. VV Springfield, lU.\\nSmith, T. W. Sons Glanford, Ont., Can.\\nSmith, W. M Fairfield Plains, Ont., Can.\\nSnyder, E. W Pullman, W. Va.\\nSnyder, Miss Lizzie Pullman, W. Va.\\nSpicer, W. E. Bushnell, 111,\\nSpringer, Frank K Springfield, 111.\\nSpringer, John G Springfield, 111.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0446.jp2"}, "447": {"fulltext": "BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 441\\nStuckey, Chas. J Mechanicsburg, Ohio\\nTarbell, C. P South Koyalton, Vt.\\nTelfer, W. E. G. L Paris, Out., Can.\\nTerrell, A. J New Canton, Va.\\nTownsend, Thos. C Springtield, Vt.\\nTomplvins, F. J Girard, Mich.\\nTrue, J. M Baraboo, Wis.\\nTurner, J. M Rising Sun, Ind.\\nTwombly, H. McK Madison, N. J.\\nWarren, John Hobart Hoosick Falls, N. Y.\\nWatt, D. B. R. C Cedarville, Ohio\\nWells, Frederic E Greenfield, Mass.\\nWheaton, E. C Marshall, Mich.\\nWhipps, Wm. Son Carlisle, Ind.\\nWilcox, C. L Lakefield, Minn.\\nWilkinson, J. T Chilliwhack, B. C, Can.\\nW^therspoon, Lister Midway, Ky.\\nWit te, id West Salem, 111.\\nWood, Mrs. W. A East Smithtield, Pa.\\nWood, Walter A Hoosick Falls, N. Y.\\nBreeders of Shropshire Sheep.\\nAbbe, CM Greenfield, Mass.\\nAbbott, John Lapeer, Mich.\\nAbbott, J. J. C. Est Montreal, Can.\\nAbrams, J. E Prospect Lake, Mich.\\nAckerman, George Melville, N. D.\\nAdams Bros Caledonia, Mich.\\nAdams, Clark E .Burlington, Wis.\\nAdams, E. E Whitehall, N. Y.\\nAlford, Chas Talmadge, Mich.\\nAllen, A. R Albion, N. Y.\\nAllen, Benj New Castle, Ind.\\nAllen, George Son Allerton, 111.\\nAllen, Elwood Miamisburg, O.\\nAllen, Harry Allerton, 111.\\nAllen, James M Bear Lake, Mich.\\nAllen, M. Son Seward, N. Y.\\nAllen, S. B Burdett, N. Y.\\nAllin, Samuel Bowmanville, Ont., Can.\\nAllin, T. B Iowa City, la.\\nAUis, F. W Madison, Wis.\\nAllison, T. H Kittanning, Pa.\\nAllison, T. J Campbell, 111.\\nAllman, F. \\\\V Berlin, W. Va.\\nAlverson, J. P Carp, Ind.\\nAmes, Cyrus Rockland, O.\\nAmes, Mrs. L. V. S Elsah, 111.\\nAndalusia Dairy Co Salem. O.\\nAnderson, J. A North Cape, Wis.\\nAnderson, James R Forward, Wis.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0447.jp2"}, "448": {"fulltext": "442 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.\\nAnderson, Robert Thornbury, Ont., Can.\\nAndrews, H. L Richland Center, Wis.\\nAndrews, Samuel Ironton, Wis.\\nAndrews, S. F Gratis, O.\\nAndrus, Ernest Mosherville, Mich.\\nAndrus, F. J Harlem, 111.\\nAnthony, Joshua Coleta, 111.\\nArbog-ast, L. P Doug-lass, 111.\\nArcher Bros Bankers, Mich.\\nArdsley Park Stock Farm Dobbs Ferry, N. Y.\\nArmer, Fred Ballston Spa, N. Y.\\nArmstrong-, A. A Camargo, 111.\\nArmstrong-, A. Son Cathcart, Ont., Can.\\nArmstrong-, William Ravenna, Ont., Can.\\nArnold Bros Alleg-an, Mich.\\nAsh, L. B Kahoka, Mo.\\nAshby, D. S Red Oak, la.\\nAugenstein, W. D Waldo, O.\\nAu Norrick Bai nes, O.\\nAvery, Gardner Forest Grove, Mich.\\nAvery, John Clinton, Ont., Can.\\nAxe, Wm Westchester, Ind\\nAylor, J. H Gunpowder, Ky.\\nBabcock, B Ionia, Mich.\\nBabcock, F. M Gouverneur, N. Y.\\nBadgley, Jed Westport, S. Dak.\\nBair, A. J Neptune, O.\\nBailey, E. A Winthrop Center. Me.\\nBailey, Levi Ovvatonna, Minn.\\nBailey, M. M Portland, Me.\\nBailey, O. J Peoria, 111.\\nBain, William Taunton, Ont.. Can.\\nBaird, D. S Johnstown, N. Y.\\nBaird, Georg-e, Sr Clinton, Ont., Can.\\nBaker, F. A Detroit, Mich.\\nBaker, L. C Comstock, N. Y.\\nBaker, O. W. Son Gilbert Station, la.\\nBaker, Thomas Solina, Ont., Can.\\nBaker, W. J South Montrose, Pa.\\nBaker, W. K. Son Bruce, 111.\\nBaldwin, Herbert Marlette, Mich.\\nBaldwin, L. H Nanticoke, N. Y.\\nBallachey, Geo., Jr Brantford, Ont., Can.\\nBallinger, C. H Lexington, Neb.\\nBallinger, E. F. Son Upland, O.\\nBallou, F. S Slatersville, R. I.\\nBaltzell, T. H Decatur, Ind.\\nBanks, John W Warsaw, Ind.\\nBanks, W. A La Porte, Ind.\\nBannister, A. D Albion, N. Y.\\nBard, C. H St. Louis, Mich.\\nBarcley, Robert C Cazenovia, N, Y.\\nBarkley, James B Argyle, N. Y.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0448.jp2"}, "449": {"fulltext": "BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 443\\nBarmore, Clark Moore s Mills, N. Y.\\nBarnard, A. S Smithville, Ont., Can.\\nBarnard, S Ypsilantl, Mich.\\nBarnes, M. C Mexico, Mo.\\nBarnes, A. D Smithville Flats, N. Y.\\nBarnum, A. K St. Paul, Minn.\\nBarr, John Dunsmore, Out., Can.\\nBarter, William Attilla, 111.\\nBartholomew, H. S. K Goshen, Ind.\\nBartlett, H. G Oberlin, O.\\nBartlett, J. H Worthington, Mass.\\nBarton, A. S Boissevain, Man.\\nBarton, J. C Kanona, N. Y.\\nBassett, D. Son Dana, 111.\\nBates, A. A Irwin, O.\\nBaughman, J. C Redfield, S. D.\\nBaum Bros Phoenix, Ariz.\\nBeach, E. E. Son Green Oak, Mich.\\nBean, C. M. W. L McGrawville, N. Y.\\nBeard, R. L Sparta, O.\\nBeardsley, P. A. Son West Andover, O.\\nBeattie, William H Wilton Grove, Ont., Can.\\nBebout, J. C Cannonsburgh, Pa.\\nBeck, M. J Gilead, Mich.\\nBedell, A. J Whittier, la.\\nBeebe, E. E Wolsey, S. D.\\nBehler, John V St. Louis, ;Mich.\\nBehrens, J. C. Son O Fallon, 111.\\nBelden, DeWHtt S Benson, Vt.\\nBell, John Amber, Ont., Can.\\nBell, J. C Union City, Mich.\\nBenedict, J. A. Sons East Poultney, Vt.\\nBennett, F. P Boston, Mass.\\nBennett, Henry Glanworth, Ont., Can.\\nBennett, Louis Weston, W^ Va.\\nBennett, U. P. Sons Independence. Mo.\\nBennington, S. Sons olga City, la.\\nBennington, T. B Grafton, O.\\nBerry, Jos. H Detroit, Mich.\\nBertenshaw, T. F Drewersburg, Ind.\\nBest, Chas Milwaukee, WMs.\\nBeits, C. R Stryker, O.\\nBetzner, Geo. D Copetown, Ont., Can.\\nBeverstein, J. E Middlebury, Ind.\\nBevington, George Springfield, 0.\\nBillings, M. J Sawyer, X. Y.\\nBillings, S. N Stonington, Conn.\\nBillman, Jacob Sullivan. Ind.\\nBillman, S. H Orville. O.\\nBingham, C. S Vernon. Mich.\\nBingham, W Vernon, Mich.\\nBird, George Bedford, Mich.\\nBird, Rollin Springfield, O.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0449.jp2"}, "450": {"fulltext": "444 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.\\nBirnie, Frank Unadilla, Mich.\\nBirnstill, C. G Lockport, 111.\\nBishop, Frank Leonard, Mich.\\nBishop, George A Syracuse, N. Y.\\nBivens, E. M Crookston, Minn,\\nBixby, M. H South Haven, Mich.\\nBixby, T. A South Haven, Mich.\\nBlack, J. Edwin Bridgeport, 111.\\nBlack, Wm. C Balm, Pa.\\nBlackwood, R Martintown, Ont., Can.\\nBlaine, S. E. C. H Button, Mich.\\nBlair, Robert Almonte, Ont., Can.\\nBlake Bros Galesburg, Mich.\\nBlank, G. W Uniopolis, O.\\nBliss, Horace Iosco, Mich.\\nBlodgett, D. M Williamsburg, Mich.\\nBloodgood Stock Farm New Marlboro, Mass.\\nBloomer, C. A Sparta, Mich.\\nBlue, E. L Steubenville, O.\\nBlue, V. D Hamler, O.\\nBogue, B. P Rose Hill, Kan.\\nBoice, J. H Rushville, 111.\\nBole, James Woodville, Ont., Can.\\nBoles, J. W Auxvasse, Mo.\\nBopes, C. A Hamlet, 111.\\nBo wen, Guy S Clarendon, N. Y.\\nBowen-Jones, J. (Hon. Mem) Shropshire, Eng.\\nBower, Geo. L Lansingville, N. Y.\\nBowers, C. H. H. S Cranberry, O.\\nBowman, W. R Mount Forest, Ontario, Can.\\nBowsher, C. F. C. M Buckland, 0.\\nBoyhton Gordon Dell Rapids, S. D.\\nBoynton, W. J Rochester, Minn.\\nBrace, B. W Albion, N. Y.\\nBrand, W. D Kirby, Mich.\\nBreck, Geo E., Estate of Paw Paw, Mich.\\nBreck, S. R West Claremont, N. H.\\nBreckon, W. J Appleby, Out., Can.\\nBreedon, M. F Charleston, 111.\\nBrent, VVm Tyrone, Ont., Can.\\nBresee, Albert Son Hubbardton, Vt.\\nBrewer, E. B Marion, O.\\nBrill, J. H Pittsboro, Ind.\\nBrims, James Athelstan, Que., Can.\\nBrock, A. H Bath, O,\\nBrondige Bros Holly, Mich.\\nBrooks, L. L Creston, la.\\nBroughton, Arthur Albany, Wis.\\nBroughton, D. Son Franklin, Mich.\\nBrown, Alfred Picton, Ont., Can.\\nBrown, Will S Elbridge, N. Y,\\nBrown Bros Springville, Ont., Can.\\nBrown, Edward S Scottsville, N. Y.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0450.jp2"}, "451": {"fulltext": "BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 445\\nBrown. H. F Minneapolis, Minn.\\nBrown, \\\\Vm. F. S Portland, Me.\\nBrownlee, Hugh A Shawville, Que., Can.\\nBrubaker, Geo West Millgrove, O.\\nBruce Kerr Roseniount, Minn.\\nBruce, William McLennan, Ont., Can.\\nBuchanan, B. B Brownsburg, Va.\\nBuchanan, J. A Ingersoll, Ont., Can.\\nBuchecker, O. D Mason City, la.\\nBuckley, T. B Valley Falls, N. Y.\\nBuechley, E. M Greenville, O.\\nBullard, A. B Wayland, Mass.\\nBullers, Chas Kirkman, Pa.\\nBunnell, J Lansingville, N. Y.\\nBurch, F. E Milf ord, Mich.\\nBurdick, G. W Wirt Center, N. Y.\\nBurkhart, O. C Chelsea, Mich.\\nBurnap, M. O Sumner, O.\\nBurner Walton Woodstock, Va.\\nBurnett, H. L Sandy Lake, Pa.\\nBurnett, Leonard Greenbank, Ont., Can.\\nBurr, Geo North Hector, N. Y.\\nBurruss, H. D Daum, HI.\\nBush, W. T Woodburn, Ont., Can.\\nBuskin, John Wodehouse, Ont., Can.\\nButler, E. S Ridgeway, O.\\nButler, F. J Eckford, Mich.\\nButrick, J. S Tipton, Mich.\\nButton, G. W Flushing, Mich.\\nButtrick, C. A New York, N. Y.\\nBuzzard Christophel Goshen, Ind.\\nCable, H. C Sandyville, O.\\nCalder, Charles Brooklyn, Ont., Can.\\nCalkins, D. M Perry, N. Y.\\nCamp, J. F La Porte City, la.\\nCamp, L. H La Porte City, la.\\nCamp, M. S Greens Landing, Pa.\\nCampbell, E. G Keisters, Pa.\\nCampbell, John, Jr Woodville, Ont., Can.\\nCampbell, P. A Aberfeldy, Ont., Can.\\nCampbell, R Hillsdale, Mich.\\nCampbell, R. H Mt. Carroll, HI.\\nCarbee Bros Springville, la.\\nCarman, M Mecosta, Mich.\\nCarnegie, J. H Coboconk, Ont., Can.\\nCarpenter Anderson Watseka, 111.\\nCarpenter, E. G Hortonville, Wis.\\nCarper, B. F Rosemond, 111.\\nCarr, A. N Ljona, Pa.\\nCarr, Chas. A Cass City, Mich.\\nCarr, E. K Jonesville, Mich.\\nCarr, Guy Compton, Que., Can.\\nCarr, Guy B Glenwood, Ind.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0451.jp2"}, "452": {"fulltext": "446 BKEEDERS OF SHKOPSHIRE SHEEP.\\nCarr, J. H Unionville, la.\\nCarr, J. S Durham, N. C.\\nCarring-ton, Eli Bath, N. Y.\\nGary, Jesse Marshall, Mich.\\nCasgrain, Eug-ene L Islet, Que., Cau.\\nCass, Harry Buffalo Hart, 111.\\nCass, J. D Beloit, Wis.\\nCassada, F. D Elmira, N. Y.\\nCassatt, A.J Berwyn, Pa.\\nCasson, M. J. C Presho, N. Y.\\nCaswell, C. C Eby, Ind.\\nCather, John B Flemington, W. Va.\\nChaddock Parker Pewamo, Mich.\\nChad wick, W. W Monroe, Wis.\\nChaffee, H. W Brecksville, O.\\nChambers, Ers. Bro Mansfield, O.\\nChamberlain, L. V Waterloo, la.\\nChaming-, Wm Forrest, 111.\\nChamplin, J. P Ruth, N. Y.\\nChapek, Frank Wauzeka, Wis.\\nChapin, Chas. A Nlles, Mich.\\nChapman, Chas. W Stoning-ton, Conn.\\nChapman, D. L. A. B South Rockwood, Mich.\\nCharlton, Joseph Ilderton, Out., Can.\\nChipman, Chas. B Moorefield, Neb.\\nChilds, H. H Rockford, Mich.\\nChilds, M. F Okasis, Minn.\\nChisholm, Horace Paris, Ont., Can.\\nChristley, W. G Balm, Pa.\\nChristner, C. N Haysville, Ont., Can.\\nChurch, B. A ..St. Louis, Mich.\\nClapham, W. H. Co Attica, Ind.\\nClark, B Hibbetts, O.\\nClark, James Eckford, Mich.\\nClark, Wm Kunkle, O.\\nClark, W. P Chatham. N. Y.\\nClark. W. T Monroe City, Mo.\\nClarke, J. C Church, Mich.\\nCleveland, Chas Gresham, Oreg-on.\\nCleveland, J. M Union, Mich.\\nClifford Gillett Welling-ton, O.\\nCloug-h, H. H Elyria, O.\\nCloug-h, John, Jr Carrollton, 111.\\nCloyd, Richey Conroe, Ind.\\nCobledick, d Clandeboye, Out., Can.\\nCochrane, M. H Hillhurst, Que., Can.\\nCoddington, A. P Tecumseh, Mich.\\nCoe, B. W Centre Harbor, N. H.\\nCoe Sawyer Ypsilanti, Mich.\\nCoe, R. E Kirkville, N. Y.\\nCoe, W. P Gerrardstown, W. Va.\\nCoffland, J. E Richland Centre, Wis.\\nCoffland, J. S East Richland, O.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0452.jp2"}, "453": {"fulltext": "BEEEDBRS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 447\\nCole, A. H Savona, N. Y.\\nCole, Ogden Addison, Mich.\\nCole, Oscar Aurora, III.\\nCole, T. J. T Tyrone, Ont., Can.\\nCole, W. B Blooniingdale, 0.\\nColegrove, J. N Corry Pa,\\nColegrove, Robt Prattsburg, N. Y.\\nColgate, J. C Bennington, Vt.\\nCollacutt, R. Sons Tyrone, Ont., Can.\\nCoUard, Chas Sons Edmund, Wis.\\nCollett, M. VV Metea, Ind.\\nCollin, F. M Benton Centre, N. Y.\\nCollins, A. M Shushan, N. Y.\\nCollins, George Oswego, 111.\\nColorado Agricultural College Ft. Collins, Col.\\nColton, J. E Taopi, S. D.\\nCombs, H. L South Whitley, Ind.\\nComrey, Andrew Mahanoy City, Pa.\\nComstock, J. L West Richfield, O.\\nComstock, W. G Chuckery, N. Y.\\nConley, G. B Marshall, Mich.\\nConley, R Marshall Mich.\\nConquest, T. J Farwell, Mich.\\nConstable, W Cooperstown, N. Y.\\nCon worth, John Paris, Ont., Can.\\nCook, A. P. Co., L td Brooklyn, Mich.\\nCook, Arden L Corinth, Ont., Can.\\nCook, Jos. S Eardley, Mich.\\nCooke, Z. M Gaithersburg, Md.\\nCoolley, C. H Attica, la,\\nCoolley, M. S Attica, la.\\nCooper, Edward Adrian, Mich\\nCooper, James Kippen, Ont., Can.\\nCooper, Jos. Sons Perry Center, N. Y,\\nCooper, William Alameda, N. W. T.\\nCooper Watkins Kankakee, 111.\\nCopeland, W. E Teeswater, Ont., Can,\\nCorbitt, J Ionia, Mich.\\nCornell University lihaea, N. Y.\\nCornell, Willis Baldwinsville, N. Y.\\nCornman, Theo Carlisle, Pa.\\nCornue, W. D Alden, 111.\\nCotterell, F.J Dover, Minn.\\nCoulson, J. K New Lebanon, Ind.\\nCornell, Wm Lindsay, Ontario, Can.\\nCourter, P. T Delaware, O.\\nCourter, W. F Allendale, 111.\\nCovert, H. B Lodi, N. Y.\\nCowan, William Port Union, Ont., Can.\\nCox, A. B Cherry Valley, N. Y.\\nCox. John W Xew Wilmington, Pa.\\nCrabbe, J. W Clunette. Ind.\\nCraft, W. K Grass Lake, Mich.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0453.jp2"}, "454": {"fulltext": "448 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.\\nCraig-, Jas Canaserag-a, N. Y^\\nCraig, Prof. J. A Rice Lake, Wis.\\nCrary, A. T. G. E Lamoille, la.\\nCraven Stanim Fredericktown, O.\\nCrawford, J., Jr Brantford, Ont., Can.\\nCrews, M. F Areola, 111.\\nCrisp, Walter Dell Rapids, S. D.\\nCrocker, S. D Columbia Station, O.\\nCronk, Frank W Tulare, S. Dak.\\nCronin, William Mt. Sterling, 111.\\nCrosby, J. S Greenville, Mich.\\nCross, E. E Sharon, N. Y.\\nGrossman H. D Sennett, N. Y.\\nCrouch, W. P Corry, Pa.\\nCrowgey, Henry J Wytheville, Va.\\nCroxall, J Brooklin, Ont., Can.\\nCullinan, M. F Dillon, 111.\\nCummings, Arthur Cuylerville, N. Y.\\nCurl, F. M Cardington, O.\\nCurtis, O. F Marshall, Mich.\\nCusick, B Marion, O.\\nCuthbert, A. S North Argyle, N. Y.\\nCuthbert, Jos White Lake, Mich.\\nCuthbert, W. S Hammond, N. Y.\\nDale, V. Son Oakwood, Ont., Can.\\nDancer, E. H Lamoni, la.\\nDanford, A. C Lloydsville, O.\\nDart Bros Concord, Mich,\\nDashner, G. E Fisherville, Ontario, Canada.\\nDates. W. M Heddens, N. Y.\\nDavidson, J. N. Son Whitesville, Ind.\\nDavies, Robt Toronto, Ont., Can.\\nDavis, A. M Howell, Mich.\\nDavis, Bruce St. Thomas, Out., Can.\\nDavis, M. G Viroqna, Wis.\\nDavis, M. H Dodge Center, Minn.\\nDavis Moon Medina. N. Y.\\nDavis, Z Delaware, O.\\nDavison, G. Howard Millbrook, N. Y.\\nDavisson, William Mechanicsburg, O.\\nDawe, Ernest Sioux City, Iowa.\\nDawson, Jas. F Odessa, Ont., Can.\\nDawson, Nichol Ballieboro, Ont., Can.\\nDay Sidney Oneida, lU.\\nDay, VV. A Blakesburg, la.\\nDayton, W. H Cleveland, O.\\nDean Pulling Parma, Mich.\\nDean, W. J. G Hanover, Mich.\\nDeArmann, S. S Franklin, Pa.\\nDeCew, Thos. H Chicago, IlL\\nDeLander, R. S. Co Broad Run, Md.\\nDen Blyker, John Kalamazoo, Mich.\\nDenny, George M Harvey sburg, O.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0454.jp2"}, "455": {"fulltext": "BKEEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 449\\nDeKight, S. H Sodus, X. Y.\\nDeWitt, G. Son Eaton Kapids, Mich.\\nDickey, Mrs. A. C. Marshall, Mich.\\nDickin, John Milton West, Ont., Can.\\nDickson, John E Corvvhin, Ont., Can.\\nDickson, John T Goderich, Ont., Can.\\nDiehl, John V Varna, Ont., Can.\\nDietrich, Chas. F Millbrook, N. Y.\\nDinehart, C. E Slay ton, Minn.\\nDobbins, D. I Ipava, ill.\\nDodds, John H Lapeer, Mich.\\nDolph, A. W Teegarden, Ind.\\nDonald, James Canton, Minn.\\nDonald, T. H Redwood, N. Y.\\nDonaldson, Joseph Pleasant Retreat, Mo.\\nDonaldson, Wm South Zorra, Ont., Can.\\nDore, W. O Trout Creek, Ont., Can.\\nDorsey, A. Son Perry, 111.\\nDouglas, John Streetsville, Ontario, Can.\\nDouglass, S. H Pontiac, Mich.\\nDowning, A. S I almyra, N. Y.\\nDowns, R. S Chillicothe, O.\\nDrake, Earle Madelia, Minn.\\nDryden, Hon. John Toronto, Can.\\nDuflfy, E. J Binbrook, Ont., Can.\\nDuguid Green Highmore, S. D.\\nDuncan, Marshall Brantford, Ont., Can.\\nDunham Bechtol Iberia, O.\\nDunham, L. S Concord, Mich\\nDunkin, Andrew Varna, Ont., Can.\\nDunkin, John Bridgeport, W. Va.\\nDunkin, John Thorndale, Ont., Can.\\nDunlap, H. M Savoy, 111.\\nDunn, G. H Auburn, Ind.\\nDuryea, A Rochester, Minn.\\nDutton, CO Plainfield, Mich.\\nDwells, Franklin Grass Lake, Mich.\\nDyer, D. D Columbus, Ont., Can.\\nDysart, S. A Lancaster, Me.\\nEaston, Andrew, Est Bright, Ont., Can.\\nEaston, R. W Paris, Ont., Can.\\nEaston, Robt. Son Ayr, Ont., Can.\\nEaton, H Rawhide Buttes, AVyo.\\nEaton, J. H Plainfield, Vt.\\nEaton, W. E South Solon, Me.\\nEchols, J.J Lewisburg, \\\\V. Va.\\nEdgerton, J. J. Son Nassau, la.\\nEd sall. J. P. Pine City, N. Y.\\nEdson. A. W Austin, Minn.\\nEdwards, A. W Caistorville, Ont., Can.\\nEdwards, W. C Rockland, Ont., Can.\\nEgbert, R Sandy Lake, Pa.\\nEgbert, T. E Hammond, Wis.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0455.jp2"}, "456": {"fulltext": "450 BFvEEDEHS OF SHROPSHIEE SHEEP\\nElder, Jas Virden, Manitoba.\\nElderkin, G. D Oak Park, 111.\\nEldred, A. H Albany, Wis.\\nEllett, E. J Berlin Center, O.\\nElliott, Andrew Kelso, Ont., Can.\\nElliott, Andrew Oalt, Ont., Can.\\nElliott, Chas. Son Bladensburg-, O.\\nElliott, Edwin Morning- Sun, O.\\nElliott, W. B. Son Clarksville, Mo.\\nElwell, Fred Zumbrota, Minn.\\nEly, E. P. Son Niles, Mich.\\nEmerson, C. W North Clarendon, Vt.\\nEmmert, E Nappanee, Ind.\\nEmmons, M Dowagiac, Mich.\\nEmpey, D. 1 Mt. Elgin, Ont.. Can.\\nEmrich, VV. S Casey, 111.\\nEngland, 0.0 Templeton, S. D.\\nEnsign, H. Claridon, O.\\nEnnis, A. A Danielson, Conn.\\nErrington, F (llanworth, Ont., Can.\\nEverett, George P Mt. Vernon, Ontario, Can.\\nEvans, D. W Venedocia, O.\\nEvans, J. H Ripley, 0.\\nEvans, Nathan Bolivar, O.\\nEvarts, Oman ^Manning, N. Y.\\nEwing, Wm Paisley, Ont., Can.\\nFalter, J. B Carrothers, O.\\nFargey, Peter LaRiviere, Manitoba.\\nEarquhar, I. J Winchester, Ind.\\nFarquhar, W. T Trenton, Ind.\\nFarrand, P. Son Colon, Mich.\\nFarris, A. R Mechanics Falls, Me.\\nEaulkner, Chas. VV Pontiac, Mich.\\nEeltham, H Thessalon, Ont., Can,\\nEerguson, U Charlottestown, P. E. I.\\nFerguson Killifer Paw Paw, Mich.\\nFields, C. A Cedar Falls, la.\\nFiegchen, J. G Clarksburg, Ont., Can.\\nFifield, Eugene Bay City, Mich.\\nFiler, E. G Filer City, Mich.\\nFirestone, D. S Columbiana, O.\\nFirkins, A. J Ord, Neb.\\nFish, E. C Reedsburg, Wis.\\nFisher, Arthur Chatham, Ont., Can.\\nFisher, R. D Sharpsburg. Md.\\nFisk, F. A Coldwater, Mich.\\nFisk, J. W Charleston, N. H.\\nFitch, Valentine Oriel, Out., Can.\\nFlannagain, W. H Candor, N. Y.\\nFloweree Sheep and Horse Co Sun River, Mont.\\nFoote, Dr. F. M Marshall, Mich.\\nFoley, Daniel Mt. Salem, Mich.\\nFord, F. W Hickory Corners, Mich.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0456.jp2"}, "457": {"fulltext": "BKEEDE KS OF SHROPSHIEE SHEEP. 431\\nFord Stratton Hickory Corners, Mich\\nForester, Edward (iormley, Ont., Can.\\nForgey, H. C VVliitesville, Ind.\\nFort, D. 1... Viclisburg-, Mich.\\nFosdick, W. B Pontiac, Mich.\\nFoster, A. H Allegan, Mich.\\nFoster, J. E. Son Prairie Home, 111.\\nFoust, F. H Columbia, City, Ind.\\nFowler, H. A Heart Prairie, Wis.\\nFowler, John Warsaw, O.\\nFox, A. O Oi egon, Wis.\\nFox, J. A Raymilton, Pa.\\nFox, Philip Madison, Wis.\\nFrancis, H. K Mendon, 111.\\nFrank, Ed. S Clayton, 111.\\nErase, Orrin Doylestown, O.\\nEraser, Robt Bradford, Ont., Can.\\nEraser, Thomas Brucefield, Ont., Can.\\nEraser, William Wilton Grove, Ont., Can.\\nFrazee, C. W Green Valley, 111.\\nFrazier, W. C Atlantic, la.\\nFrederick, B. J Cold water, Mich.\\nFrench, M. J Wenona, 111.\\nFritchman, W. O Muscatine, la.\\nFry, J. O LaHarpe, 111.\\nFuller, J. B BuflPalo, N. Y.\\nFulton, J. H Nashville, Tenn.\\nFunk, J. S Singer s Glen, Va.\\nFurry, Wm. Son New Palestine, Ind.\\nGabrilson, C. L New Hampton, la.\\nGage, H. D Flint, Mich.\\nGage, W. J Flint, Mich.\\nGamber, L. D Fayette, O.\\nGammon, G. W Forest, Ont., Can.\\n(Janton, D. G Saurin, Ontario, Can.\\nGardner Kammerer Broadhead, Wis.\\nGarlock, W. J Owen, Wyo.\\n(iarnett, John Durgan s Creek, Mo.\\n(Jarrett, J. M Fort Garrett, Ky.\\nGarrison, R. E Brockport, N. Y.\\nGates, F Willimantic. Conn.\\nGaul, Geo Sumner, O.\\nGaylor, C. M (Est. of) Big Rapids, Mich.\\nGeary Bros London, Ont., Can.\\nGentle, W. T Fairview, 111.\\nGerman, Geo. H Franklin, Mich.\\nGermann, H., Jr Frances, O.\\nGermania Company Germania, Wis.\\nGesler, Rudolph Wapakoneta, O.\\nGetty, S. W Chambersville, Pa.\\nGibson, Richard Delaware, Ont., Can.\\nGibson, Robert Momence, 111.\\n(iifEord, Albert Valley Falls, N. Y.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0457.jp2"}, "458": {"fulltext": "452 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.\\nGilford, Geo South Easton, X. Y.\\nGiles Son Apalachian. N. Y.\\nGilkeson, M. F Folly Mills, Va.\\nGillet, S. B Carey, O.\\nGilliam Hover Warsaw, Ind.\\nGillingham, Thos. Son Gillingham, Wis.\\nGillogly, A. J Palermo, 111.\\nGinter, Lewis Richmond, Va.\\nGlide, J. H., Jr Sacremento, Cal.\\nGlover, J. E Hudson, Wis.\\nGodeffroy, A. E Godeffroy, N. Y.\\nGoldsberry, J. A Bloomingdale. Ind.\\nGoldsmith. O. C Lafayette, Ind.\\nGonyeau, F. F West Milton, Vt.\\nGood, I. R Svrac use, Ind.\\nGoodrich, F. W Farmingdale, S. D.\\nGore Bros Clayton, III.\\nGordon, Luther Brockport, N. Y.\\nGoudey, S. P Yarmouth. Nova Scotia.\\nGould, I. J Uxbridge, Ontario, Can.\\nGoundry, John Naples, N. Y.\\nGourley, J. F Maple Creek, N. W. T.\\nGraham Bros Fenimore, Wis.\\nGraham, F. A Maumce, O.\\nGraham Williamson West Milgrove, O.\\nGrant, C. B Detroit, Mich.\\nGray, E. F Republic, O.\\nGrey, S. Sons Albia, la.\\nGrey, Wm Albia. la.\\nGreen, A. E Orchard Lake, Mich.\\nGreen, Fred Ashkum, 111.\\nGreen, Wm Orange C. H., Va.\\nGreenshields, J.N Montreal, Can.\\nGregory, D. F Dowagiac, Mich.\\nGridley, C. F West Candor, N. Y.\\nGriffin, D. C Ypsilanti, Mich.\\nGriffin, F. E Oberlin, O.\\nGriscom, C. A Haverford College, Pa.\\nGrosvenor, A. M Sand Lake, Mich.\\nGroves Heighway Concord, Mich.\\nGrove, W. F Bolivar, O.\\nGurney, C. W Paris, Ont., Can.\\nGuthrie, E. L Paris, 111.\\nHager, A Plantagenet Mills, Ont. Can.\\nHager, A. J Vermont ville, Mich.\\nHaight Bros Addison, Mich.\\nHaines, J. N. Sons Avilla, Ind.\\nHale, H. H Haverhill, Mass.\\nHales, T. F Mt. Sterling, la.\\nHall, Arthur N Ionia, Mich.\\nHall, C. R East Dixfield, Me.\\nHall, D. F Kilwinning, Mo.\\nHall, F. S Lewiston, N. Y.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0458.jp2"}, "459": {"fulltext": "BREEDERS OP SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 453\\nHall, H. H..: Fredonia, N. Y.\\nHall, Thomas B Sacremento, Cal.\\nHallenbeck, D. H Seward, N. Y.\\nHamlin, Chester P Temple, Me.\\nHamilton, H. A. S Staunton, Va.\\nHammond, G. H., Jr Detroit, Mich.\\nHamrich, J. R. M Clreencastle, Ind.\\nHankins, Albert Hurlburt, Ind.\\nHanley, J. C Read, Ont.. Can.\\nHanmer, D. G. Sons Mt. Vernon, Ont., Can.\\nHanna, S. A Unionvale, O.\\nHanson, Wm. H Luana, Iowa.\\nHarbin, W. A Pleasantville, Ind.\\nHarding-, F. R. Son Buchanan, Mich.\\nHarding-, L. T Laporte, Ind.\\nHarding-, O. G Buchanan, Mich.\\nHarkness, E. D Springtield, Pa.\\nHarmon, G. B Brockport, N. Y.\\nHarrington, Clark S Willow Lakes, S. Dakota.\\nHarring-ton, F. O York Center, la.\\nHarris, B. F West Liberty, O.\\nHarris, J. L Eckford. Mich.\\nHarris, L. B Lyndonville, Vt.\\nHarrison, John Owen Sound, Ont., Can.\\nHarrison, M. H Belgrave, Ont., Can.\\nHarrod, T. H Newton, Miss.\\nHarsh, D. D Minerva, O.\\nHarshman, E. E West Middlesex, Pa.\\nHartley, L. M Salem, la.\\nHartshorn, A. E Owosso, Mich.\\nHartshorn, B, I Brockport, N. Y.\\nHarvey, J. N. Sons Kendallville, Ind.\\nHaskins, C. A Lansing-ville, N. Y.\\nHatch, F. W English Prairie, 111.\\nHathaway Shaw Bloomfield, la.\\nHatherly, Edwin Lapeer, Mich.\\nHaverstoek, S. G Butler, Ind.\\nHaviland, H. G Glen Falls. N. Y.\\nHawkins, J. W Rollin, Mich.\\nHawkshaw% W. S Glanworth. Ont.. Can.\\nHawley, E. F Pittsford, N. Y.\\nHawley, H. H Vernon. Mich.\\nHawley, J. B Coldwater, Mich.\\nHawthorne, C. L Maynard, Ohio.\\nHay Baton New Lowell, Ont., Can.\\nHayden, E. C Wyoming, N. Y\\nHayes, Enos Cleves, O.\\nHajnes, C. A Trenton, Mo.\\nHays, J. L. Son Mannington, W. Va.\\nHealey, W. W South Danville. N. Y.\\nHeaton Bros Fort Wayne, Ind.\\nHeinbaugh, C. W Three Rivers, Mich.\\nHelser, Eli Warsaw, Ind.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0459.jp2"}, "460": {"fulltext": "454 BEEEDEES OF SHEOPSHIEE SHEEP.\\nHemphill, R. W Ypsilanti. Mich.\\nHenders, Wesley Bro Hamilton, Ont.\\nHenderson, L has MarshvilJe, Ontario, Canada.\\nHenderson, J. H Elder s Ridge, Pa.\\nHenderson, W. A Son Waseca, Minn.\\nHenn, John H Redmon, 111.\\nHenry, N. C Geauga Lake, O.\\nHenry, Eichard Son North Benton, O.\\nHerman, Wm Cleveland, N. Y.\\nHewitt, Wm New Albany Pa.\\nHickox, W. C Wyoming, Wis.\\nHicks, J. D Altoona. Pa.\\nHiester, Henry Pennville, Ind.\\nHiggins, J. T New Maysville, Ind.\\nHill, B. F Blooming-dale, Ind.\\nHill, Ed. S Peruville, Ind.\\nHill, Sam. H. Son Gregg, Texas.\\nHill, W. E. A. S Kalamazoo, Mich.\\nHills, C. Son Delaware, O.\\nHilligoss, J. B Florida, Ind.\\nHilton, Bert Anson, Me.\\nHilton, James New Scotland, N. Y.\\nHilton, Joseph New Scotland, N. Y.\\nHimrod, Elmer Burdett, N. Y,\\nHindman, James Franklin, Pa.\\nHindmarsh, George Ailsa Craig, Ont., Can.\\nHinds, H. H Stanton, Mich.\\nHinkley, C. L Alexandria, S. D.\\nHitch, H. G West Liberty, 111.\\nHitchcock, Don K Brimfield, Ind.\\nHitchcock, John Pecatonica, 111.\\nHodgens, T. D London, Ont., Can.\\nHogue, John Cadwallader, O.\\nHolbrook, C. H Portland, Me.\\nHolcomb, A. J Charlotte, Mich.\\nHolmes, H. A Austin, Minn.\\nHolmes, Milton Charleston, N. Y.\\nHolmes, Robert, Jr Castile. N. Y.\\nHood, C. E. M Gallatin, Mo.\\nHorn, B. H Tiffin, O.\\nHorn, O. D Garland, Pa.\\nHosford, C. F Mexico, N. Y.\\nHough, Jas. M Clear Lake, S. D.\\nHoward, O. N Woodstock, O.\\nHoward, W. F Milford Center, 0.\\nHowe, E. E Howell, Mich.\\nHowell, W. S Thornyhurst, Ont., Can.\\nHowick, D. S Celina, O.\\nHoy t, G. L Lafayette, N. Y.\\nHubbard, H. W Corydon, la.\\nHuflf, O. A Kent, N. Y.\\nBuffer, G. C Broad Run, Md.\\nBuffer, J. M Broad Eun, Md..", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0460.jp2"}, "461": {"fulltext": "BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 455\\nHug-hes, F. J East Claridon, O.\\nHughes, 1. F East Claridon, 0.\\nHulit, A. B Huron, S. D,\\nHumm, J. S Haysville, O.\\nHumphrey, J. V Mercer, Pa.\\nHuner, H Ridgeville Corners, O.\\nHunter, George Elgin, 111.\\nHunter, James Alma, Ont., Can.\\nHuntington, H. C Belvidere, 111.\\nHuntley, C. S Elrov, Wis.\\nHuntley, L. B Marlow, X. H.\\nHuntsman, S. F Cairo, Mo.\\nHurst, Frank Libertyville, la.\\nHurst, J. T Wyandotte, Mich.\\nHuston, J. E New Lisbon, O.\\nHutchins, Wm. H Freemont, Ind.\\nHutchinson, Charles White Pigeon, Mich.\\nHutson, Andrew Sparta, W^is.\\nIngersoll, A. A Lockport, 111.\\nIngersoll, B. F Lockport, 111.\\nIngersoll, Geo Fonda, X. Y.\\nInnes, Alexander Clinton, Ont., Can.\\nIreton, W. H Crosstown, O.\\nIrving, C. H New Market, Ont., Can.\\nJackson, Wm Hopkins Station, Mich.\\nJacobs, John Leon, Wis.\\nJennings, G. P Allegan, Mich.\\nJennings, Hudson Brantford. Ontario. Can.\\nJerue, S Sodus, Mich.\\nJohnson, C. H Busti, N. Y.\\nJohnson, E. E Compton, III,\\nJohnson, H. H Keynoldsville, N. Y.\\nJohnson, J. H North Pelham, Ont., Can.\\nJohnson, J. W^ Flowerfield, Mich.\\nJohnson, L. G Flowerheld, Mich.\\nJohnston, W. Evans Ravenna, Ont., Caa\\nJones, Aaron, Jr South Bend. Ind.\\nJones Bros. Co Radnor, O.\\nJones, C. E Carysbrook. Va.\\nJones, D. D Alexandria, O.\\nJones, E. O Radnor, O.\\nJones, F. W Dowagiac. Mich.\\nJones, J. L Leon, Wis.\\nJones, P. D Mt. Morris, N. Y.\\nJones, J. F. Son West Salem. Wis.\\nJones. Samuel Flushing, Mich.\\nJones, W. L andalia. Mich.\\nJones Miller Casey, 111.\\nJepson, John P (iranada, Minn.\\nJordan, Rufus Plymouth, Ind.\\nJordan, W. H Des Moines. la.\\nJoy. Fred. Est. of Birmingham. Mich.\\nJunkman, H. O Ellsworth, Wis.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0461.jp2"}, "462": {"fulltext": "456 BEEEDEKS OF SHEOPSHIRE SHEEP.\\nKane, Alfred Goshen, Ind.\\nKantner, Benj Wapakoneta, O.\\nKates, Elmer Goblesville, Ind.\\nKeenan, J Le Roy, 111.\\nKeith Bishop Millington, Mich.\\nKeller, P. A Seymour, Iowa\\nKelley, D. S Berlin, W. Va.\\nKelley, E. M Manning, la.\\nKelley, Merchant \\\\Yoodstock, Mich.\\nKelly, R. D Ypsilanti, Mich.\\nKelly, Eli Son Fairfield, la.\\nKelly, J. B Loda, 111.\\nKelly, Sherman Reynoldsville, N. Y.\\nKellogg, F. E Rich Hill, Mo.\\nKelso, W. C Hallock, Minn.\\nKemp Bros Greenville, Mich.\\nKempley, J. H. C. H Packwaukee, Wis.\\nKendrick, J. K Denver, Col.\\nKennedy-, J. E Caledonia, Mich.\\nKennedy, Stiles St. Louis, Mich.\\nKennedy, W. W Martinsville, Ind.\\nKent, A. M Jamestown, N. Y\\nKent, E. E Chagrin Falls, 0.\\nKerr, \\\\Vm. Holme St. George, Ont.; Can.\\nKerr, John Brantford, Ont., Can.\\nKesling, Perry Pipe Creek, Ind.\\nKetcheson, D. H Menie, Ont., Can.\\nKeyes, C. B Richland Centre, Wis.\\nKeyes H. W North Haverhill, N. H.\\nKibler, Robt Rose Hill, 111.\\nKilmer Meyers Waukarusa, Ind.\\nKimball, F. J Philadelphia, Pa.\\nKimmell, Orlando Kimmell, Ind.\\nKincaid, A. D Farmer City, 111.\\nKing, C. C Puckersbrush, Ind.\\nKing, Chas. L Grat, Neb.\\nKing, E. D Burlington, Kan.\\nKing, Geo. B Parma, Mich.\\nKing, T. H Trumansburgh, N. Y.\\nKingsbury- Nelson Cassopolis, Mich.\\nKingman, R. T Hillsboro, N. D.\\nKinner, J. M Elberon, la.\\nKinny, C. H Leesburg, Ind.\\nKinsell, Z. T Mt. Ayr. la.\\nKipp, E. A Chilliwack, B. C.\\nKirkpatrick, E. S. Son Wellsville, Kan.\\nKirkpatrick Son Hoge, Kan.\\nKitchen, John Co Delhi, Ontario, Canada.\\nKleckner, H. S Tyrone, Wis.\\nKlingler, Henry Lebanon, Ind.\\nKlein, Albert St. Killan, Wis.\\nKlock, D. M East Hamlin, N. Y.\\nKlose, George Colon, Mich,", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0462.jp2"}, "463": {"fulltext": "BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 457\\nKneeland, Barney St. Johns. ]Mich.\\nKnox, J. K Palmer, Mass.\\nKoog-le, O Ohio City, O.\\nKoons, Dr. P. A Mechanicsburg, Pa.\\nKrass, J.J Fremont, O.\\nKregle Bros Monona, la.\\nKreis, Dan Cardington, O.\\nKuder, C. C Tontogany, O.\\nKnudtson, H. H St. Ansgar, Iowa.\\nLaborn, J. C Mumford, N. Y.\\nLackawanna Breeders Association Waverly, Pa.\\nLadd, J. M Victor, N. Y.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Ladew, E. R Glen Cove, L. I.\\nLaGrange, C. C Slingerland, N. Y.\\nLamb, T. R Carlos City, Ind.\\nLambkin, F. E. C Lowell, Mich.\\nI ampman, J. C Hastings, Mich.\\nLander, John Taunton, Ont., Can.\\nLandman, Paul Scotland. S. D.\\nLanehart, Albert Butler, O.\\nLantz, J. F Altoona, Pa.\\nLaraway, H Emery, Mich.\\nLarrabee, Chas., Jr Windham, Conn.\\nLasher, G. V. Sons Rutland, O.\\nLate, W. H Bridgeport, W. Va.\\nLatham, F, H Corwith, la.\\nLathrop, G. W Oxford Junction, la.\\nLatson, E. E Howell, Mich.\\nLatta. Prof. W. C West LaFayette. Ind.\\nLaw, T. A Astor, W. Va.\\nLawrence, Chas Collingwood, Ont., Can.\\nLaw^rence, Chas Danville, Wis.\\nLawrence, H. H Columbia City, Ind.\\nLawrence, Jas Groton, Mass.\\nLawrence Crosby Harrington, X. Y.\\nLay, Jacob Wayne, Wis.\\nLaylin, T. C Norwalk, O.\\nLeach, John Burlington, Wis.\\nLean, John Palmyra, Wis.\\nLeask, James Taunton, Ont., Can.\\nLedger, Alfred Burford. Ont., Can.\\nLee. O. W Painesville, O.\\nLeland, E. E Emery, Mich.\\nLemen, Clare Hamburg, Mich.\\nLeonard, H. J Beloit, Wis.\\nLeonard, Mrs. S. A Roann. Ind.\\nLeonard, S. F Washington, Minn.\\nLesh, D. W^ Markle. Ind.\\nLessiter, John Cole, Mich,\\nLevens, C. W Albert Lea, Minn.\\nLevering, Richmond M LaFayette, Ind.\\nLevering, Mortimer LaFayette, Ind.\\nLewis, B. R Salem Center, Ind.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0463.jp2"}, "464": {"fulltext": "458 BEEEDEES OF 9HE0PSHIEE SHEEP.\\nLewis, W. H Burford, Ont., Can.\\nLind, Xiels A Rolf e, la.\\nLindsey, Jos Otsego, Mich.\\nLindsey, V. S Farmer City, 111.\\nLitherland, J. Son Allendale, Ind.\\nLittell, J. W. H. Son Corydon, Ind.\\nLivingston Bros Leonardsburg, 0.\\nLobdell, E. L Mukwango, Wis.\\nLobdell, J. M Schuyler Falls, N. Y.\\nLockhart, W. J Belleville, 0.\\nLockie, Collin J Elmdale, N. Y.\\nLockwood, A Marshall, Mich.\\nLogan, David Pictou, Novia Scotia.\\nLogan, W. J Mercer, Pa.\\nLones, J. H Warsaw, Ind.\\nLongmuir, Gavin Pontiac, Mich.\\nLoomis, George D Tiffin, O.\\nLord, Mrs. B. B Sinclairville, N. Y.\\nLord, Jas. E Stonington, Conn.\\nLottridge, J. M Hamilton, Ont., Can.\\nLybrand, E. C Richland Center, Wis.\\nLyon, F. H Worthington, Minn.\\nLyon, W. H Davenport, N. Y.\\nLyons, C. H. Son Gageville, O.\\nLytle, N. P. A. J Angelica, N. Y.\\nMacDermaid, J Kansas City, Mo. (Hon. Mem.)\\nMacdonald, Samuel Port Hood, N. S\\nMackenzie, J. H Pictou, Nova Scotia.\\nMacmillan, J. A. S Brandon, Manitoba.\\nMacomber Ballard Keeler s Bay, Vt.\\nMagee, Wm Janetville, Ont., Can.\\nMain, S. C Delaware, O.\\nMajor, Wm. Son Whitevale, Ont., Can.\\nMakyes, E. L Onondaga, N. Y.\\nMaltby, H. F Brighton, Mich.\\nManley, Patrick Youngstown, O.\\nMann, D. S Concord, Mich.\\nMann, S. J. Son Lindenville, O.\\nMannan, E. E Quincey, Ind.\\nMansell, A Shrewsbury, Eng. (Hon. Mem.)\\nMarkel, Asa LaFayette, Ind.\\nMars, B. J Gresham, Pa,\\nMarsh, T. A Caywood, N. Y.\\nMarsh, W. C Farmer, N. Y\\nMarshall, Alex Cass City, Mich,\\nMarshall, John Cass City, Mich.\\nMarshall, J. W. Sons Zanesville, 0.\\nMarshall, Eobt Flora, Ont., Can.\\nMartin, N Chicago, 111.\\nMartin, Wm Caledonia, Mich.\\nMascher, L. F Silverton, Ore.\\nMason, T. A Joliet, III.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0464.jp2"}, "465": {"fulltext": "[BEEEDERS OF SHEOPSHIEE SHEEP. 459\\nMason, Mrs. W. B Marshall, Mich.\\nMathers, S. Sons Belleville, N. Y.\\nMatrau, M. W Bainbridge, Mich.\\nMatson Bros Schodack Landing, N. Y.\\nMatteson, O. C Westport, S. D.\\nMattice, W. F Ridgetown, Ont., Can.\\nMaw, \\\\Vm Brooklin, Ont., Can.\\nMead, Thos. G Tecnmseh, Mich.\\nMeadows, A. E JHB Port Hope, Ont., Can.\\nMeaker, M. E Son Wr Danby, N. Y.\\nMedcraft, T. H .7. Sparta, Ont., Can.\\nMerkling, L. P Kendallville, Ind.\\nMerrill Fifield Bay City, Mich.\\nMerritt Roberts South Charleston, O.\\nMeyer, J. H Somonauk, Ills.\\nMichigan Agricultural College Lansing, Mich.\\nMickle, Z. Sons Garland, Pa.\\nMiebach, Henrj- Powhattan, Kan.\\nMilham Bros Kalamazoo, Mich.\\nMillard, Jas Knoxville, la.\\nMiller, A. Son Smithville Flats, N. Y.\\nMillen, F. D Bath, Ont.. Can.\\nMiller, Geo. N Ehinebeck, N. Y.\\nMiller, J. H Huron, S. D.\\nMiller, J. L Caledonia, Mich.\\nMiller, John Sons Brougham, Ont., Can.\\nMiller, S. R Windsor, Ont., Can.\\nMiller, Willard Anita, la.\\nMiller, W. C South English, la.\\nMiller, W. H Berrien Springs, Mich.\\nMiller, W. J Keene, Ont., Can.\\nMillett, Patrick Fowlerville, Mich.\\nMilloy, D Paris, Ont., Can.\\nMills, H. A. Son Wadsworth, 0.\\nMills, VV. S Creston, la.\\n^lilton, John Marshall, Mich.\\nMinckler, G. W Oshkosh. Wis.\\nMitchell, E. B Danvers, 111.\\nMitchell, G. J Newtonville, Ont., Can.\\nMoe, Chas. I Jackson, Mich.\\nMohler, David Van Wert. O.\\nMoir, J. J Glendenning, Man.\\nMoody, Edward Humber, Ont., Can.\\nMonier, C. W Sparland, 111.\\nMonkman, E. C Castle Derg. Ont.. Can\\nMonnier, Ed. W Elizabeth, 111.\\nMontague, R. S Caro, Mich.\\nMontgomery, W. R Hillsdale, Mich.\\nMoody, Robt (iuelph, Ont., Can.\\nMoore, H. M New Wilmington, Pa.\\nMoore, I. N Ashmore, 111.\\nMoorewood, A. P Gordonville. Va.\\nMores, J. H Lansing, Mich.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0465.jp2"}, "466": {"fulltext": "460 BEEEDBRS OF SHEOPSHI-EE SHEEP.\\nMorey, Thos. P Mountain View, Mo.\\nMorley, I. W. Son Alleman, Wis.\\nMorgan, J. W Embarrass, Wis.\\nMorgan, W. H Granville, Mo.\\nMorris, J. H. Son Warrenton, 111.\\nMorris, J. R Chicago Heights, 111.\\nMorrison, J. M Berlin, W. Va.\\nMorrow, A. S Plumville, Pa.\\nMorse, Chas A Vicksburg, Mich.\\nMottinger, AI. O Plainfield, 111.\\nMougey, Jacob Wooster, 0.\\nMoutray, J. L Olney, 111.\\nMoyer, D, H Campden, Ont., Can.\\nMoyer, H. A Syracuse, N. Y.\\nMoyer, J. F Sheakley ville. Pa.\\nMulkin, M. C Friendship, N. Y.\\nMunif ord, H. W Moscow, Mich.\\nMunro, J. L Covington, Pa.\\nMurdock, J. J Berne, Mich.\\nMurley, John Son Kendall, 111.\\nMurpny James Lapeer, Mich.\\nMurrie Bros Russell, 111.\\nMusick, C. E Hughesville, Mo.\\nMcBride, A. J Farmer City, 111.\\nMcBride, D. Son Lewellville, O.\\nMcCaig, James Collingwood, Ont., Can.\\nMcCallum, J. A Martinstown, Ont., Can.\\nMcCann, J. M Bridgeport, W. Va.\\nMcCannell, Wm. A Washington, Vt.\\nMcCarthey, John Adelaide, Ont., Can.\\nMcCartney. Thos Longburn, Manitoba.\\nMcClelland, J. M Utica, O.\\nMcClelland, R. A Yorkville, 111.\\nMcCIintick, W. T Chillicothe, O.\\nMcClure, S. M Sumner, 111.\\nMcClure, T. W Carey, O.\\nMcCollum, W. D Auburn, O.\\nMcConnell, A. P London, Pa.\\nMcCormick, L. H. \u00c2\u00abfe R, H Chicago and Lake Forest, III.\\nMcCoy, Thos Plain Grove, Pa.\\nMcCrumb, L. A Jamestown, Pa.\\nMcCulloch, D Steubenville, O.\\nMcCurdy, W. A Warsaw, O.\\nMcDougald, A. P Melbourne, Ont., Can.\\nMcDowell, F. K Troy, O.\\nMcDowell, J. S Troy, O.\\nMcDowell, L. C New California, O.\\nMcDowell, W. H Bad Axe, Mich.\\nMcEachron Bros Argyle, Ont., Can.\\nMcEachron, R Williamsburg, la.\\nMcEachron, W Williamsburg, la.\\nMcEldowney, W. J Chicago Heights, 111.\\nMcEwen, Malcomb Clinton, Ont., Can.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0466.jp2"}, "467": {"fulltext": "BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 461\\nMcFarlane. James Clinton, Ont., Can.\\nMcFee, J. T Lenox, la.\\nMcGehee, John Shawneetown, 111.\\nMcGinness, W. H Winterset, la.\\nMcGregor Bros Epsom, Ont., Can.\\nMcHenrv, Lewis Hornellsville, N. Y.\\nMcllroy, H. T. Bro Stark, Mo.\\nMelntire, J. W Dayton, Pa.\\nMcintosh, J. A. Son Ravenswood, VV. Va.\\nMcKee, J. H. Son Crookston, Minn.\\nMcKelvey, J. O. Bro Vallonia, O.\\nMcKelvey, Lowell Bryan, Ohio.\\nMcKenzie, James Baxter, la.\\nMcKerrow, Geo. M Sussex, Wis.\\nMcKillip, Wm JefPersonville, O.\\nMcKown, J. W Cannonsburgh, Pa.\\nMcLachlan, Luke Sioux Falls, S. D.\\nMcLaren, Duncan Dunmore, Ont., Can.\\nMcLaug hlin, Duncan Brussels, Ont., Can.\\nMcLaughlin, W. J. J. A Hornby, N. Y.\\nMcLouth, Willis DeWitt, Mich.\\n.McMillan, A Lorneville, Ont., Can.\\nMcMillan, G. M Canton, 111.\\nMcMillen, B. F Newark, O.\\nMcNaull John Ashland, O.\\nMcNeal, F. B Alcony, O.\\nMcPherson, A. A Forest, Ont., Can.\\nMcQuitty, D. W Hughesville, Mo.\\nMcRoberts, J. H Lucan, Ont., Can.\\nMcVittie, A Detroit, Mich.\\nNance, Harry Civil Bend, Mo.\\nNapper, S. T. Son Scales Mound, 111.\\nNeely, J. xM. W. W Greenfield, la.\\nNevins, H. B Perry, N. Y.\\nNewberry, W J Axtell, O.\\nNewell, John Sons West Liberty, O.\\nNewton, J. T Hudson, O.\\nNichol, A. P Granville, O.\\nNichols, G. M Williamson, N. Y.\\nNichols, W. C. Son Cresco, la.\\nNicholson, E Bracebridge, Ont., Can.\\nNickleson, J. W. Son Hackleman, Ind.\\nNielson, T. B Sinking Creek, Va.\\nNolin, W. T Milford, 111.\\nNoon, J. C Prairie Home, 111.\\nNorth Dakota Agricultural College Fargo, N. D.\\n.\\\\orton, C. W Wilton, la.\\nNorton, H. C Byron, N. Y.\\nNorton, John Webster, S. Dak.\\nNorton, S. M Friendship, N. Y.\\nNorton, W. H Springwatei-, N. Y.\\nNorton, W. H Allentown, N. Y.\\nNoyes, A. F Beaver Dam, Wis.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0467.jp2"}, "468": {"fulltext": "462 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.\\nIXoyes, H. H Pleasantville, Pa.\\nOakes, S. T Greenville, Pa.\\nObrecht, John F Mohican, O.\\nO Connor, Stephen Fayetteville, O.\\nOgilvie, R. B Madison, Wis.\\nO Hanlon, T. Sou Bankers, Mich.\\nO Harra, C. W Galloway, O.\\nOhio xVgricultural Experiment Station Wooster, O.\\nOlds, F. S York, Mich.\\nOles, Hiram Pleasantville, Pa.\\nOliver, E. P Flint, Mich.\\nO Neil, J. V Hoytville, Mich.\\nOntario Agricultural College Guelph, Ont., Can.\\nOrmistoQ, G. W Enfield, Ont., Can.\\nOrmsbv, J. Y Toronto, Ont.. Can.\\nOrr, W. H Harrisville, Pa.\\nOsborne, G. W Concord, Mich.\\nOsborn, W. B Canandaigua, N. Y.\\nOtto, D. G Canton, 111.\\nOughton, John Crystal City, Manitoba.\\nOverholt, R. B Marshville, Ontario, Can.\\nOverton, John 4th Nashville, Tenn.\\nOwen, A. A. Bro Bunker Hill, 111.\\nPaddock, P. P Malone, N. Y.\\nPage, A. W Berlin, Wis.\\nPaine, W. H Nunda, N. Y.\\nPaisley, S. W Lacombe, Alta, Can.\\nPalmer, E. C Williston, N. D.\\nPalmer, Jas. B Jewett City, Conn.\\nParadise, F. P Brookfield, Mo.\\nPardee, Mrs. J. S Three Oaks, Mich.\\nParish, D Waupaca, Wis.\\nParker, J. M Stanford, Out.. Can.\\nParker, R. H Kinsman, O.\\nParker, Ward Reed s Ferry, N. H.\\nParks, J. W. Co Bourbon, Ind.\\nParrish, W. S Canandaigua, N. Y.\\nParson, K Komoka, Out., Can,\\nPatteson, G. W Ash ton, la.\\nPatteson, T. C Toronto, Can.\\nPatiton. J. B Trenton, Mo.\\nPatton, T. C. Son Hanna City, 111.\\nPatton, Thos Copley, O.\\nPaul, Hugh Dundee, Minn.\\nPayne, J. C Prairie-du-Sac, Wis.\\nPayne, J. L. Son Parshallville, Mich.\\nPeak, Alex Son Vera, 111.\\nPearshall, Mary A Easton, Mich.\\nPeavey, Frank, Jr Newton, la.\\nPeckham Bros Woodstock, Wis.\\nPeckham, J. W Gillingham. Wis.\\nP.entz, J. C Rabor, Ind.\\nPerrin, W. A Rochester, N. Y.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0468.jp2"}, "469": {"fulltext": "BREEDERS OF SHKOPSHIEE SHEEr. 46.\\nPerry, E. R North Charleston, X. H.\\nI ersing H. S. cVr Son Zone, O.\\nPeters, \\\\Vm. H Elmira, N. Y.\\nPettibone, J. J ^[anchester Centre, Vt.\\nPettit, W. G Freeman, Ont., Can.\\nPhelps, C. A Newcastle, Ind.\\nPhelps, E. A Dexter, Mich.\\nPhelps, Rufns Dexter, Mich.\\nPhillips, A., Ashdown, Ont., Can.\\nPhillips, Joseph Maidstone, Ont., Can.\\nPhillips Knickerbocker Flint, Mich.\\nPhillips Son Snodes, O.\\nI hillips, W. II Frankford, Ontario, Can.\\nPhin, Jas. P Hespeler, Ont., Can.\\nPhin, John Hespeler, Ont., Can.\\nPickering-, P Mukwonago, Wis.\\nPickett, Jos Caledonia, Mich.\\nPier, W. H Richland Centre, Wis.\\nPierce, Irving Sons I nion City, Mich.\\nPierce, William Brinsley, Ont., Can.\\nPierson, Hiram Pittsburg-, }klich.\\nPitman, inarrison Hill Grove, Ind.\\nPitting-er, H. O Pavonia, O.\\nPittin-ger, J. A Warsaw, Ind.\\nPixley, Edward Roverton, Ind.\\nPlant, L Milibank, S. D.\\nPlessinger Bros. Warvel Beamsville, O.\\nI lumly, J. L Waubeek, la.\\nI ollard, Arthur Burford, Ont., Can.\\nI omery, J. W Troy, Pa.\\nPond, John P North Clarendon, Vt.\\nPorter, R. C Mt. ernon, Ontario, Canada.\\nPorter, J. O Binghamton, N. Y.\\nPorter, W. L Atwater, O.\\nPortuondo, J. F Philadelphia, Pa.\\nPostle, F. L Camp Chase, O.\\nPoulter, C. J Big Mound, la.\\nPowell, H. E Ionia, Mich.\\nPowell, John Wabash, O.\\nPowell, J. L Benton Ridge, O.\\nPratt, H. C Canandaigua, N. Y.\\nPray Beis Bros White House, O.\\nPray, W. H Alvinston. Ont.. Can.\\nPrestel, John W Sheridan, Mich.\\nPrince. Polk Guthrie, Ky.\\nPringle. R. H Clay. la.\\nPrivett. V Greensburg, Ind.\\nPugh, Thos. Son Whitevale, Ont., Can.\\nPurdue University West Lafayette, Tnd.\\nPurington. E. B. Mt. Sterling. Wis.\\nPurinton, L. E Middle Falls. N. Y.\\nQuick. S. R Brooklyn. Ind.\\nQuick, AV. J Brooklyn, Ind.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0469.jp2"}, "470": {"fulltext": "464 BREEDEES OF SHROPSHIEE SHEEP.\\nEaccoon Farm Association Bellowsville, Pa.\\nEager, Jacob Williams Center, O.\\nEaikes, George Barrie, Unt., Can.\\nEailsback, B. T Hopedale, 111.\\nEamsey, W. O Allendale, 111.\\nEandall, S. W Morton, N. V.\\nEankin, L. T Athens, 111.\\nEankin, Walter Musselshell, Mont.\\nEausc h, Henry Madison, Ind.\\nEay, E. J Springvvater, N. Y.\\nEaydure, W. S Evansburgh, Pa.\\nEeed, H. E Uowell, Mich.\\nEeesor, W. D Markham, Ont., Can.\\nEeichenbach, C. W Apple Creek, O.\\nEeid, Mrs. E. J Souris, Manitoba.\\nEeid, Hector Brucefield, Ont., Can.\\nEeid, Samuel Varna, Ont., Can,\\nEeinbolt, Chas Titfiu,\\nEemington, W. A Geneseo, 111.\\nEendall, John Camperdown, Ont., Can.\\nEeplogel, O. E LaPorte, Ind.\\nEeynolds, P. B. Son Owosso, Mich.\\nEeynolds, W. H Middle Falls, N. Y.\\nEice, C. C Chicago, 111.\\nEice, J W. Son Winchester, Va.\\nEichard, T. F Chubb s Corner, Mich.\\nEichardson, C. P Son Clarksville, O.\\nEichey, E. E Sun Dale. O.\\nEicker, Clarence Black Creek, N. Y.\\nEider, T. M Son Fairfield, la.\\nEigdon, Frank Wapakoneta, O.\\nEiggs, C. W Albuquerque. N. M.\\nEinebolt, E. S Overton, Pa.\\nEingvvalt, William New Castle, O.\\nEigsby, J. P Blythe, Ont., Can.\\nEisley, C. M Ut. Carmel, 111.\\nEoadruck, Wm. A Colburn, Ind.\\nBobbins, O. B Edwardsburg, Mich.\\nBobbins, S. VV Wethersfield. Conn.\\nRoberts, D. Son Faulkton, S. D.\\nEoberts. Joe New Sharon, Iowa.\\nEoberts, T. E Detroit, Mich.\\nEobertson, John Wyoming, Ont., Can.\\nEobertson, J. A Eochester, Minn.\\nEobinson, H. L Edinburgh, Pa.\\nEobinson, H. N Ithaca, Mich.\\nEobinson, J. W St. Mary s, Ont., Can.\\nEobinson, Thos Kintore, Ont., Can.\\nEockwell. W. H Ulster, Pa.\\nEodgers, A. H Hammond, N. Y\\nEodgers, D. H Eose Point, Pa.\\nEogers, Smith Lennon, Mich.\\nEohm, H. C Waterloo, Ind.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0470.jp2"}, "471": {"fulltext": "BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 465\\nKolason. H Howell, Mich.\\nRoller, A.J Elgin, O.\\nRook, W Marshall, Mich.\\nItooke, E. M Ypsilanti, Mich.\\nHose, Morgan E Mansfield, Pa.\\nIvoss, John Son Bucyrus, O.\\nHouse, Eugene Cohocton, N. Y.\\nKoush, G. L Springfield, O.\\nKowat, J. A. M Hillsdale, Ont., Can.\\nIiowe, C. H Orillia, Ont., Can.\\nHowe, John Brent Creek, Mich.\\nHowe, J. H Flushing, Mich.\\nHowell Thorpe East Albany, Vt.\\nRowland, J. W Delaware, 0.\\nRowland, L Warren, Pa.\\nHovvntree, J. C Rochester, Wis.\\nHudd, Carl E Sheldon, N. D.\\nHudell, A Hespeler, Ont., Can.\\nRudy, Will Conlogue, 111.\\nHuland, Acker Lockport, 111.\\nKumbaugh, G. F Fredericksburg, O.\\nRumbaugh, J. F Holmesville, O.\\nRumsey, L. D Lewiston, N. Y.\\nRundel, H. J Pontiac, Mich.\\nRundel, J. F. Son Birmingham, Mich.\\nRupert Bros Mercer, Pa.\\nRush, A. S West Middleton. Pa.\\nRush, Elwood Shaw, Kan.\\nRussell, Dwight Napoleon, Mich.\\nRussell, E. T. Cherry Valley, O.\\nRussell Grant Markham, Ont., Can.\\nRutherford, J. Son. Roseville, Out., Can.\\nRutherford, W. L. W Waddington, N. Y.\\nRyder, Chas. Son Barnerville, N. Y\\nSabin, E. D Hudson, Mich.\\nSalkeld, John Goderich. Ont., Can.\\nSalter, R. B Colby. Wis.\\nSanders, D. A Goshen, Ind.\\nSandy McGinnis Cloverdale, Ind.\\nSawyer, A. J Hamburg, Mich.\\nSchantz, W. H Hastings, Mich.\\nSchmit, J. A Greenville, Wis.\\nSchoonover, Tlios Moulton, O.\\nSchreiber, W. C Allendale, Ont., Can.\\nSchuessler, S. C Iowa City, J;\\nSchwark, Clias., Jr Erastus. O.\\nScott, F. E. Son Hompo, Mich.\\n.Scott, F. F Ross. O.\\nScott, Henry Melville Cross, Ont., Can.\\nScott, J. A Hagerstown, Ind.\\nScram, Wm. H Omro, Wis.\\nScudder, II Anson ia, O.\\nSeabury, I. H Gahvay, N. Y.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0471.jp2"}, "472": {"fulltext": "466 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.\\nSeale, John, Jr Hackleman, Ind.\\nSeamans, H Factory ville, Pa.\\nSeamster, J. H Lancaster, Mo.\\nSearcy, S. J. Sons Patriot, Ind.\\nSearing, James Pewamo, Mich.\\nSears, C. A Garden Prairie, 111.\\nSecrist, Willard New Cumberland, Ind.\\nSeeley, R. F Waterloo, N. Y.\\nSellers, J. M Palestine, Ind.\\nSemple, R. E Shawano, Wis.\\nSexsmith, F. J Greenfield, Iowa.\\nShaffer, S Princeton, Pa.\\nShaner, A. R Saxon, 111.\\nShaw, Jos Houstonville, Pa.\\nShaw, Robt Millbrook, Ont., Can.\\nShaw, Prof. Thus St. Anthony Park, Minn.\\nShaw, Thos Arden, Pa.\\nSheets, C. H Maple wood, Ind.\\nSheets, G. R Cromwell. la.\\nSheldon, H. O Paw Paw, Mich.\\nSlieldon, Henry O Kalamazoo, Mich.\\nShelton, V. tI Teegarden, O.\\nShepherd, R. D New Sheperdstown, W. Va.\\nSheppard, G. M Clear Lake, S. D.\\nSherer, Geo Magnolia, O.\\nSherman, Frank L Bath, N. Y.\\nSherman, H. E Norwalk, 0.\\nSherman, O. V Roseoe, 111.\\nSherman Roeper Wyoming, N. Y.\\nSherman, W. D Shushan, N. Y.\\nSherrill, E. N Lexington, Neb.\\nSherrill, E. S Detroit, Mich.\\nShields, Albert Caistorville, Ont., Can.\\nShirley, Oscar Honlton, Me.\\nShirreffs, J. R Clarence, Ont., Can.\\nShook, Silas Youngstown, O.\\nShore, F. R White Oak. Ont., Can.\\nShowman, J. A Union Station, 0.\\nShroyer, E. M Millgrove, Ind.\\nShutt, A. M McDonaldsville, O.\\nSickler, C. D Malta, N. Y.\\nSidle, J. C Blachleyville, 0.\\nSilsby, Seth Orangeport, N. Y\\nSimon, M. B Bloomdale, O.\\nSimpson, John Xassagaweya, Ont., Can.\\nSims, H. H Thamesford, Ont., Can.\\nSinclair, C. E Bvron, Minn.\\nSisson, W. B Easton. N. Y.\\nSkinner, Horace Maple Rapids, Mich.\\nSkinner, Levi Tyrone, Ont., Can.\\nSkrine, O. P .Vanconver. B. C.\\nSkrine Tryon (^renfell, N. W. T.\\nSlater. Amos West Andover, 0.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0472.jp2"}, "473": {"fulltext": "BKEEDEES OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 46T\\nSlater, P. F Hinckley, 111.\\nSloan, D. H Ashland, O.\\nSmalley, J. A Vicksburg, Mich.\\nSmead, C. D Logan, N. Y.\\nSmellie, G. L., Mgv Binscarth, Manitoba.\\nSmith, Albert Eau Clair, Wis.\\nSmith, A. J Decatur, Ind.\\nSmith, Arthur Eau C laire, Wis.\\nSmith Bros Athens, Mich.\\nSmith Bros Middleburv, Ind.\\nSmith, C. J. Sons Stubblefield, 111.\\nSmith, Sir D. A St. James, Manitoba.\\nSmith, D. J Kendallville, Ind.\\nSmith, D. S. F Belleville, Wis.\\nSmith, F. E Marshall, Mich.\\nSmith, F. H Groton, S. D.\\nSmith, F. J Andover, O.\\nSmith, Harvey Sterling, N. D.\\nSmith, H. D Compton, Quebec, Can.\\nSmith, H. F Benson, Vt.\\nSmith, J. A Clarksburg, W. Va.\\nSmith, J. J. Son West Branch, la.\\nSmith, Jos. I* Saybrook, 111.\\nSmith, Lyman F Keynoldsville, N. Y.\\nSmith N. H .P.araboo, Wis.\\nSmith, Oliver H Brussels, Ont., Can.\\nSmith, R. R Howell, Mich.\\nSmith, Tom Beecher, 111.\\nSmith. W. Frank Monticello, Mo.\\nSmithson, Wm South Monaghan, Ont., Can.\\nSmock, F. H Monroe, Wis.\\nSnell, J. S Marshall, Mich.\\nSnell, William Clinton. Ont., Can.\\nSnoke, J A Delaware, O\\nSnuff, John W Niles, Mich.\\nSnyder, A Centre l*oint, la.\\nSnyder, Jos. B Waterloo, Ont., Can.\\nSnyder, W. G Sandy Lake, Pa.\\nSouth Dakota Agricultural College Brookings, S, T).\\nSouth worth, Myron Charlotte, ^Mich.\\nSouth worth, T. M Allen, Mich.\\nSpaulding, A. R Lake City, Minn.\\nSpaukiing, O. A Burdett, N. Y.\\nSpeedwell Farms Lyndonville Center, Vt.\\nSpencer, H. H., Est of .Brooklin, Ont.. Can.\\nSprague, E. E. Sons Yermontville, Mich.\\nSprague, Sidney Falconer, X. Y.\\nSpratt, E. O Spring .\\\\rbor, Mich.\\nSpringside Farm Poughkeepsie, N. Y.\\nStalker, Dillon Oskaloosa. Ta.\\nStanley, F. W Boston, Mass.\\nStanley, J D Horton. Kan.\\nStannard, J. D Fort Collins, Col.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0473.jp2"}, "474": {"fulltext": "468 BKEEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.\\nStaples, K Lifford, Out., Can..\\nStarin, J. H p-ultonville, N. Y.\\nStemmons, T. J Avilla, Mo.\\nSteingrabe Brcs Kile, Pa.\\nStephens, L. E Robinson, 111.\\nStevens, H. C Greenwich, X. Y.\\nStewart, F. W Forrest, 111.\\nStewart, Hiram Lennon, Mich.\\nStewart. William Wevbridg-e, Ont., Can.\\nStewart, W. S (iolden. III.\\nSt. George, Hy, Est. of Quetton, Oakridge, Ont., Can.\\nStickle, C. H Pinckney, Mich.\\nStine, E. E Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio.\\nStoddard, Orrin Busti, N. Y.\\nStoddard, O. J. Son Busti, Tn\\\\ Y.\\nStokes, E. J Mitchell, la.\\nStone, J. B. Son Richmond, 111.\\nStone, R. M. Sons Marcellus, N. Y.\\nStorms, J. Y. Son Lebanon, 1 nd\\nStorrs, A. A Bogart, O.\\nStotlemyer, E. D Beaver Creek, .Md.\\nStowers, Chas. E Wheatland. N. D.\\nStrange, J Arcana. Ind.\\nStratford, Jos Brantford, Ont., Can.\\nStratton, W. M Burlington, Wis.\\nStreator, S. R Wolcott, Ind.\\nStreet, Wm. Sons London, O.\\nStreetor, S. F Painesville, O.\\nStreib, Jacob Fox Station, Ind.\\nStreib, William Pox Station, ind.\\nStrong, T. D Tecumseh, Mich.\\nStuart, James Hamlin, N. Y,\\nSturdy, George O Goderich, Ont., Can.\\nSturdy, G. W Goderich, Ont., Can.\\nSturges, W. M Mansfield, O.\\nStuyvesant, R Allamuchy, N. J.\\nSuliivan, M Welton, la.\\nSummers, A. D Canaan, O.\\nSutherland, L. W Oxford, Mich.\\nSutlifF, Jesse Cherry Valley, N. Y.\\nSutton, Chas Shortsville, N. Y.\\nSutton, D. R Ann Arbor, Mich.\\nSwengle Morrison Neoga, 111.\\nSutton, N. M Tecumseh, Mich.\\nSweet, A. L Kirby, Wis.\\nSwartz, P. M Waukesha, Wis.\\nSwickard, J. W New Albany, O.\\nSwindler, II. H New Market, Ind.\\nSwineford, H Richmond, Va.\\nSwitzer, H. A Woodham, Out., Can.\\nTaft, Frank Ionia, Mich.\\nTainter, A Menomonie, Wis.\\nTait, S. W Montpelier, Ind", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0474.jp2"}, "475": {"fulltext": "BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 46^\\nTalcott. G. B Owego, N. Y.\\nTaleott, J. B Rome, N. Y.\\nTallcot, G. M Skaneateles, N. Y.\\nTamblin, A Orono, Ont., Can.\\nTaylor, H. C Koping, Mo.\\nTaylor, Isaac S Grand Ledge, Mich.\\nTaylor, J. W Yountsville, Ind.\\nTaylor, O Earlham, la.\\nTeegarden, C. M Atwood, Ind.\\nTeel, H. G Rushville, III.\\nTelfer, A. Son Paris, Ont., Can.\\nTelfer, Jas. A St. Paul s Station, Ont., Can.\\nTempleton, J. Y Greenville, Pa.\\nTerry Steele Byron, N. Y.\\nThatcher, Jos Valparaiso, Ind.\\nThayer, Chas. I Cooperstovvn, N. Y.\\nThomas, A. P Plymouth, Ind.\\nThomas, E. H Hornby. N. Y.\\nThomas, Henry Son Wabash, Ind.\\nThomas, M. A. .Eden Mills, Ont., Can.\\nThomas, Owen Sons Round Hill, Va.\\nThompson, J. L Gas City, Ind.\\nThompson Trimble Swoope, Va.\\nThompson, W. O Frankfort, Ind.\\nThompson, John Blake, Ont., Can.\\nThorn, VV. G Skaneateles, N. Y.\\nThornbnrgh, W. H Oilman, Ind.\\nThorne, Oakleigh .Millbrook, N. Y.\\nThorp, Henry Charlotte, Vt.\\nTibbals, A. U Miamisburg, O.\\nTilden, S. J West Lebanon, N. Y.\\nTilghman, C. H Tunis Mills, Md.\\nTimmons, T. A. Sons Westtield, 111.\\nTink, E. Sons Columbus, Ont., Can.\\nTobias, Mrs. E. J Lansing, Mich.\\nTodd, S. H Wakeman, O.\\nTomlinson, A. R Neponset, 111.\\nTownsend, Evan Waupaca, Wis.\\nTracy, D. Jj Denver, Col.\\nTreat, D. Son Talmadge, O.\\nTreadway, William Highland Creek, Ont., Can.\\nTrentield, A Darien, Wis.\\nTrushell, A. T Dell Roy, O.\\nTucker, W. G Elm Valley. N. Y.\\nTucker, F. M Arkansas Citj% Kan.\\nTurnbull, J. Son Neponsett, lU.\\nTurner, G. W Yale, la.\\nTurner, H. S Elsah, 111.\\nTurner, J. C Rising Sun, Ind.\\nTurner, James M., Est. of Lansing, Mich.\\nI urner, J. W Shelbyville, Mo.\\nTurner, W. K Shelbyville, Mo.\\nTuttle, Chas. Hornellsville, N. Y.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0475.jp2"}, "476": {"fulltext": "470 BKE EDEKS OF SHROPSHIEE SHEEP.\\nTwaniley, H. M. Son Chelsea, Mich.\\nTweed Whiteman Georgetown, O.\\nTyson Dickinson Redwood Falls, Minn.\\nUnderhill, C. T Knoxville, la.\\nInderwood, \\\\V. U Easton, Mich.\\nl/re, John, Jr Badger Mills, Wis.\\nI tah Agricultural Experiment^tation Logan, Utah.\\nA aleiitine Bros Dexter, Mich.\\nA alentine, C A Miliington, Mich.\\nVan Aken. (i. W Coldwater, Mich.\\nVan Allen, L. L Greenville, Mich.\\nA an Atten, J. B Jernsalem, N. Y.\\nA an-de-Boe, Geo Claverack, N. Y.\\n\\\\andercook, W. C Cherry Valley, 111.\\nVan Duzer, J. F Menlo, Iowa.\\nVan Hees, A. C Allegan, Mich.\\nan Lieu Bennington, Mich.\\nan Meter, John Cranberry, O.\\nan Raalte Holland, Mich.\\nan Veer, J Qu Appelle, Assa., Can.\\nVan Vleet Gulick Lodi, N. Y.\\nVan Wagoner, Jas Kingsiton, Mich.\\nenner Smith Hartsville, Ind.\\nVincent, J. I Scott, N. Y.\\nVinson, J. D Centralia, Mo.\\nVivian Bros Forest, Ont., Can.\\nVoorhees. G. M Ypsilanti, Mich.\\nVosburg, E. W Kalamazoo, Mich.\\nVosburgh. H. P Halsev Valley, N. Y.\\nWade, F. B Litchfield, Mich.\\nWadsworth, J. W Geneseo, N. Y.\\nWaggoner, D. C Decatur, Ind.\\nWagoner. George Fleming-ton, N. J.\\nWait, Jas. A Otego, N. Y.\\nWaite, H. Son West Valley, N. Y.\\nWaite, S. H Wellsbridge. N. Y.\\nW^aldo, C. E. F. D Grand Ledge, Mich.\\nWalker, James Son Jackson, Mich.\\n\\\\Vall, F. A Weyauwega. Wis.\\nWallace, R Delaware, O.\\nW^allace, Wm Chillicothe. O.\\nWallace, W. .1 Niverville, ^fanitoba. Can.\\nWalter, CM Oakbourne. Pa.\\na1ter, J. G McKune, Kan.\\nWalters, Frank Nappanee, Ind.\\nWalton. John Calkinsville. Mich.\\nWalton. R. C Rogers, Ark.\\nWanneniacher. D North .Tackson. O.\\nWard, C. Eugene Fort Atkinson, Wis.\\nWard, Frank D Batavia. N. Y.\\nWard, W. C. E. B Huttonsville. W. Va.\\nWarner. Bert Elysian, Minn.\\nWarner, Frederick Mabbetsville, N. Y.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0476.jp2"}, "477": {"fulltext": "BEEEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 471\\nWarner. Henry J Clarence, la.\\nWarner, I. D Britigeport, Conn.\\nWarren, W. W Union City, Mich.\\nWarters Bros Allerton, 111.\\nWaters, F. E West Liberty, la.\\nWatkins, G. J Bath, X.\\nWatson, A. C Aihia, la.\\nWatson, (jeo. C Caro, .Mieh.\\nWatson, .los. E Marbledale, Conn.\\nVVayland, E. J Swoope. Va.\\nWeaver, E. B Highmore. S. D.\\nWeaver, E. W Sussex, Wis.\\nWeaver, J. F Sussex, Wis.\\nWeaver, J. M Leip.sic, O.\\nWeaver, V. W Schuyler Falls, X. Y\\nWeaver, vV. R. Canton, 111.\\nWebb, Isaac Rushville, Infl.\\nWebb, O. L Teeg-arden, Ind.\\nWebb, Wm. M. Sons Cananoque. Ont.. Can.\\nWebb, W. R Albany, WMs.\\nWebb, W. S Shelburne. Vt.\\nW ebber, J. A Portland, Mich.\\nWebber, W. H Lakelet, Ont., Can.\\nWeber Bros Middleville, Mich.\\nW eigle, Louis Montpelier, O.\\nWeitz. C. H Stockdale, Til.\\nW^lch, G. J. Bro Tekonsha, .Mich.\\nWelch Remington Davis. Mich.\\nWells, A. M Oak Grove. Mich.\\nWeHs, Jas Yirden. Manitolia.\\nWVlsh, D. J Ionia. Mich.\\nWelsh, James Bubona. Iowa.\\nWel. ^h Palmer WMlliston. D.\\nWestbrook. CM Eldorado. 111.\\nWVstcott. E Iowa City. Ta.\\nWetherall. F. S Cookshire. Que.. Can.\\nWheatley. N. E. Son Brookfield. Vt.\\nW^iipps, John Carlisle. Ind.\\nWhitbeck. C Craryville. X. V.\\nWhitcher, E. T FaiTnington, Minn.\\nWhite. C. E .Burton. O.\\nW^hite, C. S Lenoxville. Que., Can.\\nW hite, W. P .Sheakleyville. Pa.\\nW hiteside. T. M Innerskip. Ont.. Can.\\nWhitfield, Frank Pontiac. ^fich.\\nWhitford, A. N Kendallville. Ind.\\nWhitford. W\\\\ H Kendallville. Ind.\\nWhitney. G. G Horsehead. X. Y.\\nWhitteker. X. L Canoe Camp. Pa.\\nWhittum. E. Charlotte. Mich.\\nWiard. M.. Jr Avon, X. Y.\\nW^igginton, .lohn Clinton. Out.. Can.\\nWilbur, De Witt Ionia. Mich.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0477.jp2"}, "478": {"fulltext": "472 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.\\nWilcox, A. W. J. P Bridgport, Vt.\\nWilcox, B. F East Glenville, N. V.\\nWilcox, Horace Wooastock, Mich.\\nWilhoit, R. O Kansas, 111.\\nWilkinson, H. C Birtle, Manitoba.\\nWillard, J. A Mankato, Minn.\\nWilcox, R. M Avery, O.\\nWilliams Bucking-ham Kalamazoo, Mich.\\nWilliams Edwards Knightstown, Ind.\\nWilliams, Ed Domestic, Ind.\\nWilliams, Henry C Union Grove, Wis.\\nWilliams, Isaac North Stonington, Conn.\\nWilliams, I. J Muncie, Ind.\\nWilliams, Jas Sons OaKland, O.\\nWilliams, M Muncie, Ind.\\nWilliams, Mrs. M. E Fayette la.\\nWilliams, N. P Muncie, ind\\nWilliams, S. A. Co Mercer Pa.\\nWilliams, Wm. B Lapeer, Midi.\\nWilliamson, Thos Almira, Ont., Can.\\nWilliamson, T. F Middle Falls, N. Y.\\nWillis Bros Gary, S. D.\\nWillits, W. J Three Rivers, Mich.\\nWillows Bros Barney, la.\\nWilson, D. B Waterbury, Conn.\\nWilson, E. B Fancy Hill, Va.\\n^Alison, L. W Solitude, Ind.\\nWilson, Paul C Menominee, Wis.\\nIson, W. F Dover, Minn.\\nilson Tuttle Belding, Mich.\\nWinchester, C. H Elkhart, Ind.\\nWmdiate, D. E Pontiac. Mich.\\nWineland, Ed Avoca Ja.\\nWingate, C. W Avon, N. Y.\\nWisler, Samuel Nappanee, Ind.\\nWoien, P. P Deer Creek, la.\\nWolcott. A. S Concord, Mich.\\nWolfe, J. N Domestic, Ind.\\nolfley. S. D. Bro Delaware O\\nWood, A. D Carroll, Ind.\\nWood, Howard Conshohocken, Pa.\\nood S. R Xew Vienna. O.\\nood, W m Chelsea. Mich.\\nWoodbury, E. D Portland. Mich.\\nWooden, A. M Mosherville, Mich.\\nWoodford, A. H West Candor, X. Y.\\nWoodman, W. W Avon, Mich.\\nWoodruff, J. B Hornellsville, N. Y.\\nW oods Newlove BrighHon, Mich.\\nW oodworth, J. A Savre Pa\\nWood worth, ,7. 1*. Son .Geneva O\\nWoodyard. E. A Pa rkersburg. w Va!\\nWoodyard, J. F Parkersburg. W. Va.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0478.jp2"}, "479": {"fulltext": "BREEDERS OF HAMPSHIRE DOWN SHEEP. 473;\\nVV oodard, W Bloomer. Wis.\\nWork Collins Bardolph, 111.\\nWorkman, S. 1 Kuob Noster, Mo.\\nWormer, E. F Ciuilderland Center, Y.\\nWorrell, A. H Clayton, Ind.\\nWren Christopher Uxbridge, Ont., Can.\\nWright, A. W Sandy Lake. Pa.\\nWright, W. E Glanworth Ont., Can.\\nWyler, J. E Monnt Hope, O.\\nWylie, R. D Washington. Pa.\\nWyman, W. W Sebewa, Mich.\\nVVithycombe, James Hillsboro, Ore.\\nYantis, B. F Metea, Ind.\\nYearly, Georg-e Bracebridge, Ont., Can.\\nYeiser, F. C Avilla, Ind.\\nYonng-, L. H Mineral Ridg-e, O.\\nYonng-, R. C Orwell, Vt.\\nYoung-, W. P Monnt Pleasant. la.\\nYuill. Jos Carlton Place, Ont., Can.\\nZeigler Weldon Clinton, 111.\\nZimmerman, J Fayette. O.\\nBreeders of Rampsbire Down Sheep.\\nAnderson, A. A New Bedford, Pa.\\nArmstrong- Bros .Deal. Ind.\\nAllison, J. H Mercer, Pa.\\nAdams, H. E Montgomery, Mich.\\nAndrews, Edward E Nottawa, Mich.\\nBowditeh, E. F., Est Framing-ham, Mass.\\nBenham, E. M Hopewell Center, N. Y.\\nBradley, L. C Farmer, N. Y,\\nBowditeh, N. I Framingham, Mass.\\nBenson, C. J West Groton, N. Y.\\nBeahan, James Watkins, N. Y.\\nBecker, F. L Fenton, Mich.\\nButler, Wm Eckford, Mich.\\nBassette, W. A Farmer, N. Y.\\nBrig-g-s, Cassius Vick.sburg-, ;Mich.\\nBurch, Col Chicag-o, 111.\\nBentley, E. A Wellsville, N. Y.\\nBurdick, Frank. Franklin, N. Y.\\nBaker Bros Lakeville. Mich.\\nRuche, Chas Sons T-ake Odessa, Mich.\\nCrawford, E. R.. Est Reading-, Mich.\\nCline. M. B Riverside, Iowa.\\nChamberlain, Henry .Pontiac. Mieh.\\nChilds. Fred Milford. Mich.\\nCourt, J. Son Marshall. Mich.\\nClark Bros Austerlitz, ^[ich.\\nConine, F. B Kanona, X. Y.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0479.jp2"}, "480": {"fulltext": "474 BREEDERS OF HAMPSHIRE DOWN SHEEP.\\nCorbett, Herman Farmington, Me.\\nCole, John G Tyrone, N. Y.\\nChilton, Hon. W. T Campbellsburg, Ky.\\nCochrane, Jas A Hillhurst Sta (P. Q.) Can.\\nDoolittle, C. 11. Son Streetsboro, Ohio.\\nDawson, George S Ronnd Top, Pa.\\nDennis. Martin Stillwater, X. J.\\nDaneaster, H. J Kenoma, Mo.\\nDavis, C. H Fairdale, 111.\\nEgbert, S. L Sandy Lake, Pa.\\nEngland, Joseph Four Towns, Mich.\\nFoster, Hiram Deputy, Ind.\\nFrost, C. L Catharme, X. Y.\\nFont, John North s Mills, Pa.\\nFrederick, (Jeo. B Lewisburg, Pa.\\nFilley, A. F Fairbury, 111.\\nFisher, Robt. B Cambridge, N.\\nFisher, W. T Viroqua, Wis.\\nFarnum, F. H Hartland, Me.\\nFlint, J. W Scio, X. Y.\\nFletcher, W. G Chelsea, Mich.\\nGordon, Jno. I Mercer, Pa.\\nGanes, J. VV Reeseville, Wis.\\nGhormley, Hugh. Greenfield, Ohio.\\nGladding, C. E Altus, Pa.\\nGoble, Roy Fredon. X. J.\\nGreer, James M Four Towns, Mich.\\nGrim, Geo. W Fremont, Ind.\\nGernert, C. H Columbia X Roads, Pa.\\nGriffin, E. J Clifton, N. Y.\\nKiller, I. J West Bay City, Mich.\\nHam, Eugene YeVbank, X. Y.\\nHolmes, Thomas Son Lamont, N. Y.\\nHedges, Jos. B Iowa City, Iowa.\\nHuston Spears Yassar, Mich.\\nHoag, J. Son Tomhannock, N. Y.\\nHilton, T. G Anson, Me.\\nHowe, J. H Tioga. Pa.\\nHeidelbaugh, P. F Delphos, Ohio.\\nHarner, C. B Xenia. Ohio.\\nJunkin, Joseph Mercer, Pa.\\nKelly. John Shakespeare, Ont,\\nKrouskop, A. H Richland Center, Wis.\\nLent, L Lent, N. Y.\\nLautz, Charles Buffalo, N. Y.\\nLesnet, J. C Montpelier, Ohio\\nLawson, R. M Burkes Garden, Va.\\nMcMillan, James Dertoit. Mich.\\nMcKee, E. L Pardoe. Pa.\\nMcGregor, James St. Clair, Mich.\\nMoriarty, John Hudson, Mich.\\nMaharg Bros Maharg, Pa.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0480.jp2"}, "481": {"fulltext": "BREEDERS OF HAMPSHIRE DOWN SHEEP. 475-\\nMead, H. D Busti, N. Y.\\nMichigan Agricultural College Agricultural College, Mich.\\nMatttinson, Thos., Jr South Charleston, Ohio.\\nManning, J. E. Son Booze, S. Dak.\\nNickuin Miller Mercer, Pa.\\nNiver, Charles W West Copake, N. Y.\\nNational Shire and Hackney Horse Co Neillsville, Wis.\\nNewconi, E. P Dean, Ohio.\\nOsterhout, J. H Melrose, N. Y.\\nOntario Agricultural College (luelph. Out.\\nPorter Bros Three River.s, Mich.\\nPierce, John Troy, Ohio.\\nParke, J. J. Son Svvar twood, N. Y.\\nPettigrew, E. G Flandreau, S. Dak.\\nPeck, Charles Elsie, Mich.\\nPratt, C. B Chatham. N. Y.\\nPotter, A. H Mendon, Mich.\\nKutherfcrd, John Roseville, Ont.\\nRoberts, Horace Moorestown, X. J.\\nRuland, A Lockport, 111.\\nRichey, N. B. Sons Lone Tree, Iowa.\\nRichardson, M Commerce, Mich.\\nReynolds, I. G South Brooks, Me.\\nRanger, C. D Hornellsville, N.\\nRockwell, A. R Mason City, Iowa.\\nReid, Hon. Whitelaw New York City.\\nRichardson, J. A. E. W Flandreau. S. Dak.\\nScarflf Artz New Carlisle, Ohio.\\nSheep, James Milton, Pa.\\nSquires, W. J Alainesburg, Pa.\\nSchell, J. P Iowa City, Iowa.\\nSmith, Wm. C Washington, Mich.\\nStandard Meat and Live Stock Co Rawlins, Wyo.\\nStrough, L. T Vicksburg, Mich.\\nSpringer, W. K Jeromeville, Ohio.\\nSimpson Stock Farm Saxonviile, Mass.\\nSmallwood, W. W Warsaw, N. Y.\\nSouth Dakota Agricultural College Brooking, S. D.\\nSeribner, W. L.. Schoharie, N. Y.\\nSeeley, I. C, Agent Minneapolis, Minn.\\nThompson, S. F Mercer, Pa.\\nTaft, J. H., E.St .Mendon, Mich.\\nTucker, :Mrs. X. B Alfred, N. Y.\\nTurner, Warren Franklinton, N. Y.\\nTaylor, Geo. W Rock City FalLs, N. Y.\\nTaylor, Robert Abbott, Neb.\\nThompson, L. E Cherry Flats, Pa.\\nTyler, C. A Nottowa, Mich.\\nTerpening. Geo. W Reading. Mich.\\nThomas, D. C Canisteo. N. Y.\\nTaylor, H. B Fairbury, 111.\\nI aggart, J. L Yesta Ind.\\nUnsicker, D. K Wright. Iowa.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0481.jp2"}, "482": {"fulltext": "476 BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP.\\nWelch, G. J. Bro Tekonsha. Mich.\\nWood. James ]\\\\lt. Kisco, JN. Y.\\nWykes, John Gaines, Mich.\\nWoodward Jaqiies Wright s Corners, N. Y.\\nWright, Wm Hamilton, HI.\\nWilliamson Bros Balm, Pa.\\nWilson, L. Banks Creston, Iowa.\\nWise, A. M Oval City, Ohio.\\nWhite Bros Hornellsville, N. Y.\\nWalters, Edward West Chester, Pa.\\nWhite, Eben Hornellsville. N. Y.\\nWhitney, S. R Chesterfield, Mass.\\nWatson, Wm. Son Youngstown, Ohio.\\nWorman, J. H Westport, N. Y.\\nWitter, M. J Friendship, N. Y.\\nWilson, L. F Slate Lick, Pa.\\nBreeders of Oxford Down Sheep.\\nAburn, David Ligonier, Ind.\\nAdams, H. T Huntington, ind.\\nAgricultural College Ames, Iowa\\nAgricultural College Guelph, Ont.\\nAgricultural College Mich.\\nAlderman, Chas Manning, N. Y.\\nAllen, A. H Dushville, Mich.\\nAlvord, Z. C Menomonie, Wis.\\nAmest, T. M Hague, Va.\\nAnderson, R Eden Mills, Ont.\\nAnderson, James O Decorra, 111.\\nAnderson, J. R Xenia, 111.\\nArkell, Henry Arkell, Ont.\\nArkell, Henry Teeswater, Ont.\\nArkell, Peter Teeswater, Ont.\\nArnold, Albert Watrousville, Mich.\\nArchleman Bros Stryker, O.\\nAtherton, W. P Hollovvell, Me.\\nAtwood, W. A Flint, Mich.\\nAylor, John H Gunpowder, Ky.\\nBaber, B Blue Ridge, Mo.\\nBailie, James Nile, Ont.\\nBaird, W F Orchard, Kan.\\nBaker, F. D Flint, Mich.\\nBakes, J Center Square, Ind.\\nBales, O. H. Knightstown, Ind\\nBallard Joseph Georgia, Vt.\\nBanks, Luther Bourbon, Ind.\\nBarbaree, Stephen Nassagaweya, Ont.\\nBarclay, G. A .,Sebewa, Mich.\\nBarnes, D. N Leavenworth, Kan.\\nBarney, M. C Flint, Mich.\\nBarthelme, Ferd St. Lucas, la.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0482.jp2"}, "483": {"fulltext": "BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. 477\\nRates. John Moltke. Out.\\nIJates, W. C Parsippan.v, N. .1.\\nBeach, Eaten Cleveland. N. Y.\\nBean, Abraham Bright, Ont.\\nBeard, Edward Monlpelier, O\\nHeattie, W. H Wilton Grove, Ont.\\nBeckett, Wm Hewitt. Ont.\\nBeebe, E. P Holly, N. Y.\\nBeeler, C. C. Son Liberty. Ind.\\nBegole, Chas Flint, Mich.\\nBelden, Jos Care, Mich.\\nBell, W. J Angus, Ont.\\nIJerkhart Bros Kalida, Ohio\\nBewley, Chas Troy, O\\nBiddel, F. C Chadds Ford, Pa.\\nBidlake, D. W Chardon. O.\\nBillings, E Brockville, Ont.\\nBingham, Lile Edinburg, O.\\nBirdsall, F. Son Birdsall, Ont.\\nBlack, Capt. Hugh Xetley Creek, :Man.\\nBlack. Fred Amhnrst, N. S.\\nBlack, Robert Cor whin, Ont.\\nBonham, Geo. D Osceola, Pa.\\nBordwell, A P argo, IS Y.\\nBovyer, F. G Georgetown, P. E. I.\\nBowen, C. B .Vttioa, N. Y.\\nBowen, R Attica, N. Y.\\nBowman, W. E Medina, O.\\nBoyack, Chas. E Independence, la.\\nBradford, Mrs. E. G Wilniinglon, Del.\\nBranch, F. A Medina, O.\\nBrosseau, E. C Brosseau Sta., Que.\\nBrathen, Newton Clifford, Ont.\\nBray, Jas Longburn. Manitoba\\nBricker, A. L Primrose, O.\\nBrien, Wm Ridgetown, Out.\\nBriges, H. R Houston, Minn.\\nBrigham, Henry Allan Park, Ont.\\ni-trillinger, John Maple Hill, Ont.\\nBrocknay, A. C 15 .Mile Grove, la.\\nBrooks, Fred Decatur, Hi.\\nBrown, Chas. E Maineville, O.\\nBrown, Geo. Stanley Green Center, Ind.\\nBrown, Homer J Harford, N. Y.\\nBrown John M Beecher City, HI.\\nBrown, Nemiah Huntington, Ind.\\nBruders, T Hoard. Wis.\\nBryant. Henry Roland, 111.\\nBrydon, Donald Mosborough, Ont.\\nBuchannon, Albert Corunna, Ind.\\nBuckenbush, W. H Russia ville, Ind.\\ni?udge, Wm. P Granton, Wis.\\nBurk. John Ney. O.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0483.jp2"}, "484": {"fulltext": "47S BKEEDEES OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP.\\nBurrington, John R Grand Blanc, Mich.\\nBurr, J. U East Tovvnsen, O.\\nBuskirk Bros Wayland, Mich.\\nButler, Thomas Woodson, 111.\\nCady, Seward A Brookfield, Pa.\\nCady, S. A Troopsburg-, N. Y.\\nCain, O. B Mainevilie, O.\\nCalhoun, E. \\\\V Landers, B. C.\\nCammidge, Robert Wiarton, Ont.\\nCampbell, Archibald Clachan, Ont.\\nCampbell, Donald .Corvvhin, Ont.\\nCampbell, G. J Pittsfield, O.\\nCampbell. J. S Butler, Pa.\\nCampbell, O. P .Tipton, Ind.\\nCampbell, P Kevvaskum, Wis.\\nCampbell, T. M Franklin, Tenn.\\nCargill, H Cargill, Ont.\\nCargill, H. Sons .Cargill, Ont.\\nCarter, Alfred Flat Kock, Mich\\nCarton, John J Flint, Mich.\\nCass, Wm Butler, 111.\\nation, IMathew Brampton, Ont.\\nCauft man, J. E South Bend, Ind.\\nCauffman, R. M Buchanan, Mich.\\nChamberan, Jacob Huntington, Ind.\\nChambers, E. M Ferris, Mich,\\nChandler, W. E Fairtield. la.\\nChapman, W. H Bloomingdale, Ind.\\nCleary, E. W Owaneco, 111.\\nCleaver, H. H Florida, Mo.\\nClendenen, R. R Raymore, Mo.\\nCochran, Peter Almonte, Out.\\nCoggshall, Eugene Cambridge, la,\\nColby, F. W Laconia, N. H.\\nCole, Martin E Creston, O,\\nCole Wright Bad Axe, Mich.\\nConcannon, Patrick Mertensia, N. Y.\\nConger, Sid Flat Rock, Ind.\\nConger, Sid Hope, Ind.\\nCook, Chas Cyrus, Neb.\\nCook, Edmund Wilniot, South Dak.\\nCook. Jos Maple Hill, Ont.\\nCook, J. W Goshen, Ind.\\nCooper, J. V Picton, Ont.\\nCorbett, Kyron Bryan, O.\\nCormick, Andrew Paisly, Ont.\\nCorvvhin, Bros Rushsylvania, O.\\nCoulson, J Hornby, Ont.\\nCousins, John Son Harriston, Ont.\\nCousins. John Harriston, Ont.\\nCreighton, J. R Malvern, 0.\\nCribbs, Geo Heshbon, Pa.\\nCrone, John W West Lebanon, Ind.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0484.jp2"}, "485": {"fulltext": "BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. 479\\nCunningham, Wm. Son Antioch, Ind.\\nCurtis, Prof Ames, Iowa\\nDallner, Fred. S Salina, la.\\nDavis, J. T Chestervilie, Ind.\\nDavisson, F. M West JMancliester, O.\\nDavy, W. H Siloam Springs, Ark.\\nDean, Clias. E Marble Hill, Ind.\\nDeft enbaugh, G. G Madisonburg, O.\\nDeGarmo, H. J Highland, Mich.\\nDenby, Wm. A Carlinville. 111.\\nDenky, Jos Mt. Vernon, Out.\\nDexter, Foster M Roseway, McNulta Island, N. S.\\nDickison, Mary Mildway, Ont.\\nDickison, Wm Mildway, Ont.\\nDilsaver, G. W Delphos. O.\\nDixon, Wm Brandon, Wis.\\nDonaldson, James Teeswater, Ont.\\nDonner, G. A Edenburg, Ind.\\nDoron, A. J Celina, O.\\nDoty, E. E Geneseo, N. Y.\\nDunlap, US Truro, Novia Scotia\\nDunn, F. W Walton, N. Y.\\nDunwell, J. A Shelbyville, Mich.\\nDupont, Mrs. Eugene Wilmington, Del.\\nDuvall Taylor Alliance, O.\\nDuvall Taylor Marlboro, O.\\nEby, Amos Floradale, Ont.\\nEdwards, Edwin North Wiltshire, P. E. I.\\nEernisse, Isaac Hingham, Wis.\\nEldred, Alva Tekonsha, Mich.\\nEldridge, Ihomas Canadice, N. Y.\\nElliott, A Pond Mills, Ont.\\nElliott, Andrew Kelso, Ont.\\nElliott, W. R Hespeler, Ont.\\nEmpie, Wm Minaville, N. Y.\\nEno, John W Cass City, Mich.\\nEshback, Jes Warsaw, Ind.\\nEvans Bros Muskoda, Minn.\\nEvens, M. L .South Butler, Mich.\\nEvans, Smith Gourock. Ont.\\nEverett, W. W\\nFaber, J. A Pulaki, O.\\nFarmer, W. H Franklin, Tenn.\\nFather! ngham, P Ernington, 111.\\nFaucett, G. W Palo, Mich.\\nFellows, C. L Winnebago, Wis.\\nFerguson, H. D Bloomfield, Iowa\\nFinlay.son, K Campbellton. Ont.\\nFisher, John H ^finerva, O.\\nFisher, Frank Orleans, Ind.\\nFisher. S. W Sidney. 111.\\nFisher, W. R Medina, O.\\nFleener, John W Leisure, Ind.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0485.jp2"}, "486": {"fulltext": "480 BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP.\\nFletcher, Duncan Newbury, Ont.\\nFletcher, Jos Menclon, 111.\\nFoster Guthrie Deputy, Ind.\\nFoster, Joseph Fair Grove, Mich.\\nFoster, J Walkerton, Ont.\\nFowids, ri. M Hastings. Ont.\\nFrazer, Douglas Glenf arrow, Ont.\\nFred eriek, Henry Meadowdale, N. V.\\nFriedline, W. L Knights, Pa.\\nFry, S. M (iinghanisburg, O.\\nGanyarth, G. M Granger, O.\\nGanz, J. A Wapmandee. Wis.\\nGarwood, Ezekiel South Bend, Ind.\\nGasskill, Wm\\nGearhart, J. J North Robinson. O.\\nGeorge, F. H Cabery, 111.\\nGerkin, Fred Napoleon, O.\\nGillett, S. E Ravenna. O.\\n(libson, J. David Bomanville, Ont.\\nGillies, Duncan Moffatt, Ont.\\nGillson, Wm Lis, 111.\\nGlass, I. J. Son Sharpsburg, 111.\\nGoddard, L. G Ravenna, O.\\nGoldsborough, F. C Easton, Md.\\nGordon, Judge Gyrus .Clearfield, Pa.\\nGottshall, E Flint, Mich.\\nGottshall, J. H Flint, Mich.\\nGourley, J. P Cornell, 111.\\nGraham, Robert Brandon, Wis.\\nGraham, John Eldora, la.\\nGreen, Arthur Caistorville, Ont.\\nGreen, John S Caistorville, Ont.\\nGriffin, George Burgessville, Ont.\\nGriggs, Richard Orangeville, Ont.\\nGrimes. Truman Denver. Ind.\\nGroob. Moses Beamsville, Ont.\\nGunn Barclay Rosina, Mich.\\n(Junn, J. S Rosina, Mich.\\nGuthrie, C. R Prospect, Wis.\\nHagen, Wm Elba, N. Y.\\nHagerty, H Hagerty, la.\\nHaines, George\\nHall, R. E Center Square, Ind.\\nHarcourt, John ....St. Ann s, Ont.\\nHargrave, Wilkes W Seney, Mich.\\nHarrrison, E. B Viola, Idaho\\nHarshbarger, John 1 Atwood, 111.\\nBarter, S. K Troy, O.\\nHarter, Will Mexico, Ind.\\nHarvey Bros Kincardine, Ont.\\nHarvey, B. W ^loomingdale, la.\\nHaslett Bros Jarvis, Ont.\\nHathaway, A. B .Mertensia, N. Y.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0486.jp2"}, "487": {"fulltext": "BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. 481\\nHenry, John Montpelier, 0.\\nHenson, Veii Huntinf ton, Ind.\\nHesskett Bros Fulton. 0.\\nHigle.y, Leverett G Butler, Ind.\\nHill, L. A South Danbv, N. Y.\\nHill, L. D Hingham, Wis.\\nHilton, C. W A nson. Me.\\nHimmel, Henry Kadcliffe. la.\\nHine Finlayson Dutton, Out.\\nHine, R. J. Dutton. Out.\\nHint, Wm Indian Falls, N. V.\\nHitchcock, Mrs. L. J Flint, Mich.\\nHitchcock, VV. P Newark, N. V.\\nHobbs, D. C. Sons Hobbs. Ind.\\nHollingsworth, H. S Colfax, Wash.\\nHoodelnier, W. L Auburn. Ind.\\nHoward, G. F Utica, la.\\nHuber, F. B Gerard, 111.\\nHuges, J. L Hartford City, Ind.\\nHuges, W. R Boltonville, Wis.\\nHull Harvey Salem, Til.\\nHume, David Arkell, Out.\\nHumphries, H Hastings, Ont.\\nHunter, Jas Walkerton, Ont.\\nHunter, John Salem, Ont.\\nHutchins, M. C Flint, Mich.\\nHuxford, John\\nlonson, Anthony Jarvis, Ont.\\nlonson, Walter Jarvis, Ont.\\nJackson, T. H South Bend. Ind.\\nJefferv, John G Kingston, Mich.\\nJenks^ J. Co Sand Beach, Mich.\\nJewell, W. F Dodgeville, Wis.\\nJickling, Jos. B Carman, Man.\\n.lohnson, A Rowlins, Wye.\\nJohnson, C. D Dixon, Wis.\\nJohnson, Edmond H Kines. Mich.\\nJohnson, O. A Leon, N. Y.\\nJohnson, S. IN Reeds Corners, N. Y.\\nJohnson, Wm Benton City, Mo.\\nJones, Frank Claverack, X. Y.\\nJones, Robert Fort Steele, Wy o.\\nJones, Sam Hustisford, Wis.\\nJones, Thomas Delaware, O.\\nJull, J. E Burford, Ont.\\nJul], J. H Mt. Vernon. Ont.\\nKapp, Geo Monument City, Ind.\\nKeeler, P. J Clyde, Mo.\\nKellv, S. B River Herbert, X. S.\\nKellv, Eli Fairfield, la.\\nKellv, Lola E Fairfield, la.\\nKerfin, W. F Rockfield, Ind.\\nKetzler, H. C Flint, Mich.\\nI", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0487.jp2"}, "488": {"fulltext": "482 BKEEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP.\\nKincaid, R. Y Athens, 111.\\nKinch, T. L Covert, Pa.\\nKing, Rich. W Grand Valley, Ont.\\nKing, T. A. Son Parma, Mich.\\nKirk, John Fair Grove, Mich.\\nKirkpatrick, G. W Kirksville, la.\\nKnollin, A. J Pomeroy, Kan.\\nKnox, A. G Pulaski, Pa.\\nKorn, Frank South Bend, Ind.\\nKreider Karpum Sterling, 111.\\nKuder, L Greenville, Pa.\\nLahring, Louis Linden, Mich.\\nLaing, Andrev\\\\ Arkell, Ont.\\nLamb. James A Walkerton, Ont.\\nLangdon, H. A Mesopotamia, O.\\nLarge, (i. V Taylorville, III.\\nLeahy, D Chilton. Wis.\\nLeavalley, C Fair Grove, Mich.\\nLee Aitkeii Flint. Mich.\\nLemon, Milton Crooked Creek, Ind.\\nLemon. Simon Kettleby, Ont.\\nLeonard, J. I Warren, Ind.\\nLining, jG. B Hamersville, 0.\\nLewis, Benson Salem. Ind.\\nLewis, C. C Point Pleasant, W. Va.\\nLewis, F. M ]\\\\radelia, Minn.\\nLind, Wm Arkwright, Ont.\\nLindsay, David Haggersville, Ont.\\nLines, P. A Treaty, Ind.\\nLittle, Wm Walkerton, Ont.\\nLong, T. F Cascade, Wis.\\nLove, L Port Sandfield, Ont.\\nLovejoy, A. J. Son Roscoe, 111.\\nLowery, W. D Senecaville, O.\\nLudwig. S. R Sheridan, Pa.\\nLvon. L. A Latimer, Ont.\\nMalloy. W. J Yatton, Ont.\\nManewald, Christian Plymouth. Ind.\\nMann, W. H Hicksvilie. O.\\nManning. John Adell, Wis.\\nMarin, W. A Meloin, Minn.\\nMartens, John Lake City, Minn.\\nMason, O. W Mason. Ind.\\n]\\\\Iassee, H. S Menomonie, Wis.\\nMatchett, Mrs. F. A Poinceton, Ind.\\nIMathews, J. B Blue Mounds, 111.\\nMaxwell. J. H Columbia. Mo.\\nMc Adams, Martin Rushlyvania, O.\\nMcBeth, L. P Hamersville. O.\\nMcCarthy. John Madelia. Minn.\\nMcClelland, Hiram Beachburg. Ont.\\nMcClelland. Perrv Odin, 111.\\nMcCormick, E. Sons Mt. Hope, Wis.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0488.jp2"}, "489": {"fulltext": "BREEDEHS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. 483\\nMcCrackeu, F. S Kerrmoor, Pa.\\nMcCracken, J. B Muskegon, Mich.\\nMcDonald, A. VV St. Mary s, Ont.\\nxVIeDonald, John Millbi ook, N. S.\\nMcEwen Bros Bluevale, Ont.\\nMcFarlane, Alex Flint, Mich.\\nMcGill, VV. D Sussex, Wis.\\nMcGranaham, J. P Atlantic, Pa.\\nMcintosh, J. B Windsor, O.\\nMclntyre, Alex Wallacetown, Ont.\\nMcKay, A. M Edina, Mo.\\nMcKay McKeen Gays River, N. S.\\nMcKecknie, O. B North Fairfield, Me.\\nMcKee, Alex Teeswater, Ont.\\nMcKenzie, Alex Canipbellville, Ont.\\nMcKenzie, A. D. Corwhin, Ont.\\nMcKerrovv, Geo Sussex, Wis.\\nMcLaren, P. B Clearwater, Man,\\nMcLean, Andrew Walkerton, Ont.\\nMcLoid, Alex Paisley, Ont.\\nMcNaug-hton, Peter Gourock, Ont.\\nMcNeil, N. D Grand Blanc. Mich.\\nMeikle, Jas. Son Myron, la.\\nMiddleton, C. G Clinton, Ont.\\nMiller, Chas. W Hillsboro, 111.\\nMiller, Dr. B. F Flint, Mich.\\nMiller. Geo Elmira, Ont.\\nMiller, H. P Sunbury, O.\\nMiller, J. W Palmer, 111.\\nMiller, W. T Mexico, Ind.\\nMinnesota University Experiment Farm.\\nMitchell, D. W Caistorville, Ont.\\nMitchell. Robert Caistorville, Ont.\\nMoffat, John Eden, Wis.\\nMontgomery, K Tiverton, Ont.\\nMoody, G. B Richmond, Me.\\nMorden, David Walkerton, Ont.\\nMorgan, Ben Franklin, O.\\nMorgan, H Kipton, O.\\nMorgan, L. M Albion, N. Y.\\nMorne, Pat Marden, Ont.\\nMorrill, B. B Stantead, Que.\\nMorris, E. G Mesopotamia, O.\\nMorris, E. G North Bloomfield, O.\\nMorrish, S Flint, Mich.\\nMoss, P. B Billings, Mont.\\nMoulton, H. L Rootstown, O.\\nMoulton, W. A Cicero, N. Y.\\nMowers, J. H ii iggsville. Wis.\\nMowry Henry Owensville, Ind.\\nIMnhlhauson, Wm Walkerton. Ont.\\nMuir, J. E Hatton, Mo.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0489.jp2"}, "490": {"fulltext": "484 BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP.\\nMurphy, Chris Sanilac Center. Mich.\\nMurphy, J. VV Cass City, Mich.\\nMyers, John S Larue, O.\\nNash, VV. T Cassville, O.\\nNave, A. P Attica, N. Y.\\nNeal, John W Quanicassee City, Mich.\\nNeely. Wilson J Brooklyn, Mich.\\nNeeson, Peter Formosa, Ont.\\nNepham, V\\\\ m Banks, Ont.\\nNessei Robert Rush City, Minn.\\nNeville, C. W Newburg, Ont.\\nNewcomb, R Alvordton, O.\\nNewkirk. Geo West Middleton, Ind.\\nNewton, W m Pontiac, Mich.\\nNicolas, EJi Mexico, Ind.\\nNoll, C. W Mira Creek, Neb.\\nOhio Experiment Station Wooster, O.\\nOlmsted, Jay Muir, Mich.\\nOlmstead, L N Muir, Mich.\\nOrchard, N Glen Orchard, Ont.\\nOsborn, Cyrus Danville, 111.\\nPalmer, M. P Thorndike, Me.\\nPalmer Smith Newark, N. Y.\\nPark, Benjamin Camden. Mich.\\nParker. G. VV Clyde,\\nParkinson, Lazarus Greenock, Can\\nParnell, R. M Wyevale. Ont\\nParsell, G. T Saiem Center, Ind\\nPaterson, W, A Flint, Mich\\nPatterson, -James Almonte, Onl\\nPetterman, Ed Peru, Ind.\\nPelletier, L. Conrad Montreal, Que.\\nPeiton, (leo. Sons Reedsburg, Wis.\\nPendexter. J. L Intervale. N. H.\\nPennington. Jabez Teeswater, Ont.\\nPerry, H. R. Son Ellington, Mich.\\nPeters, F. S Flat Rock, Mich.\\nPeters. S. W. M Berkley Springs, W. Va.\\nPetty Rufus\\nPickering, i E Middletown, Ind.\\nPitkle, Wesley Springlake, O.\\nPierce Bros Creston, 111.\\nPlue, C. D iS orth Pembroke, N. Y.\\nI ollock. J. T Atkinsons Mills, Pa.\\nPolly, W. A Alamo, Mich.\\nPorter, J. A Haynie, Wash.\\nPounds, .loseph Crete, Pa.\\nPowell, John Wabash, O.\\nPratt, Mrs. E Ionia, Mich.\\nPreston, Chas Andover, N. Y.\\nPrice, S. F Nevrark, Zv Y.\\nPritcliard, F. G Belden, O.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0490.jp2"}, "491": {"fulltext": "BREEDER6 OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. 485\\nPrivett. Uriah Co Greensburg-, Ind.\\nPurviance, James M Hunting-ton, Ind.\\nKandel, Clarence Brick Chapel, Ind.\\nReed. Chas Douglas, Wyo.\\nReed, Paul Belfast, Ont.\\nRennie. has Eden Alills, Ont.\\nRichardson, Jennie Indianapolis, Ind.\\nRife, John Clyde, O.\\nRiley, Geo Lakefive. Wis.\\nRinear Bros Brecksville, O.\\nRinear, C. C Brecksville, O.\\nRitter, Jacob Vandalia, 111.\\nRoach, Thomas Byron, N. Y.\\nRoach, Thomas Elba, N. Y.\\nRobertson, David Fergus, Ont.\\nRogers, John L Yantisville, 111.\\nJiogers, J Red Key, Ind.\\nRohrer, S. B Leroy, Kan.\\nRoss Alex Westvilie, N. S.\\nRoss, I. M (Jerman, O.\\nRoss, John Mt. Forest, Ont.\\nRoush, Jacob Montpelier, O.\\nRoux, Fred Stryker, O.\\nRowell, S. J Goshen, Ind.\\nRowland, O, A Coral. Mich.\\nRoxburgh, John Norwood, Ont.\\nRuby, Asa Treaty, Ind.\\nRutherford, J Roseville, Unt.\\nRyan, John\\nSaal. A. O Huntington, Ind.\\nSandick, Wm Folden Corner, Out.\\nSchaf, P. J St. Paul, Ind.\\nSchenck, VVm Frankfort, ]nd.\\nSehnebly L. R Fairvie w, Md.\\nSchrock, C Shipshewana, Jnd.\\nSchroeder. F. C. C. C Bourbor, Ind.\\nScott. John Bryan, O.\\nSeaver, VV. S Highland Station, Mich.\\nSelby, C. G New California, O.\\nSelle, A Mequon, Wis.\\nService, Chas Hartland, Wis.\\nSeymour, G. Son Rootstown, O.\\nSbafor, W. A Middletown, O.\\nShaw, A Walkerton, Ont.\\nShearman, Albert H Kennedy, N. Y.\\nSheldon, J. ii Flint, Mich.\\nSherwic, Allen E Fennella, Ont.\\nShields, O Montpelier, Ind.\\nShook, H. V Marshfield, Mo.\\nShores, F. M Waterville, Me.\\nShort, C. P\\nSharntz, Sylvester Stoniugton, ill.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0491.jp2"}, "492": {"fulltext": "486 BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP.\\nSimpson Stock Farm Saxonville, Mass.\\nSingrey, J. F Avilla, Ind.\\nSkinner, L. B Denver, Ind.\\nSlayton, Walter C Avoca, xN. Y.\\nSly, R. D West Clarksfield. O.\\nSmith, Chas Plum Tree, Ind.\\nSmith. Flint F Flint, Mich.\\nSmith. Francis G Blanchard, Mich.\\nSmith, Henry Azalia, Mich.\\nSmith, James Clachen, Ont.\\nSmith, J ames Dutton, Ont.\\nSmith. L. W. B Norwich, A\\\\ V,\\nSmith, Thomas Newry, Ont.\\nSmith. VV. W^ Plumtree, Ind.\\nSnively. Joseph A Greencastle, Pa.\\nSnyder, Omer Pleasant Hill, O.\\nSoper, Aiex. .Hayden, Ont.\\nSorby. I). y. O Gonrock, Ont.\\nSpencer, H. C Flint, Mich.\\nSpicer, J ohn Yeovil, Ont.\\nStacy, Leslie Bowling- Green, O.\\nStarkey, James Arkell, Ont.\\nSteddom. M. P Oregonia. O.\\nSteele, Ed. V Sandy ville, O.\\nStemen, J. D Groverhill, O.\\nfeteuer. Christian Medina. O.\\nStewart, Alex Living Springs, Ont.\\nStewart. W. F Flint, Mich.\\nStiver Bros Fincastle, O.\\nStone, James A. Son Bradfordton, 111.\\nStone, James A. Bradfordton. 111.\\nStone, John E Harris, Mo.\\nStone, Levi Mallet Creek. O.\\nStone, R. J Stonington. 111.\\nStone Harris Stonington, 111.\\nStrange, D Grand Ledge, Mich.\\nStratton, II Otsego. :Mich.\\nStrock, L C Madison, O.\\nStudyhaker, S Etna Green, Ind.\\nSummers, James Cardinal, Ont.\\nSundbero-. B. E Kennedy, Minn.\\nSweney,^H. T Salem, 111.\\nSwitzer, A Edinburgh. O.\\nTayior, John Ancaster, Ont.\\nTemplin, J. C Fergus, Ont.\\nTeTii, A Wooler, Ont.\\nThomas. A. A Flint. Mich.\\nThomas. J. A Wisner. Mich.\\nThomas, John J Rockville, Tnd.\\nThompson, Arthur Terminus, Ont.\\nThompson, Chas A Evart, Mich.\\nO hompson. James Hartsville. Tnd", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0492.jp2"}, "493": {"fulltext": "BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. 487\\nThompson, J. M Berlin, la.\\nTibbitts. G. A Warsaw, Ind.\\nTodd. Theodore Warsaw, [nii.\\nTodd, S. R Hillview, Man.\\nTolton, S. A Walkerton, One.\\nTolton, Jas. L Walkerton, Ont.\\nTolton, Jas Walkerton, Ont.\\nTowner, R. R\\nTucker, Melhille LuceVn, Ind\\nTurner, E Burford, Ont.\\nTrexler. Jackson Wheeler, 111.\\nTripp, H. F Millers, N. Y.\\nTrout, S\\nTubbs, Edward R Osceola, Pa.\\nTurner, J. M. Bro Lebanon, Ind.\\nTurner, T. E Kirklin, Ind.\\nTurner, Wm Shelbyville, Mo.\\nan Der Yolgen, A Newton, Ind.\\nVauosdol, John Cross Plains, Ind.\\nVolner, Jacob Bremen, Ind.\\nWade, C Jamestown, N. D.\\nWadsworth, Wm Maniy, la..\\nWahl. Philip Adamsvil le, O..\\nWaid, Geo Sand Beach, Mich.\\nWaldo, Alex Acton, Ont.\\nWalker, Chas Alderly, Wis.\\nWallick, Jerry Knoxville, 111.\\nWallis, E. B.\\\\ Stirling- Falls, Ont.\\nWard. L. N Delaware, O.\\nWarden, O. D Leonidas, Mich.\\nWarley, VV Claypool, Ind.\\nWarner, S. K Wellington, O.\\nWarren, Hugh Hartford, Mich.\\nWash, I. S Sharpsburg. 111.\\nWaterbury, I. R Highland Station, Mich.\\nWaterson, J. W Dakota City, South Dakota.\\nWatson, Jas R Sussex, Wis.\\nA\\\\ eaver, A Logan, Mich.\\nWeaver, Geo Ambleside, Ont,\\nWeaver, Thomas Cargill. Ont.\\nWeiss, Chas. C Seybert, Ind.\\nWertz, Albert TIartsville. Ind.\\nWhaley, R. J Flint, Mich.\\nWheeler, S. J Kennedy, X. Y.\\nWhitaker. F. B Hillsboro. Ta.\\nWhitcomb, B. Howard Terre Haute, Ind.\\nWhitcomb, Chas Terre Haute, Ind.\\nAYhite, R. E East Groveland, N. Y.\\nWhitehead, G Walkerton, Ont.\\nWholsworth, T. B\\nWickens, E. T ^lacksburg. O.\\nWickens, James Grove Citv, 111.\\nWiddefield. J. W Uxbridge, Ont.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0493.jp2"}, "494": {"fulltext": "488 BEEEDEKS OF DORSET SHEEP.\\nWilcox, J. P. A. W Bridport, Vt.\\nVViJJiams, John Doug-las, Wyo.\\nWilliamson, A. M Millville, Wis,\\nWilliamson, J. C Xenia, 0.\\nvVillis. Mark Allan Park, Ont.\\nWilmot, F. A Claridon, O.\\nWilson, Amos Hewitt, Ont.\\nAVilson, Jerry Muncie. Ind\\nWilson, Ii. Banks Creston, la.\\nWilson, L. J Nashville. Mich.\\nWilson. S. C Olnev, 111.\\nWilton, F. J Walkerton, Ont.\\nWineland, Kd Avoca, Ja.\\nWise, Dan Viroqua, Wis.\\nWise, L Belden. O.\\nWood, Alex\\nWood, E. O Flint, Mich.\\nWood, Geo. I Stantontown, O.\\nWood, Geo. W Raymond, HI.\\nWorden. O. D Leonidas. Mich.\\nWright, A. L Bad Axe, Mich.\\nWright. A. S Winchester, Va.\\nWrig-ht, Herbert Guelph. Ont.\\nWrig-ht, AI. M. Sons Oanisons. N. Y.\\nWright, W. E Glanwortli, Ont.\\nWyman, F. E\\nYeast, J. L Goodhope. 111.\\nYeaton, F. M Iceboro. Me.\\nYoder, B. C New Bedford. O.\\nYork. W. F Elk Grove, Wis.\\nYoung, 0. E Ansonia. O.\\noung. O. E Union City, Ind.\\nYoung, Peter Gould, Que.\\nBreeders of Dorset Sheep.\\nAllison, Dr. T. H Kittanning, Pa.\\nAllen, Chas. I Terryville, Conn.\\nAmbler, Henry S Cha tham, N. Y.\\nArmstrong, Harvard Lautz Mills, Va.\\nArbuckle, Howard B. Decatur, Ga.\\nI arton, E. M Hinsdale, 111.\\nBaldwin, Geo. H Mendon. 111.\\nBaldwin, W. J Thorndale, Pa.\\nBailey, Chas. L Harrisburg, Pa.\\nBarnes Dotson Pierre. S. D.\\nBarnett. Oliver New Concord, O.\\nBarr, L. W Fairmount, W. Va.\\nBaxter, C. S Nelson. Pa.\\nBenninghoft F. W Greenville. Pa.\\nBill. Jas. A Bill Hill, Conn.\\nBirnie, Wm. P. Alfred Springfield, Mass.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0494.jp2"}, "495": {"fulltext": "BEEEDERS OF DORSET SHEEP. 489\\nBlair, Joseph A 80 Broadway, New York City.\\nBlessing-, H. J Jelfersonville, O.\\nBlowen, J. D Barnesville, 0.\\nBrisben, John \\\\V ^Madison, Ind.\\nBrig-gs, Samuel 4S Cedar Ave., Cleveland. O.\\nBooth, J. B Lindleys Mills, Pa.\\nBowditch, PJ. F Framins ham, Mass.\\nlUichanan, J. L. Son Hickory, Pa.\\nBuell, J. L Holconib. N. Y.\\nJiurkey, M. H Youngstown, O.\\nButton, A. T H2 Major St., Toronto, Canada.\\nBush, Geo. W., Jr Claymont, Del.\\nCalgate, J. C Bennington, Vt.\\nCampbell, George J Pittstield, O.\\nCarr, J. S Durham, N. C.\\nChamberlain, W. C University of Virginia, Va.\\nChase, A. C Syracuse, X. Y.\\nCheston, Galloway Harwood, Md.\\nChick, Thomas Stratton, Dorchester, England.\\nChristie, P. H Clove, X. Y.\\nClark, W. S Granby, [Mass.\\nClemens, Fred. Meehanics burg, O.\\nClifford, Frank Wellington, O.\\nClyde, B. F Bry n Mawr, Pa.\\nCochrane, M. H Hillhurst Station, Canada.\\nCochrane, Jas. A Hillhurst Station, Canada.\\nCodd, H. S. G Lewiston, la.\\nCordwell, S. J Shelby ville, Ky.\\nCogswell, Doane Bradfoi-d, Mass.\\nCourtright, A. V Greencastle, O.\\nCooper, T. S Coopersburg, Pa.\\nColeman. B. Dawson Lebanon, Pa.\\nCoopei-, Wm Van Buren, Pa.\\nCooper, M. A Washington, Pa.\\nCooper, James R Houghton, Mich.\\nCrocker, H. D Columbia Station, O.\\nCroxton, E. S Angola, Ind.\\nCundall, W. G Tavlorstown. Pa.\\nCurtis, .Mrs. D. C Charlton, N. Y.\\nDaiy, William Lockport, N. Y^.\\nDavis, Fitch M Livonia Station. N. Y.\\nDay, Henry S Prosperity, Pa.\\nDoe, Chas. C South .Newbury, Vt.\\nDeArman, S. S Franklin, Pa.\\nDodge, Arthur M 15 Courtlandt St., New Y ork City.\\nDennington, Frank Meadville, Pa.\\nDenton, E. O Somerset, N. Y\\nEagleson, A. S Washington, Pa.\\nEmery, Frank E Kaleigh, N. C.\\nEmpey, M. X Xapanee, Ont.\\nFaekenthal, B. F Kiegelsville, Pa.\\nFloyd, Porter B Wintersville, O.\\nFrancis, W. M Ouaquaga, X. Y.\\nFrost, J. O Boston, Mass.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0495.jp2"}, "496": {"fulltext": "490 BREEDERS OF DORSET SHEEP.\\nFinnell. James P. Georgetown, Ky.\\nFletcher, H. E Minneapolis, Minn.\\nEarle, Icichard T Centreville, Md.\\nFletcher Bros .315 Third Ave., North Minneapolis.\\nEnsor, Fred Dorchester, England.\\nGates, John J. i- Co Yorkville, 111.\\nGifEen, K. K Wheeling, W. Va.\\nGriflfin, 8. B Canton, Pa.\\nGifford Nash Tiplin, Ind.\\nGlendening, Buius Geneva, Ind.\\nGrant, John B Douglassville, Pa.\\nGray, C. Stephen Elmira, N. Y.\\nHaiB, Eugene Verbank, N. Y.\\nHam, J. M Washingtown H9II0W, N. Y.\\nHath awav, B. C Ayre, N. Y.\\nHoward, \\\\V. D Venango, Pa.\\nHunt, Thos. E Greenwich, N. J.\\nHarding, K. H Thorndale, Ontario, Canada.\\nHargrave. Joseph Madrid, N. Y.\\nHay ward, Giles Pine Island, Minn.\\nHnnter. John Wyoming, Ont., Canada.\\nHeath, J. F White Heath, 111.\\nHector. Thos. W Springfield-on-the-Credit, Canada.\\nHenderson, J. B Washington, Pa.\\nHendersor., J. L Washington, Pa.\\nHenderson. Wni Sabina, O.\\nHuston, W. D 347 West First St., Dayton, O.\\nHubbard. Frank Gladstone. New Mexico.\\nHumbert, J. I University of Virginia, Va.\\nHodgen, Thos., J .Lewensville, Va.\\nJones, (i. E Litchfield, Conn.\\nJones, T. G Sugar Grove, Pa.\\nJohnson, Hugh M Van Deusen, Mass.\\nKimsey, William K Angola, Ind.\\nKent, Samuel C West Grove, Pa.\\nKime, W. C Watei-loo, N. Y.\\nKotz, Charles L South Bend, Ind.\\nLarue, R. H Greenville, Pa.\\nLapping, K. B Amsterdam, N. Y.\\nLav, Walter W Whitsons P. O., Sing Sing, N. Y.\\nLeigh. Geo. Co Aurora, 111.\\nLeonard, Austin Troy, Pa.\\nLindenkahl, G. S Keswick, Va.\\nLyman, Chas. E Middlefield, Conn.\\nLove, Lewis Anderson, Mich.\\nMarsh, Chas. E New Milford, Conn.\\nMartin, Geo. Son Princeton, Pa.\\nMartz. John H Greenville. O.\\nMarshall McGillivrav Edgerton, Minn.\\nMcCarthy, Mrs. Edith W .Plainfield, N. J.\\nMcClaskey, James J Chattanooga, Tenn.\\nMcCleary, Wm. L Washington. Pa.\\nMcClelland Lyle Richmond, O,\\nMcGillivray, John A Uxbridge, Ont., Canada..", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0496.jp2"}, "497": {"fulltext": "BREEDERS OF DORSET SHEEP. 491\\nMcHarg-. John VV Albany, N. Y.\\nMcKay, E. D Geneva, N. Y.\\nMiller. H. P Sunbury, O.\\nMeekin, Fred H Fon du Lac, Wis.\\nNourse, Prof. D. O Va. Agl. College, Blacksburg-, Va.\\nOrendoff, Misses L. L. M. A Hopedale, Tazewell Co.. 111.\\nOronhyatekha. Dr Deseronto, Canada.\\nOhio Experiment Station Wooster, O.\\nOmstead, Albert H Alverado, Ind.\\nPalmer, Henry Avondale, Pa.\\nPalmer, James B Jewett City, Conn.\\nPeele, John B Bloomington, O.\\nPeters, David R Maiden Creek, Pa.\\nPratt, H. C Canandaig-iia, N. Y.\\nPrice, Hugh H Black River Falls, Wis.\\nPriest, S. C Greersville, O.\\nPierce, H. A Castile, N. Y.\\nPomeroy, C. B Willimantic, Conn.\\nPortuenda, J. F 3223 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa.\\nQuay, J. A Penn. Reform School, Morganza, Pa.\\nScott, Richard Milwaukee, Ore.\\nShattuck. J. H 26th and Parade Sts., Erie, Pa.\\nSheldon, B. H West Oeonta, N. Y.\\nShyrock, Chas. U Zainesville, 0.\\nSmall, M. M Cooperstown, Pa.\\nSmith, W. D 197 and 199 Adams St., Chicago, 111.\\nSpencer, A Cambridgeboro. Pa.\\nSnyder, Jacob Sherwood, O.\\nSpeedwell Farms Lyndon Center, Yt.\\nSpencer, C. R Chardon, O.\\nSpooner, M. L Milo Centre, N. Y.\\nStanclifP. G. S Chasm Falls, N. Y.\\nStarin, John H Fultonville, X. Y.\\nStrickler. D York, Pa.\\nStrong, E. L Durham, X. Y.\\nSimpson Stock Farms Saxonville. Mass.\\nStuyvesant, R Allamuchy, X. J.\\nTeller, A. M Morrison, 111.\\nThompson. L. E Las Animas, Col.\\nThrelkeld. V. H. J. P Uniontown, Ky.\\nTremain. Mrs. Henry Lake George, X. Y.\\nTripp. Edwin W Albion. X. Y.\\nTurkington, F. H East Morris. Conn.\\nVan Valkenburgh, J. D., .Tr Greene, X. Y.\\nYickerv, Alvin W Cazenovia, X. Y.\\nWard, W. A Elmira, X. Y.\\nWatson, H. D Kearney. X eb.\\nWatson, Walter Salem, Va.\\nWayman, Warrick P Wheeling, W.^Va.\\nWayman. W. P. Son Box 11, Wheeling. W. Va.\\nWetmore. Albin Litchfield. Conn.\\nWestcott. R. E 19 Park Place, Xew York Citv. X. Y.\\nWhite. W. G Cross Creek. Pa.\\nWhitman, H. H. H. B South Turner. Me.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0497.jp2"}, "498": {"fulltext": "492 BEEEDERS OF BLACK TOP MEEINO SHEEP.\\nWilson, U. 13 VVaterbury, Conn.\\nWillingmyre Jackson Middleport, N. Y.\\nWing-, H. H Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.\\nWing, Joseph E Alechanicsburg, O.\\nWoodman, Geo. C Manistee. Mich.\\nWoodward Jaques Weight s Corners, N. Y.\\nWylie, James B Washington, Pa.\\nYoung, J. W Oxfoid Depot, N. Y\\nBreeders of Improved Black li^op Merino Sheep.\\nL. L. Harsh Union City, Michigan.\\nM. I\\\\. Winans Union City, Michigan.\\nC. O. Upton Genesee, Michigan.\\nAlva Tovvnsend Metamora, Michigan.\\nS. H. Sanford Onondaga, Michigan.\\nJames Turner Son Sturges, Michigan.\\nH. P. Sessions Perrinton, Michigan.\\nCharles Shelhart Sherwood, Michigan.\\nC. E. Sawyer Danville, Michigan.\\nE. A. Sawyer Danville, Michigan.\\nH. Sawyer Danville, Michigan.\\nE. C. Russell Mason, Michigan.\\nli. J. Wilson Nashville, Michigan.\\nJ. C. Hogoboom Eaton Rapids, Michigan.\\nO. M. Robertson Eaton Rapids, Michigan.\\nR. Johnson Son Canonsburg, Pa.\\nGeo. Black Washington, Pa.\\nM. B. Kelso Canonsburg, Pa.\\nE. W. Crothers Sons Taylorstown, Pa.\\nCrothers, L. M Crothers, Pa.\\nReed, John K ISarnsville, O.\\nTinkey, J. E r.elleville, O.\\nWilliams, T. C Salesville, O.\\nPullman, A. D Union City, Mich.\\nGould, A. G Union City, Mich.\\nPope, J. S East Springport, Mich.\\nFosdick, Marvin Williams, Mich.\\nBackus, V. A Potterville, Mich.\\nCowan, J. E Grattan, Mich.\\nDewey, A. M Olivet. Mich.\\nHarmon, Henry Charlotte, Mich.\\nFrench Bros Burlington, Mich.\\nNoble, H. W Quincy, Mich.\\nHagelshaw, W. J l^nion City, Mich.\\nMorrison, S Utica, Mich.\\nEdmonds, C. U Highbank, Mich.\\nBreeders of RambouiUet Sheep.\\nBard Co., The J. E Slippery Rock. Pa.\\nBates, A. A Trwin. O.\\nBingham, Chas Franklin, Mich.\\nBothwell, Jas. B Breckenridge, Mo.\\nBurnham Bros W^oodstock, O.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0498.jp2"}, "499": {"fulltext": "BEEEDERS OF RAMBOUILLET SHEEP. 493\\nBurnham, \\\\V. i Woodstock, (J.\\nBush, John Eyota, Minn.\\nChapmtui, Max New California. O.\\nChubb Bros Howell, Mich.\\nClark. 8 North Lewisburg, O.\\nCole Bros Spring Grove. 111.\\nCook, Chas Pine Bluffs, Wyo.\\nDavis Bros Davisburg, Mich.\\nEager, Francis E Howell, Mich.\\nEvans, Thor, Taylor, N. D.\\nFetters, V. S Arlington. O.\\nFletcher, Herman Chelsea, Mich.\\nFletcher, Thos. Son Chelsea, Mich.\\nGreen, A. E Orchard Lake, ^iich.\\nGrinnell, H Franklin, Mich.\\nHarding, Frank VV Waukesha, Wis.\\nHarris, B. F West Liberty, O.\\nHigby, Henry Franklin, Mich.\\nHalladay, C. L Sebewa, Mich.\\nHogue Bros Wilkesville, O.\\nHoward, A. P Woodstock, O.\\nHolt, Lafayette Burlington. X. C.\\nHunter, J. G Grand Rapids, O.\\nHudson, E. C Fountain Park, O.\\nJ. Q. A. Cook D. D. Morrice Morrice, Mich.\\nKimball, C. P Woodstock, O.\\nKennedy, W. W Horrs, O.\\nbidder, Levi Sr Co Woodstock, O.\\ni ingsley, Lewis Mechanicsburg, O.\\nI isher, G. V. Son Rutland, O.\\nLincoln, O. E. Son Milford Center, O.\\nMarkham Ray Avon, N. Y.\\nMarsh, Morris Bennington, Mich.\\nMcMullan, J. H Woodstock, O.\\nMead, Wm Ionia, Mich.\\nMoore. W. J Ionia, Mich.\\nMoran Bros Woodstock, O.\\nMorse, Chas. F Breckenridge. Mo.\\nMoulton, R. C. Co Woodstock, O.\\nHansen, W. S Collinston, Utah.\\nNoe, J. A Marengo, O.\\nPalmer Bros Columbus Grove, O.\\nPeabody, C. E Shiloh, Mich.\\nPierce, James G Norvell, Mich.\\nPowell, Theodore Arlington, O.\\nPratt, Miss Willura Woodstock, O.\\nRanney, A. S Bellecenter, O.\\nRiegle, P. A Arlington, O.\\nShaw Bader Marits, O.\\nSibley, W. D North Lewisburg, O.\\nStrode Dorsey Whitlash, Mont.\\nStrong Lake Nashville, Mich.\\nTownsend, L. R Ionia, Mich.\\nTownsend, L. G Ionia. Mich.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0499.jp2"}, "500": {"fulltext": "494 BEEEDERS OF BELAINE MERINO SHEEP.\\nThe National Sheep Land Co Lusk, Wyo.\\nVan Meter, J. R Horrs, O.\\nWaltrous, J. F Chelsea, Mich.\\nWatson, Frjank J Bronson, Mich.\\nWebb, J. E. Co Southport, Ind.\\nWickes. J. L. Co Colby, Mich.\\nWilmans Bros Newman, Cal.\\nWilson, Cole Rikerd Williamston, Mich.\\nWickham, P. B Glen Ullin, N. D.\\nWood, J. M Hepburn, O.\\nWyckoff Thos Orchard Lake, Mich.\\nBreeders of Delaine Merino 8beep\\nBeall, .Tames Bro Independence, Washington County, Pa.\\nBeyer, George Poughkeepsie, N. Y.\\nBrandt, H. G Kilgore, Carroll County, O.\\nCarpenter, John W Batesville, Noble County, O.\\nCarson, James Smithtield, Jefferson County, 0.\\nCiothers, E. W Taylorstown, Washington County, Pa.\\nDrake, Henry L Dowagiac, Mich.\\nEdgerton, Joseph Nassau, Keokuk County, la.\\nGitKn, M. N Cadiz, Harrison County, O.\\nGiffin, W. G Cadiz, Harrison County, O.\\nHamilton, John H Houstonville, Washington County, Pa,\\nHamilton, R. D Houstonville, Washington County, Pa.\\nHowarth, H. E Palo, Ionia County, Mich.\\nIshell, S. M Jackson, Mich.\\nJohnson, J. B. Sons Canonsburg, Washington County, Pa.\\nKimble, P. P Raymilton, Venango County, Pa.\\nLong, W. C Urbana. Champaign County, 0.\\nMcClelland, E. B Canonsburg, Washington County, Pa.\\nMcDowell, John Washington, Washington County, Pa.\\nMcNary, James S Canonsburg, Washington County, Pa.\\nMcClelland, James Canonsburg, Washington County, Pa.\\nMcFadden, Elzy Cadiz, Harrison County, O.\\nMcMaster, H. S Dowagiac, Cass County, Mich.\\nMcNarj John C Canonsburg, Washington County, Pa.\\nMulkin, M. C Friendship, Allegany County, N. Y.\\nPollock Bros Canonsburg, Washington County, Pa.\\nReese, C. E Bucyrus, Crawford County, O.\\nRussell, L. A McConnells Mills, Washington County, Pa.\\nShepherd Bros New Concord. Muskingum County, O.\\nShaw, Richmond Novi, Oak County, Mich.\\nSutton, J. V Glencoe, Belmont County, O.\\nSutton, R. D Glencoe, Belmont County, O.\\nStewart, John Stewartsville, Belmont County, O.\\nTannehill, N. R Canonsburg. W^ashington County, Pa.\\nTrimble, Samuel F Vallonia, Belmont County, O.\\nWaddell, George Rix Mills, Muskingum County, O.\\nWelch, G. J. Bro Tekonsha, Mich.\\nWilliams, C. H Church Corners, Hillsdale County, Mich.\\nWylie, Robert Son Washington, Washington County, Pa.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0500.jp2"}, "501": {"fulltext": "BEEBDEES OF MEEESTO SHEEP. 495\\nBreeders of JMenno Sheep.\\nAshley, Geo. Belding-, Mich.\\nAnderson, D. B Romeo, Mich.\\nArms, E. I South Lyon, Mich.\\nAllen, J. O. A Almont, Mich,\\nBarnes, L. W Bj-ron, Mich.\\nBeahan, Chas Palo, Mich,\\nBoyden, W, E Delhi Mills, Mich,\\nBall, VVm. E. N Hamburg, Mich.\\nBrouse Son Kendallville, Ind.\\nCilley, E, F Chandler, Mich.\\nChappelle, C. A Moline, Mich.\\nCorbin, F. L Lansing-, Mich.\\nCannon, S. B Washington, Mich.\\nCaruss, E. B St. Johns, Mich.\\nCole Wright Bad Axe, Mich.\\nDiehl, Adam Milf ord, Mich.\\nDonelson, P. D Swartz Creek, Mich,\\nDoane, N. L South Lyon, Mich,\\nDewey, D. P Grand Blanc, Mich.\\nDewey, H. R Grand Blanc, Mich.\\nFisk, W. H Gaskell, Mich.\\nFreeman, S, A Eaton Rapids, Mich,\\nField, D. S Kalamazoo, Mich,\\nFellows, CM Saline, Mich,\\nGamble, John Milford, Mich.\\nHart, R. G Lapeer, Mich,\\nHady E. J. E, W Howell, Mich,\\nHoyt, G, L Saline, Mich,\\nHarrington, E, J Paw Paw, Mich,\\nInman, Jas North Branch, Mich.\\nJenkins, Frank Tipton, Mich.\\nKellogg, E Howell, Mich,\\nLockwood, C. E Washington, Mich,\\nLovell, E. T Climax, Mich,\\nMoon, M. C Waterf ord, Mich.\\nMaring, A. W Mendon, Mich.\\nMoore, H. E North Farmington, Mich.\\nMcCousey, J. F Union City, Mich.\\nMann, C. M Rockford, Mich.\\nParsons, C. R Saline, Mich,\\nPutney, G, A Oshtemo, Mich\\nPearce, Perry Battle Creek, Mich,\\nParman, John Fitchburg, Mich.\\nPacey Smith Dexter, Mich.\\nQuackenbush, T. V Plymouth, Mich.\\nRich, J. T .Elba, Mich.\\nRowe, L. S Camden, Mich.\\nStephens, R. D Flint, Mich.\\nSouthwell, C. E Marshall, Mich.\\nStickney, W. W. Sons Lapeer, Mich.\\nStowe, A. A Pinckney, Mich.\\nSouthworth, T. M Allen, Mich.", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0501.jp2"}, "502": {"fulltext": "496\\nBEEEDEES OE CHEVIOT SHEEP. O^^^-^^Cf Of^\\n^,0\\nSpalding-, T. E Clinton, Mich.\\nStone, John Hillsdale, Mich.\\nStow, E. H Grand Blanc, iSlich.\\nSmith, J. E Ypsilante, Mich.\\nSmith, J. E Ypsilanti, Mich.\\nVorhees, P Pontiac, MicTi.\\nVan Gieson Bros Clinton, Mich.\\nVan Gieson, Thos. Son Clinton, Mich.\\nWilbur E. C Adrian, Mich.\\nWinship, N Elba, Mich.\\nWood, A. A Saline, Mich.\\nWelch, E. B Paw Paw, Mich.\\nWelch, G. J. Bro Tekonsha, Mich.\\nWitherell, W. C Tecumseh, ]\\\\Iich.\\nBreeders of Cheviot Sheep,\\nINDIAN\\nW. S. Crodian Fincastle.\\nJ. W. Brothers Estate Morton.\\nWm. Hartman Fincastle.\\nJ. A. Guilliams Fincastle.\\nP. P. Noel Rockville.\\nIsaac Lloyd Son Eussellville.\\nJessie D. Eonk Ladoga.\\nHoward H. Keim Ladoga.\\nT. E. Lockridge Mace.\\nProf. C. S. Plumb LaFayette.\\nHon. D. W. Heagy Columbus.\\nJ. Clayton Mahoney. .Ladoga.\\nS. M. Dunbar Bowers.\\nLuther Gardner Fincastle.\\nGrant Williams Fincastle.\\nNEW YOEK.\\nWm. Curry Son Hartwick.\\nT. N. Curry Hartwick.\\nE. L. Ainslie Hartwick.\\nJohn Bowmaker Hartwick.\\nJohn E. Parr .Hartwick.\\nA. H. Elliott Garrattsville.\\nJohn Lunn Edmeston.\\nLee B. Webb Sugar Hill.\\nC. H. Ward Starkville.\\nThos. Ainslie Son Hartwick.\\nIOWA.\\nU. S. Miller -Pnlaski.\\nJeremiah Miller Stiles.\\nJ. C. Miller -Stilec.\\nVEEMONT\\nL. A. Webster Whiting.\\nC. H. Marshall Vergennes.\\nTENNESSEE\\nH. C. Davidson Elbridge.", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0502.jp2"}, "503": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0503.jp2"}, "504": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3255", "width": "2041", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0504.jp2"}, "505": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3250", "width": "2014", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0505.jp2"}, "506": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3456", "width": "2302", "jp2-path": "sheep00rush_0506.jp2"}}