{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4605", "width": "3207", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "Class\\nBook\\nFTqq i\\n.GrZIo\\nGopyrigMN 0 _\\nCOPYRIGHT DEPOSIT.\\nGPO", "height": "4532", "width": "2925", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4742", "width": "3098", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4632", "width": "2879", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4714", "width": "3062", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4632", "width": "2879", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4714", "width": "3062", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4632", "width": "2879", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "A COMPLETE TREATISE\\nON THE\\nMANUFACTURE OF SOAP.\\nWITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO\\ni\\nAMERICAN CONDITIONS AND PRACTICE.\\nBY\\nu/\\nDR. HENRY GATHMANN,\\nI\\nEditor of the American Soap Journal.\\n3\\nj\u00e2\u0080\u0099o\\n3\\n3\\nSECOND EDITION.\\nCONTAINING\\nMany Practical Additions and Suggestions\\nby a number of successful and well-known Soap Manufacturers, and illustrated\\nby 101 engravings.\\nNEW YORK, U. S. A.\\nv\\nDr. Henry Gathmann, 9 E. 42d Street.\\n1899.\\nL", "height": "4714", "width": "3062", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "N\\nTWO COPIES RECEIVED,\\nLibrary of Congrsas,\\nOffice o f the\\nDtii 6- IRoq\\nS\u00c2\u00bb\\nRegister of Copyrights,\\n5:i?44\\nCopyright by\\nHENRY GATHMANN\\n1899\\nMCOND COPY,\\n\\\\^o4-\\n-VX .Woe", "height": "4660", "width": "3043", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "I\\nPreface to the Second Edition.\\nROM the time when the first edition of American Soaps ap-\\n1 peared in print, seven years ago, the author has continually\\ncollected all available new information that could assist in making\\na later edition of the book more complete and that could serve to\\nkeep it abreast of the times. Much assistance in this respect has\\nbeen gained indirectly from requests for special information made\\nin the interval by purchasers of the original edition, questions\\nwhich have served to show in what directions the book could be\\ncompleted by greater details or brought up to date by newer in\u00c2\u00ac\\nformation. Besides this, many voluntary contributions and pract\u00c2\u00ac\\nical hints have been received during the same time from numerous\\nfriends, for the express purpose of having them embodied in the\\nnew edition so long in preparation.\\nAs the result of these several additions, every chapter of the\\noriginal work has been carefully revised, completed and brought\\nup to date, embodying changes which in some chapters amount to\\npractically an entirely new treatment of the subject.\\nApart from these substantial additions and changes made in\\nevery part of the work, there are three entirely new chapters on\\nsubjects of importance which have been added on the suggestion\\nof friends some of whom had placed their order in advance for a\\ncopy of any new edition that might appear.\\nThe plan underlying the original edition of this work, namely\\nto print only matter of practical importance, excluding all obsolete\\nprocesses, theoretical methods, intricate chemistry, etc., has met\\nwith such favor among the practical manufacturers of soap in all\\ncountries, that it has been scrupulously adhered to in the present\\nedition as well; the new items and changes consist of practical\\npoints almost exclusively.\\nIn respect to the (new) chapter on simple tests to be made in\\nthe soap factory, for the purpose of examining raw materials and", "height": "4714", "width": "3062", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "4\\nPrfface.\\nproducts, the same plan has been followed; that is to say, on the\\nground that those equipped for elaborate tests are also provided\\nwith the latest literature on that subject, no attempt has been\\nmade to describe difficult chemical tests requiring expert skill to\\nmake them instead of that there are collected in this chapter tests\\nthat can be made with little difficulty by every soapmaker, with\\nresults at least valuable, if not always so absolutely correct as can\\nin certain cases be obtained by one experienced in difficult chemi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncal work and equipped with a large laboratory.\\nIn short, this revised edition has been prepared with a view\\nto preserve American Soaps the distinction it has already gained\\nthat of being the standard text book on the art of soapmaking as\\nactually practiced in American factories.\\nIn conclusion, as it was a pleasant duty to acknowledge be\u00c2\u00ac\\nfore my indebtedness for numerous valuable hints and sugges\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions, to such practical manufacturers as Messrs. Geo. A. Schmidt,\\nMelzer Bros., F. B. Strunz and others, so I have again to thank\\nnumerous friends, who have, by their recent communications\\nand advice, assisted materially in bringing together the new ma\u00c2\u00ac\\nterial now added to this work, most of which now appears in\\nprint for the first time.\\nNew York, November, 1899.\\ntfl vV\\nIV l/y", "height": "4660", "width": "3043", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "INDEX OF CONTENTS.\\nIntroduction\\nPage.\\n11\\nCHAPTER I.\\nThe Nature of Soap.\\nAlkalies in general.1. 23\\nFats and fatty acids in general. 24\\nSoap, its formation, various ingredients, c. 25\\nCHAPTER II.\\nFats and Oil s.\\nFats and oils, their effect on soap, c.\\nRancidity.\\nAdulteration of fats and oils, preliminary tests for same\\nRendering (2 illustrations).\\nTallow and bleaching same.\\nGrease and bleaching same.\\nLard.\\nCocoanut oil and bleaching same copra oil.\\nPalm oil and bleaching same (1 illustration).\\nPalm kernel oil.\\nOlive oil and foots bleaching foots.\\nCottonseed oil bleaching.\\nCottonseed stearin.\\nCottonseed foots soap stock bleaching.\\nLinseed oil and bleaching same..\\nCastor oil.\\nWool grease lanolin.\\nVarious other oils and fats.\\nOleic acid (red oil).\\nRosin.\\n31\\n3r,\\n35\\n38\\n42\\n45\\n47\\n48\\n51\\n55\\n56\\n57\\n60\\n60\\n62\\n63\\n63\\n64\\n66\\n68", "height": "4714", "width": "3062", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "6 Index.\\nCHAPTER III.\\nLye scale (1 illustration). 71\\nGrades of alkali. 72\\nQuality of Lyes. 73\\nEffect of lyes of different quality, in different stock and processes. 74\\nPure caustic carbonate of soda. 76\\nSalt. 76\\nPotash... 77\\nEffect of lyes of different strengths. 78\\nCHAPTER IV.\\nFilling Materials.\\nTalc. 79\\nSilex. 80\\nSilicate of soda and of potash. 80\\nStarch. 81\\nMineral soap stock. 82\\nSoda ash, sal soda, sulphate of soda, salt, potash, borax, c. 82\\nVarious other materials used in soap making. 83\\nCHAPTER V.\\nThe Soap Factory.\\nLocation. 87\\nArrangement. 87\\nThe building. 88\\nThe lye tank (6 illustrations). 89\\nStrunz patent lye apparatus (2 illustrations). 95\\nMelting trough (1 illustration). 98\\nSettling tank. 99\\nStock blower (1 illustration). 100\\nSoap kettles (10 illustrations). 101\\nConnections with kettles. Ill\\nSoap pumps (9 illustrations). 112\\nCrutchers and re-melters (11 illustrations). 116\\nSal soda tank. 127\\nSoap frames (7 illustrations). 127\\nTrucks (1 illustration). 132\\nSlabbers and cutters (9 illustrations). 134\\nDrying apparatus (2 illustrations). 141\\nPresses (11 illustrations). 142\\nDies (18 illustrations), including safety devices. 149\\nChipper (2 illustrations). 164\\nMill (3 illustrations).\u00e2\u0080\u00a2. 165\\nPlodder (3 illustrations). 166\\nPowder mills (1 illustration). 169\\nSteam separator (1 illustration). 170", "height": "4660", "width": "3043", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "Index.\\n7\\nCHAPTER VI.\\nManufacture of Soaps.\\nPage.\\nSelection of materials and methods for certain soaps. 173\\nForm and quality of soaps. 178\\nSpecial properties of the soap to be made. 179\\nSelection of process (cold, half-boiled, boiled, milled). 180\\nRe-melted soap. 188\\nCHAPTER VII.\\nSettled Soaps.\\nRosin soap. 185\\nSaponification of the fat. 186\\nGraining. 190\\nRosin Change. 192\\nStrengthening change. y 194\\nFinishing. 195\\nGeneral remarks. 196\\nFraming and filling. 197\\nStripping, cuttiug, drying, c. 201\\nThe nigre and its uses. 202\\nScraps. 204\\nWhite settled soap. 205\\nCHAPTER VIII.\\nBoiled-Down Soaps.\\nGerman mottled. 212\\nWhite boiled-down soap. 220\\nCHAPTER IX.\\nEschweger Soap.\\nEschweger soap. 223\\nBlue mottled. 229\\nModified process. 232\\nCHAPTER X.\\nSoft (Potasii) Soap.\\nGeneral remarks. 235\\nStock and lye. 237\\nFilling. 238\\nRosin 240\\nThe boiling. 243\\nCrown soaps. 243\\nFigged soaps. 245\\nArtificially figged soap. 247", "height": "4714", "width": "3062", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "Index.\\n8\\nCHAPTER XI.\\nGeneral Remarks.\\nPage.\\nGeneral remarks on boiling soaps. 241)\\nCHAPTER XII.\\nHalf-Boiled Soaps.\\nIntroduetion and description of process, filling, e. 257\\nAdvantages and disadvantages of lialf-boiling. 259\\nHalf-boiled white soap. 261\\nfor milling. 262\\nu mottled. 2613\\nfloating soap. 264\\nrosin soap. 264\\ntar soap. 265\\nfilled soap. 266\\ncocoanut oil soap. 266\\ntransparent (see special chapter).\\nCHAPTER XIII.\\nCold-Made Soap.\\nAdvantages and disadvantages of cold process. 269\\nSelection of stock for cold-made soaps. 271\\nPurity of the stock. 273\\nQuality of the lye. 275\\nQuantity and strength of lye.:. 277\\nTemperature of stock for mixing. 279\\nMixing and saponification.;... 281\\nFilling. 283\\nPerfuming, coloring, marbling. 284\\nFormulas for various cold-made soaps. 286\\nPure cocoanut oil soap. 286\\nFilled cocoanut oil soap.. 287\\nCocoanut oil soap, filled with salt solution. 287\\nTallow and cocoanut oil soap. 287\\nGlycerin soap. 290\\nLanolin soap. 291\\nLaundry soaps. 291\\nRosin soaps. 292\\nTar soap. 293\\nCarbolic soap. 294\\nUtilizing scraps of cold soaps. 294\\nCHAPTER XIV.\\n299\\nRe-Melting Soap", "height": "4660", "width": "3043", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XV.\\nMilled Soaps.\\nPage.\\nGeneral remarks. 303\\nStock for milled soaps. 305\\nThe milling process.... 307\\nPerfuming milled soaps. 310\\ntr\\n1\\nCHAPTER XVI.\\nColoring and Perfuming.\\nColoring.,. 313\\nPerfuming. 319\\nSelection and preparation of the perfumes. 337\\nPerfumes for laundry soaps. 340\\ncold-made soaps... 341\\n(boiled) milled toilet soaps. 345\\nCHAPTER XVII.\\nPressing the Soap 350\\nCHAPTER XVIII.\\nSpecial Soaps.\\nFloating soap. 357\\nTransparent soap. 359\\nGeneral remarks. 359\\nShaving soap.. 367\\nPerfuming. 370\\nTooth soap. 370\\nScouring soap. 372\\nMetal polishing soap.-. 374\\nHarness soap. 374\\nCarbolic soap.\u00e2\u0080\u0099. 375\\nRed mottled castile...*. 375\\nSaltwater soap. 376\\nTar soap. 376\\nGall soap. 377\\nMedicinal soap. 378\\nSulphur soap. 383\\nSurgical soap. 384\\nWashing powder. 385", "height": "4714", "width": "3062", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIX.\\nPage.\\nSal Soda Making. 389\\nCHAPTER XX.\\nGlycerin and its Recovery from Waste Lye.\\nRecovery from waste lye. 397\\nI\\nCHAPTER XXI.\\nThe Simpler Tests and Examinations in the Soap Factory.\\nAlcohol. 413\\nBorax 414\\nEssential oils. 415\\nFats and oils. 419\\nGlycerin. 422\\nSoaps. 424\\nSoda and potash. 427\\nTar. 432\\nTables etc. 437\\nThe thermometer.. 439\\nTable showing centigrade degrees and their equivalent on Fahrenheit\\nscale. 440\\nAppendix. 443\\nIndex. 451", "height": "4660", "width": "3043", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "PART I.\\nA", "height": "4714", "width": "3062", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "I", "height": "4660", "width": "3043", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "A Few Words to the Practical Soapmakers.\\nAmong the contents of this book the practical soapmaker\\nwill recognize many statements of facts which, through his own\\npractical experience and observation, and through his previous\\nstudy of the subject, have become perfectly familiar to him ere\\nthis. If they appear here, it is of course not with a claim for\\nnovelty, but for the sake of completeness, and for the benefit of\\nthose less well informed.\\nIf he read the book attentively, and from the beginning to\\nthe end, he will undoubtedly be amply repaid for his trouble\\nby finding in it also many useful suggestions which are new to\\nhim, and whose value he will readily admit without question.\\nIt being in the nature of the case that such suggestions must be\\ndistributed over many different pages and chapters, the soap-\\nmaker should not fail to read all of the book, including also such\\nchapters as may treat of soaps which he does not make, especially\\nso since there has been absolutely no useless padding added to\\nunnecessarily swell the number of pages.\\nThe principal object, however, of especially addressing the\\npractical soapmakers in these few lines, is to remind them of the\\nfact that the time has not come yet when even the most expert\\nwill agree on all the practical points involved in their art, even\\nunder the same conditions otherwise, and that circumstances\\nvary on every hand. It is therefore fully expected that the ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nperienced soapmaker will find in the practical part of this book\\nmore or less that he will see proper to disagree with. It is his\\nprivilege to criticize this work, but he should not do so until he\\nhas carefully read the whole book, nor without considering that\\nthis treatise is based on the actual experience of many of the\\nmost expert in the art; those practical soapmakers, therefore,\\nwill not be doing justice to their own best interests who refuse", "height": "4714", "width": "3062", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "18 A Few Words to the Practical Soapmakers.\\nto at least give the most serious thought to all those points ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npressed that happen not to be in accord with the opinions they\\nhave held up to the present.\\nIn regard to the figures named here and there as to strength,\\nquantity or time, every soapmaker knows from experience that\\nthere is hardly an operation carried out in the factory which is\\nnot subject to changes under varying circumstances the arrange\u00c2\u00ac\\nment of the kettles and of the other machinery, changes in the\\npurity of the raw materials, climate and local conditions, as well\\nas the greater or less degree of care and time that can be devoted\\nto the quality of the product, and the state of the market\u00e2\u0080\u0094all\\nthese have more or less bearing on the special figures to be in\u00c2\u00ac\\nserted into the several formulas. It is therefore insisted above\\nall that in the elucidation of principles, as much as in the formu\u00c2\u00ac\\nlas, lies the value of this work, if the author may make bold at\\nall to presume that it has any.", "height": "4660", "width": "3043", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "Introduction.\\nAlthough the art of soap making reaches so far back into\\nantiquity that its early beginnings are now merely matters of\\nconjecture, it is only in the last hundred years that the principle\\nfeatures of the art, as it is conducted at the present day, were\\ndeveloped.\\nLeblanc\u00e2\u0080\u0099s diseov*\\nIt is now just a century ago (1791) that Leblanc, a French ery of artificial\\nsoda.\\nchemist, discovered and patented a process of manufacturing\\nsoda from common salt, and this invention, more than any other\\ninfluence, brought about great changes in the manner in which\\n:his industty has since been conducted.\\nPrevious to the manufacture of this artificial soda, the alka\u00c2\u00ac\\nlies employed by the soapmaker were derived mostly from the\\nashes of various plants. Special forms of such crude alkalies\\nmuch used formerly (and still employed to a limited extent at\\nthe places of their production) are barilla and kelp. The former\\nis a crude soda derived from burning plants that grow along the\\nshores of the Mediterranean the latter is a similar material\\nmade in more northern countries by burning several varieties of\\nseaweeds. Ashes from plants growing in places more distant\\nfrom the sea contain mostly potash, instead of soda. Leblanc,\\nwhose invention has been of incalculable benefit to mankind,\\ndied in the greatest poverty in the year 1806.\\nFifty years later (1841) another great discovery, and one of chevreui\u00e2\u0080\u0099sdiseov\\nconsiderable influence in the soap industry also, was made by\\nChevreul\u00e2\u0080\u0094like Leblanc, a celebrated French chemist\u00e2\u0080\u0094who at\\nthat time discovered the true composition of fats, and who was\\nfirst to explain correctly the nature of the chemical action by\\nwhich soap is formed from fat and alkalies. His discovery has\\nbeen of the greatest practical value to the fat industry, and all\\nthe allied branches Chevreul died only a few years ago (1889)", "height": "4714", "width": "3062", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "20\\nIntroduction.\\nat the remarkable age of 102 years, and, unlike the unfortunate\\nLeblanc, had the satisfaction of at least reaping a substantial\\nreward for his numerous useful labors.\\nTo the achievements of these two men, therefore, is due in\\na great measure, directly and indirectly, the enormous develop\u00c2\u00ac\\nment of the soap industry at present. It is true that other pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ncesses for the artificial manufacture of soda have since been\\ndiscovered and come into use, besides the Leblanc process, but\\nthis was at a time when the Leblanc alkali had already modified\\nthe manufacture of soap to a very great extent.\\nConsidering then the comparatively recent date of these two\\nfar-reaching discoveries, it is not. surprising that\u00e2\u0080\u0094particularly\\nin the United States\u00e2\u0080\u0094the manufacture of soap should have un\u00c2\u00ac\\ndergone great changes in the last fifty years, especially as it is\\nonly since 1839 that cocoanut oil came into use for soap making,\\nwhile cotton seed oil was not introduced until about fifteen years\\nlater. Fifty years ago the American methods still greatly re\u00c2\u00ac\\nsembled those employed in England, but since that time they\\nhave become materially changed. The New England States\\nwere then the principal center of the American soap industry,\\nand the soaps made from the raw materials and with the appli\u00c2\u00ac\\nances available were in many respects very different from those\\nof the present time. Filling materials were practically unknown,\\nand the \u00e2\u0080\u009csettled soap was simply run into the wooden (lift\\nframes and crutched for hours until it became thick from cooling\\nor it was finished by boiling down, or perhaps by \u00e2\u0080\u009crunning.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe soap was ladeled by hand from the kettles into the frames,\\nor into buckets or tubs, which were then carried to where the\\nframes were placed, to le emptied into the latter. The soap\\nkettles were made of cast iron bottoms, to which a wooden curb\\nwas fastened by means of wedges and cement, and the composi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of a cement that would prevent leakage for any length of\\ntime was then considered a great trade secret! Through the\\nwooden curb just mentioned a pipe entered, which reached down\\nto near the bottom of the kettle and by means of which the\\nwaste lye was run off. The kettles were heated by open fire and\\nthe contents were stirred and kept from burning or adhering to\\nthe bottom by means of a long iron rod, flattened at the end.\\nThe lye was made either by causticizing soda ash with lime\\nor by leaching wood ashes, for caustic soda did not become a\\ncommercial article until the beginning of the present century,", "height": "4660", "width": "3043", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "Introduction.\\n21\\nand was but slowly adopted for use in soap factories at first.\\nThe first pressed cakes of laundry soap are said to have been\\nbrought on the market by B. T. Babbitt, of New York. At\\nthat time the soapmakers also were much more generally man\u00c2\u00ac\\nufacturing candles, lard oil, potash and soft soap than they are\\nnow.\\nWhen the civil war broke out rosin became very scarce, and\\nwas, therefore, largely substituted by simply adding water to\\nthe soap silicate of soda was used similarly in some cases, but\\nits use had not yet become general at that time. Most forms of\\nadulterations of soap have become known only within the last\\nhalf century.\\nAfter the war, when rosin was again more plentiful, there M proveraents\\nwas a tendency at first to return to the old methods of making\\nunfilled settled soap, but soon after (some time in the sixties)\\nthe process of hardening resin soaps by means of sal soda was\\nfirst introduced; its first application is ascribed to A. Van Haagen,\\nthen of Philadelphia.\\nGradually the process of recovering glycerin from waste\\nsoap lye had been perfected in England, and began to be prac\u00c2\u00ac\\nticed and improved upon in our large soap factories here, until\\nnow a crude glycerin is furnished to refiners by quite a number\\nof soap factories, operating by various methods, while there is\\nalso a constantly growing list of soap factories in which the\\ncrude glycerin is worked up into the refined article.\\nThe early beginnings of soap powder manufacturers also\\nfall into this period, and at the present date have developed into\\na by no means inconsiderable industry.\\nAbout twenty years ago white floating soap was first brought\\non the market by Proctor Gamble, Cincinnati, Ohio.\\nNaturally, during these fifty years a great number of im\u00c2\u00ac\\nprovements in the equipment of factories were also made, and a\\nlarge number of patents were secured on machinery and pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ncesses relating to soap making. Few, if any, of the patented\\nprocesses, however, have proved useful.\\nAt present the best grades of soap made in America are at\\nleast equal to those made anywhere in the world, while in regard\\nto mechanical facilities for operating on large quantities, with\\nthe greatest economy of time and labor, this country is acknow\u00c2\u00ac\\nledged to take the lead.", "height": "4714", "width": "3062", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4660", "width": "3043", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER I.\\nThe Nature of Soap.\\nThe soaps of commerce being- essentially products of fats\\nand alkali, a few preliminary remarks about these ingredients\\nwill not be out of place before considering the nature of soap\\nitself.\\nALKALIES.\\nThe term \u00e2\u0080\u0098\u00e2\u0080\u0098alkalies\u00e2\u0080\u009d is employed to designate a certain\\nsmall group of chemicals which are characterized principally by\\nthe following properties They are caustic (that is to say, cor\u00c2\u00ac\\nrosive, destructive, on animal tissues), soluble in water, combine\\nreadily with acids\u00e2\u0080\u0094whose properties they neutralize in so doing\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094and turn certain vegetable yellow colors into red. The alkalies,\\nni the order of their importance to the soapmaker, are Soda, Pot\u00c2\u00ac\\nash, and Ammonia. (To this group also belongs Lithia, which,\\nhowever, is of no special interest to the soapmaker). When an\\nacid of any kind is subjected to the action of an alkali, there is\\nformed a new compound\u00e2\u0080\u0094chemically called a \u00e2\u0080\u009csalt\u00e2\u0080\u009d\u00e2\u0080\u0094which will\\nbe neutral, e neither acid nor alkaline in its effect on animal\\ntissues or on vegetable colors. (See Appendix, Note 1.) Soap\\nis, chemically speaking, such a salt.\\nThe alkalies may be either \u00e2\u0080\u009ccarbonated\u00e2\u0080\u009d or \u00e2\u0080\u009ccaustic.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Car\u00c2\u00ac\\nbonated soda, for instance, is soda combined with carbonic acid,\\nas in the case of ordinary washing soda, or soda crystals. When\\nthe carbonic acid is withdrawn from the latter by any suitable\\nmeans, such as quicklime, the previously \u00e2\u0080\u009ccarbonated\u00e2\u0080\u009d soda be\u00c2\u00ac\\ncomes \u00e2\u0080\u009ccaustic\u00e2\u0080\u009d soda.\\nAlkaline Earths: Lime and Magnesia are similar to, but not\\ntrue alkalies; they belong to a class of chemicals to which has\\nbeen given the name of \u00e2\u0080\u009calkaline earths,\u00e2\u0080\u009d because their proper\u00c2\u00ac\\nties are partly identical with those of the true alkalies, while on\\nAlkalies defined.\\nCarbonated and\\ncaustic alkalies\\nAlkaline earths,", "height": "4714", "width": "3062", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "24\\nThe Nature of Soap.\\nComposition of\\nFats and Oils.\\nthe other hand they range themselves with the true earths.\\nTheir compounds with fatty acids are soaps in a certain sense,\\nbut being insoluble in water, cannot be used for the purposes of\\nthe ordinary soda or potash soaps. (See Appendix, Note 1.)\\nFATS AND FATTY ACIDS.\\nThe numerous fats and fatty oils of animal as well as veget\u00c2\u00ac\\nable origin, such as tallow, bone grease, lard, train oil, palm oil,\\ncotton seed oil, cocoanut oil, etc.., etc., are neutral substances,\\nwhich may be decomposed by the aid of a current of superheated\\nsteam, or by other suitable means, into two distinctly separate\\nportions a mixture of so-called \u00e2\u0080\u009cfatty acids\u00e2\u0080\u009d or sebacic acids\\non one hand, and the familiar substance of \u00e2\u0080\u009cglycerin\u00e2\u0080\u009d on the\\nother. When a fat has been so decomposed into its constituent\\nparts, the fatty acids in their uncombined state exert a distinctly\\nacid effect on other substances, as may be witnessed, for instance,\\nin the corrosion of metals by lubricating greases containing free\\nfatty acids. The fats are insoluble in water, melt and burn\\nreadily, and cause permanent grease stains if applied to paper\\nthey combine with alkalies, alkaline earths, etc., to form various\\ncompounds. Glycerin is a neutral substance, formed by the\\ncombination of water with the \u00e2\u0080\u009cglyceryl\u00e2\u0080\u009d contained in neutral\\nfats.\\nEach fat, as is found in nature, contains several different\\nfatty acids, (combined with glycerin), the principal ones of\\nwhich are named respectively stearic, palmitic and oleic acid.\\nTallow, for instance, may be separated by pressure, suitably ap\u00c2\u00ac\\nplied, into a liquid and a solid portion, the former being prin\u00c2\u00ac\\ncipally olein (oleic acid combined with glycerin) and the latter\\na mixture of palmitin and stearin (palmitic and stearic acid,\\ncombined with glycerin.) Oleic acid is liquid at ordinary tem\u00c2\u00ac\\nperatures, congealing only when cooled to about 40 c F. Eauric,\\npalmitic and stearic acids are solid, melting at about 110\u00c2\u00b0, 144\u00c2\u00b0,\\nand 156 F., respectively. According as the most solid fatty\\nacids are present in larger proportions the different fats them\u00c2\u00ac\\nselves will be more solid.\\nThe fatty acids of any fat desired may be most easily pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ncured for examination by dissolving some soap, made of such fat,\\nin water, and adding a little sulphuric acid, whereby the fatty\\nacids are displaced from their combination with the alkali and\\nrise\u00e2\u0080\u0094mixed with each other in proportions according to the", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "The Nature of Soap.\\n25\\nnature of the fat from which the soap was made\u00e2\u0080\u0094to the surface\\nof the solution. (See Appendix, Notes 2 and 3.)\\nThe \u00e2\u0080\u009cmineral\u00e2\u0080\u009d and the \u00e2\u0080\u009cessential\u00e2\u0080\u009d oils are entirely differ\u00c2\u00ac\\nent substances in composition from the fatty oils; they have\\nhardly anything- in common with the latter (except their oily ap\u00c2\u00ac\\npearance and ready inflammability), containing* neither fatty\\nacids nor g^cerin, and are incapable of forming- soaps.\\nSOAPS.\\nThe Formation of Soap As has been said in the foregoing,\\na neutral compound is the result when an acid and a base, such\\nas an alkali, are caused to chemically react upon each other.\\nThis is true in the case of the fatty acids as well as in that of\\nthe stronger mineral acids\u00e2\u0080\u0094such as sulphuric and nitric acids\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nand when a quantity of an}^ fatty acid is boiled together with an\\nequivalent amount of a solution of caustic alkali in water (lye),\\nthe product will be the neutral compound \u00e2\u0080\u009cSoap.\u00e2\u0080\u009d It is not,\\nhowever, necessar} T or even desirable, to decompose the fat into\\nfree fatty acids and glyceryl (or glycerin) before boiling with\\nlye, in order to make soap, for acids naturally have a stronger\\naffinity for alkali than for glyceryl, and consequently when a\\nneutral fat is boiled with a caustic lye, the fatty acids thereof\\ncombine with the alkali, separating from the glyceryl-which\\nin turn combines with some of the water of the lye and is, at\\nthe end of the operation, found in the kettle as glycerin (which\\nis uncombined with the soap and simply mechanically mixed\\nwith the mass); in boiled soaps the gljxerin is generally separ\\nated, together with the waste lye in which it is dissolved, in the\\nnext stage of the manufacture. To recapitulate the essential\\nparts of the foregoing, then, in one short statement, compare\\nthe following two lines\\nFats are neutral salts of fatty acids with glyceryl as a base.\\nSoaps alkali\\nThe process of soapmaking is, therefore, essentially a substitu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of one base (alkali) for another (glyceryl.) In combining\\nto form soap, as described, the fatty acids as well as the alkali\\nlose their identity, so to speak, for the soap is not corrosive as\\nwas the alkali, nor is it greasy and insoluble in water, as were\\nthe fatty acids; from this it is evident that soap is not simply a\\nmixture of alkali and fatty acids, but a true chemical compound\\nin other words they are the soda (or potash) salts of stearic,\\nMineral and es\u00c2\u00ac\\nsential oils.\\nCombination of\\nfats and alkali.", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "26\\nThe Nature of Soap.\\nDefinite p ro por\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions of fat and\\nalkali reqiiii\u00e2\u0080\u0099ed.\\nNecessity and ef\u00c2\u00ac\\nfect of w a t e r\\npresent in soap.\\npalmitic, oleic, and lauric acids, mixed in varying proportions\\naccording to the kinds of stock used. Here now it must be re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmembered that, while mixtures may be made in any desired pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nportion of one ingredient to the other, chemical compounds are\\nformed always in absolutely fixed proportions. Thus a certain\\namount of fat requires a certain amount of alkali to transform\\nit into soap if less alkali than required be used, a part of the\\nfat will remain simply mixed in the soap, unsaturated by lye,\\nand the product will be but incompletely soluble in water and\\nof a greasy ctuiracter; if more than the required amount of lye\\nbe employed, it will\u00e2\u0080\u0094unless removed by subsequent treatment\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nremain in the soap as free alkali, and make the product sharp\\nand caustic in the proportion of the excess present. When made\\nproperly, the fatty acids of the soap balance (neutralize) exactly\\nthe causticity of the lye, and the soap is neutral. The process\\nof soap making therefore, consists in its principal features in\\nbringing fat and alkali into direct contact with each other by suit\u00c2\u00ac\\nable means, whereby the fatty acids combine chemically with\\nthe alkali to form soap, glycerin being at the same time set\\nfree from the fat and either remaining in the soap or being re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmoved by subsequent treatment, according to the particular\\nprocess of manufacture adopted. (See Appendix, Note 4.)\\nThe ordinary soaps of commerce are soluble in alcohol and\\nin weak caustic lye, but insoluble in ether, benzol, petroleum\\nether, and in concentrated lye. Alcoholic solutions are trans\u00c2\u00ac\\nparent and on cooling \u00e2\u0080\u0094if sufficiently concentrated\u00e2\u0080\u0094form a jelly,\\nthe basis of several soap liniments. If from such a solution the\\nalcohol is expelled by evaporation the soap remains as a solid,\\ntransparent, non-crystalline mass. Solutions in hot water are\\nclear, while those in cold water are opalescent.\\nThe Water in Soap: There is also required, for the proper\\nformation of soap, a certain percentage of water which enables\\nthe particles of soap to form a compact and yet readily soluble\\nmass. Other thing\u00e2\u0080\u0099s being equal, the soap is more easily solu\u00c2\u00ac\\nble\u00e2\u0080\u0094 and thereby more rapidly effective\u00e2\u0080\u0094in the proportion that\\nit contains a greater percentage of water this proportion, of\\ncourse, must be within reasonable limits in the product to be\\nmarketed, as an excessive amount would be in the nature of a\\ndeception from the purchasers\u00e2\u0080\u0099 standpoint, besides being sure,\\nby subsequent evaporation, to render the soap unsightly and too\\nlight in weight. Freshly made soap washes quickly, but is apt", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "The Nature of Soap.\\n27\\nto waste away in consequence of its greater solubility on which\\nthis rapid action depends. On drying* it becomes more economi\\ncal for use, but a certain amount of water (bound in the crystals\\nof soap) is retained under all ordinary circumstances, even if the\\nsoap has been kept for years and appears exceedingly dry. When\\nwell dried, soda-soaps become very hard and difficult to dissolve,\\nand are then rather unsuitable for ordinary use. The amount\\nof water contained in commercial hard soaps including that only\\nadmixed and that bound chemically, varies greatly, from say\\nabout 10 to 12 per cent, to 35 or 40 a greater proportion than\\nthe latter may be said to exceed the quantity really permissible\\nfor a fair commercial article.\\nDry soft (potash) soaps attract moisture from the atmos\u00c2\u00ac\\nphere. Soaps made from different fats show great variations in\\ntheir affinity for water.\\nOther Ingredients in Soap: Soap proper contains, as decribed\\nabove, fatty acids, alkali, and a moderate amount of water but\\ncertain other additional substances generally enter into the com\u00c2\u00ac\\nposition of the commercial products, for various purposes\u00e2\u0080\u0094legi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntimate and otherwise. Among these may be mentioned Rosin,\\nas a partial substitute for fats carbonate of soda, and other\\nsalts, for hardening and rendering the soap more detergent; sand,\\ntripoli, pumice stone, and like substances, which aid mechani\u00c2\u00ac\\ncally in the process of cleaning; glycerin, etc., for giving\\nthe soap greater emollient properties sugar, alcohol and glycer\u00c2\u00ac\\nin, for transparency; sulphur, tar, carbolic acid, and the like,\\nfor medicated soaps colors and perfumes of many varieties\\nsilicate of soda, talc, starch, mineral soap stock, and other cheap\u00c2\u00ac\\nening materials, etc., etc. (For further particulars on the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cFilling\u00e2\u0080\u009d materials see Chapter IV.)\\nThe Structure of Soap On a casual observation, soap ap\u00c2\u00ac\\npears to be a perfectly homogeneous mass. But on examining it\\nmore closely it will be found that the various soaps present con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsiderable differences in their structure, depending on the manner\\nin which the} 7- were made. Cold-made soaps are the only ones\\nwhich present a simple aggregate of microscopically small crys\u00c2\u00ac\\ntals, formed by the compounds of the different fatty acids with\\nthe alkali. Milled soaps have a very dense, even, grainy texture\\ncaused by the peculiar action of the machinery on the soap,\\nwhich may have been made by the boiling or (more rarely) by\\nthe cold or half-boiling process. Boiled soaps, if framed hot\\nVarious ingre\u00c2\u00ac\\ndients of soaps 1\\nThevarying struc\u00c2\u00ac\\nture of soaps\\nmade by various\\nmethods.", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "28\\nThe Nature of Soap.\\nDecomposition of\\nsoap in use.\\nEffect of h a r d\\nwater in wash\u00c2\u00ac\\ning.\\nand without filling-, will crystallize on cooling-, the stearate of\\nsoda crystallizing-out from the more slowly cong-ealing- oleate of\\nsoda, the grain formed by this process being more or less modi\u00c2\u00ac\\nfied by the temperature of framing, by the materials used, and\\nby the size of the frames. If the same soaps are crutched until\\nthey are reduced to a lower temperature, these crystals will be\\nless plainly developed, or at least will be distributed more evenly\\nthrough the mass, and therefore be hardly noticeable. If filling\\nis crutched in instead of framing the soap in its pure state, it\\nwill in most cases destroy the crystallization and cause an almost\\nhomogeneous texture.\\nThe Effect of Soap in Washing: Just in what manner the\\nsoap exerts its detersive action has been a matter of much specu\u00c2\u00ac\\nlation and research. The generally accepted theory regarding\\nthis subject is that, when this soap is dissolved in water, it un\u00c2\u00ac\\ndergoes a peculiar form of decomposition by which the neutral\\ncompound is split up into two parts\u00e2\u0080\u0094an alkaline soap and an\\nacid soap. The alkaline soap is soluble in water and is believed\\nto act by emulsionizing* the particles of grease contained in the\\narticles to be cleansed, so that the dust and dirt attached to them\\ncan be easily removed the acid soap is almost insoluble in hot\\nwater, but more so in the soap solution, and according to this\\ntheory, contributes to the cleansing effect by the particles of dirt\\nattaching themselves to the flakes of acid soap and thus being\\nrinsed off with the latter. (See Appendix, Note 5.)\\nThe Water Used in Washing: The condition of the water\\nused in washing has much to do with the action of the soap.\\nHard water, containing compounds of lime and of magnesia,\\nhas a peculiar effect on soap, as the sulphuric or the carbolic acid\\nforming a part of the compounds named are capable of decom\u00c2\u00ac\\nposing it, combining at the same time with the alkali which it\\ncontains, and setting free the fatty acids, which then combine\\nat once to form insoluble soaps with the lime of magnesia (see\\nApp., Note 9). In such case the lime soap (or magnesia soap)\\nformed by the reaction here described, being insoluble in water,\\nappears in minute flakes, which adhere to the meshes and fibres\\n*In the presence of certain substances, as alkalies for instance, a mix\u00c2\u00ac\\nture of fat and water will form an emulsion,\u00e2\u0080\u009d i. e., the fat is divided into\\nmicroscopically small globules which float in the water, giving the mixture\\na milky appearance.", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "The Nature of Soap.\\n29\\nof the cloth and produce a yellow discoloration and ultimately\\na disagreeable odor of the clot*hes. It is a matter of every-day\\nobservation that soft water in washing cleanses more readily and\\nleaves the clothes whiter than when hard water is used, and\\nwhen soap is used in hard water the insoluble flakes of lime or\\nmagnesia soap are readily seen. (The alkali of the soap, to\u00c2\u00ac\\ngether with the acid of the lime compound which causes the\\nhardness, forms a new compound which remains dissolved in the\\nwater and is of no especial harm.) As gradually all the lime\\nor magnesia of a hard water is so decomposed by soap, the hard\u00c2\u00ac\\nness of the water decreases. So also has the free alkali in a soap\\na tendency to precipitate the lime (by combining with the car\u00c2\u00ac\\nbonic acid contained in the carbonates of lime and magnesia gen\u00c2\u00ac\\nerally present in hard waters), and consequently to neutralize the\\nhardness it thus happens that a soap which, on account of the\\nfree alkali contained in it, is very sharp when used in soft water,\\nmay be much less so, or even quite neutral, when used in hard\\nwater in this case a soap containing a small excess of caustic\\nstrength is more serviceable than a neutral soap. (See App.,\\nNote 10). It has been calculated that the hardness of the water\\nof the Thames causes an annual loss of soap in the city of Lon\u00c2\u00ac\\ndon alone amounting to considerably over half a million dollars.\\nThe temperature of the water used for washing has as much\\ninfluence on the efficiency of a soap as has its degree of hardness.\\nThe hard soap used almost exclusively in the households of this\\ncountry is but imperfectly soluble in cold water, the soap formed\\nby the combination of stearic acid and soda being soluble only\\nin water at a higher temperature. Tallow and grease are es\u00c2\u00ac\\npecially rich in stearine, and when the soaps are made of these\\nfats the use of cold water entails a loss of soap for the reason\\njust given; but further than that the process of emulsionizing\\nthe fatty and greasy matter to be removed by washing, as referred\\nto above, takes place very imperfectly only when the water used\\nfor washing is cold. Hot water, therefore, it is evident, is in\\nevery way preferable. Aside from the points involved in the\\nbefore mentioned theory on the action of soap, the great pene\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrating properties of soap solution and its lubricating qualities\\ncome into play in washing, and contribute largely to the thorough\\neffect and prompt action.\\nVarious D etergent Substances: Besides soap, a number of\\nsubstances possessing cleansing properties have been used for\\nEffect of alkaline\\nsoap on hard\\nwater.\\nEffect of tempera\\nture of water in\\nwashing.\\nVarious detergent\\nsubstances.", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "30\\nThe Nature of Soap.\\ndetergent purposes, and in the case of a few are sometimes in\u00c2\u00ac\\ncorporated into soap. In the earliest times wood ashes were\\nused for cleansing, owing to their contents of potash. It was\\nthen also discovered that the action of lime increased their\\nefficiency (by causticizing them.) From this undoubtedly arose\\nthe invention of soap making, b} 7 combining the caustic lye with\\nfats.\\nIn some countries the juices of a great variety of plants are\\nutilized for cleansing purposes, the saponaceous principle being\\nvariously extracted from the roots, barks, leaves or fruits of these\\nplants, which in a few cases form the subject of a somewhat\\nlimited commerce. Quxllaia bark from Chile, for instance, is\\nsometimes used for washing silk; a bulb known in California as\\namole is sometimes employed as an ingredient for soap making,\\nand was used for cleansing purposes by the Indians of this\\ncountry before they learned the use of soap from the white\\nman. Yucca is another plant (a native of Virginia and Carolina)\\nwhich has detersive properties. Among the other substances to\\nbe mentioned in this connection are Fuller\u00e2\u0080\u0099s earth and China\\nclay, which have the property of absorbing greasy matters and\\nthe alkaline substances, borax, ammonia, silicate of soda and\\ncarbonate of soda, also benzine, gasoline, ox-gall, and so forth.", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\\nFats and Oils.\\nFATS AND OILS IN GENERAL.\\nThe oils and fats, of both vegetable and animal origin, form\\na class of substances which are lighter than water, practicall}\\ninsoluble in the latter, unctuous to the touch, neutral in reac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, and cause permanent grease stains on paper; they are for\\nthe greater part very similar to each other in their chemical\\ncomposition and behavior. As they are always neutral if Tin-\\nchanged, an acid reaction always points either to beginning\\nrancidity or to some foreign (acid) substance. The pure fats\\nand oils consist entirely of fatty acids and glj\u00e2\u0080\u0099cerin, or to be\\nmore exact, they lack only a small percentage of water in order\\nto admit of being resolved completely into these substances. (See\\nApp. Note 14.) Thus 100 lbs. of fat may be made into about\\n97 lbs. of fatty acids and 8 lbs. of glycerin, a total of about\\n105 lbs., showing a gain of about 5 lbs., which is represented by\\nthe water required besides the fat to form these new combinations.\\nNearly all the fixed oils and fats are almost colorless and odorless\\nwhen in a perfectly pure state, the color and odor of the crude\\nfats and oils being due to the admixture of certain foreign color\u00c2\u00ac\\ning and other matters. Leaving, for the present, out of con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsideration this small admixture of foreign matters, whose nature\\nof course varies with oils of different origin, it may be said\\nthat the features distinguishing the numerous fats and oils\\nfrom each other consist in the varieties and the proportions\\nof the different fatty acids present in each fat; and by studying\\nthe peculiarities of the small number of the more important fatty\\nacids, we learn also to better understand the reasons for the\\npeculiarities from the soap makers\u00e2\u0080\u0099 point of view of the\\nComposi t io n of\\nfats and oils", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "32\\nFats and Oils.\\ndifferent fats of which they constitute the largest portion. As\\nsaid before, two or more different fatty acids, combined with gly\u00c2\u00ac\\ncerin, are present in every natural fat, and every fat therefore is\\na more or less complex body. It must be understood, moreover,\\nthat these fatty acids are not present in the fat as free acids,\\nbut they are combined with the chemical counterpart of acids\\ni. e., a \u00e2\u0080\u009cbase,\u00e2\u0080\u009d which base in this case is the oxide of glyceryl\\n(the body which is changed into glycerin in the process of sa\u00c2\u00ac\\nponification). The acids being thus combined to the base, we\\nhave in fats neutral bodies of the class known in chemistry as\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009csalts.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nAmong the fatty acids only a small number are of practical\\ninterest to the soap maker, the others being found in very small\\nproportions only in any fat. Very important are Stearic, Oleic,\\nand Palmitic Acid, which are present in nearly every fat used by\\nthe soapmaker, and also Laurie and Mystic Acid. (See App.,\\nNote 6.)\\nAll fatty acids combine readily with the alkalies. In their\\nfree state, as found commercially in red oil or oleic acid for in\u00c2\u00ac\\nstance, this combination takes place almost instantaneously, even\\nif the lye be carbonated (that is to say, if it be made of alkali\\ncombined with carbonic acid, as distinguished from caustic alkali).\\nThe neutral fats, on the other hand, such as tallow, grease, etc.,\\nrequire boiling for hours with lye, which must be caustic, in\\norder to completely saponify them.\\nStearic Acid and Stearin: When perfectly pure, stearic acid\\nis devoid of odor, color, and taste, easily soluble in alcohol,\\nbut insoluble in water. Its melting point is about 150\u00c2\u00b0 F., at\\nwhich temperature it forms a colorless, oily substance, on cooling\\nagain it forms a white, brittle, crystalline mass. It is present\\nas stearin (stearic acid combined with oxide of glyceryl) in nearly\\nall fats, and being of a very solid consistency, the fats contain\u00c2\u00ac\\ning a considerable proportion of it, as well as the soaps made\\ntherefrom, are naturally more solid than those richer in the other\\nvarieties of the fatty acids. The hardest fats, ordinarily known\\nas tallows, contain an especially high percentage of stearic acid,\\nrespectively of stearin. Fats rich in stearin are better adapted\\nfor making soap containing rosin than the softer fat and oils.\\nStearin is a neutral substance, dissolving but sparinglv in cold\\nalcohol and, like stearic acid, is solid at ordinary temperatures.", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "Fats and Oils.\\n33\\nSoap made from stearic acid (or stearin) and soda, is very spar\u00c2\u00ac\\ningly soluble in cold water, but quite soluble in hot water.\\nPalmitic Acid and Palmitin These have a great resemblance\\nto stearic acid and stearin respectively and, like the latter, pal\u00c2\u00ac\\nmitin is a constituent of most vegetable and animal fats, being\\nespecially abundant, however, in palm oil. Palmitic acid is\\nsomewhat lighter than stearic acid, melts at a temperature about\\n12\u00c2\u00b0 F. below that required for the latter, and forms at ordinary\\ntemperatures an odorless, tasteless, colorless, brittle and crystal\u00c2\u00ac\\nline mass. It is insoluble in water, but easily dissolved by boil\u00c2\u00ac\\ning alcohol.\\nPalmitin is neutral, insoluble in water, and almost insoluble\\nin alcohol; at ordinary temperatures it is a solid body, melting\\nat a somewhat lower temperature than stearin.\\nOleic Acid and Olein Like the preceding two fatty acids,\\noleic acid is found in most of the natural oils and fats. It is\\ninsoluble in water, but readily soluble in alcohol, and when pure\\nit is devoid of odor, taste and color. It differs greatly, however,\\nfrom stearic and palmitic acids in being liquid above 39-40\u00c2\u00b0 F.\\n(below that temperature it is hard and crystalline), and a large\\nproportion of oleic acid in any fat tends to make it more fluid.\\nOlein differs from stearin and palmitin in being much more\\nsoluble in alcohol, also somewhat slower to combine with alkalies\\nto form soap. The soap it forms with the alkalies is much softer\\nand more easily soluble in water than stearin soap.\\nLaurie Acid: This is a fatty acid found in cocoanut oil and\\nsome other oils. It melts at about 110\u00c2\u00b0 F., forming a thin oil\\nwhich, on cooling, turns into a crystalline mass.\\nLaurin Laurostearin) melts at about the same temperature,\\nbut on cooling it forms a solid, brittle mass, not unlike stearin,\\nit is easily saponifiable.\\nMyristic Acid: This fatty acid also is found in cocoanut oil\\nand in some other fats. It melts at about 129\u00c2\u00b0 F. and when cold\\nforms a solid, crystalline mass.\\nLinoleic Acid; Ricinoleic Acid; and Butyric Acid: are among\\nthe remaining fatty acids which deserve to be mentioned they\\nare characteristic of linseed oil, castor oil, and butter respectively.\\nMar gar ic Acid Cocinic Acid: In the older text books mention\\nis frequently made of margaric acid this was at one time the\\nname of what is now known as palmitic acid then it was applied", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "34\\nFats and Oils.\\nto a supposed newly discovered fatty acid. Later it was held that\\nthe substance then known as magaric acid was really only a\\nmixture of stearic acid and palmitic acid, while at present the\\nexistence of a special margaric acid is again affirmed by later\\ninvestigators. So also is cocinic acid a mixture of other fatty\\nacids (lauric and myristic), and not, as was formerly believed, an\\nindependent acid.\\nEffect of the va\u00c2\u00ac\\nrious fatty acids\\non the soap.\\nAs was said in the foregoing, all fats are mixtures of various\\ncompounds. Thus, tallow is a mixture of stearin, palmitin and\\nolein. Bearing in mind the peculiarities of each of these, as\\nabove described, it is readily seen why melted tallow, on being\\nslowly cooled, may be caused to separate into a solid and a liquid\\nportion the stearin and palmitin solidify, at a temperature at\\nwhich the olein still remains liquid. This fact is practically\\nutilized in the manufacture of many products, such as the so-called\\noleo-oil for artificial butter, etc., the liquid olein being separated\\nfrom the warm fats by filtering it, under pressure, from the\\nsolidified stearin and palmitin. In the natural oils and fats the\\nsolid portions may therefore be considered as being dissolved in\\nthe liquid part, and on cooling slowly the stearin, etc., separate\\nout from the olein, etc., partly by solidifying on account of the\\nlow temperature, and partly by crystallizing.\\nIt must not be supposed, however, that a fat acts in every\\nmanner directly in accordance with the peculiar characteristics of\\nits constituent parts. For instance, it was stated above that\\nstearic acid melts at 156\u00c2\u00b0 F. and palmitic acid at 144\u00c2\u00b0 F.; a mixture\\nof equal parts of each might be supposed therefore to melt at 150\u00c2\u00b0\\nF.; or it might be supposed that at 150\u00c2\u00b0 the palmitic acid alone\\nwould melt, leaving the stearic acid solid. But as a fact, the mix\u00c2\u00ac\\nture melts at 134\u00c2\u00b0\u00e2\u0080\u0094a lower temperature than would suffice to melt\\neither oneof the ingredients singly. Furthermore, regardingtheir\\naction in soap making, the fats have a tendency to communicate to\\na certain extent some of their properties to each other; an oil, for\\ninstance, which combines with difficulty only with alkali, will do\\nso more readily when mixed with a more easily saponifiable fat.\\nOn the whole, however, it is safe to select fats for soap mak\u00c2\u00ac\\ning according to the characteristics they possess singly, with a\\nview to counteract extreme effects of one fat, by the addition of\\nanother fat known to give opposite results. For example, soap\\nfrom tallow alone forms a lather slowly, but the lather remains", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "Fats and Oils.\\n35\\na long- time; and soap made from cocoanutoil alone lathers very\\nreadily, but the lather formed is of very short duration but if\\nboth fats are used together, they quickly yield an abundant and\\nlasting lather. Tallow soap, during the boiling and later op\u00c2\u00ac\\nerations, has a very thick consistency and becomes solid while\\nstill very hot, so that for carrying out certain operations requir\u00c2\u00ac\\ning fluidity of the mass, an oil like cocoanut oil, which gives a\\nsoap of thin body while hot. is a valuable aid in the process of\\nmanufacture. Again, some oils form soaps which are too easily\\nsoluble for some practical uses, and in such case the addition of\\nfats forming less easily soluble soap is indicated. These con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsiderations will be further carried out in detail in the following\\ndescription of the fats used in soap making, and also in a special\\nchapter devoted to the selection of stock for soaps of different\\ncharacter.\\nRancidity of Fats and Oils: When fats are exposed for some\\nlength of time to the influence of the air and light, they absorb\\noxygen from the atmosphere, and a portion of them is split up\\ninto fatty acids and glycerine. The free fatty acids are then\\ngradually decomposed still further into another series of volatile\\nfatty acids of a rank odor, so that rancid fats are characterized\\nby an offensive smell, and contain more or less free fatty acids.\\nThe presence of moisture, either in the fat or in the air, seems\\nnot to be absolutely required in order to render fats rancid, but\\nlike other foreign matters in the fat, it seems certainly to favor\\nthe process. Thoroughly purified fat, deprived of water, is pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nserved much longer and with less difficulty than the natural\\nproducts in their crude state. (See Appendix, Note 7.) In\\nplace of becoming rancid, some oils (the so-called drying oils)\\nbecome more solid, forming a transparent varnish.\\nAdulteration of Fats and Oils It very frequently occurs that\\nsoap manufacturers buy fats and oils and work them up into soap\\nwithout close examination, provided they have a good appearance,\\nwhen these fats upon investigation would be found to contain\\nimpurities or adulterations which detract considerably from the\\napparent value of the fat as a soapmaking material.\\nThese extraneous matters may be merely accidental or frau\u00c2\u00ac\\ndulent additions, but in either case they certainly merit much\\ngreater attention than they are now accorded by most soapmakers,\\nfor whatever may be the nature of the impurity, it signifies a\\nRancidity of fats.\\nAdulterat ion of\\nfats and oils.", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "36\\nFats and Oils.\\nloss to the soapmaker in every instance, unless properly allowed\\nfor in the price of the material.\\nAlmost too well known to require special mention here is the\\nadulteration (up to the point of entire substitution) of olive oil\\nby cotton seed oil. A similar case is that of lard; a recent ex\u00c2\u00ac\\namination made in Germany of lard imported from this country\\nshowed that out of 110 different lots no less than 77 were adul\u00c2\u00ac\\nterated more or less by the addition either of cotton seed oil or\\ninferior qualities of animal fat, so that on an average the alleged\\nlard was only of half its supposed money value.\\nThe lower priced fats, which are of greater importance to\\nour soap manufacturers, such as tallow, grease, palm oil and the\\ncommercial fatty acids, escape adulteration no less. One adul\u00c2\u00ac\\nteration to watch for in tallow consists of mineral soap stock,\\nwhich is an unsaponifiable residue obtained from petroleum re\u00c2\u00ac\\nfineries. Of this material 20 per cent and more may be present\\nin the tallow without injuring its appearance or its consistency\\nto a very great extent, and unless suspected it may not be dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ncovered without a special test, for a boiled soap made from it\\nwould be merely a little softer, while the presence of the foreign\\nmatter in the soap would not be easily revealed. Used for cold-\\nmade soap a given weight of such stock requires less lye than good\\ntallow, as the mineral impurity does not combine with lye. The\\nsoapmaker no doubt prefers buying pure tallow, and possibly add\\nthe soap stock to his soap at the price of soap stock to paying\\nfor the latter at the price of tallow.\\nA similar adulteration consists of glucose, of which quite\\nnoticeable amounts have been found in commercial tallow and\\ngreases.\\nA still more common adulteration of fats consists in the ad\u00c2\u00ac\\ndition of water which has been incorporated by the aid of some\\nemulsifying agent, such as soda, potash or lime. A very appre\u00c2\u00ac\\nciable quantity of water may thus be worked into a fat without\\nbeing detected, except upon close examination. Not only the\\nweight, but also the solidity and the appearance of the fat are\\nthus artificially \u00e2\u0080\u0098\u00e2\u0080\u0098improved.\u00e2\u0080\u009d When soda or potash have been\\nemployed for the purpose the loss is simply one resulting from\\nthe low yield of soap obtained from the fat; when lime is present,\\nhowever, a double loss results, from the formation of lime soap\\nin the fat, which deteriorates the quality of the soap made from\\nthe latter as well as the quantity. Hager recently reported that", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "Fats and Oils.\\n37\\na certain lot of grease intended for soap making, upon being\\nclosely examined by him, was found to contain 18 per cent of lime\\nsoap. After saponifying and \u00e2\u0080\u009ccutting\u00e2\u0080\u009d with salt a voluminous\\nprecipitate of lime soap was noticed. He concludes by saying\\nthat the presence of lime in the fat need not necessarily be the\\nresult of fraud, since it is possible that pork infested with trichinae\\nhad been treated with caustic lime in order to insure against its\\nbeing consumed as food, and that on rendering the fat the lime\\nwas thus brought into it. For the detection of lime soap in the\\nfat he proceeded as follows The fat was dissolved in a water\\nbath in five times its volume of petroleum and set aside in a\\ntemperature of 15\u00c2\u00b0 C. (59\u00c2\u00b0 F.) In the course of eight hours a\\nprecipitate had formed which was collected on a filter, washed\\nout with petroleum benzine and dried between filter paper. The\\ndry residue is the lime soap, which is soluble in hot, but insoluble\\nin cold petroleum.\\nThe partial saponification which is the consequence of ad\u00c2\u00ac\\nulteration by weak lye will be apparent when the fat is melted\\non water, when little or no clear fat is thereby obtained (but a\\ncloudy emulsion instead) if lye is present.\\nThe admixture of cheaper grades of fat to the tallow or\\ngrease cannot perhaps be properly called an adulteration, as it\\nlowers the \u00e2\u0080\u009cgrade\u00e2\u0080\u009d on which the price is based.\\nNot exactly an adulteration, but rather an impurity, some\u00c2\u00ac\\ntimes contained in tallow, is sulphuric acid which has been used\\nin rendering (for the purpose of destroying the membrane of the\\nsuet), and is not always fully removed. Such tallow is apt to\\nbe turned yellow in iron tanks, by the action of the acid on the\\niron. This is more frequently the case with tallow brought on\\nthe market by the small country butchers, who have less perfect\\nfacilities for rendering than the large slaughter houses. For\\nsoap made by the \u00e2\u0080\u009cCold Process\u00e2\u0080\u009d such tallow is very unsuitable,\\nas the acid present neutralizes seme of the lye and thereby causes\\ndisturbances in the process, and badly formed soap. Glue and\\nalbuminous matter are frequently found in fats as accidental\\nimpurities.\\nIn the absence of facilities for complicated tests, or as a sim\u00c2\u00ac\\nple preliminary test for fats suspected of adulteration, the follow\u00c2\u00ac\\ning proceeding will often give useful indications concerning the\\npurity of the fat: A fair sample of the fat is melted and placed\\ninto a graduated glass cylinder; into the latter is then poured\\nPreliminary test\\nfor adulterated\\nfats.", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "38\\nFats and Oils.\\nRendering in soap\\nfactories.\\nabout 35 parts (by volume) of dilute sulphuric acid to 100 parts\\nof fat. After shaking- well, let settle. The pure fat rises to the\\ntop, while the sulphuric acid absorbs the impurities and settles\\nto the bottom The graduations marked on the vessel will ap\u00c2\u00ac\\nproximately indicate how much pure fat was contained in 100\\nparts of the sample. The line between the fat and the precipi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntate should be distinctly visible, and if it is not so, then the\\nexperiment should be repeated with a strong-er acid solution.\\nOf course, this test is of no avail in determining adulteration\\nby cheaper fats, and can only be used in regard to such additions\\nas water, lye, lime, flour, etc.\\nRendering Fats Throughout the country there are numer\u00c2\u00ac\\nous soap factories so situated that they prefer to render them\u00c2\u00ac\\nselves the tallow and greases they require, as by this means they\\nare not only placed in a position to obtain material of a certain\\nuniform quality, but, under favorable circumstances, to save\\nconsiderable money besides.\\nThe operation of rendering consists in removing the mem\u00c2\u00ac\\nbranous tissue which envelopes the fat as it is taken from the\\nFig-. 1.\\nanimal carcass, thus separating the pure fat, and may be carried\\nout in many different ways; at present the several methods have", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "Fats and Oils.\\n39\\nmostly given way, however, to the uniform system of rendering\\nby steam, under pressure.\\nIn former times the operation was carried out in open kettles, 01 (l methods o f\\njacketed or otherwise, over open fire, with or without the addi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of water, the raw fat having been previously cut into small\\npieces. This modus operandi had several disadvantages, such as\\nfailure to extract all the grease, the evolution of an extremely\\nobnoxious odor, great inconvenience in manipulation, etc. In\u00c2\u00ac\\nstead of using a high degree of heat for the purpose of rupturing\\nthe cellular tissue and liberating the fat, dilute sulphuric acid\\nwas partly employed later on in several different ways, as this\\nacid has the property of dissolving and decomposing the mem\u00c2\u00ac\\nbranes; this latter process has since been all but abandoned for\\nrendering any but very small quantities, and steam is now al\u00c2\u00ac\\nmost exclusively employed for rendering, as follows:\\nThe application of steam is made either indirectly, by means\\nof open steam-jacketed kettles (see Fig. 1) or by admitting it\\ndirectly into the material operated upon in so-called digestors\\n(Fig-. 2.)\\nFor the better grades of fat, the jacketed kettles are fre\u00c2\u00ac\\nquently preferred, as by direct contact of the steam with the fat\\nthe membranes are transformed into glue and the quality of the\\nproduct is impaired. But while the quality of the fat obtained\\nfrom rendering in jacket kettles is superior, the quantity is les\u00c2\u00ac\\nsened, and for ordinary use digestors are commonly employed,\\nwhich have the further advantage of allowing of a higher tem\u00c2\u00ac\\nperature (by operating under pressure) than is possible in open\\nkettles.\\nThe digestors in use are variously constructed as to details,\\nbut in their main features they resemble the one here illustrated\\n(Fig. 2.) This apparatus is a closed, cylindrical tank, made of\\nboiler iron or steel plates, riveted strongly so as to safely allow\\nof a high pressure. In size it varies according to the required\\ncapacity, a very common size being 10 to 12 feet high, with a\\ndiameter of from 3 to 5 feet.\\nReferring to the illustration, M is a manhole, through which\\nthe tank is nearly filled with the raw material at the beginning\\nof the operation; this done, the tank is closed tightly. S is a\\nsafety valve set at the pressure intended to be used. D D D are\\ncocks by which the depth of the melted fat can be determined\\nand the product drawn off after the operation is finished. A", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "40\\nFats and Oils\\nsteam gauge should be attached to the apparatus, unless a sepa\u00c2\u00ac\\nrate steam boiler can be used to supply the steam necessary, in\\nFiar. 2.\\nwhich case the indications of the gauge of the boiler may be\\nrelied on. G is the discharge hole through which the tankage\u00e2\u0080\u009d", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "Fats and Oils.\\n41\\nis removed instead of placing- it at the bottom, as shown in\\nthe illustration, it may also be arrang-ed somewhat higher\u00e2\u0080\u0094on\\nthe side of the tank\u00e2\u0080\u0094say half-way between the bottom of the\\ncocks D, and just above a perforated diaphragm placed in that\\nportion of the digestor. The diaphragm serves as a support for\\nthe fat to be rendered, and at the end of the operation the tank\u00c2\u00ac\\nage may be easily removed from it in case the discharge hole is\\nplaced on the side it it is at the bottom, as shown, the diaphragm\\nmust be made so as to tilt when the refuse is to be removed. A\\npipe is also provided on top, for carrying off the obnoxious odor\\narising from the operation leading this pipe into the fire-box\\nof the steam boiler, between the boiler and the grate, the odor\\nis destroyed by the flames more effectually than by any other\\nmeans so far discovered.\\nWhen the tank has been charged as before mentioned, steam\\nis admitted through the steam pipe shown at the bottom of the\\napparatus. The pressure at which the steam is used varies ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncording to circumstances, depending on the size of the apparatus,\\nthe nature of the stock to be rendered, and on the time that may\\nbe allowed the higher the pressure used, the less time is con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsumed, but as a high pressure (and consequently greater heat of\\nthe steam) affects the product disadvantageously, it is ordinarily\\npreferable to use rather more time and less pressure 45-50 lbs.\\nin the digestor is probably a fair average of the steam pressure\\ncommonly used, rather less being used for low grades of stock,\\nin order to avoid as much as possible the decomposition of various\\nimpurities which would contaminate the product. The time re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquired for steaming, of course, also varies according to the same\\ncircumstances which govern the proper degree of pressure, and\\nmay be more or less than ten hours. During this time the steam\\ncontinuously admitted condenses into water, which collects at\\nthe bottom, and may be drawn off frormtime to time through the\\npipe W.\\nWhen the operation is finished, steam is turned off and the\\ncontents of the digestor are given time to separate and to settle.\\nThe melted fat may be drawn off through the cocks D D D, the\\nlower part of the tank being filled with water and with the ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncumulated refuse. The latter is taken out, pressed to regain\\nthe last fat it may hold, and dried to be worked up for fertilizing\\nmaterial.\\nSaponification of Fats By saponification the soap maker", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "42\\nFats and Oiis.\\nusually understands the process of boiling- fats and oils with lye\\nduring- which soap and glycerine are formed. But the term is\\nused in a wider sense also to denote any process whatever by\\nwhich fats are split up into fatty acids and glycerin; the word\\nin this.sense, therefore, includes even such processes in which\\nno alkalies or any other basic substances are employed. Thus\\nsaponification in the latter sense (without the formation of soap)\\nmay be carried out by the use of water aione, at a high tempera\u00c2\u00ac\\nture this process is facilitated by a small addition of an acid\\nor of a base most readily, however, is saponification effected by\\nthe use of sufficient quantities of a base (soda, lime, potash, c.)\\nto combine with the fatty acids set free to form soap. Strong\\nsulphuric acid is also capable of splitting up the fats. The var\u00c2\u00ac\\nious forms of saponification, apart from soap making, are em\u00c2\u00ac\\nployed in the manufacture of stearin candles, of plasters, etc.\\nThus a saponification with water, a few per cent of lye, and a\\nhigh temperature (in a high-pressure apparatus) is sometimes\\nused to manufacture glycerin and fatty acids, the latter of which\\nare then used to manufacture candles and soaps.\\nTALLOW.\\nProperties of tai- Tallow, especially in this country, ranks foremost among\\nlow in soap male- M\\ning the fats used in soap making, as it posesses many properties\\nwhich make it particularly well adapted and valuable for the\\npurpose but, unfortunately for the soap manufacturer, there is\\na steadily growing demand for tallow for the oleomargarine in\u00c2\u00ac\\ndustry and for the lard \u00e2\u0080\u009crefineries,\u00e2\u0080\u009d so that the better qualities\\nof the stock are too apt to find their way into these channels.\\nTallow consists of about one-third its weight of olein and\\ntwo-thirds of a mixture of stearin and palmitin, and is conse\u00c2\u00ac\\nquently one of the most solid of fats. The large proportion of\\nstearin also has the effect that the soap made of tallow as the only\\nfat does not lather readily unless the water used with it is hot.\\n(See preceding pages.) But the exact proportions of these con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstituents are variable, in consequence of which tallow varies in\\nhardness. Tallow soap gives a very mild and persistent lather,\\nis economical in use, and, while fresh, it is whiter in color in a\\nproportion as it contains more water on drying it has a tendency\\nto turn yellow, or even brownish, which may be to some extent\\nprevented, however, by bleaching the stock, or by the addition\\nof some vegetable fat\u00e2\u0080\u0094especially cocoanut oil\u00e2\u0080\u0094to the tallow,", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "Fats and Oils.\\n43\\nwhereby the drying- of the soap is also retarded. Tallow is easiest\\nto saponify when the lye used at the beginning of the boiling is\\nnot of a much greater strength than 8-10\u00c2\u00b0 B., and even when\\nthe lye is used of this strength only, all through the operation,\\nthe resulting soap in the kettle will be much thicker and tougher\\nthan soaps of other fats would be even when made of stronger\\nl} 7 e, and therefore, containing less water.\\nLike all commercial articles, tallow varies very much in\\nquality. Its color ranges from white to yellow the feeding of\\nthe cattle as well as the season, and the breed and age of the\\nanimals, each influence its hardness as well as the color and odor\\nto some extent, and the different part of the animal furnishing\\nit, as also the methods and care used in rendering, and the age\\nof the tallow, are of considerable influence on its qualities. In\\norder to extract as much tallow from the raw fat or \u00e2\u0080\u009csuet\u00e2\u0080\u009d as\\npossible, a weak solution of sulphuric acid, or less frequently\\nalkali, is sometimes added to the fat before rendering, whereby\\nthe tissues in which the tallow is enclosed are dissolved or charred,\\nand the fatty matter may be extracted with greater ease. But\\nthe chemicals, if used in excess, or if not removed by washing\\nafterwards, are apt to injure the tallow as well as to give rise to\\nunforseen irregularities if used for making soap by the cold pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ncess. The steam employed in rendering is liable to transform\\nthe membranous matter into glue, which is then very likely to\\nremain in the tallow. Moreover the moisture, particles of blood,\\netc., attached to the raw fat, rapidly deteriorate the quality of\\nthe tallow, so that the latter is apt to be rancid, unless rendered\\nas early as possible. Considering then that tallow is brought on\\nthe market by large slaughtering houses as well as by numerous\\nsmall city and country butchers, the varieties and qualities are\\neasily accounted for.\\nIn making soap, the tallow used frequently requires to be\\nbleached in order to produce the clear white color so much admired\\nin certain brands. For simply clarifying the tallow it is sufficient\\nto boil it on water (or open steam) to which some salt and some\\nalum has been added but this means is not always sufficient for\\nthe purpose. Tallow so treated still contains more or less free\\nfatty acids, which attack the iron of the kettle and thereby\\ncause a yellow color of the tallow if the latter is left in an iron\\nvessel for any length of time. The removal of these free fatty\\nacids, which range in proportion from 2 to 10 per cent, is also\\nBleaching tallow.", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "44\\nFats and Oils.\\nvery important when the tallow is to be used for \u00e2\u0080\u009ccold-made\u00e2\u0080\u009d soap;\\nand finally the alum treatment is most effective in an alkaline\\nsolution, i. when combined with lye treatment as described\\nbelow.\\nAccording- to the facilities and the requirements of the case,\\nthe process of bleaching is carried out in different ways. A sim\u00c2\u00ac\\nple process, which purifies and bleaches tallow to some extent,\\nis to heat it just enough to melt it in a tank which is provided\\nwith a perforated pipe at the bottom, through which a strong\\nair current is forced into the tallow. The air rising through the\\ntallow agitates it thoroughly and destroys some of the coloring\\nmatter; some cold lye (6 to 10% at 20-22\u00c2\u00b0 B., the amount depend\u00c2\u00ac\\ning on the quality of the tallow) is then sprinkled over the tallow\\nthrough another perforated pipe above the tank, this lye dissolv\u00c2\u00ac\\ning a considerable amount of the foreign impurities and carrying\\nthem down. (This process is most effective when done at the\\nlowest possible temperature.) Then turn on heat, just enough\\nto separate the lye from the fat. When the fat has been agitated\\nfor some time with the lye, alum is added (about 1 pound to 2\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n3,000 lbs. of stock), which combines with and precipitates the\\nglue contained in the tallow. The mass is crutched for a time\\nlonger and is then allowed to rest and the impurities settle to\\nthe bottom. The alum treatment is adapted for most kinds of\\nfat, and should always be used in connection with lye, as the\\nprecipitation can be best affected in the alkaline mixtures.\\nAnother process of bleaching is carried out with the aid of\\nFuller\u00e2\u0080\u0099s earth. As this material causes some loss by the oil it\\nabsorbs, the smallest effective quantity should be used and as\\nits effect is much impaired by water which it greedily absorbs from\\nthe atmosphere, (although it may then still appeal- perfectly\\ndry), it may be at times very good economy to heat the Fullers\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nearth in a steam-jacketed pan to drive off all moisture just before\\nuse. The tallow is heated by closed steam in the kettle, in order\\nto drive out all the moisture next from 2to 5 per cent of thor\u00c2\u00ac\\noughly dry Fullers\u00e2\u0080\u0099 earth is added through a sieve to spread it in\\nfine division over the fat, and the mixture stirred (or agitated by\\nblowing in air as described) for fifteen minutes, during which\\ntime the temperature of the tallow is raised to 220-230 F. The\\nmost thorough mixing and agitation secure the best results. The\\nkettle is then covered and the mass allowed to settle for from\\nsix to twelve hours, when the bleached tallow may be run off", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "Fats and Oils.\\n45\\nfrom the impurities that have settled out; or a filter press may\\nbe employed to separate the Fullers\u00e2\u0080\u0099 earth from the tallow. In the\\nlatter case the fat absorbed by the Fuller\u00e2\u0080\u0099s earth may be recovered\\nfrom the press cakes by boiling- the latter by live steam under\\nbrisk agitation. Even the Fuller\u00e2\u0080\u0099s earth may be recovered and\\nused over again, where operations are sufficiently extensive to\\nwarrant the trouble, by treating it, after recovery of the fat,\\nwith caustic soda lye to remove fat, glue, c., skimming off the\\nfrothy matter from the top, sending the earth once more through\\nthe filter press, and drying as before. See also the description\\nof Fuller\u00e2\u0080\u0099s earth on another page.\\nOther bleaching processes will be described in the succeeding\\npages and may be employed for tallow with more or less success,\\njust as the foregoing are also applicable to cottonseed oil, c.\\nGREASE.\\nThe term grease,\u00e2\u0080\u009d as used commercially, comprises various\\nfatty matters of animal origin, that cannot be classed among the\\ndistinctive products like tallow, lard, neatsfoot oil, etc. Grease\\nis extracted from bones (about 3%) hides, the refuse of kit\u00c2\u00ac\\nchens, hogs that have died by being smothered or frozen in\\ntransit, and from those parts of all classes of animats which do\\nnot yield fat that might be classed with tallow or lard. Ob\u00c2\u00ac\\nviously then, there are very many grades, varying in quality\\nfrom fresh,white, and comparatively hard grease\u00e2\u0080\u0094which is better\\nfor soap-making purposes than the lower grades of tallow\u00e2\u0080\u0094to\\ndark, soft and rancid grease which may be hardly fit for soap\\nmaking. Generally speaking, grease ranges itself along* with\\ntallow in its properties for the manufacture of soap. It contains\\nthe same fatty acids as the latter, but olein is present in larger\\nproportions as the grease is softer and, of course, the solid stearin\\nand palmitin are correspondingly less, so that grease has a lower\\nmelting point than tallow.\\nThe result is that soap made from grease is softer, and also\\nthat grease saponifies somewhat less readily than does tallow.\\nBeing generally less fresh and pure, and affected by a disagree\u00c2\u00ac\\nable odor, grease is not adapted for making soap without boiling,\\nas the impurities and the odor must be removed; the free fatty\\nacids and unsaponifiable impurities in rancid grease make even\\na fair result by the cold process simply impossible. Besides the\\nsoap from grease is darker than that from tallow.\\nefinition of\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cgrease.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nroperties of\\ngrease in soap\\nmaking.", "height": "4687", "width": "3025", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "46\\nFats and Oils.\\nGrease generally, and especially bone grease, is frequently\\nfound to contain a considerable quantity of gluey matter, lime,\\nsoap, water, and free fatty acids; occasionally the proportion of\\nglue is so large that the stock can scarcely be made into soap at\\nall. Saponified alone it forms a thin soap which is sometimes\\ndifficult to separate from the waste lye by the usual means of salt,\\nalthough the grease may appear to be thoroughly saponified.\\nThe soap mass then forms an emulsion and may even have a sharp\\ntaste as if an excess of lye were present. By continued boiling,\\nhowever, this sharpness will dissapear, and when thoroughly sa\u00c2\u00ac\\nponified the soap may be separated by salt without trouble.\\nAs free fatty acids combine very readily with lye which is\\nnot caustic, rancid grease is frequently employed with advantage\\nfor using up the strength of partly exhausted lye, whereby the\\ncarbonate of soda in the lye is saved also.\\nWhite Grease is made chiefly from the whole animals, with\\nthe exception of the intestines. The latter are rendered separ\u00c2\u00ac\\nately and yield Brown Grease. Other fats not fit for lard also go\\nto make white grease. Yellow Grease is made by packers, from\\nall their refuse materials, and such hogs as may die on their\\nhands. Tallow Grease corresponds to the yellow grease of the\\nhog packers. These greases are sometimes pressed, to make\\ngrease stearine for soapmakers\u00e2\u0080\u0099 use, the oil so gained finding ap\u00c2\u00ac\\nplication in the manufacture of lubricating oils.\\nDark grease may be bleached, and its smell at least partly\\nBleaching grease, removed, by adding a small quantity of saltpeter to the melted\\ngrease and agitating; the saltpeter is then neutralized by care\u00c2\u00ac\\nfully adding enough sulphuric acid to decompose it. A dirty\\nscum is precipitated and the grease thereby becomes lighter in\\ncolor. Another bleaching process for dark grease is as follows\\nMelt the grease together with an equal weight of salt brine of\\n15\u00c2\u00b0 B., to which about two pounds of alum to 1,000 lbs. of grease\\nmay be added to remove the glue, and boil for a quarter of an\\nhour; let settle over night and draw off the clear fat from the\\nsediment, into a wooden vessel, or a lead-lined tank. When the\\nfat has cooled down to about 100\u00c2\u00b0 F. (a higher temperature in\u00c2\u00ac\\nterferes with the bleaching) add to every 1,000 lbs. a bleaching\\nfluid made as follows: 5 lbs. powdered bichromate of potash (or\\nbichromate of soda) dissolved in 15 lbs. of boiling water; add 20\\nlbs. of fuming nitric acid of 22\u00c2\u00b0 and 2 l /i lbs. sulphuric acid of\\n60\u00c2\u00b0 B. This mixture is added in a thin stream to the grease", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "Fats and Oils.\\n47\\nwhile it is agitated by an air pump or crutched constantly; the\\ngrease first becomes dark, then gradually lighter, until a sample\\ncooled on glass is of a light yellow color. If necessary this pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ncess may be repeated. After half an hour\u00e2\u0080\u0099s rest 150 lbs. of boil\u00c2\u00ac\\ning water are sprinkled over the grease (without crutching) to\\nwash out the acids, and after a night\u00e2\u0080\u0099s rest the clear grease is\\ndrawn off from the sediment. In many cases, however, grease\\nwithstands all efforts to bleach it. The rationale of this process\\nis that the bichromate, on the addition of an acid (sulphuric or\\nhydrochloric acid may also be emplo}^ed) develops oxygen which\\ndestroys coloring matter. (See App., Note 20). If sulphuric\\nacid alone be used, 100 parts of potassium bichromate will re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquire 134 parts of 66\u00c2\u00b0 sulphuric acid. It is believed by some\\nthat a better effect is secured by the use of hydrochloric acid, of\\nwhich (if of 20\u00c2\u00b0) 530 parts are to be used to 100 parts of pot\u00c2\u00ac\\nassium bichromate. No effect is had if the bichromate were to\\nbe added to the fat and the acid thereafter. Should the settling\\nout of the impurities require an excessive amount of time, it can\\nbe accelerated by adding a pound of alum, dissolved in 15 or 20\\ngallons of hot water, after the bleaching is ended.\\nLARD.\\nLard, when pure, consists of nearly two-thirds olein and a\\nlittle over one-third stearin and palmitin, varying with the part\\nof the animal from which the fat is taken. It is quite a suitable\\nmaterial for soap, as the product, while fresh, is very white,\\nmild and agreeable in use; but owing to its value for cooking\\npurposes lard is not generally within reach of the soap maker.\\nWhen old, especially if steam rendered, or made by butchers\\nfrom scraps saved up till enough are on hand to make it worth\\nwhile to render them, it is likely to be rancid. Frequently such\\nlard is also dark colored and contains considerable glue. In sa\u00c2\u00ac\\nponifying, it behaves similarly to tallow, but the resulting\\nsoap requires more salt to separate it from the waste lye and\\nretains less water; it is consequently more brittle than tallow\\nsoap, and when old it becomes rancid, even more quickly so than\\ncocoanut oil soap. In Europe it is much thought of as a material\\nfor soap making, being there much used for toilet soaps and in\\nthe cold-made soaps, being considered a great improvement over\\npure cocoanut oil soaps, but in this country it has been found less\\nsatisfactory than tallow. Whether this is due to a different\\nComposition of\\nlard.\\nPeculiarity of lard\\nas a soap stock.", "height": "4687", "width": "3025", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "48\\nFats and Oils.\\nnature of our lard has not been ascertained, but certain it is that\\nsoap made from lard becomes rancid on keeping-, or, in the words\\nwhich a soap maker who has experimented with it extensively\\nspoke in disgust: \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe hog- always will show itself.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nCOCOANUT OIL.\\nComposition of\\ncocoanut oil.\\nPecular i t i e s of\\ncocoanut oil.\\nThis oil consists larg-ely of lauric and myristic acid, and\\nsome palmitic and other fatty acids in smaller proportion. Ow\u00c2\u00ac\\ning- to this unusual composition, cocoanut oil occupies a place in\\nsoap-making- materials quite peculiar to itself. Among- the\\nfeatures which distinguish it from other fats is the fact that it\\nrequires a larger proportion of alkali to form a neutral soap than\\ndoes any other fat or oil, palmkernel oil being next to it in that\\nrespect. Furthermore, cocoanut oil soap has the capacity of ab\u00c2\u00ac\\nsorbing large quantities of salts and water, so that by taking ad\u00c2\u00ac\\nvantage of this property the actual amount of soap from a given\\nquantity of cocoanut oil may be made to appear several times as\\nmuch by the addition of several salts dissolved in water. By\\nreason of this ability to absorb salt solutions, it is very hard to\\nseparate a soap made of cocoanut oil alone from the waste lye in\\nboiling, and if by means of an excessive portion of salt this ob\u00c2\u00ac\\nject is accomplished, the resulting soap will be exceedingly hard\\nand brittle and untit for use, while at the same time the hot\\nwaste lye will hold considerable soap in solution which will se\u00c2\u00ac\\nparate only on cooling unless this difficulty is overcome by using\\nother fats in addition, only enough lye must be used with this\\noil to render the subsequent separation of water unnecessary.\\nThis is a comparatively easy matter, however, since cocoanut oil\\nis unlike the animal and most vegetable fats in this, that it com\u00c2\u00ac\\nbines only with strong lyes, and much water is therefore not re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquired in boiling soap with cocoanut oil. Lye of 8-10\u00c2\u00b0, such as\\nmight be used to begin the saponification of tallow, does not\\ncombine with cocoanut oil at all until it has been concentrated\\nconsiderably by boiling and consequent evaporation of water.\\nThis property of combining readily with strong lye on boiling\\nis not possessed to the same degree by the animal fats; but cocoa-\\nnut oil is able to communicate it to the latter, so that a mixture\\nof tallow and cocoanut oil, for example, will readily saponify\\nwith lye much stronger than 10\u00c2\u00b0 B., as required for tallow alone.\\n(These remarks on the strength of lye are based more especially\\non the lower grades of caustic soda, such as are still used quite", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "Fats and Oils.\\n49\\nlargely in some soap factories. With the high gradesof caustic,\\nthe strength of lye for different fats is of less consequence.)\\nThe soap formed by cocoanut oil and lye is much more sol\u00c2\u00ac\\nuble than soaps made from animal fats, and it therefore lathers\\nvery freely, even in cold water but the lather is thin and of short\\nduration. For tender skins a continued use of cocoanut oil soaps\\nis irritating, a result due perhaps more to its great solubility and\\nconsequent concentrated effect, than to any inherent quality of\\nthe oil itself. A disadvantage of cocoanut oil is the disagreeable\\nodor which it develops with age, even when made into soap with\\nother fats, and which is an offensive characteristic of many other\u00c2\u00ac\\nwise good brands. The soap furthermore is brittle, but hard,\\nand cocoanut oil is therefore a very suitable addition to so-called\\nweak stock, (fats yielding a rather soft product, as cotton seed\\noil, grease, etc.) It is more than any other soap soluble in hard\\nwater and in sea water, by which property it has earned the name\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cmarine soap.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Cocoanut oil, when boiled with lye, forms a\\nsoap which is very much thinner than a tallow soap containing\\nthe same percentage of water, and when it is used in combina\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion with other fats in a soap which is required to have a some\u00c2\u00ac\\nwhat thick consistency while in the process of manufacture\u00e2\u0080\u0094as\\nin mottled soap\u00e2\u0080\u0094the contents of the kettle must be boiled with\\nless water than is permissible in a soap made of animal fats alone\\nin order to produce the requisite consistency. Lastly, cocoanut\\noil soap is what may be described as \u00e2\u0080\u009cmeagre,\u00e2\u0080\u009d distinguished\\nfrom soap made from tallow or lard, which appears much richer\\nor fatter. It will be seen from the above that cocoanut oil soap\\nis in many respects just the opposite of the soaps made from\\nother\u00e2\u0080\u0094and especially animal\u00e2\u0080\u0094fats, and that for many uses a\\nmixture of the two kinds of fat yields a product superior to that\\nof either alone.\\nFresh cocoanut oil has a white color and a peculiar but not\\ndisagreeable odor; it melts at about 90\u00c2\u00b0 F., but while it grows\\nolder the melting point gradually rises, so that old oil does not\\nmelt below 110\u00c2\u00b0 and over. The oil brought to this country is\\nchiefly of two varieties Ceylon oil and Cochin China oil. The\\nlatter oil, owing to the more careful seasoning of the nuts and\\nbetter treatment of the oil, is the whitest, and generally in a\\nfresher state than the Ceylon oil which is, or was formerly nearly\\nalways rancid and does not give as white a soap as Cochin oil,\\neven when fresh. At present there are a few manufacturers of\\nPeculiarities o f\\nsoap sfrom co\u00c2\u00ac\\ncoanut oil.\\nCeylon andCochin\\ncocoanut oil.", "height": "4687", "width": "3025", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "50\\nFats and Oils.\\nCeylon oil who prepare it more carefully, so that it now some\u00c2\u00ac\\ntimes is nearly as white and fresh as Cochin oil. On the other\\nhand Ceylon oil makes a harder soap and binds a larger quantity\\nof water, so that it may be bleached and used instead of Cochin\\nin case of necessity, by using- slig-htly more water to soften the\\nsoap. For cold made soap cocoanut oil, and especially Cochin\\noil, is a favorite material for various reasons, such as its readiness\\nto combine with strong- lye, its lathering- qualities, its ability to\\nhold larg-e amounts of adulterations, and the beauty of the colors\\nwhen used in such a soap, but for such purposes the oil should\\nbe not too old.\\nFor bleaching it, the following- process may be used: Melt\\nthe oil in a kettle, and add three pounds of salt to 100 pounds of\\nBleaching cocoa- boiling- with open steam (or where no steam is available use\\nbrine at 15 to 20\u00c2\u00b0 B., instead of dry salt) and skimming- off the\\ndirty scum rising to the surface until it gradually becomes white.\\nBy this operation mucilagenous and other impurities are removed,\\nbut if the oil is to be used for cold soap, and the free fatty acids\\ntherefore require to be removed also, a quantity of 38\u00c2\u00b0 lye should\\nbe added first and warmed with the oil (as described under Tal\u00c2\u00ac\\nlow bleaching), before commencing the salt treatment, and the\\nsoap formed skimmed off. The amount of lye to be used for\\nthis purpose depends, of course, on the amount of free fatty acids\\nin the oil; 3 to 4% of lye will ordinarily be sufficient.\\nThis proceeding is sometimes modified, somewhat similarly\\nas described under tallow, as follows: Bring the oil to 150\u00c2\u00b0 F.,\\ncrutch in well 4% of 36\u00c2\u00b0 lye after crutching for half an hour\\nadd 4% salt solution of 20\u00c2\u00b0, and crutch till well separated; then\\nsettle and draw off the clear oil; clean the crutcher, return the\\noil into it, heat to 120 c and add for 100 lbs. of oil: 1 lb. alum and\\n2 lbs. salt previously dissolved in 20 lbs. of water crutch half\\nan hour, settle, draw.off the salt water and sediment.\\nAnother method of clarifying cocoanut oil consists in bring\u00c2\u00ac\\ning it to a boil with 200 lbs. 8\u00c2\u00b0 B. carbonate of soda solution and\\n100 lbs. water to 1,000 lbs. of oil, and letting it settle. Still\\nanother way, recently introduced, is carried out by using a 25\u00c2\u00b0 B.\\nsilicate of soda solution, of which 20 to 25 lbs. are added to 1,000\\nlbs. of oil and brought to a boil; then a strong salt solution is\\nat once sprinkled on the surface and a few hours\u00e2\u0080\u0099 rest allowed,\\nwhen the soap formed may be skimmed off and used for some\\ncommon soap. The clear cocoanut oil should be allowed a few", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "Fats and Oils.\\n51\\ndays rest thereafter, in case it is to be used for the cold process\\nof soap making-.\\nCocoanut oil is made from the fresh pulp of the cocoanut,\\\\\\nusually in the country of its growth; or the nuts are shipped as\\nballast in vessels returning- from tropical countries, and worked\\nup into oil in other countries.\\nThere is, however, another variety of the oil, which is made copra on.\\nfrom the dried pulp, or \u00e2\u0080\u009ccopra,\u00e2\u0080\u009d in Europe, and to a smaller ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ntent also in this country (New England). It is quite similar to\\nthe ordinary cocoanut oil, but not so white as the Cochin or\\nCeylon oil, and therefore preferably used for colored soaps this\\nis especially so if the copra was dried by fire, instead of by the\\nsun, whereby it acquires a yellow shade. Still another variety 4merio in\\nis made in this country by several manufacturers of dessicated nut oil.\\ncocoanut, who employ the milk of the nuts for this purpose.\\nThe oil made from it has a lower melting- point and is further\\ndistinguished from the ordinary cocoanut oil also by a peculiar\\nodor.\\nPALn OIL.\\nPalm oil ranks next to, and resembles tallow in the quality Composition and\\nof soap made from it, particularly when the oil has been bleached. pa im oil.\\nConsisting of palmitin, olein, and considerable proportions of\\nfree fatty acids of the same compounds, it yields a firm soap that\\nlathers more readily than tallow soap but when old, palm oil\\nsoap, like tallow soap, becomes hard and lathers but poorly.\\nEven when saponified with weak lye of say 8\u00c2\u00b0 B. the soap in the\\nkettle is thick and tough but stronger lye is used for its saponi\u00c2\u00ac\\nfication in practice. With the exception of tallow, palm oil con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntains the largest proportion of solid fatty acid (palmitic acid in\\nthis case) of all tbe fats, so that soap made from it is of a solid\\nconsistency, even though it readily holds a rather large propor\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of water, and lathers freely.\\nPalm oil is liquid in warm countries, but in cooler climates\\nit has a consistency similar to that of lard, melting at from 80 c\\nto 105\u00c2\u00b0 F. and over, according as it contains more or less free\\nfatty acids, the melting point becoming higher with age. In\\ncolor it varies from orange to brown, and sometimes\u00e2\u0080\u0094although\\nnot so often now as in former years\u00e2\u0080\u0094even almost black; the odor\\nof the fresh oil is quite pleasant, being not unlike that of orris\\nroot, while old oil may have a very disagreeable smell. The", "height": "4687", "width": "3025", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "52\\nFats and Oils.\\nodor of the fresh oil harmonizes well with most perfumes and is\\nnot destroyed in making- soap, unless previously removed in the\\nprocess of bleaching- the oil by chemicals; nor is the color des\u00c2\u00ac\\ntroyed by alkali, althoug-h the oil is readily bleached by air and\\nand light, or chemicals. The addition of palm oil to the stock\\nalso causes an improvement in the odor of rosin soaps. Exposed\\nto the air the oil rapidly becomes rancid and paler in color; but\\nthe presence of the larg-e percentage of free fatty acids\u00e2\u0080\u0094which\\nis not infrequently found to be as high as one-third of the total\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094can only be accounted for by the irrational methods of manu\u00c2\u00ac\\nfacture followed in many districts whence the oil is obtained.\\nPalm oil is the product of the fruits of several species of palms,\\nmore especially of that known as Elceis Guineaensis, which grows\\nin profusion in West Africa, (Guinea) and other countries. The\\nso-called palm nut is of about the size of a walnut and consists\\nof a kernel enclosed in an oily, fibrous envelope. The latter\\nyields the palm oil, and from the kernel is made the palm kernel\\noil so largely used in European soaps, and described hereafter.\\nThe ripe nuts are thrown into a hole in the ground, for keeping\\nuntil the oil is to be made, and in the meantime they seem to\\nferment slightly, so that they yield an oil of a high melting point\\nor so-called \u00e2\u0080\u009chard\u00e2\u0080\u009d oil, which naturally contains more free fatty\\nacid than the \u00e2\u0080\u009csoft\u00e2\u0080\u009d oil as made in certain other districts of\\nAfrica from the fresh nuts. Little or ft no care being taken to\\nfree the oil from the dirt adhering from storing the nuts in the\\nground, the oil made as described contains generally quite an\\nappreciable admixture of foreign matter. When sufficient nuts\\nhave accumulated, they are boiled to soften the fiber and then\\nbruised and covered up with leaves for twelve hours. Consider\u00c2\u00ac\\nable heat is thereby generated spontaneously, and the oil partly\\nruns off and partly is washed and pressed out. The oil is then\\nboiled in order to free it from the water taken up in washing,\\nand thereby assumes a still darker color.\\nLagos palm oil is by far the best grade, not only from natural\\ncauses, but also because it is made more carefully and less sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nject to adulteration. It is therefore less rancid and also has the\\nbest color. On very hot days, if the packages have been dam\u00c2\u00ac\\naged somewhat in transit, this grade is less liable to leak out of\\nthe barrels than is the case with lower grades of palm oil.\\nLastly it is the best grade for bleaching. Next to it in grade is\\nthe so-called old Calabar oil.", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "Fats and Oils.\\n53\\nUnbleached palm oil yields a soap of yellow color, but on\\nexposure to the air this color generally fades from the surface of\\nthe cake, until at last only a small yellow spot remains in the\\ncenter. This may be prevented, however, by using some rosin\\nin the soap, which gives it the property of holding the color.\\nCrude palm oil must not be used in soap, however, to an extent\\nexceeding say 15% of the total of the fats used, because in large\\nproportions the color is very apt to stain the clothes in washing,\\nthe yellow spots so caused being very difficult to remove from\\nthe clothes.\\nFor light colored soap the palm oil of course requires bleach\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, which then, the coloring matter being destroyed, permits\\nthe use of larger proportions of this oil. This process may be\\nperformed either by the influence of light and air or by chemi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncals. By bleaching according to the first named process which\\nis hardly effective though with the poorer qualities of the oil,\\nthe odor of the oil is retained, while bleaching with chemicals,\\nunless done with the greatest care and with the smallest amount\\nof chemicals, destroys it. Previous to bleaching the oil it is\\nmelted and heated by open steam for thirty minutes or more, or\\nmelted on boiling water, or melted and some lye crutched in to\\npurify it; after settling and cooling to 125\u00c2\u00b0 F. the oil is drawn\\nfrom the water and sediment. By then heating it to 212 c F.\\nand forcing air currents through\\nit by means of a perforated pipe,\\nor by pumping the hot oil through\\na perforated pipe and letting it\\nfall back into the tank, the color\u00c2\u00ac\\ning matter is destroyed. The\\nbleaching by air currents is per\u00c2\u00ac\\nformed more rapidly than by a\\nforce pump even, by the use of a\\nsuction apparatus as illustrated\\nherewith, (Fig. 3). In it C repre\u00c2\u00ac\\nsents the steam suction arrange\u00c2\u00ac\\nment; on opening valve b the air\\nis drawn from the upper part of\\nthe closed tank and replaced by\\natmospheric pressure through\\npipe F. K K is a closed steam\\nFig. 3.\\ncoil for warming the oil. The tank is charged through the man-\\nThe coloring mat\u00c2\u00ac\\nter of palm oil.\\nBleaching palm\\noil.", "height": "4687", "width": "3025", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "54\\nFats and Oils.\\nBleaching palm\\noil by the use of\\nchemicals.\\nhole above and discharged through the val^e H, through which\\nsamples are withdrawn also to watch the progress of bleaching.\\nIf desired pipe E is provided with means for heating the air\\npassing through it, whereby the bleaching process is materially\\nfacilitated, requiring only two or three hours. In the absence of\\na pump or air suction apparatus for the purpose a basket may be\\nsubstituted which is weighted down with a stone and sunk into\\nthe oil and drawn up again, so that the oil trickles back into the\\ntank in fine streams; this manipulation is continued till the oil\\nis bleached and will require several hours longer and more work,\\nof course, than the use of air currents, say 10 to 12 hours. Or\\nheating it to about 300\u00c2\u00b0 F., or slightly over, and keeping it at\\nthat temperature for several hours without agitation will also\\ndestroy the color, and the oil will become white, with only a\\nslight brownish tint. The latter process saves mechanical work,\\nbut unless there are facilities for bringing the oil to the temper\u00c2\u00ac\\nature required by means of steam, it is dangerous, as the kettle\\nover an open fire might leak slightly, and thus give rise to seri\u00c2\u00ac\\nous accidents, or again it might darken the oil instead of bleach\u00c2\u00ac\\ning it.\\nThe bleaching proceeds much more rapidly, however, and\\nmore effectivelv, by the use of chemicals, and as this requires no\\nspecial facilities or arrangements of any kind, it is ordinarily\\npreferable to the bleaching by air when only occasionally small\\nlots are to be bleached. The oil, after being purified by hot\\nwater or by steam, as above described, (to remove coarse dirt\\nthat would interfere with bleaching), and cooled to 100-120\u00c2\u00b0 F.,\\nis run into a wooden vessel or into a lead-lined tank (the casks\\nin which the oil comes are suitable), and for each 1,000 lbs. are\\nadded a saturated solution of 8 lbs. bi-chromate of potash (or of\\nsoda) dissolved in boiling water, and 20 lbs. strong hydrochloric\\nacid, and say 4 lbs. of sulphuric acid, the mass being well agi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntated for ten to fifteen minutes, by any suitable arrangement;\\nthese chemicals are mixed together first before adding them to\\nthe oil, the oil first turns black, but gradually becomes lighter,\\nand at the end of fifteen to twenty minutes the process is finish\u00c2\u00ac\\ned. After half an hour\u00e2\u0080\u0099s rest the clear oil is drawn off and heat\u00c2\u00ac\\ned, together with a little water sprinkled over the surface to\\nwash out the foreign matters; cover and settle and draw off the\\noil for use. Sometimes less and sometimes more of the chemi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncals is required, while some prefer to use only hydrochloric acid", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "Fats and Oids.\\n55\\nand leave out the sulphuric acid. Instead of bi-chromate of pot\u00c2\u00ac\\nash there may also be used the bi-chromate of soda, which is\\ncheaper and soluble in warm water. As all strong chemicals\\naffect the quality of the oils, it is always best to use the smallest\\namount of the bleaching agents that may be likely to do the\\nwork, and then, if not sufficiently bleached by the first operation,\\nto repeat it once more with a smaller amount of chemicals.\\nWhenever a sample taken of the oil that is undergoing the pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ncess of bleaching shows no improvement over a sample taken\\nshortly before, then the operation is finished, so far as the\\namount of chemicals used is concerned. The sediment remain\u00c2\u00ac\\ning still contains much oil which may be regained by washing\\nwith hot water to which some sulphuric acid was added. The\\noil so recovered is dark colored but may be made into a fairly\\nlight colored soap.\\nIn the bleaching by chemicals disagreeable fumes arise, and\\nin bleaching by air a fine yellowish material pervades the at\u00c2\u00ac\\nmosphere of the room and settles on everything, so that at times\\nthe wearing of a moistened sponge or other form of respirator is\\nto be recommended to those engaged about the work.\\nPALMKERNEL OIL.\\nThe kernel of the palm nut contains a large percentage of\\nan oil, which is not, however, extracted to any extent in the\\ncountries where palm oil is made. But thousands of tons of the\\nkernels are annually shipped to Europe and are there worked up\\nfor the oil, whence small amounts of it are also sent to this\\ncountry. The oil is white to yellowish and of an agreeable odor,\\nbut easily becomes rancid. In its effects and properties in soap\\nmaking it occupies a position intermediate between tallow and\\ncocoanut oil; like the latter it saponifies most readily with strong\\nlye and requires nearly as much alkali for its saponification; the\\nsoap is capable of holding a large proportion of salts and water\\n(although only about one-half as much as cocoanut oil; it is difficult\\n(though less so than cocoanut oil soap) to separate from the\\nwaste lye by salt; and the soap lathers similarly to that of cocoa-\\nnut oil, which it also resembles in the manner of working in the\\nkettle. The oil consists of the glycerides of lauric, stearic,\\npalmitic and oleic acids, the first acid named constituting nearly\\n40% of the oil, in which it resembles cocoanut oil.\\nPeculiarities o f\\npalmkernel oil.", "height": "4687", "width": "3025", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "56\\nFats and Oils.\\nGreat value of\\nolive oil.\\nDefinition of olive\\noil \u00e2\u0080\u009cfoots.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nOLIVE OIL.\\nAlthough not used for soap making in this country to any\\nconsiderable extent, olive oil deserves at least a brief mention in\\nthese pages, since it is not only an eminently suitable material\\nfor soap, but has given to Castile soap that reputation from\\nwhich it derives considerable credit even now, though much of\\nthe Castile soap of commerce at the present time is as innocent\\nof any olive oil as is the cotton seed oil which is now so largely\\nsold for the product of the olive.\\nPure olive oil is pale yellow or greenish yellow, and con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntains, when cold pressed, about two-thirds olein, one-third palm-\\nitin and very little stearin. If pressed with the application of\\nheat it will be richer in palmitin. It saponifies readily with lyes\\nof every strength, though in practice that at 20 to 25\u00c2\u00b0 gives the\\nbest satisfaction. Saponified, it forms a white or greenish soap,\\nvery mild and fatty, but lathering sparingly, especially in cold\\nwater, and becoming very hard with age. In hot water, how\u00c2\u00ac\\never, it is peculiarly soft and then washes away quite rapidly.\\nThis oil is used largely for soap making in Spain, France,\\nItaly and other countries in southern Europe where the olive\\ngrows. In recent years olive growing has developed somewhat\\nin California, but not sufficiently as yet to be of importance to\\nour soap manufacturers. The oil used in soapmaking is that\\nwhich is obtained from a second pressure after the table oil has\\nbeen obtained in the first pressure. A greenish oil yielded by a\\nthird pressure after heating is also used in soaps and better\\nknown\u00e2\u0080\u0094especially in Europe\u00e2\u0080\u0094by the name \u00e2\u0080\u009csulfur oil,\u00e2\u0080\u009d which\\nname, however, also covers a product mentioned below and ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ntracted by means of carbon bisulphide.\\nOLIVE OIL FOOTS.\\nBy this name an oil is brought into commerce from Europe,\\nand imported to some extent into this country, which is partly\\nextracted from the residue left in pressing the olive, as well as\\nfrom decayed olives, and partly consists of the dregs that deposit\\nfrom the pressed oil on standing. To extract this oil from the\\nresidue, bisulphide of carbon is employed, in which the oil is\\nsoluble. The solvent named being very volatile, it is distilled\\noff again, and a low grade of oil remains, which constitutes the\\nbulk of the \u00e2\u0080\u009cfoots.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Olives that have been pressed cold once\\nor twice for the best oil are also pressed a third time, together", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "I\\nFats and Oils. 57\\nwith water, and the resulting 1 oil deposits a turbid sedimenton\\nstanding which also goes into the foots, so that the product\\nknown by this name is of a somewhat indefinite character. It is,\\nhowever, always characterized by a disagreeable odor, a dark\\ngreen color, a thickly fluid consistency, the presence of more or\\nless vegetable mucous and a larger proportion of palmitin than\\nis contained in the olive oil. It also frequently happens that Pr ecaution\\nquite appreciable amounts of the bisulphide of carbon are left in ed\\nthe foots, which renders care in their use necessary, for not only\\nis the vapor of this substance exceedingly inflammable, but it\\nhas occurred that those engaged in using the foots for soap\\nmaking have been overcome by the vapor given off on boiling\\nor melting them.\\nThe color of the olive oil foots and the impurities may be Bleachlng\\nOil foots.\\nremoved, to a great extent at least, by blowing steam into the oil\\nthrough a perforated coil at the bottom of the vessel until the\\ncolor gradually becomes quite light; during a few hours of subse\u00c2\u00ac\\nquent rest a dark colored slime settles out, when some strong lye\\nis sprinkled over it through a perforated pipe above the vessel\\nand the oil allowed to settle again.\\nA more effective process of preparing the foots for soap mak\u00c2\u00ac\\ning is as follows Boil the foots on brine of about 12\u00c2\u00b0 B. until\\nthe dirty looking scum which at first rises, and which must be\\ntaken off, no longer appears. Let settle over night and draw off\\nthe clear oil from the sediment into a wooden vessel. Now mix\\nfor each 1,000 lbs. of oil 20 lbs. of peroxide of hydrogen with 3\\nlbs. of sal ammonia, and warm this mixture then pour it in a\\nfine stream into the oil, which must be continuously crutcbed\\nwhile the bleaching liquid runs in and until brown streaks appear\\non the oil. Next the oil is at once washed with say 250 lbs. of\\nboiling brine at 5\u00c2\u00b0 B. and left to settle again. The clear oil has\\nthen acquired a yellow color and will make good, common, light\\ncolored soap.\\nUnbleached foots yield a green soap, but this color sometimes\\nchanges to a dirty yellow, while at other times it remains, so that\\nit is frequently supported by the addition of green coloring mat\u00c2\u00ac\\nter. In warm water this soap softens considerably and washes\\naway very fast.\\nr e\\ntheir\\nolive\\nCOTTON SEED OIL.\\nThis oil has been familiar to the soap makers generally for", "height": "4687", "width": "3025", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "58\\nFats and Oils.\\nCrude cotton seed\\noil.\\nRefined oil.\\nSlimmer yellow.\\nthe past 40 years only^as previous to that period the extent of\\nthe production of oil from cotton seed was very small, and the\\nfirst soaps made with it were very unsatisfactory, its proper sa\u00c2\u00ac\\nponification not being- assured by the ordinary methods then in\\nuse^j\\nThe crude oil is a thickly fluid, dirty yellow to reddish oil of\\ngreatly varying quality, as the seeds from which it is obtained\\nmay be of good or of poor quality, according to the season they\\nmay have been stored for a considerable length of time, perhaps\\neven had become damp or heated and begun to decay, and they\\nmay have been handled in the oil mill and expressed with differ\u00c2\u00ac\\nent degrees of care. Some mill men obtain 33 gallons of oil from\\na ton of seed while others get 45 according to their own state\u00c2\u00ac\\nments, which is in itself evidence of great difference in quality.\\nThe lower grades of crude oil generally contain a higher percent\u00c2\u00ac\\nage of free fatty acids and therefore present a greater loss in re\u00c2\u00ac\\nfining they also yield a lower quality of refined oil. On stand\u00c2\u00ac\\ning for some time a slimy deposit separates from the crude\\noil.\\nC^Owing to the coloring matter and other impurities contained\\nin it the crude oil is not well adapted for soap making, but re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquires refining^) This operation is generally carried out in special\\noil refineries which obtain the crude oil from the mills. The pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ncess of refining consists in warming the oil to 100-115\u00c2\u00b0 F in\\nlarge tanks, 15x25 feet, and adding under constant agitation,\\nthrough a perforated pipe above the tank, about 2 per cent, of\\nsay 30\u00c2\u00b0 lye. The exact quantity, nature and strength of the lye\\nused\u00e2\u0080\u0094whether soda or potash, entirely caustic or partly carbon\u00c2\u00ac\\nated\u00e2\u0080\u0094depends on the quality of the oil and the judgment or\\npreference of the refiner. The fatty acids and the lye combine\\nrapidly to form a crude, black, and dirty soap which envelops a\\nlarge amount of coloring matter these soap particles will settle\\nin the course of 24 hours and leave the oil above sweet and light in\\ncolor. If then found necessary, more lye may be added to purify\\nthe oil still further. When the oil is sufficiently refined, it is\\neither allowed to rest at once, or first boiled up with about 1 per\\ncent of salt previously dissolved in hot water, to assist clarifica\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion the impurities which settle to the bottom consist of partly\\nformed soap, coloring matter, mucilagenous slime, and water or\\nwaste lye. The clear, pale-colored oil is drawn off, and washed\\nout with water, and constitutes the grade known in commerce", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "Fats and Oils.\\n59\\nas summer T ellow.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The sediment is brought on the market-\\nas soap stock or foots.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe oil when refined as above described, consists of palmitin\\nand olein, the former largely separating out at a low tempera\u00c2\u00ac\\nture. When the oil is chilled, a more liquid portion (mostly\\nolein) may be separated from it, which is very suitable for a salad\\noil and known as \u00e2\u0080\u009cwinter yellow,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and required to remain limpid\\nat a temperature of 32\u00c2\u00b0 F., the more solid portion\u00e2\u0080\u0094about 25\\n(mostly palmitin) is brought on the market as cotton stearin.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nBy the latter name there is also sold another product, namely\\nthe solid fatty acids from factories making glycerin from cotton\\nseed oil. Unless this is borne in mind the term is apt to confuse.\\nFurther treatment of the summer and winter yellow oils with\\n2 to 3% of Fullers\u00e2\u0080\u0099 earth, with thorough agitation and subsequ\u00c2\u00ac\\nent filtration through a filter press, furnish the \u00e2\u0080\u009csummer white\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nand winter white\u00e2\u0080\u009d varieties. From the facts that crude oils\\nvary considerably and are refined by methods as the refiner thinks\\nbest adapted to their character, it is readily seen that refined oils\\nalso differ in quality to some extent, though less so of course\\nthan do the crudes. More or less thorough settling directly after\\nrefining and before barrelling is also a source of difference in\\nqualify.\\nCotton seed oil, and especially the refined article, saponifies\\nwith difficulty, and only gradually by long continued boiling with\\nan excess of alkali; but the process may be hastened by the ad\u00c2\u00ac\\ndition of other fats or of some soap scraps. The resulting soap\\nis of a white color while fresh, and rather soft, so that the oil is\\ngenerally used together with fats that form a more solid soap.\\nIn order to make a firm bar soap from cotton seed oil alone it is\\ntherefore necessary to finish it so that the soap should contain\\nbut little water. When the soap grows older it turns yellow, ac\u00c2\u00ac\\nquires a somewhat disagreeable odor, and, worst of all, certain\\nvarieties become covered with yellow blotches. This latter phe\u00c2\u00ac\\nnomenon seems to be due to an unsaponifiable substance (hydro\u00c2\u00ac\\ncarbon) in the oil, which is not removed by the process of refin\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, but remains and finds its way into the soap, and under fav\u00c2\u00ac\\norable circumstances is brought to the surface by the \u00e2\u0080\u009csweating\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nof the soap. Curiously enough, these spots do not appear in the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cboiled-down\u00e2\u0080\u009d soap of cotton seed oil, nor in \u00e2\u0080\u009ccold-made\u00e2\u0080\u009d soap\\ncontaining silicate of soda, and are kept somewhat in check by\\nsal soda filling; but on the other hand they are very pronounced\\nFoots.\\nWinter yellow.\\nCotton stearin\\nProperties of cot\u00c2\u00ac\\nton seed oil for\\nsoap making.", "height": "4687", "width": "3025", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "60\\nFats and Oils.\\nBleached oil.\\nComposition o f\\nfoots.\\nMannerof saponi\u00c2\u00ac\\nfying foots.\\nin white \u00e2\u0080\u009csettled\u00e2\u0080\u009d soap soon after the same has been made. In\\nrosin soap they are less noticeableT?\\nThe commercial refined oil may be bleached if required, by\\nthe use of Fuller\u00e2\u0080\u0099s earth, or by potassium bichromate and hydro\u00c2\u00ac\\nchloric acid, both processes having- been described in the preced\u00c2\u00ac\\ning pages in connection with the subject of tallow and palm oil.\\nBleaching, however, does not prevent the before-mentioned yel\u00c2\u00ac\\nlow spots in the soap.\\nCOTTON SEED STEARIN.\\nAs was said under cotton seed oil, there is separated from\\nthe latter at a low temperature a portion of the solid palmitin,\\nand this is brought into commerce as \u00e2\u0080\u009ccotton seed stearin.\u00e2\u0080\u009d It\\nis white, of about the consistency of cocoanut oil, and is a suit\u00c2\u00ac\\nable material for soap making, as it gives a firmer bar than cot\u00c2\u00ac\\nton seed oil; but in all other respects it has the same properties.\\nBy cotton stearin is also sometimes understood the fatty\\nacids of the oil, separated in some glycerin factories. This\\nwould be a good material for soap makers also, but for the fact\\nthat it saponifies so rapidly that unsaponified particles become\\nenclosed in clots of thick soap, in consequence of which it is\\ndifficult to work properly. (For particulars in regard to the\\nsaponification of this material see under \u00e2\u0080\u009cRed Oil.\u00e2\u0080\u009d)\\nCOTTON SEED FOOTS. SOAP STOCK.\\nThe yellowish to dark brown sediment separated in refining\\ncotton seed oil consists of variable proportions of imperfectly\\nformed soap, water, coloring matter and dirt, from which it\\nnaturally follows that it is by no means of definitely fixed qual\u00c2\u00ac\\nity. It comes on the market as \u00e2\u0080\u009csoap stock\u00e2\u0080\u009d or \u00e2\u0080\u009cfoots,\u00e2\u0080\u009d al\u00c2\u00ac\\nthough the latter name, properly speaking, refers to the dregs\\nnaturally settling from the crude oil. When made from oil\\npressed from decorticated seed it can be made into a fair grade\\nof soap, but oil from undecorticated seed is so charged with\\ncoloring matter that the soap stock produced by refining it is\\nhardly amenable to bleaching. On saponifying it in the kettle\\nit turns almost black, and the spent lye is very dark. In order\\nto make soap as light in color as can be effected without bleach\u00c2\u00ac\\ning of the stock, (bleaching being possible by the use of tin\\ncrystals or several of the other bleaching processes described in\\nthis chapter), the saponification of the foots must be so con-", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "Fats and Oils.\\n61\\nducted as to wash out with the waste lye as much of the color\u00c2\u00ac\\ning- matters as possible. For this purpose care is taken in the\\nfirst change never to allow the soap to become quite neutral, but\\nalways to have an excess of alkaline strength in the kettle,\\nwhereby the coloring matters once absorbed by the lye will re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmain in the same and not be incorporated in the soap. The\\nwaste lye from a previous boil, even if quite dark, may be used\\nto advantage when beginning the saponification, as the glycer\u00c2\u00ac\\nin contained therein assists in dissolving and removing the\\ncoloring matters. The waste lye may be run into the kettle,\\nand while adding the foots an excess of strength is all the time\\nkept up by also running in more lye. When the stock is all\\nsaponified and the soap still has a small excess of strength, it is\\ngrained with strong salt solution, and after a short rest the dirty\\nlye is drawn off as hot as possible. Now another change of lye\\nmay be given; or if rosin is to be used, the soap is first boiled\\nwith the lye required for the same\u00e2\u0080\u0094using some spent lye again\\nif convenient\u00e2\u0080\u0094and then adding the rosin, either all or part of it\\nonly if 2 or 3 changes are to be made. An excess of strength is\\nagain kept up till the last, as before. When all is saponified\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cpitch\u00e2\u0080\u009d and use the nigre in the next batch.\\nWhen *using this nigre it is first grained on salt water or\\nwith dry salt; then sufficient stock is added to almost\u00e2\u0080\u0094not quite\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094neutralize the strength. Now the waste lye is drawn off, and\\nthen the proceeding is repeated as before.\\nAnother method of making a light-colored soap from this\\nmaterial consists in bleaching the soap formed by its saponifica\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion. This process is carried out by boiling the completely\\nformed soap, having an excess of strength, on a solution of hy\u00c2\u00ac\\npochlorite of soda of 15 to 20 u B. (This solution may be pre\u00c2\u00ac\\npared by turning free chlorine gas into a cold caustic soda lye\\nuntil the latter is saturated with it.) When the soap \u00e2\u0080\u009copens\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nit is allowed to settle, the waste lye drawn off, and after the soap\\nhas been \u00e2\u0080\u009cclosed\u00e2\u0080\u009d again by running in water, the above treat\u00c2\u00ac\\nment is repeated, until the desired color is obtained. Care is\\nnecessary always to have an excess of strength in the kettle, as\\n*This gas, liquefied by pressure, may be bought in iron drums holding\\nabout 220 lbs. each. It may be used for bleaching oils and fat, by making\\nan aqueous solution and agitating it, together with the stock, in a wooden\\nvessel.\\nBleaching soap.", "height": "4687", "width": "3025", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "62\\nFats and Oils.\\nYieldof soapfrom\\nfoots.\\nAction of linseed\\noil in soap.\\nLathering quali\u00c2\u00ac\\nties.\\nBleaching linseed\\noil.\\notherwise hypochloric acid will form and damage the kettle.\\nThis process is not entirely satisfactory, but gives fairly good\\nresults.\\nIn place of by chlorine gas, this process may also be carried\\nout by the help of ordinary bleaching powder which is dissolved\\nin water, treated with 11 lbs. 90% alkali to each 15 lbs. of bleach\u00c2\u00ac\\ning powder, and the whole warmed up to 125 F. Carbonate of\\nlime precipitates on resting and the clear liquor is used similarly\\nas is the hypochlorite solution just mentioned.\\nSoap stock may be used alone, but is generally employed in\\ncombination with the cheaper grades of grease and tallow. A\\npeculiar feature of this material is in the yield of soap it affords,\\nwhich must be taken into consideration in calculating the cost.\\nWhile all other kinds of stock, by reason of the alkali and water\\nused, yield an increase of soap estimated roughly at about 50%,\\nsoap stock which only contains from say 40 to 60% of fatty acids\\nfurnishes only about its own weight of soap, as it already con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntains considerable alkali, besides the water and impurities v 7 hich\\nare lost.\\nA.s to the color of the soap, what has been said in that res\u00c2\u00ac\\npect of refined cottonseed oil is true also of the foots.\\nLINSEED OIL.\\nLinseed oil consists of 10% palmitin, 10% olein and 80%\\nlinolein. Like cotton seed oil, it requires to be thoroughly well\\nboiled with lye in order to be completely saponified; if any unsa\u00c2\u00ac\\nponified linseed oil should be left in the soap, yellow stains and\\na rank odor will develop in time; but there is no unsaponifiable\\nmatter in the pure oil, at least none that causes yellow spots.\\nLinseed oil alone makes a rather soft soap, but a small per\u00c2\u00ac\\ncentage of it used together with other fat, such as tallow, furn\u00c2\u00ac\\nishes a soap yielding an exceedingly fine lather. It is therefore\\nused in this manner in some special brands of toilet soap.\\nIn Europe it is very largely used for soft (potash) soaps.\\nLinseed oil may be bleached by sulphuric acid, by crutching\\ninto it 4% of this acid (66\u00c2\u00b0 B.) previously diluted with one part\\nof water to four parts of acid. After crutching for thirty\\nminutes the oil gradually assumes a dark green color, and is then\\nallowed to rest for half an hour. Boiling water is next sprinkled\\nover the oil, without crutching. A few days rest is then allow\u00c2\u00ac\\ned, when the oil will be clear and ready to be drawn off for use.", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "Fats and Oils.\\n63\\nAnother way of bleaching- it, better adapted for soapmaking\\nby the cold process, consists in treating- it with lye and alum, in\\nthe same manner as described under Tallow Bleaching-; a rather\\nlarg-er proportion of alum must be used in this case.\\nThe sulphuric acid and alum treatments may also be com\u00c2\u00ac\\nbined, thus: For 100 g-allons of oil prepare a solution of 20 lbs.\\nof sulphuric acid (66\u00c2\u00b0 B.) in 2)4 g-allons of water; in a separate\\nvessel place 2 lbs. of commercial alum dissolved in 2^2 gallons\\nof water. Crutch in the dilute sulphuric acid so as to mix very\\nthoroughly, and then follow with the alum in the same manner;\\ncrutch for three hours longer and then let settle. Next day\\ndraw off the clear oil from the top.\\nThe bichromate method of bleaching as described for grease\\nis applicable to this oil also.\\nCASTOR OIL.\\nThis oil consists of ricinolein, with a small percentage only Peculiarities of\\nr o y castor oil.\\nof stearin and palmitin. It saponifies very readily with strong\\nlye, giving a hard, tough, white transparent soap, remaining\\nhard even with a large percentage of water. It lathers very\\nlittle, however, and is therefore used only with other fats, when\\nit is for the object of giving transparency to a soap, or when use\\nis made of the fact that, owing to its density, it gives to soap an\\neven texture and fine gloss; especially in milled soap the use of a\\nsmall proportion of castor oil is in many cases very advisable.\\nThere are several qualities of this oil, expressed either hot several qualities,\\nor cold, which must be selected according to the soap to be made\\nthe hot pressed oil being somewhat yellow and therefore better\\nadapted for colored soap, while the cold pressed oil is almost col\u00c2\u00ac\\norless. A peculiarity of castor oil is that it is completely solu\u00c2\u00ac\\nble in alcohol; it is also the most thickly fluid of all oils. If\\nthere is any doubt of the oil being fresh enough for transparent\\nsoap, a small sample should be saponified separately with half\\nits weight of 38\u00c2\u00b0 of lye in the cold; if a smooth soap results the\\noil is suitable; if not, it should be rejected for this purpose.\\nWOOL GREASE. LANOLIN.\\nWool, in its raw state, contains a peculiar compound con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsisting of about one-half of wool grease and nearly one-half of\\ncarbonate of potash; large quantities of commercial potash are\\nannually derived from this source, in the course of washing the", "height": "4687", "width": "3025", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "64\\nFats and Oils.\\nwool. The ordinary wool grease of commerce is used mostly for\\ndressing leather, being hardly suitable for soap making owing\\nto the large percentage of unsaponifiable matter it contains, its\\ndark color, and its naturally unpleasant odor, which is still fur\u00c2\u00ac\\nther increased by the remaining odor of the solvents (benzine,\\nether, etc.) used in its manufacture. It cannot be used alone to\\nmake into soap, but is occasionally used in Europe in the manu\u00c2\u00ac\\nfacture of rosin soaps.\\nwool a special purified neutral wool grease containing also a\\ngrease for sup-\\nerfatted soaps. large portion of water and known as \u00e2\u0080\u009clanolin,\u00e2\u0080\u009d is manufactured\\nin Germany and imported from there; it is greatly recommended\\nfor use in ointments and pomades. Soapmakers have also em\u00c2\u00ac\\nployed small proportions of it, together with other fats, but\\nmostly in an experimental way only, and for the purpose of \u00e2\u0080\u009csu-\\nperfatting\u00e2\u0080\u009d soaps. The anhydrous purified wool fat is a similar\\nproduct used for similar purposes; it is also known as \u00e2\u0080\u009cAdeps\\nLana?,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and specially adapted to ue incorporated into soap by\\nmilling. It is yellowish, translucent, of slight odor only, soft\\nat ordinary temperature, and has the peculiar property of readily\\npenetrating the skin (hence its usefulness in ointments. c.); it\\nis neutral and does not turn rancid. It cannot be saponified by\\nordinary lye, but saponifies (at least partly) when an alcoholic\\nlye is used. It differs from ordinary fats in not being a com\u00c2\u00ac\\npound of glycerin, (See Appendix, Note 2), although the unpur\\nified wool fat contains some glycerin.\\nDistilled wool grease is said to have been used at times to\\nadulterate tallow.\\nVARIOUS OTHER OILS AND FATS.\\nIn the foregoing pages the oils and fats used more or less\\nextensively for soap making in the United States have been de\u00c2\u00ac\\nscribed; there are also a number of other oils which, being used\\nfor the same purpose in foreign countries, are mostly of casual\\ninterest only in the United States. But we cannot pass them by\\nwithout at least mentioning them.\\nNeatsfoot Oil gives a fine, white, but rather soft soap.\\nFish Oils of various kinds, yield soaps, of a disagreeable\\nodor, and are only used in very common grades of soft soap.\\nSesame Oils the finer qualities of this oil obtained from the\\nseeds of Sesasum indicum c., growing in warm countries, are", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "Fats and Oils.\\n65\\nused for table oil, while the ordinary grades are used extensively\\nfor soap making in Europe. The cold-pressed oil forms a rather\\nsoft soap, but the solid part separated at a low temperature yields\\na firm bar. It is frequently adulterated with peanut oil, and in\\nturn is used itself to adulterate olive oil.\\nPeanut Oil is used largely in Europe, and especially in France,\\nfor making soap. The first cold pressure of the peanut yields a\\nfine straw-yellow table oil. Oil of the second pressure (with cord\\nwater) is used mostly for illuminating purposes. A third, warm\\npressure yields the oil used for soap making. For this purpose\\nthe oil is not unlike cotton seed oil in its action and product, but\\nthe soap has no yellow stains. Hot pressed peanut oil is some\u00c2\u00ac\\nwhat dark colored, but may be bleached by treating with lye.\\nThe manufacture of this oil has in late years had some attention\\nalso in the United States.\\nHempseed Oil is used in soft soap, to which it gives a green\\ncolor.\\nSunflower Seed Oil is used largely in Russia for hard and soft\\nsoaps.\\nColza Oil. This oil is used to some extent in soft soap.\\nFulleds Fat. The soap used in \u00e2\u0080\u009cfulling\u00e2\u0080\u009d textile fabrics\\nconstitutes such large amounts that in some places the fatty\\nacids are recovered by treating the waste waters of the factories\\nwith mineral acids; the latter acids combine with the alkalies to\\nsoluble compounds, while the insoluble fatty acids rise to the\\nsurface, mixed with more or less coloring matter, and may be\\ncollected, purified as far as possible, and used over again for\\nlower grades of soap. (For the saponification of such materials\\nsee under Oleic Acid and Rosin).\\nCorn Oil. This oil is pressed from the germs that have been\\nseparated from the corn used in distilleries and glucose and starch\\nfactories. It is, or was, until a high duty was collected on it,\\nexported from this country to Germany, to be employed in place\\nof linseed oil for making a soft soap, as the soap formed by it is\\nrather soft and yellowish. It may also be used in place of lin\u00c2\u00ac\\nseed oil, as a small addition toother fats, in making toilet soaps,\\nto which it imparts good lathering properties. At present only\\na comparatively small quantity of this oil is made, and used\\nmostly for tanning and lubricating purposes. It is a yellow,\\nrather thickly fluid oil, consisting of some stearin, but mostly", "height": "4687", "width": "3025", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "66\\nFats and Oils.\\nSaponified and\\ndistilled red oil.\\nolein, and palmitin, and some unsaponifiable matter and requires\\nto be well saponified in order that the soap may not become\\nrancid in a short time. For its saponification a strongly caustic\\nlye is required.\\nHorse Fat. Horses are very poor in fat, the only notable\\nquantity being- found in the neck; this fat is yellow and more\\nsolid than lard, containing about 25% olein and 75% solid fat;\\nit is usually rancid and of bad odor, but may be considerably im\u00c2\u00ac\\nproved by treatment with lye, as described under tallow.\\nAlmond Oil expressed from almonds and peach and apricot\\nkernels, is difficult to saponify in the cold process, unless saponi\u00c2\u00ac\\nfication is assisted by the addition of tallow or cocoanut oil in\\nconsiderable proportion. After a series of experiments made in\\nthis respect on the part of a manufacturer of almond oil, the\\nfollowing conclusions were arrived at: Almond oil may be puri\u00c2\u00ac\\nfied by boiling on weak lye and separating with 20 c salt solution;\\nit may then be made into a fine soap by crutching into 100 parts\\nof the oil: 34 parts soda lye and 17 parts potash %e of 38 c B., at\\na temperature of 75-80 F., after crutching for an hour, let rest\\nand crutch for a few minutes hourly. If the batch is begun in\\nthe morning, it is treated in this way through the day, let rest\\nin a warm room through the night, and crutched through again\\nthoroughly next morning; soon the soap is ready to be run into\\nthe frame. The frame must be in a warm room where, after\\nabout 48 hours, saponification has set in; it will take 36 to 48\\nhours more for the soap to harden.\\nOLEIC ACID. (RED OIL).\\nWhen tallow is worked up for the manufacture of glycerin\\nand stearic acid, for the use of candle makers, the oleic acid is\\nbrought into commerce separately, under the name of \u00e2\u0080\u009cred oil,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nand used quite largely in soap making. According as the fat has\\nbeen decomposed by distillation, or by treating it with a current\\nof steam, the oleic acid is known as \u00e2\u0080\u009cdistilled,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or as \u00e2\u0080\u009csaponifi\u00c2\u00ac\\ned,\u00e2\u0080\u009d orelaine red oil (the separation of a fat into glycerin and\\nfatty acids being technically termed \u00e2\u0080\u009csaponification\u00e2\u0080\u009d). The\\nname \u00e2\u0080\u009cred oil\u00e2\u0080\u009d is derived from the red color which the acid as\u00c2\u00ac\\nsumes, partly by age, and partly by its action on the iron parts\\nof the machinery used in its manufacture. The distilled red oil\\ncomes over when grease is distilled; it is thinner than the sapon-", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "Fats and Oils.\\n67\\nified red oil and contaminated with by-products of the process.\\nThe saponified red oil is pressed out from the mixture of fatty\\nacids, which results from splitting 1 up a fat by means of steam\\ncurrents, as just stated; it is the better material of the two var\u00c2\u00ac\\nieties.\\nRed oil is of a consistency approaching that of lard, and\\nmade into soap it furnishes a rather soft and very soluble pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduct, for which reason it is in favor with the textile manufac\u00c2\u00ac\\nturers, who require a soap that will dissolve completely and read\u00c2\u00ac\\nily in water of a low temperature. For bar soap it is used most\u00c2\u00ac\\nly to make the \u00e2\u0080\u009cGerman Mottled\u00e2\u0080\u009d soap, for, being boiled down,\\nthis variety contains less water, and is consequently harder and\\nless wasteful in use than ordinary soap of the same stock.\\nBeing a fatty acid, it does not\u00e2\u0080\u0094like neutral fats\u00e2\u0080\u0094require\\ncaustic lye to form soap, but will combine directly with carbon\u00c2\u00ac\\nate of soda, driving the carbonic acid out of its combination with\\nthe alkali in doing so. In practice, however, caustic soda is pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nferable, as the carbonic acid eliminated from the carbonated lye\\nwould make the soap frothy and spongy.\\nBut since fatty acids combine almost instantly with alkali,\\nthe order of procedure in the case of red oil is reversed when sap\u00c2\u00ac\\nonifying, i. the lye is first run into the kettle and then the\\nfatty acid is gradually added. If it were done in the usual way\\nof running the lye into the melted stock, the soap would \u00e2\u0080\u009cbunch\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n(form in lumps, in which would be enclosed particles of the red\\noil) so that the lye would be unable to act properly on the stock;\\nthe soap would then form imperfectly and be very difficult to\\nhandle in the kettle. It is, however, an advantage to use lye\\ncontaining some carbonate of soda, or even salt, which makes\\nthe soap more liquid and more mobile during the boiling. On\\nthe other hand, red oil may be employed to advantage for utiliz\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the carbonate of soda which is contained in the waste lyes,\\nresulting from saponifying neutral fats with lye made of the\\nlower grades of caustic. In saponifying red oil strong lye of 25\u00c2\u00b0\\nB., or over, is used; weak lyes are apt to cause frothing of the\\nsoap in the kettle.\\nThe use of rosin together with red oil improves also the odor\\nof the resulting soap (and the same is true regarding palm oil).\\nOne part of palm oil and two parts of red oil will yield a firm\\nsoap of much more agreeable odor than red oil alone. In course\\nProperties for\\nsoap making.\\nRed oil may be\\nsaponified with\\ncarbonated al\u00c2\u00ac\\nkali.\\nPrecautions in sa\u00c2\u00ac\\nponifying red\\noil.\\nRed oil for titiliz-\\ningcarbonate in\\nlye.", "height": "4687", "width": "3025", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "68\\nFats and Oils.\\nRosin not unlike\\nred oil in com\u00c2\u00ac\\nposition.\\nRosin supports\\nthe color of\\npalm oil soap.\\nof time all soaps containing- red oil become darker in color than\\nthey were when fresh.\\nROSIN.\\nRosin, a material left when distilling- turpentine, is a pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduct of the pine lands of Georgia, North and South Carolina,\\nFlorida, and other Southern States. The sap of the pine tree\\nthus furnishes the products known collectively by the time-hon\u00c2\u00ac\\nored name of \u00e2\u0080\u009cnaval stores,\u00e2\u0080\u009d i. e oil of turpentine and\\nrosin, tog-ether with tar, pitch, and charcoal derived from\\nthe wood itself. The first year when a tree is tapped the sap\\nruns from it in a clear white state and, on distilling-, yields the\\nlightest colored rosin; with each succeeding year the sap coming\\nfrom the tree is darker and consequently and also as the result of\\nmore or less dry distillation the rosin obtained from it is also\\ndarker. There are consequently the following grades of rosin,\\nbeginning with the highest grade\\nw. w.\\nWater White.\\nW. G.\\nWindow glass.\\nN.\\nExtra pale.\\nM.\\nPale.\\nK.\\nLow Pale.\\nI.\\nGood No. 1.\\nH.\\nNo. 1.\\nF.\\nGood No. 2.\\nE.\\nNo. 2.\\nD.\\nGood strain.\\nC.\\nStrain.\\nB.\\nCommon strain.\\nA.\\nBlack.\\nRosin is in some respects not unlike oleic acid, especially in\\nthat it is saponifiable with carbonate of soda, for rosin is a mix\u00c2\u00ac\\nture of several acids (sjlvicand pinic acid c., See App. Note\\n12,) and\u00e2\u0080\u0094as said under red oil,\u00e2\u0080\u0094these do not aosolutely require\\nthe use of caustic soda, although the latter is for several reasons\\npreferable to the carbonate in practice, as already stated. Soap\\nmade with rosin, and especially with that of the darker grades,\\nbecomes darker with age, while soap made from unbleached palm\\noil retains its yellow color w 7 hen rosin has been used with it, al\u00c2\u00ac\\nthough without the addition of rosin the color of such soap would\\nsoon fade on exposure to the air and light. Rosin alone cannot", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "Fats and Oils.\\n69\\nbe made into a solid soap, and it softens every soap made of oils,\\nor fats into which it enters, and renders the same more easily sol\u00c2\u00ac\\nuble, so that it is best to use it in connection with fats rich in\\nstearin which has a contrary effect. For this reason the rosin\\nsoaps are so popular in this country, as they are serviceable even\\nwhen well dried, whereas a soap made of tallow alone, for in\u00c2\u00ac\\nstance, would become hard and practically insoluble. While\\nfresh they wash more rapidly than any other soap, and will clean\\nclothes which tallow soap fails to clean. All rosin soaps, how\u00c2\u00ac\\never, have this disadvantage, that with age they become sticky,\\nespecially if the proportion of rosin used is large, appearing al\u00c2\u00ac\\nmost like a soap containing unsaponified rosin, although they do\\nnot become rancid, as some other soaps do, For use in hard, or\\nin cold water, rosin soaps are most serviceable, being second\\nonly to cocoanut oil soap in this respect.\\nFor saponifying rosin, lye of about 20\u00c2\u00b0 B. may generally be\\nused to advantage, as weak lye causes it to froth; but it will en\u00c2\u00ac\\nter into combination with weak as well as with strong lye.\\nBeing slightly soluble in salt water, more or less of the rosin\\nsoap is contained in the hot waste lye after saponifying the rosin\\nand graining the soap with salt. On standing for some time to\\ncool off this waste lye throws out of solution quite an appreci\u00c2\u00ac\\nable amount of soap, which may be regained in this manner.\\nThe color of rosin varies from a light yellow to a very dark\\nbrown and almost black, and this naturally affects the color of\\nthe soap made from it. By using some carbonate of soda with\\nthe lye employed for saponifying the rosin, a soap of lighter col\u00c2\u00ac\\nor will be obtained than when a very caustic lye is employed.\\nThe question of color in rosin soap will be referred 1o again in\\nthe following chapters.\\nFor special occasions rosin may also be bleached by melting\\nit, to let the dirt settle, and boiling the clear rosin once or twice\\non salt solution of 10\u00c2\u00b0 B. for an hour or so, running away the\\ndark colored brine; 20 pounds of salt solution are used for 100\\npounds of rosin. Many other methods for bleaching rosin have\\nbeen devised, but taking labor, time, steam, c., into considera\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, it is questionable whether this would ordinarily pay for the\\ndifference in color obtained.\\nThe employment of rosin has frequently been referred to as\\nan adulteration of soap, even by soap makers themselves. This\\nis certainly not justified by any means, as a consideration of the\\nRosin is best used\\nwith fats rich in\\nstearin.\\nAdvantages of\\nsoa\u00c2\u00a3 containing\\nrosin.\\nRosin soap in\\nwaste lye.\\nBleaching rosin.\\nRosin not an\\nadulteration.", "height": "4687", "width": "3025", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "70\\nFats and Oils.\\nfacts in the matter will readily show. First of all; the yellow\\nrosin soaps are so very extensively made simply because the de\u00c2\u00ac\\nmand for them is greater than for any other kind of soap for\\nlaundry and general household purposes; this in itself would\\nseem to demonstrate that rosin confers some desirable properties\\non soap. Secondly, the fact that rosin is cheaper by the pound\\nthan fats and oils does not of itself make it an adulteration, so\\nlong- as it is used in proportions suitable for the purpose. Third\u00c2\u00ac\\nly, as rosin consists of acids that are capable of forming- a soap,\\nits use can no more be considered an adulteration than the use of\\nred oil, or cheap grease would be. Rosin can therefore be consid\u00c2\u00ac\\nered as an adulteration only when the soap is supposed to be\\nmade of hig-h priced fats alone, and a corresponding- price is paid\\ntherefor. Certainly no soap, other thing s being- equal, will do\\nwashing at as low a cost and with as little effort as a soap will\\ndo which contains a moderate proportion of rosin. For use in\\ncold water, or in hard water, rosin soap is in many respects un\u00c2\u00ac\\nsurpassed. The rather agreeable odor of rosin soap as compared\\nwith a pure tallow soap also deserves mention.\\nIn combining- with lye, this material yields an amount of\\nsoap slightly below that g-ained from a like amount of fat; the\\nexact g-ain cannot be given, as the commercial grades of rosin\\nvary greatly.\\n(Rosin oil, obtained by redistilling rosin, is a hydrocarbon\\ncompound, and not saponifyable).", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III.\\nLye.\\nLye is a solution of alkali in water, and may be of greatly\\nvarying- composition, as regards strength as well as quality The\\nmore alkali is dissolved in a given quantity of water, the heavier\\nwill of course become the lye, and for ordinary use the strength\\nof lye is therefore gauged directly by its weight. Avery conve\u00c2\u00ac\\nnient instrument for the purpose of ascertaining the weight is a\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009chydrometer\u00e2\u0080\u009d or \u00e2\u0080\u009calkalimeter\u00e2\u0080\u009d (see illustration), which\\nis a glass tube, closed at both ends, and provided with a\\nweight on one end and a graduated scale on the other; the\\nlatter serves to show how deep the instrument sinks into\\nthe lye, being so graduated that it indicates 0 in pure\\nwater, and higher numbers (degrees) as it sinks less\\ndeeply in the liquid, or in other words, as the lye becomes\\nstronger. As the instruments commonly sold do not al\u00c2\u00ac\\nways register quite correctly, variations of a degree or so\\nbeing by no means rare, it is well to compare new instru\u00c2\u00ac\\nments with those already in use, before breaking of the\\nlatter throws all the responsibility on a new hydrometer\\nwhose accuracy was not tested. The graduation, as\\nbx\\nmostly used in this country, was designed by Baume, and the\\nstrength of alkaline and other solutions is therefore generally\\ndescribed as being \u00e2\u0080\u009cso many degrees Baume,\u00e2\u0080\u009d meaning that the\\ninstrument described sinks to that degree of its scale into the lye.\\nIn England a different graduation, namely that of Twaddle, is\\nmore generally in use.\\nIn order to form a correct idea of the real strength of any lye\\nit is, however, necessary to also consider the nature or quality of\\nQuality and\\nstrength of lye.\\nStrength alone is\\nno real indica\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of the char\u00c2\u00ac\\nacter of lye.", "height": "4687", "width": "3025", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "72\\nLye.\\nthe alkali of which the lye was made, for the alkalies of commerce\\nare brought into the market into several grades, containing vary\u00c2\u00ac\\ning proportions of pure caustic alkali, and since they correspond\u00c2\u00ac\\ningly contain varying proportions of carbonated alkali, salt, sul\u00c2\u00ac\\nphate of soda, and other impurities, it follows that two lyes of\\nthe same weight may differ considerably in their nature as well\\nas actual strength, even though the indications of the hydrometer\\nbe the same in both.\\nMoreover it is necessary to take into account the fact that\\nthe density of the same liquid varies with its temperature. The\\ndifference of a lye at 60\u00c2\u00b0 F. as against the same lye at boiling\\npoint is to 4\u00c2\u00b0 on Baume\u00e2\u0080\u0099s scale; this is of little moment in\\nmaking boiled soap but becomes important when testing the\\nstrength of lye to be used in the cold or half-boiled process, or\\nfor transparent soap.\\nIt should hardly be necessary to say that where accurate\\ntesting is necessary, the instrument should be dry, and especially\\nfree from grease, before placing it in the lye; carelessness in this\\nrespect is as bad as the use of incorrect instruments, and has\\ncaused many batches of cold soap to be spoiled.\\nIn order to be a little more explicit we must now consider the\\ncommercial varieties of caustic and carbonated soda and potash.\\nGrades of Alkali Caustic soda is brought on the market in\\ncommercial grades named respectively 60, 70, 74, 76, and 77% the highest\\ngrades of alkali.\\nand almost chemically pure commercial grade of caustic soda be\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the 77% grade. To understand these denominations it must\\nbe remembered that 100 lbs. of pure caustic soda are formed by\\nthe combination of 77% lbs. of sodium oxide with 22% lbs. of\\nwater, and as the percentage of sodium oxide in a sample is the\\nnumuer expressing the grade, it follows that chemically pure\\ncaustic would grade 77 Itshouid also be remembered that this\\nmode of indicating the grade is in use in England and in the\\nUnited States, while in Germany the percentage of sodium car\u00c2\u00ac\\nbonate which would be equivalent to the oxide, is named as the\\ngrade; iriFrancestillanothernotationis used which itis not neces\u00c2\u00ac\\nsary to describe here in detail. (See Aop. Note 8). On a sim\u00c2\u00ac\\nilar principle as in the case of caustic soda are also designated\\nthe grades of carbonate of soda (soda ash etc.) and the analog\u00c2\u00ac\\nous compounds of potash, so that soda ash ranges from 25 to 58\\nper cent in grade.\\nAs to ordinary commercial American potash, its composition", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "Lye.\\n73\\nis but too often a somewhat mysterious one, as very variable pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nportions of soda alkali, common salt, and sometimes lime are pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nsent. Unless an article of known purity be purchased, it will be\\nnecessary to carefully examine the potash used in order to obtain\\nexpected results. While a grade containing- 70% of potassium\\nhydrate on an average is insisted on by larg-e buyers, lots are\\nfrequently found that averag-e only 60% and less, containing- a\\ncorrespondingly high amount of ordinary salt. A good grade,\\nmoreover, is generally opaque, of dull gray or slate color, often\\nwith green or red stains, and is sometimes honey combed, while\\nthat containing much salt has a much better appearance, being\\nnearly white, pearly and translucent, so that potash is very like\u00c2\u00ac\\nly to be misjudged by its appearance. These remarks do not\\napply to the uniform products imported from Germany and\\nFrance which are sold under a strict system of grading.\\nQuality of Lyes To illustrate more plainly the difference in\\nlyes made of the various grades of caustic, let us look at the com-\\nposition of the latter:\\nThere are contained in\\n100 lbs.\\nof commercial\\nComposition o\\nCB-UStlC caustic of differ\\nsoda of\\n60-62%\\n70-72%\\n77% ent grades.\\n(Pure) Caustic Soda, about..\\n73 lbs.\\n86 lbs.\\n97 lbs.\\nCarbonate of Soda, about..\\n2lbs.\\nlbs.\\nOrdinary Salt, about.\\n5 lbs.\\nfz lb.\\nSulphate of Soda, about.\\n4 lbs.\\n/4 lb.\\nAnd small quantities of other substances, such as sulphite and\\nsilicate of sodium, etc.\\nThe composition as shown above is subject to slight varia\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\ntions, but at all events the table shows that a lye made of 60-62%\\ncaustic soda is of a very different character than one made of\\n70-72% caustic, even though both indicate the same strength on\\nthe hydrometer. This difference is of course still greater with\\nsoda of 76%, and is moreover of much greater practical impor\u00c2\u00ac\\ntance to the soap maker than is at present realized in many in\u00c2\u00ac\\nstances. In fact this difference can hardly be sufficiently empha\u00c2\u00ac\\nsized or made plain enough, for the erroneous belief is very wide\u00c2\u00ac\\nly and persistently held that not only the quality of a lye could\\nbe told by the hydrometer, but that even caustic could be tested\\nby observing whether or not a given amount of it dissolved in a\\ncertain amount of water will show a certain degree on the hy\u00c2\u00ac\\ndrometer; such belief is entirely without foundation.", "height": "4687", "width": "3025", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "74\\nLye.\\nEffect of foreign\\nsaltson tliesoap\\nin the kettle.\\nThe best grades\\nrequired for the\\ncold process.\\nLye for saponify\u00c2\u00ac\\ning red oil and\\nrosin.\\nGrades of caustic\\ncommonly used.\\nEffect of Lyes of Different Quality The ordinary salt, the\\nsulphate and the carbonate of soda, etc., contained in the alkali,\\nbeing unable to form a chemical combination with the neutral\\nfat or oil, remain simply mechanically mixed with the particles\\nof soap formed during- the process of soap making-, (the carbon\u00c2\u00ac\\nate of soda may combine, however, under favorable circumstan\u00c2\u00ac\\nces, with free fatty acids, if any are present), and the presence\\nof this admixture has in the first place the effect of rendering the\\nsoap in the kettle more mobile and liquid. When fats are boiled\\nwith a very high grade of caustic soda, that is to say with soda\\ncontaining but a very small proportion of foreign salts, the re\u00c2\u00ac\\nsulting soap will be comparatively tough and thick, more diffi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncult to manage in the kettle, and of a more or less brittle grain\\nwhen finished. The greater mobility of the fluid soap when boil\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, if the lye used was made of medium or low grade caustic, is\\nan advantage in promoting the contact of lye and fat. In the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009ccold process\u00e2\u0080\u009d of soap making, however the reverse, is true, for\\nin consequence of the necessarily limited time allowed, and the\\nimperfect and slow motion of the mass during the operation of\\nmixing, the best cold-made soap naturally results when the high\u00c2\u00ac\\nest grade of caustic lye is employed, so as to permit the thorough\\ncontact of lye and fat, without the interference of foreign inert\\nmatter. As rosin and red oil, unlike the neutral fats, combine\\nwith carbonate as well an with caustic soda, mobility while boil\u00c2\u00ac\\ning these materials with lye is insured by either the addition of\\nsalt in the kettle, or by taking care that there always be a sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nplus of uncombined lye in the kettle, which then\u00e2\u0080\u0094until it com\u00c2\u00ac\\nbines\u00e2\u0080\u0094has a similar effect, as the carbonate has when neutral\\nfats are being saponified. In boiling soap a medium grade\\n(70-72%) of caustic is therefore most generally employed al\u00c2\u00ac\\nthough many prefer 60% caustic to the higher grades, for all\\nordinary purposes, as the foreign salts in this grade cause easier\\nand freer working in the kettle; still others use the medium\\ngrades and add salt to the lye while boiling, to obtain the same\\nresult, a practice which is as strongly condemned by some soap\\nmakers as it is recommended by others. The lower grades are less\\neconomical in use, as will be explained below, and ordinarily\\nhave no particular advantage for soap making purposes over the\\nmedium grades. Where waste lye is to be worked up for glyce\u00c2\u00ac\\nrin the foreign salts present in it sometimes form a considerable\\nitem in respect to the cost of their separation. The carbonate", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "Lye.\\n75\\nof soda of spent lyes may be utilized by boiling\u00e2\u0080\u0099 some red oil or\\nrosin or rancid fat. on the lye after all the caustic strength has\\nbeen bound; unless this is done the carbonate will be lost in the\\nwaste lye that is run away.\\nThe various salts contained in commercial caustic soda,\\nwhich are incapable of combining with fat, furthermore have\\nthis property that on dissolving in water they render the latter\\nmore and more incapable of holding soap in solution, so that\\nsoap may be separated from its solution in water by adding\\nenough salt, carbonate of soda, or even an excess of strong caus\u00c2\u00ac\\ntic lye, to the contents of the kettle.\\nThe presence of moderate quantities of foreign salts in the\\nsoap is of advantage not only while boiling, but is absolutely re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquired\u00e2\u0080\u0094for mottled soaps\u00e2\u0080\u0094when the finished soap is run into\\nthe frames to mottle while cooling the mottle is formed by the\\nstearic acid soap crystallizing out of its solution in the oleic acid\\nsoap, and without the presence of foreign salts in proper propor\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions the soap would not possess sufficient mobility to allow of\\nproper crystallization the mottle would be a failure. Too much\\nof the foreign salts, on the other hand, gives rise to certain dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nturbances (especially in soaps not containing cocoanut oil), de\u00c2\u00ac\\npending partly on the diminished capacity of the soap to retain\\nthe water in its composition, and partly on the property of these\\nsalts to come to the surface of the cakes of soap while drying,\\nand appearing there in minute white crystals, covering the soap\\nwith a white film. They also attract moisture from the atmos\u00c2\u00ac\\nphere and cause the soap to \u00e2\u0080\u009csweat\u00e2\u0080\u009d in consequence, in certain\\nweather.\\nIn preparing lve, it is convenient and advantageous to use,\\nwhen possible, the condensed water from the closed steam coil,\\nas this water has been distilled and is consequently free from the\\nlime and magnesia compounds whose presence gives rise to the\\nformation of insoluble soaps, as explained in a previous chapter.\\nThe composition of the lye being of considerable influence\\non the properties of the soap turned out, the following general\\nobservations will be found useful\\nThe several fats are not equally sensitive to the action of\\nforeign salts in the lye for instance, cocoanut oil soap as has\\nalready been pointed out\u00e2\u0080\u0094is capable of holding a considerable\\nquantity of salts and water without appearing the worse for it,\\nparticularly while still iresh; if a similar quantity of salt solu*\\nSaving the car*\\nbonate.\\nEffect of foreign\\nsaltson thesoap\\nin the frames.\\nExcess of foreign\\nsalts.\\nDifferent effect of\\nforeign salts\\nwith different\\nfats.", "height": "4687", "width": "3025", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "76\\nLye.\\ntion were added to tallow soap, the latter would\u00e2\u0080\u0094if not separ\u00c2\u00ac\\nate entirely from the solution\u00e2\u0080\u0094certainly dry out very rapidly,\\nbecome very hard and brittle, and covered with the crystals of\\nthe salt. In a general way, however, the following properties\\nmay be ascribed to the different salts and alkalies:\\nPure Caustic Soda Tends to cause a tough consistency of\\nthe soap-in the kettle; a considerable excess c., too strong lye)\\ndrives the soap out of solution. The finished soap is hard, com\u00c2\u00ac\\nparatively dry, and owing to its toughness, more likely to con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntain particles of unsaponified fac, as well as to crack on drying,\\nunless the saponification has been very carefully conducted. If\\npresent uncombined in the finished product, the soap will be very\\nhard and unfit at least for the toilet.\\nCarbonate of Soda Gives the soap greater mobility in the\\nkettle, facilitates saponification if present in moderate quantity,\\nand if in great excess, separates the soap from the tye. It com\u00c2\u00ac\\nbines with free fatty acids, but not with neutral fats. It present\\nin the finished soap it inclines more than any other salt to come\\nto.the surface of the cakes when the water dries out. Still, a\\nconsiderable quantity of the carbonate may be incorporated into a\\nsoap after boiling without this latter difficulty, managing so that\\nthe soda crystallizes in the soap, thereby hardening it and pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nventing the carbonate from coming to the surface; this will be\\nmore fully described in the chapter on \u00e2\u0080\u009cSettled Rosin Soap.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nIts presence has a less marked tendency to make the soap brittle\\nthan does common salt, and it is therefore sometimes employed\\ntogether with the latter, in boiling down mottled soap.\\nCrystal Carbonate is a product differing from sal soda by contain\u00c2\u00ac\\ning only about 17% water as compared to 62% m sal soda.\\nCommon Salt: This, more than any other salt, renders\\nwater incapable of dissolving soap and is therefore used largely\\nas an addition after boiling, in order to separate the soap in the\\nkettle from the waste lye. The salt dissolves in the waste lye,\\nand with the exception of a very small amount, settles out again.\\nCommon salt also makes soap more brittle by its presence than\\ndoes any other salt. It is for this reason that some soapmakers\\nprefer to use some carbonate of soda in the salt pickle for boiling\\ndown mottled soap. It is sometimes found among the crystals\\nformed on the surface of some soap, and indeed soap containing\\ncommon salt inclines to effloresce. In settled rosin soap especi\u00c2\u00ac\\nally the presence of appreciable quantities of salt si disturbing,", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "Lye.\\n77\\nand when such soap is filled with sal soda and perhaps silicate\\nof soda also, cracking and \u00e2\u0080\u009cwhitewashing are very apt to be\\nthe result. For this reason some manufacturers prefer to use\\nstrong lye, instead of salt, for separating soap from the waste\\nlye, as traces of salt will always remain.\\nPotash The potash compounds acts similarly to the ana\u00c2\u00ac\\nlogous soda combinations, but in every respect more mildly.\\nThus common salt (chloride of sodium) precipitates soap from\\nits solutions, and renders it brittle, much more energetically than\\ndoes chloride of potassium. Soap containing a proportion of potas\u00c2\u00ac\\nsium salts instead of being made with soda exclusively, is softer\\nin consistency, more easily soluble in water, milder in its effects,\\ndries out less, effloresces less easily, and is of a tougher*\u00c2\u00bbtexture\\nthan that containing only soda salts. In fact, the substitution\\nof potash in any hard soap for a part of the soda is an improve\u00c2\u00ac\\nment, and would probably be a universal practice but for the\\nhigher price of potash compounds. But in calculating the com\u00c2\u00ac\\nparative value of potash and soda for soap making, it should be\\nremembered that considerable more potash than soda is required\\nto saponify a given amount of fat; consequently the higher cost\\nof potash is at least partly compensated for by the higher yield\\nof soap caused by the presence of the increased amount of alkali.\\nA quantity of fat requiring 40 lbs. of soda to form neutral soap\\nwill absorb 56 lbs. of potash for the same purpose, and will thus\\nfurnish 16 lbs. more of soap (the proportion of water present be\u00c2\u00ac\\ning considered the same in both cases). Soap made entirely\\nwith potash is known as \u00e2\u0080\u009csoft soap.\u00e2\u0080\u009d A potash soap, however,\\nif separated from the waste lye by means of common salt (chlo\u00c2\u00ac\\nride of sodium), will undergo a remarkable change; it will be\u00c2\u00ac\\ncome a soda soap, and the waste lye will contain chloride of po\u00c2\u00ac\\ntassium, instead of thechloride of sodium. This chemical reaction\\nis only a partial one though, and a soap made in this manner still\\ncontains considerable (about 50%) of potash soap. At the time\\nwhen wood ashes were almost universally used for soap making,\\nthe hard soaps were manufactured in just this manner, and a\\nbetter grade of soap it would be hard to make, owing to the im\u00c2\u00ac\\nprovement made in the grain, texture, etc., by the potash still\\npresent. (App., Note II.) A similar result is now sometimes\\nobtained by using potash and soda lye together in saponifying\\nfats, or\u00e2\u0080\u0094a less recommendable practice\u00e2\u0080\u0094by adding a carbonate\\nof potash solution to a finished soap. When potash solution is\\nSubstitution o i\\npotash for soda.\\nMore potash re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquired for sa\u00c2\u00ac\\nponifying a\\ngiven weight of\\nfat thanasoda.\\nPeculiar effect of\\nsalt on potash\\nsoap.", "height": "4687", "width": "3025", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "78\\nLye.\\nProper strength\\nof lye partly de\u00c2\u00ac\\npends on the\\nmode of apply\u00c2\u00ac\\ning steam.\\nadded to soda soap, part of the latter is transformed into potash\\nsoap, whereby the effect of potash on a soap so treated is ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nplained. (App., Note 11.)\\nThe Effect of Lye of Different Strengths As was said in the\\nforegoing chapter, facts do not all require the same strength of\\nlye to combine easily, but they all agree in readily taking\\nstronger lye as saponification proceeds, than they will combine\\nwith at first. Thus tallow combines most easily at first with\\nlye of not much over 10\u00c2\u00b0 B. in strength, if made of low grade\\ncaustic; but when saponification has once been induced, the\\nstrength of the lye can be rapidly increased up to 2(L B. and\\nover. Cocoanutoil combines most readily with strong lye. The\\nstronger the lye used, the less water is unnecessarily introduced\\nin the kettle, and the more easily is the soap managed. Too\\nweak lye, in other words too much water, is also apt to induce\\nfrothing, more especially with the use of open steam for boiling,\\nwhich adds the condensing water to the boiling mass. With\\nclosed steam alone weaker lye must be used, of course, than when\\nopen steam is used also.\\nCost of Lye Apart from their greater serviceableness for\\nmost purposes, the medium grades of caustic soda are also pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nferable on account of greater economy. The low grades are\\nhigher in price than the medium, because of the cost of freight,\\npackages and other expenses on the foreign salts contained in\\nthe former, which after all are lost in the spent lye. The higher\\ngrades are more expensive because of greater difficulties in their\\nmanufacture. The cheapest way to buy caustic alkaline strength\\nis undoubtedly by obtaining caustic soda of about 70-72%; or the\\nmanufacturer may buy soda ash to advantage and causticize it\\nhimself, as described under \u00e2\u0080\u009cLye Tank\u00e2\u0080\u009d in Chapter V.\\nAmmonia although in its behavior closelv allied to soda and\\npotash, is incapable of saponifying a neutral fat; it can only\\nform an emulsion with the latter, from which the ammonia se\u00c2\u00ac\\nparates again on resting. But free fatty acids (as red oil) can\\nbe saponified by crutching in ammonia; soap so formed will, on\\ndrying, have a consistency intermediate between potash and\\nsoda soaps.", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nFilling Materials.\\nA number of substances are frequently introduced into soap\\nfor certain special purposes, among- which those intended pri\u00c2\u00ac\\nmarily for cheapening- or \u00e2\u0080\u009cfilling-\u00e2\u0080\u009d deserve separate mention.\\nIt may not appear rig-ht to add any such materials to soap,\\nat least when the object is simply adulteration but on the\\nother hand it is a fact that many manufacturers have failed in\\ntheir attempts to create a demand for their brands of pure soap,\\nwhich were specially made with the object to improve their pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduct, and owing- to the demands for cheap soaps they are\u00e2\u0080\u0094much\\nag-ainst their own wishes\u00e2\u0080\u0094finding- better sales for their filled\\nsoaps than for the pure g-oods. Having- once been introduced,\\nthe manufacture of this class of g-oods is no longer a matter of\\nchoice on the part of the soap maker.\\nTalc also known as Soapstone, French Chalk, or Steatite.\\nThis material has a peculiar greasy feel, not unlike wet soap,\\nwhence probably the name Soapstone,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and is a silicate of\\nmagnesia (about 60 per cent silica and 30 per cent magnesia),\\nwith iron, lime, and other impurities mined in this country and\\nalso largely imported from France and Italy. It is added to some\\nsoaps to the extent of forty per cent (that is to say, 40 lbs. to 100\\nlbs. of pure soap), but smaller quantities are generally used. It\\nhas no value for cleansing purposes and is added principally to\\nmake weight; however, in small proportion it has at least the\\nadvantage of making the soap mild and agreeable to the skin;\\nby absorbing water it solidifies the soap, causing the latter to\\npreserve its appearance and shape better on drying. It has the\\ndisadvantage however, of causing white soap to turn grayish on\\nPure soap not al\u00c2\u00ac\\nways the most\\nsaleable.", "height": "4687", "width": "3025", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "80\\nFilling Materials.\\ndrying-, while colored soaps are less brilliant and clear when\\nfilled with talc. It is for this reason frequently used in combin\u00c2\u00ac\\nation with silicate of soda; moreover it is a troublesome material\\nif the scraps of such soaps are to be used up by remelting-.\\nFurthermore, the mag-nesia in talc may be partly replaced by\u00c2\u00ac\\nlime, and this and similar variations bring- about different quali\u00c2\u00ac\\nties which are not equally adapted for use in soaps. For cold\\nmade soaps the talc is generally sifted into the melted fat, or\\nfirst well mixed with a part of the fat and then stirred into the\\nbulk. To improve the texture of such soap it may be found to\\nbe of advantage to stir the talc into an equal weight of boiling\\n2 C lye and add this (when cooled sufficiently) to the soap when\\nthe last lye has been added; such soap is softer at first but dries\\nrapidly in its outer layers and does not soon become so very hard.\\nIncidentally it may be noted here that talc is a convenient ma\u00c2\u00ac\\nterial to cover up various metal instruments, cutting wire, and\\nthe like, to protect them from rust or verdigris). On keeping\\ntalc it should be preserved from moisture, as otherwise it will\\ncome to contain many lumps, and will even form lumps in the\\nsoap though it be sifted into the fat.\\nSilex, or Silica. This is a mineral which constitutes quartz\\nand most varieties of sand; it is used for filling soap in the form\\nof a very fine white powder. Silex has no detergent properties,\\nisdnsoluble in water, and gives the soap\u00e2\u0080\u0094besides weight\u00e2\u0080\u0094a sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nface which feels somewhat rougn. In applying it, it is simply\\nstirred into the soap, mixed with water.\\nSilicate of Sot/a, also Water Glass, or Soluble Glass. This is\\na compound of silicic acid and soda, and is made by fusing to\u00c2\u00ac\\ngether sand and alkali. It is in the market in the form of a dry\\npowder, but more ordinarily as a thick, syrupy solution. Of it\u00c2\u00ac\\nself it is really colorless, but from the process of manufacture\\nthere frequently remains some foreign matter which gives it a\\nyellowish tint. Its use is greatly to be preferred to silex, for\\nsilicate of soda has some detergent property of its oAn, owing\\nto the alkali in its composition; besides it renders some hard\\nwater softer, thereby avoiding waste of soap. Silicate of soda\\nis made in several forms and of various degrees of concentration\\n(measured by the hydrometer) and may be easily diluted with\\nwater. It is generally used at a strength of about 40\u00c2\u00b0 B., but\\nvaries somewhat in composition, containing more or less alkali\\nin excess. If weak in alkali it is sometimes necessary to add a", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "Filling Materials.\\n81\\npound of 38\u00c2\u00b0 lye for every 5 lbs. of silicate used in the soap, in\\norder to prevent the silicic acid from crystallizing- out. Fresh\\nsoap filled with silicate has a better appearance than one filled\\nwith talc, but on drying- it becomes harder, lathers less, and- is\\nsharper on the skin. Cold-made soaps containing- silicate are\\napt to have soft, spongy parts or even free fat collect in the cen\u00c2\u00ac\\nter if run into larg-e frames, especially so if an excess of lye is\\nnot used, or when the proportion of silicate added is small; such\\nsoaps are therefore best run into small frames. Silicate of soda\\nis frequently used tog-ether with talc.\\nSilicate of potash is a similar article, and sometimes em\u00c2\u00ac\\nployed for filling- soft soaps. Being- made with the more ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npensive potash, it is naturally more expensive than is silicate of\\nsoda.\\nThe form of silicate of soda most commonly employed by\\nsoap makers is known as \u00e2\u0080\u009cN\u00e2\u0080\u009d silicate, which has a strength of\\n39\u00e2\u0080\u009440\u00c2\u00b0 B. and is sold ready to be used just as it comes from the\\nbarrel. For cold-made and half-boiled soap almost any desired\\namount may be added, from 30 to 50 lbs. to 100 lbs. of fat being\\na common proportion. In settled rosin soaps from 5 to 10 per\\ncent, of the weight of soap is most generally used, together with\\na like amount of carbonate of soda solution. K silicate is a\\nsimilar preparation, somewhat milder and thinner than the\u00e2\u0080\u009c N\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n(36\u00c2\u00b0 B.) and also ready for use as it comes. S silicate is an\\nold fashioned form, of the consistency of a jelly, but chemically\\nsimilar to the grade \u00e2\u0080\u009cK\u00e2\u0080\u009d It requires melting by open steam\\nand is but little used by the soap makers at present.\\nStarch is sometimes used in soap, but more for the purpose\\nof binding the materials together than as an adulteration. By\\nstirring starch into, say, like proportions of sal soda solution and\\nsilicate of soda, and boiling on open steam (in a closely covered\\nkettle, to prevent it from jumping out) a thick mass is obtained\\nwhich may be used in almost any proportion desired. By boil\u00c2\u00ac\\ning in this manner, the starch absorbs much water and the filling\\nis in every way more desirable than if the starch were used\\nwithout having been boiled previously. Starch and flour, how\u00c2\u00ac\\never, have this disadvantage that in the course of time, say a\\nfew months, they undergo decomposition, giving rise to a bad\\nodor, and in severe cases even to fungoid growths on the surface\\nof the soap. In cold soap also starch may be used by mixing it\\nVarieties of sili\u00c2\u00ac\\ncate.\\nPreparing starch\\nfor filling.", "height": "4687", "width": "3025", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "82\\nFilling Materials.\\nwell with the melted stock before running- in the lye; for the\\npurpose of thoroug-h mixing- the starch must be dry.\\nMineral Soap Stock a by-product obtained in petroleum refin\u00c2\u00ac\\ning-, is used to a considerable extent in filling- soaps. It is in\u00c2\u00ac\\nsoluble in water and has no deterg-ent properties. Being- a min\u00c2\u00ac\\neral product, it cannot be saponified.\\nsai soda not an Soda Ash, Sal Soda (Washing- Soda) is not, strictly speaking-,\\naduiteiation. a mere cheapening- ingredient, for it hardens the soap in which\\nit is introduced, contributing to economy in its use and adding\\nto its cleansing power. The use of this material is fully de\u00c2\u00ac\\nscribed in Chapter VII. For laundry soap this is undoubtedly\\nthe best filling material known, so far as the qualtity of the pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduct is concerned. In washing with hard water the sal soda is\\nquicker to act on the lime salts contained therein; it neutralizes\\nthem, and thereby saves much soap from being decomposed and\\nwasted.\\nSulphate of Soda (Glauber\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Salt) has a similar effect as sal\\nsoda on the hardness of the soap, but it is different in that it has\\nno washing power, does not neutralize the salts of hard -water,\\nand that it is less liable to effloresce.\\nCommon Salt hardens soap made largely of cocoanut oil and\\ncontaining much water. It is not used very much as a filling in\\nthis country, however, but is quite common in cheap grades of\\ncocoanut oil soaps made in Europe.\\nCarbonate of Potash (Pearl Ash) dissolved in water is used in\\nsome soaps as a filling material, softening the soap, improving\\nits texture and lathering property, and making it somewhat\\ntransparent. (Its tendency to soften the soap mav be counter\u00c2\u00ac\\nacted by the additional use of salt water which is also used as a\\nfilling in some soaps containing much cocoanut oil.) It absorbs\\nmoisture, however, from the atmosphere in damp weather and\\nspoils the wrappers thereby.\\nBorax is a useful addition, especially in laundry soaps, as it\\nrenders fabrics very white without affecting their fibres or deli\u00c2\u00ac\\ncate colors. It is a white, mildly alkaline mineral, which ren\u00c2\u00ac\\nders the soap more effective without attacking the skin in wash\u00c2\u00ac\\ning. In laundries it is used extensively in place of the sharper\\nsoda.\\nThe above-mentioned substances are those most ordinarily", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "Fiujng Materials.\\n83\\nused, either for filling- or for increasing- the deterg-ent power of\\nsoap. To this list may be further added Sugar, Glycerin, and\\nAlcohol for transparent soaps Vaseline (also Glycerin), and\\nWax, for emolliency Sand, Pumice Stone, Tripoli, etc., for scour\u00c2\u00ac\\ning- soaps; Sulphur, Tar, etc., for medicated soap; Ammonia, Ox\u00c2\u00ac\\ngall, Benzin, etc., for removing- spots from clothes; and a long* list\\nof substances, such as china clay, flour, dextrine, bran, oatmeal, etc.,\\nwhich are added either as a simple adulteration, or for their\\n(mostly imag-inary) beneficial effect in certain cases.\\nFormulas for using- mixtures of these various fillers will be\\nfound on other pag-es, in connection with the description of\\nvarious soaps.\\nVARIOUS OTHER MATERIALS.\\nAlum: This substance is mentioned in several places in\\nthis book in connection with the purification of fats. It is a\\nsulphate of alumina and potassium and its effect is to combine\\nwith impurities of the nature of g-lue and to precipitate them.\\nInfusorial Earth This substance, as it comes from the\\nmines, contains from 75-82% of silica, and more or less of alu\u00c2\u00ac\\nmina, iron compounds, org-anic matter, and moisture. It is\\ncleaned, ground, dried and sifted for use in scouring- soaps. It\\nis the same substance which is so often spoken of in connection\\nwith nitro-g-lycerine in the manufacture of dynamite.\\nTripoli is a diatomaceous earth, or in other words it is a de\u00c2\u00ac\\nposit of the siliceous envelopes of fossil diatoms and consists\\nchiefly of very finely divided silica. It is used principally, so far\\nas soaps are concerned, in scouring- soaps.\\nFuller s Earth This is a kind of bluish-gray to yellowish-\\ngreen clay noted for its usefulness in the process of fulling cloth in\\nwhich it is valuable by its absorption of oil and grease; for this\\npurpose it is now largely superseded by soap, but has come into\\nextensive use in its turn in the treatment of oils and fats, as\\nhereafter noted, before these are made into soap, etc. Fuller\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nearth is found in Florida, New York, South Dakota, and several\\nother states, and large quantities are imported from Europe. It\\nis claimed that the English earth is superior for deodorizing\\nfats, but that for decolorizing the American product is more ef\u00c2\u00ac\\nfective. The clay is used after grinding it to 120 mesh or finer,\\ncrutched into the hot oil and removed again by a filter press", "height": "4687", "width": "3025", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "84\\nFilling Materials.\\nwhich takes out the coloring impurities which adhere to the\\nearth. The action of this material is mechanical rather than\\nchemical, and is best obtained when the clay contains the least\\npossible amount of moisture. The composition of various kinds\\nvaries, being approximately: Silicic acid 50% to 60%; alumina\\n15 to 30%; iron oxide 3 to 5%; quartz 10 to 13%; moisture 9 to\\n18%; with small amounts of lime, magnesia, etc. To examine\\na lot of this material for its quality, the easiest and most reliable\\nmethod is to make a small trial test. Sometimes it happens\\nthat a stock is bleached with this material and looks very white,\\nbut the soap made from it by boiling is as dark as if unbleached\\nstock had been used; the true explanation of this is doubtful,\\nbut in view of the iron oxide contained in Fuller\u00e2\u0080\u0099s earth it is\\npossible that free fatty acids in the stock give rise to iron soap\\nwhich contaminates the product. A preliminary removal of\\nthese fatty acids by bleaching with lye, as described under \u00e2\u0080\u009ctal\u00c2\u00ac\\nlow,\u00e2\u0080\u009d will largely remedy this. Heating the Fuller\u00e2\u0080\u0099s earth be\u00c2\u00ac\\nfore use, to drive off moisture, increases its effect.\\nAlcohol Alcohol is used in the soap factory for a variety\\nof purposes. The officinal alcohol of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia\\ncontains in 100 parts 94 volumes of absolute alcohol, (this being\\nequal to 91% of alcohol by weight.)\\nTo reduce an alcohol of given percentage to a lesser one\\nwhen the percentage is reckoned by volume the following rule\\nhas been given by Dr. W. H. Pile.\\nMultiply the quantity of the alcohol (either in fluid ounces\\nor in gallons) by the percentage strength and divide by the re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquired percentage; the quotient gives the quantity to which the\\nalcohol must be diluted by the addition of sufficient water.\\nThe same author gives the following To make a definite\\nquantity of any desired strength from a stronger alcohol: Mul\u00c2\u00ac\\ntiply the required amount by the required percentage and divide\\nby the percentage of the given alcohol; the quotient gives the\\nquantity to which the alcohol must be made up by the addition\\nof water.\\nIt will be noticed that the quantity of water is not definitely\\nstated in either case; to do so would necessitate impracticable\\ncalculation for the contraction in volume which occurs on mix\u00c2\u00ac\\ning alcohol and water.\\nProof spirit contains 52)4 per cent, by volume of pure alco\u00c2\u00ac\\nhol and is a mixture of 49 parts by weight of pure alcohol with", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "Filling Materials.\\n85\\n51 parts water. This is the strength of the proof spirit usually\\nemployed, but by law proof spirit is equal parts by volume of\\nabsolute alcohol and distilled water, having a specific gravity of\\n.9 j 3. The Internal Revenue Law of the United States provides\\nthat proof spirit shall consist of a mixture of equal volumes of\\nwater and alcohol, the latter having a specific gravity of \u00e2\u0080\u009cseven\\nthousand nine hundred and thirty-nine tens of thousands at 60 c\\nF., water at its maximum density being taken as the unit.\\nThis alcoholic liquor will have a specific gravity of 93,353 at\\n60\u00c2\u00b0 F., water at its maximum density being taken as the unit,\\nand will contain by weight 42*7 per cent, of absolute alcohol.\\nA gallon of this spirit weighs 7*77 pounds; 42*7 per cent, of 7*77\\npounds is 3*31 pounds. Thus we see that a gallon of proof spirit\\nin the United States contains 3*31 pounds of absolute alcohol.\\nDilute alcohol (U. S. Ph.) consists of equal measures of\\nofficinal alcohol and water; it contains 39 per cent by weight, or\\n46.33 per cent by volume, of pure or absolute alcohol, and has a\\nspecific gravity of .941, equal to 19 of Baume\u00e2\u0080\u0099s light hydrometer.\\nWater: Water freezes at 30\u00c2\u00b0 F., and boils at 212\u00c2\u00b0 F., un\u00c2\u00ac\\nder ordinary atmospheric pressure. Owing to its peculiar prop\u00c2\u00ac\\nerty of expanding in the act of freezing, tanks and pipes fre\u00c2\u00ac\\nquently become leaky in very cold weather. Another notable\\nproperty of water is its very great power of dissolving the most\\nvaried substances, to which circumstance is due its varying\\nquality, for obviously the opportunity of thus becoming charged\\nwith various salts, gases, organic impurities, etc., is very differ\u00c2\u00ac\\nent in the cases of spring, river and lake, or rain water. Water\\nrich in dissolved carbonate and sulphate of lime and magnesia is\\nknown as hard water and these salts may be present in it to the\\nextent of 1 they interfere with the solubility of soap in the\\nwater and have various effects of practical importance which\\nwill be noted in the following pages as occasion demands. On\\nboiling hard water carbonate and sulphate of lime are precipi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntated and in the boiler give rise to \u00e2\u0080\u009cscale.\u00e2\u0080\u009d (See App.\\nNote 10.)\\nLi??ie In burning carbonate of lime (chalk, oyster shells,\\netc.,) the carbonic acid escapes and there remains calcium oxide\\nor burnt lime; if water be now added to the latter the hydrate\\nis formed. (See App. Note 18.) The caustic lime is used to\\nabstract carbonic acid from soda ash, in other words to causticize\\nsoda, a process described in detail on another page. As burnt", "height": "4687", "width": "3025", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "86\\nFilling Materials.\\nlime has the same tendency to absorb water and carbonic acid\\nfrom the air (and to become more or less ineffective thereby,) it\\nis necessary to either use it fresh or to protect it from such ab\u00c2\u00ac\\nsorption.\\nSalt Ordinary salt (sodium chloride,) is very largely in\\nuse in the soap factory\u00e2\u0080\u0094to say nothing- of the fact that the soda\\nof commerce is made from it. It is very soluble in water, but\\nalmost insoluble in pure alcohol. As the commercial article is\\npractically always satisfactory, there is no need to go into\\nfurther details in this place.", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V.\\nThe Soap Factory.\\nLOCATION.\\nIn deciding- to establish a soap factory anywhere, it is taken\\nfor granted that due attention has already been paid to such ques\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions as the cheap supply of fuel, sufficient and suitable water,\\nthe facilities for obtaining tallow, c., at the lowest rates, and\\nshipping facilities for the finished products on the other hand;\\nso we may pass these over now with merely mentioning them.\\nARRANGEMENT.\\nThe conditions determining the internal arrangements of a\\nsoap factory are so variable, that it is very little to the purpose,\\npractically, to attempt the description of any one well arranged\\nestablishment of this kind. The quantities and varieties of soap\\nturned out, the raw materials used, and the machine^ available\\nfor the pnrpose, as well as the facilities of thebuilding in which\\nthe factory is located, all have their peculiar bearing on the pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nper arrangement and equipment of the works. However, the\\navoidance of all unnecessary work being demanded alike by con\u00c2\u00ac\\nvenience and economy, a good rule which has been found to ap\u00c2\u00ac\\nply under almost all circumstances, is to elevate the raw mate\u00c2\u00ac\\nrials at an early period to the upper floors of the factory, so that\\nin the successive stages of manufacture they may descend by\\nmeans of their own gravity to the lowest floor, whence the soap\\nproceeds in the course of cutting, drying, pressing and packing,\\nto the last (shipping) room of the factory, thus obviating as far\\nas possible all pumping or repeated lifting on the elevator, the\\ngoods passing in natural order from one machine to the next,\\nGeneral rules gor*\\nerning arrange\u00c2\u00ac\\nment of factory.", "height": "4687", "width": "3025", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "88\\nThe Soap Factory.\\nwithout covering- the same ground repeatedly. In building s oc\u00c2\u00ac\\ncupying- only little ground, so that there is not room on the low\u00c2\u00ac\\ner floor for the operations of cutting-, etc., mentioned, the frames\\nof soap are g-enerally broug-ht to a higher stor} 7 by the elevator\\nand there cut, pressed and packed, and brought into the shipping\\nroom by means of the elevator or a chute. In large factories it\\nis moreover found to be most economical to have separate engines\\nin the several parts of the building where steam power is used,\\nto obviate the use of much shafting and belting. Another point\\nrequiring attention is an economical arrangement by which raw\\nmaterials and fuel can be easily brought to their proper place in\\nthe factory without unnecessary handling.\\nFurther than this there is probably no general suggestion\\nregarding arrangement that can be made, which will hold good\\nin all cases. We will therefore, after a few words regarding the\\nbuilding, proceed to a description of the machinery placed in the\\nfactory, leaving the arrangement to the judgment of the practi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncal soapmaker, who will suit his particular circumstances.\\nTHE BUILDING\\nis in many cases one originally designed for another purpose\\nthan to serve as a soap factory, or it may have been erected be\u00c2\u00ac\\nfore a practical soap maker was consulted, or the growth of a\\nbusiness already established require additions which complicate\\nthe problem, so that it is often necessary to adapt the arrange\u00c2\u00ac\\nment of the machinery to the conditions alread} T existing. This\\nis obviously less rational than to construct or select the building\\nin accordance with the necessary machinery, c.\\nThe very first requirement should be that the building be\\namply able to carry the often enormous weights concentrated in\\nthe upper stories, as water tanks, lye tanks, kettles, c. This\\nshould be too self-evident to require mention, but several very\\nserious and even fatal accidents that have followed imperfections\\nin this respect amply justify this remark.\\nFor a medium-sized factory the building should have at least\\ntwo stories, or a story and basement, though a 3-or 4-story build\u00c2\u00ac\\ning is the most convenient and practical, being preferable to a\\nlow building occupying a larger floor space. In any case the\\nboiling is carried on in the upper story, the kettle passing through\\nthe floor into the story below, and the crutcher is placed on the\\nsame ^floor in such a manner that the soap can be taken out into", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory.\\n89\\nthe frames on the floor below; the boiling- floor; this arrangement\\nenables the soap maker to keep watch of the kettle and of the\\ncrutcher, sal soda tank, c., at the same time. The cutting,\\ndrying, pressing and wrapping may then be carried out on the\\nnext lower floor. The elevator should go up above the main roof\\nand connect with a small shed above the roof, so placed as to\\nfacilitate bringing the rosin into the kettle by way of a chute.\\nOne such chute can be made to supply two kettles, by suspend\u00c2\u00ac\\ning it from the middle and shifting its direction as needed by\\nmeans of ropes at each end, running over pulleys connected with\\nthe ceiling.\\nTo each end of the floor of the chute is bolted a flat trian\u00c2\u00ac\\ngular piece of hard wood, to assist in spreading the rosin over the\\nsurface of the kettle. It may also be convenient to have a\\nchute leading from the shed on the roof down to the fireroom, so\\nthat rosin staves can be dropped down without further handling.\\nTallow and oils, when steamed out, being best run into a\\nsettling tank (described further on), the latter\u00e2\u0080\u0094in low build\u00c2\u00ac\\nings\u00e2\u0080\u0094is usually not advantageously placed when the top is even\\nwith the basement floor, and so that the melted stock runs direct\u00c2\u00ac\\nly down into it, or the settling tank is on the basement floor and\\nthe steaming out is done on the first floor. In high buildings it\\nmay be preferable to steam out the stock on the top floor.\\nTHE LYE TANK.\\nThe size and number of lye tanks used must be adapted, of\\ncourse to the requirements of the factory, as is also the manner\\nof making the lye. It is usually best to have separate lye tanks\\nfor lye that is to be used in cold made and transparent soaps, as\\npure alkali, a different degree of strength, and perhaps the addi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of potash, are needed in this lye, so that it must be kept\\napart from the lye for the boiled soaps.\\nThe tanks are generally made cylindrical, and sometimes\\nrectangular, of about in. sheet iron, or sheet steel, and in most\\ncases have a discharge pipe near the bottom, through which the\\nlye runs off by its own gravity when the discharge cock is open\u00c2\u00ac\\ned; this pipe is best arranged with a slight upward inclination,\\nso that dirt cannot too easily run out, and is preferably 2 or 3\\ninches from the bottom; at the middle of the bottom is then\\nplaced a valve for washing out the sediment which collects from\\ntime to time. A steam pipe is also provided to introduce steam", "height": "4687", "width": "3025", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "90\\nThe Soap Factory.\\nfor heating*, to dissolve the alkali, or when it is found desirable\\nto accelerate the solution of the caustic in the water, (although\\nwith proper manipulation this aid is not really required, except\\nto save time when in a hurry, or when poor grades of alkali are\\nto be dissolved); ordinarily\u00e2\u0080\u0094with good grades of caustic\u00e2\u0080\u0094the\\nheat which is developed spontaneously by the process of dissolv\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the caustic is sufficient, if rightly managed. The tank should\\nbe large enough in diameter to admit one or more drums\\nof alkali when placed in it crosswise. Such simple tanks as de\u00c2\u00ac\\nscribed are most ordinarily used for making the lye, the caustic\\nbeing simply placed on the bottom and sufficient water run in to\\nmake lye of the desired strength. In some factories the drums\\nHg. o.\\nare pounded with heavy hammers, to break up the caustic\\nwhich is then thrown into the tanks, to be dissolved with the aid\\nof steam.\\nIn some factories the iron drum is removed without break\u00c2\u00ac\\ning up the caustic, and the latter is placed in solid blocks on the\\nbottom of the tank as before mentioned; on running in water, if\\nhigh-grade caustic is used, the latter dissolves without the aid of\\nsteam, and the lye near the bottom is very strong, becoming\\ngradually weaker towards the top. By using a swing-joint pipe\\nfor drawing off the lye\u00e2\u0080\u0094similar to the pipe used for drawing the\\nsoap from the kettles\u00e2\u0080\u0094lye of different strength may be drawn\\nfrom the same tank, by simply raising or lowering the inlet of\\nthis pipe. (See Figure 5.) Where smaller quantities of lye are\\nmade at one time the following plan may be found very con\u00c2\u00ac\\nvenient:\\nThe drum, after removing only the heads, is suspended above\\nthe lye tank by an overhead differential pulley block, (Moore\u00e2\u0080\u0099s", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory.\\n91\\npatent and others), and lowered until it is just covered by the\\nwater contained in the tank. As fast as the lye forms it sinks\\nt\u00c2\u00b0 th e bottom, forcing the fresh water up; the heat developed\\nspontaneously aids in the solution, and as water or weak lye con-\\nFig. 6.\\ntinues to be displaced by the stronger lye and to rise to the top,\\nthe caustic is soon dissolved. By making the lye in this man\u00c2\u00ac\\nner, mechanical agitation, breaking up the caustic, and also the\\nuse of steam, are avoided, and the very little extra time required\\nmay be saved, if necessary, by using an extra tank at the same\\nFig. 7.\\ntime, or one large enough to admit a sufficient number of drums\\nat a time. (See Fig. 6.)\\nInstead of suspending the drums by a chain, a false bottom", "height": "4687", "width": "3025", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "92\\nThe Soap Factory.\\nor grate may be placed in the tank for the drums to rest on, or\\nsupports ma} 7 be laid across the sides of the tank on which the\\ncaustic is rolled, after removing- the iron drum. These supports\\nmay be connected by perforated sheet iron to prevent larg-e lumps\\nof caustic falling- in while melting-. When this arrangement is\\nused it is convenient to have the top of the tank even with the\\nfloor to facilitate rolling- on the caustic. (See Fig 7.)\\nThis arrangement, although exceedingly convenient, is not\\nused SO much as it deserves to be; in most factories the caustic is\\nbroken up by pounding the drum, and placed on the bottom of\\nFig. 8.\\nthe tank; water is then run in, and open steam introduced to ag\u00c2\u00ac\\nitate and rapidly heat the mass.\\nIn place of using steam to assist in dissolving caustic, the\\nuse of an air pump has been suggested, especially when there is\\nuse for such a machine for other purposes also. The advantage\\nof this is\u00e2\u0080\u0094apart from greater safety\u00e2\u0080\u0094that the lye becomes less\\nheated, which may be desirable at times, as when the lye is to be\\nsiphoned up to the storage tank. But, unless their is hurry,\\nneither this nor steam will be required if the tank is properly\\narranged.\\nStill another arrangement, which is not much used however,", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory.\\n93\\nconsists of an ordinary tank into which a smaller perforated\\ncylinder, or a wire netting-, has been set. The caustic is placed\\nbetween the two cylinders and water admitted into the tank. A\\nmechanical ag-itator which reaches into the water is then set in\\nmotion until all the caustic is dissolved. The object of the\\ninner cylinder is to keep the lumps of caustic from interfering\\nwith the ag-itator blades. (See Fig-. 8.)\\nIf the lye made is to be used for cold-process soap, it may at\\ntimes be necessary to have some provision made for cooling- it off\\nrapidly, in order to save time. For this purpose a coil of pipe\\nmay be set into the tank, through which cold water may be cir\u00c2\u00ac\\nculated after all the caustic has been dissolved. When possible,\\nhowever, it is much better to let the lye for cold made soap cool\\noff slowly, so that the dirt settling to the bottom, and that ris\u00c2\u00ac\\ning in the form of a scum, may be separated from it before use.\\nLye for the cold process requiring to be very caustic, it is\\nalso necessary to prevent it from absorbing carbonic acid from\\nthe atmosphere; to this end different devices are adopted. Prob\u00c2\u00ac\\nably the simplest, and at the same time most effective method,\\nis to place in the tank a quantity of mineral soap stock which\\nwill, as it does not saponify, always float on the surface of the\\nye and thus effectually exclude the air. Others cover the tank\\nCooling lye rapid,\\nly,for cold pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ncess.\\nSettling lye.\\nMeans of preserv\u00c2\u00ac\\ning lye for cold\\nprocess.", "height": "4687", "width": "3025", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "94\\nThe Soap Factory.\\nWater connection\\nwith lye tank.\\nas nearly air tight as possible, and perhaps place some quicklime\\non the top to absorb the carbonic acid from the surrounding\\natmosphere. This is objectionable, however, as it is rather in\u00c2\u00ac\\nefficient, and there is always the danger of some of the lime\\nfalling accidentally into the lye.\\nA convenient arrangement on a l} r e tank is also a water pipe\\nconnected with the discharge pipe, as in the engraving, Fig. 9.\\nIts object is to permit drawing off either water or lye, or both\\ntogether, at pleasure, so that the pipe leading to the kettle will\\ncarry any desired strength of lye, from the strong lye in the\\ntank down to simple water, according to how far the different\\nvalves are opened.\\nThe lye pipe might be given a short upward bend on issuing\\nfrom the tank, which will have a tendency to prevent foreign\\nmatters, which have settled to the bottom, from going out.\\nAlthough the lye tank should be placed higher than the\\nkettle, so that the lye may run out of its own accord into the\\nlatter, circumstances at times require that the lye be raised to a\\nhigher level. For this purpose a cast iron steam-syphon or\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cejector\u00e2\u0080\u009d is adapted, which works on the principle as herewith\\nillustrated, and which by the injection of a current of steam", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory.\\n95\\nthrough the tapering tube creates a vacuum that forces the lye\\nto rise into the hollow globe and then forces it upward through\\nthe outlet. With a steam pressure of 60 lbs. it will lift liquids\\n25 feet and elevate them about 15 feet above the ejector. Appar\u00c2\u00ac\\natus of this kind are made by A. W. Cadman Co., Hersey Mfg.\\nCo., and others. Less convenient usuallv, but worth mention-\\ning, is the use for this purpose of an apparatus made on the plan\\nof the stock blower to be described in the following pages.\\nThe outlet pipe from the lye tank to the kettle is sometimes\\nmade to terminate in a perforated piece, in such a manner that\\nthrough the perforations the lye is distributed evenly over the\\nkettle.\\nFlanges, patches, and the like, are riveted on, but not bolted,\\nas warm lye is apt to destroy such patching, as well as lead, tin,\\nand the like, for which reason soldered utensils and lead pipe\\nsoon become leaky when used for lye.\\nSTRUNZ PATENT LYE APPARATUS.\\nThe manufacture in the soap factory, of caustic lye from\\nsoda ash by treatment with lime, was the universal practice be\u00c2\u00ac\\nfore caustic soda became an article of commerce; but the crude\\nappliances used for the purpose were so inconvenient, that in\\ncourse of time commercial caustic soda came into general use in\\nthis country. In the meantime, however, improvements have\\nalso been made in the apparatus and methods by which soda ash\\nis made caustic by the soap maker, especially during the past\\nseveral years. A number of very essential improvements have\\nbeen made in this apparatus with the result of further simplify\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the process to such an extent that the preparation of caustic\\nlye from soda ash has become profitable even at a comparatively\\nsmall difference between the price of soda ash and commercial\\ncaustic. The labor and other expense items, as well as the\\nproportion of lime required having been reduced to a minimum.\\nThe accompanying illustration shows a L} T e Plant supplied\\nwith all the latest improvements. This plant has a capacity\\nequivalent to 8 drums of 76% caustic per day. Although the\\nprofit on such a plant increases somewhat with the capacity,\\nthis process is profitable in cases even where the consumption of\\ncaustic lye does not exceed an equivalent of 150 drums per year.\\nBy this method the entire process is completed in a single\\noperation with the least possible amount of lime; giving a yield", "height": "4687", "width": "3025", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "96\\nThe Soap Factory.\\nwhich is practically perfect. There is no driving-machinery to\\noperate\u00e2\u0080\u0094no vacuum pumps and no air pumps to look after\u00e2\u0080\u0094in\\nfact no other power is applied than that produced by direct steam\\nfrom the boiler entering the apparatus. The proportion of lime\\nrequired varies not only according to its purity but is also effected\\nby the manner in which the process is conducted. The amount\\nof lime now required for causticizing is much less than formerly.\\nExceptionally good grades now giving a satisfactory result in\\nthe proportion of from 63 to 65 lbs. of lime per 100 lbs. of soda\\nash. The lime must be well burned and as free from contamin\u00c2\u00ac\\nation by magnesia as possible.\\nIn the apparatus illustrated on page 97 made by F. B.\\nStrunz, Pittsburgh, Pa., the lye adhering to the lime-waste is\\npractically all saved. The lime-waste is usually mixed with\\nwater and flushed away into the sewer. Attempts have been\\nmade to recausticize this lime-waste but the operation proved\\ntoo expensive and could not compete with fresh lime which can\\nbe procured in most localities at $4.00 to $5.50 per ton. How\u00c2\u00ac\\never, where it is produced in sufficiently large quantities this\\nlime waste would furnish excellent material for manufacturing", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory\\n97\\nPortland cement. For this purpose the lime-waste requires no\\npreliminary treatment. In some cases this material can undoubt\u00c2\u00ac\\nedly be turned to value.\\nRegarding the cost of lye made by this process as compared costofiye.\\nwith that made by dissolving caustic soda, Mr. Strunz furnished\\nin the American Soap Journal the following figures, which may be\\nreadily changed to suit different localities, etc.:\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cIn Pittsburgh the saving amounts to about 1 ]/i cents per\\npound, figuring Pure Alkali at $1.42^2 for 48%: Caustic Soda\\nFig. 11\\nW/A/tt\\nHEIN STRUNI S\\nC O O ft O CO\\nLYE APPARATUS\\n*l*- nAGOO/V Purs\\nlim., liiH\\n1 m\u00e2\u0080\u0099s/;/\u00c2\u00bbr-/wAvizz\\nill-\\n1 ./I l|\\n7 rnmim\\nWfi\\n14 JcjV\\nQsT 11\\n77% at $3.08 for 60%, and freight on each at 15 cents per cwt.\\nfrom New York. Lime is worth 20 cents per cwt., f.o.b. Pitts\u00c2\u00ac\\nburgh.\\n600 lbs. Caustic, 77%, at $3.08 for 60%.$23 72\\nFreight on 600 lbs. Caustic from New York to Pittsburgh 90\\nLabor, dissolving Caustic.\\n$24 77", "height": "4687", "width": "3025", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "98\\nThe Soap Factory.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cCaustic Lye Solution, equivalent to 600 lbs. Caustic\\nSoda of 76%, is produced by:\\n800lbs. Soda Ash, 58%, $1.42)4 for 48% (at $1.72) .$13 76\\nFreight on 800 lbs. from New York to Pittsburgh,\\nat 15 cents per cwt. 1 20\\n650 lbs. Lime, 20 cents per cwt. 1 30\\nLabor, preparing soda ash solution and adding\\nLime, 1)4 hours.23 cents\\nLabor, removing lime waste from lve apparatus,\\n1 hour.15 cents 38\u00e2\u0080\u0094$16 64\\nSaving on 600 lbs. Caustic, 77%. 8 13\\nor, $1.35)4 per cwt.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cIn the East, where oyster shell lime can be procured at 13\\ncents per cwt., and on account of a slightly greater difference\\nbetween the f.o.b. prices of Caustic and Soda Ash, the saving is\\nsomewhat more: Figuring $1.48 per cwt. of 77% Caustic, or\\nvery nearly 1 )4 cents per pound.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nUnder date of May 24, 1898, F. B. Strunz patented a kettle\\nof special shape and with a particular arrangement of steam\\npipes and means for supplying the lime; the kettle and the\\napparatus described in the foregoing forming together a lye plant\\nTHE MELTING TROUGH.\\nIn smaller factories the tallow and other stock are often\\nsimply dug out of the barrels and placed in the kettle to melt.\\nThis entails more or less damage to the packages and consider\u00c2\u00ac\\nable work, for which reasons the melting of the stock by steam\\nintroduced into the barrels is much to be preferred. Melting has\\nthe further advantage of removing the fat more fully, an item\\nwhich amounts to more than one might think, for in one case\\nwhere the difference was investigated fully and systematically,\\nit was found that a certain barrel filled with palm oil weighed\\n230 lbs. after all the stock had been carefully scraped out; on re\u00c2\u00ac\\nfilling and later melting out the stock it weighed only 206 lbs.\\nThe 24 lbs. gained were oil that had soaked into the wood. A\\ntrough is used for this purpose, upon which the barrels are placed,\\nand which receives the melted stock; it is made of sheet-iron or\\nsheet steel, rectangular in form, and need not be more than about\\nfive inches high; it should incline slightly toward the outlet", "height": "4687", "width": "3080", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory.\\n99\\nabove the settling- tank. The barrels are placed across the\\ntrough, or on timbers laid across the end pieces of the latter,\\nwith their open bung-holes downward. Pipes of ^-inch diame\u00c2\u00ac\\nter are so arranged that steam can be turned into the barrels\\nthrough the bungholes, either by having a separate pipe for each\\nbarrel, as shown in the accompanying engraving, or by a main\\npipe along the bottom of the trough, from which branches reach\\nupward into the hogsheads or barrels, as indicated by the dotted\\nlines in the same engraving just referred to. The ends of these\\nbranch pipes have an elbow joint, which turns easily, so that it\\nmay be introduced into the bunghole after the package has been\\nproperly placed.\\nBy admitting steam through the pipes the contents of the\\nhogsheads are quickly emptied and can be run to the kettle or\\nsettling tank while still hot, thus saving most of the heat ex-\\nFig 12.\\npended on the operation. A fine wire sieve should be placed in\\nthe trough where the discharge pipe is connected, so as to arrest\\nchips of wood and coarse dirt, that would otherwise go into the\\nkettle.\\nInstead of a trough, a simple rack may be used to support\\nthe barrels for melting the stock.\\nA convenient tool in this connection is a piece of board, two\\ninches wide, and long enough to reach across the two pieces of\\ntimber that are placed lengthwise over the trough. Through\\nthis board, near one edge, are driven four or five very heavy\\nnails, and the board is then nailed upon another, so as to prevent\\nthe nails from being pressed back again. These are used as\\nblocking for the barrels, to prevent tipping over.\\nTHE SETTLING TANK.\\nFrom the melting apparatus the stock should be run to a set-\\no\\\\\\ni", "height": "4687", "width": "3025", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "100\\nThe Soap Factory.\\ntling tank, so that it may be properly settled and alsoexamined,\\ninstead of running- it directly into the kettle. These settling-\\ntanks should be arranged with marks indicating- their capacity,\\nso that the amount of stock placed in them or withdrawn from\\nthem may always be approximately calculated. In consideration\\nof their great weig-ht, temperature, and conveniences, these tanks\\nare frequently placed in the basement.\\nTHE STOCK BLOWER.\\nUnless the melting- trough (or the settling tank) is so placed\\nthat the melted stock runs to the kettles by its own gravity,\\nFig. 13.\\nsome provision for conveying it there is required. This may be\\ndone by a pump or by a blower. The pump will be described\\nhereafter.\\nThe stock blower, which is used in some factories for con\u00c2\u00ac\\nveying the fats from the settling tanks to the kettles, consists of\\na sheet-iron tank provided with a tight-fitting cover, and is test-\\nted for a pressure of at least 80 lbs. to the square inch. It has a", "height": "4678", "width": "2970", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory.\\n101\\n1% inch pipe (A) reaching nearly to the bottom of the tank, for\\ncarrying- off the stock. B is a pipe for admitting- steam, the pres\u00c2\u00ac\\nsure of which forces the stock out of the tank. D is a pipe\\nthroug-h which the steam escapes from the empty blower when\\nfresh stock runs in. E is a pipe from the stock tank. C is a\\nvalve throug-h which accumulated dirt may be blown out. A\\nsteam pipe should also be connected with pipe A for blowing-\\nback, to clear it in case it becomes clog-g-ed by fat that may have\\nbecome chilled. This apparatus may be improved for some uses\\nby inserting- a dished false bottom (see small engraving-), with a\\nhole in the centre. The dirt and water settling out from the\\nstock (which may be kept warm by waste steam) would find its\\nway below the false bottom and be prevented by the latter from\\ngoing along with the stock on emptying the tank underpressure.\\nAn apparatus of this description may, under certain condi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions, be of use to convey fluids other than fats, as for instance\\nlye.\\nTHE SOAP KETTLE.\\nIn regard to soap kettles there are a great many variations,\\nnot alone in the actual requirements, but also in the opinions pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nvailing among practical soap boilers.\\nIn Europe the kettles or \u00e2\u0080\u009cpans\u00e2\u0080\u009d are still in many instances\\nheated by fire, while the contents are stirred by hand, but this\\nfeature has been superseded in this country many years ago by\\nthe use of steam; it is therefore not necessary here to point out\\nthe many advantages which steam kettles have over the old-fash\u00c2\u00ac\\nioned fire-heated affairs. Suffice it to say that the object of ap\u00c2\u00ac\\nplying heat to the ingredients in the soap kettle is twofold, name\u00c2\u00ac\\nly not only to raise the fat and lye to a temperature favorable to\\nthe chemical reaction but also to produce the movement of the\\ncontents which, by thoroughly mixing them, contributes very\\nlargely to the process of saponification; it is hardly necessary to\\npoint out how much in this respect the introduction of open steam\\nis superior to a fire heated kettle. Indeed, as shown in the cold\\nprocess, a temperature far below boiling is sufficient to induce\\nsaponification, and with the use of open steam the reaction be\u00c2\u00ac\\ngins much earlier, as a result of the mechanical action of the\\nsteam, and at a comparatively low temperature.\\nAs to size, soap kettles range from a capacity of a few thou\u00c2\u00ac\\nsand pounds to those holding 150,000 lbs. of finished soap, and\\nAll kettles heated!\\nby steam.\\nSize of kettles.", "height": "4678", "width": "2970", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "102\\nThe Soap Factory.\\nmore; the largest kettles still practical to use hold not much over\\n250,000 lbs. In shape the cylindrical form is the most common,\\nsquare kettles being comparatively rare as they are in several re\u00c2\u00ac\\nspects inconvenient to use. As to dimensions, the proportion\\nbest adapted for good boiling is approximately 2 feet average\\nwidth to 2/4 or 3 feet depth. Too deep a kettle in proportion to\\nwidth is liable to cause boiling over and \u00e2\u0080\u009cjumping.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The walls\\nof the kettles are either perpendicular or taper towards the\\nbottom.\\nA kettle of the latter kind, and the connections required for\\npractical working, are illustrated by the accompanying Fig. 15,\\nwhich represents one of the kettles used in the factor} 7 of Messrs.\\nA. Melzer Co., of Evansville, Ind., as described by them in\\nthe American Soap Journal as follows:\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThe dimensions of this kettle are: Depth 15 feet; diameter\\nacross top, 15 feet; diameter across bottom, 10 feet; capacity, 60,-\\n000 pounds Settled Soap. Bottom of kettle is made of inch\\nflange iron dished 12 inches. The first 4 feet of sides of kettle\\nare made of inch iron, the balance 3-16 inch; seams vertical.\\nFig. 14.\\nTo center of bottom is riveted a heavy cast-iron pouch (Fig. 14),\\ntapped for two 2)4-inch pipes, one for running out the spent lye,\\nand the other, which is at right angels to the first, for running\\nout the nigre into a receptacle for that purpose, preparatory to\\npumping it into other kettles. This latter pipe may be connect\u00c2\u00ac\\ned direct with a rotary pump, but in this case there would be\\nliability of sand and nails getting into the pump, which might\\ncause much trouble. Both these discharge pipes are supplied\\nwith a half-inch steam pipe for clearing them of cold soap, sticks\\nand other obstructions that may have lodged therein. The steam", "height": "4678", "width": "2970", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "Fig. 15.\u00e2\u0080\u0094SOAP KETTLE. (See page 102.)", "height": "2643", "width": "4180", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "THE NEW FRENCH SYSTEM OF MILLING.\\n(See pages 169 and 17U.)", "height": "2308", "width": "3908", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory.\\n103\\npipes that feed the coils in the kettles enter through cast-iron\\nflanges and an extra 34 inch wrought plate riveted on side of the\\nkettle just above the bottom. Each kettle is supplied with a gen\u00c2\u00ac\\neral steam valve, which shuts off the steam on all the coils; a\\nvalve for each, the open and closed coils, and a small valve or pet\\ncock for draining the pipes and to let escape freely any steam\\nwhich may pass the main valve, and thus prevent any possibility\\nof it getting into the kettle at a time when it is not wanted there.\\nThese valves can all be operated by means of iron rods conveni\u00c2\u00ac\\nently located at the kettles in the boiling room. The pouch on\\nbottom of the kettle is covered over by a grating made of inch\\nwire and having 34 inch meshes for the purpose of preventing\\nbungs or tools that may have found their way into the kettle\\nfrom obstructing the discharge pipes. The open steam coil is a\\nsingle 36 inch ring, made of extra strong 1% inch pipe and per\u00c2\u00ac\\nforated with a sufficient number of inch holes. The closed\\nsteam coil is a flat spiral, containing 350 feet of continuous 1%\\ninch extra strong pipe. This form of coils we have found the\\nmost practical, after trying a variety.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThe finished soap is discharged through a 3-inch pipe that\\nenters the kettle just above the steam pipes. On inside of kettle\\nthis pipe is about 6 feet long and at the lower end is provided\\nwith two elbows which form a hinge, so that the pipe may be\\nswung over and gradually lowered to a point just above the nigre.\\nWhen soap is all out this pipe is drawn back to a vertical posi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion by means of the chain attached to its top, and the mouth of\\npipe is closed with a cap attached to a 34 inch iron rod, with a\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cT\u00e2\u0080\u009d handle, that reaches to the top of the kettle.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cRunning across top of the kettle is a shaft, for which 1^\\ninch extra strong pipe will answer, and mounted thereon is a reel\\nor paddle wheel as shown in Fig. 16, page 104.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThe arms or spokes of this reel are made of yi x 1*4 inch\\niron and are 16 inches long from center of shaft to end of the\\narms; the blades, four in number, are x 4 x 24 inches, and we\\nfind this size reel amply sufficient to hold down the soap. In our\\nfactory these reels are driven by a small special engine, which\\nalso drives the fans for keeping the air in motion in the Boiling\\nRoom; they require little power, and the work performed by them\\nas compared to the work of a paddle or shovel in the hands of a\\nman, is like the work of a steamboat wheel and that of a boat\\nArrangement for\\npreventing boil\u00c2\u00ac\\ning over.", "height": "4678", "width": "2970", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "104\\nThe Soap Factory.\\noar. This apparatus has been in use in some factories of our\\ncountry for many years.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cTo prevent the soap from cooling* too rapidly around the\\nsides of the kettle, this is jacketed from the bottom to the floor\\nabove, with 2-inch wooden staves, and to prevent the heat and\\nFisr- 10.\\nsteam of the kettle from filling the Boiling* Room to the discomfort\\nof those employed therein, the kettle is encased from its top to\\nthe floor next above. On this floor the rosin is broken up and\\nthrough a chute is conducted into the kettle. By this arrange\u00c2\u00ac\\nment two men can easily do the work of four that have to shovel\\nthe rosin over the side of the kettle, and all rosin dust is kept\\nout of the Boiling Room. From rosin floor to the roof and a few\\nfeet above, a suitable chute (ours are made of sheet iron and are\\n5 feet in diameter) carries the steam out of doors. This chute is\\nprovided with a cut-off or damper to prevent the cold air in win\u00c2\u00ac\\nter from descending into the kettle when not a-boiling.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThe fats, lye, water or brine run into this kettle through\\na system of pipes under the control of the soap boiler or attend\u00c2\u00ac\\nant, and the finished soap runs out through the 3-inch pipe men\u00c2\u00ac\\ntioned above. The time required for framing a 50,000 to 60,-\\n000 lbs. patch is from three to four hours.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe next illustration (Fig. 17) is a sectional view of a ket\u00c2\u00ac\\ntle, arranged somewhat similarly, but having vertical walls, and\\nthe closed steam pipe arranged \u00e2\u0080\u009ccriss-cross\u00e2\u0080\u009d instead of spirally.\\nThis pipe is less expensive and for not too large kettles just as\\neffective as a spiral coil; it covers the bottom of the kettle to\\nwithin about a foot of the walls, the space left free being required\\nfor convenience in cleaning. For larger kettles this pipe has the", "height": "4678", "width": "2970", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory.\\n105\\ndisadvantage that the hottest steam is all on one side of the ket\u00c2\u00ac\\ntle, and the boiling thereby apt to be uneven. The open steam\\ncoil has a diameter about that of the bottom of the kettle; its\\nperforations are similar as already described, their total area not\\nto exceed the capacity of the pipe. The valves for opening and\\nFig. 17.\\nturning off the steam in the pipes are placed (in both kettles\\nshown) near the bottom of the kettles, so that on turning off the\\nopen steam the condensing steam in the pipe will not, by creat\u00c2\u00ac\\ning a partial vacuum, cause the soap to be forced up into the pipe", "height": "4678", "width": "2970", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "106\\nThe Soap Factory.\\nand choke it on cooling In other factories, again, the steam\\npipes enter the kettles from above, passing over at the rim and\\nrunning to the bottom of the kettle along the inside wall; thus\\nthe pipe does not need to perforate the kettle wall, but in this\\ncase the valves cannot be so conveniently placed as just described.\\nBoth, the open and the closed pipe are 1 to inch for a kettle\\nof 60\u00e2\u0080\u009480,000 lbs. capacity. The soap outlet pipe has already\\nbeen described, and is shown in the last illustration as entering\\nthe kettle at a point above the \u00e2\u0080\u009cnigre\u00e2\u0080\u009d or dark soap. Its inlet\\nis turned upward, which facilitates drawing off the soap from\\nthe nigre. Others prefer this opening turned downward, so that\\nit can be used to draw the soap from an iron bucket sunk into the\\ncontents of the kettle, in such a manner that it may be conveni\u00c2\u00ac\\nently employed to draw the last of the clean soap off from the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cnigre\u00e2\u0080\u009d underneath, the soap being collected in the bucket and\\ndrawn off through the pipe. When not in use the inlet of the\\npipe is closed, as described before; a strainer may also be pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nvided on the inlet, to prevent sticks or dirt from entering which\\nmight become lodged in the elbow joint of the pipe. In the case\\nof boiled-down soap such as \u00e2\u0080\u009cGerman Motted,\u00e2\u0080\u009d which is very\\nthick and not only difficult and slow to pump, but also liable to\\nbecome frothy through pumping, some factories use a separate\\n5 or 6 inch valve in the side of the kettle, connected with a pipe\\nin such a manner that a large funnel can be inserted through\\nwhich the last soap can be dipped out. The crutcher is then\\nmost conveniently placed near the bottom of. the kettle. Instead\\nof the single valve shown on the outlet at the bottom of the\\nkettle, two valves may be placed to advantage, one below the\\nother as shown in the illustration above.", "height": "4614", "width": "2989", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory.\\n107\\nThis arrangement not only provides against accident in\\ncase the single valve fails to close for any reason, but, by con\u00c2\u00ac\\nnecting a steam pipe between the two valves, any soap that\\nmay clog the lye outlet may be blown back; the kettle may even\\nbe temporarily heated by this steam connection, in case the\\nopen steam coil should have become clogged up by chilled soap.\\nlig. 11).\\nFig. 19 represents a similar kettle as made by the Hersey\\nMfg. Co., of sheet steel and heavy angle iron around the top to\\nmake it rigid; the cast iron supporting pieces can be attached at\\nany point ordered.\\nSome years ago a steam coil was adopted in many factories ^^eau/cons\\nwhich, instead of over the bottom, was placed close to the walls", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "108\\nThe Soap Factory.\\nMechanical\\n1 ig. \u00e2\u0080\u009820.\\nA convenient and effect ve combination of the several coils\\nmentioned is illustrated by Figure 21, page 109, Farrell Rempe\\nCo., of Chicago, manufacture these coils.\\nThirty years ago mechanical stirrers were frequently used\\nof the kettle, running spirally along their inner surface for two\\nor three feet in height. This form of coil was, however, soon\\nabandoned again in most factories, as the low coil near the bot\u00c2\u00ac\\ntom has the advantage of being mostly immersed in lye and thus\\nkeeping the soap from sticking to it; the high coil did not have\\nthis advantage, and, furthermore, the hot steam entering on the\\ntop cools off so much before reaching the bottom of the kettle, that\\nin large kettles sometimes only the upper part of the contents,\\nand that near the walls of the kettle, could be made to boil. The\\nlatter difficulty, however, could be at least partly avoided by\\nrunning the steam pipe down almost to the bottom and then coil\u00c2\u00ac\\ning it upward. In order to secure an even boiling throughout\\nthe kettle, the best plan is undoubtedly to have the closed coil\\nplaced flat over the bottom of the kettle, running it in the centre\\nfirst\u00e2\u0080\u0094so that the hottest steam is in the middle\u00e2\u0080\u0094and then coil\u00c2\u00ac\\ning it around to gradually approach the walls of the kettle, as\\nshown in the next engraving.\\nrers.", "height": "4614", "width": "2989", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory.\\n109\\nto help stir the contents of the kettles. They have since been\\ndiscontinued in nearly all cases, but at times they are quite con\u00c2\u00ac\\nvenient to have, and may yet come into use again for the smaller\\nkettles more than they are at present.\\nIn regard to the use of steam, it may also be mentioned that Open vs. closed\\nwhile both open and closed steam are found desirable by the great steam\\nmajority of manufacturers, there are those who advocate the use\\nFig. 21.\\nof open steam only, arguing that the closed steam pipe is a relic\\nof the days when impure caustic made the use of weak lyes neces\u00c2\u00ac\\nsary, in consequence of which the excess of water present makes\\nthe further addition of water from the open steam undesirable,\\nthat now the use of purer caustic permitting the use of strong\\nlye, there is no need for closed coils. There are also those who\\neven believe that closed steam is all-sufficient, but these are mat\u00c2\u00ac\\nters which will probably never be settled to the satisfaction of\\nall. One thing to guard against is too great number of holes in\\nthe open steam pipe, as this leads to insufficient boiling on one\\nside of the kettle, and in several cases an uneven product of soap\\nin consequence, the feed pipe being unable to supply steam to all\\nthe perforation. The steam is used at a pressure of 3 to 4 at- PresMlveolsteam\\nmospheres (one atmosphere 15 lb?.) Super-heated steam, as\\nsometimes recommended, is hardly used. If much water is to be", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "110\\nThe Soap Factory.\\nJacketed kettles.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2y*\\nevaporated from a soap, a pressure of 5 atmospheres is quite suf\u00c2\u00ac\\nficient.\\nThe steam, which has spent most of its heat while passing\\nthrough the closed coil, is condensed into hot water on issuing\\nfrom the coil, and can be used to advantage for various purposes,\\nas for dissolving caustic, thus utilizing the heat it contains and\\nalso taking advantage of the purity of the distilled water.\\nIt still remains to mention the jacketed kettles, with double\\nwalls at the lower part, between which steam circulates. This\\narrangement is not adapted for large kettles, nor indeed very\\npractical in any ordinary case where a soap is to be boiled, as the\\ndirt accumulating on the bottom prevents the heat from being\\nproperly effective. When used, the bottom should not be rounded\\ntoo much, but be flat and the jacket should not extend too far\\nup, as otherwise the soap might boil in the upper part of the ket\u00c2\u00ac\\ntle only, and not at the bottom. If the fats are previously well\\nclarified, for making fine toilet soaps, these kettles have the\\nadvantage that they can be cleaned more thoroughly, and that\\nthere are no steam pipes at the bottom between which undissolved\\nFig. 22.\\nsalt or strong lye might remain in spite of all boiling; in this", "height": "4614", "width": "2989", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory.\\nIll\\ncase also there is no danger of wasting heat by accumulated dirt\\nat the bottom.\\nDopp s Jacketed Toilet Soap Kettle: Within the C suspended\\nabove the kettle (see Fig. 22) there runs a conveyor-screw D\\nresembling the screw in some crutcners described further on,\\nwhich is very effective for mixing or \u00e2\u0080\u009ccrutching\u00e2\u0080\u009d the contents\\nof the kettle. The agitator is easily taken apart for cleaning\\npurposes, by simply loosening a set-screw, and may be raised\\nand lowered at will, as well as swung out of the way when not in\\nuse.\\nFor some purposes, notably in making half-boiled soaps, it\\nis convenient to connect the steam pipe with a cold water pipe,\\nin the manner shown in the accompanying drawing. This ar\u00c2\u00ac\\nrangement permits of rapidly reducing the temperature of the\\ncontents, if this should be necessary to prevent boiling over, or\\nwhen the stock to be used is too hot.\\nCONNECTIONS WITH KETTLES.\\nIn the matter of facilities for charging and emptying the\\nkettles, regard must of course be had to the peculiarities of the\\nfactory and the soap to be made. A soap pump being a practi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncally indispensable machine around the factory, it is a good plan\\nto connect the same with all the soap and lye outlet pipes, and\\nto run the discharge pipes of the pump to all the other kettles\\ntanks used in connection with them. In this manner all\\npossible contingencies for the disposal of the contents of the\\nkettles are provided for. In making these connections it is well,\\nhowever, to bear in mind the possibility of small leaks in one of", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "112\\nThe Soap Factory.\\nV laci\\npum p\\nthe lye valves, which might cause lye to find its way into the soap\\nbeing pumped and render it surprisingly \u00e2\u0080\u009cstrong.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The pipes\\nleading to the pump ought to have a valve near the tank, and\\none near the pump. So that no stock lye, soap, c., can run\\ninto the pipe when pumping from other tanks.\\nTHE SOAP PUMP.\\nAmong the various pumps that have been constructed for\\nthe purposes of the soap factory, such as pumping grease to the\\nkettles, pumping the soap to the crutcher, bringing lye to the\\nkettles, c. The Heksey pump (Fig. 24, 25, 26, 27,) the Taber\\npump (Fig. 28,) and the Johnson Rotary Pump, have come into\\nwide use.\\nFig. 24.\\nThe Hersey pump is set up in any convenient position, not\\nmore than ten feet above the bottom of the kettles, but preferab\u00c2\u00ac\\nly below the kettle, so that the soap flows into the pump by its\\nown weight instead of requiring the pump to draw it upward.\\nIt is connected with the kettles, etc., as already described; and\\nits discharge side should be connected with a steam pipe for oc\u00c2\u00ac\\ncasional blowing back and cleaning. (A water pipe may be con\u00c2\u00ac\\nvenient in connection with some pumps also, for the purpose of\\npriming the pump in case it refuses to work, as may occur when\\nthe body to be pumped is so warm as to give off vapor which des\u00c2\u00ac\\ntroys the vacuum). Valves are placed in the connecting pipes", "height": "4614", "width": "2989", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory.\\n113\\nso that the pump can draw from and discharge into any of the\\nkettles and tanks without disturbing the others. The special\\nfeature of this pump is that it conveys not only soap, but also\\nhot as well as cold oils, lye of every description, and water.\\nWith a speed of 120 revolutions per minute, the three sizes have\\na capacity 3,000, 6,000 and 10,000 gallons per hour, respectively.\\nThe blade B swings on a pivot, and the cone-shaped piece D, by\\nits contact with the cover, maintains a division between the two\\nsides, so that in sweeping around the blade B, running in the\\nFig. \u00e2\u0080\u009825.\\ndirection of the arrow, draws the soap in at A and discharges it\\nat C, emptying the pump twice in each revolution.\\nThe opening marked A in the sectionial view is the suction\\nwhen the pump is run in the direction of the arrow; on reversing\\nthe machine the same opening becomes the discharge, and the\\nopposite opening will then be the suction. The outlets are 2 to\\n3 inches in diameter, according to size of pump, and correspond\\nto the size of the discharge pipes of the kettles as generally used.\\nIn connection with the pump should be a belt-shifter so ar\u00c2\u00ac\\nranged that it can be operated by means of a rope from any floor\\nof the factory.\\nFig. 27 shows above pump combined with engine. The\\nlatter is provided with a pulley from which any other piece of\\nmachinery can be driven.\\nWorking on a different principle, but also very effective are\\nthe Taber soap pump shown in Fig. 28; the Johnson Rotary\\nPump, Fig. 29, 30, 31; and that made by Brown Patterson,\\nFig. 32. For soap factories these pumps are made of iron, but\\nsteel or bronze pumps for special purposes are made by the same\\nfirms.\\nIn the foregoing pages has been described the machinery", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "114\\nThe Soap Factory", "height": "4614", "width": "2989", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory.\\n115\\nrequired for converting- fat and alkalies into soap; but there\\nstill remains to be considered a number of machines and appli-\\nFig. 27.\\nances necessary to form the bulk soap contained in the kettle\\ninto a merchantable bar or cake. Prominent among these are", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "116\\nThe Soap Factory.\\nCleaning the\\nCrutcher.\\nCrntcbingair into\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2soap.\\nTHE CRUTCHER AND THE REMELTER.\\nThe name \u00e2\u0080\u009ccrutcher\u00e2\u0080\u009d is derived from the old fashioned\\ncrutch-like stirrer which was in use before machinery took its\\nplace, and as the old hand crutch was\u00e2\u0080\u0094and to some extent still\\nis\u00e2\u0080\u0094employed for several uses, so the machines now serve a variety\\nof purposes; all these uses, however, are based on its action as\\na mixer or as agitator.\\nIn size these machines correspond with the capacity of the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cframes\u00e2\u0080\u009d to be described later, which ordinarily hold about\\n1,200 lbs.\\nA few minutes agitation in the crutcher suffices to thorough\u00c2\u00ac\\nly mix a batch of soap with the ingredients added, and the con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntents are then emptied into the \u00e2\u0080\u009cframe,\u00e2\u0080\u009d for which purpose the\\ncrutcher is so placed that the soap can run directly into the\\nframes placed underneath.\\nImmediately after emptying, these machines may be cleaned\\nby running through them boiling hot water, or filling them with\\nwater and bringing it to a boil by an open steam pipe, or by\\nletting open steam through the covered apparatus; but if the\\nsoap is allowed to get cold in them, the cleaning operation is\\nmore difficult and tedious.\\nIt should be noticed that some styles of crutchers are made\\neither with or without a steam jacket. While it is not generally\\nrequired for simply mixing soap with the filling, the steam jacket\\nis often a desirable feature, as when the machine is to be used\\nas a remelter for scrap soap; or when the soap has cooled off too\\nfar before crutching; or for making soap by the cold or half-\\nboiled process.\\nIn the following are described the principal styles of crutch\u00c2\u00ac\\ners as well as remelters in use. As some of these machines serve\\nfor both purposes, they cannot well be considered separately. The\\nmachines described are all admirably adapted for their purpose,\\nand are preferred according to individual requirements or per\u00c2\u00ac\\nsonal preference. In a general way it may be said that some\\ncrutchers have a stronger tendency than others to crutch air into\\nthe soap, and this may often lead to decide a choice between the\\ndifferent styles. Air crutched into soap brightens its color, but\\nat the same time makes it more dull and opaque.\\nDoll\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Crutcher is one of the simplest forms of this ma\u00c2\u00ac\\nchine. It consists of a simple tank, having a soap outlet at the\\nbottom. Within it is placed a cylinder, open on top and bottom,", "height": "4614", "width": "2989", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory.\\n117\\nresting on leg\u00e2\u0080\u0099s. In this cylinder runs a screw, as shown in sev\u00c2\u00ac\\neral illustrations hereafter, which catches the soap at the bottom\\nof the apparatus and carries it to the top of the inner cylinder,\\no^er whose rim it falls back into the space between the inner\\nand outer cylinders, to find its way gradually to the bottom\\nFig. 33.\\nag-ain. This mixer is designed especially for mixing the soap,\\nwhile still warm and soft, with \u00e2\u0080\u009cfilling,\u00e2\u0080\u009d such as sal soda,\\nsilicate, etc.\\nA modification of the apparatus is shown above, the object\\nof which is not only to mix the soap and filling, but also to re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmelt the scraps and cuttings of soap on hand, that require work\u00c2\u00ac\\ning over to be salable; or to manufacture soap by the cold pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ncess and remelted toilet soaps. In this apparatus the inner cy\u00c2\u00ac\\nlinder A is jacketed, and the legs (2?) supporting it are made\\nof gas pipe, through which steam may be admitted to the jacket.\\nOpen steam may also be turned directly into the soap by means\\nof a single perforated coil near the bottom of the mixer. As the\\nscraps of soap are carried upward by the screw they are thus\\nheated by the open and closed steam until they become soft\\nenough to be forced through the sieve placed above the cylinder.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "118\\nThe Soap Factory.\\nThe sieve consists of two halves which are held in position by\\nthe arms E and is readily removable.\\nThe driving- parts of the machine are so arrang-ed that they\\ncan be quickly reversed, to facilitate emptying- the crutcher.\\nThis machine, plain or with remelting- apparatus attached,\\nFig. 34.\\nis also made (single or double) connected on one frame with a\\nsteam engine, as shown on illustration herewith.\\nAtkiss\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Mixer. The principle of mixing- soap by this ma\u00c2\u00ac\\nchine is evident by a glance at the illustration. The wing-s on\\nthe central shaft, as shown, have a slanting- position, and in ad\u00c2\u00ac\\ndition are raised and lowered as indicated by the dotted lines.\\n(Fig-. 35.)\\nStrunz\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Crutcher. The interior view of this machine also\\nexplains itself. Soap is run in until the wing-s are one or two\\ninches more than completely covered and the crutcher is set in\\nmotion in the direction required to work the soap toward the\\noutlet, the central shaft making- 45 to 50 revolutions per minute.\\nWhile emptying- the contents into the frame, the paddles should\\nnot be running-, unless the soap runs out very slowly.\\nThis style of crutcher is also made with a steam jacket, as", "height": "4614", "width": "2989", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory.\\nFig. 36.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Outside View of Machine.\\n119", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "120\\nThe Soap Factory\\nshown in the next illustration. The direction of the steam or\\nwater, as the case may be, as it circulates through the machine,\\nFif. 38.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Jacket View of Machine", "height": "4614", "width": "2989", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory\\n121\\nis indicated by the arrows also the pipe through which they\\nescape. The valve at the bottom is for the purpose of drawing*\\noff the water left in the jacket at the end of the operation, which\\nshould never be overlooked, as its presence would cause a strain\\non admitting* steam, or in cold weather even freezing* and burst-\\ning* of the jacket. To clean the machine when necessary, a few\\npailfuls of salt water at 22\u00c2\u00b0 are added, and the machine set into\\nmotion for a few minutes. The escape steam pipe of the\\njacketed machine should be left free, that is to say, it should\\nhave no valve attached to it.\\nRecently F. B. Strunz of Pittsburgh, Pa., has iitroduced an", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "122\\nThe Soap Factory\\nimproved Strunz crutcher which cools and heats the contents\\nquickly, as desired, and in which it is impossible for any of the\\npaddles to become detached or break off. It works thoroughly\\nand rapidly and allows no air to mix with the soap if the mach\u00c2\u00ac\\nine is filled above the top of the paddles, the soap coming out\\nparticularly clear; when filled to within a few inches from the\\ntop of the paddles, the soap quickly becomes aerated up to the\\npoint of floating. Highly filled soaps and mineral scouring soap\\neven can thus be made light enough to float.\\nHouchin Huber\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Crutcher. This machine consists of\\nan outer shell made of two shells of boiler steel riveted together,\\nFig. 40.", "height": "4614", "width": "2989", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory.\\n123\\nso as to form a steam jacket, which extends over the whole bot\u00c2\u00ac\\ntom and up the whole side of the machine. An inner drum of\\nlike construction, except that it is open top and bottom, a con\u00c2\u00ac\\nveyor screw to carry contents up inner cylinder and over and a\\nmeans for operating- same with overhead shaft and g-earing-, in\\ntvym operated by an engine of modern construction.\\nOwing- to the peculiar construction of the outer shell, the\\nheating- capacity of the same is very large, much more so than\\nany machine so far designed and being constructed like a boiler\\nand thoroughly stay-bolted cannot burst under ordinary steam\\npressures. Being wrought steel and no thicker than required,\\ncan also be cooled much quicker in operation than where a large\\namount of cast iron need be cooled.\\nThe shell can never crack in cold weather, like cast iron and\\nas a drip is provided in the exact center or lowest part of the\\nbottom, will drain itself perfectly at any time.\\nDopp\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Crutcher and Remelter. This apparatus is made in\\nFijLr. 41.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "124\\nThe Soap Factory\\ntwo styles, that is to say, it is arranged either with or without\\na steam engine of its own. While, therefore, in the latter case\\nthe machine is driven by a special shaft and belt, the one with\\nan engine of its own not only works independently from all other\\nmachines in the factory, but can be used in addition to transmit\\npower (while the crutcher is either running or standing still) to\\nrun the elevator, or the soap pump, or such other machinery as\\nmay be in the factory.\\nThis crutcher and remelter consists of a steam jacket and\\nan inner shell, cast together in one piece, and having a large\\noutlet in the center of the bottom for discharging the contents.", "height": "4614", "width": "2989", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory.\\n125\\nIn the center of the kettle is placed a steam heating radiator\\nformed by a system of vertical pipes arranged cylindrically, and\\nwith open spaces between them; steam passes through this radi\u00c2\u00ac\\nator into the jacketed part of the kettle, but can be cut off so\\nthat only the inner cylinder has steam. A conveyor screw is\\nplaced in the center of this radiator for mixing the soap.\\nWhen the machine is to be used for remelting, it is filled\\nwith soap scraps, covered up, and the steam at a pressure of\\nabout 20 lbs. is turned on; too high pressure may scorch the\\nsoap. As soon as a portion of the soap is melted the screw is\\nset in motion. Open steam may also be turned into the soap to\\nmoisten it, if necessary. The motion of the screw lifts the soap\\nand throws it over the the top of the radiator and partly forces\\nit through the open spaces between the pipes. The pieces that\\nare too large to pass in this manner are carried up and wedged\\nin between the open ports, formed by the upper ends of the\\nsteam pipes. By the motion of the screw the pieces are sheared\\noff and thus completely cut up.\\nWhen required for cooling, cold water may be passed, in\u00c2\u00ac\\nstead of steam, into the jacket and the radiator. The screw\\nmay be run forward or backward, the change being effected by\\nsimply shifting the gearing. If it is found that the soap has a\\ntendency to become spongy while lying in the hot jacket, steam\\nto the latter must be shut off.\\nThe engine connected with the crutcher, as shown in Fig.\\n42, is one of eight horse-power, and is, therefore, sufficient not\\nonly to drive the machine, but run an elevator, and pump soap\\nat the same time, (or do the latter work alone while the crutcher\\nis not in motion). It dispenses with all shafting, pulleys and\\nbelting for crutching, and may consequently be set up in any\\nplace desired. All that is necessary is to connect the machine\\nto a boiler having 40 lbs. or more of steam.\\nIt is an extremely convenient apparatus, not only for remelt\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, but also for mixing and for making soaps by the cold\\nprocess.\\nWhitaker\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Remelter. This is a machine specially design\u00c2\u00ac\\ned for the remelting of soap, whether for working up scraps or\\nfor making remelted toilet soaps. It consists of the wrought\\niron cylinder A into which is set the continuous steam pipe B\\nconnecting with the horizontal pipe b. These pipes rest on a\\nwire netting through which the melted soap may drain off. F", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "126\\nThe Soap Factory.\\nis a perforated pipe for admitting- steam into the soap throug-h\\nthe valve The condensed steam is drawn off by pipe/.\\nWhen the apparatus is filled with soap it is covered, and\\nopen steam turned on. When the scraps begin to melt, the open\\nsteam is shut off, the condensed steam drained off, and closed\\nsteam turned on. The melted soap is drawn into the frames as\\nit melts and occasionally crutched through; or the soap is run\\nfrom the remelter into the crutcher and there worked through\\nbefore framing.\\nThe time required for the operation depends on the dryness\\nAccelerating the scra p S f or the more water the soap contains the more\\nmelting. r\\nquickly will it melt. Ten to twenty frames of soap scrap can be\\nremelted in a day by this machine, when used as described. In\\nlarge factories where there is considerable work for the remelter,\\nit is a good plan to provide it with a high \u00e2\u0080\u009ccurb\u00e2\u0080\u009d into which the\\nscraps are thrown as fast as they come from the cutting ma\u00c2\u00ac\\nchinery. The pressure of the great amount of scraps above\\nserves to press the remelted soap out quickly, thereb}Mncreasing\\nthe capacity of the remelter considerably and improving the pro-", "height": "4614", "width": "2989", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory.\\n127\\nduct. At the same time the curb, if properly arranged, will pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nvent the rapid drying of the scrap, which circumstance also in\u00c2\u00ac\\ncreases the capacity for remelting. Lastly, the curb may pass\\nthrough several stories, with doors through which the scraps\\nmay be thrown into the remelter, whereby work in handling\\nthem is saved.\\nTHE SAL SODA TANK.\\nAs \u00e2\u0080\u009csal soda\u00e2\u0080\u009d filling is now very generally made from soda\\nash, it is well to remember that soda ash is more soluble in\\nwater at 100 u than it is in boiling water; it is therefore sufficient\\nto have the water at 80\u00c2\u00b0 when the soda ash is put in. To facili\u00c2\u00ac\\ntate solution by means of agitation, if there is an air pump in\\nthe factory, the sal soda tank ma} r be connected with it. The\\nprocess of dissolving raises the temperature of the water consid\u00c2\u00ac\\nerably, but by making the solution in the manner here indicated\\nit will have the right temperature for use as soon as it is strong\\nenough and has settled out the impurities. To prevent boiling\\nover when made in the ordinary way, the tank should not be high\\nand narrow but rather low and wide. The steam (or air) pipe\\nsomewhat resembles the open steam pipe as described in connec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion with the soap kettle, and should have the perforations at\\nthe sides of the pipe (instead of on top) so as to keep the soda\\nash from settling down to the bottom of the tank as it would if\\nthe holes faced upward. In this case also, the capacity of the\\nperforations should not exceed that of the pipe itself, in order\\nthat an even pressure may be forced through each hole, and the\\nsolution should also be drawn off two to four inches above the\\nbottom so as to keep the sediment out. The valve should be a\\ndouble-gated one, as it sometimes happens in winter that the sal\\nsoda crystallizes in the pipes and it may become necessary to\\nheat it or drive a rod through the pipe; another way of obviating\\nthis difficulty is to use a double-jointed draw-off pipe in the tank\\nlike that used in the soap kettle.\\nSOAP FRAiTES.\\nWhen the soap is finished in the kettle, and has received the\\nrequired additions in the crutcher, it is run into the soap \u00e2\u0080\u009cframes\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nfor cooling and hardening. These frames are made either of\\nwood or of iron, the latter being the kind most generally used in\\nWood and\\nframes.\\nIron", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "128\\nThe Soap Factory.\\nthis country. Wooden frames, which are considerably lighter\\nand therefore easier to handle, naturally retard the cooling of\\nthe soap, and are therefore mostly used for special kinds of soap\\nwhich require slow cooling. The iron frame, as generally used\\nfor common laundry soap, is in most cases of a size holding about\\n1,200 lbs.\\nWhitaker\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Patent Soap Frame has a wooden bottom\\nmounted upon truck wheels for moving it about the factory,\\nand two sides of sheet iron, flanged at their upper edges, and\\nstrengthened by ribs of corrugated sheet iron running in the\\ndirection of their length on the outer surface; this device pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nvents the sides from twisting or bending, so that the soap will\\nFig. U.\\nset in the exact rectangular shape, on cooling.\\nThe sides are", "height": "4614", "width": "2989", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory.\\n129\\nconnected by ends of two inch plank and secured by clamps,\\nallowing-of mounting- and dismounting- the frame almost instantly.\\nIn such iron frames ordinary soap cools sufficiently to strip in\\nfrom 24 to 48 hours, according- to the weather and temperature\\nof framing-. The averag-e size of this frame weig-hs about 370\\nlbs. The frames are made to order, in every size and shape\\ndesired.\\nWhen so ordered these frames are made water-tight with\\nrubber packing, for special use.\\nDopp\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Soap Frame. The illustration of this frame explains\\nitself.\\nHoucHin Huber\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Soap Frame. (Fig. 45.) This frame\\nhas quick acting adjustable end clamps. These clamps may be\\ntaken up in an instant, without a wrench or tool of any kind.\\nFig 1 45.\\nSo if an end does not clamp tightly, a single turn of this device\\nwill generally suffice to make a tight frame. A patent nas been\\napplied for.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "130\\nThe Soap Factory.\\nHome-made Frames: A cheap, convenient, and easily\\nhandled, as well as quickly cooling-frame may be made according\\nto the following- description, given by a writer in the American\\nSoap Journal. The sizes mentioned are for a frame holding-\\n1,200 lbs. of soap.\\nFisjr. 40.\\nFig. 47.\\nFig-. 46 shows the frame ready for use, but empt}-, the sides\\nbeing: of steel of No. 12 thickness and the ends of wood. The\\no\\nsides have lj4 inch angde irons, running- lengthwise, three in\\nnumber, to strengthen them, and also at each end perpendicularly\\na tapering angle on which clamps work, to bring the sides up", "height": "4614", "width": "2989", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory\\n131\\nrigidly when the clamps are driven down upon the tapering angle\\nirons, which near the bottom assumes its full size of 1J4 inches\\nin width. On one end of the frame is partly shown a com\u00c2\u00ac\\nbined wood and iron clamp, one of a pair used only when running\\nthe frame away from the crutcher, on and off elevators, and over\\nrough floors while the soap in the frame is still hot.\\nFig. 49.\\nFig. 50.\\nIn this cut is seen one of the center wheels, 9 inches in diam\u00c2\u00ac\\neter, on which the frame principally rests; at each end, not dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinctly shown in the cut, is a pair of inch wheels, hung to\u00c2\u00ac\\ngether on a swivel, in the form of a castor, which failing to more\\nthan barely touch the floor lightly, if at all, enables the frame\\nto be easily and quickly revolved on its axle. The end pieces are\\nsimply wooden planks, say inch thick with one inch battens\\nas shown. For convenience in every way a frame of the capacity", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "132\\nThe Soap Factory.\\nstated may be made, inside measures, say 54 inches in length, 40\\ninches in depth, and 14% inches in width, and in making out\\nspecifications for the iron work allowance, of course, must be\\nmade in addition to these figures for the thickness of wooden-\\nends, say 5 inches, and for a false bottom of say one inch. One\\ninch axels of steel should be used for the wheels.\\nFig. 47 shows the steel side, removed from the frame. This\\nshould be made straight and flat.\\nFig. 48 shows the frame bottom, top view, which needs no\\nfurther explanation, as the cut speaks for itself.\\nFig. 49 shows the reverse of the same. The bottom may\\nbe made of 2 inch plank, 5 feet 3 inches long, 20 inches wide,\\nwith say four battens on under side, 2x4 inches, and with\\nwheels placed as shown.\\nFig. 48 shows cleats 2% inches in width and a false bottom\\n54 x 14% inches, and one inch thick, placed relatively with\\nspaces for receiving and retaining in position the sides and ends.\\nFig. 50 shows the steel clamps, one somewhat shorter than\\nthe other, at each end of the frame, 2 x inch, curved at ends\\nto fit upon the tapering angle iron on frame sides to hold the\\nwhole rigidly in position. It also shows the wood and iron clamp\\nfor temporary use, as before referred to. The iron castors can\\nbe obtained through any large hardware house. The iron\\ncenter wheels should be made light, but strong, say of two inch\\nface.\\nConstructed of steel not unnecessarily thick, these frames are\\nreadily taken apart and set up again by even two boys, and when\\nfilled with soap they can be easily moved about on a smooth floor,\\nand can be turned completely around within the space of their\\nown length by one boy alone. When set up, the clamps hold\\nthem together very rigidly, making a very strong frame.\\nTrack for the\\nframes\\nExtra bottoms\\nIn factories where many frames are used, it is convenient to\\nhave a track on which fit the wheels of the frame, so that the\\nsoap can be easily wheeled from one room into the other. In\\nthis case it may be best to have the wheels so placed on the bot\u00c2\u00ac\\ntom of the frame that the latter stands crosswise on the track.\\nThe size of a 1,000 lbs. frame being about 14 x 56 inches, (and\\nabout 40 inches high) much space on the track is saved by hav\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the wheels placed in this manner.\\nIt is also found convenient to have one extra bottom for each", "height": "4614", "width": "2989", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory.\\n133\\nframe, for while one bottom is occupied by the block of soap\\nafter it has been \u00e2\u0080\u009cstripped,\u00e2\u0080\u009d the extra bottom, together with the\\nsides and end pieces taken from the first bottom, can be used for\\nthe next framing.\\nWhere frames are used that have no wheels, they are placed\\nbelow the crutcher on \u00e2\u0080\u009crun ways,,\u00e2\u0080\u0099 in such a manner that the\\nframe stands high enough above the floor to readily permit of\\npushing a truck or \u00e2\u0080\u0098\u00e2\u0080\u0098buggy\u00e2\u0080\u009d underneath them. This buggy is\\nmade of iron and so constructed that, on raising the handle, its\\nframe work is raised sufficiently to lift the soap frame off the\\nrun ways. On wheeling the truck to another part of the factory\\nand lowering the handle, the frame is also lowered and placed\\non similar run ways provided for the purpose near the cutting\\nmachinery.\\nFig. 51.\\nInstead of the \u00e2\u0080\u009crun ways,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and the special truck described,\\nanother contrivance is used in some places which consists of a\\nnumber of pieces of gas-pipe, through which rods are passed\\nto serve as axels for the pipes which in turn are used as wheels.\\nThe axels are placed parallel to each other and their ends se\u00c2\u00ac\\ncured in a frame-work. The frame bottoms are slightly curved,\\nso that this apparatus can be easily slipped under them.\\nWhile the iron frames, as said before, are those generally\\nused for most soaps, some manufacturers still prefer the wooden\\nones as, on account of their light weight, they are easy to handle;\\nnor do they become rusty and stain the soap, but on the contrary\\nbecome covered after a short use, on their inner surface, by a\\nglossy enamel-like coating, and therefore strip easily.\\nFor quite small frames, such as are used to advantage for\\nsome cold-made soaps, a cast iron box is well adapted, which is\\ncut in half through the sides and bottom. For setting it up, it\\nis only necessary to place the two halves together and secure\\nthem by a clamp.\\nTrucks.\\nWooden frames.\\nSmall cast iron\\nframes.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "134\\nThe Soap Factory.\\nTHE SOAP SLABBER AND CUTTER.\\nThe block of soap left on the bottom of the frames after\\nstripping* is cut into marketable sizes by means of wire. The\\nmanner in which this operation was first performed was by mark\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the block where it was intended to be cut, and simply draw\u00c2\u00ac\\ning a wire through it along these marks. In some factories this\\nsimple process is still employed, but for large factories a\\nFig. 52.\\nmachine, somewhat on the plan shown herewith, will be practically\\nindispensable on account of the saving in time and labor eff\u00c2\u00ac\\nected by it. The illustration (Fig. 52, made by the Hersey Mfg.\\nCo., and known as the \u00e2\u0080\u009cRalston Slabber\u00e2\u0080\u009d) shows how the wires\\ncut the block into slabs in an exceedingly short time and with\\nthe greatest possible regularity. The slabber should have a size\\ncorresponding as closely as possible to that of the frames, so that\\nthe cutting wires are just long enough to cut the block of soap;", "height": "4614", "width": "2989", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory.\\n135\\ntoo long- wires are apt to break, owing- to the greater tension\\nrequired to keep them in a straight position. The machine is\\nmounted on wheels, so that it may be readily moved from one\\nframe of soap to another. For slabs of varying thickness it is\\nmost convenient to have extra \u00e2\u0080\u009creeds\u00e2\u0080\u009d which can be readily\\nchanged. As these machines, to give the greatest satisfaction,\\nshould correspond in size to the frames, it is necessary to have\\nregard in their construction to the following measures; inside\\nlength, width and depth of frames, diameter of frame wheels,\\nlength of axle, and of course thickness of slabs to be cut.\\nAnother slabber is shown in Fig. 53, and is made by Brown\\nPatterson.\\nAnother slabber is made by Houchin Huber. See Fig. 54.\\nFig. 55 is a rough sketch of the principle on which a home\u00c2\u00ac\\nmade slabber may be constructed.\\nFor cutting the slabs up into long bars and into cakes,\\nmachines of various construction are used, as may be best adapted", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "136\\nThe Soap Factory\\nto the requirements of the factor} 7 The accompanying Fig\\n56 and 57 hardly require further description, the mechanical de\u00c2\u00ac\\ntails appearing plainly; nor can we describe all the forms of this\\nmachine in use, since they are frequently made accordidg to\\norder, to comply ^ith individual needs and preferences.\\nFig. 54.\\nFig. 58 shows a soap cutter made by the Hersey Mfg. Co.,\\nof Boston. This machine cuts the slabs first into long bars and\\nthen into cakes, and then delivers them upon the \u00e2\u0080\u009cspreading\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\narrangement.\\nParallell staves are generally provided (see illustration) for\\nthe bars of soap to slide on after being cut; this arrangement is\\ncalled a \u00e2\u0080\u009cspreader,\u00e2\u0080\u009d as by drawing the staves endwise the bars", "height": "4614", "width": "2989", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory\\n137\\nare spread slightly apart, in order to facilitate drying- on the\\nrack, by allowing- the air to circulate freely among- the bars. An\\nattachment for stamping- the cakes (if they are not to be pressed)\\nmay also be applied to this machine.\\nFig-. 50.\\nAccording- to the needs of the factory, this machine is fur\u00c2\u00ac\\nnished with either adjustable wire holders for cutting- different\\nsizes of bars and cakes, or separate reeds for the different sizes\\nare kept on hand.\\nFig*. 57 represents a set of iron cutting- frames, as made by", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "138\\nThe Soap Factory", "height": "4614", "width": "2989", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory.\\n139\\nH. Wm. Dopp Son, of Buffalo. These frames are made of cast\\niron, and the wires are fastened and spaced as desired by means\\nof thumb-screws. The frames are fastened by bolts upon a wooden\\nframe as shown, and wooden bed plates must be provided for\\non the latter, as shown in the small engraving 1 forming part of\\nthe same figure.\\nFig. 59.\\nAs will be seen, the preceding machinery is run by hand,\\nbut there have also been made a few machines after a special\\npattern shown herewith, operated by steam power. (See\\nFig-. 59.)\\nThis machine slabs, cuts, racks, and spreads an enormous\\namount of soap per day.\\nAnother slabber and caking machine has recently been de\u00c2\u00ac\\nvised by Christopher Lipps of Baltimore, and still another set by\\nCurtis Davis Co. of Cambridgeport, but we have not room to\\nillustrate them all.\\nThe wire used in these cutting machines is what is known", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "140\\nThe Soap Factory.\\nPlaning thecalces\\nKnives for cutting\\nin place of wire.\\nas \u00e2\u0080\u009cpiano-wire,\u00e2\u0080\u009d which combines the greatest strength with\\ndurability, and is best adapted for the purpose because the thin\u00c2\u00ac\\nner the wire the smoother will be the cut.\\nFor cutting cakes from single bars the machine shown in\\nFig. 60 is a convenient arrangement.\\nIn the case of toilet soap, before pressing the cakes, (if they\\nare to have a smooth surface) the bars after cutting and slightly\\ndrying are sometimes planed by drawing them over a machine\\narranged like an ordinary carpenter\u00e2\u0080\u0099s plane turned upside down,\\nFi\u00c2\u00a3. 60\\nwhich takes off a thin shaving and leaves the surface of the bar\\nvery smooth, giving the cake after pressing an improved appear\u00c2\u00ac\\nance and decreasing its tendency of sticking to the dyes in\\npressing.\\nInstead of wire for cutting the slabs into bars, steel knives\\nor springs placed similarly in the cutting machines having been\\nrecommended. It is difficult to keep them from bending under\\nthe strain of cutting, and they are not widely used; but those who\\nhave tried them claim that they make a smoother cut than does\\nwire.\\nThe thinner the cutting wire, the smoother will it leave the\\nsurface of the soap.", "height": "4614", "width": "2989", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory.\\n141\\nDRYING APPARATUS.\\nAfter being- cut into bars the soap requires to be dried some\u00c2\u00ac\\nwhat in order to be in a marketable condition and ready to be\\npressed. This drying process is in many factories still carried Natural drying,\\nout by simply placing- the bars on racks and leaving- them there\\nexposed to the atmosphere until in the proper condition. This, of\\ncourse, is an unsatisfactory method, as the changes of the weather\\nrender it very uncertain and tedious, besides being- slow at best\\nand requiring considerable room. A somewhat improved result\\nis secured from drying rooms in which steam coils are placed to\\nraise the temperature; here also, however, the air in the room\\nbecomes laden with moisture, and unless removed promptly, the\\ndrying- still proceeds in an unsatisfactory manner. The best\\nresults are derived, undoubtedly, by combined heating and ven\u00c2\u00ac\\ntilation. Currents of dry, warm air, directly acting- on the soap,\\nhasten the process and dry the soap in a most satisfactory way,\\ncausing- the formation of a firm, glossy skin over the surface\\nwhich greatly aids in pressing- the cakes and enhances their fine\\nappearance. For this purpose a \u00e2\u0080\u009cblower\u00e2\u0080\u009d or \u00e2\u0080\u009cpressure fan\u00e2\u0080\u009d is\\nplaced before a steam coil (which may be heated with exhaust\\nsteam of the engine) and connected air tight with a casing sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nrounding- the coil. On admitting- air into the inlet of the fan it\\nis forced throug-h the bends of the coil and its temperature there\u00c2\u00ac\\nby raised. As is well known hot air can absorb more moisture\\nthan cold air, and therefore whatever the weather may be, the\\nsoap is sure to be dried by directing the warm current upon the\\nracks. From 6 to 12 hours drying is ordinarily sufficient to put\\nthe soap in condition for pressing, whereas in the old way the\\ntime required is very indefinite.\\nA convenient method of connecting the operations of ventil\u00c2\u00ac\\nation and heating, for drying soap, is shown in the accompanying\\ndrawing. The latter represents a coil of 1 inch steam pipe (not\\nshown) in a casing of sheet steel to which is attached a disk fan.\\nThe temperature of the air forced through the casing can be reg\u00c2\u00ac\\nulated, and is generally kept at about 100\u00c2\u00b0 F. for soap. The\\nsoap in the drying room into which the hot air is forced may be\\nplaced on drying racks or on cars which may be gradually moved\\nforward to the hottest part of the room as the drying proceeds.\\n(See Fig. 61.)\\nA similar apparatus, made by the Buffalo (N. Y.) Forge Co.,\\nis illustrated in Fig. 62, and requires no further explanation.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "142\\nThe Soap Factory.\\nInlet\\nIt is suggested that iti warm weather the coils of pipe may\\nbe filled with brine, which has the effect of condensing the moist-\\nFig. 61.\\nure in the air, thereby rendering its drying capacity, in passing\\nover the soap greater. When the air is naturally in good con-\\nFig. *2.\\ndition for drying, the coil may also be left out of use altogether,\\nthe fan only being used for ventilating the drying room.\\nTHE PRESS.\\nFor forming the bars of soap into cakes, presses of great\\nvariety have been constructed, ranging from the small hand-\\npress which stamps a few hundred cakes per hour, to steam\\npresses having a capacity of several thousand cakes in the same\\ntime.\\nThe machines used in most cases are operated by foot power,", "height": "4614", "width": "2989", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory\\n143\\nthe steam presses being- mostly reserved for the larger factories\\nwhich turn out large quantities of a few special brands of soap.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4614", "width": "2989", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory\\n145", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "146\\nThe Soap Factory\\nHand-presses are used but little in this country, where labor is\\ngenerally too expensive for their slow work.\\nIn selecting a press, regard is had not only to the require\u00c2\u00ac\\nments of the factory as to capacity, but also to the special kind of\\nsoap for which it is to be used, for while most kinds are best pressed\\nby a machine giving a sudden blow, others, it is claimed, form\\nFig. 69.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Horsey Mfg. Co.\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Steam Press,\\na better cake when compressed by a more continuous pressure,\\nsuch as is given by the downward turn of a screw. If, as is gen\u00c2\u00ac\\nerally the case, the press is to be used for various sizes of bars,", "height": "4614", "width": "2989", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "H. Win. Dopp Son\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Steam Press.\\nT!\\ncri\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nIv\\n0\\n148\\nThe Soap Factory.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory.\\n149\\nthe ready adjustment for different dies, and also for the force of\\nthe blow is to be considered. Ease of working, noiselessness,\\nand stability are essential features, and it is also absolutely\\nnecessary that the guide for the dies be perfect, to insure the\\nlatter against undue wear. Lastly the arrangement for lifting\\nthe cake from the lower die must be so as to insure against\\ndefacing the impression by forcibly ejecting the cake against the\\ntop die.\\nHerewith are illustrated a number of different soap presses,\\nfor foot and for steam power; it would lead too far to go into\\ndetailed descriptions of the same and their respective claims for\\nsuperiority; we therefore contend ourselves with their illustration.\\nFig. 70, on page 147, represents a press which requires a few\\nwords of explanation. In this press the soap is handled auto\u00c2\u00ac\\nmatically, that is, it is fed into the press and delivered there\u00c2\u00ac\\nfrom by belts, dispensing with the labor of putting the soap into\\nthe press a cake at a time by hand. The cakes from the cutting\\nmachine, after having been suitably dried on the racks, are placed\\non the upper belt shown in the cut and are delivered on to the\\nlower belt after being pressed; from the lower belt the soap may\\npass to a table, or the belt may be continued in a horizontal di\u00c2\u00ac\\nrection, from which belt the soap is taken, or switched by foot\\nto the wrapping table where it is wrapped and put in boxes\\nimmediately, the boys engaged in wrapping standing on either\\nside of the belt and taking the soap as it comes along.\\nThe press is entirely automatic, feeding and delivering the\\nsoap by the mechanism perfectly, and it also thoroughly lubricates\\nand cleans the dies between the pressing of each cake. It has a\\ncapacity of 360 boxes of soap of 100 cakes each per day of ten\\nhours. The sdving of labor in the use of an automatic press will\\nno doubt prove a very considerable item. The press is adapted to\\nthe pressing of all kinds and shapes of laundry soaps; the dies\\ncan be readily changed from one style or shape to another, and\\nthe pressure can be regulated at will.\\nTHE DIES.\\nThe dies in which the cake of soap is formed in the press\\nrequire careful consideration, for on their construction depends,\\nin a great measure, the appearance of the finished article, a mat\u00c2\u00ac\\nter which has come to be of considerable consequence.\\nWe do not wish to say much about the material used in their", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "150\\nThe Soap Factory.\\nconstruction, as any manufacturer can buy good material. As\\nlong as a metal is used that will resist the corroding effect of the\\nacids contained in soap, is tough and close-grained and the pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nper judgment and skill is exercised, a good die can be produced\\nthat will press any soap and in such a manner, as to produce a\\nlarge-appearing bar with the least possible quantity of soap.\\nGenerally the entire set of dies is cast of the same material\\nbut sometimes there is substituted an iron box, lined with brass.\\nThis can be made a little cheaper, but when the die becomes\\nworn there is no chance of refitting it, which easily can be done\\nwhen the solid brass box is used.\\nThe design, lettering, ornaments, trade-marks etc., whether\\ncut, raised or sunk on the die, should be made so, that it will\\nreadily shed the soap. At this point skill and experience on the\\npart of the diemaker is required, as almost every grade of soap\\nrequires a different construction of the letter.\\nA highly polished surface has no further advantage than to\\ndazzle the eye and to conceal defects of the soap. An absolutely\\nsmooth surface, free from ridges, lumps and other irregularities\\nshould be looked for, as these will show the imperfections on the\\nsoap. Nickel and silver-plating has been resorted to to prevent\\ncorrosion, but when a good material is used and the dies are kept", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory.\\n151\\nclean, there is rarely any necessity for this additional expense.\\nThe dies may be divided into two principal classes, namely:\\nOrdinary or box dies and pin or shoulder dies, of which illustra\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions are given herewith.\\nThe ordinary or box die, Fig. 74, consists of three parts,\\nbox, upper and lower dies. For laundry dies the box is gen\u00c2\u00ac\\nerally made four inches high and of sufficient thickness to\\nprevent spreading. The upper die is about one and one-fourth\\ninches thick and the lower die of such a height, that the upper\\ndie will not enter the box more than one-fourth of an inch. For\\ntoilet dies, the lower die is made from two and a half to three\\ninches and the box of a corresponding height to accommodate the\\nthickness of the soap. This die is suitable for all grades of soap.\\nFig. 75.\\nA\u00e2\u0080\u0094Box. B\u00e2\u0080\u0094Upper Die. C\u00e2\u0080\u0094Lower Die. D\u00e2\u0080\u0094Shank. E\u00e2\u0080\u0094Fixed Panel. F\u00e2\u0080\u0094Changeable\\nPanel. G\u00e2\u0080\u0094Flanges.\\nFig. 75, gives a sectional view of the ordinary or box die,", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "152\\nThe Soap Factory.\\nwhich we here illustrate for the purpose of g-eneral terms when\\nordering- either dies or panels, which will be found of mutual\\nbenefit for both the manufacturer of soap as well as the manu\u00c2\u00ac\\nfacturer of dies, so as to avoid misunderstanding\u00e2\u0080\u0099s.\\nThe cut further illustrates the necessity of having- the inner\\nsides of the box absolutely parallel. If, for instance, the inner\\nsides were tapered and the die fitted so as to press a one-pound\\nbar, the latter would fit the box snugdy. Should one desire to\\npress a 12-oz. bar in the same die, it would be necessary to raise\\nthe lower die about one-fourth of an inch and there would be\\nsufficient space to let the soap escape, thus forming a feather-\\nedg-e.\\nThough the illustration shows a fixed or solid panel in the\\nupper die, laundry dies are now larg-ely made with loose or\\nchang-eable pannels and thus an endless number of brands can be\\npressed in the same die.\\nFig. 715.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory.\\n153\\nThis cut represents Christy\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Self Adjusting Dies which are\\nsimilar in construction to the ordinary dies and are suitable for\\nall grades of soap. They have in addition two steel guide-pins\\nattached to the back of the upper die which enter into corres\u00c2\u00ac\\nponding steel-lined holes in the box, thus accurately guiding\\nthe upper die to its place without the least danger of damaging\\nthe delicate edges.\\nHg. 7 7.\\nFig. 78, of another style die the box consists of two or more\\nparts, grooved, tongued and securely bolted together, thus form\u00c2\u00ac\\ning a box as strong as if cast in one piece. When the dies, after\\nlong use, become too loose, causing a feather-edge to appear, it\\nis necessary only to separate the box, file off a trifle of the\\ngrooved surface and rejoin them and the die will be found in as\\nperfect condition as when it was first received from the factory.\\nThis repair can be executed in the factory, can be performed by\\nany employe and the die is always on hand when wanted and is\\neasily kept in a perfect condition.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "154\\nThe Soap Factory\\nFig. 78.\\nThis die can be made with or without the patent guide-pin\\nattachment and is suitable for all grades of soap but especially\\nfor soaps of a gritty nature, for which it was originally intended.\\nThe pin or shoulder die of which we give illustrations of", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory\\n155\\ndifferent makers, Fig-. 79, consists of two parts, upper and lower\\nFig. no.\\nFig. 81.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "156\\nThe Soap Factory.\\ndies. These dies are not practicable for the lower grades of soap\\nand do not work well except in milled soap.\\nThe upper die has four lug s or shoulders, each supplied\\nwith a guide-pin, which enters into corresponding holes in simi\u00c2\u00ac\\nlar shoulders on the lower die, thus bringing the two halves\\ntogether accurately. When pressing, these shoulders meet, pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nventing damage to the edges of the die proper. These dies are\\nalmost indestructible and have this additional advantage, that\\nno matter how much soap is put into the die it will retain only\\nthe amount calculated upon, which in an expensive soap is quite\\nan item.\\nFi\u00c2\u00a3. 82.\\nChristy\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Patent Combination Die, (Fig. 83), also made by\\nseveral manufacturers, consists of three parts, box, upper and\\nlower dies. The box receives the lower die, as in the ordinary", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory\\n157\\nor box die, but has in addition four lugs or shoulders, similar to\\nthose of the shoulder die, into which the guide-pins of the upper\\ndie enter, thus leading the latter into place. The upper die is\\nsimilar to that of the shoulder die and if the lower die is fastened\\nso that the top of same is flush with the top edge of the box, it\\nwill be a complete shoulder die. By a simple adjustment it will\\npress a cake of any thickness as is done with the ordinary or\\npatent dies and still has the advantage, that no matter how much\\nFig. 88.\\nsoap is put into the die, the intended amount only is retained,\\nwhich, for the higher grades of soap, is worth considering.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "158\\nThe Soap Factory.\\nFig 85 represents an ordinary toilet set of dies showing- how\\ninterchangeable panels are set in dies.\\nIn this connection we illustrate herewith (Fig. 86) a very\\nsimple device for protecting- the workman ag-ainsta common form\\nof accident while pressing- soap, in which operation a great many\\npeople have been more or less seriously injured. To prevent the\\nworkman from cutting off his fingers in the press, a block of\\nwood is fastened to the right of the die box, conforming in size\\nto that of the latter. Guides are provided in the form of two", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory.\\n159\\nFig. 85.\\nstrips, curved at the end to permit the bar of soap to enter read\u00c2\u00ac\\nily. A bar is placed on the block and then pushed on the die\\nbox by another cake to be pressed next. When the first cake has\\nbeen pressed the workmen can safely remove it while the top die\\nis up; then the second bar is in turn moved forward by a third\\none being* placed on the block, and so on. After the workmen\\nare once used to this arrang*ement there is no trouble whatever\\narising* from the use of this safeg-uard.\\nAn improvement in this direction has been suggested which\\nconsists in depressing* the wooden block about a quarter of an inch\\nbelow the surface of the die box, and cutting* away the adjoining*", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "160\\nThe Soap Factory\\nside of the die box to the level of the block. In this case the\\ncake of soap may be fed forcibly to the opposite side of the die\\nbox and held there momentarily by a light pressure on the extra\\ncake; it will then fairly drop in on withdrawing the extra cake.\\nStill greater safety is obtained by attaching to the face of the\\nblock an upright piece which will prevent the operator\u00e2\u0080\u0099s hand\\nfrom passing over the die box when feeding the press. The work\\nFig-. 87.\\nof the operator may be facilitated by having the block at least\\ntwice as long as the cake to be fed. This would enable him to\\nplace a cake upon the block with his right hand while the left\\nhand is feeding the preceding cake in the manner described.\\nThe operation of pressing soap and the proper care oTthe", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory.\\n161\\ndies will be described in a succeeding- chapter, but while on the\\nsubject of safety it should here be mentioned that in feeding- the\\nordinary press, without the safety devices described, the work\u00c2\u00ac\\nman should invariably handle the soap with the thumb and index\\nfinger of the hands, grasping- the bars midway between the upper\\nand the lower surface. Nearly all accidents that occur are the\\nresult of handling- the soap by grasping- the bars with thethumb\\nand middle finger, letting- the index fing-er project across the cake,\\nand thus exposing- it to the dang-er of being- cut off.\\nFig. 88, shows an ordinary set of laundry dies with improved\\nhand slide. These slides are made for feeding- with either rig-ht\\nFig. 88.\\nor left hand. Some operators place a bar on the side and instead\\nof following- it with a second bar, they push it into the die box,\\nthe bridg-e preventing- the fing-ers from being- crushed under the\\nupper die, the top level of box being- hig-her than the surface of\\nslide, it prevents the bar of soap from g-oing- over it, the bar\\nbeing swiftly pushed, it is prevented from dropping into the box\\nat an angle but will fall into proper place, flat on the top of\\nlower die.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "162\\nThe Soap Factory.\\nHAND STAMPS.\\nIn place of pressing- the soap by means of press and dies,\\nsome soaps are merely stamped; this may be done on the cutting-\\ntable as stated already in the description of the soap cutter, or\\nbox metal or electrotype hand stamps may be used. These elect\u00c2\u00ac\\nrotypes should have clear, sharp letters and be heavily faced to\\nwithstand the wear.\\nFig. 80.\\nFig. 00.\\nFig. 01.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "163\\nThe Soap Factory.\\nFig:. 92.\u00e2\u0080\u0094(See page 164.)\\nFig. 93.\u00e2\u0080\u0094(See page 164).", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "164\\nThe Soap Factory.\\nJAM E S ATI 1 S S.MA\\n2 TOMPKINS AYE\\nBROOK.LYN.N. r.\\nPAT -applied\\nvn I\\nlllialfflfl\\ni i \\\\i a\\n1 I |n\\niii i\\\\i\\nTHE SOAP CHIPPER.\\nInstead of forming the soap into stamped bars, it is often\\nchipped up, especially for use in laundries, or when it is to be\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cmilled.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Fig 92 and 93, show machines used for this pur\u00c2\u00ac\\npose; the former is made by Brown Patterson of Brooklyn, N.\\nY., and the latter by Rutschman Bros, of Philadelphia.\\nThe soap placed in the hopper is fed automatically to the\\nknives. The latter are adjustable to cut different thicknesses.\\nIt only remains now to merely mention the simple tanks used\\nfor special purposes, as for bleaching for measuring and storing\\noils, for making- sal soda solutions, etc., and the ordinary machin-\\nFig. 94.\\nery used in all kinds of factories, as elevators, boiler, engine,\\nshafting-, etc., and we may close this chapter, so far as a laundry\\nand ordinary toilet soap factory is concerned.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory.\\n165\\nThere are, however, the following- special machines still to\\nbe considered for factories making- \u00e2\u0080\u009cmilled\u00e2\u0080\u009d toilet soaps.\\nTHE SOAP MILL*\\nFor making- the finest quality of toilet soap the process known\\nas \u00e2\u0080\u009cmilling-\u00e2\u0080\u009d is employed. The advantag-es of the same are\\nobvious when it is considered that thereby perfume may be added\\nto the soap when cold, that the soap is dried thoroug-hly before\\nmilling and therefore does not warp or shrink in the least, nor\\nlose weig-ht, and that soap in general is improved by repeatedly\\nworking it over.\\nThe bars are chipped up, thoroughly dried and then fed into\\nthe mill where the soap is ground together with the perfume and\\nFig. 95.\\ncolor desired. The mixture is passed several times through the\\nmachine until perfectly homogeneous. From the last roller the\\nsoap comes in a thin film that is cut automatically into narrow\\nribbons, which fall into a box placed under the machine.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "166\\nThe Soap Factory\\nThe mills are made in various sizes and styles closely re\u00c2\u00ac\\nsembling* each other, so that the illustrations presented on pag*e\\n164-165 will answer for all. Fig*. 94, represents a mill made by\\nBrown Patterson of Brooklyn, N. Y. Fig*. 95 is a mill made\\nFig. 90.\\nby Rutschman Bros, of Philadelphia, Pa. Fig*. 96 is made by\\nHouchin Huber of Brooklyn, N. Y.\\nTHE PLODDER.\\nThis is a machine into which the soap is fed as it comes in\\nribbons from the mill, in order to form it, by an enormous pres\u00c2\u00ac\\nsure, into compact bars. Formerly machines were used which\\nhad to be refilled after compressing* a small quantity of soap with\\nwhich they were charg*ed. At present, however, continuous\\nplodders are in g*eneral use, from which the soap issues in one", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory\\n167\\nFig. 98", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "168\\nThe Soap Factory\\ncontinuous solid bar, so long- as more soap is fed into them. The\\nsoap, compressed by means of a screw which works the contents\\ntowards the outlet, issues from the nozzle seen at the left of the\\nillustrations herewith, (Fig-. 97-98) and may at once be cut up\\ninto bars and pressed into cakes, without requiring- drying-. The\\nopening- in the nozzle may be g-iven any desired shape by means\\nof different dies, so as to approximate the shape of the cakes to\\nbe formed, and is kept warm by means of a g-as flame, so that the\\nsoap will come out smooth and gloss} 7\\nThese plodders are made with a jacket throug-h which cold\\nFig. \\\\Hh\\nwater may be circulated to prevent the machine and the soap\\nfrom becoming- hot throug-h continually working-the latter under\\nso hig-h a pressure. It is found, however, that when heating\\nactually does occur, the beet results are obtained b} T simply allow\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the machine to rest until it cools off by itself. The bar of\\nsoap coming from the plodder is cut into short pieces, corres\u00c2\u00ac\\nponding to the size of the cake, by means of the cutter illustrated\\non page 140.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "The Soap Factory\\n169\\nFig-. 98 represents the Atkiss plodder, made by Brown\\nPatterson of Brooklyn, N. Y. This machine, at each stroke,\\nforces out a bar of soap from 3 to 5 feet in length. Its motion\\nis continuous and the feed automatic.\\nFig 99 represents one of several styles of plodders made by\\nHouchin Huber of Brooklyn, N. Y.\\nA new system of making- milled soap has been patented by\\na firm of soap manufacturersin Belgium, consisting of machinery\\nin which by means of a system of hollow cylinders revolving at\\nincreasing rates of speed, and through which the air circulates,\\nFig. 100.\\nhot soap directly from the kettle may be cooled down to the \u00e2\u0080\u009csett\u00c2\u00ac\\ning\u00e2\u0080\u009d temperature in a very few minutes; it is then carried on\\nendless belts into a drying chamber into which hot air currents\\nare introduced and from which it emerges sufficiently and evenly\\ndried ready for the plodder. The perfume and color are added\\nin a special mixing vessel just before the soap is brought upon\\nthe cooling cylinders. This system has not as yet been largely", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "170 The Soap Factory.\\nintroduced into the United States, but is reported to give fair\\nresults, as it saves the time, k.bor and space now required for\\nframing and cooling the soap in large blocks, only to heat it\\nagain for drying purposes after chipping it up. See illustration\\nof this system opposite page 103.\\nThe smaller utensils, such as hand crutches, buckets, etc.,\\nhave been so frequently described and are so fast disappearing\\nin their use that a description is hardly necessary here.\\nWe represent herewith (Fig. 100) also one form of the many\\ngrinding mills used for making soap powder. This particular\\nform, made by the Foos Mfg. Co., Springfield, Ohio, has been\\nspecially designed for this particular purpose.\\nFinally, in addition to the pipes, valves, shafting, belting,\\nc., required in a factory of an} r kind, the soap factory requires\\nsuch special apparatus for the economical use of steam in manu\u00c2\u00ac\\nfacturing processes as reducing valves, steam separators, c.,\\none of which we illustrate herewith as representative of its kind\\ni. e. the Eclipse Separator for live and exhaust steam, as devised\\nby the John Davis Co. of Chicago.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "PART II.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI.\\nThe Manufacture of Soaps.\\nSELECTION OF MATERIALS AND ITETHODS.\\nOn commencing- the actual manufacture of a soap, a number\\nof questions present themselves for the consideration of the man-\\nfacturer, which he must determine beforehand in order to obtain\\nthe desired results. Soaps for different purposes require different\\nraw materials; the different treatment of the various materials\\nrequires different manufacturing- facilities. Ag-ainsoapsof certain\\ncharacteristics are made by special selection of materials and\\nmethods, and according- to the equipment of a factory different\\nmeans must be adopted at times for reaching the same or similar\\nresults. Closely interwoven with all these and other questions is\\nalways the matter of cost.\\nWe will here make a systematical survey of the preliminary\\nquestions to be answered.\\nFOR WHAT USE IS THE SOAP INTENDED?\\nThis is undoubtedly the first question to be decided, as the\\nadaptability of the soap to the purpose for which it is to be applied\\nis important above all other considerations. It is obvious that a\\nlaundry soap must possess different qualities from a shaving soap,\\nand that a tooth soap will not be popular if made on the lines\\nwhich are applicable to a first-class scouring soap.\\nLaundry Soap, as most popular in this country, is generally Stock for launch\\nmade of tallow and a moderate proportion of rosin. The tallow soa P s\\nmay be partly or wholly substituted by grease, cotton seed oil or\\nfoots, palm oil, red oil, cocoanut oil, etc. The basis of this soap\\nare the fats named, while rosin is used partly because it is cheaper", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "174\\nThe Manufacture of Soaps.\\nEffect of rosin.\\nHardening by sal\\nsoda.\\nUnfilled laundry\\nsoap.\\nNeutrality of toil-\\n\u00c2\u00abt soap.\\nthan fats, and partly because on account of the easy solubility of\\nrosined soaps they wash more rapidly than soaps made wholly of\\nfat. The better grades of this kind of soap contain about 35 lbs.\\nof rosin to hundred pounds of fat, too large amounts of rosin\\nbeing* undesirable in a soap as making* it too soluble and sticky,\\nand leaving* it with too little of the fat soap in which, after all, lies\\nthe principal value of a g*ood article, so far as washing* power is\\nconcerned. An addition of rosin just larg*e enough to effect its\\npurpose is perfectly legitimate, and the evident preference of most\\nconsumers for such soaps refutes the argument sometimes made\\nthat rosin, even in small proportions, should be considered an\\nadulteration. As by the addition of rosin the soap is softened\\nsomewhat, it is generally hardened by adding (in the crutcher) a\\nstrong solution of sal soda which, by crystallizing in the soap and\\nby a peculiar effect on its structure renders it harder. In wash\u00c2\u00ac\\ning this soda also aids in the cleansing effect of the soap, partly by\\npromoting its solubility and partly by its own detergent properties.\\nSome soaps are also made of fat and rosin, without filling; where\\ntheir slightly slower work is not objected to, they may be consi\u00c2\u00ac\\ndered as ideal laundry soap(provided soft water is used with them),\\nparticularly in this country where the climate is such that a pure\\ntallow soda soap would soon dry out to a point where it would\\nbecome practically insoluble. Laundry soaps differ from toilet\\nsoaps in many particulars for instance, they are not generally\\nrequired to be entirely neutral, a somewhat alkaline soap being\\nmore effective, especially in localities having very hard water\\nthey are less elegantly perfumed, are sold at considerably lower\\nprices, and less predominance is given to their fine appearance.\\nNor are laundry soaps generally required to produce so rich a\\nlather, and so rapidly, as is demanded of toilet soaps.\\nBesides personal preferences are divided between rapidly\\nwashing or mild, very soluble or economical, cheap or good soaps\\nin these respects the demand of the customers-must be the guide\\nof the manufacturer.\\nToilet Soaps are, or rather should be made, entirely neutral, as\\nanv excess of alkali present that is not combined with fat into soap\\nattacks the skin while washing and renders it rough. Great care\\nis therefore required in making a good grade of toilet soap, that the\\nfats employed shall be thoroughly saturated with lye without any\\nfree alkali being left in the soap when it is finished. Similarly the\\naddition of filling, particularly such as carbonate of soda, pear", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "The Manufacture of Soaps.\\n175\\nash, etc., is much more appropriate for laundry soaps than for\\ntoilet soaps. The fats employed for making 1 toilet soap must be\\nselected with regard to the properties of the soap which they form\\nwith lye. Thus tallow-soda soap lathers too slowly to be used\\nalone; pure cocoanut oil soap lathers very freely, but its continued\\nuse is not borne by every skin without having a bad effect, and its\\nsmell is peculiarly unpleasant; grease is too impure, generally, to\\nbe made into a soap that will preserve its fine perfume and not\\nturn rancid in course of time. It will be seen from this that for\\nmaking good toilet soaps special consideration must be given from\\nthe start to the selections of the fats, to their proper treatment, to\\na process of making them into soap actually free from uncombined\\nfat and lye, and to their appearance, color, texture, and perfume\\nwhich are of far greater importance, commercially, in this kind of\\nsoap than in the grades for ordinal household use.\\nThe use of some potash in place of some of the soda is of\\nquite noticeable advantage in toilet soaps, as it improves the tex\u00c2\u00ac\\nture, and also its lathering properties, on account of the greater\\nsolubility of potash soap.\\nFor trade in many country places a soap is required which,\\nwhile cheap enough for household purposes, shall also be fairly\\ngood for personal ablution. This demand is frequently filled by\\nsoaps which are neither one nor the other, combining the proper\u00c2\u00ac\\nties of a somewhat mild laundry soap with those of a rather poor\\ntoilet soap.\\nIt will be seen that toilet soaps vary from the soaps for ordi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnary uses only in the selection of the best materials and more care\u00c2\u00ac\\nful manipulation but people having a healthy, tough skin,\\nfrequently can use even a somewhat alkaline soap with immunity,\\nand many cheap soaps are sold for toilet purposes which in point\\nof purity and mildness are even behind some of the laundry soaps\\nin the market. Few people with sensitive skins, and especially\\nladies and children, the use of such articles is often attended with\\nirritating effects.\\nShaving Soaps are a class distinct from either of the foregoing.\\nThey are required not only to furnish a rich lather, but also that\\nthe latter shall remain on the face for some time without drying\\nthey shall soften the beard without attacking the skin they must\\nhave no unpleasant smell, and yet but little perfume must be used\\nin them. These soaps will be specially described in succeeding\\npages.\\nStock for toilet\\nsoap.\\nPotash in toilet\\nsoap.\\nShaving soap.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "176\\nThe Manufacture of Soaps.\\nUse of textile\\nsoaps.\\nRequirements of\\ntextile soaps.\\nTextile Soaps. Woolen manufacturers, wool washers, worsted\\nspinners, silk dyers, calico printers, etc., use considerable quanti\u00c2\u00ac\\nties of soap, especially for scouring- and fulling- purposes. Raw\\nwool is cleansed of grease and dirt by washing-, potash soap being\\nalmost universally conceded to answer best for this purpose it is\\nthen treated with oil in order to bring- itintocondition forspinning\\ninto yarn which is then woven into cloth. The cloth is then ag-ain\\nwashed or \u00e2\u0080\u009cscoured\u00e2\u0080\u009d in order to remove the oil used in spinning-;\\nfor this soda or potash soap is used. The fulling process consists\\nin spreading soap over the cloth and subjecting the latter to fric\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, thereby entwining the fibres of the wool in a manner which\\nthickens the cloth at the same time the cloth is cleaned by this\\noperation. The soap in this case acts as a lubricant. The calico\\nprinter uses soap to remove certain gums, dextrin, starch, etc.,\\napplied for printing purposes. In the manufacture of silks soap\\nis needed to free the fibre from extraneous matters, and also in\\nthe process of dyeing.\\nConsidering the various uses for which soap is employed in\\nwoolen mills and other textile manufactories, and the various\\ndegrees of care bestowed on the work by the men entrusted with\\nthe same, together with prejudice and ignorance, it is not sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nprising to find that it is by no means agreed what constitutes good\\nsoaps for the textile industries. What the soapmaker must do\\ntherefore, is to fqrnish the kind of soap which is demanded, and\\nleave it to his customers to decide what they want. Yet it is well\\nfor the manufacturer to be familiar with the action of different\\nsoaps in the treatment of cloth, so that he may know where the\\nblame belongs when his product should meet with complaint from\\nthe consumer.\\nAt the outset it must be understood that really every good\\nsoap, thoroughly saponified may be used in textile manufacture, and\\neven cold made soaps, filled with silicate, starch, etc., find cus\u00c2\u00ac\\ntomers, although actually hardly fit for such uses. Some manu\u00c2\u00ac\\nfacturers require a perfectly neutral soap but more frequently\\none that is strongly alkaline is preferred. For ordinary woolen\\ngoods that have not been dyed a somewhat alkaline soap is\\nquite suitable, but most colors are readily dimmed by free alkali.\\nThe natural color of wool is bleached slightly by potash soaps,\\nwhile soda soap\u00e2\u0080\u0094unless very carefully used\u00e2\u0080\u0094is apt to turn it\\nyellowish. A too strong soap, whether made of soda, or potash", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "The Manufacture of Soaps.\\n179\\ncocoanut oil soaps, salt and water allow of an enormous increase,\\nbeside that by the before-mentioned fillers, so that the manufac\u00c2\u00ac\\nturer can sell at a very low price, provided he has carte blanche as\\nto quality. (The effect of these various editions is further ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nplained on other pages of this book.)\\nSPECIAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOAP.\\nFloating Soap. This conists of a hard soap into which air\\nbubbles have been incorporated while the soap is still hot. These\\nair bubbles are so small as to be almost invisible, and so numerous\\nthat they largely increase the surface of soap exposed to the water\\nwhen the same is in use. Naturally such soap is more quickly sol\u00c2\u00ac\\nuble than the same article would be if it were not made to float,\\nand regard to this fact should be had in determining on the mate\u00c2\u00ac\\nrials and process for making this variety.\\nTransparent Soap. Transparency is a property which conve} r s\\nto the average buyer the impression of purity, although as a fact a\\nperfectly pure soap is, under ordinary circumstances, no more\\ntransparent than is pure tallow or pure butter. By dissolving it in\\nalcohol and subsequent evaporating the latter, soap may be made\\ntransparent. The same result may be, and generally is, brought\\nabout by the addition of glycerin and sugar dissolved in water,\\nwith or without the further addition of alcohol. Alcohol and the\\nprocess of recovering it being expensive and troublesome, trans\u00c2\u00ac\\nparent soaps are mostly made by the addition of much syrup, less\\nglycerin, and as little alcohol, if any, as possible under the cir\u00c2\u00ac\\ncumstances. The glycerin in such soaps is, perhaps, a desirable\\nfeature, although it causes the soap to attract moisture and become\\nwet on the surface in certain weather. The use of some castor oil\\nwith the other fats tends to cause transparency and to improve the\\ntexture of the soap, but it slightly reduces its lathering qualities.\\nHard Water Soap. Water containing in solution such com\u00c2\u00ac\\npounds as carbonate of lime and magnesia, sulphates of the same,\\nor ordinary salt (sea water), is not well adapted for washing, as\\nsalt water is incapable of dissolving ordinary soap, while the lime\\nand magnesia compounds present in most hard waters decompose\\nthe soap with the formation of insoluble lime and magnesia soaps.\\nWith such water cocoanut oil soap is the only one capable of doing\\neffective work. (Palmnut oil soap is similar to the latter, but\\nnot made to any extent in this country.) For slightly hard water", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "180\\nThe Manufacture of Soaps.\\nrosin soap, or soap containing- a small excess of alkali, are some\u00c2\u00ac\\nwhat better adapted than that containing- no rosin.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cBoiled Down\u00e2\u0080\u009d Soap. Soaps that ha.ve been boiled and \u00e2\u0080\u009cset\u00c2\u00ac\\ntled,\u00e2\u0080\u009d as will be described hereafter, contain a proportion of water\\nmore or less great, according to circumstances. The more water a\\nsoap contains, other things beingequal, the more readily it is solu\u00c2\u00ac\\nble, the faster will it wash, and the more of it is wasted in use.\\nWhere an economical soap is preferred to one that washes rapidly,\\nor where the raw material used naturally furnishes a soft product,\\nthe soap is boiled down so as to reduce the proportion of water.\\nSuch soap, during the process of boiling down, and through the\\nconsequent loss of water, becomes of a peculiar consistency which\\ndoes not permit the coloring matter and other impurities present\\nto settle to the bottom; these, therefore, remain in the body of the\\nmass, and, by a process of crystallization in the hot soap, become\\ndistributed throughout the mass in vein-like formations, producing\\nthe \u00e2\u0080\u009cmottle\u00e2\u0080\u009d or \u00e2\u0080\u009cmarble\u00e2\u0080\u009d peculiar to boiled down soaps. (If\\nArtificial mottle, boiled down too far the mottle will not form, however.) This\\nmarbled appearance was formerly taken as a guarantee that the\\nsoap contained but little water, and has therefore come to be more\\nor less successfully imitated artifically in soaps containing much\\nwater. By the loss of water during the boiling down the soap is\\nalso hardened, and where oils are used which naturally form a\\nrather soft and easily soluble soap, such as cotton seed oil and red\\noil, boiling down is often employed. In the case of cotton seed oil\\nboiling down also has the additional advantage of preventing the\\nyellow spots already referred to. Ordinarily the soaps made in\\nthis country are nearly all settled soap, so far as they are at all\\nmade by boiling.\\nA peculiarity of boiled down soaps is that they \u00e2\u0080\u009csweat,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\ni. o., attract moisture in damp weather, owing to the presence\\nof foreign salts derived from the liquid on which they are boiled\\ndown.\\nBY WHAT PROCESS SHALL THE SOAP BE MADE?\\nThe size and facilities of the factory, the prices of its pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nducts, and the quality and appearance of the same, demand\\nseveral methods to be employed in different cases.\\nAdvantages of the The \u00e2\u0080\u009cCold Process The easiest manner of making soap\\nconsists in simply mixing the melted fat with strong caustic lye\\nuntil a thick mass results which at first becomes heated spoil-", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "The Manufacture of Soaps.\\n181\\ntaneously by the chemical reaction taking* place upon cooling\\nin the frame in the course of a few days the soap is ready. The\\nadvantages of this \u00e2\u0080\u009ccold process\u00e2\u0080\u009d consist in the first place in\\nsimplicity and a fine appearance of the finished article while the\\nsoap is fresh. The gdycerin formed in the process of saponifica\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of course remains in the soap (as does in fact everything*\\nthat g*oes into the mixer). Very small quantities may be\\nconveniently made by this process, and at a comparatively small\\nexpense in time and labor. The disadvantages of the process\\nare, however, quite important. It is practically impossible to\\nmake the soap as perfectly that more or less free alkali and free\\nfat do not remain uncombined and mixed in the soap, causing\\nharshness by the free alkali, and rancidity after a time and other\\nbad features, on account of the free fat; the quantity of lye re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquired to saponify a given amount of fat cannot even be calculated\\nexactly in practice, as both fats and lye var} 7 in composition\\nbut even with an excess of lye used the presence of uncombined\\nfat cannot be avoided. Moreover the fats require to be previously\\nclarified carefully. Fats containing free fatty acids are entirely\\nunsuitable for the cold process. (For further particulars see\\nChapter XIII.)\\nThe \u00e2\u0080\u009cHalf Boiling Process. This is a method of making soap\\nat a higher temperature than is employed for cold-made soap, but\\nwithout actually boiling. It yields soaps similar to that made by\\nthe cold process, but permits of somewhat more thorough saponi\u00c2\u00ac\\nfication (and also, incidentally, of the addition of considerably\\nmore \u00e2\u0080\u009cfilling\u00e2\u0080\u009d matter).\\nThe Boiling Process. Although this is the process by which\\nsoap was made in the olden times, it is still the best method at\\nthis day, notwithstanding the many attempts to improve upon it.\\nOnly the use of steam instead of an open fire, and the use of ready\u00c2\u00ac\\nmade caustic alkali instead of leaching carbonates with lime in the\\nsoap factory are to be recorded as essential departures from the\\nprimitive methods of the ancients but open fire is still largely\\nemployed in other countries,, while the causticizing of carbonates\\nby the soap maker is even now practiced in this country to some\\nextent.\\nFor making soap, and especially when large quantities or the\\nbest qualities are to be made, nothing can be simpler than boiling\\nthe fats with caustic lye, for the following reasons: The object\\nto be attained is to bring every particle of fat into intimate con-\\nDisadvantages of\\nthe cold process.\\nAdvantages o f\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009chalf boiling.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nAdvantagesof the\\nboiling process.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "182\\nThe Manufacture of Soaps.\\nBoiling necessary\\nfor perfect sa\u00c2\u00ac\\nponification.\\nUivision of boiled\\njfoapfi*\\ntact with lye; it is therefore the first requisite that the fats should\\nbe melted, in order to acquire the necessary fluidity. Next, the\\nfat and lye must be very thoroughly mixed with each other,\\nwhich can in no way be done more effectively or more cheaply\\nthan by increasing the heat\u00e2\u0080\u0094required anyway\u00e2\u0080\u0094to the boiling\\npoint. The boiling can be continued as long as desired, so that\\nthe soap maker has perfect control over the operation this he\\ncannot have in the cold process, and the result is that only by\\nboiling every trace of fat can be saponified. Then, again, it is\\nonly by various operations made possible by boiling that the gly\u00c2\u00ac\\ncerin formed in the course of saponification, the excess of lye,\\nand numerous impurities contained in the fats and in the lye can\\nbe removed the consequence of this is that well boiled soaps,\\nmade neutral and freed from foreign matter, wash away less rap\u00c2\u00ac\\nidly than cold made or half boiled soaps, and do not become\\nrancid in time by the presence of free fat.\\nThe boiled soaps, as usually made in this country, may be\\ndivided into two classes: \u00e2\u0080\u009cSettled\u00e2\u0080\u009d and \u00e2\u0080\u009cBoiled Down\u00e2\u0080\u009d soaps,\\nbesides the \u00e2\u0080\u009cRun\u00e2\u0080\u009d soaps, which are hardly made any more,\\nhowever, at the present time. The settled soaps, which are those\\nproduced in the greatest quantities, are made by allowing the\\nhot soap, while rather thin, to settle in the kettle, so that the\\nimpurities, the foreign salts, and the excess of lye and water, to\u00c2\u00ac\\ngether with some of the soap, form a dark precipitate called\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cnigre,\u00e2\u0080\u009d from which the pure soap is drawn off. Such soaps\\ncontain a greater proportion of water than \u00e2\u0080\u009cboiled down\u00e2\u0080\u009d soaps,\\nwhich have already been briefly described on page 180. \u00e2\u0080\u009cRun\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nsoaps were made by simply saponifying the fat by boiling with\\nlye, and framing the mass obtained with such liberal allowance\\nof water and filling as was desired.\\n[Since the first edition of this treatise the process of boiling\\nsoap under pressure\u00e2\u0080\u0094with the object of saving time and, as was\\nclaimed, increasing the yield\u00e2\u0080\u0094made its appearance once more,\\nbut found no favor. We mention it here only for the purpose of\\nadding to it a few words on a rather interesting patent granted\\nto C. Polony, of Vienna, who uses the boiling under pressure for\\na novel purpose: He slowly heats the fats in a closed vessel with\\nammonia (sp. gr. 0.96 to 0.875), gradually raising the pressure\\nto 5 atmospheres ammonia soap is formed which is then grained\\nwith salt solution while again boiling in the closed vessel the\\nsalt (chloride of soda) changes the ammonia soap into a soda soap,", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "The Manufacture of Soaps.\\n183\\nwhile in the waste lye are found chloride of ammonia and gly\u00c2\u00ac\\ncerin from the former the ammonia is regained by distillation\\nwith lime, to be used again in the next batch. The advantages\\nas claimed by the inventor are the doing away with the necess\u00c2\u00ac\\nity of using caustic, a better quality of glycerin, and a saving in\\ntime The saponification with ammonia takes place under\\nthese circumstances owing to the fact that under pressure the\\nvapor of ammonia separates the fatty acids from the glycerin and\\nthe former then combine with the ammonia].\\nMilled Soap. The mechanical process of milling has for its Advantageaof\\nobject the forming* of cakes of soap which will not shrink with age,\\nretain a fine appearance, an even texture, and are finely per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfumed while the soap is cold, so that a minimum of perfume\\nonly is lost by evaporation. Milled soaps contain only a small\\npercentage of water, as they must be thoroughly dried before\\nbeing treated by the machinery described on the preceding\\npages, and they consequently preserve their original shape\\nindefinitely. A well dried, neutral, boiled soap may be mixed\\nwith colors and perfumed and be worked into the finest and\\nbest articles for toilet purposes. By this process, however, cold Cold made soap\\nmade soaps are frequently milled also, in order to take advantage for milling,\\nof the popular favor in which milled soaps are held, although in\\nthis case milling is of little practical benefit to the soap, except\\nperhaps in so much as it becomes a little milder by being exposed\\nto the air and by the repeated handling. An ordinary cold made\\nsoap is amorphous in structure, while milled soap shows a grainy\\nor fibrous formation, in consequence of which the ends of the\\ncakes, after pressing, have a different appearance than the cakes\\nof either cold made or ordinary boiled soap. At present the mill\u00c2\u00ac\\ning process is confined to the manufacture of toilet soap, but in\\nview of the constantly improving character of laundry soaps, and\\nthe improved machinery likely to become popular some time in\\nthe future, it would not seem improbable that milled laundry soap\\nis yet among the possibilities.\\nREMELTED SOAP.\\nFor making toilet soap from stock soaps, but more often for\\nworking up scraps of soap without boiling them over, remelting\\nmay be resorted to. For the manufacture of toilet soap the process\\nof remelting is mostly confined to England, where the soap manu\u00c2\u00ac\\nfacturer furnishes a well boiled soap to the perfumer, who colors,", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "184\\nThe Manufacture of Soaps.\\nperfumes and works it over into cakes of toilet soap by remelting-.\\nIn this country toilet soap is g-enerally made by milling* or by the\\ncold and half boiling* process. But for working- over the scraps of\\nsoap, remelting is the most convenient and economical way. The\\ncold process permits of hardly any other convenient means of\\nutilizing scraps, while the reboiling of scraps would cause the\\nloss of the filling which would go into the waste lye, and of the\\nperfume.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII.\\nSettled Soaps.\\nThe settled soaps are those made, brie fly stated, by boiling\\nthe fats, oils, and rosin with lye until thoroughly saponified, se\u00c2\u00ac\\nparating and drawing off the waste lye, strengthening and\\nwashing with a change of lye, and subsequently thinning the\\nsoap out with water, whereby the excess of alkali and other im\u00c2\u00ac\\npurities are settled to the bottom of the kettle, as more fully\\ndescribed hereafter. The last mentioned operation is technically\\ntermed \u00e2\u0080\u009cpitching\u00e2\u0080\u009d or \u00e2\u0080\u009csettling.\u00e2\u0080\u009d This is the most\u00e2\u0080\u0094not to say\\nthe only\u00e2\u0080\u0094practical process for making a thoroughly saponified\\nand at the same time perfectly neutral piece of soap. Even a\\nsoap that has been boiled down without previously settling it (a\\nprocess by which, for instance, the true Marbled Castile is made)\\nalways contains some free caustic alkali.\\nThe settled soap* may be conveniently divided into those\\ncontaining rosin (yellow soaps), and those not containing it\\n(mostly white soaps). We will first describe the former.\\nROSIN SOAP.\\nThe settled rosin soaps are made either of tallow and rosin,\\nor grease, stearin, palm oil, cocoanut oil, cotton seed oil, etc.,\\nmay be substituted in place of part or all of the tallow.\\nFor soaps containing a large proportion of rosin, fats rich in\\nstearin are best suited, while the softer fats and oils are more\\nsuitable for soap in which little or no rosin is employed. This\\nadaptability of the different fats rests on the solid consistency and\\ncomparatively small solubility of the soap formed by the combina\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of stearin and soda. Rosin softens such soap and makes it\\nDefinition of set\u00c2\u00ac\\ntled soaps.\\nSelection of stock.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "186\\nSettled Soaps.\\nSettling or clari\u00c2\u00ac\\nfying the stock.\\nmore soluble. On the other hand, the softer fats and oils, contain\u00c2\u00ac\\ning- less stearin, form soaps, which are naturally soft and easily\\nsoluble they are consequently adapted for use in connection with\\nmuch rosin only when a \u00e2\u0080\u009cboiled down\u00e2\u0080\u009d soap is to be made, in\\nw T hich case the decrease in the quantity of water present counter\u00c2\u00ac\\nacts the softening- effect of the rosin.\\nCocoanut oil, used tog-ether with other fats in a rosin soap,\\nincreases the solubility still further, but the soap will be harder\\nthan a tallow-rosin soap that had been made equally soluble by\\nthe use of a larg-e proportion of rosin. It will also lather more\\nfreely.\\nThe better grades of settled rosin soap are made of fats and\\nrosin in the proportion of about 35 lbs. of the latter to 100 lbs.\\nof fat, and mostly with the addition (in the crutcher) of about\\n6 to 8 per cent of a strong- solution of carbonate of soda to the\\nfinished soap, for the purpose of hardening it and increasing its\\ndetergent properties.\\nCheaper varieties are made by using ordinary grease in\\nplace of the tallow or the other fats and oils used; also by in\u00c2\u00ac\\ncreasing the proportion of rosin (up to 100 per cent and more of\\nthe fat used), and by \u00e2\u0080\u009cfilling\u00e2\u0080\u009d with silicate of soda, talc, silex,\\nmineral soap stock, etc.\\nTaking a soap of tallow and 35 per cent rosin as the basis\\nfor a description, the process of manufacture is conducted as\\nfollows:\\nSaponification of the Fat.\\nThe clear fat is drawn from the settling tank into the clean\\nkettle; or, in the absence of a settling tank, and if there is no\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cnigre\u00e2\u0080\u009d in the kettle, the tallow is run into the latter as it is\\nmelted out of the barrels, and clarified by boiling it on water to\\nwhich some salt and some alum have been added. The dirty\\nwater is then run away after a short rest. The use of a settling\\ntank is always to be recommended, as it will permit of examin\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the fat for adulterations, many of which settle out while at\\nrest; and also because the clarification by boiling on salt water\\ncan be conducted in it, while the kettle is otherwise occupied. It\\nwill also be well to take notice of the amount of lye absorbed by\\nthe fat, and should a certain lot of fat use noticeably less lye\\nthan usual it will be advisable to examine it for unsaponifiable\\nadmixtures.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "Settled Soaps.\\n187\\nThe salt has no other effect in this operation of clarifying\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nthan to cause the dirty water to settle rapidly after boiling in\\nconsequence of the increased gravity communicated to it by the\\ndissolved salt. When the water has been drawn off, the clear\\nfat is ready for saponification in the same manner as if it had been\\ndrawn from the settling tank.\\nAlum may be used, tog-ether with the salt, to remove gluey\\nimpurities contained in much of the greases and tallow found in\\nthe market.\\nThe same preliminary treatment of the fats is indicated when\\nlard, stearin, grease, cocoanut oil, c., are to be clarified; many\\nimpurities are thereby removed which it is difficult, or even quite\\nimpossible, to eliminate from the mass after saponification.\\nA different method of clarification consists in using strong\\nlye instead of salt water, and only working the contents well\\nthrough with steam, without heating more than necessary to\\naccomplish this; then applying just enough steam to separate\\nthe dirty lye well from the fats, and drawing it off.\\nThe clear fat is next saponified, or \u00e2\u0080\u009ckilled,\u00e2\u0080\u009d as it is termed,\\nby running lye into the kettle and turning on open steam, or\\nboth the open and closed steam. \u00e2\u0080\u009cTallow,\u00e2\u0080\u009d it ufeed to be said\\nwhen our commercial caustic was not of as high grade as it may\\nnow be had, \u00e2\u0080\u009crequires weak lye at first, as it combines with\\nstrong lye only after it has been already partly saponified.\u00e2\u0080\u0099 1\\nThe lye was, therefore, run in at a strength of 8 to 10 B. at\\nfirst.\\nBut this behavior was due to the foreign salts in the caus\u00c2\u00ac\\ntic, and if the lye is made by dissolving caustic soda of high\\ngrade in water, it might be used much stronger from the start,\\nand would still combine with the tallow; only the resulting mass\\nwould be too thick to boil freely; so weaker lye is either used,\\nor stronger lye and water are run into the kettle together.\\nCocoanut oil combines readily with strong lye, and in doing\\nso draws the tallow into the combination if both are saponified\\ntogether. If, therefore, the fat consists of both, tallow and\\ncocoanut oil mixed, instead of tallow alone, the lye\u00e2\u0080\u0094even if\\nmade from the lower grades of caustic\u00e2\u0080\u0094may be used stronger\\nfrom the beginning in the ratio as the proportion of cocoanut oil\\nto tallow 7 is larger. Palm oil, stearin, and grease are similar to\\ntallow in this respect; cocoanut oil only finds a counterpart in\\npalmnut oil and in free fatty acids.\\nAnother method\\nof clarifying.\\nStrength of lye to\\nbegin saponifi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncation.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "I\\n188 Settled Soaps.\\nToo weak lye only adds unnecessary water to the boil and\\nretards the chemical combination. When, on the other hand,\\nthe lye used is made of low grade (say 60%) caustic and applied\\ntoo strong at any stage of the saponification, the partly formed\\nsoap is unable to remain dissolved in it; it then coagulates or\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009copens\u00e2\u0080\u009d (so that the lye can be observed to separate from a sam\u00c2\u00ac\\nple taken on the paddle or trowel) thereby preventing the proper\\naction of the lye on all the particles of fat. If this condition\\nshould set in at any time during this operation, weaker lye must\\nbe added until the mass \u00e2\u0080\u009ccloses\u00e2\u0080\u009d again. But if the lye was\\nmade of high grade (say 70%) caustic, then the soap will either\\nnot open at all, or close by itself after a few minutes\u00e2\u0080\u0099 boiling,\\nshould the lye be too strong at any time.\\nThe lye used in this operation may be made by dissolving\\nin water caustic of 60% or of 70%, or of any other grade desired,\\naccording as convenience of working and cost of the caustic may\\ndictate. The action of lye of different grades in this respect has\\nbeen explained above, and also on pages 73-76, and we need\\n1 the e:ir therefore merely repeat more especially that the carbonate of\\nsoda in all lower grades of caustic does not combine with neutral\\nfats, and will therefore be lost by running away the waste lye\\nafterwards, unless precautions are taken to absorb it previously\\nto running away the waste lye, by the addition of some free\\nfatty acid, or rosin. This utilization of the carbonate can only\\nbe effected, however, when there is no more caustic alkali present\\nin the kettle, as otherwise the rosin or free fatty acids would\\ncombine with the latter in preference to the carbonate.\\nThe lye is run into the kettle in a steady stream, and under\\nconstant boiling. The presence at any time of a large surplus\\nof lye in the kettle only retards the process of saponification,\\nbut a lack of lye at any time must also be guarded against, as it\\nwould cause \u00e2\u0080\u009cbunching\u00e2\u0080\u009d (a thickening up of the partly formed\\nsoap). The \\\\ye is therefore added only about as fast as the fat\\nis able to absorb it, and not fast enough to disturb the even\\nebullition of the mass.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cBunching.\u00e2\u0080\u009d When working with a large kettle, in which \u00e2\u0080\u009cbunching\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nwould be especially troublesome, requiring hours of work and\\nboiling to overcome, it is advisable to run in lye and fat together\\nfrom the start, thereby saving time and reducing the risk of\\nbunching at the same time. This is especially necessary if the\\nfats contain free fatty acids in large proportion, which combine", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "Settled Soaps.\\n189\\nvery quickly with lye, and are thus particularly liable to cause\\nthe trouble mentioned.\\nShould bunching of the soap take place, very strong lye or\\nsalt water must be run in, the steam turned on full, and the con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntents well worked through until they are brought back to the\\nnormal state. In the case of a small kettle this process may be\\nassisted by vigorous crutching.\\nTo regulate the strength of lye, strong lye and water may\\nbe run in together, gradually decreasing the proportion of water.\\n(A convenient arrangement for this purpose may be found under\\nthe description of the lye tank, on page 94.)\\nThe saponification or \u00e2\u0080\u009ckilling\u00e2\u0080\u009d of the grease is most ad\u00c2\u00ac\\nvantageously performed by boiling slowly with open steam,\\nwhich, by the pressure with which it issues from the perforated\\npipe, causes a brisk movement in the contents of the kettle.\\nWhen the kettle has both open and closed steam, satisfactory\\nresults may be obtiined by using both; when boiling with closed\\nsteam great care is necessary, however, as the steam pipe remains\\nhot for some time after shutting off the steam, and a boiling\\nover might be impossible to prevent if once started with a hot\\nclosed coil.\\nThe heat developed spontaneously by the combination of the\\nmaterials taking place is often sufficient to cause boiling over\\neven when all steam has been shut off; it is therefore often ad\u00c2\u00ac\\nvisable to have water or salt water handy to sprinkle over the\\nsoap in case of necessity. In all operations of boiling it must be\\nremembered that the open steam adds its condensing water to\\nthe mass and causes a strong agitation in the contents of the\\nkettle; the closed steam, on the other hand, causes a slower,\\neven ebullition, and removes water from the kettle by eva\u00c2\u00ac\\nporation.\\nThis operation of saponifying the fat (also called \u00e2\u0080\u009cFirst\\nChange\u00e2\u0080\u009d) is considered complete when the soap formed will not\\nabsorb any more lye, and, after boiling for a reasonable time\\nwithout the addition of more lye, indicates by the peculiar\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009csharp\u00e2\u0080\u009d alkaline taste that the last lye added remains uncom\u00c2\u00ac\\nbined in the kettle (the soap has surplus strength). At this\\nstage the mass begins to be clear; a small sample taken on a\\npiece of glass is transparent and remains so until it cools off.\\nPressed between the fingers it should have a good body and not\\nbe smeary; a sample taken on the thumb and pressed in the palm\\nUse of open and\\nclosed steam.\\nEnd o f first\\nchange.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "190\\nSettled Soaps.\\nof the hand by sliding- the thumb over it, must curl into a rather\\ndry shaving.\\nWhen the proper signs mentioned are absent, although the\\nsoap has a sharp taste, it indicates the presence of unsaponified\\nfat, owing to the lye used having been too strong, so that it\\ncould not act properly on the fat. The addition of weak lye, or\\neven water, or boiling a little longer, will then be required to\\ncause the soap to absorb more lye.\\nThe total quantity of lye required for the saponification is\\nroughly estimated at 100 lbs. lye of 20\u00c2\u00b0 B. to every ICO lbs. of\\nstock. Cocoanut oil requires a little more lye than ordinary fats.\\nThe exact quantity of lye necessary for saponifying a fat is not\\nrequired to be calculated in making soap by boiling, and is there\u00c2\u00ac\\nfore made the subject of some special remarks in another chapter\\nof this treatise.\\nIt is a not uncommon error to believe that when the soap\\nshows some sharpness after the boiling has continued for a few\\nminutes without the addition of more lye, the fat must be per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfectly saponified. This assumption, however, is often far from\\nthe truth, for even after the soap has been again boiled on fresh\\nlye, it very frequently still contains unsaponified fat. Indeed,\\nmany\u00e2\u0080\u0094not to say most\u00e2\u0080\u0094ordinary soaps on the market contain\\nfree fat from this cause. A thorough saponification is only\\neffected by prolonged boiling with sufficient l} T e of proper strength\\nto permit combination.\\nGraining.\\nWhen the saponification has proceeded until the before men\u00c2\u00ac\\ntioned signs indicate that the soap has been well formed, the\\nnext step is to remove from it the waste lye, that is to sa} T the\\nsuperfluous water, the foreign salts that were contained in the\\nlye, (notably carbonate of soda) and the glycerin formed during\\nthe process of saponification. This removal is effected by add\u00c2\u00ac\\ning salt, or salt soaked in water, or\u00e2\u0080\u0094better yet\u00e2\u0080\u0094a saturated so\u00c2\u00ac\\nlution of the same in water, or strong lye (30 to 40\u00c2\u00b0 B,) to the\\nboiling mass.\\nThe waste lye, on taking up the salt, or the excess of caustic\\nas the case may be, becomes unable to hold the soap in solution,\\nand at the same time it withdraws water from the soap; as a con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsequence the latter rises to the top of the mass in the kettle, and\\nthe waste lye with the dissolved salt, glycerin and various im-", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "Settled Soaps.\\n191\\npurities settles to the bottom. About 6 to 8 per cent of salt\\n(calculated on the weight of fat used) is required for this pur\u00c2\u00ac\\npose, the quantity depending on the amount of superfluous water\\npresent and on the kind of fats used.\\nA pure tallow soap will thus be separated from the waste\\nlye when the latter contains enough salt to indicate 12 to 14 B.\\non the hydrometer. Cocoanut oil soap remains soluble in the\\nwaste lye until the latter is raised by salt to above 24-26\u00c2\u00b0 B.\\nIf salt is used it is preferably dissolved in water before add-\\ning it, as some of it is otherwise liable to remain undissolved in\\nthe soap and cause trouble afterwards. This is especially so if\\nthe soap is of a tough consistency, such as results when a good\\ntallow is boiled with strong lye made from high grade caustic;\\nin such cases, when dry salt was used in the first change, it has\\neven happened that it was found still undissolved in the finished\\nsoap in the frames.\\nThe soap, boiling well while receiving this addition, will\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009copen,\u00e2\u0080\u009d that is to say, it will coagulate slightly, and the lye sepa\u00c2\u00ac\\nrates from a sample taken on the paddle. When it is observed that\\nthe soap begins to open, no more salt or brine is required the\\nopen steam is turned off, and boiling is continued on closed steam\\nonly, until by evaporation the soap is deprived of enough water,\\nand the waste lye has become concentrated so far, that it sepa\u00c2\u00ac\\nrates clear and thin from a sample of soap taken on the paddle\\n(or trowel used in its place in some factories). The closed steam\\nis then also turned off, and the soap is allowed to rest for say\\nfour or five hours, in order to let the waste lye settle.\\nThe effect of the salt or brine here described mav also be\\nbrought about, as stated before, by using strong lye instead.\\nSalt is ordinarily used merely for the sake of economy, as the\\nwaste lye is charged with many impurities, and therefore run\\naway without further use (unless worked up for the recovery of\\nglycerin). But the use of strong lye has the advantage of keep\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the soap free from salt, which but too often causes soap to be\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009ccracky\u00e2\u0080\u009d in the frames, unless it has been very thoroughly re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmoved in pitching. When lye is used instead of salt the alkaline\\nstrength it contains may afterwards be utilized in making a\\nlower grade of soap.\\nCocoanut oil soap is difficult to grain on salt, of which a\\nlarge quantity would be required to separate it from the waste\\nlye; consequently, when a large proportion of cocoanut oil is\\nThe use of lye in\u00c2\u00ac\\nstead of salt for\\ngraining.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "192\\nSettled Soaps.\\nSaving the soap\\nfrom the waste\\nlye.\\nsaponified together with other fats, a different method of work\u00c2\u00ac\\ning is generally adopted, as will be explained hereafter.\\nIt sometimes occurs\u00e2\u0080\u0094with the use of stock of poor qual\u00c2\u00ac\\nity\u00e2\u0080\u0094that the soap refuses to open on the addition of salt. This\\nmay then be remedied by allowing it to cool off somewhat, and\\nif it should thereafter become weak in alkali, adding a little more\\nlye, when it will generally separate without further trouble. It\\nmay be advisable to assist the process in this case by means of\\ncrutching. (See also under \u00e2\u0080\u009cGrease,\u00e2\u0080\u009d page 46, on this subject).\\nSometimes soap will not open on dry salt for the reason that\\nwater is lacking to dissolve it, in which case brine is necessary\\nfor the purpose. Some soaps naturally appear thin (cotton seed\\noil soap, for instance) even if they contain but little water, so that\\nbrine may sometimes be necessary, instead of salt, notwithstand\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the fact that the soap has a thin appearance.\\nThe waste lye, after sufficient rest, is drawn off into a tank\\nin which it is allowed to cool, before running it away. Any\\nsoap which it may have held in solution while still hot will then\\nseparate and may be regained, whereupon the clear waste lye is\\nrun away (or worked up for glycerin A dirty precipitate will\\ncollect on the bottom of this tank, and must be removed from\\ntime to time, as it is of no value. This is most easily effected by\\nconnecting the tank with the steam boiler whenever the latter is\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cblown off,\u00e2\u0080\u009d letting the hot water from the boiler run through\\nthe tank, thus washing away the precipitate which is quite diffi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncult to remove in any other manner.\\nThe Rosin Change.\\nThe waste lye having been drawn off, the rosin is next\\nsaponified by boiling it, together with the soap, on additional\\nlye. Fresh lye is first run into the kettle, at a strength of from\\n18 to 20\u00c2\u00b0 B and in sufficient quantity to at least stand high\\nenough in the kettle to cover the closed steam pipe, in order to\\nprevent as much as possible the sticking of the rosin to the hot\\npipes. Both open and closed steam are then turned on and, after\\nboiling the soap alone for a short time, till it forms a some\u00c2\u00ac\\nwhat grainy mass, the rosin is shoveled in, having been previously\\nreduced to pieces of about the size of an orange.\\nThe lye is used at say 18\u00c2\u00b0 B. because at this strength it\\ncombines readily with rosin. Weaker ly^e would be apt to cause\\nfrothing of the soap, would be a waste of kettle room, and would", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "Settled Soaps.\\n193\\ninterfere with the free working- of the contents, as during- the\\nsaponification of the rosin the soap must be kept open by\\nhaving- an excess of sufficiently strong- lye in the kettle at first,\\nand towards the end of the operation by adding- salt.\\nThe closed steam is used during- this chang-e to promote an\\neven, regular boiling; the open steam serves to keep the rosin\\nfrom the closed coil.\\nThe rosin used may be of light or dark color, according to\\nthe grade selected. Of course the darker the rosin used, the\\nmore highly will it color the soap, as only part of the coloring\\nmatter can be removed by boiling on lve and subsequent settling.\\nThe rosin combines almost instantly with the ly^e, which\\nmust be continually run in (at the strength above mentioned)\\nwhile the rosin is being gradually added, so as to keep the soap\\nopen by the excess of strong lye always present in the first\\nstages of this change. When nearly all the rosin has been\\nshoveled in, the supply of lye is cut off, and some salt or brine is\\nadded into the kettle to keep the soap open, while the last\\nstrength of lye is absorbed by adding the remainder of the rosin.\\nThe object of having the soap open on the rosin change is\\ntwo-fold. In the first place, it promotes easy working in the\\nkettles and prevents the rosin from going to the bottom too\\nreadily; secondly, it helps to discharge more of the coloring\\nmatter of the rosin. The combination of the rosin (unlike that\\nof neutral fats) with the lye is not in the least distributed or re\u00c2\u00ac\\ntarded when the soap is open.\\nAll the rosin having been added and saponified, the soap be\u00c2\u00ac\\ning open on salt, and when the lye runs thin and clear from a\\nsample on a trowel, the steam is turned off and the soap allowed\\nto rest for about five or six hours, to settle the waste lye. As\\nthe latter is run away it should have no caustic strength, or at\\nleast but very little; a slight sharpness here aids to discharge\\nmore of the color of the soap, as does also the presence of some\\ncarbonate of soda in the lye. When the lye is well separated,\\ndraw it off and run it into a tank as before, to regain the soap\\nwhich it holds in solution while hot. After cooling in this tank\\nthe soap is taken off and the clear lye is then run away.\\n[For a simplified process of making this soap, strong lye\\nat 20\u00c2\u00b0 to 25\u00c2\u00b0 B. may be used instead of salt to keep the soap\\nopen as described auove. This lye, after separating by rest, is\\nthen saved for the strength it contains, and the soap is thinned\\nsimplified pro]\\ncess.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "194\\nSettled Soaps.\\nby boiling- on a little water and open steam, and \u00e2\u0080\u009csettled,\u00e2\u0080\u009d as\\ndescribed hereafter. Made in this way, the soap is darker and\\nthe fat less thoroughly saponified than when the more elaborate\\nprocess, as here described, is employed.]\\nStrengthening Change.\\nThe waste lye from the rosin change being run off, the soap\\nis boiled again on lye, in order to saponify the last particles of\\nfat and rosin still present and to wash out as much of the re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmaining color, salt, and other impurities as possible. The salt,\\nespecially, must be removed, as its presence disturbs the opera\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of settling, and later on also the framing. This process,\\ncalled \u00e2\u0080\u009cstrengthening,\u00e2\u0080\u009d may be carried out as follows:\\nWeak lye, of say 6-10\u00c2\u00b0 B. (according to contents of water\\nstill in the soap and to steam used, closed or open), is run into\\nthe kettle, enough to cover, as before, the steam coils, so that\\nboiling may proceed quietly, and that the rosin which may still\\nadhere to the coil may be saponified. Closed steam is turned on,\\nand the soap boiled slowly. The strength of this lye is reg\u00c2\u00ac\\nulated on the principle that while on one hand no unnecessary\\nwater should be introduced, it is on the other hand in a close\\ncondition of the soap that the lye can best reach all the particles\\nof unsaponified stock. As the alkaline strength is absorbed\\nmore lye of the same strength is added, and occasionally the\\nopen steam turned on for a few minutes to work the contents of\\nthe kettle through, and to remove any rosin which might still\\nadhere to the coil. Enough lye must be added to give the soap\\ngood sharpness and to cause it to open to a very soft and large\\ngrain, in which condition it most readily drops the impurities\\nand is most easily drawn together with water afterwards. If\\ngrained too far, by too strong lye or by too prolonged boiling,\\nmuch water is required later in finishing, causing an excessively\\nlarge \u00e2\u0080\u009cnigre\u00e2\u0080\u009d and trouble in framing, as will be more fully des\u00c2\u00ac\\ncribed in the succeeding pages. When opened, as stated, the\\nmaterials should have become well saponified, and a sample,\\nwhen pressed between the fingers, forms comparatively dry\\nscales which must not be smeary. Steam is turned off and the\\nlye given time to settle After sufficient rest the lye\u00e2\u0080\u0094which\\nmay even be weak enough to have a little soap dissolved in it\\nwithout detriment, especially when very dark colored stock has\\nbeen used\u00e2\u0080\u0094is drawn off and saved for its strength which it still", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "Settled Soaps.\\n195\\ncontains, On cooling-, any soap that it may have held in solu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion may also be reg-ained.\\nA different proceeding: may be adopted, instead of the An extra change,\\nstrengthening- change here described, by first making an extra\\nchange in the following manner:\\nThe waste lye from the rosin change being drawn off, open\\nsteam is turned on and weak lye, or even water, run into the\\nkettle. Boiling and the addition of weak lye are continued un\u00c2\u00ac\\ntil the soap becomes close and thin, and tastes slightly sharp.\\nThen it is grained by the addition of brine, and boiled on close\\nsteam until a good curd is formed. Then, after sufficient rest,\\nthe waste lye is run away and the soap closed again by the ad\u00c2\u00ac\\ndition of water, under constant boiling, until it is clear and\\nsmooth. Bye of 10 to 15\u00c2\u00b0 B. is then run in and boiling con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinued, on both open and closed steam, till the soap opens again\\nand the lye begins to separate from the soap. Boiling is then\\ncontinued on closed steam alone, till the soap forms a soft,\\nround curd, and the froth formed at first begins to disappear.\\nAfter resting for some hours the lye is drawn off and saved, as\\nalready described.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0080\u009cFi NI s HIN g\u00e2\u0080\u009d or \u00e2\u0080\u009cSettling.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThis operation, also known as \u00e2\u0080\u009cpitching\u00e2\u0080\u009d or \u00e2\u0080\u009cfitting,\u00e2\u0080\u009d pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ngresses most favorably in large batches, as it depends greatly on\\nthe length of time during which the soap retains its heat. The\\nobject is to remove the free alkali, water, salt and other impuri\u00c2\u00ac\\nties that still remain, such as the insoluble soaps formed by the\\ncombination of small portions of the fat with various impurities\\nof the alkali, as lime, iron, etc. It is carried out as follows:\\nThe lye from the strengthening change being drawn off, the\\nopen steam is turned on slowly to warm the soap, and a little\\nwater is then run into the kettle. Boiling is thus continued with\\nopen steam, or with both open and closed steam, until the soap\\nis quite tough and close,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and a sample slides from the paddle,\\nheld slanting, in large flakes, which adhere tenaciously to the\\npaddle, so that on dropping from the latter the part still adher\u00c2\u00ac\\ning draws back like an elastic band. The soap in the kettle\\nmust look bright and shiny, and should have but little sharpness.\\nIt will rise in the kettle and should be made to swell up as high\\nas possible, which will facilitate the dropping of the nigre.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nOnly so much water must at first be added that the soap", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "196\\nSettled Soaps.\\ndoes not assume the appearance here described too quickly, so\\nthat the water may be well boiled through before the operation\\nis finished, and may be distributed evenly throughout the mass.\\nIf at the beginning of the operation it should be found that\\nthe soap thickens, it is either lacking in water and then will be\\nsharp in taste, or it is weak in consequence of a deficient supply\\nof lye. Accordingly water or weak lye must then at once be\\nadded, in order to bring the soap into proper consistency and\\nsharpness.\\nWhen the soap has been raised as high in the kettle as pos\u00c2\u00ac\\nsible the latter is covered up to keep in the heat, and the closed\\nsteam is turned on for half an hour longer, when it is also turned\\noff; there is little danger of boiling over if properly managed,\\nbut it may be well to watch the kettle until the steam is turned\\noff. The soap is now\u00e2\u0080\u0099 allowed to rest for a day (when it may be\\nuncovered if the weather is warm, to cool off more rapidly if the\\nsaving of time is an object), or it remains covered to settle as\\nlong as possible. According to the size of the kettle and its con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstruction, and to the w\u00e2\u0080\u0099eather, the cooling will require from two\\ndays to a week. The more time can be allowed for settling the\\nmore thoroughly can the operation be carried out.\\nGenekal Remarks.\\nSimplified\\nods.\\nIn the foregoing pages has been described the most usual\\nprocess for boiling settled rosin soap; but different plans are\\nsometimes adopted to suit different circumstances. For instance,\\nthe rosin may be added at once when the tallow has been saponi\u00c2\u00ac\\nfied, without first graining on salt. Or, on the rosin change,\\nthe soap may be kept open on alkaline strength at first, without\\nusing salt for the purpose, and finally enough rosin added care\u00c2\u00ac\\nfully to take up nearly all this strength, so that the soap boils\\nin a close condition similar to that in the finishing boil already\\ndescribed. It may then be settled at once, without a separate\\nstrengthening change, and the boiling is thus simplified, but,\\nof course, at the expense of the quality of the product.\\nAnother simplified process consists in boiling fat and rosin\\ntogether on brine, in order to discharge as much of the color as\\npossible, and then saponifying with lye at from 15\u00e2\u0080\u009425\u00c2\u00b0 B., so\\nthat a little sharpness is left at the end of the operation. In\\nthis condition the soap is left to settle.\\nOr again, the fat and rosin may be saponified with just", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "Settled Soaps.\\n197\\nenough lye to make the soap perfectly neutral, cooled as if for\\nsettling, and framed in the ordinary manner. (This would of\\ncourse not be a \u00e2\u0080\u009csettled soap.)\\nSeveral other varieties of these simplified processes might be\\nmentioned, but since they naturally do not produce as thorough\u00c2\u00ac\\nly saponified and clean soap as is made by the more extended\\nmethod described in the preceding pages, it is not necessary to\\ngo into further details on this line.\\nAs has been said before, rosin combines readily with car\u00c2\u00ac\\nbonated lye; it seems, however, that the soap formed in doing\\nso is softer than that made with caustic lye, and the carbonic\\nacid set free during saponification throughout the mass is a\\ngreat inconvenience.\\nFraming.\\nWhen the soap in the kettle has become cooled down to\\nabout 140\u00c2\u00b0 F. in warm weather, or 150\u00c2\u00b0 F. if the weather is cold,\\nframing of the clear soap may be begun.\\nAt the bottom of the kettle will be found a dark colored\\nsoap like mass, called the \u00e2\u0080\u009cnigre,\u00e2\u0080\u009d which amounts to about one\\nquarter\u00e2\u0080\u0094more or less\u00e2\u0080\u0094of the whole. Above this is found the\\nclear soap. (The utilization of the nigre will be treated on\\nhereafter.)\\nThe clear soap, if run hot into the frames without filling,\\nand left there to cool, will solidify in wave-like formations,\\ncausing an appearance not unlike the grain of wood, which they\\nresemble also in that the bars of soap warp slightly in the direc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of the waves on drying. The cause of this is the crystalli\u00c2\u00ac\\nzation of the soap formed by the stearin and soda, from the olein\\nsoap. The soap framed in this manner would, however, remain\\nsoft until it dries considerably, and for the purpose of hardening\\nas well as to prevent it from warping too much on drying, and\\nto increase its detergent properties, a strong solution of carbon\u00c2\u00ac\\nate of soda in water is crutched into the soap before running it\\ninto the frames. In England, where a perfectly neutral soap for\\nall purposes is made so much of (and to a small extent also in\\nthis country) the clear soap is framed without any addition and\\nknown there as \u00e2\u0080\u009cPrimrose\u00e2\u0080\u009d soap.\\nThe framing of the soap is generally done as follows:\\nThe carbonate of soda required is melted, either sal soda or\\nsoda ash being employed. Sal soda is melted by the application\\nUnfilled soap.\\nSal soda filling", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "198\\nSettled Soaps.\\nSoda ash.\\nManner of\\ning.\\nof open and closed steam, to be of a strength of 33-34\u00c2\u00b0 B. while\\nhot (which will be equal to 34-36\u00c2\u00b0 when cold). If it is to be used\\ncold it should be melted the evening before, so as to let the sedi\u00c2\u00ac\\nment settle over night and cool off. Instead of sal soda, which\\nwas formerly the purestcommercial form of alkali, many factories\\nnow use a very pure grade of soda ash, or what is known as\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009c58% pure alkali,\u00e2\u0080\u009d of which a sufficient quantity is dissolved in\\nenough water to be of the desired strength, as above,\\nfram- The clear soap is pumped out of the kettle into a vessel which\\nis somewhat larger than the crutcher, and placed directly above\\nthe latter, so that the soap will run from it into the crutcher by\\nits own weight on opening the valve. The object of this vessel\\nis to permit of continuous pumping while one frame of soap is\\nbeing crutched, whereby not only time is saved, but the danger\\nof the soap setting in the pipes and choking them is also averted.\\n(Towards the end care must be taken not to draw any part of the\\nnigre into the crutcher, as the nigre softens the soap, causes\\nspots, and interferes with the soap taking the filling.) When\\nsoap enough to nearly fill the frame has been run into the\\ncrutcher, the machine is started up, and from 6 to 9% of the soda\\nsolution added at once. The crutcher must be sufficiently filled\\nto prevent the soap from catching air as it falls over the rim of\\nthe inner cylinder, as otherwise it will become frothy. The soap\\nat first thickens, but as the machine gradually runs faster and\\nthoroughly mixes the contents, the soap becomes perfectly smooth\\nand bright. The crutching for each frame does not require over\\nfive minutes, and as the soap cools off during this time, advant\u00c2\u00ac\\nage is taken of this fact to add the perfume just long enough be\u00c2\u00ac\\nfore running the soap into the frame to insure its thorough\\nmixing; this avoids, as far as possible, the evaporation of the\\nperfume. (See, also, the chapter on perfuming soaps). A sam\u00c2\u00ac\\nple taken out of the crutcher, when cooled off, must be quite\\nsolid, and on cutting with a knife it must not be smeary. A\\nclean trowel sunk into the hot soap, until it becomes heated, and\\nthen withdrawn, must have the soap closely adhering to it\\nand thus show that it is in a \u00e2\u0080\u009cclose\u00e2\u0080\u009d condition. If these con\u00c2\u00ac\\nditions are properly fulfilled, the soap is at once run into the\\nframe and will be a good marketable product when cut and\\npressed; nor will it effloresce on aging.\\nThe exact amount of soda solution which the soap will take\\nwithout trouble may be determined by trying say 6 per cent at", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "Settled Soaps.\\n199\\nfirst and crutching; if the soap assumes the smooth appearance,\\netc., described, the quantity added is sufficient, but if a sample\\ntaken out does not retain this appearance on cooling then more\\nmust be added, till the soap, when cold, is satisfactory.\\nIf the soap fails to thicken after the soda solution has been\\nadded, or to become perfectly smooth and close, but on the con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrary opens, it is an indication that either the strengthening\\nchange or the thinning out in the kettle for settling was not\\nproperly managed. If the soap does not adhere to the hot trowel,\\nbut leaves the latter clean and bright, it indicates also that the\\nsoap is too short, i. e has been separated, and is not in proper\\ncondition for framing. The only remed} r in this case is to grain\\nthe whole boil again and make a new settle, for if framed in\\nthat condition it would drop part of the soda filling in the frame,\\nbe full of cracks, and become covered with efflorescence on dry\u00c2\u00ac\\ning. Only soap which is very nearly or quite neutral can be filled pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nperly, and if the soap had been grained too far in the strength\u00c2\u00ac\\nening change, so that the lye could not settle out well, and too\\nmuch water was required for thinning in consequence, the soap\\nwill not settle properly, will contain too much water, and will\\nnot be sufficiently neutral to take the filling readily.\\nThe proper temperature for framing is a matter of importance\\nin this soap (as in most others), and should therefore be regul-.\\nated by warming or heating the soda solution in the ratio as the\\nsoap remaining in the kettle cools off, while the first part is be\u00c2\u00ac\\ning framed. While the soap is still at about 140\u00c2\u00b0 F. (according\\nto circumstances), the solution is used at about the same tem\u00c2\u00ac\\nperature, but with too cold soap it may be necessary to heat the\\nfilling, even to boiling. If framed too hot, the soap will be\\ncracky on drying. Soap containing much rosin, or much\\nwater, must be framed at a lower temperature than the soap here\\ndescribed, say at 130\u00c2\u00b0 F. If for any reason the soap arrives too\\nhot in the crutcher, cold water is circulated in the steam jacket\\nof the machine.\\nWhen the average temperature of the soap and soda solution\\ntogether is too cold for framing, the mass will assume a dull ap\u00c2\u00ac\\npearance in the crutcher, remain soft, and is prone to become\\nfrothy by the action of the machine. The crutcher must then\\nbe stopped and covered, and steam admitted to the jacket until\\nthe mixture is warmed up properly. For the next frame the fill\u00c2\u00ac\\ning must then be heated.\\nTemperature i n\\nfilling\u00e2\u0080\u0099.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "200\\nSettled Soaps.\\nConditions gov\u00c2\u00ac\\nerning amount\\nof filling.\\nEvaporated s a 1\\nsoda.\\nStarch.\\nRegarding- the amount of soda ash or sal soda to be used in\\nframing, this has been stated above at 6 to 9 per cent of the\\nweight of the soap, which is the proportion generally used, and\\nthe mode of preparing it has also been described. However,\\nthese statements are subject to the following qualifications\\nOne reason why the correct proportion varies is that the\\nsoap may not have been finished perfectly neutral, or it may\\nhave retained some traces of salt. In these cases the soap\\nwill not take as much filling as a properly finished soap would\\nstand without trouble.\\nAnother thing to be considered is the quality of the carbon\u00c2\u00ac\\nate of soda used in preparing the solution. It is obvious that it\\ncannot be immaterial whether the carbonate is pure or otherwise.\\nSome soda ash contains as high as 20 per cent of foreign salts,\\nwhile sal soda and 58 per cent of alkali are very much purer.\\nThe foreign salts do not have the same effect on the soap as the\\nactual carbonate of soda, and more of the impure alkali would\\ntherefore be required to be the equivalent of the pure article.\\nBut on the other hand, the foreign salts in the lower grades of\\nsoda may act as a disturbing element (especially when fram\u00c2\u00ac\\ning rather warm), for they will naturally exert a similar in\u00c2\u00ac\\nfluence in the soda solution as if they were present in the soap,\\nand the consequence of this may very easily be cracky soap. The\\npure grades of alkali are therefore preferably employed in\\nin filling. (See App. Note 15).\\nWhen too much water is present (either from having thinned\\nout the soap too far in the finishing boil, or because the soap had\\nbeen grained too strongly in the previous change), part of the\\nordinary sal soda may be substituted by \u00e2\u0080\u009cevaporated sal soda,\\nor \u00e2\u0080\u009cconcentrated\u00e2\u0080\u009d sal soda, which is a carbonate having much\\nless water in its composition than is contained in the ordinary\\narticle. This \u00e2\u0080\u009cevaporated\u00e2\u0080\u009d carbonate attracts the superfluous\\nmoisture in the soap, and is used by stirring it dry into the hot sal\\nsoda solution. The amount of it to be used must be judged by\\nthe appearance of the soap in the crutcher. One pound of it is\\nequivalent in alkali to 2 lbs. of ordinary sal soda.\\nSoap containing much rosin, and therefore apt to be sticky,\\nand to crack when filled with sal soda alone, may also be filled\\nwith a little starch in addition, which binds the materials to\u00c2\u00ac\\ngether and absorbs much of the moisture, facilitating framing\\nby preventing the separation of the materials. For a soap made", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "Settled Soaps.\\n201\\nof tallow and 75% rosin, for instance, 9 to 10% soda solution, to\\nwhich l /z to 2% starch have been added, may be used to advan\u00c2\u00ac\\ntage. (See chapter on \u00e2\u0080\u009cFilling-,\u00e2\u0080\u009d under \u00e2\u0080\u009cStarch,\u00e2\u0080\u009d page 81).\\nSoap made of part cocoanut oil, owing to its ability to absorb\\nlarge quantities of salts without separating, will not become\\ncracky so easily as a tallow-rosin soap.\\nInstead of sal soda or soda ash solution alone, with perhaps\\na little starch, many other additional filling materials may be\\nemployed for this kind of soaps, but as said before, they cause a\\nmore or less unsightly appearance of the soap on drying.\\nFor instance, silicate of soda at 35\u00c2\u00b0 B. may be added\\nby crutching, from 2% upwards, as the soap will stand it, and\\naccording as more or less sal soda is added.\\nAbout 2% silicate and 8% soda solution, to which 8% of talc\\nmay also have been added, are frequently used; or 8 to 10% sal\\nsoda and 5% of silicate.\\nStill another mixture: 100 lbs. sal soda (or an equivalent\\nweight of soda ash), 10 lbs. borax, 10 lbs. pearl ash, dissolved\\ntogether, to 38\u00c2\u00b0 to 40\u00c2\u00b0 B. Add 10 to 12 lbs. starch, and use from\\n6% to 8% or more of this mixture, according as the soap will\\ntake it.\\nWhere no silicate or starch are used, silex is sometimes\\ncrutched in, although this material is certainly not to be recom\u00c2\u00ac\\nmended in a laundry soap, and it is not so much used now as\\nformerly. The silex is first mixed with the warm sal soda before\\nadding it to the soap in the crutcher.\\nFor further particulars on filling see the chapter on these\\nmaterials on pages 79-86.\\nStripping, Cutting, Drying, Etc\\nIt requires from one to three days for the soap to solidify suf\u00c2\u00ac\\nficiently so that it can be \u00e2\u0080\u009cstripped,\u00e2\u0080\u009d that is to say the frame\\ntaken off, if iron frames are used. In wooden frames about a\\nweek is necessary. Another day is then allowed for further cool\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, and then the soap is cut into slabs and bars by the machinery\\ndescribed heretofore.\\nThe bars are stacked on racks for drying slightly, until a\\nsomewhat dry pellicle is formed on their surface.\\nThe drying operation is still largely conducted by simply\\nexposing the soap to the action of the atmosphere. This requires\\nmuch room, and the drying proceeds in a hap-hazard wa} 7 ac-\\nDifferent fill i n g\\nmixtures.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "202\\nSettled Soaps.\\nNatui\u00e2\u0080\u0099e of nigre.\\ncording- to the weather, but slowly at best. Some manufacturers\\nheat their drying room by steam apparatus, to make the process\\nat least positive.\\nThe most rapid drying is secured by the fan apparatus de\u00c2\u00ac\\nscribed in chapter V., which also produces a glossy skin on the\\nsoap that facilitates pressing and improves its appearance.\\nThe operation of pressing will be described in a separate\\nchapter.\\nThe Nigee.\\nThe \u00e2\u0080\u009cnigre\u00e2\u0080\u009d is a mixture of soap, water, and various salts\\nand impurities which are washed out and precipitated during the\\nsettling operation; there is also present the excess of alkali that\\nwas left in the kettle after drawing the strengthening lye, and\\ncoloring matter incidently introduced with the various raw\\nmaterials.\\nThe formation of \u00e2\u0080\u009cnigre\u00e2\u0080\u009d in the kettle takes place as follows:\\nThe strengthening lye, it will be observed, was so strong when\\ndrawn off that it was unable to hold any soap (or at all events\\nbut very little) in solution. On diluting the remaining traces\\nof this lye, however, as is done in the finishing change, its\\ncapacity for dissolving soap is proportionately increased, and in\\nconsequence there is formed a weak lye, holding in solution more\\nor less soap and the salts, etc., already enumerated. This solu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, being specifically heavier than pure soap, sinks to the\\nbottom of the kettle, taking various impurities along in so doing,\\nthereby clarifying the soap and constituting the \u00e2\u0080\u009cnigre.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nIt is evident from the explanation that the more water is\\nused in thinning the soap the more soap will be dissolved, and\\nthe larger will be the nigre in proportion to the pure soap above\\nit. At the same time the pure soap also holds more water when\\nthe nigre is larger.\\nRosin and soft greases form soap which is more soluble in\\nwater containing salts than is pure tallow soap, and olein soap\\nis more soluble than that from stearin, so that the nigre if grain\u00c2\u00ac\\ned on salt will furnish a soau which has slightly more rosin and\\nsoft fatty acids in its composition and is therefore softer than\\nthe good soap in the kettle, besides being mixed with more col\u00c2\u00ac\\noring matter, with insoluble soaps formed by lime, iron, etc., and\\nwith impurities generally. Still, the proportion of good soap in\\nthe nigre is very large and must be utilized in some wa y.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "Settled Soaps.\\n203\\nThe nigre will constitute about one quarter of the contents\\nof the kettle (more or less, according\u00e2\u0080\u0099 as the soap was settled\\ncoarsely or finely) and may be utilized in various different ways,\\nof which those generally employed may be enumerated as follows:\\nI. The nigre resulting\u00e2\u0080\u0099 from a batch of soap from fresh utilizing the\\nmaterials that were boiled in a clean kettle is left in the latter;\\nfresh stock is added and lye run in until the stock is saponified\\nthe boil is then finished as usual. The nigre which results from\\nsettling- this batch is still softer and more impure than the first\\nnigre, and is g-enerally used, together with fresh stock (mostly\\nof somewhat inferior quality) for a second quality of soap. This\\nis repeated throug-h several boils of second grade soap, when the\\nnigre is finally used for a still lower quality of brown soap, in\\nwhich common fats and a small proportion of palm oil (the latter\\nfor improving- the color) may be used. The nigre again result\u00c2\u00ac\\ning from settling this dark soap is saved, until from successive\\nsimiliar batches enough of it accumulates to make a very low\\ngrade of soap from it.\\nII. The nigre, after passing through two or three batches\\nof the best soap, is separated by adding salt and boiling. A\\nfrothy soap is thereby separated, from which the salt solution is\\nrun away after a sufficient rest. The soap so separated is saved\\nin a kettle by itself (or in frames), and when enough of it is on\\nhand to make a batch it is boiled on weak lye and again grained\\non salt. The waste lye is then settled and run away; the soap\\nreceives a somewhat coarse finish, is settled and then framed for\\noccasional use in some lower grade of soap. The nigre resulting\\nfrom this settling operation is set aside for use in a very dark\\ngrade.\\nIII. The following plan will, in many cases, be found use\u00c2\u00ac\\nful: The nigre is used first for the lighter colored soaps, then\\nfor the darker ones, and when it finally becomes advisable to use\\nit up, so as to be rid of it, it is grained, the waste lye run away,\\nand the soap washed out by boiling with plenty of weak lye, at,\\nsay, 3-6- B., so as to remove all the salt. Then it is fitted to\\nform a very thin grain, so that the lye is not quite clear, but con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntains just a trace of nigre, and time is allowed for settling. The\\nsoap so obtained contains an excess of alkaline strength, which\\nis taken out by adding, in the crutcher, an equivalent proportion\\nof cocoanut oil. The soap is filled with sal soda, just as in the\\ncase of ordinary settled soap, and then framed.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "204\\nSettled Soaps.\\nUsingscraps with\u00c2\u00ac\\nout remelting.\\nIV. In some factories the nigre is \u00e2\u0080\u009cbleached,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and the\\nkettle then charged with fresh stock on top of it, using each nigre in\\nthis manner without making dark soap. The bleaching maybe\\ncarried out as follows: The nigre is grained on salt and the\\nwaste lye run off. Water is then run in to close the soap, and\\nenough lye to give a little sharpness. Tin crystals (stannous\\nchloride, muriate of tin) are then added, previously dissolved in\\na little water, about 1)4 to 2 lbs. of this bleaching agent being\\nused for every 300 lbs. of nigre, according to how much rosin it\\ncontains. Open steam is turned on and the mass boiled for 2 or\\n2)4 hours. When the soap is again grained on salt and the waste\\nlye run off, the nigre will be found as light colored as the soap\\nwas from which it was obtained. It is then used as stated above,\\nby being boiled together with fresh stock. Another way of\\nbleaching nigres is by the use of hypochlorite of soda, a process\\nalready described under the heading of Cottonseed Foots, in\\nchapter II.\\nAs the nigre deteriorates more and more, with each succeed\u00c2\u00ac\\ning batch, irrespective of its color, it may be well to use it up\\nfrom time to time anyway, to get rid of it.\\nV. Other uses have been occasionally recommended, such\\nas making \u00e2\u0080\u009csoap stock,\u00e2\u0080\u009d for laundries, soap powder, floating\\nsoap (taking advantage of the frothy nature of the soap result\u00c2\u00ac\\ning from graining nigre), etc., etc. Considering, however, the\\ninferior nature of the nigre, the values of the different sugges\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions may be readily estimated b} T the soap maker. It is useless\\nto describe the proceeding in such cases, since they are rarely\\nemployed, and are not difficult to imagine.\\nScraps of Soap.\\nThe \u00e2\u0080\u009cscraps\u00e2\u0080\u009d or trimmings of soap resulting from cutting\\nup a frame into slabs and bars are best utilized byremelting them\\nin a special apparatus, as hereafter described. (Chapter XIV.)\\nBut where such an apparatus is not used in the factory, other\\nexpedients must be employed. One way to use them, if they had\\nbeen filled with sal soda, is to add them in the kettle at the end\\nof the rosin change, in a succeeding boil, so that the carbonate\\nof soda may be utilized by combining it with the rosin. (If\\nadded in the kettle when saponifying neutral fats, the filling\\nwould go into the waste lye and be lost.)\\nA more satisfactory method, which also saves the kettle", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "Settled Soaps.\\n205\\nspace, consists in adding- the scraps, cut into small pieces, to the\\nsoap in the crutcher, the latter being- used somewhat warmer\\nthan usual in order to make up for the low temperature of the\\nscraps, and the filling- used somewhat weaker, to make up for\\nthe dry condition of the chips. This has at least one advantage,\\nnamely\u00e2\u0080\u0094that the heat used for remelting is saved, but it makes\\nthe correct framing of the new soap somewhat more difficult.\\n(See, also, the chapter on \u00e2\u0080\u009cRemelting\u00e2\u0080\u009d and under \u00e2\u0080\u009cCold\\nSoap.\u00e2\u0080\u009d)\\nWHITE SETTLED SOAP.\\nTo make a white settled soap the properties of the rosin\\nused in the yellow soap just described are generally supplied in\\nsome other way, namely, by a proper selection of fats, as a set\u00c2\u00ac\\ntled soap from tallow or similar fats alone dries out strongly,\\nand thereby becomes very hard and too difficultly soluble for\\npractical use. Advantage is in this case most frequently taken\\nof the property of cocoanut oil soap to retain moisture, thereby\\nnot only preventing undue drying, but also\u00e2\u0080\u0094to a great extent\\nat least\u00e2\u0080\u0094the general discoloration to which a pure tallow soap\\nis subject on aging. The addition of cocoanut oil also aids the\\nsettling out of impurities, as may be seen from the fact that the\\nnigre from a pure tallow soap is much lighter in color than that\\nfrom a soap in which some cocoanut oil was used with the tal\u00c2\u00ac\\nlow.\\nTallow and 10 per cent of cocoanut oil furnish a good, hard,\\nand white soap, suitable for all household purposes, and the fol\u00c2\u00ac\\nlowing description of making a white settled soap is based on\\nthis composition.\\nOther fats may of course also be used, instead of the tallow,\\nsuch as lard, and bleached palm oil, for instance. Grease gene\u00c2\u00ac\\nrally furnishes off-colored products, and cotton seed oil causes\\nyellow spots on drying, especially if the soap is not filled.\\nFirst Change.\\nThe tallow and cocoanut oil are clarified together in the\\nsame manner as stated under Rosin Soap,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and are then saponi\u00c2\u00ac\\nfied, beginning with lye at say 12\u00c2\u00b0 B., of which about one\\npound is run into the kettle for every three pounds of stock,\\nwhile boiling on open steam.\\nWhen the quantity of lye stated has been well boiled with\\ni\\nStock for white\\nsettled soap.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "206\\nSettled Soaps.\\nthe fats, the contents of the kettle form a homogeneous mixture,\\nwhereupon saponification is continued by running in strong lye\\nat 25 to 30\u00c2\u00b0 B. which is run in slowly, under gentle boiling, so\\nthat the boiling is not interrupted, nor the soap allowed to\\nopen. If the latter irregularity should take place, it is a sign\\nthat the lye has been added too fast, and a little more water\\nmay then have to be added until the mass closes again.\\nWhen the soap becomes transparent and tastes sharp, the\\nsaponification change is finished. In order to make sure on this\\npoint, a few minutes\u00e2\u0080\u0099 rest is allowed, and if the sharp taste re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmains on then boiling again, enough lye has been added. Other\u00c2\u00ac\\nwise a little more lye must be run in and again boiled\\nthrough.\\nDuring this change the lye must never be allowed to run in\\nso slowly that the strength is at any time entirely absorbed, nor\\nso fast that the soap opens.\\nIf the lye is used too strong or in great excess, the soap\\nopens and saponification is retarded by it; on the other hand, if\\nthe soap is weak it will suddenly become thick and difficult to\\nmanage. In the latter case strong lye must be run in at once,\\nand the soap be thoroughly crutched, while the steam is only\\nturned on far enough to barely keep up boiling.\\nWhen the paste is transparent and retains a slight sharp\u00c2\u00ac\\nness after the lye has been turned off for some minutes, it is\\ngrained with salt or brine, and the waste lye allowed to settle,\\nas described in the previous boil; or the kettle may be opened\\nwith lye, this removing coloring matters more effectively and at\\nthe same time being at times preferred in regard to the recovery\\nof glycerin from the waste lye.\\nWhen cocoanut oil is saponified it naturally has a somewhat\\nsharp taste which is sometimes mistaken\u00e2\u0080\u0094by those not used to\\nworking with it\u00e2\u0080\u0094for alkaline strength.\\nThe first change may also be carried out by first saponi\u00c2\u00ac\\nfying the tallow alone, and graining it on salt as in the rosin\\nsoap described; then running off the waste lye and adding the\\ncocoanut oil, and boiling with more lye in much the same man\u00c2\u00ac\\nner as the rosin was saponified in the same boil just referred to.\\nThe weaker lye employed in this case for the tallow is supposed\\nby some to bring about a larger yield of soap, as it is more\\nfavorable to thorough saponification.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "Settled Soaps.\\n207\\nStrengthening Change.\\nAfter drawing- the waste lye from the first change, new lye\\nat from 20-24\u00c2\u00b0 B. is run into the kettle and the soap boiled for an\\nhour or longer, until all parts of the fat are thoroughly saponi\u00c2\u00ac\\nfied.\\nThe strength and quantity of the lye required for the\\nstrengthening change depends on circumstances. If the soap\\nwas not grained strongly at the end of the first change, it will\\nhold considerable water, and a stronger lye is then used than\\nwould be proper if the soap contained but little water. Again,\\nif open steam only is used, the lye may be stronger than when\\na closed coil is used for boiling, on account of the water intro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduced by the condensing steam. As to the quantity, about 30\\ngallons of lye to 1,000 lbs. of fat used will be required for an\\naveraged sized kettle.\\ni\\nAt the end of this change the soap should be in a soft, large\\ncurd, so as to drop the lye well; if grained too far, it will require\\ntoo much water in thinning and cause an excessive nigre.\\nThe lye from the strengthening change is carefully removed\\nafter a sufficient rest, so as to free the soap from it as perfectly\\nas possible, and is saved to be used for its strength for some dark\\nsoap.\\nFinishing.\\nWater is run into the soap to thin it, open steam being\\nturned on for gently boiling the mass. The quantity of water\\nagain depends on the condition of the soap, and may be 8 to 10\\ngallons for every 1,000 lbs. of stock to begin with. The soap\\nbecomes close, and a sample must be smooth on the top. If it\\nrises high in the kettle and the sample separates no lye, it is\\nsufficiently thinned out; otherwise more water must be added\\nand well boiled through. The soap is then allowed to settle un\u00c2\u00ac\\ntil cooled off to about 160\u00c2\u00b0 F. and the good soap framed.\\nFraming.\\nThe soap is generally framed pure, as it is sufficiently hard\\nwithout filling (and in that case, if made from good stock, would\\nanswer well for \u00e2\u0080\u009cmilling\u00e2\u0080\u009d into toilet soaps). The larger the\\nframes used, the slower will the soap cool, whereby the texture\\nwill improve and the soap be harder on cutting than if cooled\\nrapidly in small frames. But if wanted this soap may be filled", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "208\\nSettled Soaps.\\nCastile soap.\\nSettled soap with\u00c2\u00ac\\nout cocoanut oil\\nor rosin.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094like a rosin soap\u00e2\u0080\u0094in the crutcher, with about 8 per cent soda\\nsolution (36\u00c2\u00b0 B.), to which may be added from 6 to 8 lbs. of\\nborax, or other filling- desired, to each frame of 1,100 lbs.\\nGeneral Remarks.\\nAs the manufacture of this soap resembles in most particu\u00c2\u00ac\\nlars that of the rosin soap already described, it was unnecessary\\nto repeat here all the details reg-arding- the various operations;\\nfor further particulars the reader is therefore referred back to\\nthe description of making \u00e2\u0080\u009cRosin Soap\u00e2\u0080\u009d (page 185, etc.)\\nIt may be remarked in this connection that the true white\\nCastile soap (so-called from the former kingdom of Spain, where\\nthis soap was originally made in very large quantities), is made\\nby \u00e2\u0080\u009csettling\u00e2\u0080\u009d a pure olive oil soap. In this country it is imi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntated by making a similar article, in which the olive oil is sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nstituted by such fats (in various proportions) as tallow, cotton\\nseed oil, cotton stearine, bleached palm oil, cocoanut oil, etc.\\nThe true Castile soap, as may be readily imagined, becomes\\nextremely hard with age, and forms a slimy mixture with cold\\nwater rather than a lather. It is used mostly for pharmaceuti\u00c2\u00ac\\ncal and technical purposes (by silk dyers, etc.); and according\\nto the use for which the American products are intended, its\\nproperties are more or less sought to be imitated. There are\\nalso numerous soaps brought on the market which simply trade\\non the good name of the original, and are made after almost\\nall processes of soap making known to the trade, having gen\u00c2\u00ac\\nerally no similarity whatever to the true Castile soap.\\nAn imitation of Castile soap for manufacturing purposes is\\noften made in this country from equal parts of tallow and cotton\\nseed oil, settled coarsely and crutched till nearly cold, without\\nfilling. It is sold in barrels, or framed and cut like other\\nsoaps.\\nA settled soap from tallow alone, or from cotton seed oil\\nalone, or from a mixture of the two, may be made in the same\\nmanner as other settled soaps, but it should be thinned down\\nonly so far as to be still in a half-grained state. If it were\\nthinned out as much as is usual in a rosin soap it would form an\\nexcessively large nigre, owing to the great quantity of water re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquired for thinning such a soap to that degree. The good soap\\nwould also hold considerable water and shrink very much on\\ndrying. Such soaps ma}^ also be filled like a settled rosin soap,", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "Settled Soaps.\\n209\\nbut will not take quite as much filling. If made of cotton seed\\noil only the soap will be rather too soft for cutting it into bars.\\nA somewhat similar soap as the one here described is fre- A modified pro\\nquently made in Germany by a process not well known here,\\nand which may be briefly described, as follows:\\nThe tallow is saponified alone, grained on salt and boiled\\nwell on fresh lye of 15\u00c2\u00b0 B. (over open fire in most cases) till the\\nsoap is well grained; 25% of cocoanut oil is then added and\\nboiled until the sharpness of the strengthening lye is absorbed,\\nabout \\\\]/2 lbs. lye at the strength named being used for each\\npound of cocoanut oil. The thickly fluid soap formed by his\\noperation is then thinned with salt water until a samp e\\nslightly wet on cooling. The kettle is then covered, the soap\\nallowed to settle and framed at about 190 F. (The formation\\nof nigre in this case is caused by the decreased capacity of the\\nwater to hold the soap in solution, when salt water is added;\\nthis action depends on the property of cocoanut oil soap of dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nsolving in moderately strong salt water, and not enough salt\\nwater is added to entirely separate the soap.)\\nWhen, in making a rosin soap by this same process much\\nor dark rosin is used, they sometimes add the latter to the nigre\\nof the last boil, run in a rather weak lye to saponify the rosin,\\nand add enough salt so that the waste lye still contains some\\nnigre; after settling thereafter much of the coloring matter of\\nthe rosin is got rid of before fresh fat enters the kettle.\\nIn this connection may be mentioned also the plan, some\u00c2\u00ac\\ntimes adopted, of saponifying the rosin separately by means of\\ncarbonate of soda (which is cheaper and assists in discharging\\ncolor, then separating by the use of salt, and adding this pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduct so obtained to the soap in the kettle).", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIII.\\nBoiled Down Soaps.\\nIt has already been stated (page 180) that the boiling\\ndown\u00e2\u0080\u009d of soap is a process by which, in the first place, a pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduct is made which contains less water in its composition than\\nis commonly met with in ordinary soaps. As a consequence the\\neffect of this operation of boiling down\u00e2\u0080\u009d is to render the soap\\nharder, less rapidly soluble, and\u00e2\u0080\u0094unless the boiling down is\\ncarried very far\u00e2\u0080\u0094to produce the natural \u00e2\u0080\u009cmottle\u00e2\u0080\u009d or \u00e2\u0080\u009cmarble,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nwhich in former times served as a guarantee that the soap con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntained no excessive amount of water. The marbled appearance\\nof soap that has been boiled down is caused, according to the\\ngenerally accepted theory, by a process of crystallization through\\nwhich the coloring matters in the soap are expelled from the\\nwhite, crystalline parts (stearine soap), and become enclosed in\\nthe more slowly solidifying, non-crystalline portions (olein soap),\\ncoloring the latter by their presence. On closely examining\\nsuch a soap under a microscope, it seems that the small particles\\nof stearine soap become so closely packed together that they\\nforce the particles of coloring matter into the softer, more\\nspongy olein soap. (It may be doubted if the term \u00e2\u0080\u009ccrystal\u00c2\u00ac\\nlization\u00e2\u0080\u009d can be rightfully used for this phenomenon, considering\\nthat the mottle forms at so high a temperature, at which a real\\nformation of crystals can hardly take place). In the old process\\nof making the true Castile soap, if too much water is present,\\nthe thin consistency of the soap causes the coloring matters to\\nsettle to the bottom of the frame, and from this circumstance\\narose the (formerly quite correct) belief that a marbled soap was\\none necessarily containing but little water. This was un-\\nTlie mottle", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "Boiled Down Soaps.\\nStock for German\\nmottled soap.\\n91 9\\ndoubtedly true in the olden times, but at present there are ways\\nof making- marbled soaps that contain more water than was ever\\ndreamed of in those times, even in reg-ard to their white soaps.\\nOf the boiled down soaps there is really but one variety that\\nis made in this country to-day to any considerable extent\u00e2\u0080\u0094one\\nthat is g-enerally known as \u00e2\u0080\u009cGerman Mottled.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The genuine\\nMarbled Castile is also made by boiling- down a soap (made by\\nsaponifying- olive oil), but the soaps made in imitation of it in\\nthis country are mostly made in almost every way but by boil\u00c2\u00ac\\ning- down.\\nGERMAN MOTTLED SOAP.\\nThis really excellent soap, as orig-inally made in Germany\\nby the oldest process known, was composed of tallow and lye\\nmade from wood ashes; now it is made there in various qualities\\nfrom a variety of fats and oils, and artificial soda. The fat used\\nprincipally for German mottled soap in the United States isoleic\\nacid (red oil), which is eminently suitable for this article.\\nBriefly stated, German Mottled is a soap which has\\n(g-enerally) been settled, and is then boiled on pickle to de\u00c2\u00ac\\nprive it of water. The fat is therefore selected, and the manu-\\nture in the first stag-es carried out in a manner similar as in the\\ncase of the settled soaps described in the foreg-oing- pag-es, with\\nthis exception, that the composition of fats used in \u00e2\u0080\u009cGerman\\nMottled should be somewhat softer on an average than is used\\nfor simple settled soap, as otherwise the finished product is very\\napt to become exceedingly hard and brittle on drying, and to\\ncrack. These soaps are therefore best made of red oil, or cot\u00c2\u00ac\\nton seed oil, or of tallow and soft grease or any similar combi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnation of stock, and, general^, without the use of rosin.\\nOn account of the softness and great solubility of red oil\\nsoap a smaller proportion of rosin used in connection with it, if\\nany, is here preferable to that used in a settled tallow-rosin\\nsoap. Besides, a red oil soap darkens considerably on aging, and\\nmuch, or very dark rosin, is for this reason also undesirable.\\nWith cotton seed oil, however, from 25 to 30 per cent of rosin\\ngives a good product.\\nHaving already described in the previous chapter the saponi\u00c2\u00ac\\nfication of tallow, we shall base the following description of\\nmaking \u00e2\u0080\u009cGerman Mottled\u00e2\u0080\u009d soap principally on the use of red\\noil, as this gives us an opportunity of noting the difference be\u00c2\u00ac\\ntween working tallow and working with red oil.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "Boiled Down Soaps.\\n213\\nFirst Change.\\nThe lye required for saponifying- the red oil is run into the\\nkettle and broug-ht to a boil.\\nThis lye may be caustic lye, or (red oil being a free fatty\\nacid), it may be prepared by dissolving carbonate of soda (soda\\nash) in water by the aid of steam, until it marks 21 B. when\\nhot. This is allowed to settle for a da} 7 or two, and the clear\\nsolution run off into the kettle. Supposing a pure grade of soda\\nash to have been used, about equal weights of lye and red oil\\nwill then be required for saponification. Of ati impure alkali\\nmore would, of course, have to be used, as the inert salt does not\\ntake part in the saponification. [In case carbonate of soda is\\nused, carbonic acid is evolved during boiling, which is danger\u00c2\u00ac\\nous to inhale in considerable quantities. As it is heavier than\\nair, some provision must be made to carry it off therefore; on ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncount of its weight it will not rise like steam, but, although in\u00c2\u00ac\\nvisible, remains near the floor, so that it is best got rid of by\\nopening the doors of the kettle room to let it escape into the\\natmosphere.]\\nIn the boiling lye 25 to 30 lbs. of salt (according to purity\\nof lye) may be dissolved for every 1,000 lbs. of red oil, as an\\nadditional safeguard against bunching.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The lye being at a\\nbrisk boil, the red oil is run in and good boiling kept up. If\\nboiling is allowed to become slow, lumps are liable to form which\\nare difficult to dissolve again; and as the fatty acid combines\\nvery readily with the alkali, the operation of saponifying pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nceeds most rapidly and easily if the red oil is run into the kettle\\nalready somewhat heated. For the same reason it is advisable\\nto run the oil into the kettle over a piece of sheet iron, so ar\u00c2\u00ac\\nranged that it breaks up the mass in a spray-like manner, in\u00c2\u00ac\\nstead of running it in in a thick, solid stream.\\nAfter all the fatty acid has been run into the lye, boiling is\\ncontinued for an hour or more, until all is thoroughly saponified,\\nand the soap has become separated from the waste lye.\\nIf cotton seed oil, soft grease, etc., are used instead of red oil,\\nthe first change is of course conducted in the ordinary manner,\\nas has been described under \u00e2\u0080\u009cSettled Soap.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The reversal of\\nthe process running the fatty matter into the lye, instead\\nof vice versa when red oil is used) is generally adopted because\\nthe ordinary mode of conducting the saponification of neutral\\nMethod of saponi\\nlying red oil.\\nPrecautions when\\nsoda ash is used*-\\nMeans of prevent\\ning bunching.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "214\\nBoiled Down Soaps.\\nfats would result in an aggravated case of bunching when\\nfatty acids are saponified.\\n[The waste lye may be run away after sufficient rest to settle\\nthe same, and in case any rosin is to be used in the soap, it may\\nthen be added for saponification, just as in making an ordinary\\nsettled rosin soap. As said before, German Mottled is ordi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnarily made without rosin, but there are some manufacturers,\\nespecially those who use other stock than red oil, whose German\\nMottled soap contains about 25% of rosin to each 100 lbs. of fat.\\nThe saponification of rosin having already been described, we\\nwill here give another mode of working which maybe adopted\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nto suit the opinion of the soap-maker\u00e2\u0080\u0094according to the purity\\nand color of the stock used. This method is as follows\\nRun into the kettle (without having run off the waste lye)\\nabout 520 lbs. of caustic lye at say 35 B. for every 1,000 lbs. of\\nrosin to be used. Then add the broken rosin.\\nThe exact strength of lye most practicable to be used in this\\ncase cannot be given, as this depends on whether open or closed\\nsteam, or both, are used for boiling and on the quality of the\\nrosin, and particularly on the amount of waste lye in the kettle.\\nIf only closed steam is used the quantity of lye named may have\\nto be diluted with water. The lye is here used very strong on\\naccount of the large quantity of water contained in the kettle\\nwhen the waste lye has not been previously run off.\\nWhen all the rosin has been added the soap should no longer\\nbe open, but rather in the condition of a soap thinned out in\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009csettling,\u00e2\u0080\u009d as it will then be more readily saponified. After\\nboiling well when the rosin has been added, the soap is grained\\nwith salt and the waste lye drawn off after sufficient rest.\\nThe soap now is practically in the same condition as it was\\nin the boil of settled soap after the rosin change, only it is softer\\non account of the softer stock used. It may now be repeatedly\\ndrawn together with water, or better with weak lye, and grained\\nwith salt to wash out the impurities as much as desired.]\\nWhen the stock is thoroughly saponified the soap is grained\\nwith salt, and one or two additional changes are given to im-\\nimprove the color and consistency, after which it is boiled down,\\nas described below, or instead it may be first settled.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "Boiled Down Soaps.\\n215\\nSettling.\\nThe thoroughly formed soap may now be \u00e2\u0080\u009cboiled down\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nat once, but for a first-class article, for improving the color, or\\nwnen dark stock has been used, the soap is first thinned with\\nwater and allowed to drop the nigre, whereby it is clarified, and\\nthe free alkali removed, which is quite as important in this as\\nin \u00e2\u0080\u009csettled\u00e2\u0080\u009d soap. This process has been described before,\\nand need not, therefore, be repeated here; it may be remarked,\\nhowever, that the finer the soap is settled the larger will not\\nonly be the nigre, but also the proportion of water in the clear\\nsoap, and the longer time will then of course be required for the\\nsoiling down. A short settle only is, therefore, usually made\\nfor German mottled soap.\\nSettling- not abso\\nlutel y necessary\\nBoiling Down.\\nThe clear soap, if it had ueen settled, is pumped off from\\nthe nigre through a strainer into a clean kettle, into which the\\npickle has previously been run (or if the soap was not settled\\nthe pickle is simply run into the kettle), and closed steam is turn\u00c2\u00ac\\ned on. In regard to the proper composition and strength of this\\npickle much diversity of opinion exists.\\nAs to ttie composition The pickle may consist simply of salt\\ndissolved in water. Boiled down on this the soap will lose part\\nof the water it holds, will mottle very nicely, and will form a sat\u00c2\u00ac\\nisfactory product; only it will have, on solidifying, a dry, brittle\\ntexture, which is not at all desirable. To obviate this drawback\\ncarbonate of soda (soda ash) is frequently added to the salt water\\nto form the pickle. The texture of a soap boiled down on a pickle\\nconsisting of half salt and half soda ash solution is perceptibly\\nbetter than if boiled on a salt solution alone, but here the trouble\\nis that the traces of carbonate remaining in the soap will cause\\nthe latter to effloresce on drying. According to the composition\\nof the pickle the texture may, therefore,be improved, at the ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npense of appearance.\\nAs to strength When boiling the soap on pickle the latter\\ntends to become more concentrated by the evaporation of water,\\nbut at the same time it withdraws water again from the soap.\\nIn this manner it is possible to boil on pickle until the soap has\\nlost considerable water, and yet the pickle itself will be of the\\nsame strength as at the commencement of the operation. It is\\nobvious, however, that the proper strength at which the pickle", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "216\\nBoiled Down Soaps.\\nSaving boil\\ndown.\\nis first introducer! depends greatly on various circumstances. A\\nsoap may have been more or less finely settled and consequently\\ncontains more or less water to be evaporated.\\nThe same is true in regard to the kind of stock (and propor\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of rosin, if any, used). Again, the arrangement of the steam\\ncoil and shape of kettle may be such as to require a greater or\\nsmaller quantity of pickle; if a large quantity is used it should\\nnot be so weak, in ord :r not to introduce too much water with it.\\nA finely settled soap therefore requires stronger pickle for boil\u00c2\u00ac\\ning down in a reasonable length of time than a soap which con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntains but very little water to be evaporated. Besides, soap\\nmakers who have had long experience in making this soap do not\\nagree in this respect in their opinions, even under the same con\u00c2\u00ac\\nditions regarding stock, etc. The proper strength of pickle for\\nthis purpose is variously named at from 8\u00c2\u00b0 to 20 B. (and by some\\neven up to dry salt). The stronger the pickle the more rapidly\\nwill the operation be finished.\\nThe soap and the pickle made b} T dissolving salt alone, or\\nsalt and soda ash, in water, to a strength of from say 14 to 18 3\\nB., are boiled together on closed steam, and the progress of the\\noperation is closely watched. The appearance of the soap and\\nthe strength of the pickle is carefully observed from time to time,\\nas tlm boiling proceeds, and after making a few boils of a given\\ncomposition as to fat and rosin the soap boiler will have gained\\nthe necessary experience and correct judgment in the matter,\\nwhich can only be acquired by practice and intelligent study.\\nThe mottle\u00e2\u0080\u0094formed by impurities of the raw materials in\u00c2\u00ac\\nclosed in the non-crystalline portions of the soap\u00e2\u0080\u0094can only\\nform when the hot soap has a certain degree of fluidity. It will\\ndevelop strongly if the soap contains much water; in other words,\\nif the mottle is too pronounced the soap has not been boiled\\ndown far enough. If boiled too far, on the other hand, the mot\u00c2\u00ac\\ntle cannot form at all, as the lack of water then renders the soap\\ntoo thick to allow of proper crystallization in the hot soap by\\nmeans of which the mottle is to be formed. The salt used in\\nboiling down supplies the necessary mobility of the mass to\\npermit crystallization.\\nA method, not exactly to be recommended, but sometimes\\nadopted in order to save boiling down so far, is to boil down as\\nmuch as desired and sifting some finely ground, pure soda ash\\ninto the soap (in the crutcher). The soda ash absorbs the sur-", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "Boiled Down Soaps.\\n217\\nplus of moisture and acts as filling*. No special proportion of\\nsoda ash is necessary to be observed, as it is not likely to effloresce\\n(as it would certainly do in the case of settled soap, unless used\\njust in the right proportion).\\nF NAMING.\\nWhen boiling* has proceeded to a point judged to give the\\nproper mottle, a rest of several hours is allowed to separate the\\npickle, and the soap is then ready for framing, which is carried\\nout in the same manner as in the case of settled soap. In small\\niron frames the soap cools quickly and shows but little mottle; if\\na more pronounced mottle is desired, large wooden frames are\\nused.\\nFilling might also be added, if desired, but generally boiled\\ndown soap is framed pure, as there is no real benefit regarding\\nthe quality of soap in boiling down if filling is to be added. If\\nthe stock used in this soap was not thoroughly saponified it will\\nhave a tendency to retain an admixture of some of the pickle,\\nand thereby cause trouble in the frame.\\nPressing.\\nOn account of the \u00e2\u0080\u009cshort\u00e2\u0080\u009d texture of the soap it is not press\u00c2\u00ac\\ned in the ordinary manner, but merely cut in bars and stamped\\non the sides with a simple stamp. Potash lye used for part of\\nthe soda lye, especially if soda ash was used in the pickle, has\\nthe property of improving their texture so much that the soap\\nso made can be pressed in the ordinary manner.\\nGeneral Remarks.\\nIn order to avoid unnecessary repetition, only the considera\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions peculiar to boiled down soaps have been mentioned in detail\\nin this chapter; for further particulars refer to the chapter on\\nsettled soaps. Some additional practical points are contained in\\nthe following somewhat different description of the making of\\nGerman Mottled, as carried out in some factories:\\nNigre left over from settled soap can be used to start the\\nboiling; it should be grained out with salt and the spent ly r e re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmoved;* then run into the kettle about 1,000 lbs. of 8 to 10\u00c2\u00b0 salt\\nwater for each 20,000 lbs. of soap to be made. Bring the salt\\nwater and nigre to a boil, then run in the stock and lye at 30 to\\n40 slowly, so that the soap is kept just open enough that it would", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "218\\nBoiled Down Soaps.\\nnot drop a nigre if allowed to settle. Should the soap at any\\ntime be too open so that the stock will not combine with the lye,\\none may either run in water, or put in some of the rosin intend\u00c2\u00ac\\ned to be used anyway, or simply let the kettle rest for a time till\\nthe soap takes up the lye again. When all the stock has\\nbeen run into the kettle and saponified, the soap should run off\\nthe paddle in large, soft flakes, separate from the lye which\\nshould hardly have any strength in it. To prevent the soap from\\nclosing up entirely it may be necessary to add salt toward the\\nend of the boiling. If rosin is used it is generally put in after\\nthe grease or tallow is saponified. After running off the spent\\nlye, water is added\u00e2\u0080\u0094enough that the soap will drop a small\\nnigre,\u00e2\u0080\u0094or salt water and some lye is used and boiling continued\\nfor 2 to 3 hours in a slightly open state; care must be taken not\\nto get foamy soap by running the water in too fast, as this\\nwould delay the finishing of the soap later on. If ilie method of\\ntaking out a small nigre is adopted, the latter is run out of the\\nkettleand the remaining soap boiled with salt water of 14-16\u00c2\u00b0; then\\nturn off steam and let it rest in cold weather for 4 to 5 hours, or\\nin summer over night. When the soap has cooled to ISO F.,\\npump it to the crutcher and add from 10 to 15 lbs. of soda\\nash (sifted in to prevent lumps). This method does not produce\\na good mottle and the soap is somewhat liable to whitewash.\\nSilicate, mineral soap stock, and even silex has been crutched\\ninto such soap. Instead of taking out a nigre, as mentioned, the\\nsoap may be given 2 or 3 washings with salt water and finally\\nfinished by adding enough salt that the spent lye indicates 10-\\n14 B. The spent lye must be stronger in proportion as the\\namount of oil or rosin in the stock is larger. The hotter the soap\\nis framed, the larger will be the mottle; the frames should be\\ncovered to prevent the surface from cooling too quickly. Wood\u00c2\u00ac\\nen frames of 1500 to 2000 lbs. favor the mottling. As German\\nMottled soap is too heavy to pump out of the kettle, it is con\u00c2\u00ac\\nvenient to have a 4 or 5-inch cock valve at the side of the kettle,\\nabove the line of spent lye, as the soap will not run through a\\nswing pipe. In small factories that have no remelter, the scraps\\nfrom settled rosin soap can be used in place of rosin in German\\nMottled and any sal soda that goes into the spent lye can be re\u00c2\u00ac\\ncovered in the next batch by boiling with red oil or rosin. If\\ncottonseed foots are used, these have to be saponified separately\\nand washed repeatedly or settled before the rest of the stock is", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "Boiled Down Soaps.\\n219\\nmixed with them; it is also possible to make a pretty fair article\\nfrom cottonseed foots alone and 10 to 20% of rosin, but as such\\nsoaps dissolve very easily, they can be greatly improved by the\\naddition of 20% of tallow.\\nIn this place it may be proper to briefly state how the gen\u00c2\u00ac\\nuine Marbled Castile soap, also known as \u00e2\u0080\u009cMarseilles\u00e2\u0080\u009d soap,\\nis made in European countries.\\nOlive oil (from the second pressure of the fruit), with or\\nwithout the addition of other oils, is saponified with lye at from Gemune\\nr J soap,\\n10 to 20\u00c2\u00b0 B. Coloring mattei is then added, such as copperas\\n(sulphate of iron), which, together with the sulphur compounds\\neither present in the crude soda or otherwise added afterwards,\\ncauses a greenish black color by the formation of ferrous sul\u00c2\u00ac\\nphide. The marble formed by these materials changes to yellow\\non exposure to the atmosphere. The soap is grained on strong\\nlye, which contains considerable salt in solution, and the waste\\nlye is then run off. It is then once more boiled on strong\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009csalted\u00e2\u0080\u009d lye and the waste lye drawn off again. Fresh lye of\\n22 to 25\u00c2\u00b0 B. is then added and the soap boiled until saturated\\nwith alkali and strongly boiled down. A little water is then\\ncarefully added to bring the soap to the right condition for\\nmarbling, or successive portions of lye, gradually decreasing in\\nstrength, are used for the same purpose. The soap is then run\\ninto large wooden frames and left to crystallize, in order to form\\nthe marble. (The coloring matters collect in the non crystalline\\nportions.)\\nFor white castile soap the process is the same, but omitting\\nthe coloring, and thinning the soap for \u00e2\u0080\u009csettling,\u00e2\u0080\u009d first with lye\\nat 6 to 7\u00c2\u00b0 and then with still weaker lye, and at last with water.\\nOf course there are variations from this process, as well as\\nin making all other soaps. The appliances and lye used in the\\nforeign countries are very different from those used in the United\\nStates. The lye is still made to some extent from kelp, or more\\nfrequently by causticizing soda ash. Differently prepared lyes\\nare used for different operations, and the boiling of a batch of\\nsoap over the open fire still used there, and the many changes of\\nlye, generally take from three to four days.\\nImitations, resembling the genuine article more or less, are\\nmostly made of cottonseed oil and some tallow.\\nIt will be noticed that the mottle is produced from the same\\nf\\nCastile", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "220\\nBoiled Down Soaps.\\ncause in true Castile soap as in German Mottled,\u00e2\u0080\u009d onl} r the con\u00c2\u00ac\\nditions required for mottling are brought about in different ways,\\nfor while in the former the soap is boiled to a grain and then\\nthinned with lye or water, German Mottled is made by boiling\\non pickle a soap already containing too much water. In order\\nto make the mottle more intense, coloring matter may be added\\nto the soap.\\nSoaps that have been boiled down immediately after saponifi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncation, without settling, invariabl} 7 contain some free alkali. For\\nthis reason sulphate of iron, which was formerly employed as\\ncoloring matter in such soap, was added in such a manner as to\\ncombine with the free soda, thereby setting the iron free to form\\nthe marble and also neutralizing the free soda present. The ox\u00c2\u00ac\\nide of iron and other similar pigments now generally used do not\\npossess this neutralizing action.\\nWHITE BOILED DOWN SOAP.\\nIf a hard white soap is to be made from soft materials, such as\\ncotton seed oil as the only stock, it requires boiling down in order\\nto overcome the natural softness of a pure cotton seed oil soap.\\nSuch soaps are made but little at the present time, owing to the\\nrelative prices of fats, oils and rosin. Their manufacture may be\\nbriefly described as follows\\n(As was said in the description of cotton seed oil,this stock,\\nwhen used in boiled-down soaps, has not that tendency of caus\u00c2\u00ac\\ning yellow spots, as in settled soaps.)\\nFirst Change.\\nThe oil is run into the kettle, along with twenty gallons of\\nwater for each 1,000 lbs. of stock. Open steam is turned on and\\nlye at 15 B. run in. When saponification is approaching its\\ncompletion, the strength of l ve is increased to 20 B. The lye\\nshould be made of high-grade caustic and plenty of time allowed\\nfor saponification, as cotton seed oil combines less readily with\\nalkalies than other oils and fats. When the soap is well formed\\nand has a sharp taste, it is grained with salt in the usual manner,\\nso that the clear lye separates from a sample on the paddle.\\nStrengthening.\\nThe spent lye is run off and open steam turned on. Water\\nis run in during good boiling till the soap is smooth and bright", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "Boiled Down Soaps.\\n2 1\\nand has the appearance of a soap ready for settling-. Fresh lye\\nis then run in and boiling- continued until the soap beg-ins to\\nopen ag-ain.\\nThe streng-th of this lye depends somewhat on the amount of\\nwater previously added for thinning-, on the steam\u00e2\u0080\u0094whether\\nclosed steam is used tog-ether with open steam or not\u00e2\u0080\u0094and also\\non the judgment of the soap boiler. A strong- lye would finish\\nthe operation more rapidly, but weaker lye would permit of long-\\ner boiling- before the soap becomes grained, and long- boiling-, as\\nalready stated, is required for thorough saponification, especially\\nfor cotton seed oil.\\nWhen the soap beg-ins to open, salt is added to assist in\\ngraining-, so far that the clear lye separates.\\nBoiling Down.\\nThe lye is run off ag-ain and saved for its streng-th. Pickle\\n(made in the manner explained under \u00e2\u0080\u009cGerman Mottled\u00e2\u0080\u009d soap)\\nis then gradually run in under constant boiling. When the soap\\nhas been boiled down like the German Mottled described, steam\\nis turned off and the pickle allowed to settle.\\nFraming.\\nFrame in the manner as in the case of the \u00e2\u0080\u009cGerman Mot\u00c2\u00ac\\ntled soap.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IX.\\nEschweger Soap.\\nWhile in this country the \u00e2\u0080\u009csettled\u00e2\u0080\u009d soaps are by far the\\nmost prominent, and the boiled-down\u00e2\u0080\u009d soaps constitute nearly\\nall the remainder of those made by boiling yet there are pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ncesses of soap-boiling in which neither of these operations are\\nemployed. Of this class, for instance, are the \u00e2\u0080\u009crun\u00e2\u0080\u009d soaps\\nalready referred to, which were made largely, especially in for\u00c2\u00ac\\nmer years. Another variety also coming under this head is a\\nsoap sometimes made here in imitation of Castile soap and known\\nin Germany as Eschweger,\u00e2\u0080\u009d which was first made in 1846 by\\na firm of German soap-makers (Dircks Thorey). The quan\u00c2\u00ac\\ntities of these and similar soaps made in this country at the\\npresent time are not so large as to require on that account an\\nextended description of their manufacture in these pages; but,\\ninasmuch as it affords an opportunity to show the manner of\\nworking under different conditions, they may be included to\\nsome advantage.\\nIn making most of the better grades of these soaps advan\u00c2\u00ac\\ntage is taken of the property of a mixture of tallow and cocoanut\\noil to saponify readily with strong lye, thereby furnishing a\\nsoap containing a comparatively small amount of water, without\\nthe necessity of separating the waste lye. At the same time the\\nforeign salts introduced with the lye\u00e2\u0080\u0094which are run away with\\nthe wast lye in the ordinary manner of boiling, but remain in\\nthe soap in the present case\u00e2\u0080\u0094do not exert their usual disturbing\\ninfluence when cocoanut oil is largely used together with the\\ntallow or other similar fats. (In fact, a pure cocoanut oil soap\\nrequires an excessive quantity of salt in order to separate it from", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "224\\nEschweger Soap.\\nthe waste lye, but will appear hard on drying- even if an amount\\nof salt solutions is present which would entirely separate a soap\\nmade of ordinary fats alone).\\nIn consequence of this latter property, some very high adult\u00c2\u00ac\\nerated soaps are made by saponifying fats composed largely or\\nwholty of cocoanut oil and adding to the soap considerable\\nquantities of various salts dissolved in water,\\nstock for Each- \u00e2\u0080\u009cEschweger\u00e2\u0080\u009d is a marbled soap, made by saponifying tal\u00c2\u00ac\\nlow and soft fats, together with about one-third of their weight,\\nor more, of cocoanut oil. Owing to the properties of the latter\\noil, such soap, in absorbing considerable salt solutions, thereby\\nbecomes of a peculiar consistency, while hot, which causes\\ncrystallization, and thereby the formation of \u00e2\u0080\u009cmarble\u00e2\u0080\u009d or\\nmottle,\u00e2\u0080\u009d on cooling in the frame; at the same time, it holds\\nmuch more water than one that has been mottled by boiling\\ndown a soap made entirely of soft fats.\\nThe fat used may be equal parts of tallow and grease, be\u00c2\u00ac\\nsides cocoanut oil, to one-third of their combined weight, or the\\ngrease may be substituted by cotton stearin, or cotton seed oil,\\nor any similar combination may be used.\\nI ndireet method. The tallow and grease may be saponified alone at first,\\ngrained, the waste lye run away, and the soap so obtained then\\nboiled together with the cocoanut oil and the lye required for\\nthe latter and the required salts; but generally the following\\nplan is adopted\\nThe fats are clarified together by boiling on open steam,\\n.ieci method. an( j the water formed and the impurities drawn off after settling.\\nThey are then saponified by slow boiling with lye of an average\\nstrength of say 25 B., and the quantity of lye is gauged so as\\nto have the soap very nearly neutral at the end of the operation,\\nas there is no separation whatever of waste lye. All that goes\\ninto the kettle also goes into the soap (excepting, of course, a\\ncertain amount of water removed by evaporation).\\nThe lye should be used as strong as circumstances will per\u00c2\u00ac\\nmit, since any surplus water can only be removed through eva\u00c2\u00ac\\nporation by boiling, which is very difficult unless open fire is\\nused for making these soaps. For this reason the tallow is in\\nsome factories saponified alone at first, with weak lye, to insure\\nperfect saponification, che waste lye then drawn off, and the\\ncocoanut oil added and saponified with stronger lye.\\nThis soap, when well formed in the kettle, must contain", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "Eschweger Soap.\\n225\\nconsiderable carbonate (or silicate) of soda and common salt, Saits required for\\nso that it may become sufficiently \u00e2\u0080\u009cshort\u00e2\u0080\u009d to permit the forma\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of a mottle. These salts are added either when saponifica\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion is nearly complete, as described below, or the presence of\\nthe carbonate may be insured by using 1 low-grade caustic for\\nmaking the lye, and the salt be added afterwards. During sa\u00c2\u00ac\\nponification sufficient lye ahead should always be in the kettle\\n(until near the end of the operation) to insure against undue\\nthickening of the soap, which is especially liable to occur if tal\u00c2\u00ac\\nlow only is used together with the cocoanut oil. When weaker\\nstock, such as cotton seed oil is used, there is less danger of this\\noccurring.\\nTowards the end of the saponification the physical character\\nof the soap must be carefully watched, and the necessary appear\u00c2\u00ac\\nance brought about by various additions, according to circum\u00c2\u00ac\\nstances, as follows\\nIf the soap formed is thin, and a sample set on glass has a signs of properly\\ngray ring around it, has a dull appearance and sharp taste, it\\nindicates an excess of lye, and in this case enough cocoanut oil\\nmust be added to take out this surplus strength.\\nIf the sample is thick, glassy, and tough while hot, and soft\\non cooling, and appears heavy, the steam escaping by forcibly\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cpuffing\u00e2\u0080\u009d through the mass, more lye is required. If it is soft\\non cooling and yet sharp, more water must be added, as the lye\\nhas then been too strong to combine properly.\\nIf the soap boils up high and thick, and a sample is ten\u00c2\u00ac\\nacious on the trowel, water must be evaporated to shorten it.\\nIf it is very clear and tough, and a cold sample is very stiff\\nand rubber-like, salt or brine must be added, according as more\\nwater may be needed.\\nIf the soap contains too much salt, more cocoanut oil and\\nlye will have to be added. Too much salt makes the soap rough\\nand brittle, and if the excess is very great, may even cause it\\nto settle.\\nA properly finished soap of this kind is clear and has a\\nbright surface; the steam of the evaporating water escapes from\\nnumerous places all over the surface (called \u00e2\u0080\u009croses\u00e2\u0080\u009d in Ger\u00c2\u00ac\\nmany, owing to the similarity of the formations to this flower)\\nand a sample on the paddle must have enough consistency while\\nstill hot not to spread out very much; when sliding off the in\u00c2\u00ac\\nclined paddle it must break off short, and the paddle can be seen", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "226\\nEschweger Soap.\\nProper quality of\\nlye for Esch\u00c2\u00ac\\nweger.\\nin places between the clots of soap; a slight sharpness should\\nalso be apparent.\\nThe lye used in saponifying the fats may be of high-grade\\ncaustic at first, and the required salt and carbonate of soda\\nadded after the materials are thoroughly combined, or the salts\\nmay be added from the start. A close study of the lye used is\\nnecessary in making this soap, and careful observation and con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsiderable practice are required before it can be made with uni\u00c2\u00ac\\nform success. The presence of various salts is of far-reaching\\neffect, and, unless the nature of the lye used at the outset is well\\nunderstood, it will be next to impossible to form a correct idea\\nof what salts must be added.\\nIf too little lye or salt is used, the soap will be soft and\\ntough, instead of short, thus making it spotted throughout, in\u00c2\u00ac\\nstead of mottled, if framed in that condition. If too little water\\nis used (or the soap evaporated too much) it will also be spotted;\\nwith too much water the mottle will form badly, or the soap will\\neven separate a nigre. The presence of too much salt causes the\\nsoap to feel wet and cold while fresh, the mottle has a bad ap\u00c2\u00ac\\npearance, and on drying the soap effloresces strongly, and be\u00c2\u00ac\\ncomes rough and brittle.\\nIf a very caustic lye has been used at first, the apparent\\nsharpness sometimes disappears when the salts are added, thus\\nindicating that the fats were not fully saponified. In such case,\\nmore lye must then be added.\\nIf very* caustic lye has been used, solutions of carbonate of\\nsoda (sometimes silicate of soda) are added during the boiling,\\nor the lye is made at once by dissolving 20% of soda ash with\\nthe high-grade caustic. As the various foreign salts are unable\\nto form a chemical combination with fat, they merely contribute\\nto give the soap the required mobility to permit crystallization\\n(and consequent mottling) in the frame; they also prevent the\\nfinished soap from drying out too rapidly, and, of course, also\\nincrease the yield of soap.\\nAs was observed under boiled-down soaps, a pure tallow\\nor olive oil soap must be brought into proper condition its\\ntoughness reduced) by traces of salt introduced in the boiling-\\ndown operation in order to enable the stearate of soda to crystal\u00c2\u00ac\\nlize and form a mottle; at the same time, such soap holds but\\nvery small quantities of salt. Pure cocoanut oil soap, however,\\nis quite different, for it forms a tough solution even in the pres-", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "Eschweger Soap.\\n227\\nence of quite considerable amounts of salt and water, of which a\\nlarge quantity is required to cause the right consistency for\\nmottling \u00e2\u0080\u0094so much, in fact, that a mottled soap made from\\ncocoanut oil alone could scarcely be referred to as \u00e2\u0080\u009cpure\u00e2\u0080\u009d soap\\nin the true sense of the word. Thirty to thirty-five pounds of\\ncocoanut oil to 100 of tallow, or similar fats, furnishes a good\\nproduct which is much liked in some localities, and forms a beau\u00c2\u00ac\\ntiful mottle.\\nA soap having very little sharpness, only little water, and a\\ncorrect proportion of foreign salts, inclines to a large mottle.\\nA smaller mottle results if the soap is somewhat sharper and\\ncontains somewhat more water, provided again that sufficient\\nforeign salts are also present.\\nNo hard and fast rule can be given, what kind and how\\nmuch salts to add; a trial will determine this, according to the\\ncomposition of the fats and lye and the nature of the soap intended\\nto be made. Ordinarily, lye made from low-grade caustic is\\nused to supply the necessary carbonate, and the final corrections\\nmade with salt dissolved in water.\\nMany, however, prefer to use high-grade lye for saponifica\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, adding from 15 to 20% silicate of soda, either at once or\\nafter the materials have joined; then the soap is shortened by\\nadding say 3% of soda crystals, and the final correction is made\\nwith a solution of common salt, until the required appearance in\\nthe kettle indicates that the soap is well made.\\nCarbonate of soda \u00e2\u0080\u0094either present in the lye, if made of low-\\ngrade caustic, or added afterwards\u00e2\u0080\u0094causes a beautiful mottle\\nand a high yield of soap. But if used as the only salt, the soap\\nwill incline to effloresce or whitewash,\u00e2\u0080\u009d especially in winter.\\nCarbonate of potash, substituted for part of the soda, avoids,\\nor at least decreases the latter difficulty, but the marble formed\\nwill be less beautiful.\\nCommon salt causes a very fine mottle, but the soap will bind\\nless water and the yield will be correspondingly less from a\\ngiven amount of fat.\\nSilicate of soda thins the soaps, and if used, less of the other\\nsalts must be employed, so that there is really no gain in using\\nit for this soap, except in that, while the yield is not as large at\\nfirst the soap also does not dry out as much afterward. When\\nit is employed for this soap the lye should be more caustic than\\nwhen sal soda is added instead, and the soap should have a slight\\nLarge and small\\nmottle.\\nEffect of various\\nsalts.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "228\\nEschweger Soap.\\nvOloring matter.\\nFraming.\\nBoiling by steam.\\nsharpness to guard against the silicate crystallizing out. As\\nhigh as 30 per cent may be worked into the soap, but 15 to 20\\nper cent gives a better product and is safer against irregulari\u00c2\u00ac\\nties in boiling. (Soaps of similar composition as to fats\u00e2\u0080\u0094not\\nmottled\u00e2\u0080\u0094are sometimes filled by boiling in this manner with as\\nmuch silicate\u00e2\u0080\u0094diluted previously by boiling with water\u00e2\u0080\u0094as the\\nweight of the fats used.)\\nThe less cocoanut oil enters into the soap, the less water\\nand salts must of course be added, and the smaller will be the\\ngain in soap.\\nWhen the soap in the kettle shows by the appearance de\u00c2\u00ac\\nscribed that it is in the right condition, the desired color (cop\u00c2\u00ac\\nperas, ultramarine blue, Indian red, etc.) stirred into boiling\\nhot water to which a little salt has been added, is put into the\\nsoap, and well boiled through with open steam until the color\\nis uniformly distributed.\\nThe salt is added to the color in order to prevent it from\\nclotting together; strong lye might be used instead if the con\u00c2\u00ac\\ndition of the soap is such as to make it preferable. It is well to\\ntake a sample of the soap out of the kettle and see if the color\\nmixes with it evenly; if not, more salt must be added. The soap\\nand coloring mixture should both be as hot as possible, in order\\ntu be readily mixed.\\nThe amount of coloring matter to be used, it must be under\u00c2\u00ac\\nstood, has no effect on the quantity or formation of the mottle;\\nit only affects the intensity of its color and must be gauged ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncordingly. 8 to 10 lbs. of Venetian red to an ordinary frame\\nwill produce a good effect. Other colors, which may be used in\\nproportions according to their nature, are Indian red, ultra-\\nmarine blue, ivory black, etc.\\nThis finishes the boil, and the soap is run into the frames,\\nwhere it is crutched for a short time and covered up to keep it\\nwarm. In the course of three hours, if the marble is seen form\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, the frames are uncovered and the soap allowed to cool.\\nWooden frames are best employed in this case, in order to avoid\\nchilling the soap on the sides.\\nThis soap is made mostly (in Germany) over an open fire,\\nbut this affects its color disadvantageous^, and the soap may be\\nboiled as readily with closed steam at a pressure of 3 to 4 atmos\u00c2\u00ac\\npheres by managing the lye so that no excess of water is present\\nthat requires evaporating.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "Eschweger Soap.\\n229\\nIn making- this soap a record should be kept of the grade of\\ncaustic used and the quantity and kinds of salts added; these\\nnotes will then serve as a g-uide for the next batch until more\\npractice has been obtained. If the soap mottles properly, but\\neffloresces on drying-, the lye for the next boil should be used\\nmore caustic, and more potash and salt used instead of carbonate\\nof soda.\\nBLUE MOTTLED OR E5CHWEQER III.\\nA soap made as described, of about one-third cocoanut oil\\nand two-thirds of other fats, with a yield of 200 to 215 lbs.\\nof soap from 100 lbs. of stock, is considered as Eschweg- soap\\nproper. If, however, the fat used consists nearly all or entirely\\nof cocoanut oil or palmkernel oil, and the soap is shortened with\\nvarious salt solutions until it is in proper condition to form a\\nmottle, the yield will be increased to 300 to 350 per cent and\\nmore. Such soaps, which were first broug-htout in Eng-land and\\nwhose method of manufacture was g-uarded as a secret for about\\nten }^ears, are hardly ever made in this country, but are quite well\\nknown in most other countries where they are variously sold as\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cblue mottled,\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009cEschweg- III.\u00e2\u0080\u009d etc. They are g-enerally con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsidered still more difficult to manufacture with uniform success\\nthan Eschweg- soap proper, and in most cases are the dread of\\nthose to whose lot it falls to be oblig-ed to make them, for all are\\nagreed that these soaps require very much attention and patience,\\nand even then will be failures at times in the hands of the most\\nexperienced. We will briefly describe the averag-e process; as\\nthere is a very larg-e number of different proceeding s in vog-ue:\\nTnese soaps are made most frequently by half-boiling, the\\nfat being- saponified at a temperature of about 190- F. and the\\nsoap formed in the course of several hours\u00e2\u0080\u0099 rest in the kettle is\\nthen filled with the necessary salt solutions. However, boiling-\\nthe fat and lye before filling- until thoroug-hly saponified would\\nprevent many failures in the process, as they are most common\u00c2\u00ac\\nly only the result of free fats being- present, and soap so made\\nwould dry out less than when the stock had not been perfectly\\nsaponified. For the proper formation of the mottle in these\\nsoaps every soap-maker adheres very closely to certain proportions\\nof materials which he has found by experience to g-ive the desir\u00c2\u00ac\\ned result, and at the close of aboil carefully watches small sam\u00c2\u00ac\\nples taken from the kettle, to see if any corrections are required.\\nDefinition fb\\nEschweger III*\\nBoiling vs.\\nboiling.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "230\\nEschweger Soap.\\nBoth palmkernel oil and cocoanut oil lend themselves well\\nto the manufacture of these soaps; the latter especially permits\\nof high filling and calls for slightly more lye and salt solution.\\nThe general proceeding is the same for either oil.\\nThe following formula will serve as an example:\\n100 lbs. cocoanut oil.\\n130 lbs. caustic soda lye 24 B.\\n20 lbs. sal soda.\\n42 lbs. salt water 23\u00c2\u00b0 B.\\n20 lbs. potash solution 30\u00c2\u00b0 B.\\nThe cocoanut oil is saponified with the lye at a temperature\\nof 190\u00c2\u00b0 F. and when the materials have joined, some of the salt\\nwater is added, enough to prevent thickening.\\n(Or the fat may be saponified by boiling, in which case the\\nwater lost by evaporation must be restored, and the salt solutions\\nare then rapidly crutched in when the soap has cooled down\\nsomewhat).\\nNext the potash solution, then the sal soda, and lastly the\\nremaining salt water is crutched in and the temperature main\u00c2\u00ac\\ntained for some time at about 200\u00c2\u00b0 F., covering the kettle and\\noccasionally crutching through. 1)4 ounces of ultramarine blue\\nare then dissolved in 4 lbs. of water to which 4 lbs. of silicate of\\nsoda and 1 lb. 25\u00c2\u00b0 B. caustic soda lye are then added. A small\\nportion of the coloring mixture is added to the soap, and samples\\ntaken. (Or a 20 lb. sample of the soap is taken and some color\\nadded for the test, before coloring the soap in the kettle.) If\\nthe silicate is observed to crystallize or form flakes, a little more\\nlye must be very carefully added to the coloring solution until it\\nwill mix easily and uniformly with the soap. The kettle, after\\ncoloring, is covered for an hour, when samples are taken out. If\\nthe soap is then uniformly colored blue, it has too much strength,\\nand some cocoanut oil must be added, and time allowed before\\nanother sample is taken out. If the mottle has, on the other\\nhand, been formed rapidly and in long streaks, the soap is weak\\nand requires a little more lye. When samples appear satisfactory\\n(they should be preserved for comparison with later batches),\\nthe mottle appearing in small dots, the soap is framed at 165 to\\n170\u00c2\u00b0 F. and the frames kept covered for the first hour or so.\\nWhile the soap cools down to this framing temperature, it is ad\u00c2\u00ac\\nvisable to have a bucketful of the soap cooling off separately, so\\nas to judge by it if it is safe to frame the batch, without crutch-", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "Eschweger Soap.\\n231\\ning it up first; in large frames the mottle will then be still prettier.\\nThe frames used have a capacity of from 1,200 to 2,000 lbs.\\nA good way to judge whether the soap is right for mottling,\\nis to take out three or four samples of 10 lbs. each, and adddif*\\nferent small proportions of cocoanut oil to the samples, and cover\\nup for half an hour. According to the mottle formed in this\\ntime in the different samples it may be seen whether oil should\\nstill be added into the kettle, and how much.\\nIf the mottle forms in the frames, but drops to the bottom,\\nit may be brought up by crutching, provided the soap has not\\nyet cooled below about 14CG F., as it will form again. A weak\\nsoap mottles most readily, but inclines most to dropping the mottle\\nin the frames; it is therefore best, when judging of the samples,\\nnot to go entirely by the most beautifully mottled sample. A\\nsomewhat strong soap forms a smaller mottle which is not liable\\nto drop, but sometimes requires to be covered in the frame for\\nseveral hours in order to prevent a bluish tint in the portions in\u00c2\u00ac\\ntended to be white.\\nAnother formula is as follows: 300 lbs. palmkernel oil are\\nsaponified with 360 lbs. 20\u00c2\u00b0 lye; there is then added, under brisk\\nboiling, a filling mixture consisting of 70 lbs. 25\u00c2\u00b0 soda ash so\u00c2\u00ac\\nlution, 70 lbs. 25\u00c2\u00b0 potash solution, 17 lbs. 20 potash lye, 120 lbs.\\n20 salt solution, 80 lbs. water; the kettle is then covered and\\nleft at rest; samples are then taken to test for mottling and, if\\nsatisfactory, the coloring is added as above. As palmkernel oil\\nvaries somewhat, it may be necessary to increase the lye from\\n360 lbs. to 375 and even more. In hot weather, when it might\\nhappen that the soap settles, owing to being liquid too long, it is\\nadvisable to have it somewhat sharper in strength than in\\nwinter.\\nFor the benefit of readers in foreign countries where these\\nsoaps are made, we append, from the notes of a soapmaker who\\nhas made them extensively, the following table of proportions of\\nmaterials which have proved satisfactory for the yield indicated\\nin each case\\nPalm Kernel Oil.100 100 100 80 60 parts.\\nCocoanut Oil. 20 40\\n20\u00c2\u00b0 B. soda Lye.120 120 120 130 134\\n33 c B. Potash Solution. 45 53 80 90 110\\n24\u00c2\u00b0 B. Brine. 55 70 90 120 143\\nColoring. 5 7 10 10 13", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "232\\nEschweger Soap.\\nGenei al remarks.\\n(The coloring\u00e2\u0080\u0099 is composed of 4 parts 38\u00c2\u00b0-40\u00c2\u00b0 waterglass, 4 parts\\nwater, 1 part 20\u00c2\u00b0 B. lye, one-tenth part Eschweg red or blue, or\\nfor grey, half blue and half black.)\\nOne other formula, among hundreds of similar ones, may\\nbe here briefly mentioned, although it does not properly belong\\nto boiled soaps:\\n100 lbs. cocoanut oil at 190 c F., into which\\n50 lbs. talc are stirred; add\\n112 lbs. soda lye 20 c B. When saponified, add\\n3 lbs. salt, dissolved in\\n10 lbs. water, and next\\n40 lbs. water glass, mixed with\\n10 lbs. soda lye 36 c B.\\nThe manufacture of these soaps depends less on the exact\\nformula used than on its proper manipulation, and considerable\\nexperience is the most essential feature in making them. Accord\u00c2\u00ac\\ning to the proportions of the ingredients employed, a soap will\\nform the mottle more or less rapidly, and the frames must be\\nadapted in size to correspond. Small wooden frames of about\\n500 lbs. capacity are best adapted for soap which forms a large\\nmottle, and rapidly; such soap is framed at about 145 F., and\\nshould contain more salt water in comparison to soap which is\\nrun into large iron frames (up to, say 2,500 lbs.) to form the\\nmottle more slowly. The latter should contain weaker and more\\ncarbonated solutions, and less salt water, and may be framed\\nwarmer than the quickly mottling soap.\\nThe several solutions mentioned for filling should be\\nmade sometime before use, so as to permit their settling where\u00c2\u00ac\\nby a whiter ground of the soap is obtained. They must be made\\nfrom raw material whose composition (purity) the soapmaker is\\nfamiliar with, as unsuspected impurities have been the cause of\\nnumerous failures.\\nFor soaps which are not to yield more than 350% some tallow\\nis used with the cocoanut oil, as this favors the rapid mottling\\nwhich is necessar} 7 when small frames are used. Cottonseed oil\\nmay also be used, in place of tallow. Cocoanut oil requires, in this\\nclass of soaps, more lye and salt solution than does palmkernel\\noil, and consequently gives a greater yield.\\nA MODIFICATION OF ESCHWEGER.\\nA soap similar in character to the \u00e2\u0080\u009cEschweger\u00e2\u0080\u009d described", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "Eschweger Soap.\\n233\\nbut boiled in a manner approaching- nearer to the methods more\\nusual in this country, is made as follows\\nThe fats are selected and clarified in the same manner as for\\nEschweg-er. They are then saponified by running- in lye under\\nconstant boiling-, until the soap acquires a sharp taste which it\\nretains on boiling- for a few minutes without the further addition\\nof more lye. (This operation has been fully described in detail\\nin the chapter on White Settled Soap.) More lye is then care\u00c2\u00ac\\nfully added in small portions, while boiling, until the soap sepa\u00c2\u00ac\\nrates from it. The supply of lye is then cut off and boiling is\\ncontinued until by evaporation of water a very soft and large\\ngrain is formed, from which the lye will settle thoroughly and\\nrapidly.\\nIf on continued boiling the soap remains separated from the\\nl}\u00e2\u0080\u0099e (indicating that it has all the strength it can absorb), it is\\nallowed rest to settle.\\nThe waste lye contains sufficient strength to require saving\\nit for some other boil, and it is therefore no disadvantage if\u00e2\u0080\u0094ow\u00c2\u00ac\\ning to the cocoanut oil\u00e2\u0080\u0094it should contain a little soap in solution,\\nfor in that case it will settle the lye most thoroughly; if the soap\\nwere grained out too strongly this would prevent the complete\\nremoval of the lye, which is very essential, and so much water\\nwould be required in the next operation that there would be dan\u00c2\u00ac\\nger of the soap becoming too thin to hold the coloring matter\\nsuspended for mottling; the soap obtained would also be less\\nneutral, and would shrink more on drying. If there should be any\\nindication, therefore, that the waste lye has not settled so per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfectly that it can be drawn off entirely, a little cocoanut oil may\\nbe added afterwards and boiled through, to absorb the excess of\\nstrength.\\nThe lye is then run off, as is also any nigre that may have\\nformed, and the open steam turned on. When the contents of\\nm\\nthe kettle are again boiling, enough hot water is carefully\\nrun in to thicken the soap which is at first thin and stringy, and\\nto form it into a tough, clear mass through which the steam es\u00c2\u00ac\\ncapes with difficulty. (Instead of simple water a weak solution\\nof silicate of soda (8\u00c2\u00b0 B.) may be employed. Up to 50 per cent\\nsilicate solution is sometimes used for such soaps in England.)\\nIt will be observed that the soap is now in a condition prac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntically identical with that of a finished \u00e2\u0080\u009cEschweger\u00e2\u0080\u009d described,\\nand the quality of lye used, the various signs indicating the pro-", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "234\\nEschweger Soap.\\nper conditions, and the remedies employed in certain irregularities\\nare also the same.\\nWhen the color has then been well incorporated the soap is\\nframed and covered up to form the marble.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER X.\\nSoft (Potash) Soap.\\nGeneral Remarks.\\nWhen, instead of the soda, potash only is employed for saponi\u00c2\u00ac\\nfying the fats, the resulting soap is very much softer than are\\nthe hard soda soaps; especially if the stock at the same time\\nconsists of the softer oils, in place of the more solid fats rich in\\nstearin, the product will be a soap of about the consistency of\\nlard\u00e2\u0080\u0094a true \u00e2\u0080\u009csoft soap.\u00e2\u0080\u009d (There have lately been patented in\\nseveral countries special methods of making hard potash soaps\\nwhich contain only about 10% of water, but these do not come\\nunder our consideration at present).\\nIn this country soft soap is but little used outside of the tex\u00c2\u00ac\\ntile industries, but in most other countries it has an enormous\\nsale also for household purposes, such as cleaning floors and\\nwoodwork and for rubbing on clothes in the laundry. Its un\u00c2\u00ac\\nequaled solubility and handy form have made it a favorite soap\\nmany places, especially so since the evil smelling fish oil, and\\nalso the somewhat less obnoxious linseed oil, which were former\u00c2\u00ac\\nly used largely for soft soap, have been supplanted by cotton\\nseed and other oils which furnish a soap of less unpleasant odor.\\nA soap made of oil and potash lye alone is not only the ^oap! 1 01 U\\nmost readily soluble of all, but also the only kind which is per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfectly soluble in cold water. Owing to this great solubility,\\nits soft consistency, and to the excess of alkaline strength, caus\u00c2\u00ac\\ntic and carbonated, which it ordinarily contains, it saves much\\ntime and labor. Its peculiar value for the treatment of fabrics,\\nand especially woolen goods, has already been pointed out un\u00c2\u00ac\\nder the heading of Textile Soaps (page 176), while it is also", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "236\\nSoft Soap.\\nRequirements\\nsoft soap.\\nwell adapted for some toilet purposes, if properly made. As a\\nbasis for medicated soaps likewise the soft variety is frequently\\npreferred to hard soap.\\nThe manufacture of a soft soap that answers all the demands\\nof the consumers is in most cases a somewhat complicated mat\u00c2\u00ac\\nter, for the requirements are numerous and varied, and not always\\neasily made to correspond with that ever present enemy of soap\\nmakers\u00e2\u0080\u0094cheapness. Besides the special requirements depend\u00c2\u00ac\\ning on the class of work to which the soap is to be applied, there\\nof are a few general properties which are more or less looked for\\nin every soft soap, as follows: Its consistency and composition\\nmust be such that it does not become too liquid in hot weather,\\nso as to run, nor become brittle or freeze in winter; in fact, its\\ncomposition must be adapted to the season; it must have a good\\nbody at all times and yet feel unctuous; it must be \u00e2\u0080\u009cshort,\u00e2\u0080\u009d so\\nas not to draw threads on removing a portion, but on the other\\nhand it must not be wet and slippery; it should possess a cer\u00c2\u00ac\\ntain degree of transparency and a good color, and\u00e2\u0080\u0094if a figged\\nsoap\u00e2\u0080\u0094the grains of potassium stearate must be formed in size\\nto conform to the prevailing taste of the customers. That the\\nproduction of a soap of these characteristics is an operation re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquiring considerable attention is evident from the fact that even\\nso apparently trivial a matter as repeatedly taking small quan\u00c2\u00ac\\ntities of the soap out of a barrel with wet hands is sometimes\\nsufficient to render the remaining soap stringy.\\nThe conditions which operate to form a soap answering the\\nabove description rest, briefly stated, on the selection of fats of\\nsuitable consistency to adapt the soap to the season; on the use\\nof lye containing a proportion of carbonate or other potash salts\\nwhich, as they do not combine with fat, serve to insure the re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquired shortness; and on the right amount of alkali and water\\nin the soap. In this connection it may be mentioned that soft\\nsoaps contain, as a rule, more water than the good qualities of\\nhard sonps, and that a larger quantity of potash is required to\\nform a neutral soap with a given amount of oil than would suffice\\nif the alkali used were soda, to say nothing of the excess of alkali\\nwhich is present in all ordinary soft soaps.\\nA perfectly neutral compound of oil and pure caustic potash\\nforms a turbid, gummy, sticky mass, which becomes a salable\\nsoap only by the further addition of a solution of caustic and\\ncarbonated potash. While for a hard soap are required about", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "Soft Soap.\\n237\\n100 to 120 lbs. 20 u soda lye for every 100 lbs. of stock, there are\\nrequired for a soft soap 155 to 170 lbs. of (partly carbonated) 23\\n*\u00e2\u0080\u009424 potash lye. Considering* furthermore that soft soaps are\\nmade by simply boiling* the fats and oils with the lye, without\\nany separation of waste lye and glycerin, it will be seen that\\nthe yield of soft soap from a given amount of fat is considerably\\nabove that obtained in hard soaps. We shall refer again to the\\nquestion of yield further on. It is seen from this that the ordi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnary soft soap differs from hard soaps not only in the nature of\\nthe alkali with which it is made, but also in its larger propor\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of water and free caustic and carbonated alkali. In fact,\\nsoft soap is frequently described as being a neutral soap dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nsolved in an aqueous solution of caustic and carbonated potash.\\nAs to the stock used, this may be train oil, linseed oil, cot- stock for soft\\nton seed oil, red oil, olive oil, rosin, with or without the addition\\nof tallow or other fats rich in stearin. In winter thin oils are\\npreferred, but in summer the addition of cotton seed oil, tallow,\\nor some other stock forming a more solid soap, is necessary to\\nsecure the product from becoming too soft. Train oil, and to\\na less degree also linseed oil, have the disadvantage of furnish\u00c2\u00ac\\ning soap of unpleasant odor which even strong essential oils\\n(mirbane, etc.) fail to disguise effectually. But linseed oil has\\nthe advantage of rendering the soap proof against low tempera\u00c2\u00ac\\ntures if made with pure potash lye; in summer it requires part\\nsoda lye, without the aid of which the soap would be too soft in\\nwarm weather. Rosin is also much used, especially in brown\\nsoap, and gives it a tine, bright appearance. As it makes the\\nsoap softer, less should be used in summer than in winter, ana a\\nlittle more soda lye should be used to counteract its tendency to\\nsoften the product.\\nRegarding the lye used in these soaps we refer the reader to Lye for soft soap.\\nChapter III, and also to the remarks on that subject under\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cEschweg\u00e2\u0080\u009d soap, which apply largely to soft soap as well, es\u00c2\u00ac\\npecially to figged soap. In case pure caustic potash be used\\nfor making* the lye, it will be necessary to add about 26 to 28%\\nof the weight of caustic, more in winter than in summer, of car\u00c2\u00ac\\nbonate of potash or chloride of potash toward the end of the\\nboiling, to shorten the soap; but it is preferable in practice\\nto begin with a lye alread}^ containing most of the salts\\nfrom the start, and only adding at the finish the small am\u00c2\u00ac\\nount that may still be\u00e2\u0080\u0099 wanting. In summer some of the pot-", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "238\\nSoft Soap.\\nColoring.\\nFilling.\\nash is substituted by soda, so as to give the soap a greater con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsistency; too much soda lye, however, or the chlorides of soda\\nand potash, make the soap appear turbid. In hot weather from\\none-quarter to one-third of soda may be employed in place of an\\nequivalent amount of potash, but allowance must, of course, be\\nfirst made for the soda, with which much of the commercial pot\u00c2\u00ac\\nash is contaminated. If the lye used be too caustic, the soap\\nboils thick and heavily, remaining at the bottom of the kettle\\ninstead of rising, and samples of the soap appear tough on run\u00c2\u00ac\\nning from the paddle, and are of a hard or gummy consistency\\nwhen cold; in that case some carbonate of potash solution must\\nbe added, until the soap runs off the paddle very short (in win\u00c2\u00ac\\nter) or draws threads not longer than l 2 inch (in summer). On\\nthe other hand, if the lye is not caustic enough, so that too\\nmuch of salts are introduced, the soap boils up very high in the\\nkettle, boils over readily, appears watery, and lacks consistency,\\nso that a sample placed on glass spreads very much. To remedy\\nsuch a case pure caustic lye and more stock must be added.\\nFor coloring soft soaps there are used palm oil (for yellow),\\nrosin or sugar color (for brown), and ultramarine blue or indigo\\n(finely powdered and previously boiled for a considerable time in\\nwater and lye) to give a green color.\\nOf course, there have also been found ways to fill soft soaps,\\nwhich may be briefly referred to here: The filling mostly used\\nis a solution of potassium chloride in water (14\u00c2\u00b0 B.), of which\\nabout 1 lb. is crutched into the cool soap (at 160 to 170\u00c2\u00b0 F.) for\\nevery 5 lbs. of stock used. To take this filling well, it is easily\\nunderstood that the soap should be made with a comparatively\\ncaustic lye rather than with one containing much carbonate. If on\\nadding this filling the soap becomes turbid, it is a sign that caus\u00c2\u00ac\\ntic strength is lacking. Neutral soft soaps can absorb, dissolve\\nas it were, certain quantities of various salts and water, and }~et\\nremain perfectly clear. That this property is due to the salts\\nin the filling is shown by the fact that if say 15 lbs. of simple\\nwater were added to 100 lbs. of a well-made soft soap, the pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nviously clear and solid soap would turn soft, turbid, and long,\\nas soon as it is cooled, while the crutching in of a like amount\\nof a suitable salt solution will leave the soap clear and of good\\nconsistency. It is to be observed here that in warm weather the\\nsoap remains clearer with thin solutions than in the cold; the\\nlower the temperature of the atmosphere the stronger must be this", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "Soft Soap.\\n239\\nkind of filling All potash salts can be used for this purpose\\nwith about the same effect, but potassium chloride is usually pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nferred to the carbonate or sulphate for its cheapness, ready solu\u00c2\u00ac\\nbility and convenient use. It can be added during the boiling\\nor afterwards, and shortens the soap more than does pearlash.\\nSome soapmakers prefer the sulphate of soda, as it softens\\nthe soap less; this is the result of some soda soap forming in the\\nkettle when sulphate of soda is used, and this soda soap gives\\ngreater consistency to the product; but the same result could be\\nobtained more cheaply by using some soda lye in the boiling in the\\nfirst place and then filling with potassium chloride as just described.\\nAnother favorite material is potato flour, rice flour, or starch,\\nbecause the same bind considerable water and lye and thereby\\nmake the soap more solid, which may be even of advantage in\\nhot weather; but at the same time the soap will be less clear\\nand transparent when filled with flour. In combination with\\nsilicate of soda, starch is used in a manner as follows: Equal\\nweights of starch, silicate of soda, and water are well stirred\\ntogether; enough of the soap is then crutched in to make a\\ncreamy mixture, of which the desired quantity is crutched into\\nthe soap in the kettle. After adding this filling the soap has\\nlost its \u00e2\u0080\u009cshort\u00e2\u0080\u009d character, and requires the careful addition of\\nsome strong caustic lye (30\u00c2\u00b0 B.). Silicate of potash, diluted with\\nwater, is another suitable filling material for soft soap of which\\n(at 18\u00c2\u00b0 B.) 25 lbs. may be used for every 100 lbs. of stock em\u00c2\u00ac\\nployed; or a filling mixture containing this filler may be made\\nof 10 lbs. silicate of potash, 15 lbs. potato flour, 20 lbs. potash\\nsolution of 12\u00c2\u00b0 B., 5 lbs. water and 5 lbs. potash lye of 28\u00c2\u00b0 B.;\\nin using this filler, the proceeding is as follows: The potash so\u00c2\u00ac\\nlution, water, and flour are mixed together separately; into this\\nis stirred some of the soap until a thin mass is obtained; the\\nsilicate and lye are mixed together and added to the soap in the\\nkettle and well crutched through, then the flour mixture is\\ncrutched in, and lastly, when all is well mixed, some caustic lye\\nfor shortening will be required. Most fillers render the soap\\nshorter, so that the latter should be made from the start with\\nrather caustic lye, in order to have the right consistency after\\nfilling. Besides the materials just mentioned there are also used\\ncarbonate of soda (and of potash), and sulphate of soda. The\\npeculiar action of soda salts on potash soap has been previously\\nexplained. (See also Appendix, Note 11.)", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "240\\nSoft Soap.\\nRosin.\\nsoap.\\nYield of On the effect of rosin, the different lyes, and the yield of\\nsoap (without filling-), a German writer made the following in\u00c2\u00ac\\nteresting observations:\\nIt may be called a rare occurrence for a soaprnaker to ob\u00c2\u00ac\\ntain the same percentage of yield in making several boils of one\\nkind of soft soap. In a great majority of cases, even with the\\nsame fats and lyes, a difference amounting to several per cent will\\nbe noticed. The principal cause of this difference is the impossi\u00c2\u00ac\\nbility of adjusting with mathematical correctness the evaporation\\nof water by boiling; what is ordinarily termed normal evapor\u00c2\u00ac\\nation fluctuates between limits which account for these vari\u00c2\u00ac\\nations. If the evaporation of water by boiling is sufficient in\\nitself to bring about this result, it is still further explained on\\nconsidering that the yield is affected also by the fats, by the\\ngreater or less causticity of the lye, and by the addition of soda\\nin soap for summer use.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cAmong the unfilled soft soaps in which potash lye exclus\u00c2\u00ac\\nively has been used, the \u00e2\u0080\u009cnatural grain\u00e2\u0080\u009d (figged) soaps are\\nprominent, in making which potash lye only is used in all sea\u00c2\u00ac\\nsons. The different fats selected for the different seasons do not\\ninfluence the yield to a degree worth mentioning, as it is not so\\nmuch the tallow but especially the oils which vary. Generally\\none-third tallow (figured on the total of fats) is sufficient, as,\\nfor instance, in summer sufficient stearin for the proper forma\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of the grain is introduced by the increased proportion of\\ncotton seed oil employed. The yield of linseed oil and of cotton\\nseed oil may be assumed to be the same; the change in the pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nportions of these two oils used therefore has no practical influ\u00c2\u00ac\\nence on the amount of soap produced.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThe variations frequently enough encountered in the yield\\nof these soaps generally fluctuate between 235 and 240. This is\\nowing principally on account of stronger evaporation of water\\nin the case of the lower figure named, for in these soaps espe\u00c2\u00ac\\ncially the manufacturer is careful to add potash solution if neces\u00c2\u00ac\\nsary to counterbalance great causticity in the lye.\\nThe proper degree of evaporation is recognized in such\\nsoaps by observing the froth on the surface toward the end of\\nthe boiling. When the soap, having been properly made with\\ncaustic and carbonated lye, falls in the kettle during strong boil\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, this is the sign that the excess of water is removed and\\nthat boiling must be discontinued shortly after. If no formation", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "Soft Soap.\\n241\\nof froth is then observed on the surface when th e soap has quieted\\ndown, we are justified in assuming\u00e2\u0080\u0099 that the soap was boiled\\ndown too strongly. (These remarks are based on boiling over an\\nopen fire, the excessive evaporation of water being here caused\\nby either not drawing the fire soon enough, or by after-heating\\nby the heat in the furnace, etc.) In this case the yield would\\nprobably fall short of 240 per cent, and in fact there is no clue as\\nto how much water has been unnecessarily evaporated; it is then\\nnecessary for the proper yield to add so much water during slow\\nboiling until a very little speck of froth\u00e2\u0080\u0094about the size of a\\n5-cent piece\u00e2\u0080\u0094is seen on the surface. This affords a certainty\\nthat the proportion of water is neither too high nor too low; still\\nthere will be small variations in the weight as frequently more\\nor less froth is caused, which, however, does not influence the\\nquality of the soap and therefore requires no correction if the\\nvariation is not too far from the normal condition.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cGreater differences in the yield occur in the unfilled ordi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnary smooth and green soaps (Crown soaps), this being a natural\\nconsequence of the changes in the proportions of rosin used and\\nin the lyes employed. The yield of soap decreases in proportion\\nas more soda lye is used, as less soda is necessary to saponify the\\noil than is required of potash. Soft soaps made of pure potash\\nlye show a larger increase, for in a case requiring 56 parts potash\\nlye for saponification, 40 parts of soda lye of the same strength\\nand causticity would be quite sufficient. Then the character of\\nthe lye plays an important part in the yield. Of a very caustic\\nlye less is, of course, required to saturate the oils than of one\\ncontaining more carbonated alkali, for it is the caustic lye alone\\nwhich saponifies oils, while the action of the carbonated alkali\\nis purely mechanical and by its presence naturally increases the\\nyield.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cAccording to season the smooth and green soft soaps con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntain more or less rosin. The yield is in these cases figured on\\nthe basis of the fats alone, because on account of its low price\\nthe rosin is considered as belonging rather to the filling than to\\nthe fats.\\nOne would think that the lye required for saponifying the\\nrosin would add to the yield of soap in the same proportion as\\nin pure\u00e2\u0080\u0098oil soap, but when the rosin is boiled together with the\\noils from the start, it rarely causes an increase above its own\\nweight, compared to the soap made without rosin. For example", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "242\\nSoft Soap.\\n1,500 lbs. linseed oil and 225 lbs. rosin (15%), without using\\nany soda lye, furnished, according- to repeated weig-hing-s in act\u00c2\u00ac\\nual practice, 3,600 lbs. soap; this is 240%, figured on the 1,500\\nlbs. of oil. The same result was obtained when 1,200 lbs. lin\u00c2\u00ac\\nseed oil, 300 lbs. cotton seed oil, and 225 lbs. rosin were used.\\nOnly once a percentag-e of 242% could be recorded. If now a\\npure oil soap, (without rosin and soda lye) is considered as yield\u00c2\u00ac\\ning- 228%, then the 1,500 lbs. of oil would yield 3,420 lbs. of soap,\\nand if we add to this merely the simple weight of rosin we have\\n3,645 lbs. or 243% ag-ainst 240% actually yielded. The explan\u00c2\u00ac\\nation \u00c2\u00a9f this deficiency can only be found in the strong-er boiling-\\ndown required for soaps containing- rosin. The indications show\u00c2\u00ac\\ning when enough water has been evaporated are the same in soap\\nmade with rosin as in those without rosin, but in the former\\nthey appear later, thereby causing the lower yield.\\nSeveral boils with 10% rosin, made without soda lye, gave\\na yield of 236 per cent. The materials were 1,250 lbs. linseed\\noil, 250 lbs. cotton seed oil, 150 lbs. rosin.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThe same soaps with only 5% rosin, made in the same\\nmanner, yielded from 230 to 232%. Small variations occur here\\nalso, because the lyes are never quite alike, nor is the degree of\\nevaporation.\\nThe yield of summer soaps, as already said, depends on\\nthe use of soda lye. In this respect the use of the cheaper cotton\\nseed oil is of advantage, for with the addition of but little soda\\na sufficiently solid soap results, together with a larger yield. In\\nthe very hot season cotton seed oil may be used almost entirely\\nfor smooth soft soaps, when of course the soda lye must be entire\u00c2\u00ac\\nly omitted. In less warm weather half linseed oil and half cotton\\nseed oil with 5 to 10% rosin, may be used, but it may then be\\nwell to use from 8 to 10% of soda lye to guard the soap against\\nbecoming too thin. The loss in the yield with so little soda lye\\nwill not be more than two or three per cent.\\nIn calculating the yield in the case of filled soaps it is only\\nnecessary to subtract the weight of filling used and divide the\\nweight of actual soap by the weight of the oils used, to get the\\npercentage of yield. For instance, if 1,250 lbs. linseed oil, 250\\nlbs. cotton seed oil, and 150 lbs. rosin, with the aid of 380 lbs.\\nchloride of potash solution, make 3,920 lbs. of soap; then there\\nare 3,540 lbs. of real soap, and this divided by 15 (1,500 lbs. of\\noils) =236%.\u00e2\u0080\u009d", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "Soft Soap.\\n243\\nThk Boiling.\\nThe boiling- is carried out either in a steam-jacketed kettle\\nor by the aid of closed and open steam pipes. Towards the\\nfinish a considerable degree of heat is required, for which reason\\nthe use of closed steam alone would require considerable pressure\\nin the boiler. At all events, the kettle must be placed as near\\nas possible to the boiler, so as to avoid the cooling of the steam\\nwhile it is conducted from the boiler to the kettle. In other\\ncountries an open fire is used almost exclusively, but this is very\\nliable to burn the soap.\\nThe manufacturing process of soft soaps is almost as varied\\nas in the case of hard soaps. If rosin is used, it may be melted\\nwith the oil and both saponified together, or the rosin is added\\nwith the necessary lye of 30\u00c2\u00b0 B., after saponifying the oil, and\\nthe whole boiled together. The proportion of rosin in any soft\\nsoap should not exceed 1 lb. to 10 lbs. of stock. The lye may con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntain the necessary carbonate from the start, or it may be caustic\\nand the soap shortened afterward with pearl ash and chloride of\\npotash solution, as said before.\\nOther points of variation will appear from the following de\u00c2\u00ac\\nscription of the processes adopted for different soaps.\\nCROWN SOAPS.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cCrown soap\u00e2\u0080\u009d is one of the many names by which those\\nsoft soaps are known which are homogenous throughout, as\\ndistinguished from the figged soaps, which have numerous\\nsmall crystals of stearin soap distributed throughout the mass.\\nThe lye is made either by dissolving commercial caustic pot\u00c2\u00ac\\nash in water or by causticizing the carbonate. The first-named\\nmethod is the easiest and safest, as it makes a more uniform lye.\\nThe causticizing of carbonate of potash is done as follows: The\\npotash is dissolved in water, by means of heat, until it shows 20\u00c2\u00b0\\nB. For every 2 lbs. potash there is then added about 1 lb. of\\nfreshly-slacked lime and the whole boiled for an hour, when the\\nlime is allowed to settle until the lye can be drawn off clear.\\nThe precipitate is heated again, with more water, to make lye\\nof about 12\u00c2\u00b0 B. A third washing (anything less than 10\u00c2\u00b0 B.) is\\nreserved to be used instead of water for dissolving the next batch\\nof alkali. As the potash and the lime are of ever-varying degree\\nof purity, this process of making the lye is liable to prove trouble\u00c2\u00ac\\nsome in the boiling of the soap, especially to the inexperienced\\nBoiling by steam.\\nCausticizing pot\\nash.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "244\\nSoft Soap.\\nStock.\\nsoap-maker. For making- a purer lye, the potash may be dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nsolved at first to form a 40\u00c2\u00b0 B. solution, from which the impurities\\nare settled out, the foreign salts crystallizing- out and settling to\\nto the bottom or attaching- themselves to the sides of the vessel.\\nThe purified solution is then diluted to 20 B. and causticized as\\nabove.\\nAs to quantity, there are required about 36 lbs. of pearl ash\\n(causticized with lime), or in other words, about 160 lbs. 24 B.\\nlye for 100 lbs. of stock. Of low-grade potash, or when the soap\\nis to be filled, somewhat more is required.\\nThe stock for these soaps may be linseed oil, cotton seed oil,\\nred oil, and grease, in porportions to suit the manufacturer, and\\nthe season, and of course also rosin, if desired. With much lin\u00c2\u00ac\\nseed oil about 1 part soda lye may be used with every 2 parts\\npotash lye in summer; the more grease is used, the less soda lye\\nis admissible. In winter the soda lye is omitted altogether. The\\nstock may be run into the kettle the evening previous to boiling\\nthe soap, together with say 40 lbs. of lye for every 100 lbs. of\\nstock, and well mixed. Not much more lye, however, must be\\ntaken for this purpose, as otherwise the soap may- set in the ket\u00c2\u00ac\\ntle. Nor must the materials be mixed too warm or the spon\u00c2\u00ac\\ntaneous development of heat might cause boiling over. If the lye\\nhad been made by dissolving a pure grade of caustic potash, and\\nit is intended not to add the required carbonate until the finish,\\nand to boil with open steam, the lye may be used from the start\\nat a strength of 20-24 B., but if the lye had been made by caus-\\nticizing the carbonate in the soap factory (and therefore contains\\nthe carbonate intended to be in the soap), and if is were intend\u00c2\u00ac\\ned to boil over an open fire, the weakest lye obtained in caustic-\\nizing (10-12 B.) must be used at first, using the stronger lye as\\nsaponification progresses. In other words, the strength of the lye\\nis regulated in accordance with its caustic strength and with the\\namount of water required, so as to avoid the necessity of evapo\u00c2\u00ac\\nrating much water at the finish. The materials begin to com\u00c2\u00ac\\nbine over night, and next morning steam is turned on. When\\nthe contents of the kettle come to a boil, the remaining lye is\\nrun in gradually, under constant boiling, so as to be all in the\\nkettle at the end of about one hour. During this time the soap\\nmust not be allowed to become weak, to prevent bunching. The\\nsoap now soon becomes clear, indicating that the stock is fairly\\nwell saponified. Small samples are the\u00e2\u0080\u0099n set on glass, to see if", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "Soft Soap.\\n245\\nthe soap has all the necessary characteristics of a well-made soft\\nsoap. The sample will probably be thin, and on touching- it\\nwith the fing-er it will draw a thread; on cooling- it will lose its\\ntransparency, and be jelly-like in consistenc} T on the surface of\\nthe soap in the kettle there may be a lig ht scum. These sig-ns\\nindicate that there is an excess of water which must be evapor\u00c2\u00ac\\nated in order to \u00e2\u0080\u009cshorten\u00e2\u0080\u009d the soap, by boiling- for a while long-er.\\nIf the sample is not clear, and is slippery on the glass, it shows\\nan excess of streng-th, which can only be remedied by adding- more\\nstock. If the sample is clear at first, but becomes gray in the\\ncenter on cooling, lye is wanting.\\nThe soap which is finished correctly appears as follows Sl i s h f pi oper\\nWhile boiling, it suddenly falls in the kettle, the water having\\nevaporated just sufficiently to shorten it enough; the soap in the\\nkettle is clear, with very little or no froth on the surface, and\\nthe boiling mass opens in \u00e2\u0080\u009croses\u00e2\u0080\u009d similarly as described under\\nEschweg soap. A heaped sample on glass does not spread very\\nmuch and shows few air bubbles; touched with the finger it draws\\nno thread, but merely forms a very small point; it is clear, and\\non cooling becomes surrounded by a very narrow grayish rim of\\nlye, covered with a fine striped skin. (This latter appearance is\\ntermed \u00e2\u0080\u009clye flower\u00e2\u0080\u009d by the German soap makers, and is the re\u00c2\u00ac\\nsult of the evaporation of the water from the hot sample, by\\nwhich the latter appears as if evaporated too far.) In the sum\u00c2\u00ac\\nmer the soap should be made less strong, and the sample should\\ntherefore have this striped appearance less strongly developed\\nthan in winter, when a little extra strength protects the soap\\nagainst freezing\\nIf the samples have the required appearance, the soap is fin\u00c2\u00ac\\nished\u00e2\u0080\u0094unless rosin is to be added, in which case it is broken\\nfine, thrown into the soap, and boiled, together with the necessary\\nquantity of 30\u00c2\u00b0 soda lye, until the appearance of a sample, as be\u00c2\u00ac\\nfore, indicates that it is finished.\\nThe soap is allowed to cool in the kettle to 150 F. and then\\nrun into barrels, and crutched until cold..\\nFIGGED SOAPS.\\nBy appropriate manipulation soft soap can be made so that\\nin course of storing it for a time it develops numerous crystals of\\nstearate of potash throughout the mass, ranging in size from\\nthat of a pin-head to that of a grain of rice, giving it a \u00e2\u0080\u009cfigged\u00e2\u0080\u009d", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "246\\nSoet Soap.\\nStock.\\nappearance much liked by consumers. This process of crystal\u00c2\u00ac\\nlizing- is analogous to the formation of the mottle in hard soaps,\\nbut requires long-er time, taking- from two to six weeks. It is\\nbroug-ht about, in the first place, by the addition to the stock of\\nsome fat rich in stearin, such as tallow, for the formation of the\\ngrain; for the clear body of the soap oil is used. The lye used is\\npotash altog-etlier, without the addition of any soda lye, and even\\nthe potash should be as free from soda as possible, as the latter\\nprevents the formation of the crj^stals. Furthermore the lye for\\nfig-g-ed soap requires to be still less caustic than that for the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cCrown\u00e2\u0080\u009d soaps, as the soap must possess, even when cold, the\\nnecessary mobility to permit the crystals of potassium stearate\\nto form. The more tallow or other solid fat is used, the thicker\\nwill be the soap, and the more carbonate must consequently be\\nin the lye. If the lye is too caustic, the soap will remain per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfectly liomog-eneous in storing-, instead of crystallizing-. On the\\nother hand, if it contains too much carbonate it crystallizes very\\nreadily, but also becomes syrup-like on storing-.\\nThe lye is made as described before for other soft soaps, or\\nthe lime is slacked in weak lye that may be on hand, and the\\npotash dissolved in the latter. About 40 to 42 lbs. of lime are\\nrequired for 100 lbs. of pearl ash; a little more in summer.\\nThe stock may be: Linseed oil or cotton seed oil, 65 parts;\\ntallow, 35 parts; or, tallow, 40 parts, linseed oil, 40 parts, and\\ncotton seed oil, 20 parts; or any similar combination. For yellow\\nsoap some palm oil may be added. The stock should be fresh,\\nif possible; old rancid tallow requires to be previously purified.\\nA greater proportion of tallow than just named causes smaller,\\nbut more abundant crystals.\\nThe stock is saponified as discribed for the ordinary soft\\nsoaps, and boiling- must not be carried too far, as an excessive\\nevaporation of water retards, if it does not entirely prevent the\\ncrystallization, besides reducing- the yield. The sig-ns for a fin\u00c2\u00ac\\nished soap are similar, as already described under \u00e2\u0080\u009cCrown Soaps.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nWhen it sinks in the kettle while boiling-, and on shutting- off\\nsteam, only a small speck of froth is seen in the center of the sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nface, it contains the proper proportion of water. The soap may\\nbe known to have the rig-ht alkaline streng-th when a sample, al\u00c2\u00ac\\nmost as soon as it is set on gdass, has a slig-htly turbid surface.\\nThe cold sample must be clear, with this sligdit turbidity barely\\nperceptible; but after a short time it should no long-er be brig-ht,\\n4", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "247\\nSoft Soap.\\nbut rather appear covered with a bloom such as is often seen on\\nripe fruit.\\nWhen cooled in the kettle to 150\u00c2\u00b0 F., the soap is run into\\ndry and clean barrels, which are stored in a cellar, at a temper\u00c2\u00ac\\nature between 55\u00c2\u00b0 and 65 F., which is most favorable for crys\u00c2\u00ac\\ntallization. Other things being equal, this process will take less\\ntime as the proportion of tallow used is larger.\\nFor filling figged soaps silicate of potash is best adapted, as Fillin\\nsoda prevents in a measure the proper crystallization. The fill\u00c2\u00ac\\ning may be added in the following manner: Mix silicate of pot\u00c2\u00ac\\nash in warm water till the solution shows 11^\u00c2\u00b0 B. while warm;\\nthen add 38-40\u00c2\u00b0 potash solution to bring the strength up to 13^\u00c2\u00b0\\nB. warm. Into 435 lbs. of this solution crutch 300 lbs. of flour. En\u00c2\u00ac\\nough of the soap is then added to form a tough mass, which must\\ndraw long threads on removing a small portion. This mass is then\\ncrutched into the soap in the kettle, when some caustic lye of\\n27\u00c2\u00b0 B. must be added to restore the proper strength and consist\u00c2\u00ac\\nency. The proportions used are about as follows:\\n2,350 lbs. soap.\\n300 lbs. flour.\\n435 lbs. silicate solution.\\n535 lbs. lye, 27\u00c2\u00b0 B.\\nThe soap to be filled should not contain too much carbonate,\\nas the filling will shorten it to some extent. In winter less sili\u00c2\u00ac\\ncate and more carbonate is preferable.\\nThe carbonate, sulphate, or chloride of potash, especially\\nthe latter, can be used here also, as already described in the be\u00c2\u00ac\\nginning of this chapter. Soda salts are unsuitable for figged\\nsoaps.\\nARTIFICIALLY FIGGED SOAP.\\nThe crystals of potassium sterate being produced by the use\\nof tallow or similar fats, which are comparatively cheap in this\\ncountry, there is scarcely any need of causing the same appear\u00c2\u00ac\\nance by artificial means, as is a very common practice in coun\u00c2\u00ac\\ntries where tallow is very high in price compared to other stock.\\nBut in highly filled soaps also the crystals are often represented\\nartifically. This is done\u00e2\u0080\u0094to the detriment of the quality of the\\nsoap, of course\u00e2\u0080\u0094by breaking well-burned lime into very small\\npieces, and sifting those out which pass easily through a coarse\\n-ieve, but do not go through a sieve of say sixteen meshes to an", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "248\\nSoft. Soap.\\ninch; these small pieces of lime are crutched into the hot soap\\nand swell up in the same by absorbing* water, making* a very\\nclose imitation of the naturally fig*g*ed soap. Chalk is some\u00c2\u00ac\\ntimes similarly used, but is less satisfactory, and artificial grains\\nof various kinds are even an article of commerce.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XI.\\nGeneral Remarks on Boiling Soaps.\\nThe chapters VII., VIII and IX. have been devoted to a\\ndescription of the methods employed in this country for boiling\\nthe hard soaps used in the laundry and for g-eneral household\\npurposes; the operations of perfuming-, pressing- and reworking\\nof scraps will be described in separate chapters, as will also the\\nboiling- of toilet soap for milling.\\n\u00c2\u00ab1/ kL* ll- vlx -V-\\nT *T V T \u00c2\u00abT* vv\\nA special variety of marbled soap, which also contains a Artificial n\\nlarge proportion of water, may be made by cooling a boiled soap\\njust enough to bring it to the consistency required to keep the\\ncoloring matter suspended. When the coloring matters are then\\ncrutched in, the marble is formed in a manner similar to that\\nobserved in soap thickened by boiling down.\\nThere have been invented numerous devices and methods TT\\nanous\\nwith a view to improve the ordinary boiling process, such as boil- cesses,\\ning the fats under strong pressure with carbonated alkali, boiling\\nwith superheated steam, etc. It is very unlikely, however, that\\na great change will ever be generally adopted from the present\\nordinary boiling process, for, as said before, it is difficult to im\u00c2\u00ac\\nagine anything more simple. The only direction in which real\\nimprovements are to be looked for is in the mechanical appli\u00c2\u00ac\\nances used for the various requirements of the soap factory, and\\npossibly in the employment of new raw materials.\\nThe manipulations described in the preceding chapters, if simpiiiie\\nA C6SS6.S,\\nproperly carried out, will furnish excellent products in each case.\\navble\\np r o\\n(1 pro", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "aste Lye\\ni\\n250 General Remarks on Boiling Soaps.\\nIt is true that not all soaps are boiled as carefully and with as\\nmany \u00e2\u0080\u009cchanges\u00e2\u0080\u009d as here described, but the simplified processes\\nnever give as good results. Nor will it be necessar}^ to describe\\nin detail the various short cuts by which two or more operations\\nare sometimes condensed into one, for there is nothing- mysterious\\nabout the boiling- of soap, and whoever desires to do so can\\nreadily determine how to abbreviate the making- of any soap by\\ncarefully considering- the reasons stated why each operation is\\nconducted just as it is. For instance, a careful perusal of the\\nchapter on Settled Rosin Soap will sug-g-est that such a soap\\ncould be made by saponifying- the tallow and rosin in one oper\u00c2\u00ac\\nation, thereby saving- one chang-e; then an excess of strong- lye\\ncould be used instead of salt (or brine) for .graining- the soap,\\nthereby saving the strengthening change also; the soap could\\nthen be thinned for settling directly after running off the lye\\nused to grain the soap.\\nOr, if this is not simple enough yet, the tallow and rosin\\ncould be saponified with just enough lye to leave the soap very\\nnearly neutral, and then the latter could be thinned directly for\\nsettling.\\nThese and other suggestions will readily occur to the prac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntical soap maker, who will also understand their disadvantages.\\nFor this reason they have not been treated at length in these\\npages.\\nWe repeat, there is no mystery about the boiling of soap, but\\nan intelligent understanding of all the raw materials, fats, lyes,\\nsalts, and of the \u00e2\u0080\u009creasons why\u00e2\u0080\u009d of all the different operations is\\nrequired, in order to come to correct conclusions in determining\\nthe course to pursue in given cases. For this reason these pages\\nhave been devoted to explanations rather than to hard and fast,\\nbut unexplained formulas, which the uninitiated could no more follow\\nthan the average human being could steer a ship across the oce\u00c2\u00ac\\nan, had he ever so high priced maps to guide him.\\nFormerly much speculation was indulged in as to the best\\nmethod of \u00e2\u0080\u009cregenerating\u00e2\u0080\u009d partly spent lyes, so as to bring them\\ninto proper condition for using them over again. At present they\\nare either worked up for glycerin, if from the first change, or\\ntheir remaining strength is utilized by boiling with fats and fat\u00c2\u00ac\\nty acids, to recover the strength of the carbonate as well as the\\ncaustic soda.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "General Remarks on Boiling Soaps.\\n251\\nThe weight of soap yielded by a given amount of a certain Yield\\nfat or rosin is a matter of practical importance; but owing to the\\nvarious kinds and qualities of materials used a positive answer\\nthat will hold in all cases cannot be given to this problem. One\\nlot ot tallow or other fats, or of rosin, will turn out differently\\nthan others; besides the proportion of water present in the fin\u00c2\u00ac\\nished product is not always the same. (A moderate amount of\\nwater must be present in every hard soap, besides the fatty acid\\nand alkali, and is therefore included in the yield. Filling of\\nany kind is, of course, not included in speaking of the yield of\\nactual soap). The increase consists of alkali and a moderate\\nproportion of water\u00e2\u0080\u0094less the glycerin lost\u00e2\u0080\u0094and of course is\\nsomewhat higher in settled soap than in the boiled down soap.\\nThere is also considerable difficulty in ascertaining the exact\\nyield in a given case, from the fact that in a large boil on a man\u00c2\u00ac\\nufacturing scale it is next to impossible to accurately weigh all\\nthe fat and rosin used, the good soap obtained less the filling\\nthat has been added before framing, and the good soap still con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntained in the nigre.\\nIt is therefore generally considered sufficient to estimate\\nthat \u00e2\u0080\u009c100 lbs. tallow, saponified with soda lye yield about 150\\nlbs. of soap; rosin increases slightly less than tallow; cocoanut\\noil yields somewhat more.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nAn experiment on a small scale would permit of more accu\u00c2\u00ac\\nrate observation, but it is impossible to say just how near the re\u00c2\u00ac\\nsults are to those actually obtained in the factory. The details\\nof such an experimental boil recently made by Mr. C. Melzer,\\nand reported by him to the American Soap Journal are of interest\\nin this connection; the following is an extract of the essential\\nparts of the same:\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThe quantities operated with were 10 pounds 74 per cent\\nSolvay caustic soda, 25 pounds prime tallow, and 25 pounds K\\nrosin. The 10 pounds caustic soda made 67 pounds lye of 20 B. at\\n60\u00c2\u00b0 Fahr. To saponify the 25 pounds tallow I required 26 pounds\\nof the 20\u00c2\u00b0 lye and produced 42)4 pounds curd soap. The waste\\nlye which was very slightly alkaline marking 12 B. at60\u00c2\u00b0 Fahr\\nWithout removing this waste lye I added to this soap in kettle\\nthe 25 pounds K rosin, used 23pounds of the 20 lye for\\nsaponifying the same, and grained out with a little more salt.\\nThe total soap now weighed 81 yi pounds, showing that the 25\\npounds rosin had produced 39 pounds. The very dark-colored\\nof hard", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "252\\nGeneral Remarks on Boiling Soaps.\\nwaste lye now marked 14 B. at 60\u00c2\u00b0 Fahr. and contained alkaline\\nstrength which I estimated equal to 1 or 1)4 pounds of 20\u00c2\u00b0 lye,\\nthus leaving* 22 or 22)4 pounds 20 lye actually required for\\nsaponifying- the 25 pounds rosin.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThe appearance and general properties of this 100 per cent,\\nrosin-soap correspond to the old-fashioned boiled-down rosin\\nsoap of anti-bellum times of which it was said that it answered\\nequally well for washing the clothes and for rosining the bow.\\nNext, I settled this soap in the usual way, and after a repose of\\nfour hours dipped out 49 pounds settled soap. There were pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nbably two or three pounds more, but this could not be dipped\\nout without getting more or less nigre also. This settled soap\\nis of good color and filled with 7 per cent. 33\u00c2\u00b0 Carb. soda solu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion (i lb. 58 per cent Solvay Process Co. \u00e2\u0080\u009cPure Alkali\u00e2\u0080\u009d (Carb.\\nSoda) make 3 2 lbs. solution of 33 at 120\u00c2\u00b0 Fahr.) looks all right,\\nbut, of course, is quite sticky. Adding salt brine to the nigre I\\nboiled it down to a sharp grain which weighed 34)4 lbs. The\\nwaste lye weighing 15 B. at 60\u00c2\u00b0 Fahr. remaining clear and had\\nvery little alkaline strength. Of course this weight of settled\\nsoap and nigre is disproportionate, the settling operation on so\\nsmall a scale being imperfect. In practice the nigre is much\\nsmaller, varying from one-fifth to one-third of the total. It will\\nbe noticed that the combined weight of settled soap and nigre\\nis two pounds greater than that of the curd soap previous to settl\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, which difference represents the extra water held in the settl\u00c2\u00ac\\ned soap.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cWhy we should be able in an experiment like this to pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduce a larger quantity of soap with a smaller quantity of soda\\nthan in actual practice I cannot explain, unless it is that in the\\nexperiment we know the quality and quantity of the materials\\nand of the product, whilst in actual practice we do not. In the\\nexperiment referred to, I used at the rate of lbs. 74 per\\ncent caustic soda to saponify 100 lbs. of stock consisting of equal\\nparts tallow and rosin; in actual practice the proportion of rosin\\nas compared to the fats is about 50 rosin to 100 fats, and if these\\nfigures are taken as a basis, it will be found that I used )ust\\nabout 15 lbs. 74 per cent caustic soda to the 100 lbs. of stock.\\nAccording to the law of equivalents this is more than enough; and\\nwhilst I do not wish to prove my figures in this way, I shall hold\\nthat they are about correct until convinced of the contrary by other\\nmeans than the results supposed to be obtained in actual practice.\u00e2\u0080\u009d", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "General Remarks on Boiling Soaps.\\n253\\nReferring- to calculating- the yield in actual practice the same\\nwriter remarks:\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThe manufacture of commercial soap is not an exact sci\u00c2\u00ac\\nence; we may say that the acids and bases employed in soap mak\u00c2\u00ac\\ning- will only combine in fixed proportions according- to their\\nequivalents, and any surplus of one or the other will not enter\\ninto the combination no matter what the soap maker may do.\\nThat is all g-ood enoug-h, but the practical soap maker does not\\naim to produce a neutral salt, that is, not g-enerally. To attempt\\nto tell, from accounts kept in the factory, in any but an approxi\u00c2\u00ac\\nmate way, how much of this and that material was used, and how\\nmuch soap was produced therefrom, is impossible. I keep ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncounts of every batch of soap made in our factory, but make no\\npretense to their correctness other than that they show the pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nbable quantity of fats and rosin consumed and the number of\\nframes of soap produced.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cI will here quote from my kettle book the debits and credits\\nof six successive batches of soap, which will show about as cor\u00c2\u00ac\\nrect results as is possible to obtain in this way.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThe first two of these six batches of soap were made in\\nclean kettles (kettles Nos. 2 and 3); on the nigres remaining\\ntherefrom two more batches of the same (high grade) soap were\\nmade, then the nigre in No. 3 was pumped into the nigre in No.\\n2, and some stock added, and this made into a batch of second\\ngrade soap; after this the nigre in No. 2 was pumped into a nigre\\nin kettle No. 1 remaining from a previous batch of low grade\\nsoap, stock added and worked again into a batch of low grade\\nsoap. The nigre now remaining in kettle No. 1 may be con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsidered an offset to the nigre previously in this kettle, and as I\\nwork up no soap trimmings in our kettles there is nothing to\\nestimate in this direction.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThe aggregate quantity of fats (tallow, white and yellow\\ngrease) used for these six batches, was 130,500 pounds, rosin\\n44,500 pounds; soap produced, 292 frames. Our frames are 48 x\\n42x15 inches and considered to hold 1,100 pounds of soap. I have\\nnever weighed one, and it is not convenient to do so, but taking\\nthe average of the quantity of soap we cut out of a frame, and add\u00c2\u00ac\\ning to this the weight of the trimmings, 1,075 lbs. appears to be\\nabout right, and I take this weight as the basis: 292 frames of\\n1.075 lbs. 313,900 lbs. of soap, and deducting from this 36,-\\n500 lbs. of carbonate soda, etc., added in the crutcher (the et", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "254\\nGeneral Remarks on Boiling Soaps.\\ncetera represents the perfume), we have 277,400 lbs. soap pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduced from 175,000 lbs. stock consisting- of fat and rosin in the\\nproportion of 100 fat to 34 rosin, or an increase of 58^2%.\\nThis does not show up so well as in the experiment, and in look\u00c2\u00ac\\ning- for the probable cause, I find the following-, which in a\\nmeasure applies to our factory only, but corresponding- causes\\nmay and probably do exist in every other factory. In the first\\nplace, our fats are pumped into the kettles from reservoirs sup\u00c2\u00ac\\nplied with a g-aug-e similar to those on railroad watering- tanks,\\neach divisonon this g-aug-e representing- 1,000 lbs. of fat. Tak\u00c2\u00ac\\ning- for granted that these gaug-es are correct with the fat at a\\ncertain temperature, say 110 Fahr., then the fats would always\\nhave to be measured when at this temperature or the necessary\\ncorrection made if taken at a different temperature. This is not\\nthe insignificant matter it seems to be, for fats and oils are ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npanded more by heat than liquids in general, and based upon the\\nfigures given by Deite (Handbuch der Seifenfabrikation, page\\n11) the difference in the volume of 25,000 lbs. fats or oils differ\u00c2\u00ac\\ning 36\u00c2\u00b0 Fahr. in temperature, would be equal to about 500 lbs.\\nThis correction, however, is never made. A still more important\\nitem is the impurities and water held in suspension by the fats.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cSeveral months ago, I worked up a lot of grease stearin\\nwhich contained a very considerable amount of albuminous mat\u00c2\u00ac\\nter, but this could not be readily separated, except from the\\nspent lye of the soap, and ver} T recently we bought white grease\\nthat looked wet, but precipitated no water on being melted; a\\nmoisture determination, however, showed that it contains over\\n19%. This grease is of peculiar nature and origin, but as it is\\nnot likely that the readers of the Journal will have any of it to\\ndeal with, I will not mention it further. With rosin it is even\\nworse; there is opaque rosin and trashy rosin, and rosin of which\\nwe do not know whether it will increase 30 or 60%; it is even\\ndifficult to get at the exact weight. We weigh or average the\\nbarrels and deduct 40 lbs. for Alabama or 70 lbs. for Savannah\\ncooperage, and when we come to a dark or trashy barrel, the whole,\\nor such part as is bad, is thrown out and the estimated quantity\\ndeducted, or it is not. This may look like great carelessness to\\nthe theorist, but he would very probably do the same way if he\\nwere engaged in the manufacture of commercial soap on a reason\u00c2\u00ac\\nably large scale.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe exact quantity of alkali required for saponifying a given", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "General Remarks on Boiling Soaps.\\n255\\namount of fat is a question which is of greater importance in\\nmaking- soap by the cold or half-boiled process than in boiling-.\\nDuring- the latter the soap-maker can determine when more lye\\nis required, and can also readily see when an excess is present\\nand remove the same from the mass; be is, therefore, content to\\nuse as much alkali as the fat can possibly absorb, as this increases\\nhis yield of soap. The quality of the stock is too variable to\\ncalculate with sufficient accuracy in advance the amount of alkali\\na large boil will absorb. In the cold and half-boiled process,\\nhowever, the calculation is made as near as possible, since in\\nthis case there is no other way than to mix the lye with the fat\\nin proportions estimated to be correct.\\nThe temperature at which a soap is framed is of importance\\nin most cases. Apart from the filling operations in the crutcher,\\nas described under \u00e2\u0080\u009csettled soap,\u00e2\u0080\u009d the temperature also affects\\nthe behavior of the soap in the frames. A pure (unfilled) soap,\\ncooling slowly in the kettle, will assume a different formation\\nand texture than one poured hot into the frames (where it cools\\nmore rapidly than it would in the kettle), because in the two\\ncases the crystallization of the stearin soap from the olein soap\\nwill proceed differently. This difference is noticed even between\\nlarge and small frames. A soap which in a 3,000lbs. frame, for\\ninstance, shows a small crystalline formation and dries in straight\\nlines after cutting, will have a large grain if run into a 6,000 Ids.\\nframe, and will perhaps dry crooked after being cut into bars.\\nThis is a subject which must be studied in regard to each special\\nsoap made.\\nFrom careful observation it appears that, just as soap is de\u00c2\u00ac\\ncomposed in the act of washing in ordinary water, so a certain\\namount of decomposition takes place each time a soap is \u00e2\u0080\u009csalted\\nout;\u00e2\u0080\u009d at the same time the amount of free alkali present is re\u00c2\u00ac\\nduced. Thus a soap which, after salting out for the first time\\ncontained 0.30% free alkali and 0.56% free fatty acids, after a\\nsecond salting out showed 0.19% free alkali and 2.25% free fatty\\nacids, and another repetition of the process increased the free\\nfatty acids to nearly 4%.\\nFraming.\\nDecomposition by\\ngraining.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "m H\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Hi", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XII.\\nHalf=Boiled Soaps.*\\nGknerai. Remarks.\\nThe manufacture of soap by half-boiling- consists, briefly, Methods of hair\\nin mixing the melted stock with lye, either (preferably) in the bomng\\ncrutcher or in the soap frame. The lye is used quite strong\\n(say 35\u00c2\u00b0 B.) and the temperature of the stock may be taken at\\nabout 140\u00c2\u00b0 F. from the start, so that it will rise to 180-200\u00c2\u00b0\\nwhen the reaction of the lye on the stock causes the spontane\u00c2\u00ac\\nous generation of additional heat. Others use the fat just\\nwarm enough at first to melt it, mix it with the lye, and when\\nthe ingredients begin to combine turn on steam in the jacket of\\nthe crutcher to raise the temperature to say 180 c F. or over\\n(according to the stock, etc.), keeping it at about that point till\\nthe soap is of uniform consistency. This latter process has the\\ndisadvantage that it may easily cause the soap to boil over un\u00c2\u00ac\\nless carefully watched, and that a jacket crutcher or a water\\nbath must be used, while the proceeding first mentioned permits\\nof the use of an ordinary crutcher and, as already stated, may\\n*The term \u00e2\u0080\u009clialf-boiled\u00e2\u0080\u009d soap is not applied by all soap makers to\\nsignify the same thing. Mostly it is employed to designate those soaps\\nwhich are made without actually boiling the ingredients, but are formed\\nat a higher temperature than that used for the \u00e2\u0080\u009ccold-made soaps to be\\ndescribed in the next chapter. We shall employ the term in this sense in\\nthis treatise. (Others include in the denomination \u00e2\u0080\u009chalf-boiled all hard\\nsoa p_other than cold\u00e2\u0080\u0094made without change of lye, and which therefore\\ncontain all the glycerin and impurities of the stock. This definition\\nwould therefore include the Escliweg soap already described in Chap\u00c2\u00ac\\nter IX.)", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "258\\nHalf-Boiled Soaps.\\nAdvantages and\\ndisadvantages of\\nhalf boiling.\\nPurity of stock.\\nLye.\\nPrepared silicate.\\neven be carried out in the soap frame. In case stock containing\\nmuch free fatty acid is employed, the reaction is so rapid that\\nmuch heat is quickly evolved, so that in such case the stock\\nshould be used at a somewhat lower temperature; it is preferable,\\nhowever, to remove the free fatty acids beforehand by preparing\\nthe stock as for cold-made soap.\\nIt will be readily understood that the action of the lye on\\nthe stock is necessarily less complete in this case than in the\\nprocess of making- soap by boiling-, and that the product will\\nnaturally contain some uncombined ingredients, besides all the\\nimpurities that may have been present in the stock and lye, and\\nthe glycerin formed by the chemical action. But, on the other\\nhand, this process permits of remedying defects which may ap\u00c2\u00ac\\npear in the course of manufacture, which is not the case in the\\ncold process, to which it is therefore superior. The soap will\\nalso be somewhat imperfect on account of the impossibility of\\ncalculating exactly the amount of lye to be used for a given am\u00c2\u00ac\\nount of stock; however, the half-boiling process is in this res\u00c2\u00ac\\npect preferable to the cold process, since it is possible to make\\nnecessary corrections when making soap by half-boiling, if to\u00c2\u00ac\\nwards the finish there is either a lack or an excess of strength\\napparent.\\nThe purification of the stock being of special importance,\\nthe treatment with lye as described for bleaching tallow (page\\n43) is applicable for all kinds of stock for this purpose; or any of\\nthe other bleaching processes mentioned in the description of\\nvarious fats and oils might be used, if preferred. The lye treat\u00c2\u00ac\\nment is indicated, also, for the removal of free fatty acids from\\nthe stock, as the presence of these interferes with the proper\\nsaponification in all cases where actual boiling is not employed.\\nIn the process of bleaching those impurities are removed whose\\npresence is especially objectionable as tending to impair the\\nkeeping property of the soap.\\nThe lye used for half-boiled soap should be as caustic as\\npossible; in other words, should be made from the highest grade\\nof caustic, as the presence of foreign salts in the lye is an ob\u00c2\u00ac\\nstacle to the proper combination of fat and lye. (Compare also\\nthe remarks on this subject under \u00e2\u0080\u009cCold-Made Soaps.\u00e2\u0080\u009d)\\nIf silicate is used in the soap, care must be taken that the\\nsame has sufficient alkaline strength. Ordinarily to every 100\\nlbs. silicate 25-30 lbs. of 35\u00c2\u00b0 lye must be added, in order to pre-", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "Half-Boii.ed Soaps.\\n259\\nvent the silicate from crystallizing in the soap, from lack of\\nstrength. To properly prepare the silicate for this purpose the\\nlye is added until its presence is perceptible to the taste, then\\njust enough silicate is added till the taste of the lye disappears\\nag\u00e2\u0080\u0099ain; prepared in this manner the silicate will not spoil the\\nappearance of the finished soap by crystallizing or coming to\\nthe surface; nor is it so likely to cause soft and spongy parts in\\nthe middle of the frame, as unprepared silicate is very apt to do.\\nIf preferred the silicate may be mixed at the start with the lye\\nrequired for a batch of soap, and sufficient of that lye be used\\nfor both fat and silicate.\\nThe soap being g-enerallyof a very dense consistency, owing\\nto the low temperature employed, the crutcher should be ar\u00c2\u00ac\\nranged to run slowly when used for the half-boiling process,\\nand stirring should be continued only as long as necessary; to\\nattain this object it is desirable to have the crutcher connected\\nwith a separate engine, whose speed can at all times be adapted\\nto the requirements of the crutcher Or, where this is not pos\u00c2\u00ac\\nsible, the cog-wheels on the crutcher (or the pulleys on the\\ncounter shaft) must be arranged so as to give a slow speed to\\nthe machine. When half-boiled soap is crutched fast or too\\nlong it is apt to become spongy and floating by the incorpora\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of air bubbles.\\nFor the same reason those crutchers which have a screw\\nand center tube (see Fig. 33-41) should be filled sufficiently to\\nhave the latter covered at least with two or three inches of soap,\\nso that in falling over the edge of the center tube the contents\\ncannot catch air. The size of the frames should correspond with\\nthe capacity of the crutching machine, when the latter is filled\\nas indicated; or if the frames are not large enough the center\\ntube of the crutcher will have to be cut down sufficiently. The\\ncrutcher should always be heated somewhat before running in\\nany of the stock, as this not only guards against undue cooling\\noff, but also prevents the soap from sticking to the sides and\\ncausing lumps in the mass. It is also a convenient arrangement\\nto connect the steam pipe which leads to the jacket with a cold\\nwater pipe, to be used in case the oil should be too hot at any\\ntime. This cold water connection is also very useful because,\\nby applying cold water in the jacket in time, as soon as signs of\\nrising are noticed, boiling over may be prevented which is other\u00c2\u00ac\\nwise very liable to occur at times. (See Fig. 23).\\nCrutching.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "260\\nHalf-Boiled Soaps.\\nAmount o\\nused.\\nPearl a s\\ntion.\\nStrength o\\ni iye Particular attention must be paid to using the correct am\u00c2\u00ac\\nount of lye required to saponify the stock for a batch of half-\\nboiled soap. An excess of lye will make the soap too sharp; if\\nnot enough lye is used part of the fat remains unsaponified, the\\nsoap will be smeary and soft and, if the miscalculation is con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsiderable, the soap in the crutcher will be so thick that it is al\u00c2\u00ac\\nmost impossible to get it out for framing. As to the proper\\namount to be used, variations occur, owing to the differences in\\nthe stock, to the grade of caustic, and to the purpose for which\\nthe soap is to be used, washing soaps made by half-boiling or by\\nthe cold process being frequently made intentionally so as to have\\na very slight excess of strength. (See also the remarks on this\\nsubject in the chapter on cold-made soaps.)\\nIn calculating the amount of lye necessary, the figures\\nnamed in the chapter on the cold process may be used as a basis;\\nbut it must be remembered that a more perfect combination re\u00c2\u00ac\\nsults from half-boiling, for which reason from 2 to 3 per cent more\\nlye may be used in it than for the cold process. Of a very pure lye,\\nand for average stock, about 335 lbs. of 35^ B. soda lye may be\\ncalculated for 600 lbs. of tallow and similar fat; only for cocoa-\\nnut oil about 355 lbs. are required. As said before, if this am\u00c2\u00ac\\nount is found to leave the soap either too week or too sharp, it\\nis an easy matter to make the necessary correction in the\\ncrutcher before framing.\\n1 soiu- Strong pearl ash solution is sometimes added to the mass in\\nthe crutcher from the start, as it renders the soap more liquid\\nand better to work; it also improves the texture of the product\\nby giving it a finer grain, but as it does not combine with fats\\nthe finished soap will contain free carbonated alkali. To avoid\\nthis in a soap intended for toilet purposes, it is more to be\\nrecommended that some of the caustic soda lye be substituted by\\ncaustic potash lye, instead of using the pearl ash solution.\\nive. Regarding the proper strength of the lye for half-boiled\\nsoap, 35\u00c2\u00b0 is in most cases best adapted. Tallow, cotton seed oil\\nand olive oil, however, if worked with only a small addition of\\ncocoanut oil, make a smoother soap when the lye is reduced to\\n30-33 B. As it is a great convenience in some cases to know\\nabout how much water is required to reduce a certain amount of\\nlye of a given strength to one of the weaker degree, we give\\nthe following example of such a calculation, which will answer\\nin cases where the lye is to be diluted only by a few degrees", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "Haef-Boieed Soaps.\\n261\\nSupposing- our lye is 39\u00c2\u00b0, and we want to use 350 lbs. lye at\\n35\u00c2\u00b0; how much lye and how much water must we take Ans\u00c2\u00ac\\nwer 350x 35-12,250 lbs.\u00c2\u00b0; divided by the degrees of our lye:\\n39 -j- 12,250 314. There are therefore required 314 lbs. of 39\u00c2\u00b0\\nlye and the balance (36 lbs.) of water. This calculation is not\\nabsolutely correct, but sufficiently so for most purposes when\\nthe lye is to be diluted only by a few degrees.\\nIf the soap made is to be white, a trace of ultramarine blue\\nis frequently added, whereby the naturally yellow tint is changed\\ninto a less noticeable greenish color. The addition of some pot\u00c2\u00ac\\nash or sal soda solution will also make the soap appear whiter,\\nbut at the same time make it more brittle and alkaline. If\\nstarch, silex or any similar fillers are to be used, they are mixed\\nwith the oil before running it into the crutcher and the mixture\\nstrained into the latter to avoid lumps. If, in cases of extremely\\nhigh filling, the oil cannot hold all this extra material without\\nthickening too much, some of it must be added to the lye (ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ncept the starch, which would form a stiff paste and not work\\nwell).\\nIf many batches of soap are to be made, requiring many suc\u00c2\u00ac\\ncessive weighings of fats and lye, it is best to have two scales,\\nwith a sheet iron pan each, provided with a faucet near the bot\u00c2\u00ac\\ntom to empty it. The fat is run into one of the pans, weighed,\\nand the faucet opened to let the stock run into the crutcher the\\nlye is then similarly weighed, etc., on the other scale. When\\nonly one scale and one pan are used the weight of the latter is\\nincreased with every weighing, owing to the remnants of fat and\\nlye, which will partly saponify and remain behind on emptying\\nthe pan, thus giving rise to errors in weighing. The particles\\nof soap are also liable to stop up the faucet.\\nThe process of making soap by half-boiling resembling the\\ncold process in many particulars, some further useful hints may\\nbe found in the chapter describing the latter, to which the reader\\nis referred.\\nDiluting lye.\\nWhite soap.\\nFilling.\\nWeighing the\\nstock.\\nSimilarity to the\\ncold process.\\nHALF-BOILED WHITE SOAP.\\nTo make a white soap by half-boiling, proceed as follows,\\nobserving at the same time the preceding \u00e2\u0080\u009cGeneral Remarks\u00e2\u0080\u009d:\\nThe fat may consist of any suitable combination, such as,\\ntallow 4 parts, cocoanut oil 1 part, cotton seed oil 1 to 3 parts,\\nclarified in the manner referred to before. The amount of lye is", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "262\\nHalf-Boiled Soaps.\\nUsing weak lye\\nfor correction.\\nCrutcliing after\\nframing.\\ncalculated with reference to the nature of the stock used, in ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncordance with the figures just given. If silicate is to be added\\nalso, it must be prepared with lye, as already stated. The fats\\nare used at a temperature of 140\u00c2\u00b0 F., and the lye at the ordinary\\ntemperature of the atmosphere in summer; in cold weather the\\nlye should be brought to a luke warm temperature. The silicate\\nis first crutched in, and then the lye. (Or, if preferred, the sili\u00c2\u00ac\\ncate may be previously mixed with lye, as already explained.) The\\nmixture is now allowed to stand for 1 to 1)4 hours, until it is ob\u00c2\u00ac\\nserved to become heated by the action of the lye on the fat. Then\\nthe crutching machine is started slowly and if the soap shows\\n(by its taste) a deficient alkaline strength, a few pounds of lye,\\ndiluted to 10\u00c2\u00b0 B., are added, so that the desired strength is at\u00c2\u00ac\\ntained. Strong lye should not be used for this purpose, as it\\nwould cause the formation of lumps. If, on the other hand, the\\nsoap is observed to be too strong, a little cocoanut oil must be\\nadded. These additions, however, must never be made until the\\nmass has been standing in the crutcher at least 10 to 15 minutes\\nafter the the machine was started up. Different stock does not\\ncombine with the same rapidity, which must also be taken into\\nconsideration.\\nWhen the materials have combined into a homogeneous mass,\\nthe soap is run into the frame and stirred by hand for 15 to 20\\nminutes, in order to avoid the formation of streaks. This is a\\nrule which applies to all smooth soaps made by half-boiling.\\nA somewhat different soap results from the following slightly\\nchanged proceeding and different stock\\nTallow.440 lbs.\\nCocoanut Oil. 60 lbs.\\nSoda Lye, 34\u00c2\u00b0 B.220 lbs.\\nPotash Lye, 30 B. 60 lbs.\\nThe fat is heated to 125 F. and the lye worked in; the\\ncrutcher is covered, and in 1 to 1)4 hours the mass will become\\nheated by the chemical union of the ingredients. If necessary to\\ndo so, steam is then very carefully turned on to bring the heat to\\nabout 180 F. and retain it at that point for some time, until the\\nsoap is uniformly clear and well formed, when it is run into the\\nframes.\\nHALF-BOILED SOAP FOR MILLING.\\nAlthough the soap for milling purposes is made in most\\ncases by boiling, the half-boiling\u00e2\u0080\u0094and even the cold process\u00e2\u0080\u0094", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "Half-Boiled Soaps.\\n263\\nare occasionally employed, although they are less to be recom\u00c2\u00ac\\nmended for this class of soaps than for any other. A soap of\\nthis kind may be made of about eight parts of tallow and two\\nparts cocoanut oil, treated in the same manner as just described\\nfor a white soap. Another suitable combination is\\n350 lbs. tallow,\\n200 cocoanut oil,\\n50 castor oil,\\n300 lye, 38\u00c2\u00b0 B., diluted with\\n26 water.\\nAs milled soap, more than any other, is expected by the con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsumer to be well made and to retain its fine appearance and odor\\nfor a long time, it is necessary to observe every possible precau\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion to secure the most thorough saponication possible. If an\\nappreciable proportion of unsaponified fat remains, the soap will\\nsoon turn rancid, acquire a dirty color and a rank odor. On the\\nother hand, a milled soap is expected to be also free from uncom\u00c2\u00ac\\nbined alkali, and an excess of strength is, therefore, to be avoid\u00c2\u00ac\\ned with the same degree of care. While it is not possible to\\nmanufacture a faultless piece of soap, except by careful boiling,\\na salable and for many consumers quite useful milled soap may\\nbe prepared by half-boiling.\\nAs a means to promote the combination, a solution of sugar\\nin water is sometimes added to the soap, which thins it out some\u00c2\u00ac\\nwhat and helps to bring it into a condition favorable to more\\ncomplete combination.\\nThe process of milling itself will be described in a separate\\nchapter.\\nHALF=BOILED flOTTLED SOAP.\\nThe manufacture of a mottled soap in the crutcher is not\\nentirely satisfactory. However, as it may be profitable in some\\ncases, we give herewith the points to be observed. The soap\\nmust be made neutral, and resembles in most particulars the\\nEschweg soap described in chapter IX., but, owing to the lower\\ntemperature, the tests there given for the proper finish are of no\\nuse in a half-boiled soap.\\nThe materials used may be as fallows:\\n500 lbs. tallow,\\n100 cocoanut oil,\\n100 cotton seed oil,\\n410 lye, 34 or 34^\u00c2\u00b0 B.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "264\\nHalf-Boiled Soaps.\\nThe stock to be of a temperature of 150\u00c2\u00b0 F. It is necessary\\nto leave the soap, when it seems to be finished, in the crutcher\\nfor at least 15 to 20 minutes longer, as it might happen that the\\nsoap is deficient in lye; it would then become weak in the frame,\\nalthough it may have appeared just right in the crutcher, unless\\nlye is added as soon as it is observed that, on standing in the\\ncrutcher, all the strength has disappeared.\\nAfter saponification a solution is added consisting of 8-10 lbs.\\nsalt and 6-8 lbs. potash in 50 lbs. of water, the desired color hav\u00c2\u00ac\\ning been mixed in the brine. The frames must be well covered\\nuntil the mottle forms. Silicate\u00e2\u0080\u0094prepared with lye\u00e2\u0080\u0094and other\\nfillers may be used. (Compare also \u00e2\u0080\u009cEschweger III.\u00e2\u0080\u009d page 229).\\nHALF-BOILED FLOATING SOAP.\\nThis may be made of tallow (or grease) and a small propor\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of cocoanut oil. The batch is made of such a size only that\\nthe center tube in the crutcher is above the surface of the soap\\nso as to cause the soap falling over the rim to catch air in crutch-\\ning. The stock should be at about 120 F., and no steam is ad\u00c2\u00ac\\nmitted into the jacket after saponification has set in. After\\ncrutching briskly until a sample taken out is quite light, and\\nswims on water when cold, the soap is framed and allowed to\\ncool as quickly as possible, that it may retain the air bubbles\\nevenly throughout the frame. If the soap is made too warm, it\\nwill settle in the frame and will not float after pressing. (Min\u00c2\u00ac\\neral soap stock and some silicate might be used for filling, but\\nare not to be recommended in this class of soaps).\\nSoap made by half boiling, of stock containing x /z or more\\nof cocoanut oil, is difficult to make so that it will not float, as its\\nconsistency is such that it will retain any air that may be crutched\\ninto the mass.\\nIn this soap particularly the lye should be as caustic as pos\u00c2\u00ac\\nsible, and care must be taken not to make the soap too thin.\\nROSIN SOAP BY HALF-BOILING.\\nWhen a rosin soap is to be made by the half-boiling process\\nthe rosin is melted together with an equal amount of tallow,\\nstrained, and weighed in with the other stock. The temperature\\nof the stock and lye must not be above 130\u00c2\u00b0 F., for rosin saponi\u00c2\u00ac\\nfies more quickly and causes greater heating in combining with\\nthe lye than does oil. With a higher temperature than 130\u00c2\u00b0 F.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "Half-Boiled Soaps.\\n265\\non the start the soap is liable to become so hot that it would rise\\nout of the crutcher, and the part not spilled would be spongy and\\nfloating. The soap thickens rapidly and must be framed with\u00c2\u00ac\\nout waste of time; in the frame it becomes heated spontaneously\\na second time and the previously rather doubtful looking mixture\\nbecomes a good soap.\\nA friend in Marseilles kindly furnishes the following ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nample of how this soap is made in France:\\nCocoanut oil,.2,000 lbs.\\nPalm oil (Lagos, red). 200\\nRosin. 600\\nAbout one-third of the required lye, made of 70-72\u00c2\u00b0 soda, is\\nheated to 90 C. (194\u00c2\u00b0 F.) and then the entire stock is thrown in\\nand the heat slightly increased. Now the remainder of the\\nnecessary lye is introduced in small portions till the soap indi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncates by becoming clear that it is well formed. The soap is fill\u00c2\u00ac\\ned (shortened) by a solution of half soda ash and half pearl ash,\\nand finished by boiling lightly for about half an hour, when it is\\ncovered until next day. The whole operation takes 5 or 6 hours.\\nA rosin soap made by the half-boiling process will take all kinds\\nof filling, the same and even better than a settled rosin soap, if\\nmade with lye of from 30-35 B., and will give from 157 to 165\\nlbs. soap from 100 lbs. stock, without the filling. The addition\\nof a little palm oil will improve the color.\\n(See also formulas in chapter on the cold process).\\nTAR SOAP BY HALF-BOILING.\\nWeigh the stock into the crutcher, and use not over one-\\ntenth to one-sixth tar, because a greater quantity would make\\nthe soap soft and color the lather. According as the stock is\\nmore or less hard, use the lye at 36 or 37 B. The stock may\\nconsist of say 250 lbs. cocoanut oil, 250 lbs. tallow, 50 to 100 lbs.\\ntar, and 275 lbs. lye at 36\u00c2\u00b0 B. The materials will join in to 1\\nhour. The temperature at first should be as low as possible, and\\ncare must be taken not to use tar admixed with water, as isolten\\nthe case. After the materials have joined they should be left in\\nthe crutcher for 15 to 25 minutes, as the stock saponifies un\u00c2\u00ac\\nequally and the soap might prove sharp to the taste for some\\ntime; if stock were then added to take out this strength\\nthe soap might prove weak and too soft in the frame. If pre-", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "266\\nHalf-Boiled Soaps.\\nferred, the soap may be made in the ordinary way and the tar\\ncrutched in when the soap has been well formed.\\nFILLED HALF-BOILED SOAP.\\n(Specially suitable for Laundry Chips.)\\n315 lbs. tallow.\\n55 lbs. cocoanut oil.\\n40 lbs. mineral soap stock.\\n185 lbs. silicate of soda.\\n30 lbs. 32\u00c2\u00b0 B. potash solution.\\n280 lbs. 35\u00c2\u00b0 lye.\\nWarm the stock to 140 B. and add the lye as in the other\\nsoaps described. When the soap is in the frame, crutch it till it\\nis quite thick.\\nHALF-BOILED COCOANUT OIL SOAP.\\nA pure cocoanut oil soap may be made by half boiling- in the\\nmanner described in the preceding- pag-es. As has been stated\\nalready on various occasions, this oil lends itself more than any\\nother for filling- with various salt solutions, without causing- the\\nsoap to become soft, especially if an excess of lye be also used.\\nSuch soaps are of course not to be recommended, as they are\\nwasteful in use and injurious to the skin; but since there is a\\nmarket for soaps of this kind, at prices at which better products\\ncannot be furnished, the manufacturer is often practically com\u00c2\u00ac\\npelled to make them.\\nWe append the following- receipt as an example:\\nCocoanut oil. 300 lbs.\\nSoda lye 34\u00c2\u00b0 B. 225 lbs.\\nPotash. 60 lbs.\\nSalt. 40 lbs.\\nSoda ash. 20 lbs.\\nWater. 385 lbs.\\nThe water is heated and a portion of it used to dissolve the\\npotash and soda ash; the remainder is used to moisten the salt.\\nAbout two-thirds of the lye are crutched into the oil, and when\\nthe ingredients combine some of the hot water is added. When\\nthe mass is uniform, the soda and potash solutions are added al\u00c2\u00ac\\nternately, in small portions. The salt is next added, and then\\nthe remaining one-third of the lye. The temperature of the\\nsoap must, during the whole operation, be maintained at 190 to", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "Half-Boiled Soaps.\\n267\\n195\u00c2\u00b0 F. When all is incorporated, the soap is covered up for two\\nhours. At the end of this time, if there is any froth on the sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nface, a little more water is required. If small samples taken out\\nare too hard or too sharp, a little oil mixed with some hot water\\nis crutched in.\\nThe amount of filling- which such soaps will absorb, in the\\nform of various salt solutions, is almost unlimited, but they natu\u00c2\u00ac\\nrally dry out considerably on aging-.\\nThe above process is highly recommended by some soap-\\nmakers of the old school, but it should be added that the soap\\nwill turn out fully as well made if a go 1, pure soap is made\\nfirst, and the filling added only when the soap proper has been\\nfinished.\\nTRANSPARENT SOAPS.\\nV\\nThese are made very largely by half-boiling, but will be de\u00c2\u00ac\\nscribed in a separate chapter.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIII.\\nCold=Made Soap.\\nADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE COLD\\nPROCESS.\\nAs was explained in Chapter VI., the \u00e2\u0080\u009cCold Process\u00e2\u0080\u009d of\\nmaking\u00e2\u0080\u0099 soap consists in intimately mixing with each other cer\u00c2\u00ac\\ntain proportions of the fats or oils and strong lye, at about the\\nmelting temperature of the stock, and then running the mixture\\ninto the frames to work out its transformation into soap by it\u00c2\u00ac\\nself, with the aid of the heat generated spontaneously by the ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of the ingredients on each other. As the chemical action\\nprogresses, the mass rises in temperature, until at last the fat\\nand lye have combined, when chemical action gradually becomes\\nless energetic and at last ceases altogether; the heat disappears\\nslowly, and at the same time the soap formed hardens in conse\u00c2\u00ac\\nquence of the lowering of the temperature. It is seen that no\\nseparation of waste lye takes place in this process, and cold-made\\nsoap, therefore, contains\u00e2\u0080\u0094like half-boiled soap\u00e2\u0080\u0094all the impuri\u00c2\u00ac\\nties that may have been introduced with the stock, all the water\\nused for making the lye, the foreign salts that may have been\\ncontained in the caustic, the glycerin formed during the forma\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of the soap, and also more or less of the raw materials in an\\nuncombined state. The cold process is applied chiefly to the\\nmanufacture of laundry soap and of the cheapest grades of toilet\\nsoap, and sometimes also to soft soap. As it resembles in many\\nparticulars the half-boiling process described in the preceding\\nchapter the reader, is referred to the same for additional details.\\nAs may be readily supposed, a method of manufacturing\\nsoap, so different from the boiling process, has certain advant-", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "270\\nCold-Made Soap.\\nages as well as disadvantages of its own, and according to vari\u00c2\u00ac\\nous conditions and circumstances a factory may find it advanta\u00c2\u00ac\\ngeous to make all its soaps by boiling, or all without uoiling, or\\nit may use both processes for different products.\\nMany of the smaller factories which work by the cold process\\nexclusively, undoubtedly did so in the first place because a com\u00c2\u00ac\\nparatively small outlay was sufficient to buy the necessary plant\\nfor making soap without boiling; and once having established\\ntheir special brands, these factories generally find it neither con\u00c2\u00ac\\nvenient nor advisable to change their products by adopting new\\nmanufacturing methods. A mixing vessel with suitable stirring\\napparatus, a lye tank, a few soap frames, a furnace for melting\\nthe stock, a press to finish the cakes, and a few smaller imple\u00c2\u00ac\\nments,these constitute the machinery required with which alone,\\nif necessary, a soap factory on the cold process can be, and fre\u00c2\u00ac\\nquently has been started.\\nAnother reason why the cold process exclusively is employed\\nby some factories, is the fact that small quantities of soap can be\\nvery conveniently made by it. The boiling of soap requires ap\u00c2\u00ac\\nparatus, labor and time, which are too expensive to apply except\\nfor a fairly large batch, to say nothing of the practical impossi\u00c2\u00ac\\nbility of properly finishing a small batch of soap by boiling. In\\nconnection with this there is the further advantage that by the\\ncold process a batch of soap can be turned out on very short no\u00c2\u00ac\\ntice, and certainly much more rapidly than by boiling.\\nAgain, while experience and good judgment are certainly\\nrequired to make a good soap by the cold process, it is at the same\\ntime easier to acquire a certain knack of making a passable piece\\nof soap in the cold way, than it is to learn the art of soap boiling;\\nprobably this fact has also had a tendency to make the cold pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ncess a favorite with many smaller factories that are being estab\u00c2\u00ac\\nlished from time to time in towns growing at some distance from\\nthe larger cities.\\nBut, as mentioned before, there are also numerous factories\\nmaking large quantities of soap by boiling which nevertheless\\nuse the cold process for certain of their brands, showing that\\nthere are still other reasons for making cold-made soap besides\\nthose just mentioned, depending on the properties of the product\\nitself. Among these a prominent one is the fact that cold-made\\nsoap, while fresh, has a better appearance than almost any boiled\\nsoap, which is owing partly to its amorphous texture that causes", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "Cold-Made Soap.\\n271\\nthe cakes to preserve their square outline form for a longer time,\\ninstead of warping, like cakes of boiled soap. Their color also, if\\ncarefully made, is generally more beautiful. In general appear\u00c2\u00ac\\nance a fresh, cold-made soap resembles a milled soap more close\u00c2\u00ac\\nly than do the boiled soaps (but owing to its amorphous texture\\nit has not the peculiar mark on the ends of the cake which milled\\nsoaps, and to a less extent also most boiled soaps, acquire in\\npressing). On aging, however, cold-made soap sweats readily,\\ndries up, and then has a much less beautiful appearance than a\\nboiled soap of the same age will possess. The length of time\\nduring which a cold-made soap will preserve its fine appearance\\ndepends partly on the care used in manufacturing it, on the\\namount and kind of filling used, and on the nature of the stock,\\ncocoanut oil soap being less changeable in this respect than that\\nmade of tallow, grease, etc.\\nThe most important disadvantage under which cold-made\\nsoap labors, is the impossibility of securing a perfect combina\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of the fat and lye, so that no free fat and alkali will remain\\npresent. Apart from the impossibility of calculating the exact\\nproportion of lye which a given amount of fat will require in or\u00c2\u00ac\\nder to form a neutral soap, it is also beyond the power of the cold\\nprocess to combine all the materials perfectly, even if the right\\nproportions were used. There will consequently, under all cir\u00c2\u00ac\\ncumstances, remain some free fat and some free alkali in the soap,\\ncausing sharpness and sweating on one hand, and (later on)\\nrancidity on the other. In this respect the half-boiled process\\ngives better results, although not equabto those of boiling.\\nA peculiarity of cold-made soap is that it washes away more\\nrapidly than boiled soap made from the same stock; it conse\u00c2\u00ac\\nquently lathers more freely and may perhaps be appropriately\\ncompared in this respect to floating soaps.\\nSELECTION OF THE STOCK.\\nWhen the cold process was first employed for soap making\\nthe lyes were still universally made by causticizing carbonate of\\nsoda in the soap factory; the resulting lye was rich in carbonated\\nsoda and other salts which are incapable of combining chemi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncally with neutral fats, and as a consequence the lye and the\\nstock would not combine with each other to form salable soap,\\nunless a large proportion of cocoanut oil was used with it. It\\nthus came to be accepted as a rule that cold-made soap could only", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "272\\nCold-Made Soap.\\nbe made by using- at least from one-third to one-half cocoanut\\noil in the stock. At present, however, where hig-h grade lyes\\nare as easily made as those of lower grade the cold process can\\nbe employed for all kinds of stock, even without any cocoanut oil\\nat all if so desired.\\nThe selection of the fats most appropriate for a soap of certain\\ncharacteristics is the same as for boiled soaps, with the difference\\nonly that, along- with the other considerations, a naturally some\u00c2\u00ac\\nwhat readier solubility of cold-made soaps must not be overlooked.\\nFor some cold-made toilet soaps cocoanut oil alone is used,\\nand these readily produce an exceedingly abundant lather, ow\u00c2\u00ac\\ning to the naturally great solubility of cocoanut oil soap; it there\u00c2\u00ac\\nfore washes away rapidly, and a delicate skin cannot bear its\\nconstant use, as such a soap acts too energetically, for the reason\\njust given.\\nOf the several varieties of cocoanut oil the Cochin oil is pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nferred for the cold process, especially for making white soaps, as\\nit is the whitest, usually the freshest, and produces a soap which\\nhas less of the peculiar odor characteristic of cocoanut oil soaps;\\nit also gives the product a better appearance, both for white and\\ncolored soap. However, its quality varies considerably indiffer\u00c2\u00ac\\nent shipments, as is also the case with Ceylon oil, which some\u00c2\u00ac\\ntimes contains so much free fatty acids that thesoap thickens up\\nbefore all the lye can be stirred in. This difficulty is overcome\\nby purifying the oil, as described further on, and also in the\\nchapter on fats and oils. But in factories where any other use\\ncan be made of such stock it is better to employ only the freshest\\ncocoanut oil for the cold process, although it should be clarified\\nunder all circumstances.\\nNext to cocoanut oil in value for cold-made soap is tallow,\\nwhich is used in the stock in all desired proportions. When no\\ncocoanut oil at all is used, as is the case for making what is\\nknown as \u00e2\u0080\u009cSoap Chips\u00e2\u0080\u009d for laundry purposes, it is advisable to\\nadd some softer material to the tallow, such as grease, cotton\\nseed oil, etc. In fact, the before-mentioned rule applies here as\\nwell, that it is always best to use several kinds of stock together,\\nso as to take advantage of the good qualities of each, and to\\ncounterbalance the bad ones. In some cases the addition of a\\nsmall proportion of castor oil is advisable, as it causes the pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduct to possess greater transparency and an improved texture\\nresembling that of milled soap, and greater durability of the", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "Cold-Made Soap.\\n273\\ncolors and perfumes. The presence of a small proportion of\\ncastor oil is also useful in working- up the scraps, as it facilitates\\nthe process of remelting-; or, if the scraps are utilized by milling-,\\nthe result of the presence of castor oil is an improved texture of\\nthe milled article. When first made, a soap containing castor\\noil is a little softened by it, but it soon hardens.\\nA material sometimes worked up in this connection is the\\nflower pomades used by the perfumers.. When most of their odor\\nhas been extracted, they may be made into a delicately perfumed\\nsoap by the cold process. But this stock deteriorates rapidly,\\nowing to the influence of the alcohol used in extracting the odor,\\nand is then very difficult to work by the cold process, owing to\\nthe free fatty acids present.\\nFor a special quality of toilet soap an addition may be made\\nof wool fat (Adeps Lanae), which does not saponify nor become\\nrancid and makes the soap more emollient. According to its\\ninfluence on the lathering properties of the soap, in other words,\\naccording to the stock used, from 3 to 8 may be added. The\\nmethod of applying it is to simply melt it in the warm stock.\\nSuch soaps are in the nature of super-fatted soap, but do not be\u00c2\u00ac\\ncome rancid on keeping. If heated excessively, wool fat (lano\u00c2\u00ac\\nlin or adeps lanae) darkens the soap.\\nFor further details concerning the selection of stock the\\nreader is referred to the description of different fats and oils\\n(Chapter II), and to the special chapter (VI) covering this\\nsubject.\\nPURITY OF THE STOCK.\\nAfter selecting the kinds of fats according to the well-known\\nproperties of the soap which they form with alkali, the purity of\\nthe same is of the greatest importance, much more so for making\\ncold-made soap than when they are saponified by boiling. All\\nimpurities of the fat must, therefore, have been removed before\\nadding the lye, so that the soap maker may know just what ma\u00c2\u00ac\\nterial he has to deal with, and in order that the soap itself may\\nbe pure. All fats may be purified before use, in the manner de-\\nscribed elsewhere, but if very old they should be excluded alto\u00c2\u00ac\\ngether in making soap by the cold process, as even purification\\nfails to give good results in that case.\\nAs a preliminary step, melting the stock and resting it in a\\nsettling tank (as described under \u00e2\u0080\u009cSaponifying the Fat,\u00e2\u0080\u009d in", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "274\\nCold-Made Soap.\\nSettled Soap, Chapter VII), is to be highly recommended, also,\\nin the cold process, for the purpose of removing the coarser im\u00c2\u00ac\\npurities. The extent of the impurities removed thereby can\\nhardly be realized unless the stock is weighed before as well as\\nafter settling.\\nBesides the direct loss from very impure or adulterated stock,\\nand the strongly alkaline soap apt to result from it, there is\\ndanger of a batch being spoiled altogether in case the fat con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntains such impurities as salt, water, sulphuric acid (from render\u00c2\u00ac\\ning), etc., in appreciable quantities.\\nNo less important is the absence of free fatty acids from the\\nstock. If old and unprepared fats are used in the cold process,\\nthe free acids combine very rapidly with the lye, and in doing\\nso collect in lumps of partly formed soap, enclosing in their mass\\nparticles of fat which are thereby prevented from combining with\\nthe lye; as a result the product in such a case will be a poor soap,\\nfull of uncombined materials, quickly turning rancid, losing its\\nperfume, and appearing smeary and yet sharp at the same time.\\nIn making soap under such conditions, the contents of the\\nmixing vessel thicken up quickly, sometimes even before all the\\nlye can be mixed in, and the resulting soap has a coarse texture,\\nwhereas a well-made, fine-grained soap results only when the\\nmass is in a condition permitting it to be stirred or crutched for\\nsome length of time. Even if the consequences are not always\\nso very noticeable, the soap made from fat containing free fatty\\nacids will always be gritty and coarse-grained, and of generally\\ninferior quality.\\nIn order to make uniformly good soap by the cold process, it\\nis therefore always necessary not only to free the stock from all\\nforeign impurities, but also from the free fatty acids, an opera\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion so much the more to be recommended as it also bleaches the\\nstock at the same time, and thus causes a marked improvement\\nin the color and clearness of the product, besides improving its\\nquality as a detergent.\\nThe purification and bleaching of all kinds of stock for the\\ncold process may be performed by treating the melted fat with a\\nlittle strong lye and alum and agitating, as described on page 43\\nfor bleaching tallow. If preferred the following process maybe\\nadopted instead:\\nThe stock after melting and settling orstraining, is run into\\nany convenient vessel and brought to a temperature somewhat", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "Cold-Made Soap.\\n275\\nbelow 180 F. For every 100 lbs. of stock 2 or 3 lbs. of 36\u00c2\u00b0 lye\\nare then run in slowly and stirred in thoroughly for several min\u00c2\u00ac\\nutes. The lye will combine with the free fatty acids and the\\nparticles of soap forming will enclose and carry with them the\\nother impurities of the stock. After stirring for a few minutes\\nas stated, 2 or 3 lbs. of 22^ salt water are run in and stirred\\nthrough. The vessel is then covered up (unless the atmosphere\\nis very warm) and the contents are allowed to rest over night\\nfor the separation of the impurities. The stock should not be\\nwarmer than 180\u00c2\u00b0 F. because otherwise the impurities will re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmain suspended in the oil.\\nWhen, especially for laundry soap, it should be deemed un\u00c2\u00ac\\nnecessary at any time to subject the stock to a special process, of\\npurification, the temperature of the stock should be as low as\\npossible when running in the lye; even if at first the soap shows\\nsigns of slightly congealing, the heat gradually liquefies it\\nagain and the soap may be finished without trouble. This pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nceeding will produce a finer grain than when the stock is com-\\nparativel} T warm.\\nFor cocoanut oil it is always advisable, however, to at least\\nboil it up on strong salt water for half an hour, taking off the\\nscum which rises until it comes up perfectly white. At this\\npoint the impurities are allowed to settle.\\nQUALITY OF THE LYE.\\nThe quality of the lye that is used for making a soap by the\\ncold process is of considerable consequence, and in fact as im\u00c2\u00ac\\nportant in a cold soap as in soft soap, Eschweg soap, or in any\\nother soap that is made without a change of lye. It is in cold-\\nmade and in half-boiled soaps more than in any other that one\\ncan appreciate the force of the definition which explains that soap\\nis \u00e2\u0080\u009clye, diluted and modified by fatty matters.\u00e2\u0080\u009d But unlike the\\nlyes used for Eschweg and soft soaps, that employed for the cold\\nprocess is very simply determined: it is at all times to be made\\nof the highest grade of caustic that can be obtained.\\n76 to 77 caustic, dissolved in soft water (preferably that\\ncondensed from the steam pipes, or rain water), protected from\\nthe atmosphere by an airtight covering, and allowed to rest till\\nall impurities have settled out, makes the best possible lye for\\nthis purpose. Only when customers demand a very white look-\\nr r J White soap.\\ning soap, can a lye of low-grade soda be used to advantage, to", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "276\\nCoed-Made Soap.\\nwhich\u00e2\u0080\u0094for cocoanut oil soap\u00e2\u0080\u0094some salt may even be added. Soap\\nmade with such lye is really inferior in quality, but it is some\u00c2\u00ac\\ntimes demanded by customers who judge the product by the\\ncolor.\\nThe lower grades of caustic contain impurities in the lorm\\nof salts, especially carbonate of soda and common salt, which are\\nnot in any way affected by the fats, and, if the lye is made from\\nsuch caustic, these salts remain unchanged as impurities in the\\nsoap, besides causing imperfect saponification by preventing the\\ncaustic alkali more or less from coming into that intimate con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntact with the particles of fat, which is necessary for there chemi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncal combination. A lye containing much carbonate of soda causes\\nthe soap made with it by the cold process to be soft and spongy,\\nand under otherwise unfavorable circumstances may even losen\\nthe combination between alkali and fat to such an extent, that\\nthe fat will partly separate and collect in the centre of the soap\\nframe, where the soap is the hottest. The same is true with sili\u00c2\u00ac\\ncate of soda (unless used in large quantity), and when a moder\u00c2\u00ac\\nate proportion of the latter is used for filling, the soap will have\\nto be run into small frames, so as not to retain too much heat.\\nBesides causing the faulty saponification, the foreign salts have\\nthe disagreeable property\u00e2\u0080\u0094especially in winter\u00e2\u0080\u0094of coming to\\nthe surface of the soap with the water, on drying, and remaining\\nbehind as a dry, white crust when the water evaporates. This\\nmakes the soap unsightly, ruins the wrappers, and has a suspicious\\nappearance to the mind of the consumer.\\nTo make the lye, the caustic should be dissolved, as said be\u00c2\u00ac\\nfore, in pure, soft water. If only hard water can be obtained it\\nwould be well at least to boil it and let it settle, as thereby a\\npart of the lime compound held in solution by hard waters is pre\u00c2\u00ac\\ncipitated. Or the water may be softened by adding 2 or 3lbs. of\\ncaustic soda to 1,000 gallons of water, and letting it settle. A con\u00c2\u00ac\\nvenient tank for this purpose is one that has a faucet at the bot\u00c2\u00ac\\ntom for drawing off the sediment, and another one a few inches\\nfrom the bottom, for the clear water or lye. When made, the lye\\nshould be at a strength of about 35 B. when hot, which will\\nbring it to 38\u00e2\u0080\u009439\u00c2\u00b0 when cold. It can then be diluted further, if\\nwanted, without becoming hot again. If the lye when first made\\nis above 39 \u00e2\u0080\u009440 it will become hot again on diluting it, which\\nis generally best to avoid, as warm lye makes less smooth soap.\\nAfter the caustic has been dissolved, the lye should be ex-", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "Cold-Made Soap.\\n277\\neluded from the air, as the latter always contains carbonic acid,\\nwhich the caustic alkali absorbs eagerly, thereby becoming part\u00c2\u00ac\\nly carbonated, and consequently reduced in purity and strength\\nin a similar way as if it had been made originally from low-grade\\ncaustic. A simple method of protecting the lye in this respect,\\nby means of mineral soap stock, was mentioned in the description\\nof the lye tank, on page 93.\\nWhere the facilities are such that this can be done, the lye\\nshould be made early enough to give it several days\u00e2\u0080\u0099 time to\\nclarify by resting, and drawn off carefully from the settled im\u00c2\u00ac\\npurities. If an occasion should arise when it seems desirable to\\nfilter the lye, this may be done by the aid of glass wool, packed\\ninto a glass funnel.\\nSome brands of caustic, especially the lower grades, occasion\u00c2\u00ac\\nally furnish a lye of a yellowish tint. For white soaps such lye\\nis not well adapted, as their color is extremely delicate. The\\ncolor of such lye may be removed by boiling it with 30 lbs. quick\\nlime to each drum of caustic, and letting settle.\\nFormulas for cold soap are usually based on the highest\\ngrade (say 76%) of caustic; if for any reason a lower grade is\\nemployed, the corresponding amount of the lower grade required\\nmay be calculated by multiplying the amount of lye called for in\\npounds by 76 and dividing by the figure which represents the\\ngrade of caustic actually used.\\nAs in all soaps, the substitution of a part of the soda lye by\\npotash lye causes a marked improvement in the product of the\\ncold process, as it renders the product milder, better in texture,\\nmore readily lathering, and slightly more transparent at the\\nedges. Care must, of course, be taken to get good potash. As\\nmore potash is required than soda to saponify a given amount of\\nfat, 7 lbs. of potash lye are generally used in place of 5 lbs. of\\nsoda lye.\\nQUANTITY AND STRENGTH OF LYE.\\nThe exact amount of alkali required for the saponification\\nof a certain amount of fat has been a matter of considerable spe\u00c2\u00ac\\nculation and finespun scientific calculations, but all the latter\\nhave been able to do was to prove that for practical work no ab\u00c2\u00ac\\nsolutely correct figures can be set down, as fats are too variable\\nin their composition and purity. Figures that are correct for a\\ncertain weight of, say a given lot of tallow, are not necessarily", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "278\\nCold-Made Soap.\\ncorrect for the same weight of some other lot of tallow. Then\\nagain, so long as the cold process cannot insure the perfect com\u00c2\u00ac\\nbination of all the lye with all the fat, there would really not be\\nmuch advantage even in knowing the figures representing the exact\\nchemical equivalents, for what the soap maker muststrive for is to\\nso gauge the proportions of lye and fat as to make a soap as near\\nas possible in accordance with our conception of an ideal soap.\\nIf we must needs employ the cold process for our purpose, then\\nthe question is not what proportions would give the best result\\n//they could be combined, but the question is \u00e2\u0080\u009cWhat proportion\\nactually does give the best total results?\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nSome manufacturers, knowing that a certain weight of lye\\nwill make a mild soap, deliberately use a slight excess in order\\nto have a product for the laundry or for general housework that\\nwill wash quickly. For toilet soaps, of course, the case is some\u00c2\u00ac\\nwhat different, and the manufacturer must keep within narrower\\nlimits. Under the circumstances we can give only approximate\\nfigures which are known to give good results under careful mani\u00c2\u00ac\\npulation, and state under what conditions, as to strength of lye,\\netc., the alkali is best employed.\\nCocoanut oil requires more alkali for neutralization than any\\nother known fat, and for a toilet soap made by the cold process\\nit is universally calculated to require just one-half of its own\\nweight of soda lye, if the latter is of 38 B. strength and made\\nof 76% caustic. If the caustic soda is of a lower grade than 76%\\nthen correspondingly more must be used (or the lye is made of\\nabout 40\u00c2\u00b0 B.) If it is desired to use a weaker lye the quantitv\\nof 38\u00c2\u00b0 lye necessary may simply be diluted as much as desired.\\nFor tallow, grease, lard, etc., half their weight of soda lye at\\n36\u00c2\u00b0 B. is generally accepted as the proper proportion, they all\\nrequiring about the same amount of alkali.\\nFor 50 lbs. cocoanut oil and 50 lbs. tallow there are, in a\\nsimilar manner, calculated 50 lbs. of 37 lye of 76% caustic\\nsoda.\\nIt will be observed that these amounts are slightly below\\nthose named for the half-boiled process, which is owing to the\\nfact that in the latter more can be used, as the combination is\\nmore complete.\\nToo much lye makes the soap not only sharp, but also exces\u00c2\u00ac\\nsively rough, hard and brittle. Small batches of soap do not\\ndevelop as much heat as larger ones; they therefore do not com-", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "Cold-Made Soap.\\n279\\nbine as thoroughly, and are apt to be somewhat sharper than\\nlarger batches made of the same proportions of material.\\nAn unfilled soap, made of 600 lbs. stock and 300 lbs. of 38\\nlye, will have about 25% of water ivy its composition; for 100 lbs.\\ncaustic and 200 lbs. water make 300 lbs. lye of about 38\u00c2\u00b0 B., and\\nthese, with 600 lbs. of stock, make 900 lbs. of soap.\\nRegarding the strength of lye, cocoanut oil and cotton seed\\noil saponify most readily with that of 38\u00c2\u00b0, but for the other fats\\nit is best to reduce it to 36\u00c2\u00b0 B. If the lye used is too strong the\\nsaponification of the fat will be less thorough, and the soap will\\nbe hard and rough as if an excess of lye had been used. For white\\ncocoanut oil soaps which are to preserve their color for some\\nlength of time it may be well to reduce the strength of the lye\\nwith water to 36\u00c2\u00b0; the soap will be somewhat softer at first and\\nis therefore hardened by the addition of a little extra lye. This\\nproceeding insures a better saponification and consequently\\nguards the soap against rancidity. To keep the extra water\\nfrom drying out a small addition of chloride of potash solution\\nat a strength of 15 B. is sometimes also made, or part of the lye\\nused is made of caustic potash.\\nIn some formulas the strength of the lye is given, with di\u00c2\u00ac\\nrections to dilute it with a certain amount of water. This is\\ndone because it is more convenient, and at the same time more\\nexact, to use a certain amout of lye of ordinary strength and dil\u00c2\u00ac\\nute it afterward as required, than to dilute it to a certain degree,\\nto be determined by the hydrometer; the greater convenience is\\nobvious, and the greater exactness follows from the fact that a\\nlye shows slightly different densities, according to whether it is\\nmeasured just after diluting and stirring it, or after resting for\\nsome time.\\nTEMPERATURE OF STOCK FOR MIXING.\\nThe fats must be melted, so as to be in condition to mix\\nthoroughly with the lye, and for the sake of economy in time,\\nlabor, and fuel, the stock is preferabl} 5 used when it has cooled\\noff enough after bleaching it. Cocoanut oil is therefore best\\nmelted and prepared at least a day previous to using it; or before,\\nif the quantity is large, so as to give it time to settle and cool.\\nTallow settles more rapidly and is ready almost immediately\\nafter bleaching, except for its high temperature; with the other\\nstock already cooled, if both tallow and cocoanut oil are used", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "280\\nCold-Made Soap.\\nafter settling-, the averag-e temperature may be about rig-ht. If\\nfor any reason it cannot be arrang-ed to have the stock cool off\\nnaturally, it will be necessary to cool it by means of cold water,\\neither by leading- the latter throug-h a coils placed in the settling-\\ntank, or by circulating- cold water in the jacket of the vessel in\\nwhich the soap is to be mixed.\\nIf the stock is to be melted just before using-, it may be ad\u00c2\u00ac\\nvisable to melt the tallow first, as it requires the greater heat,\\nand then to add the cocoanut oil which melts at a lower temper\u00c2\u00ac\\nature and reduces that of the tallow so that the mixture is just\\nabout rig-ht.\\nCocoanut oil alone may be saponified to the best advantag-e\\nwhen cooled to about 70-80 F.; a mixture of equal parts, tallow\\nand cocoanut oil, at 100-110 F.; tallow lard, grease, etc., when\\nused alone, at 105-130 F., according- to their ag-e, etc. Only\\naslig-htly hig-her temperature is required than would be neces\u00c2\u00ac\\nsary to keep the stock from solidifying- on running- in the\\ncold lye, so that the proper temperature depends on the melting-\\npoints of the fats. In winter it is best to have the stock about\\n10\u00c2\u00b0 F. hotter than in summer, and to have the lye at about 80\u00c2\u00b0 F.\\nIf the stock has not been prepared, i. e., the free fatty acids\\nremoved, or if rosin is used with the stock, it is necesary to\\nuse the lowest possible temperature, as the free acids cause con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsiderable spontaneous heating- by their rapid combination with\\nthe lye. So also must a low temperature be used when the soap\\nis hig-hly filled, and in summer the frames must then not be cov\u00c2\u00ac\\nered very closely.\\nIf the temperature at which the ingredients are mixed is too\\nhigh, those particles of the fat which were first to come into con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntact with the lye combine with the latter so rapidly that lumps\\nform before all the lye is thoroughly mixed in, and, these lumps\\nadhering to each other in a mass, the whole batch may be\\nspoiled.\\nIt is also worth remembering that a low temperature pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduces a whiter soap, while a higher temperature is more favor\u00c2\u00ac\\nable for a certain degree of transparency in the product.\\nThe lye is used in nearly all cases at the ordinary tempera\u00c2\u00ac\\nture of the atmosphere, except in cold weather or for old stock,\\nwhen it is made luke-warm. Some prefer to have both, stock\\nand lye at the same degree, but it is difficult to see any advant\u00c2\u00ac\\nage accruing from the trouble of heating up the lye under ordi-", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "Cold-Made Soap.\\n281\\nnary circumstances. On the contrary, a cold lye rather favors\\na greater smoothness in the finished soap.\\nMIXING AND SAPONIFICATION.\\nThe actual saponification takes place only during 1 the course\\nof spontaneous development of heat in the frame, and is barely\\ninduced while mixing. The stock, at the average temperature\\nbest suited to its composition\u00e2\u0080\u0094as just explained\u00e2\u0080\u0094is run into the\\nmixing machine. This machine may be any vessel provided\\nwith a suitable agitating apparatus, and consists preferably of a\\njacketed kettle with a rapidly revolving agitator; the crutch-\\ning machines described in chapter V. are very suitable for the\\npurpose.\\nThe object of this machine being simply to mix the fat and\\nlye as thoroughly as possible, the best results are obtained by\\nhaving the machine run at a good speed so as to complete the\\nmixing quickly and keep the contents as homogeneous as possible\\nwhile the lye is running in. For making colored soap, from\\nwell-purified stock, so as to admit of long crutching, an ordinary\\nvessel and a hand crutch are frequently preferred, as it is difficult\\nto clean a crutcher from the remnants of the colored soap.\\nThe stock being run into the crutcher (which should not be\\nperfectly cold in winter time), the machine is started to crutch\\nand the lye is run into the fat steadily in a thin stream at such a\\nrate that it is all added in three or four minutes for a large batch.\\nCrutching is continued uninterruptedly until the mass isobserved\\nto thicken, so that a mark drawn on the surface remains visi\u00c2\u00ac\\nble for some time and a sample taken out on a paddle runs\\noff slowly and forms thick threads on the surface of the soap.\\nCrutching is then discontinued and the soap run at once into a\\nframe placed under the machine. Some experience is required\\nto )udge correctly just when a soap of a given composition as to\\nstock is in the best condition for framing; if framed too early\\nthe soap will afterwards be found smeary in the upper part and\\nvery sharp near the bottom of the frame, owing to part of the\\nlye sinking; On the other hand, if the crutching is continued\\ntoo long, or if too much time is allowed to pass before framing,\\nthe mass may separate in the frame and spoil the batch alto\u00c2\u00ac\\ngether; the same may happen if the ingredients were either too\\ncold or too hot, or impure.\\nAnother proceeding which is preferred by some, although", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "282\\nCold-Made Soap.\\nit is difficult to see any advantage in it, consists in adding only\\nabout one-half of the lye at first; when the contents of the\\ncrutcher form a homogeneous mass the remainder of the lye is\\nthen added.\\nThe length of time necessary for crutching varies greatly,\\nbut the longer the stirring can be continued before the mass\\nshows signs of requiring framing the finer will the grain of the\\nsoap become; in this respect also purified fats have an advantage\\nover those not previously purified, as the former do not combine\\nso rapidly with the lye.\\nThe frame into which the soap is run should not be too\\ncold; nor should it be very high, especially if it is of large capac\u00c2\u00ac\\nity, as it would retain too much heat. If the soap is run into a\\nrather large flat frame and covered up with sacks or blankets it\\nwill become heated by the action of the ingredients on each\\nother, and saponification will be effected without any further\\nattention being required. In very hot weather cold made soaps\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094especially those highly filled\u00e2\u0080\u0094are liable to separate oil in the\\nframe if covered up too warm; the temperature which a batch is\\nallowed to acquire is therefore of much influence on the quality\\nof the product and requires some study for each special case to\\nobtain the best results. A soap of a certain composition which\\nturns out well in a 300-lb. frame would be likely to show signs\\nof separating oil in a 600-lb. frame, and would spoil entirely in\\na 1,200 lb. frame, owing to the greater heat prevailing in the\\nlarger batches. It thus follows, also, that whether the frame\\nshould be covered, and for how long, depends on the size of the\\nframe, the temperature of the soap and of the atmosphere, and\\non the composition of the stock, as well as on the construction\\nof the frame\u00e2\u0080\u0094whether of iron or wood.\\nWhen the heat has ceased to be generated in a frame, the\\nsoap may be uncovered in order to cool off more quickly; after\\nthen hardening for a day or two it is ready to be stripped. In\\niron frames it must remain covered longer than in wooden ones\\nwhich retain the heat longer; if uncovered too early the soap in\\nthe frame is apt to be of a different color in the centre than on\\nthe sides.\\nA mixing machine has been patented which can be lowered\\ninto a frame so as to mix the ingredients therein, using no special\\nmixing vessel. Ordinarly, however, some of the machines de\u00c2\u00ac\\nscribed in Chapter V. are used.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "Cold-Made; Soap.\\n283\\nFILLING.\\nCold-made soaps may be filled with any of the materials enu\u00c2\u00ac\\nmerated and described in Chapter IV., by making the additions\\nin the manner described for half-boiled soaps. Mineral soap\\nstock, silicate of soda, and talc, are the fillers most commonly\\nemployed. The silicate of soda must be prepared with lye in the\\nsame manner as described for half-boiled soaps, or an equivalent\\nexcess of lye must be used with it. Such soap has a very nice\\nappearance while fresh, but on drying out somewhat acquires\\na hard surface. As stated before, silicate, especially if it has not\\nbeen previously prepared with lye is liable to cause separation,\\nor spongy parts in the centre of the frame if the batch is large,\\nso that for such soap it may be necessary to employ frames hold\u00c2\u00ac\\ning as little as 200 lbs. each, and let the frames remain uncov\u00c2\u00ac\\nered. When much silicate is used, however, the frames may be\\nlarger, probably owing to the fact that a larger addition tends to\\ndecrease the development of heat, by retarding the combination.\\nThe silicate, if added to the mass when the materials have joined,\\nwould thicken the soapso much that it could scarcely be handled;\\nit is therefore generally mixed with the lye before stirring the\\nlatter into the fat, or it is mixed with the last portion of the lye\\nused. A little glycerin or some 15 pearl ash solution is some\u00c2\u00ac\\ntimes used in addition to make such soap a little smoother. Talc\\nwuich may be used in as large a proportion as 25 or 30 per cent\\nand over, gives the soap a somewhat dull appearance, in white\\nas well as in colored soaps, but it also makes it less hard on aging\\nthan one containing silicate with which it is sometimes used\\ntogether; some manufacturers prefer to boil the talc in a little\\nweak lye before adding-it, claiming that this \u00e2\u0080\u009copens\u00e2\u0080\u009d the talc\\nand makes the product smoother. Others prefer to simply mix\\nthe talc with the oil before running the lye into the crutcher.\\nFor cheap soaps made largely of cocoanut oil, solutions of\\nsalt, potash, and chloride of potash are largely employed as fill\u00c2\u00ac\\ners in Europe, since cocoanut oil has the property of absorbing\\nthese solutions in considerable quantities without separating.\\nThese solutions are usually crutched in when the soap has thick\u00c2\u00ac\\nened so as to be nearly ready for framing, and are mostly em\u00c2\u00ac\\nployed at a strength of from 15\u00c2\u00b0 to 25 B. Saltwater makes the\\nsoap hard on drying and causes it to feel moist if added in more\\nthan moderate quantities. Chloride of potash is more expensive,\\nbut retains the water of the soap better than does common salt.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "284\\nCold-Made Soap.\\nIn fact, these filling\u00e2\u0080\u0099s must be regarded as simply water, to\\nwhich the salts are added for the purpose of counteracting the\\nsoftening effect which simple water has on soap. Potash solu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion especially prevents the drying of soap filled with salt solu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion or silicate, so that potash and salt are generally used to\u00c2\u00ac\\ngether; they also give the soap a more transparent appearance,\\nand, used moderately, they enhance the whiteness of cold soaps\\nwhich otherwise turn yellowish on storing.\\nIn European countries cold-made cocoanut oil soaps are also\\nvery frequently filled by so-called filling lyes, which are made\\naccording to the following examples, and which are used to the\\nextent of from 10 to 50 lbs. to every 50 lbs. of cocoanut oil in\\nthe stock: (1) 100 parts water, 14 parts sugar, 7 parts salt, 7\\nparts pearl ash. (2) A 16 c B. solution of chloride of potash, sal\\nsoda and salt (equal amounts of each). (3) One part each of\\nsugar, potash and salt dissolved in 4 Y? parts of boiling water.\\n(4) 85 parts hot water, 9 parts pearl ash, 6 parts salt, 5 parts sal\\nsoda.\\nIn using these filling lyes the cocoanut oil should not be\\nused warmer than necessary, and the frames are not covered, as\\nthe soap would become too hot if covered and would separate oil\\nin the centre. The oil and lye are first mixed, and when the\\nsoap is thick and appears ready for framing the filling lye is\\ncrutched in.\\nWhere these salts are used for filling it is so much more im\u00c2\u00ac\\nportant, of course, that the lye be made of the highest grades\\nof caustic. If, on pressing, the soap should show a tendency to\\ncrack, as is liable to be the case when much filling is employed,\\nthe cakes must be warmed somewhat to soften them before\\npressing.\\nPERFUMING, COLORING, MARBLING.\\nIf properly prepared stock is used, the essential oils for per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfuming may be crutched into the soap just long enough before\\nframing to secure their intimate admixture, so as to avoid all\\nunnecessary evaporation during the crutching operation, as well\\nas the action of the lye on the oils. With unprepared stock it\\nmay be necessary to add the oils together with the last of the\\nlye.\\nIf powdered orris root is added, and it is found to make the\\nsoap too dr} 7 and brittle, some of the soda lye should be substi-", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "Coi.d-Madk Soap.\\n285\\ntuted by potash lye, or the lye is used a little weaker. Orris root\\nturns the color to yellow or yellowish brown. It should also be\\nremembered that oil of cloves has a peculiar composition, different\\nfrom other essential oils, and that it is therefore not well suited\\nfor soaps made by the cold process, as it interferes with the com\u00c2\u00ac\\nbination of the materials, and at all events gives the soap a bad\\ngrain and texture and a yellowish color; the latter case is also\\ntrue in regard to cassia oil, which makes these two oils unsuit\u00c2\u00ac\\nable for white soap. (For further details see the chapter on\\nPerfuming and Coloring.)\\nInsoluble colors, such as vermillion, are well mixed with a\\nportion of the oil, and added to the stock from the start; soluble\\ncolors, such as annatto, aniline, etc., are dissolved in boiling wa\u00c2\u00ac\\nter, or in alcohol, and strained through a silk cloth into the stock\\nor the lye, to avoid specks of undissolved color. Of the soluble\\ncolors much smaller quantities are ordinarily required than of the\\nsoluble ones.\\nFor yellow soaps a little unbleached palm oil may be used\\nwith the other stock. Palm oil in conjunction with orris root\\nand storax causes a natural and permanent reddish brown color\\nwhich makes this combination popular for cold-made violet soap.\\nWhite soaps must not be too warm on cutting up the frames,\\nas they are liable to become discolored on exposure to the air\\nwhen warm. The addition of just a trace of ultramarine will\\nchange the yellowish tinge of most white soaps into a less notice\u00c2\u00ac\\nable greenish color.\\nFor making marbled or variegated soap by the cold process,\\nthe water soluble colors are not well adapted, as they run too\\nmuch. Numerous processes are employed to produce the marbled\\nappearance; for instance, the soap may be run into the frame be\u00c2\u00ac\\nfore it has become quite so thick as usual. A sheet iron cylinder,\\nopen at both ends, is then sunk into the frame and the soap\\nwithin colored through the upperend of the cylinder. A wooden\\nstirrer is then used to draw the colored soap into the uncolored\\nportions in streaks, and, lastly, by means of a rod with a round\\nknob on the end, figures are drawn through the whole frame.\\nAnother method consists in mixing the colors with a little\\noil or warm water and stirring this into a small portion of the\\nsoap, when thick. A layer of soap is now run into the frame,\\nand the colored soap is spread over it \u00e2\u0080\u009ccriss-cross\u00e2\u0080\u009d in a thin\\nstream (as by running it through the stem of a funnel, or a sprink-", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "286\\nCou Madk Soap.\\nling- can with larg-e holes). Then follows another layer of the\\nsoap, and again streaks of the colored soaps. When the frame\\nhas thus been filled by alternate layers, a stick is used to distri\u00c2\u00ac\\nbute the color in the soap more finely, as described above.\\nWhere the mixing vessel is such that it can be tipped to\\nempty it into the frame, the soap in the upper part of the vessel\\nonly may be colored, and the whole then emptied quickly b}^\\ntilting the vessel, so as to run both the colored and the uncolored\\nportion out alongside of each other.\\nStill another method is as follows: The color is mixed with\\na portion of the soap and a layer of it poured in streaks over the\\nsurface of the soap in the frame. It is then forced to the bottom\\nby means of a JL formed crutch, in the bottom piece of which\\nthere are a number of holes. Another layer of colored soap is\\nthen treated similarly, and so on till all the color is added. A\\nrod is then used to distribute the color still further.\\nFORMULAS FOR VARIOUS COLD-HADE SOAPS.\\nAlthough the preceding pages contain all the necessary in\u00c2\u00ac\\nformation required for building up a formula to make a soap to\\nsuit every purpose, a few ready formulas will probably be found\\nuseful by way of illustration. The following are selected to\\nshow those of the most varied character, and manufacturers who\\ndesire to do so can readily modify the same to suit their own re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquirements by giving due consideration to the effect of different\\nmaterials and manipulations, as has been fully explained.\\nPURE COCOANUT OIL SOAP.\\n300 lbs. cocoanut oil.\\n150 caustic soda lye, 38 B.\\nThis soap lathers very readily, and if carefully prepared\\nCochin oil and well settled, clear lye are used, the soap will be\\nalmost semi-transparent. The lye may be reduced in strength\\nby adding water, until it marks 35-36 B., which will make the\\nsoap somewhat smoother and softer; a small extra addition of lye\\nwill harden it again and will bring about a more complete sapon\u00c2\u00ac\\nification, so that the soap will preserve its white color longer.\\nBy reason of the better saponification this extra strength will\\nnot be very noticeable, especially as a pure cocoa nut oil soap\\ncan be used (for toilet purposes) only by those whose skin is not\\nvery delicate, it being too sharp for tender skins, even if quite\\nneutral.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "Cold-Made: Soap.\\n287\\nAs the lather is almost too profuse, and the soap wastes\\naway quickly, a small proportion, say 10%, of castor oil may be\\ndesirable, as this addition also improves the texture and trans\u00c2\u00ac\\nparency of the soap.\\nFILLED COCOANUT OIL SOAP.\\nThe above soap may be filled with silicate, talc, etc., if de\u00c2\u00ac\\nsired, in accordance with the directions already given for half-\\nboiled soap, and in the special chapter on filling- materials.\\nAbout 60 lbs. of silicate (prepared as previously stated), with or\\nwithout the further addition of 15 lbs. potash solution mig-ht be\\nused; or, if preferred, say 35 lbs. of talc.\\nCOCOANUT OIL SOAP, FILLED WITH SALT SOLUTION.\\n300 lbs. cocoanutoil.\\n150-160 soda lye, 38\u00c2\u00b0 B.\\n30-150 salt solution 18 B.\\nOr,\\n300 lbs. cocoanut oil.\\n150 lye 39-40\u00c2\u00b0 B.\\n25 potash solution 20 B.\\n12 salt water 16 c B.\\nIn the above two formulas the oil is melted (at about 80-\\nF.) and 135 lbs. of the lye crutched in. When the mass is thick\u00c2\u00ac\\nening- the remainder of the lye, mixed with the salt solutions, is\\nadded.\\nIf some castor oil is preferred in the soap, it may be added\\nto the cocoanut oil, and the filling- may be varied according to\\nthe following formula:\\n300 lbs. cocoanut oil.\\n30 castor oil.\\n162 soda lye 38 B.\\n24 potash solution 20 B.\\n18 potassium chloride solution 15 B.\\nTALLOW AND COCOANUT OIL SOAP.\\n240 lbs. cocoanut oil.\\n160 tallow.\\n200 soda lye 37 B.\\nThe manufacture of this soap is the same as that of the\\npure cocoanut oil soap described, only the temperature of the", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "288\\nCold-Made Soap.\\nstock must be a little higher, say 100\u00c2\u00b0 F. The tallow will cause\\nthe soap to be less wasteful and to lather less quickly than a\\npure cocoanut oil soap, and will ordinarily reduce the cost some\u00c2\u00ac\\nwhat.\\nAnother formula, in which some potash lye is used, and a\\nlittle less 2 cocoanut oil, may be adopted, as follows:\\n250 lbs. cocoanut oil.\\n250 tallow.\\n240 caustic soda lye 38 B.\\n10 potash lye 38\u00c2\u00b0 B.\\nA filled soap which in the eyes of some customers has a better\\nappearance even than the foregoing pure soap, can be made by\\nchanging the formula as follows:\\n240 lbs. cocoanut oil.\\n160 tallow.\\n200 soda lye 40\u00c2\u00b0 B.\\n60 potash solution 20^ B.\\n20 salt water 18\u00c2\u00b0 B.\\nA soap of different character results from the following:\\n275 lbs. lard.\\n175 cocoanut oil.\\n225 36\u00c2\u00b0 soda lye.\\nOr,\\n100 lbs. cocoanut oil.\\n50 tallow.\\n50 lard.\\n50 castor oil.\\n120 38\u00c2\u00b0 soda lye.\\n5 26 potash lye.,\\nOr,\\n(For yellow soap.)\\n160 lbs. cocoanut oil.\\n120 tallow.\\n20 palm oil (unbleached).\\n150 soda lye 37\u00c2\u00b0 B.\\nThe following two formulas and process of making some\u00c2\u00ac\\nwhat similar soaps are furnished by a firm familiar with this\\nclass of work.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "Cold-Made Soap.\\n289\\n75 lbs. tallow.\\n25 cocoanut oil (Ceylon).\\n75 caustic soda lye, 35^4\u00c2\u00b0 B. madeof 74%caustic.\\n125 \u00e2\u0080\u009cN\u00e2\u0080\u009d silicate of soda.\\n20 pearl ash lye, 36\u00c2\u00b0 B.\\n320 soap.\\nOr,\\n75 lbs. tallow.\\n25 cocoanut oil (Ceylon).\\n70 caustic soda lye, 35}4 B. madeof 74% caustic.\\n100 \u00e2\u0080\u009cN\u00e2\u0080\u009d silicate of soda.\\n17 pearl ash lye, 36\u00c2\u00b0 B.\\n287 soap.\\nProcess.\\nCleanse the tallow by boiling- on salt brine or a weak solu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of alum; let tallow settle after boiling-, to deposit all impur\u00c2\u00ac\\nities in the usual manner.\\nWeig-h out the proportion of tallow and cocoanut oil required\\nfor a frame of soap into a tig-ht frame. Weig-h out the quantity\\nof caustic soda lye required into a separate vessel. Also weig-h\\nout the proportion of silicate needed into another vessel; also\\nweig-h out the pearl ash lye wanted, which can be mixed with\\nthe silicate.\\nWhen all is ready for mixing-, the tallow and cocoanut oil in\\nframe must be at a temperature of 145\u00c2\u00b0 to 150\u00c2\u00b0 F. in cAd weather,\\nand 125\u00c2\u00b0 to 130\u00c2\u00b0 F. in warm or summer weather\u00e2\u0080\u0094the lye and\\nsilicate both to be at the normal temperature of factory. When\\nthe temperature is as above, run in the lye alone into the tallow\\nand cocoanut oil in frame quickly, crutching- rapidly from bottom\\nof frame all the time. After the ly^e is all in, continue crutching-\\nrapidly till the soap beg-ins to thicken up. Now run in the sili\u00c2\u00ac\\ncate and pearl ash lye quickly, crutching- rapidly. As the sili\u00c2\u00ac\\ncate mixes with the soap, the whole will thin out. After the\\nsilicate and pearl ash lye are in, continue crutching-. In a few\\nminutes the whole will gradually turn creamy. As soon as the soap\\nbecomes so thick or creamy that a mark made on surface of soap\\nwill remain, it is finished; take out crutchers, cover up frame,\\nand do not move or disturb frame till soap is cold. Any perfume\\nused must be added while crutching- in silicate.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "290\\nCold-Made Soap.\\nIf the frame must be moved from where the soap is made,\\nmove it quickly before the silicate is added; then add the silicate\\nat once, and finish soap as directed.\\nThis is essentially a quick process, everything\u00e2\u0080\u0099 must be done\\nquickly. For a 1,000 lbs. frame, the lye must be run into the\\ngrease material in from 90 to 120 seconds\u00e2\u0080\u0094silicate about the\\nsame. Crutching must be done quickly and go to bottom\\neach stroke\u00e2\u0080\u0094work two crutches. Never stop crutching from\\nstart to finish. The time for making frame (if the temperatures\\nare right) from 12 to 16 minutes. Great care must be taken not\\nto crutch too long. To insure a smooth soap, stop as soon as a\\nmark made on surface of soap will remain. Under no circum\u00c2\u00ac\\nstances move or shake the finished frame of soap until cold.\\n30% to 53% of refined cotton seed oil can be substituted for\\nan equal weight of tallow, if tallow is hard. If tallow is soft or\\nmixed with grease use less oil. The soap will not be quite so\\nhard, will take longer to harden, and will be a good washing\\nsoap.\\nGLYCERIN SOAP.\\nSome soaps are called glycerin soaps by the manufacturers\\non the strength of the little glycerin only which forms during\\nthe saponification of the fat. There is however, also a class of\\nsoaps to which some extra glycerin is added, which increases\\nthe emollient feeling of the soap and preserves it longer against\\ndrying out. Too much glycerin, however, causes sweating and\\nmakes the soap smeary.\\nThe glycerin is mixed with the melted stock and the mixture\\nsaponified in the ordinary manner. If silicate is to be added it\\nmay be crutched in after the materials have joined, together\\nwith the necessary lye required for preparing the silicate, as the\\nglycerin naturally thins the soap out somewhat. If only little\\nglycerin, or much silicate is used, the latter may be previously\\nmixed with the last of the lye added to prevent the soap from\\nthickening too much.\\nThe following is one of a great number of similar formulas:\\n120 lbs. cocoanut oil.\\n40 lard.\\n40 tallow.\\n40 glycerin.\\n100 lye 38\u00c2\u00b0 B.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "Cold-Made Soap.\\n201\\nThe fats are melted, and the glycerin added. At about 100\u00c2\u00b0\\nto 110 F. the stock is saponified with 100 lbs. 38\u00c2\u00b0 lye.\\nLANOLIN SOAP.\\n60 lbs. cocoanut oil.\\n5 Lanolin (Adeps lanae).\\n30 Soda lye 38\u00c2\u00b0 B.\\nMelt the cocoanut oil, add the lanolin to it and crutch till\\nhomogeneous, then proceed as usual to add the perfume, color\\nand lye. This method is preferable to melting the lanolin di\u00c2\u00ac\\nrectly, as the latter readily turns dark on heating it.\\nThe soap can be further improved and modified by adding\\nto the stock some air-bleached palm oil (and of course a corres\u00c2\u00ac\\nponding amount of lye), and possibly also some glycerin.\\nThe amount of lanolin may be increased or decreased with\u00c2\u00ac\\nout changing the amount of lye, as it is not saponifiable.\\nLAUNDRY SOAPS.\\nThe foregoing formulas are principally intended for toilet\\nsoaps. For laundry soaps a smaller proportion of cocoanut oil\\nis used, as the latter is expensive, and the soap wastes away too\\nfast. Naturally, no close distinction can be made between soaps\\nfor the two purposes,except, of course, so far as perfuming them\\nis concerned; but the following formulas will be found to be better\\nadapted for household soaps than for toilet purposes:\\n350 lbs. tallow.\\n150\\ngrease.\\n100\\ncocoanut oil.\\n35\\nmineral soap stock.\\n400-435\\nsoda lye 35\u00c2\u00b0 B.\\n300\\nsilicate of soda.\\nThe mineral soap stock is melted with the fats, at about 120 c\\nF. The silicate is dissolved in the lye, and the latter run into\\nthe crutcher while the machine is running briskly. The perfume\\nmay be added with the last of the lye. The addition of the lye\\nrequires less than five minutes, and, after crutching for a short\\ntime longer, the soap will have acquired the proper consistency\\nfor framing.\\nThis formula may, of course, be changed in many ways, as\\nregards stock as well as filling. A formula, for instance, which\\ngives satisfaction in many localities, is as follows:", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "292\\nCold-Made Soap.\\n220 lbs. tallow.\\n35 cocoanut oil.\\n165 soda lye, 34 B.\\n125 silicate of soda.\\nStill another formula is as follows:\\n330 lbs. cocoanut oil.\\n170 tallow.\\n250 soda lye, 39\u00c2\u00b0, diluted with\\n30 water.\\n350 filling made by dissolving\u00e2\u0080\u0099 2 parts sal\\nsoda, 1 part pearl ash, 2% parts salt, in 20\\nparts of boiling water.\\nFor soaps of this kind, as before mentioned, small and low\\nframes are the most suitable.\\nROSIN SOAP.\\nAs rosin consists of free acids, its presence in the stock\\ncauses some difficulty in use of the cold process, as pointed\\nout previously. But this may be overcome fairly well by suit\u00c2\u00ac\\nable manipulation. (If desired, the rosin may be purified as de\u00c2\u00ac\\nscribed on page 69.)\\nThe following are several formulas which have been used\\nfor the purpose.\\n100\\nlbs.\\ncocoanut oil.\\n100\\nlbs.\\ntallow.\\n200\\nlbs.\\nrosin.\\n200\\nlbs.\\nlye 39\u00c2\u00b0 B.\\nOr,\\n100\\nlbs.\\ncocoanut oil.\\n100\\nlbs.\\ntallow.\\n25\\nlbs.\\nrosin.\\n112\\nlbs.\\nlye 37\u00c2\u00b0 B.\\n20\\nlbs.\\ntalc (stirred into the stock).\\n9r,\\n50\\nlbs.\\ntallow.\\n50\\n11\\npalm oil.\\n20\\nt i\\nrosin.\\n55\\nt\\nlye 40 B.\\n50\\nsilicate of soda.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "Cold-Made Soap.\\n293\\nOr,\\n255 lbs. tallow (or bleached palm oil).\\n45 cocoatiut oil.\\n45 light rosin.\\n181 38\u00c2\u00b0 lye.\\n181 38\u00c2\u00b0 silicate of soda.\\nThe fat and rosin are melted together, strained, and sapon\u00c2\u00ac\\nified, the crutcher running rapidly, and the lye\u00e2\u0080\u0094mixed with the\\nsilicate, if any is used\u00e2\u0080\u0094being added slowly; if run in too fast or\\ntoo warm, the soap will work over. Another method of making\\nthese soaps which is capable of giving good results is as follows:\\nTaking the first of the above three formulas as a basis, the stock\\nis melted and worked together with the 150 lbs. of the lye; scraps\\nthat are to be worked up may also be added in small pieces, and\\nthe whole is melted together. In another vessel the 200 lbs.\\nrosin are melted on 60 lbs. of the lye, and when all the scraps\\nhave become melted the rosin mixture is run in slowly while\\ncrutching rapidly. The soap must be framed quickly. The lye\\nmay have to be diluted somewhat, owing to the dryness of the\\nscraps and the water evaporated during melting.\\nA modified process has lately been proposed, as follows:\\n80 lbs. cocoanut oil.\\n80 tallow.\\n180 21\u00c2\u00b0 soda lye, mixed with\\n20 32\u00c2\u00b0 potash solution.\\n40 38\u00c2\u00b0 silicate of soda.\\nThe fat is mixed with the lye at the ordinary temperature\\nof the atmosphere (60\u00c2\u00b0); then the slightly warmer (72\u00c2\u00b0) silicate\\nis added; the mass then separates. Crutching is continued till\\nall is uniformly dissolved when two pints of strong alcohol are\\nadded, which causes the ingredients to join at once. The soap\\nthickens and must be framed quickly.\\nTAR 50AP.\\n160 lbs. cocoanut oil.\\n40 tallow.\\n40 wood tar.\\n120 soda lye 37B.\\n20 glycerin or vaseline.\\nThe fat, tar, and glycerin are warmed up together, and the\\nlye crutched in in the ordinary way. The addition of the glyce-", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "294\\nCold-Made Soap.\\nRemelting.\\nMilling.\\nrin permits longer crutching and thereby a more complete mix\u00c2\u00ac\\ning-. If the soap should separate, warmth and rest will soon\\nclose it ag-ain when it may be rapidly crutched and framed. Part\\npotash lye in place of an equivalent portion of soda lye is advis\u00c2\u00ac\\nable in case no vaseline or glycerin are used.\\n^CARBOLIC SOAP.\\n120 lbs. cocoanut oil.\\n60 tallow.\\n90 soda lye 38\u00c2\u00b0 B.\\n2^4 potash lye 25\u00c2\u00b0 B.\\n1 crystallized carbolic acid, dissolved in\\n2/4 water.\\nA suitable perfume for this is: oils of lavender 2 parts,\\nwhite thyme and fennel 1 part each.\\nUTILIZING SCRAPS OF COLD SOAPS.\\nThe profitable utilization of scraps is one of the difficult\\nproblems of the manufacturers of cold soaps.\\nThe most feasible plan is usually the remelting- of the same,\\nas described in Chapter XIV, dealing- with this operation. For\\nfactories making-no soap at all by boiling-, this is the more to be\\nrecommended, as some remelting- apparatus are excellently\\nadapted also as mixing vessels for the manufacture of soap by\\nthe cold process. Where a practicable remelter is not among the\\nmachinery in the factory, the scraps are sometimes melted on\\nlye of 24-30\u00c2\u00b0 B. and the excess of strength is then absorbed by\\ncrutching in an equivalent proportion of cocoanut oil.\\nThe scraps may also be remelted in a jacket kettle, by hav\u00c2\u00ac\\ning an open steam pipe leading directly into the soap, keeping\\nthe kettle covered up while the open steam is turned on, to pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nvent the same from throwing out the contents. By the open\\nsteam and that in the jacket, assisted b} T occasional stirring, the\\nscraps are slowly melted. There are then added some salt water\\nand some pearl ash solution, both at about 22\u00c2\u00b0 B. (according to\\nthe moisture already present in the soap), and in quantity de\u00c2\u00ac\\npending on the composition of the soap, especially as to its pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nportion of cocoanut oil. To 150 lbs. of a pure cocoanut oil soap\\nas high as 50 lbs. of each of the solutions may be added.\\nAnother use which may be made of the scraps is for milling,\\nif the necessary machinery is on hand. They must be dried for", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "Cold-Made Soap.\\n295\\nthis purpose, like other soap for milling\u00e2\u0080\u0099, and may be profitably\\nmixed (especially cocoanut oil soaps) with about S% of starch,\\nwhich will make them more agreeable in use than ordinary cold-\\nmixed soap, or with some talc. For this purpose different colors\\nand qualities of scraps are kept separate, and suitably perfumed\\nin milling.\\nA use which is sometimes made of such scraps in some Euro\u00c2\u00ac\\npean countries is for so-called Mosaic-soap, which is made by\\nmaking a batch of cold soap of a certain color, and when almost\\nready to frame, adding the scraps of another color, cut into small\\npieces and mixing them in well. White scraps are thus mixed\\nwith red and brown, and yellow soap, and vice versa. For this\\npurpose scraps colored with aniline colors are not well adapted\\nas the latter has a tendency to spread into the white soap.\\nAnother method is a combination of some of the foregoing,\\nas follows: 200 pounds of tallow are melted to 185\u00c2\u00b0 F. and 325\\nlbs. of scrap (free from silicate filling) are then melted in the\\nhot fat. Soon after the mass reaches a temperature of 185 F.\\nagain, the scrap will be melted, and the whole is strained into\\nthe jacket kettle or crutcher; 110 lbs. of 34 B. lye are then\\ncrutchedin. The soap will at first be inclined to form lumps,\\nbut thins out by continued crutching. At this stage, some hot\\nwater, in which the color has previously been dissolved, must be\\nadded, before the soap thickens again. After the lye has all\\nbeen added, about 45 lbs. potash solution of 25 B. are crutched\\nin. When the soap forms a short, thick mass, it is framed. If\\nthe scraps were taken from unfilled soap, the potash solution\\nmay be added at once, on melting the scraps, instead of waiting\\nuntil the lye has been mixed in. Scraps filled with silicate can\u00c2\u00ac\\nnot be so treated, as the filling would be decomposed, and sand\u00c2\u00ac\\nlike grains would make their appearance.\\nA simple, but not altogether satisfactory way, consists in\\nsimply adding the finely cut scraps to the next batch of similar\\nsoap just before framing.\\nThe cold process may also be employed for making soft soap,\\nby using soft stock and potash lye instead of soda lye. It is un\u00c2\u00ac\\nnecessary to give a detailed description of the same, however,\\nas there is little call for it, and the details will readily suggest\\nthemselves from the special chapters on Soft Soap and on the\\nCold Procees.\\nMosaic soap.\\nAnother method.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "PART III.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIV.\\nRemelting Soap.\\nWhen soap that has been hardened by cooling- is subjected\\nagain to a warm temperature, it will assume a thickly fluid con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsistency similar to that which it originally had when framed.\\nAdvantage is taken of this property for melting over the trimm\u00c2\u00ac\\nings left from cutting up the frames of soap, or for working over\\nany soap which may have become \u00e2\u0080\u009ccracky\u00e2\u0080\u009d in the frame, or\\nwhich is unsalable for any other reason.\\nIn England remelting is also largely employed for making\\ntoilet soaps from stock soaps which the soap manufacturer furn\u00c2\u00ac\\nishes to the perfumers and others for remelting, coloring, per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfuming, etc. This practice was the natural outgrowth of the\\nexcise regulations governing soap factories formerly in force in\\nEngland; but in the United States remelting is practically con\u00c2\u00ac\\nfined to the utilization of scraps and faulty soaps, as stated above,\\nor for making small batches of floating soap.\\nIn factories where soaps are made by boiling, the scraps\\nmay be utilized in the manner described at the close of Chapter\\nVII (Settled Soaps), but owing to the reasons there explained,\\nremelting is greatly to be preferred. During remelting the soap\\nassumes a condition in which the use of a small amount of extra\\nfilling is not only possible, but even advisable, inasmuch as this\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009ccloses up\u00e2\u0080\u0099-\u00e2\u0080\u0099 the melted mass, giving it a more even and solid\\ntexture\u00e2\u0080\u0094besides increasing the weight of the soap.\\nFor factories making soap only by the cold process, remelt\u00c2\u00ac\\ning is really the most feasible plan for utilizing the scraps.\\nThe manner of remelting necessarily varies with the ma\u00c2\u00ac\\nchinery employed for the purpose, and it may here be remarked", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "300\\nRemeeting Soap.\\nSoap a bad con-\\nductoi of heat.\\nthat practical soap makers are by no means equally successful in\\nthe use even of the same machines for this purpose. The differ\u00c2\u00ac\\nent apparatus described in Chapter V, as used for remelting,\\ngive good results when correctly used. More than on the ma\u00c2\u00ac\\nchinery, however, the results depend on the character of the\\nsoap to be remelted and on the judgmentexercised in the operation,\\nespecially when the soap contains much filling. The principal\\npoint to remember in remelting is that soap is a bad conductor of\\nheat. For this reason the operation must either be allowed plenty\\nof time, or the remelted soap must constantly be moved away\\nfrom the steam-heated parts of the apparatus, so as to make\\nroom for the unmelted scraps directly near the hot parts of the\\nmachinery. All attempts to hurry the process will be unsuccess\u00c2\u00ac\\nful if the arrangements are not such that the scraps are directly\\nin contact with the source of the heat.\\nReferring to the various illustrations in Chapter V, the pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ncess of remelting is conducted as follows:\\nThe machine is filled with the scraps and the kettle covered\\nup (or the curb described in Chapter V is used), in order to pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nvent the steam from escaping into the room, and to thoroughly\\nmoisten the soap; open steam is then admitted into the contents\\nuntil the scraps are beginning to melt.\\nScraps that have become well dried before remelting will\\nmelt less easily than soap still containing a considerable propor\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of water; with the latter it may not be necessary to add any\\nopen steam at all. When toilet soaps are made by remelting\\nstock soaps (cut into shavings for the purpose), it may also be\\nbest not to use open steam, as these soaps are generally intended\\nto contain but little water, so that they may resemble milled\\nsoaps as much as possible. If a combined crutcher and remelter\\nis used for making a toilet soap by remelting, without the use of\\nwater or open steam, the conveyor screw should run very slowly.\\nHalf a day or more is required in this case for remelting a frame\\nof soap. For ordinary uses, with the aid of open steam, the\\noperation proceeds much more rapidly, however.\\nWhen the soap is observed to begin melting, the open steam\\nis shut off and the closed steam turned on, so as to heat the iack-\\net, or coils, as the case may be. In the Whitacre remelter (Fig.\\n43) the soap, as it melts, is run off into the frames, and the con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntents of the latter occasionally stirred up, to insure uniformity\\nof the mass, or the soap is run into the crutcher for mixing. If", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "Remelting Soap.\\n301\\nthe machine used is a combined crutcher and remelter, more\\nscraps are added as the soap melts down, and the crutcher started\\nfor a few minutes until the melted soap and the fresh scraps are\\nwell mixed. Closed steam is then again turned on to melt the\\nsoap completely.\\nThe open steam should be employed in such manner that it Open ste;u\u00c2\u00bb.\\nsupplies only enough water for giving the remelted soap the or\u00c2\u00ac\\niginal appearance and consistency of a newly made soap, and no Crntchiug.\\nmore crutching should be done than is required to secure even\\nmelting of the scraps; too much crutching will make the soap\\nfrothy by incorporating with it air bubbles, which will cause it\\nto float. The same defect results also if the soap is crutched\\nlong when very thick, or if it is heated for too long a time,\\nwhereby it undergoes a peculiar alteration in its texture. Ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nperience is here again the only reliable guide.\\nCare must, of course, be taken that no unmelted pieces re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmain, as they would cause aspotted appearance, especiallv if col\u00c2\u00ac\\noring matter or filling is to be added.\\nAfter simply remelting, the soap has not exactly the same Additioiiad fiiiiug.\\nappearance and consistency as the original soap from which it\\nwas made, and to improve it in this respect some filling is gener\u00c2\u00ac\\nally added while crutching, after enough soap for a frame has\\nbeen melted.\\nThe filling may be used similarly as in framing the original\\nsoap, and consists of various salts in saturated solutions\u00e2\u0080\u0094as,\\ncarbonate of soda, sulphate of soda, borax, salts of tartar, com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmon salt, bicarbonate of soda, carbonate of potash, etc., accord\u00c2\u00ac\\ning to circumstances. A favorite material, especially in good\\nsoaps, is pearl ash (carbonate of potash) dissolved in water, which\\ncauses the simultaneous formation of carbonate of soda and of\\npotash soap in the mass, thereby very noticeably improving the\\ntexture of the product. (This change is similar to that men\u00c2\u00ac\\ntioned under \u00e2\u0080\u009cPotash,\u00e2\u0080\u009d in Chapter III, and further explained in\\nnote 11 of the Appendix.)\\nFor a good toilet soap such an addition of filling is, of course,\\nout of place, and, in fact, toilet soaps are best made by milling,\\nwhich is the usual process in this country; while the cheaper\\ngrades of this kind are generally made by the cold or the half-\\nboiling process.\\nThe stock for remelted toilet soaps would have to be selected\\naccording to the product to be made. A settled soap made of", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "302\\nRemelting Soap.\\ntallow and a small proportion of rosin, a small proportion of co-\\ncoanut oil soap\u00e2\u0080\u0094to increase the lathering- properties\u00e2\u0080\u0094white\\ncurd soap, and, perhaps, also some soft potash soap, may be\\nblended tog-ether by remelting-, in proportions to suit. A clos\u00c2\u00ac\\ning- mixture, consisting- of a saturated solution of say 12 lbs.\\npearl ash is then crutched in for .every 1,000 lbs. of soap, and\\nthe color and perfume added. The mass is then run into frames.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XY.\\nMilled Soaps.\\nGeneral Remarks.\\nOf all soaps made those properly prepared by \u00e2\u0080\u009cmilling-\u00e2\u0080\u009d are\\nthe best in many respects. In point of intrinsic merit as a soap\\nthey are preferred because they contain the least possible amount\\nof water, and are usually prepared from the best materials, and\\nwith the greatest care; besides every well-made soap is improved\\nby repeatedly re-working- it. Owing- to the extra time, the\\nspecial machinery, and the quality of the ingredients required\\nto make the really g-ood kinds of the milled soaps, they are nat\u00c2\u00ac\\nurally somewhat more expensive; but they are also more lasting-\\nin use, because their small proportion of moisture and their dense\\ntexture make them waste away less quickly, while in point of\\nneutrality and delicacy of perfume they are unequalled by any\\nother soap. In appearance also, which is a not unimportant\\nitem in a toilet soap, they are beyond comparison, for the pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ncess by which they are manufactured g-ives them a hig-h finish\\nand preserves them from shrinking-, no matter how long-they are\\nkept.\\nThese remarks, of course, refer only to those soaps that have\\nbeen made with that care and of such purity as are looked for by\\nthe buyer of milled soaps; they do not apply at all, or at least\\nnot in the same degree, to those milled soaps, for instance, that\\nare sometimes made from a cold-mixed soap, either for the pur\u00c2\u00ac\\npose of working- up the scraps, or for the sake of merely g-iving-\\na cold-made soap the appearance of a milled soap; nor do they\\napply to some boiled soaps whose ingredients or manufacture\\nhave been faulty.\\nSuperiority of\\nmilled soap.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "304\\nMilled Soaps.\\nThe process of milling itself is merely a mechanical opera\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion to which a well-boiled soap is subjected, but the improve\u00c2\u00ac\\nment effected by it is quite important. It consists in preparing*\\nthe soap by dr}dng until only enoug*h moisture is left to enable\\nit to form a compact cake, grinding it between rollers to make it\\nperfectly homog eneous, and adding to it\u00e2\u0080\u0094while grinding \u00e2\u0080\u0094the\\nperfumes and colors, whereby the admixture of these ingredients\\nis made not only more intimate, but also at a considerable saving\\nof perfume, of which more or less would be lost by evaporation\\nif crutched into the hot soap. An additional advantage arises\\nfrom the exposure of the shavings to the air for drying, during\\nwhich any free caustic alkali that may be present is converted\\ninto the less corrosive carbonate by the absorption of carbonic\\nacid from the atmosphere. Incidentally, however, milling also\\noffers an opportunity for greatly adulterating soap; by the use of\\nstarch, talc, and other dry powders, a well-appearing piece of\\nsoap may be made even if the stock soap is not quite dry. In an\\nemergency, when the pure soap is troublesome in milling, the\\naddition of from 5 to 10% starch will frequently be very help\u00c2\u00ac\\nful; but for purposes of adulteration the addition is some\u00c2\u00ac\\ntimes increased to as high as 30 or 40 per cent. So also the pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ncess of milling may be used to incorporate into the soap such\\nspecial ingredients for special purposes as vaseline, lanolin (or\\nother wood fat preparations), c.\\nEarly methods of\\nmilling.\\nThe process of milling originated in France, where it was at\\nfirst carried on in the following primitive manner:\\nThe soap was made into shavings by drawing the bars\\nacross an ordinary carpenters\u00e2\u0080\u0099 plane so placed\u00e2\u0080\u0094cutting edge up\u00c2\u00ac\\nward\u00e2\u0080\u0094over a marble mortar, that the shavings fell into the\\nlatter. In the mortar they were pounded into a doughy mass,\\nand the color and perfume rubbed in by means of a wooden pestle\\nand several hours of hard work. Small quantities of the mass\\nwere then weighed out to form cakes of the desired size, moulded\\nby hand into a form approaching that of the cake, and after dry\u00c2\u00ac\\ning for a day pressed by means of a hand press. The soap so\\nmade soon gained a wide reputation, in consequence of which\\nthe special machinery for making it in large quantities has been\\nperfected, and milled toilet soaps now have a world-wide reputa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion and are manufactured wherever soap making has become an\\nimportant industry.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "Milled Soaps.\\n305\\nSTOCK FOR HILLED SOAP.\\nOnly fresh and pure fats and oils are suitable for this pur\u00c2\u00ac\\npose, for the delicate perfumes and colors would lose the princi\u00c2\u00ac\\npal part ol their value, if combined with a soap of the peculiar\\nodor and appearance arising* from old or low-grade fats. It is\\nalso necessary that the fat be most thoroughly saponified, for\\nany free fat remaining would soon cause rancidity in the soap\\nand thereby spoil the perfume. No amount of care in milling\\ncan save the soap from deteriorating and the odor from becoming\\ndisagreeable, if the soap itself was not well-made in boiling.\\nTrouble of various kinds arising during the process of milling\\nalso is in most cases due to faulty manipulation in finishing the\\nboiling, for unless the soap has been very thoroughly settled, it\\nwill not adhere together after milling. A good soap for milling\\nshould not be too short and brittle, and while it is still fresh it\\nshould adhere together on kneading it between the fingers, like\\nsoft, tough clay.\\nTallow, or bleached palm oil, and from 10 to 20% of cocoa-\\nnut oil make the most desirable stock for a soap that is to be\\nmade into a milled toilet article. Olive oil and olive oil foots\\nalso form soap of a desirable quality for milling and are used to\\nquite an extent for this purpose. The fats are saponified by\\nboiling repeatedly with lye and then settling carefully. The\\nprocess for making a \u00e2\u0080\u009cWhite Settled Soap,\u00e2\u0080\u009d asdescribed on page\\n205, etc., is excellent for this purpose. The fats are saponified\\nin the first change, so that the soap remains sharp after boiling\\nfor half an hour, without the addition of more lye; it is then\\ngrained, not too strongly, but so as to just separate the waste\\nlye clear on the paddle. After a sufficient rest the lye is run off,\\nthe mass closed up again with weak lye of say 8\u00c2\u00b0, and boiled for\\nan hour or two. It is then again grained by strong lye of about\\n35\u00c2\u00b0, this time so as to have a somewhat sharper grain. The lye\\nis drawn off again after a rest of several hours, and saved for\\nuse in laundry soap, and by means of boiling water and open\\nsteam the soap is then thinned out for settling; it should not be\\nthinned quite so far as to close up completely like a rosin soap,\\nbut only to form a very flat grain. After resting as long as pos\u00c2\u00ac\\nsible, the clear soap is framed.\\nIn regard to properly settling soap that is to be milled after\\nward, there is much diversity of opinion arising from the fact\\nSaponification.\\nSettling.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "306\\nMilled Soaps.\\nSpecial stock.\\nthat, when no starch, rosin soap, or other binding\u00e2\u0080\u0099 material is\\nused, the soap will be cracky on coming from the plodder, unless\\nthe nigre and foreign salts have been settled out very thorough\u00c2\u00ac\\nly. In order to remove these impurities as nearly absolutely as\\nmay be, different means are adopted by different soap makers,\\nand this is one of those particulars in which the most expert\\nhave \u00e2\u0080\u009cagreed to disagree\u00e2\u0080\u009d most decidedly. Most manufacturers\\nsimply settle the soap as just described, making as large batches as\\npossible at a time, in order to give the soap the benefit of as long\\na rest as possible to drop the impurities, and using, if necessary,\\nsome special ingredients to secure greater cohesion between the\\nparticles of soap in case it is defective in this respect.\\nOthers hold that the presence of some pearl ash or soda ash\\nin finishing the soap contributes to a more thorough settling out\\nof the impurities, and accordingly they adopt this method of\\nsettling soap intended to be milled.\\nAgain, still another proceeding is used by some well-known\\nmanufacturers of first-class soap which consists in running the\\nhot soap into wooden frames, and allowing it to drop the nigre\\nthere. When the soap has hardened and is cut up, it is found\\nthat the nigre has been forced upward toward the center of the\\nframe, where it is plainly visible, and may be cut out. The\\ncause of the rising of the nigre in this manner from the bottom\\nof the frame is not as yet fully explained, but it may be com\u00c2\u00ac\\npared to a similar action which sometimes occurs in the kettle\\nafter steam has been turned off and boiling ceased. This pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ncess makes it necessary to return on an average about one-third\\nof the soap into the kettle, and is consequently somewhat un\u00c2\u00ac\\npleasant and laborious, but the pure soap obtained is in a first-\\nclass condition for milling.\\nAt any rate, if on cutting up a frame nigre is found in spots,\\nsuch pieces should be at once rejected, as after drying they are\\nhard to identify.\\nA palm oil soap made in a similar manner as described above,\\nfrom bleached or unbleached palm oil, is a very useful one for\\nmilling purposes, as is also a cotton seed oil soap which may be\\nused to advantage as an addition to other kinds, when the soap\\nin the plodder does not work satisfactorily. The advantage of\\nusing some castor oil in soap for milling has already been men\u00c2\u00ac\\ntioned in the description of that oil.\\nWhere scraps of cold-made cocoanut oil soap are to be worked", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "Milled Soaps.\\n307\\nup by milling, it may sometimes be done to advantage by using\\na soap boiled from tallow alone.\\nTHE MILLING PROCESS.\\nThe soap, after it has been stripped and cut, is dried for\\nabout a day in bars, and then cut into thin, shavings by a ma- Chippin\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0i SOtip*\\nchine called the \u00e2\u0080\u009cchipper,\u00e2\u0080\u009d such as illustrated on page 163. Only\\nas much soap should be cut as can be used up in a day or two\\nafter drying, for it has been found that from shavings exposed\\nto the air too long a time, the finished soap will have a less beau\u00c2\u00ac\\ntiful finish. The shavings are then spread out in layers to dry,\\nand if possible are placed on sieves for this purpose, so as to dry\\nas evenly as possible. The process may be conducted in a dry\u00c2\u00ac\\ning room heated by steam, or simply by exposure to the air. In\\nthe latter case its duration is very indefinite, requiring, accord\u00c2\u00ac\\ning to the weather, from 2 to 5 days, while in the former it may\\nbe finished in from 12 to 24 hours.\\nThe proper degree of drying is somewhat difficult to judge, Dr ir) s-\\nand it takes some experience to regulate it correctly. While in\\nbars, a settled soap, made as described, will contain about 35%\\nof water; for milling it has been found that about 18% of water\\nis the best proportion, so that about one-half of the water pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nsent in the freshly cut shavings must be evaporated in drying,\\nin order to obtain the best results. Insufficiently dried soap will\\nbe smeary and streaky, blisters readily and comes very easily\\nand rapidly out of the plodder; in drying out afterwards some of\\nthe perfume will escape, along with the evaporating moisture;\\nbut if the drying be overdone the soap will be wanting in the\\nnecessary cohesion and will consequently be cracky as it comes\\nfrom the plodder; the machine will work heavily, and only by\\nheating the nozzle considerably can the soap be made to hold to\u00c2\u00ac\\ngether at all. Unevenly dried shavings will require more milling\\nin order to make the mass homogeneous; if this is neglected the\\ncakes will be of uneven density, will therefore not dissolve even\u00c2\u00ac\\nly, and consequently show a ruffled surface and streaky appear\u00c2\u00ac\\nance in use. The best and most reliable method of ascertaining\\nthe proper degree of drying consists in slightly overdrying the\\nshavings at first, and then carefully adding the necessary amount\\nof water as the soap may require. Some use shavings of fresh\\nsoap in place of water for this purpose. Additions of material\\nother than soap proper, as talc, starch, and the like, will natur-\\ng the", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "308\\nMilled Soaps.\\nPerfuming a\\ncoloring.\\nMilling.\\nThe plodder.\\nally modify the precise proportion of moisture required in the\\nstock soap in order to have it of the proper consistency and\\ntexture.\\na Before adding- the color and perfume, the shaving s are passed\\nonce throug-h the mill, as the soap will pass better through the\\nrollers\u00e2\u0080\u0094which must be set a little further apart this time on ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncount of the larg-er sized pieces\u00e2\u0080\u0094if there are no additions made\\nat first which make the shaving\u00e2\u0080\u0099s slippery; besides the perfume\\nand color are distributed more thoroug-hly in this manner.\\nThe soap, as it comes in thin ribbons from the mill, is run\\ninto a box which is lined either with zinc or lead, and the pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nviously calculated quantity of color and perfume is mixed in as\\nwell as possible. If insoluble colors are used they are conveni\u00c2\u00ac\\nently tied up in a cloth of open texture which is then shaken\\nfrom time to time over the soap as it comes from the mill. Some\\nsoap makers prefer to add the perfume after the color has already\\nbeen well ground in, to save it from going- through the mill so\\noften, as it is in this manner sufficiently well mixed with the soap\\nwith less opportunity to evaporate.\\nThe mass is now again ground in the mill, the rollers of\\nwhich are set a little closer than they were the first time. This\\nprocess of running the soap through the mill is repeated several\\ntimes, according to the number of rollers on the machine and\\nthe condition of the soap, say about four times through a five-\\nroller machine, until the mass is entirely homogeneous and free\\nfrom streaks. The last time it comes from the rollers as thin as\\npaper.\\nWith some practice the appearance of the soap as it conies\\nfrom the mill can serve as a fair indication of its proper condition\\nfor the plodder; if too dry it has a strong lustre and little scales\\nare apt to form here and there. If, while on the mill, it should\\nbe found that the soap is not dry enough after all, the proceed\u00c2\u00ac\\nings must be stopped to permit further drying, unless some over-\\ndried scraps are on hand to be milled in.\\nFrom the mill the soap passes without loss of time into the\\nhopper of the plodder. This machine feeds it automatically into\\na compartment where it is subjected to an enormous pressure,\\nforming it again into a compact mass, and driving out all air\\nbubbles. On the end of the machine opposite the hopper there\\nis a nozzle into which a die of any desired shape is set, so that\\nthe soap is forced out through it in one continuous bar of any", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "Milled Soaps.\\n309\\ndesired form, so long- as the supply in the hopper is kept up; the\\nshape of the nozzle used corresponds approximately to that of the\\ncake to be pressed from it, a number of differently shaped nozzles\\nbeing provided for the purpose.\\nThe end of this nozzle is kept warm, either by a direct flame\\nor by a steam pipe placed around it, as the heat so applied makes\\nthe soap come out smooth and glossy. A good, pure soap, made\\nmostly of tallow, will have a better finish with more heat at this\\npart of the machine than one that is made of more cocoanut oil,\\nand, perhaps, even containing filling. If too warm it will cause\\na streaky and rough finish if the soap is too soft, or blistered if\\ntoo tough. The first few feet of the bar issuing from the plod\u00c2\u00ac\\nder must be returned to the hopper or mill, as they are not suf\u00c2\u00ac\\nficiently compressed and would therefore be apt to crack after\u00c2\u00ac\\nwards, as is also the case if the soap shavings had been too dry.\\nFrom the continuous working of the machine under high\\npressure the interior parts of the plodder may become heated,\\ncausing the soap to be blistered and otherwise unsatisfactory;\\nsome plodders have therefore been provided with a cold water\\njacket. However, as this operates on the soap in the first place,\\ninstead of on the heated parts of the machinery, it is better to\\nstop work till the machine cools off.\\nSometimes, for some reason or other, the soap comes from\\nthe plodder wanting in the proper degree of pliancy. At such\\ntimes the very careful addition of a little glycerin to the soap,\\non its last passage through the mill, may remedy the defect.\\nSome cotton seed oil soap, added to it, may also be of benefit; or if\\nthe trouble arises from overdrying of the shavings, some water\\nor shavings of fresh soap may be incorporated by thorough mill-\\nin\u00c2\u00b0\\\\ Others again resort to the use of a few pounds of mineral\\nsoap stock, or melted bees\u00e2\u0080\u0099 wax, paraffine wax, or rosin soap.\\nThe addition of some (pure) gum tragacatith, which has pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nviously been made into a mucilaginous mass with water, is to be\\nhighly recommended in this connection, as it improves the lather\\nand holds the soap together, preventing cracking. In like man\u00c2\u00ac\\nner may be added 3-10% of pure wool fat or lanolin, if the soap\\nis not to be of a pure white color, lanolin giving it a creamy tint;\\nin this case the soap is dried more thoroughly before milling than\\nwhen such an addition is not to be made. Should this addition\\nmake the soap streaky, it is necessary to previously rub up the\\nwool fat with an equal amount of water.\\nHeating the noz\\nzle.\\nHeating of plod\u00c2\u00ac\\nder.\\nRemedying d e\\nfeets in the soap", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "310\\nMilled Soaps.\\nPressing.\\nNew system ma\u00c2\u00ac\\nchinery.\\nDifference in per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfuming various\\nsoaps.\\nQuantity of per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfume used.\\nMixing of per-\\nf u m e s before\\nadding.\\nA cutting machine with a single wire is placed so as to cut\\nthe continuous bar into convenient lengths, corresponding with\\nthe size of the cakes, and after a very short time for drying the\\nsoap is ready to be pressed.\\nOn pressing cakes of milled soap, its peculiar texture is made\\nvery prominent through the change in the shape of the bar,\\nwhereby the difference in the grain of the ends and the sides re\u00c2\u00ac\\nspectively\u00e2\u0080\u0094caused by the action of the machinery\u00e2\u0080\u0094is plainly\\nshown by a mark. A machine has been patented for pressing\\ncakes directly from the long bar, cutting off the soap required\\nfor a cake by the die, to obviate this mark.\\nA system of milling soap as it comes from the kettle, with\u00c2\u00ac\\nout intermediate framing, has been briefly described in Chapter\\nV, but as it is not as yetextensively used in this country, further\\ndetails may be omitted. (See illustration opposite page 103.)\\nPERFUMING MILLED SOAP.\\nThe subject of perfuming soaps in general will be treated\\nhereafter in a special chapter (XVI), but a few remarks, which\\nrefer especially to the milled soaps in which the proper perfume\\nis so important for their success, may find place here.\\nThe composition of the oils and tinctures when incorporated\\ninto an odorless, well-made soap by milling, retains its original\\nodor unimpaired. In this respect there is a great difference be\u00c2\u00ac\\ntween milled and cold-made soaps, for, in the latter, the perfume\\nundergoes a change,\u00e2\u0080\u00a2 no doubt induced in the course of the chem\u00c2\u00ac\\nical reaction of the lye on the fat. A formula which gives a\\nsatisfactory and even elegant perfume for one, may therefore be\\nfar from making a pleasant odor for soap of the other process.\\nIt has further been demonstrated by practical experience\\nthat milled soap requires a larger quantity of perfume than does\\ncold-made soap, in order to make the odor equally prominent;\\nthis is undoubtedly owing to its more intimate incorporation by\\nmilling, and is amply repaid by the increased durability of the\\nodor.\\nInstead of mixing the oils directly with the shavings, which\\ncauses a considerable loss by evaporation, the ingredients for the\\nperfume may be mixed previously with a small amount of pure,\\nodorless, white vaseline. Some manufacturers also use some orris\\nroot in the dark-colored milled soaps, one pound of which (for\\nevery 100 lbs. of soap) is made with the perfume and vaseline", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "Miixkd Soaps.\\n311\\ninto a dough-like mass and mixed with the shavings after they\\nhave passed through the mill once or twice, the idea being to add\\nthe perfume as late as consistent with thorough incorporation,\\nso as to prevent evaporation of the costly ingredients as much as\\npossible.\\nOrris root and a carefully proportioned small quantity of\\nliquid storax (either alone or melted together with the vaseline)\\nmake an excellent base for all perfumes in milled soap, making\\nthe odor more pronounced and more lasting. The same is true\\nof the tinctures of benzoin, tolu, and civet. Tincture of musk\\nalso acts in the same manner, and where the price of the soap\\nwill permit it, should always be used for bringing out the per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfume, and for making it lasting. The tinctures named should\\nbe used in a somewhat more concentrated form than is usual when\\nthey are employed for handkerchief perfumes.\\nLasting qualities\\nof perfume.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "I", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVI.\\nColoring and Perfuming.\\nAt the present time, when so much weig-ht is placed on the\\noutward appearance of the soap, few kinds are on the market\\nwhich are not more or less eleg-antly perfumed\u00e2\u0080\u0094especially those\\nintended for toilet purposes, which are in many cases also colored.\\nAn agreeable perfume is frequently taken by the consumer as\\nproof of a superior article, even thoug-h, as a matter of fact, it\\nsometimes is rather the means of hiding- a naturally disagree\u00c2\u00ac\\nable odor. Colors likewise can hardly be said to be of any actual,\\npractical use, and in the case of a few may even be objectionable\\nrather than otherwise. However, since the demand for a soap\\nis g-enerally increased by the judicious use of suitable color and\\nperfume, their employment has become nearly universal.\\nCOLORING.\\nThe manner of applying- the colors has already been de\u00c2\u00ac\\nscribed under the various processes of manufacture, so that only\\na few remarks about the colors themselves remain to be made.\\nFor the sake of the g-ood quality of the soap, if not for econ\u00c2\u00ac\\nomy, it is always advisable to use only the smallest amount of\\ncoloring- material that will g-ive the required shade, and to select\\nthe shade in harmony with the perfume and name of the soap.\\nThus a \u00e2\u0080\u009cRose\u00e2\u0080\u009d soap is naturally colored red, \u00e2\u0080\u009cLily\u00e2\u0080\u009d soap is left\\nwhite, \u00e2\u0080\u009cVanilla\u00e2\u0080\u009d soap should be brownish-yellow, and so forth.\\nA Division of colors.\\nThe colors used may be divided into two classes: those which\\nmay be added in solution (in water, lye, hot soap or alcohol),\\nand those which form an insoluble and impalpable powder and\\nare nearly all of mineral orig-in. Some aniline colors that are", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "314\\nColoring and Perfuming.\\ninsoluble in alcohol, as well as in water and lye, dissolve readily\\nin oil sassafras, or in a mixture of oil sassafrass, alcohol and glyce\u00c2\u00ac\\nrin. For transparent soaps the insoluble colors are of course unsuit\u00c2\u00ac\\nable. (Tampico yellow and Uranine are much used for them).\\nSoluble colors, as a class, produce much handsomer effects than the\\ninsoluble ones,while the latter have the advantage of permanency\\nwhich is lacking in most soluble colors. From another view colors\\nmaybe divided into perfectly harmless colors and those whose use\\nalthough ordinarily also harmless, may under certain circum\u00c2\u00ac\\nstances\u00e2\u0080\u0094as when used by a person afflicted by some skin disease\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094give rise to unpleasant symptoms. The latter class is composed\\nespecially of those colors containing poisonous metals (mercury,\\nlead, copper, arsenic), which are sometimes employed because\\nthey remain unaltered by time and exposure. Vermilion (red\\nlead) and many kinds of aniline colors are of this class. It is\\nalso necessary to remember that many of the aniline colors are\\naffected by alkali and therefore do not admit of use in such an\\narticle as soap.\\nNatural color of Besides the colors added, we must mention the natural tints\\nof soap made from certain stock, as reddish-brown from crude\\npalm oil, yellow from rosin, greenish from hemp and olive oil,\\netc., and the brown color caused by the action of heat and lye\\non the sugar in transparent soap, and by impurities in crude\\npotash.\\nThe special colors used for soap are of an enormous variety,\\nand yet a few colors, used either singly or in combination with\\neach other, are sufficient to make up the principal shades\\ndesired.\\nWhite soaps are simply uncolored, but require great atten\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion and the most scrupulous cleanliness in their manufacture,\\nas their white color is extremely delicate. When they have natur\u00c2\u00ac\\nally a somewhat yellowish hue, the addition of a very small\\ntrace of blue (ultramarine) will change the shade to a light\\ngreenish, which is at all events preferable to yellow and less\\nnoticeable. (Ultramarine is used in the same manner by sugar\\nrefiners and others, to improve the appearance of their product.)\\nArtificial colors Gray soap in all shades is made from white by the addition of\\nand shades, varying quantities of black color, such as Ivory Black, nigro-\\nsine, c.\\nBrown in a great variety of shades, is produced by Sugar\\nColor, Brown Ochre, Cutch, Chocolate, Umber, Burnt Sienna,", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "Coloring and Perfuming.\\n315\\nTurmeric, Soudan brown, etc., and these may be all modified\\nby the addition of yellow colors, producing an immense variety.\\nYellow colors are also numerous, chief among which are Saff\u00c2\u00ac\\nron, Cadmium Yellow, Annatto, Picric Acid, Naphthaline Yel\u00c2\u00ac\\nlow, Orang-e and Yellow Aniline; and for special shades also\\nTurmeric and Bichromate of Potash. Sometimes crude palm\\noil is used in soap for the sake of its color and odor. Turmeric\\nturns brown by the action of lye. Lemon Yellows, for transpar\u00c2\u00ac\\nent soaps, are fluorescine and quinoline.\\nRed is produced by Indian Red, Venetian Red, Aniline Red,\\nVermilion, Alkanet, Carmine, Bole, Colcothar, etc.\\nBlue soap is now almost exclusively colored with Ultramarine\\nin preference to Indigo, which was formerly much used. Ultra-\\nmarine is also used in combination for shades requiring blue.\\nMethylene blue is also much used.\\nGreen is produced by mixing blue and yellow colors, as saff\u00c2\u00ac\\nron or Chrome Yellow and Ultramarine; or Guinet\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Green is\\nused, Chlorophyl, which however, fades on exposure. For soft\\nsoap the use of hempseed oil is sufficient to make the product\\ngreen. Sligffitly bluish green are improved by the addition of\\nsome yellow color.\\nOrange is made by mixing yellow and red, or Mineral Orang-e\\nis used as a color.\\nPurple is a mixture of red and blue.\\nOther shades in great number are produced by the aniline\\ncolors, such as Fuchsin, Eosin, Bismarck Brown, etc., and by mix\u00c2\u00ac\\ning several colors.\\nFor instance, Buff is produced from mixing turmeric (1 part)\\nand bichromate of potash (2 parts), dissolved in lye.\\nSpecial Yellow tints are made by combinations such as: Yel\u00c2\u00ac\\nlow Ochre 5 ounces, Burnt Sienna 10 drachms. Or: Yellow\\nOchre 1 ounce, Orang-e Mineral 1 ounce, Gambog-e 5 drachms.\\nStill another shade is made of: Brown Ochre 1 ounce, Ver\u00c2\u00ac\\nmilion 2L? drachms, Ivory Black drachm.\\nAn olive color is made from green with a very little red.\\nAnd thus the combination may be carried on without end.\\nSome of these many coloring matters, at least, deserve a few\\nadditional remarks:\\nCinnabar a firy red color, is a compound of mercury and sul\u00c2\u00ac\\nphur (the sulphide of mercury) and insoluble; it has a hig-h\\nspecific gravity\u00e2\u0080\u0094a fact worth some attention when this color is", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "316\\nColoring and Perfuming.\\nused in cold-made soap. It is not infrequently adulterated with\\noxide of iron, plaster of Paris, c.\\nChrome Red is a compound of chromium and lead, varying in\\nshades according to the fineness of the powder. It is sometimes\\nused in place of cinnabar, although its best shades are those of\\na powder almost too coarse for use in soap.\\nCarmine is a more or less firy red powder, obtained from the\\nCochenille insect; soluble in ammonia.\\nChrome Yellow, chromate of lead; has a high specific gravity\\n(a point to note in cold-made soaps); as this color sometimes\\ncauses black spots in the soaps, it is not so suitable as cadmium\\nyellow which, however, is much more expensive.\\nCadmium Yellow is a compound of cadmium and sulphur and\\na very useful color, being absolutely permanent, though ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npensive.\\nCur cumin, orange yellow crystals obtained from the curcumor\\nroot grown in East India, China, c., soluble in alcohol and oils.\\nOrlean Yellow a product from the fruit of a South American\\ntree; not readily soluble in water, more so in alcohol with which\\nit forms a beautiful orange solution; with alkalies it gives a\\ndark red.\\nSaffron is a yellow color derived from flowers; it is very\\nsensitive to light.\\nUltramar in, first found in a rare mineral (Lapis Lazuli), is\\nnow made from Kaolin by treatment with soda, sulphur,\\nand carbon. It is unchanged by the action of air, light, and\\nsoap, and even improves by the exposure to air, but is very sen\u00c2\u00ac\\nsitive to acids.\\nBerlin Blue though used in perfumery, is destroyed by the\\naction of soap.\\nIndigo a dry, vegetable product of dark blue to violet color;\\nthe powder is insoluble in water, alcohol, acids, and alkalies.\\nIt is rarely used now in soaps, being mostly superceded by ultra-\\nmarin, but a special compound of it, known as Indigo carmine,\\nis used more often, especially to produce green colors in com\u00c2\u00ac\\nbination with some yellows.\\nGuignefs Green is product of bichromate of potash and\\nboracic acid.\\nUltramarin Green is an intermediate product of ultramarin\\nblue manufacture.\\nChlorophyll is the green coloring matter of plants; it gives", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "Coloring and Perfuming.\\n317\\nvery beautiful shades of green and of course is not poisonous;\\nvery soluble in oils, but of little resistance to atmospheric in\u00c2\u00ac\\nfluences and light.\\nUmber is a natural brown mineral color, found in many\\nplaces, but especially near Siena (terra di Sienna) in Tuscany.\\nCatechu also called terra japonica, is not a mineral color as\\nmight be inferred from the latter name, but derived from the wood\\nof a tree grown in Bengal; soluble in alcohol and hot water;\\ndark red to brown.\\nGambir is almost the same as catechu.\\nTannic acid in watery solutions colors soap brown, darkening\\nas the soap cools. It affords some desirable shades, but cannot\\nbe used in milled soaps.\\nSugar Color or Caramel can be used in milled soap, soluble\\nin water.\\nCoal Tar Colors. Of the extraordinary large number of coal\\ntar colors a great many are unsuitable for soaps, either because\\nthey are decomposed by lye, or because they are insoluble in fats\\nand soaps. Some can be made available by dissolving them with\\nthe addition of a small amount of alcohol, others by dissolving\\nthem in oleic acid (the acid reaction of which renders some basic\\ncolors soluble by forming salts of the oleic acid); turpentine\\nalso has a similar effect on some of these colors. Such colors\\nprepared ready for use in soap are in the market in great num\u00c2\u00ac\\nber. One of the earliest known aniline colors was Fuchsin, a\\nvery intense color of bluish red; other useful reds are Eosin,\\nErythrosin, Rhodamin, Bordeaux red, c. The watery solution\\nhas a characteristic greenish efflorescence which, however, dis_\\nappears when used in soap.\\nAmong the yellow aniline colors those particularly worth\\nmentioning are Uranin, Naphthaline, Chinolin, Resorcin yellow,\\nMartinsyellow, c. Picric acid which also belongs into this group,\\nis too poisonous to be used for soaps.\\nFor blue soaps an aniline color known as Alkali Blue may\\nbe used; as it becomes lighter when exposed to lye, and darker\\nwhen the lye becomes neutralized by the fat, the real color ap\u00c2\u00ac\\npears only when the soap is finished, so that care is needed to\\nprevent a darker shade than expected. Another blue is Methyl\\nBlue which fairly withstands the action of light and affords\\nsome nice green shades when mixed with yellow. Still another\\nuseful preparation of this kind is Victoria Blue.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "318\\nColoring and Perfuming.\\nMethyl violet, one of the most intense of all anilin colors is\\none much used for violet soap, as is also Indulin also an anilin\\ncolor.\\nAnilin greens are also numerous; among- them is Victoria\\ngreen, but this as well as Naphtol green and the other greens are\\ntoo sensitive to light, so that most green soaps are preferably\\ncolored by suitable mixtures of blue and yellow.\\nAmong the brown colors Bismarck Brown is the best known,\\nthere being but few anilin browns.\\nAs the anilin colors, as stated before, are not very soluble and\\nsuch helps as alcohol, turpentine, c., are not always desirable,\\nthere has sprung up an industry of making specially prepared\\nsoap colors which readily dissolve in oils and fats or even in\\nslightly alkaline water. These colors come mostly in the form\\nof amorphous powders and sometimes in the form of a paste.\\nTheir manufacture is in few hands who guard the same\\nas trade secrets, and they are not equal in coloring power to or\u00c2\u00ac\\ndinary anilin colors. As these colors require various means of\\napplying them, nothing can be said here on that point, the con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsumer being obliged to follow the directions furnished by the\\nmanufacturer with each kind of color.\\nAs regards their secret process, of manufacture, it is claim\u00c2\u00ac\\ned by some who might be supposed to know, that in the case of\\nsome of these colors they are made very cheaply by suitably mix\u00c2\u00ac\\ning those bought from the anilin color factories and \u00e2\u0080\u009cimproving\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nthem by the truly secret process of mixing in flour,starch or salt.\\nThus a beautiful red color of commerce is said to consist of\\nrhodamin 1 part, starch 79 parts.\\nThe first anilin colors made were poisonous, but improve\u00c2\u00ac\\nments made since were such that many of these colors are now used\\nfor articles of food even, so that with few exceptions there need\\nno longer be any hesitancy in using them in soaps. It may also\\nbe mentioned that, since most of these products are very complex\\nin composition, they have been given short trade names by which\\nthey are usually known and which we have used in the foregoing\\nfor that reason; thus a color ordinarily known as Soudan would,\\nif called by its proper name, become: Anilin-azo-beta-naphthol;\\nand Malachite green is \u00e2\u0080\u009chydrochloric ether of tetramethyldia-\\nmidotriphenyl carbinol,\u00e2\u0080\u009d a name that ought to excuse almost\\nanything.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "Coloring and Perfuming.\\n319\\nPERFUMING.\\nThe odorous substances are incorporated into the body of\\nthe soap either by milling- or by crutching- them in just previous\\nto running- the soap into the frame.\\nMany soaps, particularly the low-priced ones for the laundry,\\nare perfumed simply by the incorporation of a single essential\\noil, so that in their case the perfuming- is an extremely simple mat\u00c2\u00ac\\nter. Some importers of essential oils, as well as manufacturers\\nof perfumery, also make a specialty of furnishing the soap manu\u00c2\u00ac\\nfacturers ready-made mixtures of essential oils and other aro\u00c2\u00ac\\nmatic substances, so that in the case of compounded perfumes,\\nalso, the soap maker need not necessarily trouble himself about\\nthe composition of perfumes.\\nNevertheless, there are some general rules applying to per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfuming soap which the manufacturer can not afford to be un\u00c2\u00ac\\nacquainted with, the more so since every soap maker will find it\\nto be of advantage to collect at an early opportunity a good stock\\nof experience in this branch of his business, even if he should\\nfind it more convenient for the time being to use only the ready\u00c2\u00ac\\nmade mixtures. In making up a suitable combination of odor\u00c2\u00ac\\nous substances the price is, of course, of the greatest importance\\nto begin with. But a mixture of high-priced oils may be a very\\npoor perfume, unless they are selected to harmonize with each\\nother. To make up a suitable combination the odor which is to\\npredominate is first selected and then compounded with such ad\u00c2\u00ac\\nditions of other odors in suitable proportion as by experience is\\nfound to harmonize therewith. A small variation may mean a\\ngreat deal practically in this respect. A very pleasant perfume,\\nfor instance, is made by\\nBergamot,\\n6 parts,\\nRose geranium\\n5\\nPatchouli\\nl}4\\nSantal,\\n2\\nValeria,\\nbut, if the /aleria be increased to 2 parts, the mixture will be\\nsimply nauseating.\\nLikewise, some oils are simply wasted by adding them to\\nothers which overpower them, or which form with them a mix\u00c2\u00ac\\nture of an odor which is represented by some other, much cheaper\\noil, or quite insipid. Thus musk, which is very expensive, is\\npractically killed by oil of fennel; otto of rose is overpowered\\nCompounding\\nperfume.\\nWasting oil by in\u00c2\u00ac\\njudicious mixing", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "320\\nColoring and Perfuming.\\nby oil of peppermint, etc. Lastly there are two very common\\nsources of failure of even the best of formulas which it is im\u00c2\u00ac\\nportant to point out, namely: first a soap which of itself has a\\ndisagreeable odor, and secondly the buying of oils not of the cha\u00c2\u00ac\\nracter and odor understood as the true properties of the oil nam\u00c2\u00ac\\ned. A delicate odor is of course worse than wasted when incor\u00c2\u00ac\\nporated into a soap of fatty, rancid smell, and a formula cannot\\nbe a success when the oil used is not of the same character as\\nthat used in the original formula.\\nThe substances employed for obtaining the perfumes suit\u00c2\u00ac\\nable for soap are of several classes, namely:\\n1. Vegetable substances comprising essential oils, balsams,\\nrosins, roots, and bark. The essential oils are by far the most\\ncommonly employed ingredients for this purpose; they are sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nject to evaporation and deleterious changes on exposure to the\\nlight, air, or heat, as well as to rust in cans, dissolving lead from\\nthe latter, c. They should therefore be kept in a cool, dark\\nplace, in glass vessels, and closely stoppered.\\nReady-mixed perfumes may be kept in a somewhat warmer\\nplace, as the elevated temperature accelerates the action of the\\noils on each other, whereby the perfume \u00e2\u0080\u009cripens.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n2. Animal substances, which comprise only a very small, but\\nimportant number of raw materials for perfumery. They are\\ngenerally used more because they serve excellently for fixing the\\nmore volatile vegetable odors than for the sake of their own\\nodor.\\n3. Artificial products, which are also not as yet very numer\u00c2\u00ac\\nous, and mostly of rather recent origin. Some of these might\\nalso be classed with the vegetable substances mentioned above,\\nfrom which they are extracted by more or less complicated che\u00c2\u00ac\\nmical treatment, while others are entirely artificial products.\\n4. Pomades. The perfumed fat remaining when the princi\u00c2\u00ac\\npal part of their odor has been extracted from the flower pom\u00c2\u00ac\\nades of the perfumer, is used to a limited extent for perfuming\\nsoap, by adding this fat to other stock, in the manufacture of\\nsoap by the cold process.\\nThe following is an alphabetical list of the various substan\u00c2\u00ac\\nces. (The plant from which the oils are derived are named in\\neach case because in regard to some of the oils there is consider\u00c2\u00ac\\nable confusion and misunderstanding in the general literature):\\nAllspice Oil, see Pimenta.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "321\\nColoring and Perfuming.\\nAmbergris, a grayish white secretion of the Cachelot whale.\\nSoluble in alcohol; has a pleasant musk-like odor if properly\\ndiluted.\\nAmbrette Seed Oil, distilled from the seed of Abelmoschus\\nMoschatus odor resembling musk and civet; Sp. gr. 0.900 to\\n0.905; contains a free fatty acid which partly separates out at\\nordinary temperatures. A Copaiba oil mixture has been at\\ntimes substituted for this oil.\\nAnethol, an artificial product representing the essential\\nconstituent of oil of anise and possessing the odor of the latter;\\ncolorless.\\nAnise Aldehyde or Aubepine; a colorless liquid resembling\\nin odor the blooming Hawthorn; must be kept in well-stoppered\\nand well-filled bottles, as it oxidizes readily if exposed to the air;\\nagrees well with orange oil and oils of similar odor; readily sol\u00c2\u00ac\\nuble in alcohol.\\nAnise Oil; made from the seeds of Pimpinella Anisum\\\\ should\\nbe colorless or faintly yellow. Below about 60\u00c2\u00b0 F. it solidifies\\nto a white, crystalline mass. (Should not be confounded with\\noil of Star anise, made of the fruit of Illicium Anisatum It\\nmust be used sparingly, as its penetrating odor easily overcomes\\nthat of other oils used. Sp. gr. 0.980 to 0.990 at 17\u00c2\u00b0 C.; optical\\nrotation to the left (very slight); consists chiefly (90%) of ane\u00c2\u00ac\\nthol; has been extensively adulterated with the stearopten ob\u00c2\u00ac\\ntained from oil of fennel, which, however, can usually be de\u00c2\u00ac\\ntected by the change thereby caused in the optical rotation of the\\noil. Anise oil congeals between 60 and 66\u00c2\u00b0 F.\\nArtificial Oil Sassafras is a production closely related to\\nSafrol.\\nArtificial Oil Wintergreen (Methyl Salicylate) is a col\u00c2\u00ac\\norless or yellowish liquid; sp. gr. 1.183 to 187; optically inactive;\\nmanufactured on a large scale and used extensively to supplant\\nthe Natural Oils of Wintergreen and of Sweet Birch. To test\\nthese latter two oils, as well as the artificial (synthetic) oil for\\nadulteration with other volatile oils or with petroleum, add to a\\nmeasured quantity of the sample in a test tube ten times its vol\u00c2\u00ac\\nume of a 5% solution of pure caustic soda, shake well till a con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsiderable white precipitate is produced; plug the tube loosely,\\nplace in boiling water for five minutes, shaking occasionally; the\\nprecipitate should dissolve and form a perfectly clear, almost", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "322\\nColoring and Perfuming.\\ncolorless solution, and no oily drops should separate on the sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nface nor at the bottom.\\nAubepine: See Anise Aldehyde.\\nBalsams: See under Copaiba, Peru, Storax, Tolu.\\nBay Oil. This name is given to two different oils: One,\\nalso called \u00e2\u0080\u009cSweet Bay,\u00e2\u0080\u009d from Laurus Nolnlis is used in soap to\\na small extent; the other, also known as \u00e2\u0080\u009cWest Indian Bay Oil,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nis distilled from the leaves of Myrcia Acris and used in the man\u00c2\u00ac\\nufacture of bay rum and of soap, especially bath and shaving\\nsoaps; the oil of Myrcia is a yellow to brownish-yellow liquid\\nwhose odor reminds one of clove oil; sp. gr. 0.970 to 0.990; gives\\nsometimes a clear, sometimes a somewhat turbid solution with\\n90% alcohol.\\nBenzoin, a gum rosin, with a vanilla-like odor, from the\\nStyrax Benzoin collected in a manner similar to that of pine rosin.\\nThat from Siam has the finest odor; Sumatra benzoin resembles\\nStyrax somewhat in odor.\\nBergamot Oil, expressed from the rind of the fruit of Citrus\\nBergamia. Pale yellow to greenish. Must be carefully kept from\\nthe air, as it is very prone to absorb oxygen and become turpen\u00c2\u00ac\\ntine-like in odor. It differs from other oils of this family of\\nplants in that it forms a clear solution with caustic potash lye.\\nSp. gr. 0.882 to 0.886; optical rotation 9 to 15 to the right in a\\n100 mm. tube. At 70 F. it should give a clear solution with\\n1)4 to 2 volumes of alcohol of 80% b} T volume; sometimes a pure\\noil does not answer to this test, in which case, to prove absence\\nof fatty oils, on evaporating a small sample over a water bath\\nuntil all odor has disappeared, the remaining soft residue should\\nnot exceed six per cent; a greater residue tending to show the\\nproportionate presence of fatty oils. The value of this oil\\n(like that of several other oils) depends principally on one of\\nits constituents, i. e. about 35% to 40% of linaloyl acetate. Its\\nprincipal adulterants are turpentine, oil of lemon, oil of orange,\\nall of which decrease the specific gravity; the latter is increased\\nby adulteration with fatty oils, cedar-wood oil, gurjun-balsam\\noil.\\nBirch Oil, also called oil of Sweet Birch, is distilled from\\nthe bark of Betula Lenta Sweet Birch or Black Birch. It is colorless\\nor yellowish, and its odor and taste are very similar to those of\\nwintergreen for which indeed the oil is largely sold. Sp. gr. 1.180\\nto 1.185; optically inactive; almost a pure methyl salicylate (of", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "Coloring and Perfuming.\\n323\\nwhich the artificial or synthetic oil of wintergreen consists).\\nHas been found adulterated with petroleum, c. See tests under\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cArtificial Oil Wintergreen.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nBitter Almond Oil, obtained from Amygdala Amara the\\nbitter almond, by macerating with water and then distilling,\\nbut also made largely from peach and apricot kernels. Colorless\\nor yellowish. Must be kept in air tight container, as on expos\u00c2\u00ac\\nure to air the oil, (especially that freed from prussic acid) will\\nchange to a white, odorless, worthless mass (benzoic acid). If\\noil from a partly used bottle must necessarily be kept on hand,\\nit should either be transferred into a bottle of smaller size so as\\nto exclude the air again on securely corking it, or there should\\nbe added to the partly emptied bottle alcohol in the proportion of\\n10% of the oil still remaining; less than 10% of alcohol, how\u00c2\u00ac\\never, have no preservative effect whatever. Of course 10% more\\nof this mixture must then be used in the soap, c., than if the\\npure oil were used from a fresh bottle. Seealso \u00e2\u0080\u009cMirbane,\u00e2\u0080\u009d un\u00c2\u00ac\\nder Artificial Products.\\nBitter Almond oil has a sp. gr. of 1.050 to 1.060 and is opti\u00c2\u00ac\\ncally inactive; it consists of benzaldehyde (which on exposure to\\nair oxidizes to benzoic acid) and 2 to 4% of hydrocyanic acid,\\nand is therefore highly poisonous, even the oil freed from hydro\u00c2\u00ac\\ncyanic acid being* not free from dangerous effects. Oil of higher\\nsp. gr. than named above is likely to contain much more of the\\npoison, as high as 11% having been found in some specimens\\nwhose sp. gr. was above 1.090.\\nThe artificial oil has been frequently used as an adulterant,\\nand even in some cases to entirely substitute the natural oil. Al\u00c2\u00ac\\ncohol and oil of turpentine are also frequent adulterants, but\\nlower the specific gravity. There is as yet no chemical test that\\nwill disclose adulteration with pure benzaldehyde. For the detec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of artificial oil containing chlorinated products the following\\nhas been devised by an American firm: A piece of strong, clean cop\u00c2\u00ac\\nper wire, with a looped end, is held in a non-luminous flame, such\\nas that of the ordinary Bunsen burner or alcohol lamp, until no\\ncolor is imparted to the flame, and then permitted to cool. A\\ndrop or two of the oil to be tested is then allowed to fall on the\\nlooped end of the wire, avoiding any contact of the latter with\\nthe fingers, and the oil subsequently ignited and left to burn\\noutside of the flame. The looped end of the wire is now slowly\\nbrought in contact with the lower outer edge of the flame. If", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "324\\nColoring and Perfuming.\\nthe oil is artificial it will at once impart a distinct but quite tran\u00c2\u00ac\\nsient green tinge to the flame, caused by the vapor of the chlor\u00c2\u00ac\\nide of copper formed, while a pure natural oil will produce at\\nthe most but a slight yellow color.\\nCananga Oil. See also under Ylang-Ylang. Sp. gr. 0.915.\\nSoluble in 1 to 2 volumes of 90% alcohol. Often adulterated\\n(with cocoanut oil, c.) Should remain liquid at freezing- tem\u00c2\u00ac\\nperature.\\nCaraway Seed Oil, distilled from seeds of Carurn Carvr,\\ncolorless to light yellow; aromatic odor; turns yellow to brown\\nby age.\\nSp. gr. 0.905 to 0.920. Contains limonene (formerly called\\ncarvene) and carvol. Optical rotation 75 to 85- to the right in\\na 100 mm. tube.\\nCaraway Chaff Oil has a less agreeable odor than that\\nfrom the seed.\\nCassia Oil, from the leaves and leaf stems of Cinnamomum\\nCassia growing in China. Yellow, gradually becoming dark\\nreddish-brown and thickly fluid. It is similar to, but not as fine,\\nas Cinnamon Oil. As it makes the soap yellowish it should not\\nbe used in white soaps.\\nSp. gr. 1.055 to 1.065. Consists chiefly of cinnamic alde\u00c2\u00ac\\nhyde (75 to 88%), on which its value depends chiefly and which\\nshould therefore be at least 80%, although oil of this strength is\\nfrequently not on the market at all. Has often been found adul\u00c2\u00ac\\nterated with rosin, fatty oils, petroleum, cedarwood oil, alcohol,\\nc. Genuine oil may, however, be as low as 50% in aldehyde,\\nbut is then less valuable in proportion than the oil having a high\u00c2\u00ac\\ner percentage. A synthetic cassia oil (cinnamic aldehyde) has\\nalso been brought upon the market, which is said to be prefer\u00c2\u00ac\\nable, among other reasons on account of its lighter color.\\nCassie Oil. Under this name an oil is brought into\\ncommerce which is made from the black currant (Ribes Niger),\\nbut the real cassie perfume is from a flower. Acacia Farnesiana\\nthe essential oil of which, however, is not an article of commerce.\\nThese oils are not to be confounded with cassia oil.\\nCedar Wood Oil, distilled from wood of Juniper us Virginia na\\n(largely from the saw dust of lead pencil factories); yellowish\\nto greenish-yellow, thickly fluid; sp. gr. 0.940 to 0.960. Another\\nkind, from the wood of Cedrus Libani, is brownish-yellow and has", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "Coloring and Perfuming.\\n325\\na sp. gr. of 0.985 and a somewhat different odor. Cedar wood\\noil improves during storage for about a year or two.\\nCinnamon Oil, from bark of Cinnamomum Zevlanicum Pale\\nyellow; often adulterated with oil of cassia. Sp. gr. 1.025 to\\n1.035. Consists chiefly of cinnamic aldehyde and some eugenol.\\nHas been found adulterated with artificial cinnamic aldehyde\\nwhich, if free from chlorine, is impossible to detect by any means\\nat present known.\\nCitron Oil, from Citrus Mcdica. Very similar to the oil of\\nlemon, which is generally substituted for it.\\nCitronella Oil; one of the grass oils, distilled from the\\nAndropagon Nardu-s growing in Ceylon and about Singapore;\\nsimilar in odor to that of the oil of Verbena and of the Indian\\nLemon Grass Oil, in place of which it is sometimes used. It varies\\nfrom colorless to a greenish-yellow to a brown color.\\nSp. gr. 0.895 to 0.915 (Rectified oil as low as 0.890). Fre\u00c2\u00ac\\nquently adulterated at its place of manufacture (India) or after\u00c2\u00ac\\nwards, with fatty oils or petroleum. To detect these, thoroughly\\nshake a carefully measured sample of the oil with ten times its\\nvolume of alcohol of 80 per cent strength (sp. gr. 0.8645); this\\nis best done in corked test tube of convenient size; then let it rest\\nfor 12 hours or longer; if neither fatty oils nor petroleum are\\npresent, the solution will be clear or at least only slightly opa\u00c2\u00ac\\nlescent, and no oil drops will separate from it, neither above nor\\nat the bottom of the test tube.\\nLarge amounts of this oil are used in the manufacture of\\nGeraniol.\\nCivet, obtained from an animal related to the cat and found\\nin Africa. It is a soft, smeary, white (later brownish) mass; its\\nodor is somewhat like that of musk and ambergris.\\nClove Oil, distilled from the unexpanded flowers of Eugenia\\nAromatica. Colorless and thin when fresh, but soon becomes yel\u00c2\u00ac\\nlow and thickens on exposure to air. Should not be used in cold-\\nmade soap, except in small amounts. Sp. gr. 1.050 to 1.070.\\nContains 80-90% eugenol. If the oil is free from adulteration\\nwith petroleum, oil of turpentine, and fatty oils, it forms a clear\\nsolution with double its own volume of a mixture of 2 volumes\\nof alcohol and 1 volume of water. The oil of Clove stems is of\\na less fine odor. The oil of cloves and of clove-stalks furnish\\nthe Eugenol of commerce\\nCopaiba Balsam. A yellowish-brown syrupy liquid, from", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "326\\nColoring and Perfuming.\\nseveral varities of Copaife? a. The best is that known as Brazil\\nBalsam, which has an odor not unlike that of santal wood oil.\\nCoumarin is the odorous principle of the tonca bean, just as\\nvanillin is of the vanilla bean, and is manufactured artificially,\\nin the form of crystals both from the bean and also from leaves\\nof a so-called \u00e2\u0080\u009cvanilla plant,\u00e2\u0080\u009d as well as synthetically. It is\\nsoluble in water, alcohol, glycerin, \u00e2\u0080\u0099vaseline, and in oils; used as\\na fixing agent for the perfumes used in soap and for the purpose\\nof assisting in blending the odors of the various oils, c. used.\\nIts odor is that of new mown hay and agrees well with lavender,\\ngeranium, c. Has been found on the market adulterated with\\nantifebrin.\\nDill Oil, distilled from fruit of A net hum Graveolens. Pale\\nyellow, characteristic odor, sp. gr. 0.905 to 0.915. The East\\nIndian dill oil has a markedly different odor.\\nEucalyptus Oil is distilled from the fresh leaves of Eucaly\u00c2\u00ac\\nptus globulus and a number of other species of Eucalyptus;\\nthe oils from these different sources vary more or less from each\\nother in composition, and therefore also in odor, specific gravity,\\nopticial rotation, c. Those from Eucalyptus globulus, E. oleosa,\\nand some others, have strongly antiseptic properties, owing to\\nmore or less cineol (eucalyptol) being contained in them, and are\\ntherefore also used medicinally in asthmatic and bronchial\\naffections.\\nEugenol occupies a similar position to oil of cloves as Saf-\\nrol does to oil of Sassafras; sp. gr. 1.070; gives a clear solution\\nin a 1 or 2% solution of caustic potash.\\nFennel Oil, distilled from fruit of Foeniculum Vulgare; almost\\ncolorless and of a sweetish odor. Sp. gr. 0.960 to 0.975. Con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntains about 60% of anethol (which is also the principal constit\u00c2\u00ac\\nuent of anise oil) besides pinene, phellandrene, c. As much\\noil appears on the market that has been deprived of a portion of\\nof its valuable constituents, it may be observed that a genuine\\nfennel oil solidifies at a temperature of 3 C., owing to the\\nanethol contained in it.\\nGaultheria, see Wintergreen.\\nGeraniol. A colorless liquid of rose like odor; should give\\na perfectly clear solution with 15 times its volume of 50% alco\u00c2\u00ac\\nhol; must be kept in a cool place, in completely filled, well-\\nstoppered bottles; sp. gr. 0.880 to 0.885. A similar, or possibly\\nchemically identical body is Rhodinol.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "Coloring and Perfuming.\\n327\\nGeranium Oie, from herb of several species of Pelargonium\\nas P. Roseum and others; also called Oie of Rose Geranium, and\\nclosely resembling- in odor the oil of Rose which is often adulter\u00c2\u00ac\\nated with it. (The names \u00e2\u0080\u009coil of rose geranium\u00e2\u0080\u009d and i\u00e2\u0080\u0098Turkish\\noil of g-eranium\u00e2\u0080\u009d and \u00e2\u0080\u009cEast Indian oil of geranium\u00e2\u0080\u009d are some\u00c2\u00ac\\ntimes falsely applied to the oils of gingergrass and of palma-\\nrosa q.v.)\\nGeranium oil appearson the market as \u00e2\u0080\u009cAlgerian,\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009cFrench,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cReunion,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and \u00e2\u0080\u009cSpanish,\u00e2\u0080\u009d geranium oils, resembling each other\\nfairly closely in specific gravity (0.886 to 0.898) and opticial ro\u00c2\u00ac\\ntation (\u00e2\u0080\u00947\u00c2\u00b0 to \u00e2\u0080\u009411\u00c2\u00b0); their chief constituent is geraniol, of\\nwhich the oil contains 80 to 8 5%. If they form a perfectly clear\\nsolution with 2 to 3 times their own own volume of 70% alcohol,\\nthey are free from adulteration with fatty oils, petroleum and\\noil of turpentine. The oil is affected by a peculiar odor if it is\\nlong kept in tins and should therefore be refilled into glass re\u00c2\u00ac\\nceptacles at the earliest opportunity.\\nGinger Grass Oil is probably from the same grass from\\nwhich Palmarosa oil is obtained, but of inferior quality and\\noften heavily adulterated with fatty oils, c.\\nGuaiacum Wood Oie, distilled from a South American wood\\nof uncertain botanical origin; but probably Bulnesia Sarmienti\\nEor., of the Argentine Republic. Very thick and viscid, violet\u00c2\u00ac\\nlike odor; which in soaps resembles the odor of tea, has been sold\\nas \u00e2\u0080\u009cchampaca oil\u00e2\u0080\u009d which is not a commercial article at present.\\nHeeiotropin (Piperonal) is a chemical product (in the form\\nof crystals) related to Coumarin and Vanillin, and is much used\\nin soap to imitate the odor of the heliotrope, which it resembles very\\nclosely. It is readily soluble in alcohol, glycerin, vaseline, and\\nin essential oils. A slight addition of Coumarin to it improves\\nand strengthens its odor; the oil of petitgrain, lavender, geran\u00c2\u00ac\\nium, lemon, and bergamot and also aubepine harmonise well\\nwith it. It must be kept in a cool dark place, and should be dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nsolved in alcohol before it is added to the soap to prevent spots.\\nIonone, made by condensation of citral and acetone and\\nsubsequent treatment with dilute sulphuric acid; when properly\\ndiluted it has the characteristic odor of violets and may be ad\u00c2\u00ac\\nvantageously combined with orris oil; not affected by free alkali.\\nKuro-moji Oie, distilled from a wood Linderci Sericea in\\nJapan; balsamic odor; sp. gr. 0.890.\\nLavender Oie, distilled from flowers of Lavandula Vera", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "328\\nColoring and Perfuming.\\nColorless to light yellow; very sensitive to light and air. The\\ntrue lavender oil must not be mistaken for the oil of Spike Laven\u00c2\u00ac\\nder distilled from the herb of Lavandula spica which has a similar\\nbut less agreeable odor. The best varieties are the English and\\nthe Mount Blanc oils of Lavender, of which, however, each has\\na distinctive odor.\\nThe oil of lavender flowers has a specific gravity of 0.883\\nto 0.895 and an optical rotation of \u00e2\u0080\u00945\u00c2\u00b0 to \u00e2\u0080\u00948 in 100 mm.\\ntube; it contains linalool, linaloyl acetate and geraniol, besides\\na very little cineol (which is much more abundant in oil of\\nspike lavender). It should contain about 35% linalyl acetate*\\nits most valuable constituent, and, to prove its purity, should\\nform a clear solution with 3 volumes of 70% alcohol. The oil\\nof Spike Lavender is much less fragrant than the foregoing, the\\nodor somewhat resembling rosemary, owing to a different com\u00c2\u00ac\\nposition; sp. gr. 0.905 to 0.920; optical rotation +1 to +9\u00c2\u00b0; it\\nshould form a perfectly clear solution with three times its volume\\nof 70% alcohol, if thoroughly shaken and kept in a temperature\\nof 70\u00c2\u00b0 F.; if it does not it is probably adulterated with oil of tur\u00c2\u00ac\\npentine or oil of cedarwood. Spike oil is a common adulterant\\nof lavender oil, but manifests its presence by increasing the spe\u00c2\u00ac\\ncific gravity of true lavender oil; cedar-wood oil also increases\\nthe specific gravity; alcohol and turpentine lower it, so that the\\nsimultaneous presence of alcohol and spike lavender oil might\\ncounterbalance each other and hence not be indicated by che spe-\\nfic gravity.\\nLemon OrL, expressed from the fresh peel of the fruit of\\nCitrus Limonum Pale yellow; loses its odor rapidly on exposure\\nto light and air, being one of the most readily deteriorating es\u00c2\u00ac\\nsential oils. Often adulterated with turpentine and acquiring\\nthe odor of the latter on exposure to air; should be kept in com\u00c2\u00ac\\npletely full bottles, and preferably in a dark, cool place. Its value\\ndepends almost entirely on the constituent \u00e2\u0080\u009ccitral.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Sp. gr.\\n*Tliis requirement, it is but fair to say, is one demanded by some aut\u00c2\u00ac\\nhorities, while others maintain with equal positiveness, that the percentage\\nof linalyl acetate in the finest of oils is much below the amount stated;\\n(which is certainly true of English oils) that the most valuable principles\\nof the oil have not yet been determined; and that the strength of a sample\\ncannot yet be determined by chemical means. Whatever the true solution\\nof the question may be, the nose is in this instance again one of the most\\nreliable guides.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "Coloring and Perfuming. 329\\n0.857 to 0.860; optical rotation +60\u00c2\u00b0 to +64\u00c2\u00b0 in a 100 mm.\\ntube. The examination of specific gravity and of optical rota\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion are among-the most reliable tests for this oil, the determina\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of citral being- a complicated process. In the manufacture\\nof \u00e2\u0080\u009cconcentrated\u00e2\u0080\u009d oil of lemon terpene is separated from the oil\\nand used ag-ain, on the other hand, to adulterate ordinary oil of\\nlemon; this is a refinement of the former turpentine adulteration\\nfor which as yet no reliable test is known. So also is the opti\u00c2\u00ac\\ncal rotation no long-er reliable by itself, as adulteration with a\\nmixture of oil of orang-e and oil of turpentine in certain propor\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions does not chang-e the optical rotation.\\nLemon Grass Oil, distilled in the East Indies from Andro\\npogon Citratus resembles in odor the oils of lemon, citronella, and\\nof verbena, and sometimes called \u00e2\u0080\u009cEast Indian oil of Verbena;\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nsometimes also known as \u00e2\u0080\u009coil of Melissa,\u00e2\u0080\u009d a name which proper\u00c2\u00ac\\nly belong-s, however, to the oil derived from Melissa Officinalis\\nwhich has a much finer odor. Yellowish to yellowish brown;\\nsp. gr. 0.895 to 0.905; should form a clear solution with double\\nits volume of 70% alcohol; frequently adulterated, and in turn\\nused to adulterate the oil of verbena; larg-ely used for the manu\u00c2\u00ac\\nfacture of citral and then sometimes broug-ht upon the market\\nwith part of its citral removed.\\nLilacine. See Terpineol.\\nLime Oil, expressed from rind of fruit of Citrus Limetta sp.\\ngr. 0.880. Oil obtained by distillation has a less agreeable odor.\\nThe oil made from the West Indian lime, Citrus Medica resem\u00c2\u00ac\\nbles lemon oil in odor but is strong-er, while the first named va\u00c2\u00ac\\nriety has an odor resembling- berg-amot rather than lemon; the\\nsp. gr. of the West Indian oil is 0.880 to 0.885.\\nLinaloe Oil. Distilled by Mexican Indians from a wood\\n(probably that of the white cedar); its odor is somewhat sugges\u00c2\u00ac\\ntive of the rose; colorless; sp. gr. 0.875 to 0.885; contains linalool\\nand a little g-eraniol; one part of this oil should g-ive a clear\\nsolution with two parts of 70 per cent alcohol. Has been found\\nadulterated with fatty oils. See also Linaool.\\nLinalool: A colorless liquid; sp. gr. 0.880; optical rotation\\n_|\u00e2\u0080\u00942\u00c2\u00b0; forms a perfectly clear solution with two volumes of 70\\nper cent alcohol; the essential constituent of oil of linaloe.\\nMace Oil, distilled from the flesh enveloping- the nutmeg-,\\nMyristica Fragrans, also from the nut itself. Colorless to yellow\u00c2\u00ac\\nish-red. This oil must not be confounded with fatty oil of mace.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "330\\nColoring and Perfuming.\\nSp. gr. 0.910 to 0.930; soluble in 3 times its volume of 90 per\\ncent alcohol.\\nMarjoram Oil, Sweet. Distilled from herb of Origanum\\nMajoramr, yellowish or greenish yellow; sp. gr. 0.890 to 0.900.\\nFor Wild Marjoram see Origanum.\\nMeeissa Oil, from herb of Melissa Officinalis. Is not used\\nvery much, being quite expensive and in fact hardly a com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmercial oil. But the name is sometimes used to designate oil\\nof Lemongrass, and the oil is therefore also called \u00e2\u0080\u009ccitron-\\nmelissa.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nMirbane, also called, \u00e2\u0080\u009cNitro-Benzole,\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009cOil of Mirbane,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cArtifical oil of Bitter Almonds,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and \u00e2\u0080\u009cEssence of Mirbane.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nIt is made of benzole (a coal tar distillate), by treating it with\\nfuming nitric acid and sulphuric acid. It resembles the\\noil of Bitter Almonds in odor, but is very poisonous and explo\u00c2\u00ac\\nsive, and should therefore not be used for flavoring purposes,\\nand be handled more carefully than is usual. (The name \u00e2\u0080\u009cArti\u00c2\u00ac\\nficial Oil of Bitter Almonds\u00e2\u0080\u009d is also given to another product,\\nBenzaldehyde, which is also a substitute for the natural oil soaps\\nsometimes unknown to the buyer, and non-poisonous.) Mirbane\\nturns the soap yellow on exposure to light and sun, and such soaps\\ntherefore require to be well packed. It is claimed, however, that\\nthe best qualities of the oil do not do this. Sp. gr. 1.200.\\nMusk has the most agreeable odor of the animal substances\\nused in perfumery. It is derived from a deer, living on the plat\u00c2\u00ac\\neaus of the Himalayas, which secretes it in a small sack on the hind\\npart of the belly. It occurs in commerce as \u00e2\u0080\u009cmusk in pods,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and\\nas \u00e2\u0080\u009cgrain musk.\u00e2\u0080\u009d It is used in extremely great dilution for the\\nfinest soaps, either for the sake of its own odor or because it\\nserves so well to fix other odors. The grains should have a fatty,\\nshining appearance and brownish black color; if they look dry\\nand dull, a previous extraction of alcohol is to be suspected. It\\nis frequently adulterated with dried blood, partly burnt meat,\\netc. By burning a small piece in an alcohol flame the odor of\\nburning flesh reveals the latter sophistication. The best musk\\nis that from Tonquin, which is often adulterated, however, by\\nAssam musk which has a weaker odor. The Roentgen rays\\nhave been successfully employed for detecting pieces of lead in\\nunopened musk pods, lead being a frequent adulterant of the\\nlatter.\\nMyrcia, See Bay Oil.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "Coloring and Perfuming.\\n331\\nNkroli, See under Orange.\\nNerofin: Crystals representing 1 the odor of oil Neroli; sol\u00c2\u00ac\\nuble in alcohol, fatty oils and essential oils; more lasting in odor\\nthan oil Neroli and of about the same strength.\\nNutmeg Oil, from the fruit of the same plant which also\\nfurnishes the oil of Mace which it closely resembles. Colorless\\nor pale yellow; darkening with age; sp. gr. 0.870 to 0.915.\\nOenanthic Ether, (Artificial Cognac Oil), a colorless, oily\\nliquid, giving a fruity aroma to soaps, especially when used with\\na little Peru balsam and the oils of cassia and lavender.\\nOeibanum Oil, distilled from a gum rosin of that name; col\u00c2\u00ac\\norless; balsamic odor; sp. gr. 0.875 to 0.885.\\nOpopanax Oil, distilled from a gum rosin of the same name;\\ngreenish-yellow; balsamic odor; sp. gr. 0.860 to 0.900. Easily\\nrosinifies on exposure to air.\\nOrange Oil is of two principal kinds: From the peel of the\\nbitter orange is expressed the oil of Orange Bigaradl; from\\nthat of the sweet orange the Oil of Portugal; if simply oil\\nof orange is called for, the oil of bitter orange is generally meant.\\nThe oil made from the flowers of the true bitter orange is called\\nNeroli Bigarade; if only the petals of the flowers are used it is\\ncalled Neroli Petale. The flowers of the sweet orange furnish\\nthe oil Neroli Portugal. The oil distilled from the leaves and\\nunripe fruit of the orange tree is called oil Petit Grains. The re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmarks concerning the keeping of lemon oil apply also to these\\noils.\\nThe oil distilled from the flowers of the bitter orange (oil of\\nNeroli) is yellowish to almost brown; sp. gr. 0.875 to 0.888; op\u00c2\u00ac\\ntical rotation-f-5\u00c2\u00b0 to-(-10 o in a tube of 100 mm. The oil expressed\\nfrom the peel of either the bitter or the sweet orange is yellow\u00c2\u00ac\\nish; sp. gr. of both kinds 0.848 to 0.854, and optical rotation-j-\\n96\u00c2\u00b0 to+99\u00c2\u00b0 in a 100 mm. tube. The examinations of specific gravity\\nand of optical rotation are, as in the case of lemon oil, the most\\nimportant tests for orange oils and indeed more reliable for or\u00c2\u00ac\\nange than for lemon oil as it is difficult to find an adulterant for\\nthe former that will not effect its rotatory power. Petit Grain oil\\nis less fine than oil neroli; sp. gr. 0.890 to 0.900; soluble in twice\\nits volume of 80 per cent alcohol.\\nOriganum Oil is generally a misnomer for Oil of Thyme.\\nProperly the name belongs to the oil of Wild Marjoram; sp. gr.\\n0.895.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "332\\nColoring and Perfuming.\\nOrris Root, from Iridis Florentine; much used for violet\\nsoap. (See also remarks on it in the chapter on milled soap.)\\nOrris Root Oil. Distilled from the rhizomes of several\\nspecies of Iris; solid at ordinary temperatures; violet-like odor.\\nPalmarosa Oil is distilled in India from the grass of a species\\nof Andropogon but notwithstanding this it is frequently spoken\\nof as \u00e2\u0080\u009cTurkish Geranium Oil\u00e2\u0080\u009d and as \u00e2\u0080\u009cEast Indian Geranium\\nOil.\u00e2\u0080\u009d It is colorless to pale yellowish and of an agreeable odor;\\nsp. gr. 0.890 to 0.900. Soluble, if pure, (like the oil of geranium)\\nin 2 or 3 volumes of 70 per cent alcohol. Frequently adulterat\u00c2\u00ac\\ned with fatty oils.\\nPatchouly Oil, distilled from the leaves of Pogostemon\\nPatchouli yellowish-green to dark brown, ill-smelling till highly\\ndiluted; serves as a basis for, and partly to fix, other perfumes,\\nand must be used very sparingly. Sp. gr. 0.970 to 0.990; adult\u00c2\u00ac\\nerated with cedarwood oil. This oil improves in quality for\\nseveral years if stored properly in glass bottles, (not in tins).\\nPennyroyal Oil, European, (French). This oil is distilled\\nfrom the herb of Mentha Pulegium and should not be mistaken for\\nthe American Oil of Pennyroyal (from Hedeoma pulegioides\\nwhich is different in odor, c. Yellowish in color; mint-like\\nodor; sp. gr. 0.935 to 0.955; optical rotation in a 100 mm. tube\\n18\u00c2\u00b0 to +23 Among the best tests for its purity is its property\\nof giving a clear solution with twice its volume of alcohol of 70\\nper cent by volume.\\nPeppermint Oil is distilled from the herb of Mentha Piperita;\\ncolorless to pale yellowish-green. This oil, from its cooling after\u00c2\u00ac\\neffect, is much used\u00e2\u0080\u0094like the oil of wintergreen\u00e2\u0080\u0094for perfum\u00c2\u00ac\\ning tooth soaps and similar preparations. Sp. gr. 0.900 to 0.925.\\nThe essential constituent of this oil is menthol, the value of a\\ngiven sample being ascertained by finding the proportion of men\u00c2\u00ac\\nthol present; a fair sample of peppermint contains about 50 per\\ncent of total menthol; the Japanese oil naturally contains about\\n75 per cent, but its less agreeable taste depreciates its otherwise\\ngreater value for such purposes as tooth soaps, c. The estima\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of the menthol present is so much more important as oils\\nhave been on the market from which a part of the menthol had been\\nabstracted. When an American oil which is normal as to men\u00c2\u00ac\\nthol contents is thoroughly cooled in a freezing mixture of ice\\nand salt, and a few menthol crystals are then added, the sample\\nsoon after congeals to a solid mass; Japanese oil is very frequent-", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "Coloring and Perfuming.\\n333\\nly deprived of its menthol in the manufacture of the latter arti\u00c2\u00ac\\ncle; with English oil this is not the case, this oil being more\\ncostly than menthol itself. Adulteration by turpentine is detect\u00c2\u00ac\\ned by decreased specific gravity. The principal varieties of this\\noil are the American, the English, and the Japanese, differing\\nmarkedly in odor, taste, and physical properties.\\nPeru Balsam, from Toluifera Pereira; used to fix other odors.\\nWith a vAnilla or benzoin-like odor. As its odor is changed by\\nthe action of lye, it is out of place in a cold-made soap. An oil\\ndistilled from it is also used in perfumery.\\nPimenta Oil, also called Oil of Allspice; distilled from\\nfruit of Pimenta Officinalis. Colorless to pale yellow; odor and\\ncomposition resembling those of clove oil; sp. gr. 1.045 to 1.055.\\nTo show absence of petroleum, turpentine, and fatty oils, one\\nvolume of oil of pimenta should form a clear solution with two\\nvolumes of a mixture composed of alcohol 2 volumes and water 1\\nvolume.\\nPine Needle Oil. From the leaves of several species of\\npine oils are distilled which differ somewhat in odor, c.; some\\nof these are used to a small extent in perfumery, and more large\u00c2\u00ac\\nly medicinally; a Siberian pine-needle oil is much used for per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfuming soaps. Turpentine oil perfumed with acetic acid has been\\nsold for genuine \u00e2\u0080\u009cpine oil.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nRhodinol: See Geraniol.\\nRhodium, See Rosewood.\\nRose Geranium, See Geranium.\\nRose Oil, Attar of Rose, Otto of Rose, are names of the\\noil derived from several species of roses, Rosa Damascenns c.\\nThe oil varies from a liquid consistencv to that of butter; yellow\\nor greenish in color; almost solid at about 60 F; sp. gr. 0.860 to\\n0.875 at 70\u00c2\u00b0 F. Said to be rarely unadulterated when it leaves\\nthe principal place of production (Bulgaria), the most usual\\nadulteration being geranium, lemongrass and gingergrass oil.\\nWhen congealed the oil presents scale-like, odorless crystals of\\nstearopten contained in a matrix of a more easily liquefied, frag\u00c2\u00ac\\nrant portion called by some rhodinol, but by others geraniol,\\nadmixed with a very small portion of some other fragrant sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nstances. As yet no reliable tests for the purity of this oil have\\nbeen discovered, and the odor is still the principal guide in judg\u00c2\u00ac\\ning a sample.\\nRosemary Oil, from the leaves of Rosmarinus Officinalis.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "334\\nColoring and Perfuming.\\nColorless to pale yellow or green; penetrating, somewhat cam\u00c2\u00ac\\nphor-like odor. Sp. gr. 0.895 to 0.915. One part of the oil\\nshould form a clear solution with to 1^ volumes of alcohol\\nof 90 percent by volume, at 70\u00c2\u00b0 F. Optical rotation to the right.\\nFrequently heavily adulterated with oil of turpentine and\\ncamphor.\\nRose Wood Oil; the true oil of this name is not a commer\u00c2\u00ac\\ncial article; what is sold as such or as \u00e2\u0080\u009cOil of Rhodium\u00e2\u0080\u009d is said\\nto be a mixture of rose oil with other essential oils.\\nRue Oil, distilled from leaves of Rata Graveolens. Yellowish\\ncolor; sp. gr. 0.834 to 0.840. Often adulterated with alcohol,\\nturpentine, petroleum, c. Pure oil gives a clear solution with\\ntwo to three times its volume of alcohol; the presence of turpen\u00c2\u00ac\\ntine or petroleum cause a turbid solution.\\nSafrol, is a colorless liquid product obtained by the frac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntional distillation of oil of Japanese Camphor, it is an antiseptic\\nand identical with the principal constituent of oil of Sassafras,\\nfor which it is now largely substituted in household and cold-made\\nsoaps. Sp. gr. 1.100 to 1.108. It is either mixed with the soap,\\nor, in cold-made soap, with the fats before adding lye. It is used\\neither alone or mixed with oil of Citronella, to which a little oil\\nof Cedarwood may be added to make it more lasting. This com\u00c2\u00ac\\nposition is one of the cheapest perfumes for soap that can be\\nhad. Other good combinations are those with Cassia, Lavender,\\nRosemary, and Spike.\\nSage Oil, from leaves of Salvia Officinalis not unlike pepper\u00c2\u00ac\\nmint, but less strong; imparts coolness to the mouth, and is there\u00c2\u00ac\\nfore sometimes used for mouth washes. Yellowish to greenish-\\nyellow; sp. gr. 0.915 to 0.925.\\nSantal Wood Oil, distilled from wood of Santalum Album.\\nThe wood (an East Indian product) from which this oil is made is\\nfrequently called sandal wood, which is a wood, however, that is\\nnot fragrant and can be used in perfumery for coloring purposes\\nonly. Santal wood oil has a thick, syrup-like consistency and a\\nyellowish color. Copaiba balsam is in some cases substituted\\nfor santal oil in soap perfumes, as the odor is very similar and\\nthe cost much less. Sp. gr. 0.975 to 0.985. Optical rotation\\n17\u00c2\u00b0 to\u00e2\u0080\u009419\u00c2\u00b0 in a 100 mm. tube. To test for adulteration with cedar-\\nwood oil, fatty oils, c., dissolve 1 volume of the oil in 5 volumes\\nof alcohol of 70 per cent by volume; at a temperature of 70\u00c2\u00b0 F.\\nEast Indian santal wood oil should give a perfectly clear solution.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "Coloring and Perfuming.\\n335\\nWest Indian Santal wood oil, however, gives an opaque solution\\nin this test, and so will the former after it has been kept for a\\ntime exposed to air and light.\\nSassafras Oil, distilled from the bark of the root of Sassa\u00c2\u00ac\\nfras Officinalis yellow to red; much used in ordinary soaps, but\\nnow quite extensively substituted for the purpose by \u00e2\u0080\u009cSafrol\u00e2\u0080\u0099\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nand by \u00e2\u0080\u009cartificial oil of sassafras,\u00e2\u0080\u009d made from Japan camphor oil.\\nThe oil of sassafras has a sp. gr. of 1.070 to 1.0S0, and consists\\nchiefly of safrol and a very little eugenol.\\nSpearmint Oil, distilled from herb of Mentha Viridis less\\nfine than oil of Peppermint, but has a somewhat characteristic\\nodor, different from peppermint; refreshing in tooth soaps and\\ndentifrices; colorless to greenish yellow. Sp. gr. 0.925 to 0.960.\\nSpike or Spike Lavender, See Lavender.\\nStar Anise Oil, from the fruit of Illicium Anisatum re\u00c2\u00ac\\nsembles the oil of anise which is sometimes adulterated with it.\\nColorless to yellowish; sp. gr. 0.980 to 0.990 at 62\u00c2\u00b0 F; congeals\\nat 55 to 64\u00c2\u00b0 F.; consists chiefly of anethol which is also the prin\u00c2\u00ac\\ncipal constituent of oil of anise.\\nStorax, from Liquidamber Orientalise a balsam, used to fix\\nother odors; from it is distilled the oil of Storax (sp. gr. 0.890\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00940.900) which may take the place of the balsam in the prepara\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of perfumes.\\nTar Oil. Distilled from pine tar; almost colorless when\\njust made, it soon turns reddish-brown; tarry odor; sp. gr. 0.970;\\nused in soaps in place of tar and said to have the same medicinal\\nproperties. Beech tar and Birch tar also yield tar oils on dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntillation.\\nTerpineol, is a liquid principle existing in several essen\u00c2\u00ac\\ntial oils, and extracted from these and brought into commerce as\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cLilacine.\u00e2\u0080\u009d It has the odor of the lilac. Being volatile onlyat\\na high temperature, it can be used when the soap is comparative\u00c2\u00ac\\nly hot. It is not affected by lye or fatty acids, but its odor\\nand color change unless it is kept well stoppered. Thick, color\u00c2\u00ac\\nless, liquid; sp. gr. 0.940; soluble in alcohol, fatty oils, and vase\u00c2\u00ac\\nline. Terpineol combines well with such odors as geranium,\\ncananga, and santalwood oil.\\nThyme Oil, from leaves and flowering tops of Thymus Vul\u00c2\u00ac\\ngarise (Often misnamed \u00e2\u0080\u009cOil of Origanum\u00e2\u0080\u009d q. v.) This oil con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntains as its principal constituent \u00e2\u0080\u009cthymol,\u00e2\u0080\u009d which is valued as a\\npreservative and said to in a measure prevent soap from turn-", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "336 Coloring and Perfuimng.\\ning rancid; thymol is also used in medicated \u00e2\u0080\u009cthymol soap.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nTwo varieties, the red and the white, areknown. Sp. gr. 0.900 to\\n0.935, the oil made from dried herb having 1 a sp. gr. approach\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the lower of these figures, while that distilled from fresh\\nherbs being more nearly 0.935. The oil should give a perfectly\\nclear solution with one-half its own volume of alcohol. The Oil\\nof Wild Thyme is distilled from the herb of Thymus Serpyllum\\nand has an odor of both thyme and melissa; sp. gr. 0.915 to 0.920;\\ncontains thymol and carvacrol. Thymene, a by-product of Thy\u00c2\u00ac\\nmol making, may be used in many cases as a cheap substitute\\nfor Thyme oil in soaps.\\nThyme oil is mostoften adulterated with turpentine.\\nTolu Balsam, from Toluifera Balsam.um; used to fix other\\nodors; the oil distilled from it (sp. gr. 0.935 to 0.975) has a fine\\nhyacinth-like odor and is also used in perfumes.\\nVanillin: The odorous constituent of the vanilla bean, is\\nmade artificially from the sap of the pines. One ounce of it is\\ncalculated to be equal to 40 ounces of the best beans. Soluble\\nin alcohol, water, and glycerin. Sometimes adulterated with\\nacetanilide; the melting point of pure vanillin is 79\u00e2\u0080\u009482\u00c2\u00b0C. while\\nadulteration with 25 per cent acetanilide lowers it to 62 further\u00c2\u00ac\\nmore pure vanillin is readily and completely soluble in dilute\\ncaustic soda lye while the adulterated article is only partly so.\\nVerbena Oil, from Verbena Triphilla Aloysio, Citriodora. has\\na pleasant, lemon-like odor. It is often adulterated or entirely\\nsubstituted by oil of lemon grass.\\nVetiver Oil, from the roots of Andropogon Muricatus; has\\nthe property of making the odor of otheroils more lasting. Red\u00c2\u00ac\\ndish brown, thickly fluid, of intense, orris-like odor. Sp. gr.\\n1.015 to 1.025; should be entirely soluble in twice its volume of\\nalcohol of 80 per cent by volume. The oil distilled in the island\\nof Reunion does not give this latter test, has a specific gravity\\nconsiderably below 1.000, and has a less intense odor.\\nWintergrEEN Oil, from leaves of Giultherii Procumbens\\n(checkerberry) much used for soap. Frequently, not to say\\nusually, substituted by birch oil (from Betida Lenta, q. v.) which\\nis very similar. The oil of Wintergreen is much used for similar\\npurposes as the oil of Peppermint. Colorless to yellowish-red;\\nsp. gr. 1.175 to 1.185; optical rotation about \u00e2\u0080\u00941 in a 100 mm.\\ntube; consists chiefly of methyl salicylate (which is also the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cartificial oil of wintergreen\u00e2\u0080\u009d); frequently adulterated with oil", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "Coloring and Perfuming.\\n337\\nsassafras, petroleum, c. See also \u00e2\u0080\u009cArtificial Oil of Winter-\\ngreen.\\nYlang-Ylang Oil, from JJnona Odoratissima. One of the\\nfinest aromatic substances. (Cananga Oil is a cheaper variety\\nof the same oil. distilled from the flowers of Cananga Odorata,\\nand more frequently used for soaps). Ylang-Ylang oil has a sp.\\ngr. of 0.940 to 0.955; optical rotation\u00e2\u0080\u009445\u00c2\u00b0 to\u00e2\u0080\u009460\u00c2\u00b0 in a 100 mm.\\ntube. Oil of Cananga has a sp. gr. of 0.910 to 0.920.\\nSELECTION AND PREPARATION OF THE PERFUMES.\\nThe proper selection of the kind and proportions of aromatic\\nmaterials to be used for perfuming\u00e2\u0080\u0099 soaps is a special art, and in\\nthis respect most soap manufacturers are forced to rely on tried\\nformulas, the preparation of a harmonious compound, from the\\nnumerous ingredients, requiring experience and skill. We there\u00c2\u00ac\\nfore append a number of such formulas,but will add some special\\nremarks for the guidance in selecting a suitable one.\\nIn the first place, in selecting a formula, it should be exam-\\nined, of course, as to its cost, to see if the price of the soap will fume\\nbear it. Then the composition must be considered, whether it con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntains oils that can affect the color of the soap, as in the case of oil\\nof cassia and of cloves for white soap. Then the use of the soap\\nis to be considered; a toilet soap must, of course, never be per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfumed to remind the consumer of the smell of laundry soap;\\ntooth soaps are preferably perfumed with oils that have a cool\u00c2\u00ac\\ning after-effect on the mouth, notably peppermint, spearmint,\\nsage, and sometimes wintergreen; shaving soaps must have very\\nlittle perfume, etc.\\nFor perfuming milled soaps the special chapter treating of\\nthese gives some specific instructions.\\nFor cold-made soap many otherwise good formulas for per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfumes are not adapted, as some oils undergo a change when they\\nare in contact with the raw materials while saponification is be\u00c2\u00ac\\ning effected, a number of them being affected deleteriously by\\nthe strong lye used in the cold process.\\nThe formulas below are given in parts by weight,but in prac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntice it will be found more convenient, as a rule, to measure the\\noils in a graduated glass, instead of weighing them. The weight\\nof a majority of the different oils is sufficiently similar to permit\\nof measuring in this manner without causing bad results.\\nIf possible the oils should be mixed a few weeks before they", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "338\\nColoring and Perfuming.\\nPreparing the a re required to give the perfume time to blend into a harmonious\\nperfume. r\\ncompound before using.\\nIn toilet soaps it is always advisable to use some of the tinc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntures, etc., which have been described as serving to make the odor\\nmore lasting; as the loss of the latter during the time the soap\\nis in the store would detract from its value, perhaps make it un-\\nsalabe, and hurt the trade. These \u00e2\u0080\u009cfixing agents\u00e2\u0080\u009d are especially:\\nThe tinctures of Musk, Civet, Ambergris, Benzoin, Tolu, Balsam\\nof Peru, and Storax; also Orris Root (finely powdered, or the\\ntincture).\\nAdditions of this kind should not be omitted for the further\\nreason that they permit of some economy in essential oils, a small\u00c2\u00ac\\ner quantity of which will have a stronger and more lasting effect\\nthan where no such addition is made.\\nThe tinctures may be bought ready for use, or can be made\\nby dissolving or extracting the drugs mentioned with alcohol in\\nthe following manner:\\nTINCTURE OF MUSK.\\nMusk in grain. 1 oz.\\nCivet. 80 grains.\\nCarbonate of potash. oz.\\nTriturate the ingredients until no more ammoniacal vapors\\nare evolved. Then gradually add two quarts of boiling water,\\nand lastly add 2 quarts of strong alcohol. Bet stand at least a\\nweek before using.\\nOr,\\nMusk, in grain. 1 oz.\\nAlcohol. 2 quarts.\\nGranulated sugar. 2 ozs.\\nPotash. 1 oz.\\nTriturate the musk and sugar, gradually adding the alco\u00c2\u00ac\\nhol. Let stand as long as possible before using, occasionally\\nstirring.\\nOr\\nMusk, in grain. 1 oz.\\nAlcohol 10 ozs.\\nTriturate the musk with the alcohol, using a little ammonia\\nwater (about oz.) with it, and shake occasionally for five or\\nsix days. After filtering, extract again with only 5 ozs. of alco-", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0342.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "Coloring and Perfuming.\\n339\\nhoi; repeat a third time and use the weak tincture in place of al\u00c2\u00ac\\ncohol the next time.\\nFor cheap product, American musk, from the American American musk.\\nMuskrat, is sometimes used, by steeping\u00e2\u0080\u0099it for a few days in warm\\nwater, and then adding an equal volume of alcohol.\\nTINCTURE OF CIVET.\\nCivet. 2 ozs.\\nOrris root (ground). 3 ozs.\\nAlcohol 5 quarts.\\nTriturate the civet and orris root, gradually adding the\\nalcohol.\\nOr,\\nCivet. 8 ozs.\\nOil Lavender. 4 ozs.\\nAlcohol. 5 lbs.\\nRub the civet and the oil together in a warm mortar, add the\\nalcohol and shake well. Rest, filter and make a second extrac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion as described for tincture of musk.\\nTINCTURE OF AMBERGRIS.\\nAmbergris. 2 ozs.\\nAlcohol. 3 quarts.\\nTreat the same as for civet. The ambergris is made into\\nsmall pieces with a knife, or may be triturated with some sugar.\\nLet stand, for several weeks at least before using.\\nTINCTURE OF BENZOIN.\\nBenzoin. 1 lb.\\nAlcohol .2 lbs.\\nTINCTURE OF BALSAM OF PERU.\\nBalsam of Peru. 1 lb.\\nAlcohol 2 lbs.\\nThis tincture has a dark brown color, and a pleasant odor.\\nIt should be used only in soaps whose color is not affected by it.\\nTINCTURE OF STORAX.\\nStorax is treated in the same manner as Benzoin and Balsam\\nof Peru.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0343.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "340 Coloring and Perfuming.\\nTINCTURE OF ORRIS ROOT.\\nPowdered Orris Root. 1 lb.\\nAlcohol.. 10 lbs.\\nThis tincture is of value for fixing other odors, but is some\u00c2\u00ac\\ntimes also sold by itself as a cheap violet perfume. Ordinarily\\norris root is used in soaps in the form of an extremely fine\\npowder.\\nTINCTURE OF TOLU.\\nBalsam of Tolu is treated with alcohol like Benzoin and\\nBalsam of Peru.\\nTINCTURE OF VANILLA.\\nVanilla. 1 lb.\\nAlcohol. 10 lbs.\\nWhen exhausted the vanilla is stood aside, exposed to the\\nair, for a time, when the odor will be renewed and may be used\\nby a second extraction.\\nPERFUMES FOR LAUNDRY SOAP.\\nThe following are some formulas for the perfuming of laun\u00c2\u00ac\\ndry soaps. The quantities are calculated for a frame of about\\n1,200 lbs. and may, of course, be changed to suit.\\n1. Oil of Mirbane. 1)4 lbs.\\n2. Oil of Sassafras.\\n3. Oil of Mirbane..\\nOil of Citronella\\n4. Oil of Citronella\\nOil of Mirbane..\\n5. Oil of Citronella. 1 lb.\\nOil of Cloves. y lb.\\n6. Oil of Mirbane. 1)4 lbs.\\nOil of Sassafras. 4 lb.\\n7. Artificial Oil of Sassafras.... 1 lb.\\nOil of Citronella. 1 lb.\\n(A little oil of Cedarwood may be added, if desired, and will\\nmake the odor more lasting.)\\n1)4 lbs.\\n1)4 lbs.\\nVa lb.\\n12 ozs.\\n4 ozs.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0344.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "Coloring and Perfuming.\\n341\\n8. Oil of Lavender.\\n1\\nlb.\\nOil of Citronnella.\\n1\\nlb.\\n9. Oil of Lavender.\\n1\\nlb.\\nOil of Thyme (white).\\n3^\\nlb.\\n10. Oil of Lavender.\\n4\\nparts.\\nOil of White Thyme.\\n1\\npart.\\nOil of Rosemary.\\n2\\nparts.\\nOil of Citronella.\\n1^\\nparts\\n11. Oil of Caraway.\\n1\\nlb.\\nOil of Fennel.\\nlb.\\nOil of Cloves.\\nlb.\\n12. Oil of French Pennyroyal*..\\n2\\nlbs.\\nOil of Thyme (white).\\n10\\noz.\\nOil of Lavender flowers.\\n10\\noz.\\nOil of Caraway chaff.\\n5\\noz. (For white soap)\\n13. Oil of French Pennyroyal*.\\n1\\nlb.\\nOil of Cassia.\\n1\\nlb.\\nOil of Cloves.\\nlb.\\nOil of Lavender (spike).\\n1\\nlb (For colored soap)\\nThis oil (0/. Mentha Pidegii\\nmust\\nnot be mistaken for\\nthe American Oil of Pennyroyal which is quite different.\\nPERFUMES FOR COLD-HADE SOAPS.\\nAs already stated many odors are spoiled by being- introduced\\ninto a cold-made soap, but the number of perfume formulas that\\ncould be g-iven for these soaps is almost unlimited. The follow\u00c2\u00ac\\ning selection will probably be amply sufficient, however, for all\\nordinary requirements. The proportion of the compounded per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfume to be used in the soap must be left to the discretion of the\\nmanufacturer. For laundry soaps by the cold process the fore\u00c2\u00ac\\ngoing \u00e2\u0080\u009cPerfumes for Laundry Soap\u00e2\u0080\u009d may also be used; the fol\u00c2\u00ac\\nlowing formulas are more especially for toilet soaps.\\nOil of Bitter Almond\\n4\\nparts.\\nOil of Bergamot.\\n1\\npart.\\nOil of Bitter Almond..\\n3\\nparts.\\nOil of Bergamot.\\n1\\npart.\\nOil of Citronella.\\n1\\npart. (Almond.)", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0345.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "342\\nColoring and Perfuming.\\nArtificial Oil of Bitter Al-\\nmond.\\n.22\\nparts.\\nOil of Lavender.\\n8\\nparts. (Almond.)\\nOil of Lavender.\\n2\\nparts.\\nOil of Bergamot.\\n2\\nparts.\\nOil of Cassia.\\n1\\npart.\\nTincture of Bciizoe.\\n2\\nparts.\\nTincture of Balsam\\nof Peru. 1\\npart. (Violet..)\\nOil of Lavender\\n.12\\nparts.\\nOil of Cassia.\\n.15\\nparts.\\nOil of Portugal\\n4\\nparts.\\nOil of Caraway.\\n.7\\nparts.\\nOil of Geranium\\n.2\\nparts. (Windsor\\nOil of Lavender..\\n1\\npart.\\nOil of Citronella\\n1\\npart.\\nOil of Palmarosa.\\n1\\npart. (Rose.)\\nOrris Root, powdered.20\\nparts.\\nOil of Bergamot..\\n.15\\nparts.\\nOil of Geranium\\n7)4 parts\\nOil of Linaloe.\\n9\\nparts.\\nTincture of Musk..\\n1\\npart. (Lily of the Valley)\\nOil of Citronella..\\n.23\\nparts\\nOil of Sassafras.\\n8\\nparts.\\nOil of Caraway....\\n7\\nparts. (Honey.)\\nthis may be added,\\nif desired, Oil of Thyme, 12 parts.)\\nOil of Cassia.\\n.20\\nparts.\\nOil of Rosemary\\n.10\\nparts.\\nOil of Mirbane....\\n2\\nparts. (Violet.)\\n(Use in Palm Oil Soap.)\\nOil of Geranium\\n.20\\nparts.\\nOil of Mirbane....\\n3\\nparts.\\nOil of Bergamot.\\n.10\\nparts.\\nOil of Cassia.\\n1\\npart. (Violet.)\\nOil of Linaloe.\\n.15\\nparts.\\nOil of Cananga\\n5\\nparts.\\nOil of Palmarosa\\n2)4 parts. (Lily of the Valley)", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0346.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "Coloring and Perfuming. 343\\nOil of Bergamot\\n4\\nparts.\\nOil of Lemon\\n6\\nparts.\\nOil of Portugal\\n4\\nparts.\\nOil of Lavender\\n3\\nparts.\\nOil of Rosemary.\\n1\\nparts. (Lau de Cologne.)\\nOil of Lavender.\\n1\\npart.\\nOil of Caraway.\\n1\\npart.\\nOil of Cassia.\\n1\\npart.\\nOil of Thyme\\n1\\npart. (Omnibus.)\\nOil of Citronella\\n3\\nparts.\\nOil of Bergamot\\n2\\nparts.\\nOil of Melissa\\n1\\npart. (Hotie} T\\nOil of Bergamot\\n...18\\nparts.\\nOil of Sassafras\\n5\\nparts.\\nOil of Cloves\\nparts.\\nOil of Thyme\\n5\\nparts.\\nOil of Neroli\\n2^ parts. (Bouquet.)\\nOil of Rose\\n2\\nparts.\\nOil of Geranium\\n3\\nparts.\\nOil of Cinnamon\\n1\\npart.\\nOil of Bergamot.\\n2\\nparts.\\nOil of Cloves.\\nlittle. (Rose.)\\nOil of Caraway.\\n..12\\nparts.\\nOil of Bergamot.\\n....20\\nparts.\\nOil of Lavender.\\n8\\nparts.\\nOil of Thyme, white\\n7\\nparts.\\nOil of Cloves\\n1\\npart. (Shaving.).\\nHeliotropin\\n....20\\nparts, j\\nparts, i Dissolve in Oil\\nCoumarin\\nOil of Petitgrain\\n....25\\nparts.\\nOil of Gerapium\\nparts.\\nOil of Bitter Almond\\n....10\\nparts. (Heliotrope.)\\nOil of Geranium\\n...10\\nparts.\\nOil of Bergamot\\n...10\\nparts.\\nTincture of Orris Root\\n6\\nparts.\\nTincture of Benzoin.\\n6\\nparts. (Violet.)", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0347.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "344\\nColoring and Perfuming.\\nOil of Bergamot.\\n8\\nparts.\\nOil of Rose\\n1\\npart.\\nOil of Cloves.\\n1\\npart.\\nTincture of Musk.\\n1^\\nparts.\\nOil of Anise.\\n3\\nparts.\\nOil of Citronella.\\n3\\nparts.\\nOil of Lavender.\\n2\\nparts.\\nOil of Bergamot.\\n5\\nparts.\\nOil of Cloves.\\n1\\npart.\\nOil of Thyme.\\n3\\nparts.\\nOil of Peppermint.\\n2\\nparts.\\nOil of Caraway\\n4\\nparts.\\nOil of Lavender.\\n1 j4\\nparts.\\n(To this may be added, if desired, Oil of Bergamot, 2 parts.)\\nOil of Verbena.\\n.12\\nparts.\\nOil of Bergamot.\\n.12\\nparts.\\nOil of Citronella.\\n.10\\nparts.\\nOil of Palmarosa.\\n.12\\nparts.\\nTincture of Musk.\\n1\\npart. (Honey.)\\nOil of Thyme.\\n3\\nparts.\\nOil of Fennel.\\n9\\nparts.\\nOil of Caraway.\\n2 A\\nparts.\\nOil of Lavender.\\n2\\nparts. (Cocoanut\\nOil of Lavender.\\n6\\nparts.\\nOil of Caraway.\\n4\\nparts.\\nOil of Star Anise\\n3\\nparts.\\nOil of Fennel.\\n3\\nparts. (Cocoanut\\nAn old-fashioned but very good formula is the following:\\nPowdered Orris Root.5,000 parts. Mixed with the\\nPowdered Orange Peel.2,000 parts. melted fat.\\nLiquid Storax.1,000 parts.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Dissolved in a lit\u00c2\u00ac\\ntle hot fat and strained into the bulk of the latter.\\nOil Lavender (French) 200 parts.\\nOil Bergamot. 300 parts.\\nOil Geranium. 100 parts.\\nBalsam Peru. 50 parts.\\nAdded to the soap\\ntoward the end\\nof crutching,to\u00c2\u00ac\\ngether with the\\nmusk.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0348.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "Coloring and Perfuming.\\n345\\nMusk. 10 parts. Rubbed together\\nwith some of the lye or a little glycerin. (Violet.)\\nPERFUflES FOR (BOILED) MILLED TOILET SOAPS.\\nThe following formulas are from the great number used for\\nincorporation into ready formed soap, whether by milling or re-\\nmelting. Some of them no doubt would also give satisfaction\\nfor cold-made soap.\\nThe following is a very fine fancy odor:\\nOil of Thyme (white).\\n6 parts.\\nOil of Orange.\\n6 parts.\\nOil of Bergamot.\\n18 parts.\\nOil of Caraway.\\n9 parts.\\nOil of Lavender.\\n..16 parts.\\nOil of Clove.\\n9 parts.\\nOil of Cassia.\\n6 parts.\\nBalsam of Peru.\\n6 parts.\\nOil of Cinnamon.\\n.20 parts.\\nOil of Geranium.\\n15 parts.\\nOil of Valeria.\\npart.\\nTincture of Benzoin.\\n..14 parts.\\nTincture of Musk\\n17 parts. (Musk.)\\nOil of Cassia.\\n3 parts.\\nOil of Lavender.\\n2 parts.\\nOil of Caraway.\\n3 parts. (Windsor.)\\nOil of Orange.\\n.250 parts.\\nOil of Neroli.\\n.200 parts.\\nOil of Rose.\\n20 parts. (Orange Flower.)\\n(To this may be added, if desired, Musk 1 part.)\\nOil of Lavender, Montbl.\\n5 lbs.\\nOil of Geranium, rect. on roses 1 lb.\\nOil of Geranium, African\\n3 lbs.\\nOil of Geranium, Turkish\\n1 lb.\\nOil of Patchouli, Penang.\\ny A ib.\\nOil of Verbena, French.\\nib.\\nOil of Vetivert, Spanish.\\nOil of Cloves, Bourbon.\\n1 lb.\\nOil of Bergamot.\\n2 lbs.\\nTincture of Musk.\\n1 lb.\\nTincture of Ambrette.\\n1 lb. (White Rose.)", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0349.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "346\\nColoring and Perfuming.\\nOil of Cinnamon.\\n..60\\nparts.\\nOil of Cloves.\\n.60\\nparts.\\nOil of Caraway.\\n..50\\nparts.\\nOil of Anise.\\n..30\\nparts.\\nOil of Cedarwood\\n....20\\nparts.\\nOil of Sassafras.\\n.15\\nparts.\\nOil of Lavender.\\n..15\\nparts. (Windsor.)\\nOil of Rose.\\n8\\nparts.\\nOil of Rose Geranium\\n6\\nparts.\\nOil of Cinnamon\\n2\\nparts.\\nOil of Berg-amot.\\n4\\nparts.\\nTincture of Civet.\\n2\\nparts. (Rose.)\\nOil of Berg-amot.\\n.12\\nparts.\\nOil of Lavender.\\n8\\nparts.\\nOil of Caraway.\\n6\\nparts.\\nOil of Peppermint.\\n3\\nparts.\\nOil of Thyme.\\n2\\nparts. (Elder Flower.)\\nOil of Lavender.\\n2\\nparts.\\nOil of Linaloe.\\nY\\\\ parts. Lily of the Valley)\\nOil of Lavender.\\n6\\nparts.\\nOil of Peppermint.\\n2\\nparts.\\nOil of Carawav\\n2\\nparts.\\nOil of Lemon.\\n.1\\npart.\\nOil of Thvme.\\nj\\npart.\\nOil of Rosemary.\\npart. (Marsh Mallow.)\\nOil of Lemongrass.\\n...50\\nparts.\\nOil of Citronella.\\n...200\\nparts.\\nOil of Cloves.\\n30\\nparts.\\nOil of Cassia.\\n..30\\nparts. (Honey.)\\nOil of Berg-amot.\\n..10\\nparts.\\nOil of Geranium\\n2\\nparts.\\nOil of Neroli.\\n1\\npart.\\nOil of Lavender.\\n1\\npart.\\nTincture of Civet.\\n1\\npart.\\nTincture of Musk.\\n1\\npart.\\nOrris Root (powdered)\\n....40\\nparts. (Violet.)", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0350.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "Coloring and Perfuming.\\n347\\nHeliotropin\\n.10\\nparts.\\nVanillin.\\n2\\nparts.\\nMusk.\\npart.\\nBalsam Peru.\\nparts.\\nOil Geranium, Afr.\\n.30\\nparts.\\n(Heliotrope.)\\nOil of Thyme\\n2\\nparts.\\nOil of Caraway.\\n2\\nparts.\\nOil of Cassia.\\n1\\npart.\\nOil of Lavender.\\n1\\npart.\\nElder Flower.)\\nOil of Bitter Almond.\\n.50\\nparts.\\nOil of Bergamot.\\n.20\\nparts.\\nOil of Cloves.\\n.10\\nparts.\\nOil of Geranium.\\n5\\nparts.\\nOil of Cedarwood.\\n5\\nparts.\\nOil of Sassafras.\\n5\\nparts.\\nTincture of Musk\\n.50\\nparts.\\nTincture of Tonka beans..\\n.10\\nparts.\\nTincture of Civet\\nparts.\\n(Almond.)\\nOil Linaloe.\\n1\\nlb.\\nBalsam Peru..\\n10\\nozs.\\nBitter Almond.\\n2\\nozs.\\nTincture Benzoe.\\n15\\nozs.\\nBergamot.\\n4\\nozs.\\n(Heliotrope.)\\nOil of Bergamot.\\n4\\nparts.\\nOil of Neroli.\\n2\\nparts.\\nOil of Santalwood\\n2\\nparts.\\nTincture of Vanilla\\n8\\nparts.\\nTincture of Civet.\\n8\\nparts.\\n(Frangipanni\\nOil of Bergamot.\\n8\\nparts.\\nOil of Lavender.\\n4\\nparts.\\nOil of Cloves.\\n2\\nparts.\\nOil of Nutmeg.\\n1\\npart.\\nTincture of Musk.\\n4\\nparts.\\n(Millefleur).\\nOil of Linaloe.\\n5\\nparts.\\nOil of Bitter Almond.\\npart.\\nOil of Cloves.\\n4\\nparts.\\nLilacine.\\n24\\nparts.\\n(Shaving.)", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0351.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "348\\nColoring and Perfuming.\\nOil of Citronella.\\nOil of Lavender..\\nOil of Caraway.\\nOil of Lavender..\\nOil of Rosemary.\\nOil of Star Anise\\n3 parts.\\n1 part. (Honey.)\\n3 parts.\\n2 parts.\\n2 parts.\\n)4 part. (Honeysuckle.)\\nOil of Opoponax. 50 parts.\\nOil of Citronella .250 parts.\\nOil of Cinnamon (Ceylon).. 15 parts.\\nOil of Palmarosa.100 parts.\\nVanillin. 5 parts.\\nCoumarin. 2 parts.\\nMusk. 1 part.* (Opoponax.)\\n*Rubbed together with sugar, or an equivalent in tincture.\\nOil of Wintergreen. 1 part.\\nOil of Sassafras. 1 part.\\nOil of Rose. 6 parts.\\nOil of Geranium 25 parts.\\nOil of Bergamont.100 parts.\\nOil of Lavender. 20 parts.\\nOil of Cinnamon. 15 parts.\\nTincture of Tonka beans. 50 parts.\\nTincture of Coumarin. 50 parts.\\nTincture of Musk. 25 parts.\\nHeliotropin. 5 parts.\\nOil of Lavender,mont-blanc 4 parts.\\nOil of Caraway Seeds 2 parts.\\nOil of Thyme, red. 1 part.\\nOil of Rhue. 4 part.\\nOil of Thyme, white. 2/4 parts.\\nOil of Lavender,mont-blanc 5 parts.\\nOil of Caraway Seed. 2)4 parts.\\nOil of Marjoram. 2 parts.\\n(Tooth Soap.)\\n(New Mown Hay.)\\n(Brown Windsor.)\\n(Guimauve.)", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0352.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "Coloring and Perfuming.\\n349\\nOil of Palmarosa.\\nOil of Lavender Flowers,\\n2\\nparts.\\nstrong-.\\n2\\nparts.\\nOil of Lavender Spike, flo-\\nwers.\\n1\\npart.\\nOil of Rhue.\\npart.\\nOil of Anise.\\npart.\\nOil of Palommier.\\n1\\npart.\\nOil of Berg-amot.\\n7\\nparts.\\nOil of Palmarosa.\\n6\\nparts.\\nOil of Geranium.\\n5\\nparts.\\nOil of Cedarwood.\\n2\\nparts.\\nOil of Berg-amot.\\n120\\nparts.\\nOil of Orang-e peel.\\n100\\nparts.\\nOil of Lavender.\\n60\\nparts.\\nOil of Palmarosa.\\n30\\nparts.\\nOil of Ging-ergrass.\\n15\\nparts.\\nOil of Cassia..\\n25\\nparts.\\nOil of Citronella\\n25\\nparts*\\nOil of Cloves.\\n15\\nparts.\\nOil of Santalwood.\\n25\\nparts.\\nOil of Bitter Almond.\\n5\\nparts.\\nOrris root, finely powdered. 100\\nMusk, rubbed up with milk\\nparts.\\nsug-ar.\\n1\\npart.\\nOil of Lavender.\\n15\\nparts.\\nOil of Neroli..\\n30\\nparts.\\nOil of Berg-amot.\\n120\\nparts.\\nOil of Geranium (Fr.)....\\n25\\nparts.\\nTincture of musk.\\n15\\nparts.\\nTincture of Civet.\\n10\\nparts.\\n(A spicy odor for\\ndark soap.)", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0353.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0354.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVII\\nPressing the Soap.\\nWhen the soap, after solidifying- in the frame, has been cut\\ninto slabs, bars, and cakes, it requires a period of drying before\\nit is ready to be pressed, the time required for drying varying\\naccording to the nature of the soap, and the system of drying\\nemployed. (The effect of different methods of drying have been\\npreviously explained.) Frequently, in the pressure of business,\\nsoap is also pressed without drying properly.\\nMilled soap is ready for the press almost immediately after\\ncoming from the plodder. Other toilet soaps, cold-made as well\\nas boiled, should dry at least until each cake is covered with a\\nhardened layer of \u00e2\u0080\u009cskin\u00e2\u0080\u009d on the surface. If this skin is allowed\\nto become too thick, through too long drying, it will cause the\\ncake to crack in pressing; but such soap can be made into ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nceedingly handsome cakes by a simple remedy, namely by cutting\\noff the outer-most solid part of the skin. This process is some\u00c2\u00ac\\ntimes adopted purposely with the object of giving the soap an\\nimproved appearance, as well-dried cakes of this kind, from which\\nthe hardest part of the skin has been removed by drawing each\\nsurface over the knife of an ordinary wood plane, will dry out less\\nafterwards, will have a smoother surface, and will show the de\u00c2\u00ac\\nsign of the dies in much sharper outline, than a soap that was\\nsimply pressed after drying somewhat. It may here be remark\u00c2\u00ac\\ned that the smooth finish of a soap is improved also by using as\\nthin wire for cutting as possible.\\nWhere for any reason the process just described is not suitable\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094as when it is too expensive, or when the cakes were not cut in\\nsize to make allowance for the shaving taken off\u00e2\u0080\u0094the cakes may", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0355.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "352\\nPressing the Soap.\\nPressing twice.\\nbe softened by means of warming- them, before pressing-. The\\nlatter method is also frequently adopted when the shape of the\\nfinished cake is such that the soap cannot easily be cut to corres\u00c2\u00ac\\npond to its outlines, as for example when oval or round cakes are\\nto be pressed from pieces cut square.\\nA special method of preparing- the soap for pressing- consists\\nin exposing- it for a very few moments to the direct action of a\\ncurrent of very hot steam turned upon the cakes. The steam\\ncauses a chang-e in the character of the soap on the surface and\\ncloses up all its pores; the soap thereby acquires a beautiful fin\u00c2\u00ac\\nish which remains after pressing-,and will be better able to stand\\nexposure to unfavorable weather.\\nThe weather prevailing- when soap is pressed is also of\\nsome moment, for most soaps sweat on days when the atmosphere\\nis saturated with moisture and are then in poor condition for\\npressing. On such days the windows of the press-room must be\\nclosed to keep out the moisture. A clear, brig-ht day is most\\nfavorable for this operation.\\nThe cakes are previously cut to conform as nearly as possible\\nto the size and shape of the die, in order not to strain the cohe\u00c2\u00ac\\nsion of the particles too much in pressing-, and as said before,\\nthis may have to be supported by the warming- of the cakes.\\nBoiled-down soaps and some others, are so short in texture that\\nthey cannot be pressed at ail, or at least only into very flat bars,\\nfor which reason they are in most cases merely stamped with the\\nnecessary letters without pressing the cake itself.\\nTo prevent cracking, and to bring out the design of the dies\\nwell, it is sometimes necessary to press the soap twice, once in a\\nplain die, which merely shapes the cake, and then in another die\\nbearing the required design. In less extreme cases it is merely\\nnecessary to close the dies twice on each cake.\\nThe dies themselves must be made in accordance with the\\ngrade of the soap to be pressed in them, as has been explained in\\nChapter V; and the design must be so cut that the soap may\\nwithdraw easily from the die, without sticking. Fine lines and\\nsharp corners must be made as strong as possible, and must be\\nadapted to the texture of the soap to be pressed.\\nBrass dies cause brown spots to appear on soap, especially if\\nthe latter contains free alkali,which attacks the metal of the dies.\\nLaundry soaps, especially, are therefore better pressed in iron\\ndies. The smoother the dies, the handsomer will be the soaps", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0356.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "Pressing the Soap.\\n353\\npressed in them, and some manufacturers use even nickel-plated\\ndies for this reason.\\nA properly dried soap will hardly stick to the dies in press- Lubricating the\\ning\\\\ if the latter are properly constructed. But frequently soap\\nis pressed in a more or less \u00e2\u0080\u009cgreen\u00e2\u0080\u009d state, when it becomes nec\u00c2\u00ac\\nessary to use some lubricant or other to prevent sticking. Water\\nor glycerin alone are not well adapted for the purpose,but a mix\u00c2\u00ac\\nture of the two gives good results, as does also vaseline. Alcohol\\nor salt water are used similarly, but the latter is not to be recom\u00c2\u00ac\\nmended, as it will crystallize on the surface of the soap. Vinegar\\nalso is used, but does not act equally well in all soaps. These\\nliquids are applied by simply drawing a sponge, moistened with\\none or the other of them,across the die after pressing a few cakes,\\nor whenever the soap shows an inclination to stick.\\nAt the ends of cakes of soap, especially in milled soap, there\\nis usually seen a mark made by the effect on the grain of the\\npressing operation. As this is evidently the result of the change\\nof shape which the cake undergoes in the die, a process has been\\npatented of feeding the bar of soap coming from the plodder di\u00c2\u00ac\\nrectly to the die, without previously cutting the bar into cakes,\\nso that the die cuts off the required amount of soap. We are not\\naware of this having been adopted in practice (U. S. Patent No.\\n461,973).\\nIt remains to say a few words about the care of the dies,\\nwhich in most factories represent quite a little capital:\\nThe life of a die depends entirely on the press, and on the\\ncare exercised in setting or fastening it to the press, and fre- care of the dies,\\nquent examinations should be made to ascertain the condition of\\nboth press and die.\\nAs to the press, it is necessary that the slide or part to which\\nthe upper die is fastened should move easily, yet steadily, with\u00c2\u00ac\\nout shake in its bearings or guides, and this point should be ex\u00c2\u00ac\\namined daily, as pressers have been known to loosen the bolts\\nin order to have easier work, and by this means ruin the die\\nwith a few impressions.\\nIt is therefore very essential that a press should be so con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstructed that the guides can be accuratel} 7 adjusted, both at top\\nand at bottom, and securely fastened when this adjustment has\\nbeen accomplished.\\nTo fasten a die in the press, we should suggest to first place\\nthe upper die in its place in the slide and merely fasten the cap", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0357.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "354\\nPressing the Soap.\\nor set-screw, whichever may be used, with the fingers, to hold it\\nin place; then place the box containing the lower die on the bed\u00c2\u00ac\\nplate and carefully lower the slide, so that the upper die will en\u00c2\u00ac\\nter the box without damaging the edges.\\nHolding the slide in this position by keeping the foot on the\\nlever, loosen the cap or set-screw and place the box accurately,\\nso as to place the clamps which fasten the box in the most con\u00c2\u00ac\\nvenient place, but so that the bolts will not touch the flanges or\\nbox to twist or strain the latter when fastened, and fasten the\\nnuts or bolts with the fingers.\\nNow fasten the upper die securely. Before the nuts or bolts\\nholding the box in place are fastened, endeavor to pull or push\\nthem in either direction to ascertain their exact position. Should\\nthey shift, put them as near as possible in the middle of such\\nmotion and again turn down the nut or bolt and continue this un\u00c2\u00ac\\ntil the play is overcome. Then fasten with a wrench, and care\u00c2\u00ac\\nfully move the upper die up and down to see that it enters the\\nbox without striking it in the least.\\nYou can then press a few bars of soap and again ascertain\\nthe accuracy of your work, and also see that the bolts or nuts\\nholding the box are securely fastened.\\nThe guide pins now very much used relieve the evil of care\u00c2\u00ac\\nless setting very much, T et great savings in the cost of repairs\\ncan be secured by following the foregoing instructions.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0358.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "PART IV.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0359.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0360.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVIII.\\nSpecial Soaps.\\nFLOATING SOAP.\\nFloating soap, as made in this country since a comparatively\\nrecent time, is a soap into which air has been forced in the pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ncess of crutching, whereby its bulk is enlarg-ed so as to cause it,\\nwhen hardened, to float on the water. The object of this gen\u00c2\u00ac\\nerally is perhaps not so much this property of floating- as the fact\\nthat such a soap, when in use, presents a larger surface to the\\naction of the water, and consequently dissolves and washes more\\nrapidly. It is also obvious that any soap in a melted state can\\nbe made to float by the simple process of incorporating- air as\\nstated; but ordinarily only a white soap is so treated.\\nFloating- soap may be made by the cold method, but half\u00c2\u00ac\\nboiling-, as described on page 2b4, is preferable to it, if indeed\\nthe boiling- process is not employed. In fact, a half-boiled soap\\nis sometimes very apt to turn out floating- against the desire of Floating soap by\\nthe soap maker. Still another method consists in remelting and e ltl,,w\\ncrutching a (white) soap that has been previously dried some\u00c2\u00ac\\nwhat by exposure to the air; this proceeding may be advantage\u00c2\u00ac\\nous for working up scraps, or when the manufacture is not\\ncarried out on a sufficiently large scale to warrant making a\\nseparate boil.\\nIt is self-evident that floating soaps, being of themselves stock for floating\\nmore than usually soluble, should be made largely from stock\\nwhich naturally yields a less soluble soap, such as tallow, and\\nthat they should contain less water\u00e2\u0080\u0094rather than more\u00e2\u0080\u0094than\\nordinary soap. This latter point apparently is not as generally", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0361.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "358\\nSpecial Soaps.\\nunderstood as it should be, to judge from the numerous formulas\\nextant calling for the addition of water to the soap.\\nFor the stock, only selected, fresh, white fats and oils are\\nused. Probably no two manufacturers use exactly the same\\ncombination, and an equally good soap may be made from vari\u00c2\u00ac\\nable proportions of tallow, lard, or lard oil, cotton stearine, and\\ncocoanut oil. Cotton seed oil should be used sparingly, if at all.\\nA good soap results from tallow and 10 to 20 per cent of cocoa-\\nnut oil, with or without the addition of some lard. The addi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of cocoanut oil in this proportion is desirable from a num\u00c2\u00ac\\nber of points of view, especially, however, because its low solid\u00c2\u00ac\\nifying point permits of air being crutched into it at a compara\u00c2\u00ac\\ntively low temperature and because it adds lathering qualities to\\nthe soap composed so largely of tallow. Tallow, on the other\\nhand, gives it lasting quality. Rosin is rarely used in a floating\\nsoap, and then only of the lightest color.\\nBoiling the soap. The stock must be thoroughly saponified with pure lye and\\nfinished in the same manner as described for \u00e2\u0080\u009cWhite Settled\\nSoap,\u00e2\u0080\u009d Chapter VII., page 205. The soap is allowed to settle\\nand left in the kettle to cool to a temperature between, say, 170\\nand 180 F., at which it assumes the consistency most favorable\\nfor crutching. It may here be remarked that the exact temper-\\nCrutchmg. J\\nature most suitable for the purpose depends somewhat on the\\ncomposition of the stock, and may be ascertained more definitely\\nthan stated above in accordance; a pure tallow soap, for instance,\\nwould be apt to be too thick for crutching even before it could\\nbe made to froth sufficiently. If allowed to cool too far, part of\\nthe soap will stick to the sides of some crutchers, and must then\\nbe scraped out into the frames and there crutched again to pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nvent excessive warping through unevenness of the contents of\\nthe frames. If a crutcher is used that automatically scrapes the\\nsoap from the sides while working, and cuts up the lumps of\\nsoap forming, the necessity of recrutching in the frame on\\naccount of this difficulty will of course be avoided. On the other\\nhand, if the soap is crutched while too hot, it will go down\\nagain in the frame before cooling, and the lower part will be too\\nheavy to float.\\nWhen the soap has cooled and thickened sufficiently in the\\nkettle, as stated, crutching is commenced. The exact proceed\u00c2\u00ac\\ning now depends on the style of crutcher used; the machines\\nhaving a vertical screw are filled with pure soap (no filling be-", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0362.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "Special Soaps.\\n359\\ning used for White Floating* soap), so that the cylinder which\\nsurrounds the screw still projects above the soap, as the latter\\nmust have room to expand. Besides, the air is incorporated\\nmore rapidly when the machine is filled in this manner, as the\\nsoap falling* over the rim of the center-tube catches the air more\\nreadily than if the machine had been filled above the tube.\\nWhen the Strunz crutcher is employed, a rapid method of oper\u00c2\u00ac\\nating- consists in first filling the machine to only one-half of its\\ncapacity, crutching- for about three minutes, and then filling- the\\nmachine to within a few inches of the top, when only enough\\ncrutching will be required to mix both portions well. In this\\nmanner a frame of soap is ready in from 5 to 8 minutes, no mat\u00c2\u00ac\\nter how heavy it naturally is. As the frothy soap in this case\\ndoes not permit of judging exactly how much soap the crutcher\\ncontains, it is weighed into the machine.\\nThe exact length of time required for crutching depends on\\nthe temperature, the consistency and the proportion of water in\\nthe soap, and on the style of machine used for the purpose; the\\noperation is continued until the soap is slightly foamy. It is\\nthen run into iron frames, where it cools rapidly, and as it falls\\nsomewhat in the center on cooling\u00e2\u0080\u0094the more so the lighter it is\\nx \u00e2\u0080\u0094the edges may be pressed down when the soap begins to harden.\\nFor perfuming Oil of Lavender is generally used, but, of\\ncourse, any other white oil may be employed.\\nThe best disposition of the nigre in such a case is a matter\\ndepending altogether on careful judgment; it will not usually be\\nsafe to use it over on a second batch.\\nIf fatty acids (of cottonseed, c.) are used in the stock, it\\nis quite feasible to use carbonate of soda for saponification of\\nthis particular stock.\\nTRANSPARENT SOAP.\\nGeneral Remarks.\\nTransparent soap consists of ordinary soap, to which certain\\nadditions have been made for the purpose of rendering it trans\u00c2\u00ac\\nparent. Ordinary soap is opaque because of its Crystalline\\ntexture, and the process of rendering it transparent by certain\\nadmixtures has been aptly compared with the transparency as-\\nOriginal process\\nsumed by snow when it is soaked in water. Originally it was\\nmade, by dissolving in about one-half its own weight of alcohol,\\na dry, neutral, boiled soap, and afterwards distilling off again\u00e2\u0080\u0094", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0363.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "360\\nSpecial Soaps.\\nModern\\nStock.\\nby means of the water bath\u00e2\u0080\u0094the greater part of the alcohol so\\nemployed, leaving- the soap behind in an amorphous condition.\\nThe soap obtained by this method is unequaled by the transpar\u00c2\u00ac\\nent soap made by any other process, as the soap\u00e2\u0080\u0094to begin with\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nwas most thoroughly saponified, and the fact that it is dissolved\\nin alcohol, permits of settling out at this stage a considerabe\\namount of impurities which are present in soaps even that have\\nbeen made of the very finest ingredients; the final product is con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsequently more nearly neutral, purer and clearer than a soap to\\nwhich alcohol has simply been added in small proportions. How\u00c2\u00ac\\never, this process is now but rarely used, as it is too expensive in\\ncomparison with later methods which have been more generally\\nadopted.\\nprocesses At present, the transparency of a soap is often produced by\\nmeans of the simple addition of alcohol. In most cases part of\\nthe alcohol required for the purpose is substituted by glycer\u00c2\u00ac\\nin and sugar or sugar dissolved in water. The sugar so\u00c2\u00ac\\nlution causes even greater transparency than does alcohol, and\\nin order to counteract its tendency to soften the soap, sal soda is\\nadded in those cases where the alcohol is substituted entirely by\\nglycerin and sugar solution. Transparent soaps made in the\\nlatter way\u00e2\u0080\u0094 i. c., without alcohol altogether, and hardened b} T\\nsal soda\u00e2\u0080\u0094are very liable to effloresce on keeping. The lowest\\ngrade, probably, is that in which boiled starch is used to per\u00c2\u00ac\\nform the office of glycerin.\\nGlycerin, although not exactly absolutely necessary, makes\\nthe soap clearer and does not evaporate like water and alcohol;\\nfor this reason its use is to be recommended, inasmuch as it re\u00c2\u00ac\\nduces the required amount of alcohol and sugar water. It is also\\nless expensive than alcohol; but used in too large proportions it\\ncauses sweating of the soap.\\nThe proportions used of alcohol, glycerin, and sugar solu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, it will be noticed, are not definitely fixed, but var}- in dif\u00c2\u00ac\\nferent formulas, as will be seen from the examples given here\u00c2\u00ac\\nafter. By using more or less castor oil in the stock, the required\\namount of alcohoi is reduced, as this oil forms a naturally more\\ntransparent soap; too much of it however, makes the product soft\\nand sticky and also reduces its lathering properties.\\nThe stock for transparent soaps may be the same as for the\\nnon-transparent toilet soaps, and is generally tallow, with from\\n25 to 100 per cent cocoanut oil, and more or less castor oil. Stear-\\n1", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0364.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "Special Soaps.\\n361\\nine is also used quite frequently. Whatever the stock, it must\\nbe very carefully purified by lye and alum, in the manner already\\ndescribed, as any impurities remaining- are particularly notice\u00c2\u00ac\\nable in transparent soap. Old rancid fats will not make clear\\ntransparent soap; the latter would become \u00e2\u0080\u009cflakey.\u00e2\u0080\u009d It is also\\nuselul to remember in this connection that the more cocoanut\\noil the soap contains, the longer it may be left to cool before\\nframing-, as tallow soap sets at a much higher temperature. The\\nglycerin used for light colored goods must be perfectly colorless,\\nbut for the darker soaps this is not necessary, all that is neces\u00c2\u00ac\\nsary is that it should be free from lime and of known concentra\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion so that the quantity used may be uniform.\\nTo prevent cloudiness and spots, care must be taken that all spots from nme.\\nthe materials used be free from lime. According to circum\u00c2\u00ac\\nstances, lime may occur in the sugar, in the glycerin, and in the\\nwater, so that any one of these ingredients may be the cause of\\ncloudiness, through the formation of lime soap. Sugar of a\\ncoarse grain is made from thinner solutions than small grained\\nsugar, and therefore less liable to contain lime; that found on\\nthe market bearing the mark \u00e2\u0080\u009cMould A\u00e2\u0080\u009d will very rarely give\\ncause for complaint.\\nGlycerin likewise may contain lime and other salts, in which\\ncase the same trouble results. If the presence of lime is sus\u00c2\u00ac\\npected in glycerin, it may be removed by warming the latter\\nslightly, adding 1 lb. of 26\u00c2\u00b0 B. sal soda solution to 40 lbs. of\\nglycerin, stirring well and resting.\\nThe water used for dissolving the sugar should also be free\\nfrom lime, and if condensed steam is not at hand for the purpose,\\nthe water should be first boiled and treated with soda as just\\ndescribed for glycerin.\\nIf the lye contains too much of foreign salts, especially of Lve\\nsal soda, the soap will lose much in transparency on aging, and\\nwill effloresce; the lye is therefore best made of the highest\\ngrade of caustic, and must of course be clarified by resting, just\\nas has already been described for making lye to be used for the\\ncold process. As to the quantity needed, variations in the stock\\nare such that a formula which gives perfect results at one time,\\nmay fail to do so the next time, even with the most exact weigh\u00c2\u00ac\\ning. It is therefore necessary to watch the soap in this respect;\\nwhen lye is lacking the soap not only is turbid, but may separate\\nin the frame.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0365.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "362\\nSpecial Soaps.\\nThe alcohol, especially for light colored soaps, should be free\\nfrom fusel oil, which turns dark in contact with lye. Care must,\\nof course, also be taken to use the alcohol of uniform strength,\\nor to allow for variations the formulas following\u00e2\u0080\u0099 refer to 96\\nper cent, alcohol.\\nApart from impure materials, failures in making- transpar\u00c2\u00ac\\nent soap are g-enerally the result of incomplete saponification, of\\nan excess or a lack of strength, or of too small a proportion of\\nliquid in the soap; a certain amount of the latter being required\\nto produce transparency in the first place, even though it may\\ndry out later; on the other hand an excess of water may also be\\nthe cause of turbidity. To make a good article, the saponifica\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion should be as thorough as possible and the soap be finished\\nneutral before adding the sugar. For this reason half-boiled\\nsoaps to which the filling is not added until the soap is uniform\u00c2\u00ac\\nly developed, will always be better than those made by simply\\ncrutching the materials together. For light colored soaps the\\nDiscoloration by SU g- ar should not be exposed to a high temperature for the furth\u00c2\u00ac\\ner reason that it would thereby become colored dark yellow to\\nbrown.\\nFor making a batch of transparent soap the stock is either\\nsaponified at a temperature of about 120\u00c2\u00b0 F.\u00e2\u0080\u0094the alcohol having\\nbeen mixed with the lye before adding them to the stock, and the\\nfilling (sugar, etc.,) being added afterward\u00e2\u0080\u0094or the soap is\\nmade by the ordinary process of half-boiling and the alcohol,\\netc., added at the close of the saponification. The first-men\u00c2\u00ac\\ntioned method is the quickest and most economical, but the latter\\nforms a noticeably clearer and lighter-colored product, which is\\nmore completely saponified, and will therefore keep longer. Gen\u00c2\u00ac\\nerally speaking, larger batches turn out better than small ones,\\nespecially as they can be kept at rest for a time when a consider\u00c2\u00ac\\nable proportion of impurities settle out.\\nAs already stated, the alcohol for transparent soap made by\\none or the other of these processes is common^ substituted in\\npart by sugar dissolved in water; as the water evaporates and\\nthereby causes the soap to shrink, the smallest necessary amount\\nof it should be used only, and for strictly first-class goods it is\\nomitted altogether\u00e2\u0080\u0094glycerin taking its place. The sugar is dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nsolved in a little water or in the glycerin by the help of open\\nsteam and added to the soap. When the soap is made by mixing\\nthe lye and alcohol before saponification, the filling is not", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0366.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "Special Soaps.\\n363\\nadded until a sample of the soap itself remains transparent after\\nit is dropped on a piece of glass and has become cold and set. If\\nthe sample shows a milkiness, beginning from the edge and on\\npressure of the finger splits up in numerous small, sharp-edged\\npieces and has more or less cloudy spots distributed over the\\nwhole surface, it is a sign that the soap is too strong; a little\\nstock must then be added, for which purpose castor oil is pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nferred, as it is least likely to injure the transparency in case any\\nunsaponified particles should remain. Powdered W. G. Rosin\\nhas been similarly employed, but makes the soap softer.\\nBut if the sample is milky, feels greasy and soft, and under\\npressure of the finger merely flattens out instead of breaking up\\ninto small pieces, it is a sign that the soap is too weak, and a\\nlittle lye\u00e2\u0080\u0094diluted with boiling water to about 20\u00c2\u00b0 B.\u00e2\u0080\u0094will rem\u00c2\u00ac\\nedy the wrong.\\nIf the sample on glass shows a fine network of clouds, and\\non cooling has the appearance just described of a soap that is\\ntoo strong, and a heavy foam covers the soap in the kettle, more\\nliquid\u00e2\u0080\u0094glycerin or water\u00e2\u0080\u0094is required.\\nThe colors for these soaps must be soluble in water or alco\u00c2\u00ac\\nhol, insoluble colors destroying the transparency. For further\\ndetailson this pointsee the chapter on \u00e2\u0080\u009cColoring and Perfuming.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nIn cutting and pressingtransparent soap it should be remem\u00c2\u00ac\\nbered that the longer it is left to dry before and after cutting up\\nthe frame, the better will it press. Those made without alco\u00c2\u00ac\\nhol will increase in transparency after a time. The cakes must\\nbe cut as nearly as possible to shape, as the soap will crack if it\\nis attempted to force it in this respect. Oval cakes are for this\\nreason made by running the soap warm into tin tubes, in which\\nit sets and from which it is removed by pushing it out by any\\nconvenient contrivance. The tubes conform in shape to that\\nwhich the cakes are intended to have, and a bar of soap is thus\\nobtained from which the single cakes are cut off. For filling\\nthese tubes the soap, after settling, is dipped over into a jacketed\\nkettle, from which it may be drawn off by means of a thin hose\\nor pipe near the bottom. The lower end of the tubes is first\\nplugged by means of hard soap. In drying the cakes care is re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquired to prevent over-heating which easily dims the soap.\\nFor the purpose of settling out the impurities contained in\\nevery soap, it is convenient to use a vessel, which may be sus\u00c2\u00ac\\npended in a water bath (as in water contained in a jacket ket-\\nCutting and press\\ning.\\nMoulding.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0367.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "364\\nSpecial Soaps.\\ntie), so that the clear soap may be poured off without mixing\\nwith it the precipitated impurities.\\nFollowing- are a number of representative formulas for vari\u00c2\u00ac\\nous transparent soaps.\\nCrystal Transparent Soap.\\n140 lbs. Cochin cocoanut oil.\\n60 Stearic acid.\\n80 Glycerin.\\n99 Lye, 39 B.\\n90 Alcohol.\\nOr,\\n120 lbs. Cocoanut oil.\\n60 Stearin.\\n60 Glycerin.\\n60 Alcohol.\\n90 Lye, 38 B.\\nMix the stock and the g-lycerin, heat to 120\u00c2\u00b0 F. and saponify\\nby half-boiling-, finishing- the soap neutral. When the stock is\\nwell saponified, add the alcohol and raise the heat to 160\u00c2\u00b0 F. if\\nthe soap then is not neutral, add a few ounces of lye, or of stea\u00c2\u00ac\\nric acid, as required, until the appearance indicates that it is\\ncorrectly finished\u00e2\u0080\u0094according- to the signs described in the fore\u00c2\u00ac\\ngoing General Remarks. The soap is allowed to rest and cool\\nwhen it is dipped over into small frames or moulds. If framed\\ntoo warm it might have a mottled appearance.\\nGlycerin Transparent Soap.\\n80 lbs. cocoanut oil.\\n80 tallow.\\n50 glycerin.\\n85 alcohol.\\n80 lye, 38\u00c2\u00b0 B.\\nThe stock and the glycerin are mixed and brought to a tem\u00c2\u00ac\\nperature of 120 F., when the alcohol and lye.previously mixed,\\nare run in. When the stock is well saponified, rest for two or\\nthree hours and add the color and perfume. The color may be\\nburnt sugar or some aniline color that dissolves clear. If a light\\ncolored soap is wanted, half-boil the soap and add the alcohol\\nafterwards.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0368.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "Special Soaps.\\n365\\nTransparent Soap with Sugar.\\n100 lbs. cocoanut oil.\\n100 tallow.\\n118 lye, 35^2\u00c2\u00b0 B.\\n90 alcohol.\\n25 glycerin.\\n40 sugar, dissolved in sufficient water to just dissolve it.\\nOr,\\n44 lbs. cocoanut oil.\\n44 tallow.\\n26 castor oil.\\n57 soda lye 38 B.\\n40 alcohol.\\n38 glycerin.\\n20 sugar, dissolved in 6-lbs. water.\\nOr,\\n37 lbs. cocoanut oil.\\n75 tallow.\\n56 38\u00c2\u00b0 B. lye.\\n45 qlcohol.\\n56 glycerin.\\n22 sugar, dissolved in 7 lbs. water.\\nThe stock is saponified and the soap finished as described\\nunder General Remarks. The sugar solution is added when the\\nsoap is otherwise finished. After settling and cooling somewhat,\\nperfume and color are added and the soap framed.\\nTransparent Soap with Rosin and Sugar.\\n100 lbs. tallow.\\n50 cocoanut oil.\\n50 W. G. rosin.\\n105 lye 38\u00c2\u00b0 B.\\n90 alcohol.\\n60 sugar, dissolved in 50 lbs. water.\\nMake the soap as previously directed, by half-boiling. Then\\nadd the sugar solution and settle for four to five hours. Color and\\nperfume the clear soap in a separate vessel.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0369.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "366\\nSpecial Soaps.\\nTransparent Soap without Alcohol.\\n40 lbs. cocoanut oil.\\ntallow,\\ncastor oil.\\nglycerin,\\nsal soda,\\nsoda lye 30\u00c2\u00b0 B.\\nsugar, dissolved in 45 lbs. water.\\n45\\n50\\n5\\n15\\n81\\n40\\n11\\n4 L\\n4 4\\n4 4\\n4 4\\n4 4\\nOr,\\n48 lbs. tallow.\\n42\\n50\\n85\\n40\\n10\\n16-20\\n4 4\\n4 4\\n4 4\\n4 4\\n4 4\\n4 4\\nCochin cocoanut oil.\\ncastor oil.\\nlye 35\u00c2\u00b0 B.\\nsugar, dissolved in 40 lbs. water,\\nglycerin,\\nsal soda.\\nMake the soap by half-boiling and finish it neutral, as pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nviously described. Then add the sugar solution and enough of\\nthe sal soda to harden. The solutions should be of about the\\nsame temperature as the soap. The sal soda is added in form\\nof a fine powder.\\nTransparent Soap Without Glycerin.\\n70 lbs. cocoanut oil.\\n50\\n20\\n70\\n28\\n54\\n4 4\\n4 4\\n4 4\\n4 4\\n4 4\\ntallow,\\ncastor oil.\\nsoda lye 38\u00c2\u00b0 B.\\nalcohol.\\nsugar, dissolved in 30 lbs. water.\\nBye and alcohol are crutched into the fats at 190 F., fol\u00c2\u00ac\\nlowed closely by the sugar dissolved in the water which has been\\nheated also to 190 F. Then crutch for half an hour longer,\\ncolor, perfume, and frame.\\nTransparent Soaps Filled with Salts.\\nFor filling transparent soap, a solution is made of 6 parts of\\nsalt and 5 parts of potash in boiling water; 10 parts sugar are then\\nadded, and when all is dissolved enough cold water is used till\\nthe solution marks 22\u00c2\u00b0 B. while warm. The solution is settled\\nand the clear part drawn off and crutched into the soap at 165\u00c2\u00b0 F.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0370.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "Special Soaps.\\n367\\nFollowing\u00e2\u0080\u0099 is a suitable formula:\\n40 lbs. cocoanut oil.\\n20 stearic acid.\\n10 castor oil.\\n36 lye 38\u00c2\u00b0 B.\\n14 glycerin.\\n20 alcohol.\\n40 solution as above.\\nOr,\\nUse any of the following* compositions:\\ncocoanut oil,\\n26 lbs.\\n24 lbs.\\n36 lbs.\\ntallow,\\n24\\n27\\n25\\ncastor oil,\\n10\\n24\\n39\\nlye,\\n32\\n40\\n55\\n(36\u00c2\u00b0 B.)\\n(38\u00c2\u00b0 B.)\\n(36\u00c2\u00b0 B.)\\nglycerin,\\n12 lbs.\\n12 lbs.\\nsugar,\\n40\\n22 4\\n20 lbs.\\nwater,\\n30\\n22 Yi\\n22\\nfilling,\\n30*\u00e2\u0080\u009c\\n4^f\u00e2\u0080\u009c\\n4J\\nalcohol,\\n7\\n8\\n*Made by dissolving in water to 15\u00c2\u00b0 B. equal parts of salt,\\nsal soda, and potash.\\nConsisting of 16\u00c2\u00b0 potash solution in which are dissolved also\\n4 lbs. of sal soda.\\n^Consisting of sal soda which are dissolved in the water\\ncalled for by the formula.\\nSHAVING SOAP. V\\nThe manufacture of shaving soap has come to be a specialty\\nwith certain manufacturers, whose trade in the same is sufficient\u00c2\u00ac\\nly large to warrant them in giving this soap that attention which\\nis required for the production of a high-class article. Although\\nalmost any soap may be pressed into service for shaving, there are\\ncertain requirements which determine the fitness, and thereby the\\npopularity of any given brand. These requirements may be sum\u00c2\u00ac\\nmed up as follows: The soap must yield a strong, thick lather\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nwhich should soften the hair and remain as long as possible\\nwithout drying; it must be mild in use, and must keep a long\\ntime without turning rancid; in addition an agreeable odor and\\na nice white color are desirable, and it should be economical\\nin use.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0371.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "Special Soaps.\\n368\\nTo make a soap of the characteristics mentioned, great care\\nand the best of materials are required. The stock most suitable\\nis clean, hard, fresh beef tallow of the best quality and about 10\\nto 20 per cent of cocoanut oil. For boiled soap the use of some\\noleic acid with the tallow also serves the purpose of making a\\nmore soluble soap. The lye used is partly potash (say three parts\\nsoda lye and one part potash lye). Too large a proportion of\\ncocoanut oil causes the froth to dry up rapidly and fails to render\\nthe hair soft enough for shaving; the potash lye causes the soap\\nto \u00e2\u0080\u0099}ueld a better lather than a pure soda soap, as it produces the\\nfroth more rapidly, while a soap made entirely with soda lye\\nyields a poor lather\u00e2\u0080\u0094which is slimy rather than frothy. For\\nthe further improvement of the soap, an addition of gum traga-\\ncanth is often made, which serves to bind the soap together and\\nalso makes it very mild in use, and improves the lathering qual\u00c2\u00ac\\nities. Bassorin, a constituent part of some gums and gum rosins,\\nhas been used in the same way. The gum tragacanth is incor\u00c2\u00ac\\nporated with some of the hot fat, when the soap is made by the\\ncold process. From 1 to 2 lbs. of the powdered gum to a frame\\nwill make a noticeable improvement. It may also be added to the\\nsoap by milling it in, as in the manufacture of toilet soaps.\\nCold-Made Shaving Soap.\\nIt would seem that for making a shaving soap the cold pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ncess is less adapted than for any other soap; still, many people\\nare blessed with a skin that is far less sensitive than that of\\nothers, and so it happens that cold-made shaving soap also\\nfinds some buyers.\\n400 lbs. tallow.\\n50 cocoanut oil.\\n200 soda lye, 38 B.\\n25 potash lye, 38 B.\\nAn improvement results if in this formula the lye is diluted\\nwith water to about 35\u00c2\u00b0 B.\\nOr,\\n350\\nlbs.\\ntallow.\\n50\\nlard.\\n100\\n11\\ncocoanut oil.\\n220\\n11\\nsoda lye, 37^ B.\\n60\\ni\\npotash lye, 32\u00c2\u00b0 B.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0372.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "Special Soaps.\\n369\\nOr,\\n300 lbs. tallow.\\n40 cocoanut oil.\\n150 soda lye, 37\u00c2\u00b0 B.\\n24 potash lye, 33\u00c2\u00b0 B.\\nThe stock is melted and strained and allowed to cool to 100\u00c2\u00b0\\nF., when the lye (previously mixed) is added\u00e2\u0080\u0094as more fully de\u00c2\u00ac\\nscribed in the chapter on the cold process. The soap is lightly\\nperfumed with a composition somewhat as follows:\\nOil lavender.\\n.15\\nparts.\\ngeranium.\\n.3\\ncaraway\\n.10\\n4 4\\nOil lavender.\\n.15\\nparts.\\nthyme.\\n.10\\n44\\ncaraway.\\n8\\n4 4\\nbergamot\\n.2\\n4 4\\nOil lavender.\\n8\\nparts.\\nsassafras\\n6\\n4 4\\ncitronella.\\n4\\n4 4\\nIf gum tragacanth is to be added, it is previously mixed in\\nsome hot fat, taking care to get out all the lumps, and added to\\nthe stock in crutching. Of course, enough lye for the additional\\nstock so used must be added.\\nHalf-Boiled Shaving Soap.\\nFor making shaving soap by half-boiling the above formulas\\nfor the cold process may be adopted, using only a slightly high\u00c2\u00ac\\ner proportion of lye, as the combination of the materials is more\\ncomplete. The formula given for a white soap, in the chapter\\non the half-boiling process, page 262, is also suitable for a shav\u00c2\u00ac\\ning soap. The method of operating has been described in the\\nsame place.\\nWe append one more formula:\\n200 lbs. tallow.\\n40 cocoanut oil.\\n130 soda lye 30\u00c2\u00b0 B.\\n25 potash lye 30\u00c2\u00b0 B.\\nBoiled Shaving Soap.\\nAs a soap made\u00e2\u0080\u0099partly with potash cannot be grained with", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0373.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "370\\nSpecial Soaps.\\nsalt without losing most of the improvement in its character\\nwhich is conferred on it by the use of this alkali, it is necessary\\nto proceed somewhat differently than in the ordinary manner of\\nboiling The stock, selected as stated before, may be saponified\\nwith a mixture of 3 parts soda and 1 part potash lye of about 25\u00c2\u00b0\\nB. until it tastes slightl} 7 sharp, and boiled to evaporate any ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ncess of water. Any small excess of strength present is then\\nremoved by working in carefully a small proportion of cocoanut\\noil. This soap will, of course, contain all the glycerin formed,\\njust like that made by the cold process or by half-boiling. Again,\\nthe tallow may be saponified alone with soda lye, grained care\u00c2\u00ac\\nfully on salt or strong lye, and settled well. After drawing off\\nthe waste lye, the potash lye and then the cocoanut oil are sdded,\\nboiled till thoroughly combined, and either finished as before, or\\na settled soap is made.\\nA more expensive, though still better product is obtained\\nwhen the potash lye only is used throughout, the soap obtained\\nby saponifying a fat with potash being changed into hard soda\\nsoap of especially fine grain and consistency by the subsequent\\ngraining on salt.\\nAntiseptic Shaving Soap.\\nFor an antiseptic shaving soap it has been recommended to\\nadd 30 lbs. of salol in powder to every 1,000 pounds of soap\\nwhile the latter is still hot. Salol, one of the most important of\\nmodern antiseptics, has been found effective in those species of\\nskin diseases most apt to be transmitted in the act of shaving by\\nbarbers. Formerly shaving soap was often milled, but at the\\npresent time it is generally either cut square and pressed in round\\ndies, or the round cakes, in which form it is sold, are punched\\nout of the slabs.\\nPERFUMING.\\nFormulas for suitable perfumes for boiled shaving soap may\\nbe found in the chapter on \u00e2\u0080\u009ccoloring and perfuming.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nTOOTH SOAP.\\nFor the preservation of the teeth, it is admitted by dentists,\\nnothing is better adapted than the free use of pure soap and a\\ntooth brush. The innumerable preparations on the market,\\nwhether liquid, powdered, or in form of a cake, and especially\\nthe better ones, nearly always contain soap as the most valuable", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0374.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "Special Soaps.\\n371\\ningredient, and whatever else they contain, such as flavoring\\nmaterial, preservatives, etc., are only incidental additions of se\u00c2\u00ac\\ncondary importance, and sometimes even of only doubtful value.\\nThe best means of caring for the teeth are a well-made,neu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntral and thoroughly saponified soap, followed by a mouth-wash\\nmade by a small quantity of permanganate of potash in water,\\nflavored with peppermint, spearmint, or wintergreen oil. In ad\u00c2\u00ac\\ndition to these, the occasional use of some finely powdered sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nstance is indicated, and tooth soap therefore is, or should be, the\\nbest quality of soap into which has been incorporated more or\\nless of some impalpable and insoluble powder. The latter should\\npreferably consist of precipitated chalk, which is non-gritty, and\\ntherefore least apt to damage the enamel of the teeth; next in\\nusefulness is finely powdered pumice stone, which is used by\\ndentists for polishing teeth, but should not be employed too free\u00c2\u00ac\\nly. These two powders may also be employed together using\\nonly a very small proportion of pumice stone with a large amount\\nof precipitated chalk. Other substances sometimes used for\\ntooth soap are talc, cuttle fish bone, orris root, sugar (for im\u00c2\u00ac\\nproving the taste), glycerin (for soft or liquid preparations),\\ncoloring (carmine, cochineal, aniline red), and flavoring oils.\\nSome preparations contain salicjdic acid, but this has been found\\nto be destructive to the teeth; the same may be said of powdered\\ncharcoal, cream of tartar, powdered marble dust and other sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nstances for which there should be no need in a tooth soap. Pow\u00c2\u00ac\\ndered myrrh, however, may be of use for hardening the gums.\\nFor an antiseptic tooth soap about 20 grains of thymol may be\\nadded to a pound of soap.\\nFor flavoring the oils must be selected with reference to\\ntheir taste; owing to their cooling and preservative effect the oils\\nof peppermint, cloves, wintergreen sassafras and cassia are most\\ncommonly used in tooth soaps.\\nThe process of manufacture may be varied, but nearly all\\ntooth soap is now made by milling. Many formulas have been pub\u00c2\u00ac\\nlished for making it by the cold process, but it is doubtful if any\\nsuch crude products can really be sold; particularly are those\\nformulas worthless which recommend to add the chalk to the\\nstock before running in the lye, as chalk is but another name for\\ncarbonate of lime, whose presence in the unfinished soap causes\\nthe formation of lime soap. It is different when the chalk is\\nadded to a finished soap as it then produces no further chemical", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0375.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "372\\nSpecial Soaps.\\naction. When other powders are substituted for the chalk the\\nproduct by the cold process may be slightly better, but it will\\nstill be only a crude article, unfit for the purpose at best.\\nHalf-boiled or remelted soap are an improvement over the\\ncold process of course, but still not equal to milled soap.\\nWe append two formulas.\\nHalf-Boiled Tooth Soap.\\nTallow.35 lbs.\\nSoda Lye 38\u00c2\u00b0.16^\\nPotash l} T e 20\u00c2\u00b0.2^\\nChalk. 25\\nThe stock is strained into the crutcher and saponified at a\\ntemperature of 165\u00c2\u00b0 F. with the lye which has previously been\\nbrought to a temperature of 100 c F; After crutching for about\\n15 minutes the machine is covered up and saponification sets in\\nduring about one hour\u00e2\u0080\u0099s rest. The soap is then crutched very\\nslowly, as more fully described in the chapter on half-boiling,\\nand when it has the appearance of a finished soap the coloring\\nmatter and the precipitated chalk are crutched in; lastly the per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfume (say 6 parts oil peppermint and 1 of oil of clove) is worked\\nin and the soap framed.\\nMilled Tooth Soap.\\nNeutral soap .500 parts.\\nOrris root.200\\nPrecipitated chalk.300\\n(Or chalk 250, and Pumice stone or Cuttlefish bone 50 parts.)\\nGlycerin, enough to make the powders into a stiff dough.\\nIn order to keep the glycerin in, the cakes of soap are some\u00c2\u00ac\\ntimes brushed over with tincture of benzoin and wrapped in tin\\nfoil when dry.\\nFor a paste, as sold in tubes, the perfum-ed soap and chalk\\nare mixed with sufficient glycerin to give the desired consistency.\\nSCOURING SOAPS.\\nFor cleaning and polishing articles by the simultaneous\\naction of soap and strong friction, as for cleaning knives and\\nforks, kettles, very dirty hands, etc., etc., a considerable number\\nof different soaps are made which all agree in consisting of\\nsimple soap and as great an addition of some more or less gritty", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0376.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "Special Soaps.\\n373\\npowder as the soap will bear. The great variety of these soaps\\nis the result of the numerous different scouring- materials added,\\nselected according- to the use for which the soap is principally\\nintended, and the principal ones of which are:\\nPumice Stone, Silex, Sand, Tripoli (an earth consisting\\nmainly of silica), Bathbrick, Hornblende Dust, Emery, Kiesel-\\ng-uhr (an infusorial earth), Crocus (a form of ferric oxide), Pre\u00c2\u00ac\\ncipitated Chalk, and various clayey deposits found in numerous\\nlocalities in more or less suitable variety. Asbestos has been\\nrecommended for use in soap for glassware, etc. To this list\\nmay be further added some special ingredients which enter some\\nsoaps for particular purposes, as alum, white lead, etc. As a typ\u00c2\u00ac\\nical example of the manufacture of these soaps we may describe\\nthat of Sand Soap.\\nSand Soap.\\nThis soap may be made by the cold process, mixing the sand\\nwith the stock; but it is easier to make it by half-boiling, owing\\nto the large quantity of sand added to it. Scraps of soap may\\nalso be used for it by remelting. The stock used is preferably\\ncocoanut oil, as it lathers more readily than others, with a large\\naddition of an inert powder, and binds the materials most solidly\\ntogether. The quantity of sand added may be very high, but\\nfor a serviceable article it is best not to exceed, say, 50 per cent\\nto 75 per cent of the weight of soap, which is crutched in as soon\\nas the soap is otherwise ready for framing. In making the soap\\nproper, weak lye of 32\u00c2\u00b0 to 35\u00c2\u00b0 B. should be used in order that\\nthe soap may not be too dry when cutting, and an addition of\\nsome mineral soap stock will be a further help to secure a smooth\\nsurface. The sand must be very dry when added, or the soap\\nwill turn out uneven and crumbly; and while running in the\\nsand slowly the crutching machine should not run too fast, in\\norder to prevent air from being incorporated. As it becomes\\nvery hard, it is, of course, necessary to cut it\u00e2\u0080\u0094with thin wire\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nas soon as cooled.\\nAs in all other soaps, the addition of a part potash lye is an\\nimprovement, also, in this soap. Perfume may be added if de\u00c2\u00ac\\nsired.\\nWhen other substances than sand are used for these soaps\\nthe proceeding may be the same as above, but some manufac\u00c2\u00ac\\nturers prefer to let the powder remain in the stock over night,", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0377.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "I\\n374 Special Soaps.\\nand then add the lye next day to this mixture. If it is desired\\nto obtain only the very finest part of any powder, such as of em\u00c2\u00ac\\nery for polishing- metal, etc., this may be done by stirring- it up\\nwith water, and drawing- the latter off at once when the heavier\\nparticles have settled, and repeating- this once or twice. The\\npowder suspended in the water drawn off is allowed to settle,\\ndrained and dried.\\nMETAL POLISHING SOAP.\\nThere are a number of soap preparations in use for polish\u00c2\u00ac\\ning- metals, some of which answer the purpose admirably. A\\nformula for a good article of this kind is as follows:\\nSoap 480 lbs.\\nPrecipitated chalk. 60\\nWhite lead 30\\nJeweler\u00e2\u0080\u0099s rouge, or cream of tartar. 30\\nMagnesia. 30\\nThe chalk, magnesia, white lead and cream of tartar must\\nbe in the finest powder and intimately mixed with each other,\\nand are added to the soap and well crutched in, in the ordinary\\nmanner.\\nHARNESS SOAP.\\nFor cleaning, oiling and blackening harness, the necessary\\ningredients required for the purpose are all combined into one\\nmass, either in the form of hard bar soap, or as a semi-soft mass\\nsold in boxes or jars.\\nA simple hard soap of this kind is made by adding to an\\nunfilled rosin soap sufficient bone black and cod liver, or neats-\\nfoot oil, to make a soap of the desired character. No carbonate\\nof soda filling should enter into the composition of such soap.\\nThe oil has a preserving influence on the leather, and also main\u00c2\u00ac\\ntains the black color better than the ordinary soap. Instead of\\nbone black, which contains phosphate of lime and therefore is\\napt to cause a grayish color instead of black, there may be used\\nlamp black, Frankfort black, or Berlin blue. For the purpose\\nof making the color adhere to the leather, glycerin, molasses,\\nor a mixture of the two is sometimes added.\\nThe following formula furnishes an excellent product: A\\ngood settled soap (made of tallow, 10 per cent cocoanut oil and", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0378.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "Special Soaps.\\n375\\nnot over 10 per cent rosin) is mixed with 5 per cent of tar, 10 per\\ncent of neatsfoot oil, and 6 lbs. of lamp black to 1,000 lbs. of\\nsoap. Naturally this soap will take a considerable time for\\ndrying\\nFor a soft soap of this kind, some hard soap is mixed with\\na small proportion of potash soap, say 80 of the former and 20 of\\nthe latter, and enoug-h water is added to produce the required\\nconsistency. Some unsaponified oil and a little carbonate of am\u00c2\u00ac\\nmonia are also added.\\nCARBOLIC SOAP.\\nFor use in urinals and other purposes, a soap containing\\ncarbolic acid is frequently employed. (See also under \u00e2\u0080\u009cMedici\u00c2\u00ac\\nnal Soap.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The process for making it is subject to the usual varia\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions, but the principal underlying it is simply to make a hard tal\u00c2\u00ac\\nlow soap (which will dissolve slowly and thus waste less rapidly\\nthan others) and adding to it 10 to 15 par cent of carbolic acid.\\nOther disinfectants, especially chloride of zinc, are used in the\\nsame manner to neutralize the bad odor of closets, etc. It should\\nbe observed that in order to retain its effectiveness, carbolic acid\\nshould be added only to soaps containing no free alkali, and\\nalthough cold-made soap is usually employed for the ordinary\\ngrades for coarse use, it would be more to the point to use more\\nthoroughly saponified soap. Owing to the dangerous character\\nof strong carbolic acid, care in handling it should be enjoined\\nupon all who handle it in the factory.\\nRED MOTTLED CASTILE.\\nFor 1,000 lbs. of tallow allow 400 lbs. cocoanut oil; run the\\nstock into the kettle, but reserve about 100 lbs. of the cocoanut\\noil. Also run in a few pails of water and boil; when boiling,\\nrun in 8 or 10\u00c2\u00b0 lye till paste is formed, gradually increasing the\\nstrength of lye to 15 and 20\u00c2\u00b0. Have some strong lye (25-30\u00c2\u00b0)\\nhandy to run in if the soap should suddenly thicken from lack of\\nstrength. When enough lye has been added the soap will com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmence to open and on continuing boiling for 30 or 40 minutes\\nwithout more lye it must remain open. Finish with a flat\\ngrain so that it will drop the lye quickly. Finishing: Draw off\\nthe lye and save it for its strength. Then warm up the 100 lbs.\\nof cocoanut oil previously reserved, take out 10 lbs. and mix with\\nit 3 lbs. best English Vermillion and set this coloring mixture", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0379.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "376\\nSpecial Soaps.\\naside. Turn on close steam in soap kettle and slowly feed the\\ncocoanut oil which will take up the strength still in the soap; the\\nlatter assumes a pitchy look and, when smooth, the coloring mix\u00c2\u00ac\\nture is poured over the soap. When scarcely any strength is per\u00c2\u00ac\\nceptible to the taste, no more oil is added, and boiling is contin\u00c2\u00ac\\nued for a few minutes. When the soap no longer slips off the\\npaddle but drops in big flakes and looks smooth and shiny, it is\\nconsidered done. After 10 minutes rest it is framed and covered\\nup warm to assist the mottle.\\nSALT-WATER SOAP.\\nFor use with salt water, as on board of ocean vessels, soap\\nis made entirely of cocoanut oil, as that made from other stock\\nis insoluble in salt water. Such a soap may be made simpty by\\nsaponifying cocoanut oil in the ordinary way by the cold process,\\nor it may be made from 150 lbs. cocoanut oil, saponified with\\nabout 150 lbs. of 2V lye, and highly filled (after the manner of\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cBlue Mottled\u00e2\u0080\u009d soaps).\\nTAR SOAP.\\nThis was one of the first, if not indeed the first of all medi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncated soaps made, it having been observed at an early time that\\ntar has an excellent effect in chronic skin diseases, being made\\nwater-soluble by treatment with.caustic lye or by r incorporation\\ninto alkaline soaps. But its popularity is perhaps principally\\ndue to the fact that the soap has strong detergent properties,\\nbeing excellently adapted for use of workmen whose work is\\nsuch as to make the cleaning of their hands more difficult than\\nusual.\\nA formula for this soap has already been given in the chap\u00c2\u00ac\\nter on \u00e2\u0080\u009chalf-boiling.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nBy the cold process this soap ma}^ be made\u00e2\u0080\u0094but less satis\u00c2\u00ac\\nfactorily than by half-boiling\u00e2\u0080\u0094by saponifying 50 lbs. tallow and\\n50 lbs. cocoanut oil with 55 lbs. of 36\u00c2\u00b0 lye, and, when the mater\u00c2\u00ac\\nials have joined, adding quickly 8 lbs. or more of tar. The soap\\nmust be framed rapidly, as it thickens very soon. The tar, if\\nonly little is used, may also be dissolved in the warm stock be\u00c2\u00ac\\nfore running in the lye.\\nFormerly coal tar was not infrequently used for soap, but at\\nthe present time pine tar, birch tar and juniper tar are in general\\nuse, since coal tar dirties the soap dish and towels, has a disa-", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0380.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "Special Soaps.\\n377\\ngreeable odor and has not the healing- influence possessed by\\nwood tar.\\nSo far as disinfecting- power is concerned experiments have\\npretty conclusively demonstrated that pine tar is about twice as\\neffective as is birch tar (which is poorer in the disinfectants\\nkresol, g-uaiacol, c).\\nTar oil has been employed instead of tar with g-ood success\\nwhen the object of the soap is great cleaning- power rather\\nthan healing- properties, although it is said that tar oil also has\\ngreat medicinal properties. The proportion of tar used varies\\nfrom 5 and 10 to 20, and even as high as 40 lbs. in 100 lbs. of\\nsoap. Freshly cut tar soap looks brown, if a comparatively small\\nproportion of it is used; but on aging it turns black, for which\\nreason it is not advisable to add coloring matter too readily, even\\nif a very dark color should be desired.\\nGALL SOAP.\\nOxgall contains a natural soap whose power to emulsify oils\\nor fats has secured it a reputation as an ingredient for soap in\u00c2\u00ac\\ntended for removing dirt from colored fabrics and brightening\\nup faded colors. It is even used pure in dyeing and cleaning es\u00c2\u00ac\\ntablishments; but for occasional use in households, for removing\\nspots, it is prepared in combination with soap, as it is impossible\\nto preserve it otherwise. For a soap that is desired to keep well,\\nit is best to prepare the gall by boiling it, and, when cooled to\\n190\u00c2\u00b0 F., stirring in 1 lb. of acetic ether for every 20 lbs. of gall.\\nAfter resting some time the clarified gall may be drawn off from\\nthe sediment; thus prepared it keeps longer and mixes better with\\nthe soap. According to the manner in which it is used, it may\\nbe added to the soap in the state just explained, or may previous\u00c2\u00ac\\nly be boiled down to half its original weight.\\nThere are a great man} 7 different formulas for making this\\nsoap, but it would seem that a soap made and sold expressly for\\nthe treatment of delicate fabrics and colors ought to be the very\\nbest kind of soap, and entirely neutral, so that the only formula\\nto use should be based on a well-boiled and finished soap. Such\\na formula would be, for instance:\\nSoap.100 lbs.\\nPrepared gall. 8 (More or less, as desired.)\\nTo this may be added some turpentine, borax, quillaya ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ntract, ammonia, benzine, etc., as may seem to suit the trade best.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0381.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "378\\nSpecial Soaps.\\nThe last two ingredients mentioned, however, will gradually be\\nlost by evaporation. This soap is generally colored green, it\\nbeing naturally of a grayish color.\\nMEDICINAL SOAP.\\nA healthy skin depends principally upon a healthy condition\\nof the blood and the capillary blood vessels, and on a proper\\nnerve tone, coupled with frequent ablutions to maintain the skin\\nin a state of activity regarding all its functions. Washing, be\u00c2\u00ac\\nsides simply removing dead epithelial scales, impurities thrown\\nout of the system, and dirt deposited on the skin from the at\u00c2\u00ac\\nmosphere or articles touched, also stimulates the skin to proper\\naction through the friction incidental to washing and drying.\\nSoap is therefore one of the requisites for preserving a good com\u00c2\u00ac\\nplexion, keeping the skin clean and supplied with only the neces\u00c2\u00ac\\nsary oil by removing the excess accumulated, and maintaining\\ndue activity of the circulation. Under ordinary circumstances a\\ngood toilet soap answers this purpose better than any known\\nsubstance if used judiciously, for too frequent ablutions or the\\napplication of unnecessarily large amounts of soap are not con\u00c2\u00ac\\nducive to a healthy skin either. The skin of some people seems\\nto be proof against a slight excess of alkali in a soap, but a deli\u00c2\u00ac\\ncate skin is very sensitive to it, as carbonated as well as caustic\\nalkali dissolve and remove the fat contained in the outer layers\\nof the skin and leave the latter dry and prone to crack; in ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ntreme cases an inflamed condition of the skin may even result.\\nWhen the skin is affected by disease, cleanliness is again one\\nof the essentials for a recovery, for it is readily understood that\\n-just after the disordered surface has been cleansed from all for\u00c2\u00ac\\neign matter it is in the most favorable condition to be acted up\u00c2\u00ac\\non by the topical remedies applied. Soaps in which the medi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncaments adapted to the particular disease in question are incor\u00c2\u00ac\\nporated have long ago been found to be a not inconsiderable\\naid in treating the latter, for they furnish a, and often the, most\\nconvenient mode of application. The mistake should not be\\nmade, however, to expect impossibilities of them, and in the ma\u00c2\u00ac\\njority of cases they should be looked upon as valuable aids rather\\nthan as positive cures, for in diseases affecting the blood, the\\nblood vessels, or the nervous system, and outwardly showing\\ntheir affects on the skin, any topical remedy is obviously ineffec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntive, except insomuch as it may tend to temporarily check these", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0382.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": "Special Soaps.\\n379\\nvisible symptoms. A medicinal soap, properly applied, may be\\nan invaluable aid in combating- a skin eruption arising- from a\\ndisordered dig-estive apparatus for instance, but it is not difficult\\nto understand that it can no more effect a cure, when used as the\\nonly remedy, than it can cure the disordered stomach.\\nSimilarly it is not as g-enerally understood as it should be,\\nthat a remedy that is capable of doing g-ood, be it a medicinal\\nsoap or any other medicament, is also very likely to be capable\\nof doing- harm if improperly used, and this is indeed true of most\\nmedicinal soaps. For this reason the soapmaker should consider\\nhimself in line with the drugg-ist rather than with the physician;\\nin other words he should not prepare the true medicinal soaps\\nfor indiscriminate sale, but rather direct his energy to the pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nparation of soaps to be sold on the recommendation of physicians.\\nIt is an undeniable fact that physicians have been for a long\\ntime prevented from employing medicinal soaps as much as they\\notherwise would, for the sole reason that, with a few notable ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nceptions, this class of goods has not been prepared with a due\\nappreciation of what is actually required. Unna and Eichhoff,\\nboth widely known dermatologists, have taken great pains to\\ninvestigate the possibilities of medicated soaps, and it is due\\nlargely to their efforts that some very valuable preparations of\\nthis kind have been widely introduced. This chapter is, in ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncordance with the foregoing, not intended to contain directions\\nfor making a line of soaps to serve as cure-alls, but rather as an\\nexplanation of the character of the soaps used by physicians in\\nthe treatment of skin diseases.\\nTo begin then, the soaps used as vehicles for the numerous\\nmedicaments employed are the hard soda soap, the soft potash\\nsoap, and liquid soap consisting of potash soap dissolved in suf\u00c2\u00ac\\nficient glycerin to keep it in the liquid state. The last two forms\\nare coming into greater use than they were heretofore, for the\\nreason that hard soap has some unavoidable disadvantages as fol\u00c2\u00ac\\nlows: It is very mild in its action (and for that very reason\\nsometimes preferred); it is difficult to preserve without losing\\nmost or all of certain volatile or easily decomposed medicaments\\ncontained therein, such as carbolic acid and corrosive sublimate;\\nits character is frequently changed by becoming alternately wet\\nand dry. To obviate this it has recently been proposed to add the\\ndrugs to powdered soap which can be rapidly made into a soft\\nsoap by simply adding water. Each of the three classes of soap", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0383.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "380\\nSpecial Soaps.\\nmentioned, hard, soft and liquid, is again divided into neutral, al\u00c2\u00ac\\nkaline and superfatted soap, so that there are nine different\\nbases to serve as vehicles for the remedy proper, according* as\\ncircumstances require, although for the great majority of cases\\na neutral soap is preferable.\\nThe alkaline soaps are the most strongly effective, while a\\nmilder action is obtained from the neutral and the superfatted\\nvarieties. A further graduation is obtained by regulating the\\nquantity of soap applied, by the degree of dilution with water,\\nthe degree of friction applied, and by the length of time the soap\\nis left in contact with the diseased skin. Of course it is also\\nnecessary to have due regard for the properties of the drug to be\\nincorporated, as alkaline soap must naturally not be used in con\u00c2\u00ac\\nnection with carbolic acid, for instance, and sublimate can be\\nused only with neutral soap.\\nThe manufacture of a neutral hard soap has been described\\nin detail in the preceding pages; this kind is the one most usually\\nemployed. To prevent changes in the medicaments introduced,\\nthe milling process is undoubtedly the most rational.\\nA neutral potash soap must be made in an indirect manner,\\nas a complete saponification with potash lye can be effected only\\nin the presence of an excess of strength. The first step in its\\nmanufacture is to make a hard soda soap from the choicest fat\\nor oil (olive oil) and soda. The fatty acids are next separated\\nfrom the same b} the addition of dilute sulphuric acid, and must\\nthen be washed out with distilled water until thelatter runsoff per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfectly free from any trace of the sulphuric acid. The pure fatty\\nacids are then saponified with pure caustic potash, taking care\\nto finish the soap perfectly neutral. The product is then boiled\\ndown to the proper consistency.\\nThe neutral liquid soap is made in the same manner, but\\ndiluted to the desired consistency with pure glycerin. Its color\\napproaches that of honey, it is transparent and dissolves clear in\\nwater and in alcohol and is of course perfect^ neutral.\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nThe alkaline liquid soap is made from the foregoing b} T the\\naddition of about 4 per cent of carbonate of potash, and is an\\nexcellent detergent for the skin and for medical instruments. It\\nis well adapted for the bath, washing the scalp and wherever\\nscales and crusts are to be removed.\\nThe superfatted liquid soap was formerly made by the addi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of 3 to 4 per cent of olive oil to the neutral soap; but as this", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0384.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "Special Soaps.\\n381\\nfree fat becomes rancid in time, it is now frequently supplanted\\nby the same proportion of lanolin, which keeps indefinitely and\\nbesides is more readily absorbed by the skin; the use of super\u00c2\u00ac\\nfatted soap was first proposed by Dr. Unna.\\nThe superfatted and the alkaline hard and soft soaps are\\nmade in like manner from the neutral soaps of their respective\\ntype.\\nSuperfatted soap, containing- an excess of neutral fat when\\nfirst made, will not keep very long- at best, and some medica\u00c2\u00ac\\nments have the effect of. spoiling- the soap entirely within a few\\nweeks, so that lanolin or vaseline must in these cases take the\\nplace of the excess of oil or fat. It is hardly necessary to point\\nout that, as both lanolin snd vaseline are unsaponifiable, they\\ncannot of course neutralize any excess of alkali present in the\\nsoap; all they can do at best is to counteract the effect of such\\nexcess, to which action lanolin adds that of increasing-the effects\\nof the medicaments by- reason of the avidity with which the skin\\nabsorbs the lanolin.\\nThe principal medicinal soaps, which have proved most\\nserviceable in the hands of competent physicians, are the fol\u00c2\u00ac\\nlowing\\nSoft Soaps:\\nTar Soap, containing- 1 to 8 drachms of tar to the ounce.\\nNaphthol Soap, containing- fz to 3 drachms (or more) of\\nnaphthol to the ounce.\\nCarbolic soap, containing- 10 to 90 grains of carbolic acid to\\nthe ounce.\\nSalicylic Soap, containing 10 to 90 grains of calicylic acid\\nto the ounce.\\nSulphur Soap, containing any desired proportion of sulphur.\\nBalsam of Peru Soap, containing x /z drachm or more to the\\nounce.\\nHard Soaps:\\nAlum Soap, containing 10 per cent of alum.\\nArnica Soap, containing 10 per cent of extract of arnica.\\nBalsam Soap, containing 5 per cent of balsam of Peru.\\nBoro-Glycerin Soap,* containing 10 per cent of a 50 per\\ncent solution of boro-gl} 7 ceride.\\n*Tliis soap is preferred to one simply containing boric acid or borax.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0385.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": "382\\nSpecial Soaps.\\nCamphor Soap, containing- 10 per cent of camphor.\\nCarbolic Soap,f containing- 5 per cent of carbolic acid.\\nChamomile Soap, containing- 10 per cent of extract of cham\u00c2\u00ac\\nomile.\\nErgot Soap, containing 10 per cent extract of ergot.\\nEucalyptol Soap, containing 5 per cent of oil of eucalyptus.\\nIodine Soap, containing 3 per cent of resublimed iodine.\\nNaphthol Soap, containing 5 per cent of naphthol.\\nNaphthol-Sulphur Soap, containing 3 per cent of naphthol\\nand 10 per cent of sulphur.\\nSalicyclic Acid Soap, containing 4 per cent salicyclic acid.\\nSublimate Soap, containing 1 per cent or 2 per cent of cor\u00c2\u00ac\\nrosive sublimate. J\\nSulphur Soap, containing 10 per cent of sulphur.\\nTar Soap, containing 10 per cent of tar.\\nTannin Soap, containing 3 per cent to 5 per cent of of tannic\\nacid.\u00c2\u00a7\\nTannin-Balsam Soap, containing 2 per cent of tannic acid\\nand 5 per cent of Balsam of Peru.\\nThymol Soap, containing 3 per cent or crystallized thymol.\\nWitch Hazel Soap, containing 10 per cent of extract of ham-\\namelis.\\nFor their better preservation, medicated hard soaps are usu\u00c2\u00ac\\nally wrapped in parchment paper or foil.\\nSupperfatted Soaps:\\nAristol Soap, containing 2 per cent of aristol.\\nBenzoic Soap, containing 5 per cent of benzoin.\\nCreolin Soap, containing 5 per cent of creolin.\\nCreosote Soap, containing 2 per cent of creosote.\\nIodoform Soap, containing 5 per cent of iodoform.\\nIodol Soap, containing 5 per cent of iodol.\\nMenthol Soap, containing 5 per cent of menthol; used for\\nfor the anaesthetic effect on the skin, in pruritus, and\\nin tooth soap; when used on the face the eyes should be\\nfTlie addition of glycerin lessens tlie smell of tlie carbolic acid. Napli-\\ntliol or saliev lie acid soap is often preferred to it on account of the odor.\\nX Corrosive sublimate is decomposed and will discolor the soap, if free\\nalkali is present.\\n^Tannin soap is recommended for use in cases of excessive sw eating of\\nhands and feet.", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0386.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "Special Soaps.\\n383\\nkept well closed, as menthol in contact with the con\u00c2\u00ac\\njunction produces a very disagreeable feeliug.of cold.\\nMenthol-Eucalyptol Soap, containing 5 per cent of menthol\\nand 3 per cent of oil of eucalyptus.\\nPine Needle Oil Soap, containing 10 per cent of pine needle\\noil.\\nQuinine Soap, containing 5 per cent of quinine.\\nResorcin Soap, containing 5 per cent of resorcin.\\nResorcin-Salicylic Soap, containing 5 per cent of resorcin\\nand 3 per cent salicylic acid.\\nResorcin-Salicylic-Sulphur Soap, containing 5 per cent of\\nrescorin and 3 per cent each of sulphur and salicylic acid.\\nSalol Soap, containing 5 per cent of salol; in use the salol is\\nsaid to break up into carbolic acid and salicylic acid\\nwhich then have a stronger action than they usually\\nhave.\\nSalicylic-Creosote Soap, containing 5% of salicylic acid and\\n2% creosote.\\nSulphur Soap, containing 10% of sulpur.\\nSulphur-Salicylic-Tar Soap, containing 5% each of sulphur,\\nsalicylic acid and tar.\\nTar Soap, containing 5% of tar.*\\nThiol Soap, containing 5% and 10% of thiol.\\nSULPHUR SOAP.\\nApart from the simple sulphur soap, the manufacture of\\nwhich by various processes is sufficiently indicated in the pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nceding pages, there may here be mentioned the attempts to bring\\nthe sulphur into a more effective form by special means. We refer\\nto the invention patented by J. D. Riedel of Berlin, according\\nto which sulphur is heated for four hours with fatty acids or fats\\nof the so-called unsaturated series (red oil, linseed oil, castor oil)\\nto 250-320\u00c2\u00b0 F. whereby a new compound \u00e2\u0080\u009cthiofat\u00e2\u0080\u009d is formed\\nwhich is then saponified, together with an equal amount of\\ncocoanut oil by lye at a low temperature, (a high temperature would\\ndecompose the sulphur compound again). In soap so made\\nnamed \u00e2\u0080\u009cthiosapol\u00e2\u0080\u009d the sulphur is chemically bound and presum-\\n*Tar is frequently introduced into soaps which are medicated at the\\nthe same time with sulphur, salicylic acid, resorcin, c.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0387.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "384\\nSpecial Soaps.\\nably more effective medicinally than can be the sulphur mixed in\\nonly mechanically.\\nTo carry out this process, the result of which is a soap con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntaining- 5% of sulphur, 1,000 parts of linseed oil are treated\\nwith 166 parts sulphur as stated; of the product 1,000 parts are\\nsaponified, tog-ether with 1,000 parts cocoanut oil, at a temper\u00c2\u00ac\\nature of about 75\u00c2\u00b0 F., with 1,000 parts soda lye of 35% strength.\\nSURGICAL SOAP.\\nAll soap is more or less strongly antiseptic, but in order to\\nincrease this quality, various additions are made, of which cor\u00c2\u00ac\\nrosive sublimate, carbolic acid, salol, thymol, c., have already-\\nbeen mentioned. For surgical use the following is a prescription\\nemanating from a Surgeon (Prof. Reverdin of Geneva):\\nOil of sweet almond, 72 parts.\\nCaustic potash lye, 12\\nCaustic soda lye, 24\\nSulpho-carbolate of zinc, 2\\nOil of rose to perfume.\\nIt will be noted that this soap is described as being made by\\nthe cold process which, especially with almond oil, is hardly to\\nbe recommended from a soap maker\u00e2\u0080\u0099s point of view. However,\\nDr. Frank L. James of St. Louis states that he has used for years\\na similar soap, but made with cottonseed oil instead of almond\\noil and containing more (3%) of sulpho-carbolate of zinc, to his\\nentire satisfaction.\\nThe advantages of this soap are that it has remarkable\\ncleansing and antiseptic properties, without being at all iritating\\nto the skin; as the strength of the lye is not given, we will add\\nthat the soap is intended to be superfatted.\\nProf. Reverdin recommends this soap not only for general use\\nin hospital and private practice, but also for washing the hands in\\ndissecting rooms and wherever the hands come in contact with\\ndecomposing substances. Further, he urges that barbers should\\nuniversally adopt its use, and thus protect their customers from\\nvarious infectious diseases, to which they are exposed in\\ntheir shops.\\nWhile it is obviously best to introduce no coloring matter in\u00c2\u00ac\\nto soaps to be used for medicinal purposes, they are frequently\\nperfumed, as for instance in the following formula for a", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0388.jp2"}, "389": {"fulltext": "Special Soaps.\\n385\\nHipped Camphor Soap.\\n100 lbs. neutral soap.\\n3 camphor, dissolved in the required quantity of alcohol.\\nPerfumed with\\nOil of cloves, 4 parts.\\nrosemary, 5\\nlavender, 10\\npeppermint, 3\\nWASHING POWDER.\\nWashing- powders, usually sold to the consumers as soap pow\u00c2\u00ac\\nders, may be described in a g-eneral way as powdered mixtures of\\nsoap, with about its own weig-ht\u00e2\u0080\u0094more or less\u00e2\u0080\u0094of carbonate of\\nsoda. Some special brands are also made which in addition con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntain other deterg-ent ag-ents, such as carbonate of ammonia, sal\\nammonia, or borax, while still others are found, to which filling\\nin the form of talc, silex, sulphate of soda, paraffin, etc., has been\\nadded. The soap itself may have been made by any of the pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ncesses known\u00e2\u0080\u0094cold, half-boiled or boiled, settled or boiled down\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094and the stock used may have been any fat, or mixture of fats, ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncording to the grade of washing-powder to be made. It is thus\\nseen that being either principally or entirely a mixture of soap\\nand soda, these powders have little in common with each other,\\nand the process of their manufacture\u00e2\u0080\u0094and even the machinery\\nused in each case\u00e2\u0080\u0094are equally at variance in the several factor\u00c2\u00ac\\nies, being decided upon independently and improved upon by the\\nsoap maker, in accordance with his own peculiar circumstances\\nand experience.\\nIt would, therefore, be useless to publish formulas for any\\none kind of this article, as the stock available, the selling price,\\nthe profit intended to be made and the manufacturing facilities are\\nso different that no single formula might suit more than one reader\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094if any. We will instead describe its manufacture in a manner\\nthat will enable the reader to work out his own formula.\\nThe average soap powder of the better grade, as stated above,\\nconsists of a soap and about a like amount of carbonate of soda,\\nthe latter being added either as sal soda or as a mixture of sal\\nsoda and soda ash. So far as the soap itself is concerned, the\\nbest is again one made by boiling and graining on salt, for, be\u00c2\u00ac\\nsides being more perfectly saponified, such a soap has the ad\u00c2\u00ac\\nditional advantage of not containing the glycerin resulting from", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0389.jp2"}, "390": {"fulltext": "386\\nSpecial Soaps.\\nthe saponification, and therefore remaining drier when in the form\\nof powder. Furthermore, it islighterin color and purer, owing to\\nthe coloring matters and other impurities removed with the waste\\nlye. Rosin is scarcely admissible, or at least not in any consider\u00c2\u00ac\\nable proportion, as it would make the product sticky and difficult\\nMaking the soap, to reduce to the form of a powder. The stock used, say grease for\\ninstance, is saponified in the usual manner with soda lye, and,\\nwhen it has a slight excess of strength, is grained on salt. The\\nsoap is allowed to rest, so as to drop the waste lye thoroughly\\nand to cool off somewhat, and is then ready to be mixed with the\\nsoda, etc., unless it is intended to settle it first\u00e2\u0080\u0094as may be done\\nto advantage in the manner described under \u00e2\u0080\u009cSettled Soap. 1 On\\nthe other hand, the soap may also be boiled down, so that it will\\ncontain comparatively little water, in which case the carbonate of\\nsoda to be added may consist of more sal soda and less dry alkali.\\nThe mixing may be carried out in a crutcher, in flat boxes\\non the floor, or in a jacketed kettle (after drawing off the waste\\nlye). If it is done in the kettle it should be one so shaped that\\nthe contents can be thoroughly worked by two men provided with\\nhand crutchers and stationed on opposite sides of the kettle. If\\nwooden boxes are used, they should be placed on the floor, of\\nsuitable size for mixing, and not more than say 1 Yo. feet deep, to\\npermit thorough crutcliing; into these boxes alternate layers of\\nsoap and filling are placed and worked thorough by means of\\nrakes. The easiest manner of working is undoubtedly by the\\ncrutching machine.\\nThe ingredients to be added, if consisting of several kinds,\\nare best previously mixed with each other, so as to insure uni\u00c2\u00ac\\nformity of the mass. Some manufacturers use 50 lbs. of talc, or\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094which is better\u00e2\u0080\u0094silicate of soda, and 300 lbs. of sal soda to\\nevery 300 lbs. of soap in the crutcher, and these are thoroughly\\nworked through, taking care to avoid lumps as much as possible,\\nwhereupon the mass is spread on the floor of the drying room\\nand turned over daily by means of rakes, until dry. This\\nprocess requires nearly a week, and has been superseded in most\\nplaces by substituting about 100 lbs. of soda ash for the same\\namount of sal soda in the above mixture, so that the formula\\nwould be in this case:\\nSoap.300 lbs.\\nSal soda, 36\u00c2\u00b0.200\u00e2\u0080\u0094225 lbs.\\nDry alkali or soda ash. 85\u00e2\u0080\u0094100 lbs.\\nTalc. 50 lbs.", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0390.jp2"}, "391": {"fulltext": "Special Soaps.\\n387\\nWhile mixing-, the soap should be kept hot, if possible, by\\nadmitting- steam into the jacket, and the sal soda also should be\\nused hot. The effect of the soda ash is to absorb the moisture\\nof the soap, thereby making- the product harder and causing- very\\nquick drying-. The soda ash should be pure, so that the water\\nmay not be discolored by it in use. The mixture may be run into\\nframes to set, and afterwards cut into bars and dried.\\nAfter sufficient drying-, the product is passed through the\\ngrinding- mill, sifted and packed. For grinding-, a number of\\ndifferent machines are used, but it is necessary to guard against\\nheating in the mill, to avoid melting of the soap. A simple con-,\\ntrivance is a revolving sheet iron drum, perforated in the manner\\nof an ordinary grater, against which the soap is held by any suit\u00c2\u00ac\\nable means. The sieve should have suitable attachments for\\nturning the coarse tailings back into the mill.\\nFrom the above description, the manufacture of a soap pow\u00c2\u00ac\\nder by lialf-boiling is self-evident, so we need not go into details\\nregarding it. A variation, however, may be mentioned, which\\nconsists in using red oil (oleic acid) as the siock, and saponify\u00c2\u00ac\\ning it by half*boiling, or by the cold process, with caustic lye or\\na solution of carbonateof soda, using in the firstcase rather less lye\\nthan is required for the complete saponification. While the soap\\nis still liquid the soda is added, when, in consequence of the car\u00c2\u00ac\\nbonic acid disengaged, the mass rises in a somewhat frothy, dry\\nbody, which is soon ready for the mill. Red oil being a fatty\\nacid, it saponifies readily with carbonate of soda, and of course,\\nthe product is free from glycerin. In saponifying this stock the\\nprecaution, previously mentioned, of adding the red oil to the\\nlye, instead of the reverse, must be observed, in order to prevent\\nbunching of the materials.\\nThere is also on the market soap powder containing ammonia\\nin the form of one of its salts (free ammonia would rapidly eva\u00c2\u00ac\\nporate). Such powder may have no odor of ammonia while dry,\\nbut develops the same rapidly when put into water, especially\\nwarm water. Ammonium sulphate used in the proportion of say\\n5% answers the purpose. If a powder containing this salt and\\nsoda ash is dissolved in water, the previously combined ammonia\\nis liberated and shows its presence by its odor and by its deter\u00c2\u00ac\\ngent effect, the reaction consisting first in a decomposition of the\\nsoap itself with setting free of caustic soda which reacts with the\\nammonium salt to form sodium sulphate and ammonia, at the", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0391.jp2"}, "392": {"fulltext": "388\\nSpecial Soaps.\\nsame time the carbonate of soda in the soap powder goes to form\\nsodium sulphate and carbonate of ammonia which has similar de\u00c2\u00ac\\ntergent properties as has the gas. Similarly ammonium chlor\u00c2\u00ac\\nide behaves in soap powder, but is more difficult to work with,\\nas unless the powder is dry and free from excess of caustic, it\\nattracts moisture and spoils the packages; in adding this salt to\\na soap powder a high temperature must be avoided. (See App.\\nNote 19).\\nIn concluding it should be repeated that the foregoing has re\u00c2\u00ac\\nference to the better grades of soap powder, as it is not within\\nthe province of this book to go into details regarding products\\nwhich are discreditable to the manufacturer, as an instance of\\nwhich we will only mention one of a number of formulas which\\nhave been highly lauded by parties who ought to know better,\\nas follows: \u00e2\u0080\u009c40 lbs. sal soda, 20 lbs. caustic soda, 15 lbs. sili\u00c2\u00ac\\ncate of soda, 2 lbs. palm oil, 20 lbs. water.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Formulas of this\\nkind may be considered valuable by their fortunate possessors,\\nbut we do not deem them in any way connected with soap making,\\nnor calculated to serve as a basis for a successful business.\\nAn ingenious variation, which is said to be practiced in\\nsome European countries, consists in boiling linseeds directly\\nwith caustic lye. The product is a thin linseed oil soap contain\u00c2\u00ac\\ning more or less extractive matter which causes strong frothing\\nin use, creating the impression that the amount of soap present\\nis m-uch larger than it really is.", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0392.jp2"}, "393": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIX.\\nSal Soda flaking.\\nOwing to the considerable amount of space required in the\\nmaking of sal soda crystals, and especially to the difficulties of\\nthe process in warm localities in which the work can proceed on\u00c2\u00ac\\nly for part of the year, and, lastly, owing to changes which time\\nhas wrought in the uses of sal soda, soda ash, washing powders,\\nand kindred products, the making of this product has been dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ncontinued in many factories in which at one time it constituted\\na considerable part of the business. Notwithstanding, this how\u00c2\u00ac\\never, there are many readers for whom a description of the pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ncess still has a practical interest.\\nThe process consists, briefly, of making a saturated or al\u00c2\u00ac\\nmost saturated hot solution of soda ash in water, with or with\u00c2\u00ac\\nout certain additions to be mentioned further on, settling, allow\u00c2\u00ac\\ning to crystallize, and separating the crystals so gained from the\\nmother liquor.\\nTo do this work there are required: a tank for dissolving the\\nsoda ash and provided with facilities for heating the contents; a\\nnumber of crystallizing vessels, and an arrangement for drying\\nthe crystals obtained; also pipe connections and pumps arranged\\naccording to circumstances.\\nFor dissolving the soda ash a large tank is needed, preferab\u00c2\u00ac\\nly one arranged with an open steam coil at the bottom, and over\u00c2\u00ac\\nhung by a perforated iron basket (sieve) into which the alkali\\ncan be thrown so as to be just suspended in the water contained\\nin the tank. A tank of this kind has already been described in\\nthe paragraph treating on lye-tanks, and should be provided with\\nthe same valves, c., as there stated. It is almost needless to", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0393.jp2"}, "394": {"fulltext": "390\\nSal Soda Making.\\nsay that such a tank must be kept ver} 7 clean, especially from\\nrust.\\nThe crystallizing- vessels may be of many different sizes,\\nshapes, and materials; they are used in sizes rang-ing- from 200\\nto 3,500 lbs. capacity, cylindrical, square or cone shaped, of\\ncast iron, wrought iron, sheet iron riveted, enameled or not en\u00c2\u00ac\\nameled, hig-h or rather flat, c. A convenient shape is 16 x 10\\nfeet and 2 feet deep. The principal difference is in the fact that\\nin a large vessel the crystallization proceeds more slowly, es\u00c2\u00ac\\npecially in warm weather, but yields larg-er and more beautiful\\ncrystals. Convenience in the removal of the crystals is another\\nconsideration; as to the material of which they are made, the\\nmost economical among- those named is as g*ood as any other, if\\nkept properly cleaned, and old tanks of various kinds are some\u00c2\u00ac\\ntimes pressed into service. If of larg-e size, they are best speci\u00c2\u00ac\\nally arrang-ed so as to be easily tilted over, and with walls slant\u00c2\u00ac\\ning-, so that (after previously heating-the walls slightly by steam)\\nthe whole contents can be discharged readily by merely tipping\\nthe vessel. These vessels are filled nearly to the brim and if\\nthey are of large size the crystallization may be hurried by la} 7\\ning across the top a number of iron rods about a foot apart so as\\nto touch the surface of the solution at different points; it is at\\nthese points where the first crystals form, whereupon the process\\nspreads rapidly throughout the solution; from these rods smaller\\nones are sometimes suspended, dipping half-way into the solu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion. As a rusting of the vessels gives a yellowish tint to the\\ncrystals, it is necessary to prevent it by not having them empty\\nany longer than can be helped at any time.\\nThe Solution.\\nWater: Hard water is preferred for this purpose, as with its\\nuse a smaller proportion of sulphate of soda is needed (and much\\nof the latter would retard the crystallization).\\nSoda Ash and additions: A high grade soda ash yields small,\\nsoft crystals which moreover retain much of the colored mother\\nliquor; instead of using it pure, therefore, an addition of from 3\\nto 8 per cent of calcined sodium sulphate (Glauber\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Salt)\u00e2\u0080\u0094more\\nor less according to the water used is hard or soft\u00e2\u0080\u0094is taken ad\u00c2\u00ac\\nvantage of in order to obtain beautiful, hard crystals. It is to\\nbe remembered, however, that the Glauber\u00e2\u0080\u0099s salt acts chiefly by\\nits mere presence in the solution and does not actuall) 7 enter into", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0394.jp2"}, "395": {"fulltext": "Sal Soda Making.\\n391\\nthe crystals in nearly as large a proportion as it is present in the\\nliquor; on an average the crystals made with its help contain\\nabout 2 per cent of Glauber\u00e2\u0080\u0099s salt; the remaining mother liquor\\nbeing so much richer in it, of course, this is a feature to be con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsidered also when the latter is used over ag ain for the next\\nbatch.\\nFor the purpose of obtaining clear crystals another addition\\nis made, namely of a very small proportion of chloride of lime.\\nThus a suitable mixture would be, for a water of average hard\u00c2\u00ac\\nness: 97 per cent soda ash, 2.4 per cent anhydrous sulphate of\\nsoda (or correspondingly more if the crystals of Glauber\u00e2\u0080\u0099s salt\\nare used), and 0.1 per cent chloride of lime.\\nYield Such a mixture is expected to yield 200 per cent of actual\\ncrystals and 60 percent further which remain in the mother liqu\u00c2\u00ac\\nor at first and are obtained from it on the next batch. In hot\\nweather, however, a smaller yield may result from one or two\\ncauses: for one thing, too much soda may remain in the mother\\nliquor and the loss is then one of working expenses; but on the\\nother hand crystals may form which contain 25 per cent less than\\ntheir due proportion of water, in which case the crystals turned\\nout are richer in alkali than was intended. (34-37 per cent).\\n(See also Appendix, note 17).\\nSoda ash colored by iron oxide can be used without detri\u00c2\u00ac\\nment, as the iron oxide remains behind in the solution.\\nMaking the Solution: Roughly figured, one part of soda ash\\nrequires two of water; the solution should be made with hot wa\u00c2\u00ac\\nter, although actual boiling is of no advantage and merely wastes\\ntime in clarifying. It is regulated to be an almost saturated\\nsolution, indicating 31\u00c2\u00b0 Baume while hot, (33\u00c2\u00b0 when cold), but\\nin hot weather it requires the strongest solutions (fully 34\u00c2\u00b0 B.\\ncold) to crystallize at all. The same method of dissolving, ow\u00c2\u00ac\\ning to the caking properties of soda ash, is followed as described\\nunder the preparation of lyes, i. e., the soda ash is placed on a\\nstrong wire sieve just immersed in the water. When all is dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nsolved a rest is allowed for settling, requiring say 10-18 hours\\nduring which the solution cools off to 145-165\u00c2\u00b0 F.,at which tem\u00c2\u00ac\\nperature (no more settling taking place) it is run into the cryst\u00c2\u00ac\\nallizing vessels. Instead of settling a filterpress may be used.\\nThe sediment in the settling tank is washed for the soda in it,\\nbefore throwing away.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0395.jp2"}, "396": {"fulltext": "392\\nSal Soda Making.\\nCrystallizing, etc.\\nIn the vessels already described, if the weather be cool, com\u00c2\u00ac\\nplete crystallization will require about a week\u00e2\u0080\u0094more or less as\\nto size of vessels\u00e2\u0080\u0094but in warm weather it proceeds slowly, re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquiring- twice as long- as perhaps as in winter, and even then the\\nyield is smaller, as already pointed out; in very hot climates the\\nmanufacture is indeed practically impossible, and in very larg-e\\nplants artificial cooling- has in some instances been resorted to.\\nThe completion of the process is recognized by examining the\\ncondition of the crystals and measuring the mother liquor with\\nthe lye scale; it should indicate 20-22\u00c2\u00b0 B. when all the crystals\\npossible or formed.\\nThe mother liquor is then removed by suitable means (tipp\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the vessels or pumping), when the crystals will be found\\nfirmly adhering to the walls of the vessels and require loosening\\nby the application of heat, which is carried out again according\\nto circumstances, i. e. by hot water, steam, or by main force; for\\nsmall vessels a hot water bath is sometimes the most conven\u00c2\u00ac\\nient method. After loosening the crystals are drained b} r placing\\nthem on a slanting floor and then dried further by either exposing\\nthem to the atmosphere or\u00e2\u0080\u0094a much m ore rapid method\u00e2\u0080\u0094by use\\nof the centrifuge, which dries them almost perfectly. They are\\nthen stored in a cool, dry place, protected from draft, so that\\nthey will neither attract moisture nor dry out.\\nThe remaining mother liquor is used again for the next\\nbatch, until finally it becomes so discolored that the crystals be\u00c2\u00ac\\ncome affected thereby; with the use of chloride of lime and high\\ngrade soda ash as described, however, the mother liquor can be\\nused over almost indefinitely by simply collecting it in the tank\\nfor making the solution and adding fresh soda ash and water and\\nthen proceeding as before. When it gets altogether too dark,\\nrequiring an amount of bleach that gives its odor to the pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nducts, it is perhaps possible to use it up for a low grade of soap.\\nIt is also convenient to use for keeping the crystallizing vessels\\nfilled while they are out of use in hot weather.", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0396.jp2"}, "397": {"fulltext": "PART V.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0397.jp2"}, "398": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0398.jp2"}, "399": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XX.\\nGlycerin and Its Recovery from Waste Lye.\\nIn the year 1779 Scheele, a celebrated Swedish chemist of\\nhis time, observed that in saponifying olive oil with oxide of\\nlead, the washings contained a sweet substance which he term\u00c2\u00ac\\ned \u00e2\u0080\u009cfat sugar\u00e2\u0080\u009d or \u00e2\u0080\u009coil-sweet.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The real character of this\\nsubstance (glycerin) was disclosed by the researches of Chevreul\\nwho in 1824 proved fats and oils to be compounds which in the\\nprocess of saponification split up into fatty acids and glycerin,\\nabsorbing the elements of water in doing so. (See App. Note 2).\\nSince that time the production and utilization of this substance\\nhave grown apace. Price\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Patent Candle Company was the first\\nto put on the market a commercially pure glycerin derived from\\nits bye-product in large quantities.\\nSeparated and purified, glycerin has gained an immense field\\nof usefulness in the comparatively short time since its discovery.\\nIts employment in soap itself has already been sufficiently set\\nforth; in the manufacture of various cosmetics and in pharmacy\\nit finds a still more extensive use; enormous quantities find an\\noutlet in the manufacture of nitro-glycerin and dynamite, and\\nfinally its high boiling point, affinity for water, solvent power,\\nand its other properties, have secured it a field of great useful\u00c2\u00ac\\nness in various industries. Thus in the textile industry large\\nquantities are needed to give suppleness to the thread or to the\\ngoods in various stages of their manufacture its great advant\u00c2\u00ac\\nage for this purpose lying in the fact that simple water readily\\nremoves the glycerin again when it is no longer needed. In the\\nfur and leather industries it finds somewhat similar employment.\\nIn liquid glues, hektograph compositions, printers\u00e2\u0080\u0099 rollers, print-", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0399.jp2"}, "400": {"fulltext": "396 Glycerin and Its Recovery from Waste Lye.\\ning and copying- inks, colors, certain kinds of paper, and a great\\nmany other articles, it finds useful employment. As a result of\\nthese many uses, glycerin has a market value which has made\\nthe recovery from waste lye remunerative, and whereas formerly\\nwaste lye was universally run away\u00e2\u0080\u0094the glycerin needed being\\nobtained nearly altogether from candle factories\u00e2\u0080\u0094it is now a very\\ngeneral practice in the large soap factories to work up the waste\\nlye for its glycerin.\\nThere are, accordingly, these two great sources of the gly\u00c2\u00ac\\ncerin of commerce at the present time: 1. Waste lye of the soap\\nfactory; 2. From candle factories, as by-product in the manu\u00c2\u00ac\\nfacture of fatty acids from fats and oils for candle making; this\\nproduction of fatty acids for candles is done in various ways\\nwhich fall into two large groups,namely a) subjection of the fat\\nto 9 to 10 atmospheres of steam pressure in a closed vessel (with\\nor without a few per cent of lime or magnesia being added to the\\nfat), or b) adding concentrated sulphuric acid to the fat heating\\nwith water, and distilling off the fatty acids in a current of super\u00c2\u00ac\\nheated steam; in the latter process of \u00e2\u0080\u009cacid saponification\u00e2\u0080\u009d or\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cdistillation,\u00e2\u0080\u009d the glycerin (which is contained in the \u00e2\u0080\u009csweet\\nwater\u00e2\u0080\u009d which also comes over but separates from the fatty acids)\\nis less pure than when the saponification is carried out by simple\\nsteam and pressure.\\nThe glycerin from all these sources is further purified by\\nvarious means adapted to the nature of the crude product obtain\u00c2\u00ac\\ned, so that there are the following chief divisions:\\nA. Crude:\\n1) From soapmakcrs lye; the least pure, generally speaking.\\n2) Saponified (from fats treated with steam under pres\u00c2\u00ac\\nsure); the purest, generally speaking.\\n3) From distillation i. e. obtained from fat by acid saponi\u00c2\u00ac\\nfication and subsequent distilling; in quality inter\u00c2\u00ac\\nmediate between the foregoing two.\\nB. Purified:\\n1) Refined still containing chlorides, sulphates, c., but\\nsufficiently pure for most purposes.\\n2) Dynamite glycerin: distilled, but not chemically pure,\\nstill containing traces of chlorine and various empy-\\nreumatic substances.\\n3) Distilled, chemically pure, for use in medicines, c.", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0400.jp2"}, "401": {"fulltext": "Glycerin and Its Recovery from Waste Lye. 397\\nThe amount of glycerin theoretically yielded by different\\nfats and oils ranges from 9.13% castor oil to 10% for tallow and\\n12.11% for cocoanut oil; but the full amount is never recovered\\nin actual practice. The different percentage depends on the dif\u00c2\u00ac\\nferent combining value of stearin, olein, palmitin, myristin, etc.\\nIn a series of tests made of cases in actual practice in a\\nFrench factory there were recovered the following amounts of\\ncrude glycerin: From Olive Oil,\\n7-9%\\nPeanut Oil,\\n6-7%\\nCotton\\n7\u00e2\u0080\u00949%\\nPalm\\n5-10%\\nPalmkernel Oil,\\n6\u00e2\u0080\u009410%\\nCocoanut\\n7-8%\\nTallow\\n9\u00e2\u0080\u009410%\\nThe crude glycerin in question contained about 80% of the\\npure article, some of which however is lost in recovering it.\\nWhen pure glycerin is a water white, very viscid fluid, sp.\\ngr. 1.266; so that commercial glycerin usually has a sp. gr. of\\nabout 1.260 to 1.264 it has a sweet taste and rapidly absorbs\\nmoisture from the atmosphere; it is soluble in alcohol, but only\\nvery slightly soluble in ether and insoluble in chloroform and\\nbenzine; chemically it belongs to the group of alcohols. Strictly\\nspeaking it is not present ready-formed in neutral fats and oils;\\nwhat is present in these is \u00e2\u0080\u009cglyceryl\u00e2\u0080\u009d which, during saponifica\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, absorbs oxygen and hydrogen and becomes glycerin. Ow\u00c2\u00ac\\ning to its power of dissolving considerable amounts of salts and\\norganic impurities its purification is a somewhatdifficult problem.\\nRECOVERY FROM WASTE LYE.\\nWhen neutral fats have been boiled with lye and the fatty acids\\nhave combined with the alkali, and the soap has been grained with\\nsalt or lye, glycerin is found dissolved in the waste lye. Of course\\nno glycerin could be obtained from treating fatty acids (e.g. red\\noil, rosin) with lye, and the lye from the first change alone con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntains considerable amounts of the glycerin resulting from treat\u00c2\u00ac\\ning neutral fats with lye. What glycerin is not taken out in this lye\\nfinds its way mostly into the strengthening lye, and (as this is\\nsaved for the next batch;, is recovered after the strengthening\\nlye has been used over to kill stock for the next batch.\\nA waste lye contains therefore chiefly water with very vari\u00c2\u00ac\\nable amounts, according to circumstances, of glycerin, caustic,", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0401.jp2"}, "402": {"fulltext": "398 Glycerin and Its Recovery from Waste Lye.\\ncarbonate, salt, soap, glue, and other impurities of animal or\\nvegetable origin. As these variations effect the success of re\u00c2\u00ac\\ncovering the glycerin, both as to cost and quality,they require con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsideration as early as the first change of soapmaking. The\\nweaker the lye, the more thoroughly will it extract the glycerin,\\nwhich more than offsets the greater amount of water to be eva\u00c2\u00ac\\nporated. Another early consideration is the graining of the\\nsoap at the end of the first change: one may grain with salt and\\ndirectly work up the waste lye which on an average will contain\\nabout b% glycerin and say 9 of salt, or the soap at the end of\\nthe first change may be grained with lye and the waste lye used\\nfor another batch, and so on till the lye is heavily charged with\\nglycerin; by then graining with salt a waste lye is obtained\\nwhich not only requires a minimum of evaporation for a given\\namount of glycerin, but also gives the least possible amount of\\nsalt precipitating during the evaporation. To what extent these\\nconsiderations can be used to advantage will depend largely on\\nthe quality of the stock used. Again, after graining, an extra\\npickle change may be given in order to more thoroughly wash\\nout the glycerin; whether or not this will pay depends on the\\nfacilities for evaporating the excessive water economically and\\non the more or less advantageous disposal of the additional gly\u00c2\u00ac\\ncerin so recovered.\\nIn its main features the process for crude glycerin recovery\\nconsists, first of a preliminary cleaning, then evaporating a con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsiderable portion of the water whereby a large portion of the salts\\nis thrown out of solution by reason of the concentration; this salt\\nis removed and an acid is added to the lye for the purpose of de\u00c2\u00ac\\ncomposing remnants of soap and precipitating with it incidentally\\nsome of the other impurities; after taking off this precipitate of\\nfatty acids, c., the lye can be still further boiled down and some\\nmore salt removed. When a specific gravity of about 1.3 is reached\\na crude glycerin is the result. This is purified further by distil\u00c2\u00ac\\nlation, etc. From this general principle, which was the basis of\\nthe first attempts at glycerin recovery, a number of variations\\nhave in the course of time been devised, having in view the re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmoval of certain other (chiefly organic) impurities present in\\nwaste lyes of varying origin and character; these variations em\u00c2\u00ac\\nbrace chiefly filtration, addition of chemicals adapted to the\\nremoval of special impurities, and mechanical appliances, for\\neconomical evaporation, removal of salt, c., not to speak of a", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0402.jp2"}, "403": {"fulltext": "Glycerin and Its Recovery from Waste Lye. 399\\npatent for purifying- the lye by electricity, these inventions have\\ngrown out, by proper selection and combination of suitable fea\u00c2\u00ac\\ntures, a system of glycerin recovery that has found very extensive\\nuse and which has made it possible at the present time to make\\nfrom waste lye the chemically pure article answering the strictest\\nrequirements of the pharmacopia, whereas only a few years ago\\nit was not possible to do better than to make the dynamite grade\\nof glycerin from waste lye.\\nIn the course of the line of treatment so briefly indicated\\njust now, which waste lye must undergo, there arise some prac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntical problems and difficulties whose solution in the most practi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncal manner will probably always determine the precise methods\\nof glycerin recovery that will survive. Thus on boiling down\\nthe lye, the increasing concentration involves also the impurities\\npresent, and at the same time the more concentrated glycerin\\nhas a greater solvent power, so that previously suspended im\u00c2\u00ac\\npurities now become actually dissolved and the glycerin corres\u00c2\u00ac\\npondingly more impure. The removal of impurities in the early\\nsteps of the process is therefore one of the great desiderata. At\\nthe same time each particular means adopted for this early re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmoval brings its own problems. Then again, as the lye is more\\nand more concentrated, an increasing amount of salt is precipit\u00c2\u00ac\\nated and this must be disposed of in such a way that it cannot\\ninterfere with the heating surface of the apparatus and thereby\\ninterrupt the work. Chemicals used for precipitating impurities\\nmust be of a nature to either deposit before concentration, or if\\nthey remain they must be incapable on concentration to do any\\nharm (as for instance sulphuric acid would carbonize certain im\u00c2\u00ac\\npurities on becoming concentrated, c.)\\nOwing to the manipulations necessary for the rational treat\u00c2\u00ac\\nment of lyes, before a pure glycerin is obtained, it is only the\\nlarg-e soap factories that carry out the entire process, smaller\\nfactories which have only a limited amount of lye to work up\\nlimiting their work to the production of crude glycerin or even\\nto simply concentrating their lye for the saving of freight on the\\nwater removed by evaporation, and shipping their product to the\\nrefinery. The process then is divisible into the two main divi\u00c2\u00ac\\nsions: making crude glycerin from waste lye, and making puri\u00c2\u00ac\\nfied or distilled glycerin from the crude.\\nComing now to the details of the process, attention is first\\ndirected to the means for removing alkali, albuminous and rosin-", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0403.jp2"}, "404": {"fulltext": "400 Glycerin and Its Recovery from Waste Lye.\\nous impurities and remnants of soap. Hagemann for this pur\u00c2\u00ac\\npose added first lime and then resin to neutralize the caustic and\\nthe lye is then concentrated by boiling-; then hydrochloric acid\\nwas added, and next ferric chloride to precipitate cyanog-en com\u00c2\u00ac\\npounds; then followed the forcing of air through the liquid and\\na treatment with clay or alumina, neutralization with soda, and\\nthen the lye was ready for evaporation. This process, with\\nvarious modifications, was extensively used until it was sup\u00c2\u00ac\\nplanted by treatment with persulphate of iron which results in\\nformation of ferric hydrate and iron soaps; the latter, in preci\u00c2\u00ac\\npitating, act as clarifying agent and remove considerable al\u00c2\u00ac\\nbuminous and coloring matters. Some free acid contained in\\nthe sulphate, and some acid added besides, neutralize the lye,\\nfrom which the precipitate mentioned is then removed by a\\nfilter press.\\nThe filtrate from the filter press is now to be concentrated\\nby evaporation. For this purpose vacuum tanks are used,\\narranged with a view to economize in the use of steam and to\\nfacilities for keeping the heating apparatus clear of depositing\\nsalt; as the lye becomes heavier by evaporation of the water,\\nmore and more salt (sodium chloride and sulphate) is gradually\\nseparated and removed. The salt is washed to free it from the\\nglycerin and then dried to be used over again for graining soap.\\nIn this manner is obtained at last a crude glycerin which con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntains about 80 per cent of glycerin, 6 per cent of salt, 5 per cent\\norganic impurities, and 10 per cent of water.\\nThe crude glycerin is then subjected, at home or in a separ\u00c2\u00ac\\nate refinery, to the process of distillation. According to the\\nfigures furnished by a refiner, the best crude obtained from\\nwaste lye yields about 72 to 74 per cent pure glycerin. (The\\ncrude glycerin obtained in the stearine industry by saponifica\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion with steam under pressure yields 82 to 90 per cent).\\nInsomuch as the substance of these proceedings is pretty ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ntensively covered with patents, both as to processes and mach\u00c2\u00ac\\ninery, it seems advisable to proceed now by referring to the fol\u00c2\u00ac\\nlowing extracts from the patent records:\\nAs early as September, 1870, a patent was granted in this\\ncountry (to B. T. Babbitt) for the treatment of sub-lye for the\\nrecovery of glycerin; there followed patents granted to J. P.\\nBattershall (1882) and to C. V. Clolus (1883) and notably those\\ngranted Oct. 4, 1887, and June 26, 1888, to A. Domeier and O. C.", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0404.jp2"}, "405": {"fulltext": "Glycerin and Its Recovery from Waste Lye. 401\\nHagemann. The latter patents fairly covered the first processes\\nthat were really adopted in practice to any extent, i.e., the soapy\\nmatters are precipitated in the form of insoluble soaps, by means\\nof caustic lime, baryte or other metallic oxide, the lye then con\u00c2\u00ac\\ncentrated by boiling\u00e2\u0080\u0099, the still remaining\u00e2\u0080\u0099 fatty and resinous mat\u00c2\u00ac\\nters decomposed by means of hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid\\nand removed with kaolin, alum;, or the like; albuminous matters\\nstill present are removed by boiling\u00e2\u0080\u0099 with soda and the crude\\ngdycerin thus obtained distilled and refined in the ordinary way.\\nNext followed a patent to E. K. Mitting-, dated July 3, 1888,\\ncovering- the removal of fatty and resinous impurities by preci\u00c2\u00ac\\npitation with chloride of barium or strontium and subsequent\\naddition of sulphuric acid; the salt recovered from the spent lye\\nis purified by a series of washing\u00e2\u0080\u0099s to remove the gdycerin occluded\\nby the salt. An apparatus and process for separating- the salt\\nfrom the boiling- gdycerin liquor was the subject of the next pat\u00c2\u00ac\\nent granted to Domeier and Hagemann on May 20, 1890. About\\nthe same time (Feb. 25, 1890) E. D. Mellen patented the pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ncess of treating- waste lye (obtained by graining- the soap with\\nexcess of alkali) by means of carbonic acid, thereby converting\\nthe alkali into a bicarbonate which is insoluble in glycerin.\\nWhere caustic lime is used to precipitate insoluble soaps, the\\nfatty acids are\u00e2\u0080\u0094according to a* patent granted E. K. Mitting,\\nMay 20, 1890\u00e2\u0080\u0094recovered by treatment with acid, such as hydro\u00c2\u00ac\\nchloric, which results in soluble chloride of the metal and free\\nfatty acid which is removed; the soluble chloride is treated with\\ncaustic soda which precipitates the hydroxide of the original\\nmetal, and the sodium chloride formed is recovered in the subse\u00c2\u00ac\\nquent evaporation.\\nComing now to more recent times we quote the following\\npatents:\\nPatent dated June 9, 1891, granted to Albert Domeier and\\nO. C. Hagemann: The lye, if it contains alkali worth saving,\\nmay be first treated according to the previously mentioned pat\u00c2\u00ac\\nent of July 26, 1888. Then any free alkali is neutralized by\\nsome suitable aid; next a metallic oxide or hydroxide\u00e2\u0080\u0094such as\\nthat of iron or ba^ta\u00e2\u0080\u0094is added to form insoluble metallic soaps;\\nacid may now be added from time to time to neutralize the alkali\\nset free by the oxide; mechanical stirrers or a current of air are\\nused to agitate and heating to 70 or 80\u00c2\u00b0 C. may be employed in\\naddition. The precipitate, chiefly metallic soaps and albumin-", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0405.jp2"}, "406": {"fulltext": "402 Glycerin and Its Recovery from Waste Lye.\\nous matter, is removed by decanting\u00e2\u0080\u0099or filtration. Concentration\\nby boiling\u00e2\u0080\u0099 to a temperature of 150\u00c2\u00b0 C. yields a crude glycerin\\nfit for distillation. The process described requires only a single\\ntank.\\nPatent dated June 9, 1891, granted to O. C. Hagemann:\\nFirst treat the spent lye with lime or other earthy oxide or hy\u00c2\u00ac\\ndrate capable of combining with soapy or rosinous bodies; an in\u00c2\u00ac\\nsoluble precipitate settles to the bottom or is filtered out; evapo\u00c2\u00ac\\nrate to salt-saturation point; remove the liquid, add hydrochloric\\nor other acid to point of neutralization; cool to 30\u00c2\u00b0 C. or below;\\nadd a solution of animal albumen or caseine or other suitable\\nproteine body which can be rendered insoluble by adding to its\\ndilute alkaline or neutral solution a mineral acid in slight ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ncess, or a metal salt of an acid reaction, all in the presence of\\nmuch sodium chloride, and provided that the mixture may be\\nheated to complete such rendering insoluble of the proteine body.\\nA good proportion is one part of blood albumen to about twelve\\nhundred parts of the liquor, but more is required with very im\u00c2\u00ac\\npure lye; now add to the liquor hydrochloric or another suitable\\nacid or a metal salt having an acid reaction, whereby the sapon\u00c2\u00ac\\naceous constituents contained in the lye are decomposed and in\u00c2\u00ac\\nsoluble fatty and resinous bodies are formed, and the proteine\\ningredient previously added is being acted upon simultaneously.\\nThe decomposition of the fatty bodies thus takes place in the\\nubiquitous presence of the proteine ingredient, which is likewise\\nrendered insoluble, and is engulfing the fatty bodies as soon as\\nseparated. The presence of the proteid ingredient predisposes\\nthe decomposition of fatty bodies to become speedy and very\\ncomplete on account of the insolubility of the proteid precipita\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, and also on account of the basic nature of the metallic pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nteid compound formed. Then gently heat the liquor to cause\\nmore complete separation and afterward obtain the clear liquor\\nby filtration or any well-known means. The metal salts pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nferred are aluminum, copper, iron, tin, chlorides, or sulphates,\\nand others which may satisfy the requirements, as above ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nplained. The heating of the treated liquor is more especially\\nrequired where an acid had been employed for the decomposition\\nof the saponaceous bodies that were contained in the lye, and\\nmay be dispensed with in some cases where metal salts had been\\nused. To the liquor thus purified now add soda, either caustic\\nor carbonate of soda, so as to render the liquor very faintly alka-", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0406.jp2"}, "407": {"fulltext": "Glycerin and Its Recovery from Waste Lye. 403\\nline, and heat to about 80\u00c2\u00b0 centigrade, whereby albuminous mat\u00c2\u00ac\\nters coag\u00e2\u0080\u0099ulate and fall to the bottom. Finally boil the liquid to\\nabout 150 centigrade, thereby evaporating- more water, causing-\\nthe salt which is carried in the liquor to crystallize. This salt\\nmay be washed and used over ag-ain in the manufacture of soap.\\nThe first operation\u00e2\u0080\u0094namely, that of adding- lime to the crude\\nly e \u00e2\u0080\u0094may be omitted. Such omission, however, would render\\nthe treatment more expensive. One also may apply the treat\u00c2\u00ac\\nment as described hereinbefore, to follow the preliminary con\u00c2\u00ac\\ncentration to \u00e2\u0080\u009csalting--point,\u00e2\u0080\u009d to soap-lye not preliminarily so\\nconcentrated, or may g-o further in concentrating- previous to\\nsuch treatment.\\nUnder date of Sept. 1, 1891, J. Van Ruymbeke patented the\\nfollowing-: First treat the lye with an acid (muriatic preferred)\\nto neutralize about of the free alkali of the solution as pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nviously determined by test. Then add sulphate of iron or of al\u00c2\u00ac\\numinum to complete said neutralization; this causes a precipi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntate of rosinous matter, fatty acids, insoluble soaps of iron or\\naluminum, some hydrate of iron or aluminum and sometimes,\\nalso, albuminous matter; decant or filter. Next evaporate to re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmove the salts as far as possible and any remaining impurities\\nat the same time; the salt is crystallized out by running-the liquid\\nfrom the filter press to a tank with steam-coils, which are placed\\nat some distance above the bottom, in which it is boiled till\\nthe consistency desired for distillation; the salt settles to the\\nspace below the coils and may subsequently be reg-ained by a\\ncentrifug-al filter. The crude gdycerin is in condition for distill\u00c2\u00ac\\nation. During- the evaporation the heat of the liquor is increased\\nas it becomes more dense; if it is evaporated in the open air it is\\ncontinued till the temperature rises to about 290\u00c2\u00b0 F., ora little\\nover. But if the evaporation is effected in vacuum, the density\\nmust be the g-uide instead of the temperature. On cooling-, sul\u00c2\u00ac\\nphate of soda crystallizes out and is removed previous to distill\u00c2\u00ac\\nation. The distillation is effected as follows:\\nThe solution is placed in a still of any suitable form, which\\nis connected with suitable devices for producing-and maintaining-\\na hig-h vacuum within the still. The still is heated with com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmon or saturated steam, either by means of a coil within the\\nstill, steam-jacket around the outside thereof, or any other ordi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnary way. Free steam required for distillation is injected into\\nand throug-h the heated liquor within the still, as usual; but this", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0407.jp2"}, "408": {"fulltext": "404 Glycerin and Its Recovery from Waste Lye.\\nsteam in this process must be common or saturated steam. The\\nsteam both for the heating device and for injection may be taken\\nfrom the same source of supply, if desired. The object is to avoid\\nthe use of superheated steam, especially the steam which is in\u00c2\u00ac\\njected directly into the liquid. Under a high vacuum it is pos\u00c2\u00ac\\nsible to successfully distil glycerin and other fatty substances\\nwith common or saturated steam only at a temperature not ma\u00c2\u00ac\\nterially above 300\u00c2\u00b0 Fahrenheit, which is the limit in this pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ncess. The result of this distillation is asubstantially pure glyce\u00c2\u00ac\\nrin, the salt, of course being left in the still; but ordinarily it\\nwill not be sufficiently concentrated for commercial purposes. It is\\nonly necessary then to concentrate this product of the still by any\\nordinary method of evaporation. Evaporating-pans such as are\\nordinarily used for concentrating liquids are suitable for this\\npurpose, and upon bringing the liquid to the proper degree of\\nconcentration the glycerin is ready for the market.\\nIn reference to this patent, as compared with previous ones,\\nthe inventor states:\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThere are the following differences between myprocessde-\\nscribed above and prior processes referred to. Instead of entire\u00c2\u00ac\\nly neutralizing the free alkali with acids, I only partially neu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntralize with acid and then complete the neutralization ot the free\\nalkali by the addition of metallic salts. The separation of the\\ncrude glycerin from the precipitate is effected by a filter-press.\\nThe crude glycerin is separated from the solution of salt in glyc\u00c2\u00ac\\nerin by distillation with common or saturated steam under a high\\nvacuum. These differences result in the following advantages:\\nBy my method of neutralizing the free alkali of the lye I entire-\\nly obviate the danger of the presence of acid or metallic salts in\\nthe clarified solution. There will be no acid, because only a por\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of the amount required for neutralization being used it will,\\nof course, be entirely taken up. There will be no metallic salts,\\nbecause in my method of finishing the neutralization of the free\\nalkali by adding metallic salts there results a double decomposi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, metallic insoluble soaps being formed and the mineral acid\\nthus freed combining at once with the soda contained in the\\nsoaps decomposed, while the unneutralized free alkali will unite\\nwith the acid of the metallic salts to produce mineral salts of soda\\nand metallic hydroxides. Now, all these substances are insoluble,\\nand hence may be entirely separated from the liquid. Furthermore,\\nthese substances form a precipitate which is sufficiently hard and", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0408.jp2"}, "409": {"fulltext": "Glycerin and Its Recovery from Waste Lye. 405\\nfirm to permit the use of a filter-press in effecting- this separa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion. The metallic salts are therefore entirely removed from\\nthe liquid, because they are entirely taking- up in forming- the\\nprecipitates mentioned above, which may be entirely separated\\nfrom the liquid. Furthermore, this separation may be effected\\nby a filter-press, which effects a great saving of time, a very im\u00c2\u00ac\\nportant matter in a commercial process, and also effects a saving\\nof liquor, because the sediment in separation by the settling pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ncess, being soft and bulky, retains considerable of the liquid,\\nwhiuh it is almost impossible to recover by washing. With the\\nfilter-press in my process, however, a solid cake is left which con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntains only a small percentage of liquor, and even this may be\\nreadily removed by washing in the press. In the process of dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntillation I avoid all danger of burning the glycerin, for the tem\u00c2\u00ac\\nperature of saturated steam is very constant and easily main\u00c2\u00ac\\ntained at about 300\u00c2\u00b0 Fahrenheit, which is not sufficient to injure the\\nglycerin in any way, and in no case in my process should the\\ntemperature be carried materially above 300\u00c2\u00b0 Fahrenheit, which\\ntemperature I make the definite limit in the practice of my pro_\\ncess so far as the distillation is concerned. The successful use\\nof saturated steam for this distillation is, however, dependent\\nentirely upon carrying on the process under vacuum, and a very\\nhigh vacuum at that. I have found that a vacuum of twenty-\\neight inches or more is absolutely necessary to this process, and\\nI limit my improvement to this very high vacuum.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cI am aware that heretofore glycerin has been distilled with\\nsuperheated steam and under vacuum; but I believe I am abso\u00c2\u00ac\\nlutely the first to successfuly distil glycerin at the low tempera\u00c2\u00ac\\nture of 300\u00c2\u00b0 Fahrenheit. In fact, in the very latest text-books\\nof which I have any knowledge, it is stated that glycerin distils\\nunder vacuum at 350\u00c2\u00b0 Fahrenheit and not lower.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cOf course in the practice of my process slight immaterial\\nvariations in the degree of vacuum and in the temperature will\\noccur, so that I do not mean to be understood as fixing the limit\\nof vacuum at exactly twenty-eight inches or of temperature at\\nexactly 300\u00c2\u00b0 Fahrenheit; but the racuum cannot be materially\\nlower nor the temperature materially higher than the limits\\nnamed above.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cIt will be noted that I here provide a complete process for\\nthe production of commercial glycerin from spent lye. The ob\u00c2\u00ac\\nject of my invention is not to obtain crude glycerin simply, but", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0409.jp2"}, "410": {"fulltext": "406 Glycerin and Its Recovery from Waste Lye.\\nthe finished article ready for the trade, and the latter part of my\\nprocess may be applied to the purification of crude glycerin ob\u00c2\u00ac\\ntained by some method other than that which I have described\\nabove.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nOn the same date with the last patent a second one was\\ngranted the same inventor on certain apparatus for carrying* out\\nthe process. It consists of an open tank for waste lye (tank A)\\nplaced so that the lye can run from it by gravity into a second\\ntank (tank B) placed near it on a lower level; this second tank\\nis followed by an ordinary pump (referred to hereafter as C) and\\nthis in turn pumps the lye to a filter press (referred to below as\\nB) which again stands on an elevated platform. From the filter\\npress the lye finds its way by gravity to an open, funnel-shaped\\nevaporating pan (L) which is provided with an ordinary steam\\ncoil. Next follows another pump (G) which pumps to another\\ntank (H) placed on the same level with the evaporating pan. A\\ncentrifugal machine (I) is placed conveniently above the last\\nmentioned pump and discharges also into the same tank as does\\nthe pump. Next comes a vacuum still (K) of peculiar construc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion; followed by a cooler or condenser (M) discharging into a\\nclosed receiver (N) provided with a water column and vacuum\\ngauge; an ordinary vacuum pump maintains a vacuum in the re\u00c2\u00ac\\nceiver and through it in the cooler and in the still itself. Finally,\\nthe receiver is connected with an ordinary vacuum pan (P) such\\nas is used for concentrating liquids. The method of using the\\napparatus for the process last described is given by the inventor\\nas follows:\\nThe tank A is filled or partially filled with the spent soap-lye\\nand the quantity contained in the tank determined in any con\u00c2\u00ac\\nvenient way. Three-fourths of the liquid in the tank A is then\\ndrawn off into the tank B, and to this liquid in tank B there is\\nadded a sufficient quantity of muriatic acid to exactly neutralize\\nit. The remaining fourth of the liquid is then let down from\\nthe tank A into the tank B and mixed with the neutralized \\\\ye\\nin the latter. This operation affords a convenient way of effect\u00c2\u00ac\\ning an exact three fourth neutralization of the entire quantity of\\nlye. It may be done in some other way; but this mode is very\\nconvenient and at the same time certain. To this liquid in tank\\nB, three-fourths neutralized, there is then added a quantity of\\npersulphate of iron, equivalent to one-third of the acid used, and\\nwell mixed therewith, whereby a complete neutralization of the", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0410.jp2"}, "411": {"fulltext": "Glycerin and Its Recovery from Waste Lye. 407\\nfree alkali is obtained and a double decomposition of the soapy\\nmatter. The liquid is now in proper condition without any\\nfurther treatment for separation in the filter-press D,to which it\\nis transferred by the pump C. By the operation of the filter-press\\nthe clear liquid is received in the pan d\\\\ and thence delivered\\ndirectly into the evaporating-pan E, while the precipitate is left in\\nthe press in the form of a cake. The liquid received in the evapor\u00c2\u00ac\\nating-pan from the filter-press is crude glycerin, salt, and water,\\nwhich is then evaporated in the usual way by means of the steam-\\ncoil in the said pan. During this process of evaporating the salt\\ncrystallizes out and drops to the bottom of the tank, which effect\\nis greatly facilitated by the arrangement of the coil away from\\nthe sides of the tank, for the settling of the salt crystals is not\\nimpaired under this arrangement, as would be the case if\\nthe coil rested against the inner surface of the pan, in which lat\u00c2\u00ac\\nter case the salt would gradually incrust the steam-pipes and so\\nimpair their action. The narrowing of the tank at the bottom\\nalso facilitates the separation of the salt crystals from the gly\u00c2\u00ac\\ncerin as the salt drops into the contracted bottom of the pan,\\nleaving above an almost pure solution of glycerin and some salt,\\nthe evaporating process being continued until the water is most\u00c2\u00ac\\nly boiled off and the most of the salt crystallized out. The liquid\\nis drawn off from the evaporating-pan and delivered into the tank\\nH by the pump G, in which it is allowed to stand and cool, thus\\ncrystallizing out some more salt and also sulphate of soda, which\\nsettles at the bottom of the tank. These salts settling at the\\nbottom of the evaporating-pan and the tank H are removed to the\\ncentrifugal machine I, by theoperationof which the crude glycerin\\nsolution remaining therein is separated from solids and runs off\\nthrough the pipe into the tank H. The salts left by this sepa\u00c2\u00ac\\nration are suitable for re-use in the manufacture of soap, and thus\\na saving is effected. The clear solution of salt in glycerin stand\\ning in the tank II is now drawn into the still K by the operation\\nof the vacuum-pump, which still is especially adapted to the dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntillation of the solution in question, and also of all kinds of\\ngreasy and fatty solutions, oils, c. In this still the glycerin is\\ndistilled off and passes into the condenser. As already stated, I\\nprefer to obtain the heat necessary for distillation by means of\\nsteam-coil, for then there is no danger of unduly heating the\\nsides of the still, which would lead to burning or incrustation of\\nsome material upon the inner surface. At the same time I secure", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0411.jp2"}, "412": {"fulltext": "408 Glycerin and Its Recovery from Waste Lye.\\na regular and equable degree of heat throughout the entire body of\\nliquid. At the same time steam is injected directly into the liquid\\nthrough the pipes whereby the liquid is agitated and still further\\nheated. When steam is thus injected, especially if super-heated I\\nhave found that small crystals of salt are carried along with the\\nvapors of distillation, which of course injure the distillate, which\\nwill be a clear glycerin, but a little salty. The diaphragm ob\u00c2\u00ac\\nstructs the upward movement of these particles of salt, thereby\\npreventing them from passing over with the vapors of distillation.\\nThe vapors are drawn from the still into the condenser M, where,\\nas they pass through the flues, they are condensed by the action\\nof the constant current of cold water flowing up through the\\ncylinder around the tubes and collect in liquid form at the lower\\nend of the condenser, and this liquid is discharged into the re\u00c2\u00ac\\nceiver N as a clear aqueous solution of glycerin. In this part of\\nthe operation I have found that it is desirable to have a vacuum\\nof about twent}\u00e2\u0080\u0099-nine inches, under which the glycerin readily\\ndistills by the application of saturated steam at about sixty\\npounds pressure in the steam-coil of the still, at which low heat\\nit is obvious that it is impossible to burn the material. By the op\u00c2\u00ac\\neration of the vacuum-pump R the glycerin solution is transferred\\nfrom the receiver N to the vacuum-pan P, where it is concentrat\u00c2\u00ac\\ned in the ordinary way to any required density and the concen\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrated glycerin drawn off therefrom through the gate-valve at\\nthe bottom. The result is a clear pure glycerin.\\nThe particular construction of the still affords some advan\u00c2\u00ac\\ntages. Whenever there is occasion to reach the interior of the\\nstill, it may be accomplished by removing only one-half of the\\ntop or head, and the same is true of the bottom, so that the still\\nmay be readily entered from the top or bottom for purposes of\\nrepair or removal of the salt or any other sediment remaining at\\nthe bottom of the still, and this can be accomplished without in\\nany way disturbing the steam-coil in the interior of the still.\\nThe perforated diaphragm in this still is a feature of special im\u00c2\u00ac\\nportance in the distillation of a salty solution of glycerin.\\nOn Dec. 22, 1891, a patent was granted O. C. Hagemann and\\nE. K. Mitting, for a process of using chloride of calcium in place\\nof hydrochloric acid, for neutralizing, c.\\nOn March 25, 1892, O. C. Hagemann obtained a patent on\\nthe use of chloride of calcium to neutralize free alkali in the \\\\ye\\nand render insoluble contained impurities; its action is to form", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0412.jp2"}, "413": {"fulltext": "Glycerin and Its Recovery from Waste Lye. 409\\nchloride of sodium and carbonate and hydrate of lime with the\\ncarbonate and hydrate of soda, and to render insoluble organic\\nimpurities.\\nOn May 31, 1892, A. Domeier and O. C. Hagemann patented\\na process as follows: The spent lye is mixed with a little caus\u00c2\u00ac\\ntic lime whereby insoluble lime-soaps are formed and carbonated\\nalkali is causticized; after settling the clear liquor is first con\u00c2\u00ac\\ncentrated and then boiled with fat or fatty acids or rosin to take\\nup the alkali present; the soap formed thereby is naturally\\ngrained out by the salts present. The liquor is again drawn off\\n(and the lime treatment may be repeated at this stage). Next\\na solution of alum or a chloride (of iron, tin, or zinc) is added\\nto precipitate fatty and resinous acids; then follows settling and\\nan addition of caustic or carbonated alkali to precipitate any\\nexcess of alum or of chlorides and of albuminous matters. After\\nagain settling follows evaporation by boiling to a sp. gr. of\\n1.300 at 15 C., and removal of the salt which crystallizes out,\\nin accordance with patents granted May 6, 1889.\\nJune 26, 1894, a patent was granted E. K. Mitting, as fol\u00c2\u00ac\\nlows: Milk of lime is added to the lye, about one-fifth to one-\\nthird per cent of the lye, settled and the clear liquor drawn off;\\nboil till nearly saturated with salt; treat again with lime, settle,\\ndecant or filter; boil with fat, fatty acid or rosin to remove all\\nfree alkali; draw off the lye and again treat with lime to remove\\nfatty and rosinous matters still remaining; filter or decant; boil\\ndown till boiling point is at about 300\u00c2\u00b0 F.\\nOn the same date two patents were obtained by J. Van\\nRuymbeke, one for extracting glycerin from glycerin foots, the\\ndetails of which hardly belong to the present subject, and the\\nother patent on a process of recovering glycerin, common salt,\\nand Glauber\u00e2\u0080\u0099s salt from spent lye. Drawings of a plant designed\\nfor the purpose accompany the patent. There is a series of con\u00c2\u00ac\\nnected settling tanks (or a single tank with compartments) into\\nwhich the lye is run in order to drop heavy impurities and to\\npermit lighter ones to be skimmed from the top; next the clari\u00c2\u00ac\\nfied lie passes to a liming tank for treatment with slacked lime,\\nand then it proceeds to a mixing tank; the free caustic and car\u00c2\u00ac\\nbonated alkali is then determined and ferric sulphate added in\\nquantity just sufficient to neutralize this free alkali. Now the\\nlye passes through a filter press, being previously heated if neces\u00c2\u00ac\\nsary to precipitate more fully the ferric hydrate and ferric soap", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0413.jp2"}, "414": {"fulltext": "410 Glycerin and Its Recovery from Waste Lye.\\nformed. The lye now contains still some ferric hydrate, acetate,\\nand other salts, hence it goes to another tank where it can be\\nbrought to a boil to precipitate these; it passes a filter press\\nagain and then is ready for evaporation. The first salt now pre\u00c2\u00ac\\ncipitating is mostly sodium sulphate, later the sodium chloride\\nprecipitates more freely. Evaporation is continued to a point of\\n28\u00c2\u00b0 B. (30\u00c2\u00b0 B. at 15\u00c2\u00b0 C.), when the product is about 50 per cent\\nglycerin and most of the salt originally in it has separated. For\\nevaporation a vacuum apparatus is preferred to an open vessel;\\nfrom this the salt is drawn off at intervals, the adherent lye\\ndrawn off by suction through a false bottom in the salt tank, and\\nthe salt washed by steam and condensing water to make it ready\\nfor use again. The lye of 30 B. as above is further concentrated\\nto 34\u00c2\u00b0 B., and more salt thereby removed. The result is crude\\nglycerin or glycerin saturated with salt and some impurities,\\nand is ready for distillation. In place of ferric sulphate, the use\\nof some other soluble ferric salt (e. g. chloride) or a salt of al\u00c2\u00ac\\numinum (as the sulphate) is provided for in the same patent.\\nOn July 17, 1894, a patent was granted E. K. Mitting, on a\\nprocess as follows: If the lye contains free alkali worth recover\u00c2\u00ac\\ning or is very dark it is treated with lime to clarify it and per\u00c2\u00ac\\nhaps also to causticize carbonated alkali; settle and decant or\\nfilter; evaporate to about half its bulk; if caustic is present boil\\nwith fat, fatty acid or rosin. With some lye these preliminaries\\nare unnecessary and the proceeding is at once as follows: Add\\nbi-sulphate of soda till no more turbidity or precipitate is pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduced and the lye is acid in reaction, agitating thoroughly; de\u00c2\u00ac\\ncant or filter; heat to 80 C. and neutralize with soda or lime;\\nfilter or decant and then evaporate till it boils at about 300\u00c2\u00b0 F.\\nOn Aug. 13, 1895 a patent was granted H. J. Morrison of\\nClifton, O., on the removal of salt and organic impurities from\\nspent lye by first concentrating and then treating with ammonia\\nand then with carbonic acid gas, thereby producing bicarbonate\\nof ammonia which, with the sodium chloride, forms ammonium\\nchloride and sodium bicarbonate. An excess of ammonia is then\\nto be boiled off, whereupon a carbonate or oxide of calcium (or\\nother metal or alkali) is added to decompose the ammonium\\nchloride; calcium chloride forms and is made insoluble by addition\\nof sulphuric acid which gives rise to calcium sulphate and hydro\u00c2\u00ac\\nchloric acid; oxide or carbonate of lead then form an insoluble\\nchloride, which is removed with the other precipitates.", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0414.jp2"}, "415": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXI.\\nt\\nThe Simpler Tests and Examinations in the\\nSoap Factory.\\nThe examination of raw materials, such as fats, alkali, es\u00c2\u00ac\\nsential oils, c., as well as of the several products of the soap\\nfactory, involves in many cases comparatively simple manipula\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion only, which can be of immense benefit however; it is also\\ntrue that in other cases the highest chemical skill is barel} 7 (if at\\nall) sufficient to determine the quality and purity of raw ma\u00c2\u00ac\\nterials purchased, or to follow up the manufacturing- process\\nthrough its various stages. Consequently large factories have\\nin their employ thoroughly trained chemists whose constant ex\u00c2\u00ac\\naminations frequently prevent loss through purchases of adulter\u00c2\u00ac\\nated articles, control the workings of the manufacturing pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ncess, determine the satisfactory result of the several steps taken\\nand the quality of the final products, experiment in new direc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions, examine competitive articles, and in general are of great\\nassistance in the successful conduct of these large enterprises.\\nThe smaller factories, in which no chemist is regularly em\u00c2\u00ac\\nployed, either, in urgent cases, send their materials for exami\u00c2\u00ac\\nnation to chemists elsewhere, or rely upon what simple tests they\\ncan themselves make without such assistance, or\u00e2\u0080\u0094as a last re\u00c2\u00ac\\nsort\u00e2\u0080\u0094they go without the examinations desired.\\nIt is not within the province of this book to serve as a guide\\nthrough the very intricate manipulations and calculations which\\nenter into certain tests often made in factories which, like the\\nsoap factory, rest on the foundation of chemistry, as that is a\\nlarge subject by itself, amply taken care of by innumerable books\\nfor that special purpose, and of interest only to the trained chem-", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0415.jp2"}, "416": {"fulltext": "412 The Simpler Tests and Examinations in the Soap Factory.\\nist. But in a book intended, like the present one, to give all that\\nis of practical value to the practical soap maker there should evi\u00c2\u00ac\\ndently be room for an account of those simpler tests which also\\na non-chemist can readily learn to make, and by which the prac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntical soapmaker can avail himself of at least many of the advan\u00c2\u00ac\\ntages possessed by larger establishments.\\nThe aim of this chapter, then, is to collate and describe in\\ndetail such tests as can be applied to advantage in the soap fac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntory, without the application of very elaborate instruments, and\\nwithout previous chemical training, as a matter of course, there\u00c2\u00ac\\nfore, tests selected for the following pages are not always those\\nwhich the professional chemist would prefer when, equipped\\nwith a complete laboratory, he is looking for the most accurate\\nresults attainable; but notwithstanding this, the tests given are in\\nall cases sufficiently accurate to give highly valuable returns for the\\ntrouble taken i?i carrying them out; nor is it to be forgotten that\\nthe average chemist, not being a practical soapmaker, also labors\\nunder certain disadvantages which often affect the value of his\\nservices so much that the simpler tests made by the practical man\\nmay be much more useful after all.\\nA small number of utensils or instruments\u00e2\u0080\u0094the costliest of\\nwhich is a good pair of scales\u00e2\u0080\u0094will be useful for so many impor\u00c2\u00ac\\ntant examinations, that in making the selection of the following\\ntests we have given preference\u00e2\u0080\u0094other things being equal\u00e2\u0080\u0094to\\nthose which permit of the use of the same outfit always, so that\\nin following these directions a minimum cost is combined with\\nmaximum of efficiency and practice. Including the scales, the\\ninstruments and materials required for making all the following\\ntests can be procured for probably $35; if it should happen that\\nled on by these, the reader should in time take an interest in\\nmore difficult work and arrange a more pretentious laboratory,\\nhe will never regret this modest start.\\nPreliminary Remarks.\\nHave water supply, gas burner or spirit lamp, water bath,\\nand if possible a steam supply handy.\\nIf you can have a drying oven heated by steam and catch the\\nwaste steam for a supply of distilled water, it will be a great con\u00c2\u00ac\\nvenience.\\nFor experimental work their is nothing so valuable as a min\u00c2\u00ac\\niature soap kettle with steam connections, though work on a", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0416.jp2"}, "417": {"fulltext": "The Simpler Tests and Examinations in the Soap F actory. 413\\nlarge scale is of course not identical with that in a kettle hold\u00c2\u00ac\\ning only say twenty-five pounds.\\nA catalogue of some chemists\u00e2\u0080\u0099 supply house will illustrate\\na surprising variety of convenient appliances useful in experimen\u00c2\u00ac\\ntal work and should therefore be on hand in every soap factory.\\nIn some of the following tests, requiring weights and mea\u00c2\u00ac\\nsures, the metric system has been used for description; this is\\ndone for various reasons, as not only are calculations greatly\\nsimplefied by it and errors avoided, but apparatus required are\\nnow made largely on the same plan, current literature on the sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nject is now mostly written in the same language, c.\\nALCOHOL.\\nTo Test Alcohol as to its Origin\\ni. e., whether made from potato, corn, wheat, or other spirit,\\nthe following simple process is recommended: Put a little of the\\nalcohol with an equal quantity of ether in a test tube and shake\\nthoroughly for a few moments. Now add an amount of water\\nequal to both alcohol and ether. The former combines with the\\nwater and forms a lower layer, upon which rests the ether, which\\ncontains all the fusel oil of the original specimen. Withdraw\\nwith a pipette and evaporate the ether, and the odor of the resi\u00c2\u00ac\\ndue will tell the source of the alcohol. Of course, one must be\\nfamiliar with the odors of the various fusel oils.\\nTests for Water in Alcohol.\\n1. On adding a small amount of finely powdered, fused car\u00c2\u00ac\\nbonate of potassium to aqueous alcohol, and shaking, it becomes\\ndamp if the alcohol contains not less than about 98 per cent of\\nabsolute alcohol. In presence of more water it melts.\\n2. Alcohol over 98 per cent is miscible in all proportions\\nwith carbon disulphide. At 98 per cent it is only miscible with\\nan equal volume of this liquid, and, if of lower percentage, with a\\nproportionately less quantity (Barfoed).\\n3. Faintly ignited sulphate of copper, when added to anhy\u00c2\u00ac\\ndrous alcohol, remains perfectly white. In presence of water,\\nand shaking, it gradually acquires a blue color, which appears\\nthe more quickly the more dilute the alcohol is.\\n4. On adding a drop of alcohol containing 3 per cent of\\nwater to 3 or 4 c.c. of benzol, the liquid remains clear. If be\u00c2\u00ac\\ntween 3 and 7 per cent of water is present, a cloudiness appears;", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0417.jp2"}, "418": {"fulltext": "414 The Simpler Tests and Examinations in the Soap Factory.\\nif over 7 per cent, droplets separate. On dissolving- 1 c.c. of ben\u00c2\u00ac\\nzol in 2 c.c. of absolute alcohol, it requires the addition of 10 c.\\nc. of an alcohol containing- 70.9 per cent by volume before a per\u00c2\u00ac\\nmanent cloudiness appears (Hag-er).\\n5. If paraffin oil is dissolved in absolute alcohol or in anhy\u00c2\u00ac\\ndrous chloroform, and this solution mixed with a few drops of\\nan aqueous alcohol, and the liquid at once becomes turbid;\\n1.500th volume of water may thus be still detected (L. Crismer).\\nBORAX.\\nThe impurities most commonly found with Commercial Borax\\nmay be divided into two classes, viz.:\\n1st. Those impurities which are insoluble in water, such as\\nchalk, g-ypsum (plaster of paris), infusorial and other white\\nearths.\\n2d. Those impurities which, like Borax, are soluble in water.\\nTest for Earthy Impurities.\\nTo test a sample of Borax, for the insoluble impurities, take\\na portion of the pulverized material sufficient to cover a ten-cent\\npiece, and place it in a wine-glass of hot water. If the water be\u00c2\u00ac\\ncomes milky, and a white chalky sediment falls to the bottom of\\nthe glass, the Borax has been adulterated with an insoluble ad\u00c2\u00ac\\nulterant.\\nIf, on the other hand, the whole dissolves, leaving onl} T a\\nclear solution, the Borax may yet contain some of the soluble\\nadulterants, such as alum, common salt, carbonate of soda, sul\u00c2\u00ac\\nphate of soda, or some other soluble sulphate.\\nTest for Alum.\\nTo test for the soluble impurities, take sufficient of pow\u00c2\u00ac\\ndered Borax to cover a twenty-five cent piece, and dissolve in a\\ntumbler of hot water.\\nPlace a portion of this solution in a wine-glass and add a few\\ndrops of washing ammonia. If a white precipitate forms, alum\\nhas been added.\\nTest for Carbonates and Sulphates.\\nTo another portion of the liquid, add some muriatic acid.\\nAn effervescence shows the presence of an adulteration with a\\nsoluble carbonate.\\nAfter the effervescence has ceased, add a few drops of a", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0418.jp2"}, "419": {"fulltext": "The Simpler Tests and Examinations in the Soap Factory. 415\\nstrong- solution of chloride of barium. If the solution becomes\\nmilky, either immediately or after the lapse of a few minutes,\\nthe Borax has been adulterated with some soluble sulphate.\\nTest for Salt.\\nTo a third portion of the liquid, add some nitric acid. An\\neffervescence shows the presence of a carbonate. When this sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nsides, add a few drops of nitrate of silver, and heat the solution.\\nIf salt has been added, it will become milky.\\nTest for Soda.\\nAs a quick test for carbonates, place sufficient of the Borax\\nto cover a ten-cent piece, on a saucer, and add a few drops of\\nstrong vinegar. If the material effervesces, it has been adulter\u00c2\u00ac\\nated by the addition of a carbonate (sal soda, etc.)\\nESSENTIAL OILS.\\nIn the list and description of essential oils (Chapter XVI.)\\nare given a number of simple examinations adapted to the oils\\nunder which the tests are given. To these the reader is referred in\\nevery case for additional information when any particular oil is\\nto be tested, but it remains to speak of certain general features\\nof essential oil examinations:\\nAn examination of an essential oil comprises, in general\\nterms:\\nA: Examination of physical characters.\\n1) Color, odor, consistency.\\n2) Specific gravity.\\n3) Optical rotation.\\n4) Solubility in alcohol, c.\\nB: Estimation of percentage of certain valuable constit\u00c2\u00ac\\nuents found in certain pure oils, as linalyl acetate in oil\\nof bergamot, citral in oil of lemon, c.\\nC: Tests for proving directly the presence of certain sus\u00c2\u00ac\\npected adulterants.\\nD: Special tests for given cases, as acidity, saponification,\\niodine absorption, and a great many other chemical tests.\\nAs those who make it a practice to adulterate essential oils\\nare in many cases familiar with all the methods of examination,\\nthey frequently succeed in imitating in their adulterated pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nducts also the specific gravity, or the optical rotation, or some\\nof the other characteristics of the pure oils, so that it is impos-", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0419.jp2"}, "420": {"fulltext": "416 The Simpler Tests and Examinations in the Soap Factory.\\nsible in many cases to detect adulteration by simple means, or\\neven by any means whatever for that matter. But as a rule it is\\nnot possible to obtain for purposes of adulteration cheap sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nstances that are not readily detected and at the same time do not\\neffect either the specific gravity nor the solubility of the oil in al\u00c2\u00ac\\ncohol, nor the optical rotation. As to the color and consistency,\\nthese vary in nature within certain limits and the sophisticators\\neasily keep within the natural limits, so these factors are ordin\u00c2\u00ac\\narily of little assistance. The odor is still one of the best guides\\nto the purity and strength of an oil and must be carefully observ\u00c2\u00ac\\ned, but it presupposes the possession of two things by no means\\nas common as desirable, namely: thorough acquaintance with.the\\npure oils and a well-trained sense of smell. The test for solubil\u00c2\u00ac\\nity in alcohol is in many cases useful, as certain common adult\u00c2\u00ac\\nerants are less soluble than the pure oils. The estimation of\\nthe percentage of certain odoriferous constituents in a sample of\\noil is useful in some cases, as the percentage is lowerd by adult\u00c2\u00ac\\neration with turpentine, fatty oils, alcohol, c., c., but as such\\ntests are difficult to make at best, applicable only in few oils, and\\nnatural oils vary widely in some instances, this method of testing\\nis somewhat limited in its usefulness; for instance, much is made\\nof the ester contents of lavender oil, but while pure French oil\\ncontains at least 30%, the highly-valued English oils contain\\nless than 10%.\\nIf it is impossible by the most scientific and skilled methods\\nto positively differentiate qualities and detect all adulterations, too\\nmuch must not be expected of course from simple tests that can\\nbe made by non-experts, but the description of oils in Chapter\\nXVI and the following paragraphs contain much that is of prac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntical assistance and that will go far towards securing good oils.\\nIn making an examination of any essential oil, the deter\u00c2\u00ac\\nmination of its specific gravity is properly the first thing to be\\ndone, as most forms of adulteration affect it; the sp. gr. of each\\noil has been given in the descriptive list and, while slight varia\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions are not proof positive of adulteration, marked variations up\u00c2\u00ac\\nward or downward are extremely suspicious; an increase in specific\\ngravity of most oils follows adulteration with fatty oils, essential\\noils of higher sp. gr. c., while a decrease usually results from alco\u00c2\u00ac\\nhol, of less sp. gr., c. The determination can be made by a\\nspecial hydrometer or the Westphal balance or the picnometer.\\nIts value varies with the oil to be examined; thus the sp. gr. of", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0420.jp2"}, "421": {"fulltext": "The Simpler Tests and Examinations in the Soap Factory. 417\\nlemon oil is changed but little by adulteration with turpentine\\noil used either alone or together with orange oil; in other cases\\nit may be of the greatest service.\\nOptical rotation: An optical instrument, the polariscope, is\\nused for determination of this factor; it frequently gives very\\nuseful indications, but owing to its cost few soap manufacturers\\nwill care to invest in the apparatus. In some cases its tell-tale in\u00c2\u00ac\\ndications have been safely circumvented by the adulterators, as\\nin the example just quoted of lemon oil when mixed with oils of\\nturpentine and orange.\\nThe test of the solubility of an oil in alcohol, where appro\u00c2\u00ac\\npriate, is easily and cheaply made and for a number of oils is\\na fairly valuable one. By it are discovered adulterants less\\nsoluble than the pure oils, such as fatty oils,.turpentine oil, and\\ncheaper essential oils of less solubility, provided they are present\\nin not too small quantity. It is necessary of course, in making\\nthis test, to strictly adhere to the amounts and strengths of al\u00c2\u00ac\\ncohol prescribed in the test.\\nAdulteration with fatty oils is usually tested for by letting\\na few drops evaporate on clean white paper; pure essential oil\\ndoes not leave a grease spot; if such a spot remains it is not neces\u00c2\u00ac\\nsarily a sign of adulteration, however, as it may also be the re\u00c2\u00ac\\nsult of a faulty process in making or in preserving the oils. This\\ntest may be modified by evaporating a few drops of the oil in a\\nwatch crystal placed on a water bath and examining the residue,\\nif any, for oil, rosin, c.; on treating the residue with alcohol, it\\nwill dissolve if it was castor oil or rosin; on then adding water,\\nin the case of rosin there will be a flaky precipitate, but if it was\\ncastor oil it will separate in the form of an oily layer; if the resi\u00c2\u00ac\\ndue was not soluble in the alcohol it is some fatty oil other than\\ncastor oil.\\nCamphor may be detected in oil of peppermint, orange, lav\u00c2\u00ac\\nender, cedar wood, caraway, c., by the following test\u00e2\u0080\u0094(which,\\nhowever, shows the same reaction with oil of sassafras and a\\nvery similar one with nutmeg and pimento).\\nPlace a drachm of nitric acid (sp.gr. 1.42) in a test tube, add\\none drop of the suspected oil, and agitate gently. The color of\\nthe mixture may vary from light yellow to red. If the oil is pure\\nthe red color will disappear in from twenty minutes to two hours.\\nIf oil of camphor is present the red color will remain for twenty-\\nfour hours, and even longer, if not exposed to too strong a light.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0421.jp2"}, "422": {"fulltext": "418 The Simpler Tests and Examinations in the Soap Factory.\\nThis test is reasonably delicate, as less than 5 per cent of oil of\\ncamphor may be detected by it.\\nAlcohol, according- to Hag-er\u00e2\u0080\u0099s suggestion, is most easily de\u00c2\u00ac\\ntected by the following test which depends upon the insolubility\\nof the essential oils in glycerin, and consists in agitating a de\u00c2\u00ac\\nfinite, accurately weighed quantity of the essential oil, and of\\nglycerin, together in a test-tube, and subsequently weighing the\\nglycerin, any increment being due to the alcohol taken up by it\\nfrom the oil. The details are thus given by Hager: Take a thin-\\nwalled graduated cylinder, place in it a quantity of glycerin, and\\naccurately weigh the whole. Add the suspected oil, using a lit\u00c2\u00ac\\ntle more in volume than of the glycerin. Shake for five minutes,\\nthen set aside until the turbid, milky liquid separates into two\\nclear layers, the oil being uppermost. If the latter is not quite\\nclear, it can easily be made so by warming it up to about 120 F.\\nby letting the cylinder stand in hot water for a few moments.\\nRemove the bulk of the oil with a pipette, and the remaining\\ntraces with blotting paper, and again weigh the cylinder and its\\ncontents. Any increment in weight may be accepted as due\\nto alcohol, and, of course, by weighing the oil, we get the per\u00c2\u00ac\\ncentage of adulteration. The only drawbacks to the accuracy of\\nthis simple process are, first, that certain essential oils contain\\nan acid principle, soluble in glycerin; and, secondly, certain of\\nthe oils are soluble (to a very slight extent only) in alcohol and\\nglycerin. The oils containing the acid principle alluded to are\\nthe oil of cloves, oil of cassia and oil of almonds (essential).\\nThe evidence of the presence of the acids is a turbidity in the gly\u00c2\u00ac\\ncerin, greater or less, according to the amount of the acid. The\\nsecond objection is so slight as to be scarcely worth noting, and\\nunless very marked, the same may be said of the first.\\nFinally, after all, what is wanted in buying an oil is full\\nstrength and fine aroma, and useful as other tests are, they are asyet\\ntoo incomplete to be relied on alone, especially since an oil ma} 7 be\\npure and answer all scientific tests for purity, and yet have suf\u00c2\u00ac\\nfered from faulty methods of manufacture, adverse weather con\u00c2\u00ac\\nditions, during the growth of the raw materials, bad storage, c.\\nHence, after all, there is great need of examining the smell of an\\noil to judge of its quality. This manner of testing is carried out\\nin practice in several ways, the best of them none too good\u00e2\u0080\u0094the\\nothers beyond comment. Passing over the simple smelling at\\nthe open neck of the bottle, at the cork, and at the hands between", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0422.jp2"}, "423": {"fulltext": "The Simpler Tests and Examinations in the Soap Factory. 419\\nwhich a few drops of the oil were rubbed, the next best and usual\\npractice is to dip clean blotting- paper into the oil and smell at\\nthis paper from time to time, noting- the strength, delicacy, and\\nlasting quality of the odor. By using the same size of paper\\nslips, dipping them equally deep into different samples of oil,\\ntill saturated, and exposing them (hanging free) in the same\\nplace to gradual evaporation, a fair comparison can be made by\\nan educated sense of smell. In place of blotting paper the kind\\nknown as glazed paper can be used to advantage, as it absorbs\\nless of the oil and this evaporates more freely and evenly in con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsequence. Great accuracy, cleanliness, and surroundings free\\nfrom odor, are required for this kind of work, besides practice.\\nThe paper slips are best marked on the back for identification,\\nand the order of smelling them should be occasionally reversed,\\nin order to avoid errors of judgment or prejudice from creeping\\nin.\\nFATS AND OILS.\\nThe large number of special works on the examination of\\nthe numerous fats and oils testify to the vastness of this field,\\nand to them the reader must have recourse if he desire to enter\\nfully into the subject. There are however a few comparatively\\nsimple tests which can be made by every practical soapmaker and\\nwhich answer most of the ordinary requirements.\\nTaking Samples: According to the nature of various fats,\\npackages, and methods of filling, it is evident that impurities\\nmay be either distributed uniformly or they may c ollect in cer\u00c2\u00ac\\ntain parts of the packages. To obtain a fair sample it is there\u00c2\u00ac\\nfore necessary to either take it from several parts of the package\\nor to empty the latter, melt and mix, and then take the sample.\\nIf melting by open steam is used, the water added thereby will\\ninterfere with the examination for water in the stock\\nTallow: Tallow may contain water, various adulterants\\nand animal impurities and dirt, and may be lowered in quality\\nby admixture of cheaper fats. Its examination takes cognizance\\nof the color, grain, odor, freedom from free fatty acids, water\\nc., and hardness. The melting point is one of the most valu\u00c2\u00ac\\nable indications of the quality of tallow; instead of on the melt\u00c2\u00ac\\ning point of the tallow itself, whose determination by various\\nmethods does not give uniform results with the same tallow, it", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0423.jp2"}, "424": {"fulltext": "420 The Simpler Tests and Examinations in the Soap F actory.\\nis safer to rely on the melting point of the fatty acids separated\\nfrom the tallow.\\nMelting Point of Tallow: Into a thin-walled glass tube of an\\ninternal diameter of 3 to 4 mm. draw a little of the melted tallow\\nand let congeal thoroughly; then place the tube into a beaker\\nwith water so that the water is slightly higher in the glass than\\nthe tallow; apply heat slowly, having a thermometer in the wa\u00c2\u00ac\\nter, till the fat is floated to the surface by the water entering\\nfrom below. The temperature of the water at which this occurs\\nis the melting point.\\nMelted fat does not congeal again until a temperature more\\nor less below the melting point is reached; at the moment of\\ncongealing its temperature rises again at first. The congeal\u00c2\u00ac\\ning point of good tallow is not below 88 or 90 F.\\nAnother method is to apply the fat to the bulb of a thermo\u00c2\u00ac\\nmeter, introducing the latter into water, warming, and noting at\\nwhich temperature the fat becomes detached and rises.\\nThe Titer Test of Tallow: By this is meant the determina\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of the solidifying point of the fatty acids separated from the\\ntallow. The methods in vogue comprise saponification of the\\nsample with mixed alcohol and soda lye (Dalican\u00e2\u0080\u0099s test) or\\nwith potash lye (Wolfbauer) or with alcoholic lye (Tate), and\\nseparation of the fatty acids by sulphuric acid, followed by\\ntheir examination for congealing point. The harder the tallow,\\nin other words the higher its melting point and that of its fatty\\nacids, the richer is the tallow in stearine.\\nThis test has several advantages over the simple determina-\\ntion of the melting point of the tallow itself; for one thing its\\nresults do not show the uncertainty and inaccuracy which arise\\nfrom the many different methods followed in finding the melting\\npoint of tallow. Again a tallow containing more or less free\\nfatty acid may have been treated with alkali to neutralize these\\nacids, whereby a partial saponification and consequent harden\u00c2\u00ac\\ning of the mass results; this deception would not be disclosed by\\nsimply ascertaining the melting point of the tallow, but a separa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of the fatty acids will lead to a correct estimate of the tal\u00c2\u00ac\\nlow. Age also affects the melting point of tallow differently\\nthan that of its fatty acids.\\nAs in all these tests, the one now under consideration\\nappears in numerous modifications, but the following of Wolf\u00c2\u00ac\\nbauer answers all purposes:", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0424.jp2"}, "425": {"fulltext": "The: SimplerTests and Examinations in the Soap Factory. 421\\n120 grammes of the tallow are melted, without heating much\\nmore than necessary, in a beaker; mix with 45 cc. of a lye\\nmade from 1.25 kilo pure caustic potash and 2 liters of water;\\nstir till a perfectly homogeneous mass is obtained; cover the\\nbeaker and set aside in a place kept at 100 C.; stir now and then\\nand after two hours see if all is saponified\u00e2\u0080\u0094this is done by dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nsolving a little of it in 50 per cent alcohol, which gives a perfect\u00c2\u00ac\\nly clear solution if all is saponified\u00e2\u0080\u0094if not, the mass must remain\\nin the hot place a while longer. The soap now obtained is boiled\\nwith dilute sulphuric acid (165 cc. of 18\u00c2\u00b0) till the separating\\nfatty acid floats as a clear layer on top; the mass is covered mean\u00c2\u00ac\\nwhile with a glass dish filled with cold water in order to pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nvent concentration of the acid liquid beneath. The acid solution\\nis now drawn off from under the fatty acidsand the latter washed\\nby boiling for 15 minutes with a mixture of 5 cc. concentrated\\nsulphuric acid and 100 cc. water. After then resting and care\u00c2\u00ac\\nfully drawing off the acid water, boil again with 100 cc. pure\\nwater, rest again and remove the water. Now dry the fatty\\nacids for 2 hours at 100 C. in an open glass vessel. It now re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmains to determine their congealing point. For this purpose a\\nglass is used, 3}4. cm. in diameter, 15 cm. long, and filled to\\nwithin 1 or l}4 cm. of the brim with the fatty acid. This glass\\nis closed by a cork having a large perforation through which a\\nthermometer is introduced, (loosely enough to permit stirring\\nthe contents with the thermometer). The lower of this glass\\nis then inserted in its turn through the perforated cork of a\\nlarge wide mouthed bottle. Now the mass is stirred with the\\nthermometer until it just becomes opaque, i. till it is partly\\ncongealed; the thermometer now sinks no further and stirring must\\nbe discontinued; the congealing mass at this stage liberates heat\\nand the thermometer rises again; the highest point now reach\u00c2\u00ac\\ned is taken as the congealing point.\\nErrors result from too narrow test glass, faulty thermome\u00c2\u00ac\\nter, or careless working. The careless drying of the fatty acids\\nespecially is a fruitful source of error. As the various tests in\\nuse stipulate different amounts worked on c., c., their results\\nnever quite agree.\\nWater in Fats: To incorporate water in fats, lime, alum,\\npotash borax, c., have been used; 1 per cent of lime or 2-3 per\\ncent of alum can be made to cover up over 10 per cent of water\\nin this manner. On melting the fat and cooling again, the for-", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0425.jp2"}, "426": {"fulltext": "422 The Simpler Tests and Examinations in the Soap Factory.\\neign bodies settle and can be ascertained according- to their na\u00c2\u00ac\\nture. Where potash was used the fat will not separate clear\\nfrom the water, but will form an emulsion on melting-.\\nThe ordinary method of testing for water is to dry a sample,\\nsay 5 grammes, at 100 to 110\u00c2\u00b0 C. till the weight is constant and\\ncalculating the loss as water; a good tallow will require 3-4 hours\\nfor this test, while grease containing lime will not give up quite\\nall its water even in 24 hours\u00e2\u0080\u0099 drying, the lime soap evidently\\nretaining the water.\\nFree fatty acids in Fat The fat is washed repeatedly with hot\\nwater to remove all possible traces of mineral acid. 10 grammes\\nof it are then weighed off and shaken with about 25 cc. of warm\\nalcohol. It is then titrated with normal soda lye, using phenol-\\nphthalein as indicator. (See details of the method under ex\u00c2\u00ac\\namination of soda and potash). The number of cc. of lye used\\nis multiplied by 0.280 (for cocoanut oil 0.230) to obtain the\\namount of free fatty acid in the sample.\\nGLYCERIN.\\nEime in Glycerin.\\nFor use in transparent soap glycerin is required to be free\\nfrom lime; as some glycerin, however, does contain this impurity\\nand thereby impairs the brilliant appearance of the soap, it may\\nbe tested as follows: Mix 1 part glycerin and 1 part concen\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrated sulphuric acid with 1.100 part 96 per cent alcohol and let\\nit rest 3 or 4 days; if lime is present it will manifest itself by a\\nwhite precipitate and turbidity.\\nAnother test is to simply add ammonium oxalate to the\\nglycerin, which gives a white precipitate if lime is present.\\nAdulterated Glycerin.\\nIt is claimed that glycerin is sometimes adulterated with\\nsyrup or with glucose; if to the suspected sample some sodium\\nbi-chromate is added and the whole heated, a coloration indicates\\nthe presence of sugar. Shaking glycerin with chloroform, if\\nglucose be present it will be taken up by the chloroform together\\nwith other impurities, and the pure glycerin will float on top.\\nGlucose is also detected by boiling with caustic soda, which turns\\nit brown.\\nPure, waterfree glycerin has a specific gravity of 1.263 to\\n1.267 at 15\u00c2\u00b0 C. (59 L F.), but as it absorbs moisture with great", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0426.jp2"}, "427": {"fulltext": "The Simpler Tests and Examinations in the Soap Factory. 423\\nreadiness it is usually somewhat lighter. A gravity of 1.260\\nmeans about 2 per cent of water in the glycerin, and each varia\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of 3 points in the third decimal of the specific gravity is ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncounted equal to 1 per cent variation in the purity of the glycerin.\\nAmount of Glycerin in Waste Eye.\\nThe amount of glycerin present in a given waste lye is some\u00c2\u00ac\\ntimes an important question, but its correct determination re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquires considerable chemical knowledge and apparatus. A fair\\nresult can be obtained, however, especially for purposes of com\u00c2\u00ac\\nparison between several batches of lye, by one of the following\\nmethods:\\nTake 50 cc. of the sample of soap lye, neutralizing exactly\\nwith dilute sulphuric acid and then add milk of lime; this preci\u00c2\u00ac\\npitates the resin and fatty matters which may be present in the\\nlye, the mass is filtered and the filtrate evaporated down on the\\nwater bath. The remaining mass is now treated with a mixture\\nof alcohol and ether, the solution separated by filtration from in\u00c2\u00ac\\nsoluble residue and evaporated down in a weighed basin. When\\nall the ether and alcohol has evaporated off, the basin and its\\ncontents are weighed, then the basin is placed over the Bunsen\\nburner and all volatile matter burnt off, and the basin and its con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntents again weighed; the difference between the two weighings\\nis taken as the amount of glycerin in the 50 cc. of soap lye.\\nA better method, requiring greater manipulation, however,\\nis the following:\\nA well-mixed sample of the waste lye is filtered, cooled\\nthoroughly, filtered again and exactly 1,000 grammes weighed\\noff into a porcelain dish fitted on a boiling water bath; enough\\npure hydrochloric acid is now carefully added to cause the lye to\\njust turn blue litmus paper red; the acid neutralizes the alkali\\npresent by changing it into chlorides and also precipitates fatty\\nacids and other impurities. The lye is again filtered and\\nnext boiled down on the water bath to half its volume and then\\n10 to 15 grammes of lead acetate is added and stirred well which\\nprecipitates a bulky mass of lead sulphate, chloride, and organic\\nimpurities. The liquid is now alkaline again from the basic lead\\nacetate, and, in order to separate any excess of lead that may\\nhave been introduced, concentrated ammonium phosphate solu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion is now added drop by drop as long as it causes a white pre\u00c2\u00ac\\ncipitate; filter through paper and wash the remaining precipi-", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0427.jp2"}, "428": {"fulltext": "424 The Simpler Tests and Examinations in the Soap F actory.\\ntate by throwing- a little hot water on it. The filtrate so re\u00c2\u00ac\\nceived is of yellow color and is to be evaporated (on the water\\nbath or in vacuum); during this process the very slight amount\\nof glycerin evaporated is of no importance to speak of. When\\nthe liquid is of thin syrupy consistence it is placed\u00e2\u0080\u0094together\\nwith the salt separated by the evaporation\u00e2\u0080\u0094upon a small suction\\nfilter from which the fluid runs into a previously weighed flask.\\n(When all the liquid has been drawn through the filter, a weigh\u00c2\u00ac\\ning of the flask and deducting the weight of the flask gives ap\u00c2\u00ac\\nproximately the amount of crude glycerin obtained; the latter is\\nthen examined for its specific gravity and ash remaining after\\nignition as in the previous test, in order to obtain the actual\\nglycerin contained in the fluid.) The glycerin retained in the\\nsalt on the filter paper is best secured by washing it out with a\\nlittle warm alcohol. The crude glycerin still contains some salt;\\nhence make slightly acid again with very little hydrochloric acid,\\nadd an equal amount of absolute alcohol, warm slightly, and\\nfilter the alcohol solution of crude glycerin through paper upon\\nwhich the salt separated by the alcohol is retained. Next the\\nalcohol is boiled off on the water bath and the remainder is\\ncrude glycerin, the percentage of pure glycerin in the latter\\ncould then be ascertained also by a process of distillation.\\nSOAPS.\\nWater in Soap: Take a fair sample, rejecting the hard outer\\nportion of hard soaps, (and taking soft soap from the interior of\\nthe mass). Weigh off accurately a small portion after first cutt\u00c2\u00ac\\ning into small shavings, place on a watch crystal and dry, slow\u00c2\u00ac\\nly for several hours at first in order to avoid melting the mass\\ntogether, and gradually raising the heat to about 212\u00c2\u00b0 F. When\\nseveral successive weighings give the same result, the drying is\\ncomplete and the water driven off is determined by subtracting\\nthe weight remaining from that of the original undried soap.\\nFor soft soap or others containing much water it is more practi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncal to use a beaker, covering the bottom for an inch with clean\\ndried sand and weighing it, together with a glass rod. Add a\\nsmall portion of soap and weigh again; now add 3 or 4 times as\\nmuch alcohol and warm on water bath, stirring occasionally,\\ntill the weight remains constant; the loss is water.\\nAmount of fatty acids in Soap: Place a fair, accurately weighed\\nsample in a porcelain dish, and pour over it 20 30 times as much", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0428.jp2"}, "429": {"fulltext": "The Simpler Tests and Examinations in the Soap Factory. 425\\nof a mixture over 11 parts water and 1 part sulphuric acid; warm\\nslowly till the clear fatty acid rises to the top. To assist in re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmoving- the fatty acids for weighing-, as much dry wax as the soap\\nweighed is weighed off and melted together with the fatty acids.\\nOn cooling the wax together with the fatty acids the whole forms a\\nhard solid disk that can be lifted off the liquid beneath. Place\\nit on a filter, wash with water till all sulphuric acid is removed\\nand dry till weight is constant. Weighing and substracting the\\nwax leaves the weight of the hydrates of the fatty acids, so that\\nabout 2 per cent must still be deducted from the result to ob\u00c2\u00ac\\ntain the weight of the fatty acids. Another method, preferably\\nwhere there is danger of vitiating the result by filling matter in\u00c2\u00ac\\ncluded in the cake of wax and fatty acids, is to dissolve the soap\\nin water, separate the fatty acids by sulphuric acid as above and\\nthen shaking with ether; this is then poured off into a suitable\\nweighed vessel, evaporated, the remaining fatty acids dried for\\n2 hours in a drying oven, and weighed; 96.75 per cent of this\\nweight is considered actual fatty acid.\\nUnsaponified fat in Soap: Dry the soap perfectly; and finely\\npowder the soap used to determine the proportion of water as\\nabove can be used for the purpose; extract with petroleum ether;\\nevaporate the latter and the residue will be neutral fat or min\u00c2\u00ac\\neral oil (hydrocarbons). By saponification of the residue if this\\nis possible its nature can be further determined.\\nFilling: Dissolve the soap, previously made into shavings, in\\n10 times its weight of alcohol of 90 per cent, assisting the solu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion by the water bath; carbonate of soda, silicate, starch, c.,\\nremain insoluble; filter and wash the precipitate with alcohol;\\ndry it and weigh. To determine the nature of the water-soluble\\nportion of the precipitate, extract it with cold water and examine\\nportions of the extract; carbonate of soda is determined by titra\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion; silicate of soda is found by adding an acid to the watery\\nsolution, when the fatty acids rise to the top while the silicate\\nforms a jelly at the bottom; this jelly is collected on a filter,\\nwashed, dried, and weighed; soap with silicate filling is not quite\\nsoluble in alcohol as the latter withdraws alkali from the silicate\\nleaving the jelly-like mass which is insoluble. On boiling that\\npart which is insoluble in alcohol, with water, if starch is present it\\nwill give a thick solution causing an intensely blue color with\\ntinctureof iodine. Talc, silex, c., are separated easily by their in\u00c2\u00ac\\nsolubility in water; so far as mineral bodies alone are to be deter-", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0429.jp2"}, "430": {"fulltext": "426 The Simpler Tests and Examinations in the Soap F actory.\\nmined, as sand, pumice, silex, c., a weight sample of the\\nsoap may be burned in a crucible, digesting the residue with hot\\nwater, filtering drying the residue, and burning the latter in a\\nweighed crucible; the gain in weight of the latter is mineral\\nmatter.\\nSugar in soap: Dissolve a sample in water; separate by grain\u00c2\u00ac\\ning with salt; boil the liquid for half an hour with a few drops\\nof sulphuric acid (to invert the sug-ar); neutralize with caustic\\nsoda; take a little of it into a test tube and add an equal amount\\nof Fehling\u00e2\u0080\u0099s solution; boil; if sug-ar is present a red precipitate of\\ncuprous oxide will form.\\nStock used. The question from what fats or oils a soap is made\\nis always very difficult, and frequently impossible, to ascertain\\nby chemical means. The practical soap maker can usually\\njudg-e better than a chemist can ascertain the facts. A fair idea\\ncan sometimes be obtained by separating the fatty acids and then\\nexamining these for their melting point, saponification number,\\niodine number, and certain characteristic reactions. When sever\u00c2\u00ac\\nal kinds of stock are contained in the soap, the examination is al\u00c2\u00ac\\nmost hopeless.\\nRosin insoap It is usually easy enough to tell if a soap contains\\nrosin or not, but its proportion is more difficult to determine; in\\nfact its determination is not possible by any method that could\\nbe consistently placed among simple tests. As simple as any is\\nGladding\u00e2\u0080\u0099s method which consists, briefly stated, in separating\\nthe fatty acids of a sample of soap, dissolving them in 95 per cent\\nalcohol, neutralizing with concentrated potash lye using phenol-\\nphthalein as indicator, heating on a water bath to perfect saponi\u00c2\u00ac\\nfication, adding ether, shaking with silver nitrate to precipitate\\nthe fatty acids, drawing off the clear liquid, adding to the latter\\ndilute hydrochloric acid, evaporating the clear liquid to dryness;\\nthe residue is considered to be rosin. This test in several modi\u00c2\u00ac\\nfications, and numerous others, are in use, which those who have\\nthe facilities for carrying them out are quite familiar with.\\nFree alkali: The presence of free alkali (caustic or carbon\u00c2\u00ac\\nate) is known by a red coloration produced when phenolphth-\\nalein is added to an alcoholic solution of the soap. To determine its\\namount, a weighed sample is boiled with distilled water and then\\ncarefully grained with successive small portions of salt. Any\\nfree alkali remains in the salt solution which is drawn off, and\\nits amount may be determined by titration on the same principle", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0430.jp2"}, "431": {"fulltext": "The Simpler Tests and Examinations in the Soap Factory. 427\\nas already described under the testing of soda. Another method\\nis to test 5 grammes of the soap with 75 cc. of neutral absolute\\nalcohol, filtering and washing well with hot alcohol. The filtrate\\nis titrated, with phenolphthalein as indicator,to determine the free\\ncaustic. The insoluble portion on the filter is washed out with\\nwater and titrated with sulphuric acid, using methyl orang-e as\\nindicator, to determine the carbonate of soda.\\nGlycerin in soap To determine its presence, dissolve a small\\nsample of soap in hot water, add dilute sulphuric acid to acid re\u00c2\u00ac\\naction, melt the fatty acids together with wax as already describ\u00c2\u00ac\\ned, and remove same after cooling Exactly neutralize the\\nremaining liquid and evaporate on water bath. Sulphate of soda\\nand g-lycerin (if present) will remain; treat these with alcohol\\n(which does not dissolve sulphate of soda); filter and evaporate\\nthe alcohol; g-lycerin remains behind, if present.\\nSODA AND POTASH.\\nThe examination of soda comprises testing of commercial\\ncaustic and carbonate, and sometimes of solutions of the same\\n(lye.) As previously noted, when the purity of a caustic is known\\nthe lye made from it can be directly examined with a hydrometer\\nto tell its strength or quality; but as a solution of salt, or any\\nother substance, also shows its degrees on the hydrometer, so a\\nmixture of caustic and salt in solution shows higher degrees the\\nmore of either the one or theother or of both is present in the solu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, and consequently it is absolutely and unequivocally wrong\\nto say that the quality of a sample of caustic of unknown com\u00c2\u00ac\\nposition can be examined by dissolving it in water and testing it\\nwith the lye scale. If this is dwelt on too frequently in this\\nbook, it is because the error is so far spread that it is almost im\u00c2\u00ac\\npossible to overcome it.\\nAnother thing to bear clearly in mind is that the grades of\\ncaustic soda are based purely on the amount of sodium oxide in\\nthe same, irrespective of the latter being in the form of caustic\\nor of carbonate; hence of two samples both correctly graded at\\nsay 70 per cent it is quite possible for one to contain 2 per cent\\nmore carbonate than the other (and of course at the same time\\n2 per cent caustic less). In examining caustic for its practical\\nvalue it is therefore necessary to ascertain not only the total al\u00c2\u00ac\\nkalinity but separately the respective amounts of carbonate and\\nof caustic soda.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0431.jp2"}, "432": {"fulltext": "428 The Simpler Tests and Examinations in the Soap Factory.\\nThe purity and strength of an alkali or of an alkaline so\u00c2\u00ac\\nlution is determined by ascertaining- how much sulphuric acid a\\ng-iven amount of it will neutralize; this is the key to the process\\nof testing- alkalies (alkalimetry) as well as for making-numerous\\nother tests of use in the soap factory.\\nFor soapmaking- the caustic is used to neutralize/z//y acids;\\nfor testing- it one might ascertain how much fatty acid a certain\\namount of it can neutralize; but for simplicity and other practical\\nreasons sulphuric acid is preferred to fatty acids in making such\\ntests.\\nAs in measurements of any kind whatever a correct measure\\nis the first requisite, so the sulphuric acid used in alkalimetry\\nmust be of known strength; in the following the pure article of\\n1.842 sp. gr. at 12\u00c2\u00b0 C. is understood throughout.\\n49 lbs. of pure sulphuric acid are neutralized by 40 lbs. of\\npure caustic soda.\\n49 lbs. of pure sulphuric acid are neutralized by 53 lbs. of\\npure carbonate of soda.\\n49 lbs. of pure sulphuric acid are neutralized by 56 lbs. of\\npure caustic potash.\\n49 lbs. of pure sulphuric acid are neutralized by 69 lbs. of\\npure carbonate of potash.\\nIf in the above table we substitute for the \u00e2\u0080\u009clbs.\u00e2\u0080\u009d: grains, or\\ndrachms, or ounces, it would of course still be correct.\\nSupposing now we had a sample of caustic soda of unknown\\npurity, and found by a simple test that 40 grains of it neutral\u00c2\u00ac\\nized exactly 49 grains of our pure sulphuric acid, we would then\\nknow that the caustic was of full strength, i. c is chemically\\npure 100 per cent caustic 77 l 2 per cent sodium oxide). But if\\nthe 40 grains neutralized only y 2 or y as much of the pure sul\u00c2\u00ac\\nphuric acid, then its alkalinity is only 4 or of the pure article.\\nThese simple principles once clearly understood the following\\ndetailed description of the test will not only lose all mystery,\\nbut will give the key to many other tests that can be carried out\\nin the soap factory to great advantage, such as alkaline strength\\nin waste lyes, free alkali in soaps, c. Bearing in mind all along\\nthen the foregoing, and coming to its practical application, we\\nfind that instead of making these tests by weight, it saves a vast\\namount of work if we dilute our sulphuric acid in a known amount\\nof water and then simply measure the amount used for a certain", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0432.jp2"}, "433": {"fulltext": "The Simpler Tests and Examinations in the Soap Factory. 429\\ntest; as the volume of dilute acid used is then our indication, this\\nmethod is known as \u00e2\u0080\u009cvolumetric analysis.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nIt is evident now that, if we dissolve a certain weight of our\\nsoda to be tested in water, and run into this the dilute sulphuric\\nacid from a graduated vessel, till the soda and acid are just neu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntralized, the amount of acid used can be read off from the gradu\u00c2\u00ac\\nations and a simple calculation will show the rest. This is called\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009ctitration.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThere is now only one point more: how shall we know when\\nenough acid has been run into our soda solution and the neutral\\npoint is reached? We may know this by making use of a few\\ndrops of litmus or a little phenolphthalein or methyl orange,\\n(so-called \u00e2\u0080\u009cindicators\u00e2\u0080\u009d) which are introduced into the soda so\u00c2\u00ac\\nlution at the beginning of our test. Supposing we use litmus,\\nthe soda solution will color this a marked blue and this color\\nremains as we run in gradually the acid; but at last a point\\ncomes when all the alkali has been neutralized by the acid and\\na single drop of the latter now changes the former blue color to\\nred\u00e2\u0080\u0094the solution is no longer alkaline but has become slightly\\nacid. In other words, alkaline solutions are blue with litmus\\nand acid solutions are red.\\nFor ease of calculations and because the instruments used\\nare ordinarily so graded, the following test is described in the\\nmetric system which should always be employed in such\\nwork.\\nThe Test\\\\ There should be on hand for this class of work a\\npair of scales, a few glass beakers, a glass funnel and filter\\npaper, a graduated glass tube holding 50 cc., with stop stock be\u00c2\u00ac\\nlow (a so-called burette) from which the acid can be withdrawn\\ndrop by drop and the amount used read off, and a holder for the\\nburette. There should also be one or several indicators such as\\nmentioned before, some reagents called for in certain tests^\\nand the following \u00e2\u0080\u009cnormal\u00e2\u0080\u009d or \u00e2\u0080\u009cstandard\u00e2\u0080\u009d solutions:\\n49 grammes pure sulphuric acid diluted with enough water\\nto make one litre.\\n40 grammes pure caustic soda diluted with enough water to\\nmake one litre.\\n53 grammes pure carbonate of soda diluted with enough wa\u00c2\u00ac\\nter to make one litre.\\n56 grammes pure caustic potash diluted with enough water\\nto make one litre.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0433.jp2"}, "434": {"fulltext": "430 The Simpler Tests and Examinations in the Soap F actory.\\n69 grammes pure carbonate of potash diluted with enough\\nwater to make one litre.\\nComparing- the amounts named for each of these five solutions\\nwith the table of neutralization a few paragraphs back, it will\\nbe seen that a given volume of the normal sulphuric acid solution\\nexactly neutralizes equal volumes of all the other normal solu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions. These normal solutions can be obtained from chemists\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nsupply houses if facilities for making them exactly are not at\\nhand.\\nTesting sodium carbonate: Weigh off 5 grammes of the alkali,\\nplace into a flask and make up with water to 250 cc. Fill the\\nburette exactly to the 50 cc. mark with the normal sulphuric acid.\\nFrom the flask measure exactly, into a beaker, 25 cc. of the al\u00c2\u00ac\\nkali solution and add a few drops of methyl-orange solution as\\nan indicator (enough to give it a yellow tint); now run in the\\nacid solution from the burette very carefully, drop by drop at\\nlast, stirring carefully, till the alkali solution turns pink which\\nshows that all alkali is neutralized and the solution now contains\\na trace of free acid. (Litmus is less suitable for testing carbon\u00c2\u00ac\\nate than is methyl-orange). Read off the number of cc. acid\\nused, multiply by 0.053, and you have the weight in grammes of\\nactual carbonate in the amount of solution tested. A simple self-\\nevident calculation finishes the example.\\nPotassium Carbonate is tested in the same manner, merely\\nsubstituting in the final calculation the figure 0.069 for the 0.053.\\nCaustic soda and potash are tested in the same way, substitut\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the figures 0.040 and 0.056 in the final calculation. However,\\nas the test does not show at all how much of the alkali present\\nis caustic and how much of it is carbonate, this point can be as\u00c2\u00ac\\ncertained as follows: Weigh off 5 grammes as before, dissolve\\nin hot water (200 cc. and add 50 cc. neutral barium chloride so\u00c2\u00ac\\nlution, whereby barium carbonate is precipitated; settle, filter,\\nwash the precipitate with water to get out all the caustic alkali;\\nby now testing with acid and phenolphthalein as before we get\\nthe alkali present as caustic and the difference between the\\namounts of acid used in the two tests represents the amount of\\ncarbonate that was present in the sample before it was removed\\nby the barium chloride. Another test for the purpose which\\ngives probably more accurate results is as follows: Dissolve 2.65\\ngrammes of the caustic in 50 cc. of water and titrate as before\\nwith the normal sulphuric acid, using phenolphthalein asindica-", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0434.jp2"}, "435": {"fulltext": "The Simpler Tests and Examinations in the Soap Factory. 431\\ntor and adding- acid drop by drop to the point of decolorizing-,\\nstirring- from time to time; note amount of acid used. Now add\\n3 cc. normal acid, boil about 5 minutes to expel the carbonic acid\\nand titrate back with lye, (The rationale of this is that in the\\nfirst tritration all the caustic alkali is neutralized and half the\\ncarbonate is chang-ed into bicarbonate). The calculation now is\\nas follows: Calling- the number of cc. of acid used for the first\\ntitration by the letter a, and those for the second b. then the\\nsample contained:\\n2 (2 a-b) per cent actual caustic soda.\\n4 (b-a) per cent carbonate of soda.\\nIn making- these tests it is by no means immaterial which of\\nthe \u00e2\u0080\u009cindicators\u00e2\u0080\u009d named is used; for instance, in titrating- caustic\\nalkalies cold, with phenolphthalein as indicator, half of the car\u00c2\u00ac\\nbonate present would appear as caustic, for the reason that bi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncarbonate of soda (or of potash) is found by the carbonic acid\\nescaping- from the first half of the decomposed carbonate, and\\nthis bicarbonate is neutral to phenolphthalein; if now methyl\\norang-e be added and the titration continued till the color chang-es,\\nthen the bicarbonate will have been turned into sulphate. Making\\na test in just this manner the calculation is as follows: Say\\n12.50 cc. of normal acid be required for titration with phenolphtha\u00c2\u00ac\\nlein, and 0.50 in addition to make the solution neutral to methyl\\norang-e; then 12.50 less 0.50 12 cc. is the volume neutralized\\nby the hydrate, and 2x0.50 1 cc. for the carbonate in the sample.\\nTo make this test accurately it is best to dilute a gramme of the\\nsample to 250 cc. and stirring- continuously while the acid is add\u00c2\u00ac\\ned slowly.\\nTo test potash for soda A fairly accurate and simple method\\nfor this purpose is based upon the insolubility of potassium bi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntartrate in diluted alcohol. The sample is dissolved in a little\\nwater and neutralized with a concentrated solution of tartaric\\nacid (using- phenolphthalein\u00e2\u0080\u0094not litmus\u00e2\u0080\u0094as indicator) the same\\namount of tartaric acid solution as was required is then again\\nadded in order to change the tartrates formed into bitartrates.\\nThe bitartrate of potash will now mostly precipitate while the\\nbitartrate of soda remains in solution; the addition of alcohol\\ncompletes the precipitation entirely. Collect the precipitate on\\na filter and wash with alcohol till the washingsno longer redden\\nlitmus paper. Now the filtrate is titrated with decinormal (one-\\ntenth the strength of normal) caustic potash or caustic soda,", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0435.jp2"}, "436": {"fulltext": "432 The Simpler Tests and Examinations in the Soap Factory\\neach cc. required corresponding- to 0.004 gramme of sodium hy\u00c2\u00ac\\ndrate. The precipitate of pottassium bitartrate may be put in\\nwater and titrated also with volumetric alkali and phenolphtha-\\nlein, each cc. corresponds to 0.056 grammes of potassium hydrate.\\nTAR.\\nJuniper Tar Specific gravity varies from 0.978 to 1.102 at\\n15\u00c2\u00b0C.; in many respects resembles pine tar; imperfectly soluble in\\n95 per cent alcohol (thus differing from pine tar); perfectly sol\u00c2\u00ac\\nuble in anilin (thus differing from birch tar); a watery extract\\ndoes not give a red color when treated with anilin and hydrochl\u00c2\u00ac\\noric acid (distinguishing it from pine tar); watery extract (1.20)\\ncolored reddish by addition of very dilute (1:1000 solution of\\niron chloride (birch tar extract colored green by same solution).\\nImperfectly soluble in 95 per cent acetic acid.\\nBeech Tar\\\\ Sp. gr. 0.925 to 0.945 at 20\u00c2\u00b0 C. (68\u00c2\u00b0 F.), hence\\nfloats on water; agitated with 10 volumes of water does not color\\nthe water, but the latter becomes markedly acid and is colored\\ngreen by the addition of perchloride of iron to the water; if to 5\\nccm. of the water is added 2 drops of anilin and 4 drops of hydro\u00c2\u00ac\\nchloric acid, a yellow color reaction ensues. If one volume of\\nbeech tar be agitated with 20 volumes of petroleum ether and\\nfiltered, a clear brownish liquid is obtained which does not be\u00c2\u00ac\\ncome green when agitated with a diluted solution of copper ace\u00c2\u00ac\\ntate. Beech tar is but imperfectly soluble in oil of turpentine,\\nchloroform, and absolute ether, (vs. pine tar). Perfectly solu\u00c2\u00ac\\nble in 95 per cent acetic acid.\\nPine Tar Sp. gr. 1.02 to 1.05 at 20 C. (68\u00c2\u00b0 F.), hence sinks\\nin water if entirely free from air bubbles; shaken with 10 vol\u00c2\u00ac\\numes of water the latter becomes colored yellow (vs. beech tar)\\nand acid; the same water is turned red on the addition of iron\\nchloride (instead of green as noted under beech tar); treated\\nwith anilin and hydrochloric acid, the color passes to red; the\\npetroleum ether solution shaken with the dilute copper acetate\\nsolution (1:1000) is turned green (vs. beech tar); pine tar shaken\\nwith alcohol does not color the latter, but if it becomes cloudy\\nit points to admixture with coal tar, kerosene products, beech\\ntar, c. Perfectly soluble in 95 per cent acetic acid, chloroform\\nand absolute ether.\\nThe above tests are from the writings of Ed. Hirschsohn,\\nwell known by his examinations of wood tars.", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0436.jp2"}, "437": {"fulltext": "The Simpler Tests and Examinations in the Soap Factory. 433\\nTar in General.\\nTo test the disinfecting* power of a given specimen is a com\u00c2\u00ac\\nplicated and even then unsatisfactory undertaking, it being based\\non a determination of the guayacol percentage and the degree of\\navidity.\\nAccording to W. Adolphi a general idea of the quality of a\\ngiven tar can be obtained by the following simple procedure: 5\\nparts by weight of pure caustic are boiled up with 75 parts water;\\nto the boiling solution add 25 parts of tar and shake frequently\\nwhile cooling. The dark solution, during the course of a few\\ndays of rest in a cool place, precipitates more or less of a smeary\\nsubstance which, however, is soluble on adding more water; this\\nprecipitate is noticed in good as well as in bad tars and must\\ntherefore be considered as normal. Apart from this precipitate\\na good tar is perfectly saponifiable, but a poor specimen will\\nyield on the surface of the above preparation a layer of unsapon-\\nifiable oil, especially if the alkaline solution is further diluted\\nwith four times its volume of water, e. in a solution containing\\n1 per cent alkali and 5 per cent of tar. A slightly turbid or\\nmilky appearance is permissible.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0437.jp2"}, "438": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0438.jp2"}, "439": {"fulltext": "PART VI.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0439.jp2"}, "440": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0440.jp2"}, "441": {"fulltext": "Tables, Etc\\nCaustic Soda and Caustic Potash Required for Making, or\\nContained in Lyes, of Different Strengths.\\nLye.\\nSpecific\\nGravity.\\n100 lbs. lye contain of\\nCaustic\\nSoda.\\nCaustic\\nPotash.\\n1\u00c2\u00b0 B.\\n1.0070\\n0.61 lbs.\\n0.90 lbs.\\n5\u00c2\u00b0\\n1.0360\\n3.35\\n4.50\\n8\u00c2\u00b0\\n1.0588\\n5.29\\n7.40\\n10\u00c2\u00b0\\n1.0746\\n6.55\\n9.20\\n12\u00c2\u00b0\\n1.0909\\n8.00\\n10.90\\n15\u00c2\u00b0\\n1.1163\\n10.05\\n13.80\\n18\u00c2\u00b0\\n1.1423\\n12.64\\n16.50\\n20\u00c2\u00b0\\n1.1613\\n14.37\\n18.60\\n25\u00c2\u00b0\\n1.2101\\n18.58\\n23.30\\n30\u00c2\u00b0\\n1.2632\\n23.67\\n28.00\\n35\u00c2\u00b0\\n1.3211\\n28.83\\n32.70\\n38\u00c2\u00b0\\n1.3585\\n32.47\\n35.90\\n40\u00c2\u00b0\\n1.3846\\n34.96\\n37.80\\n45\u00c2\u00b0\\n1.4545\\n41.40\\n43.40\\n50\u00c2\u00b0\\n1.5319\\n49.00\\n49.40\\nIf these lyes are made of\\nchemically pure caustic\\nalkali the actual caustic\\ncontent is expressed by\\nthe figures.\\nIf the lyes are made of\\nlower grades the actual\\ncaustic strength is pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nportionately decreased,\\nas the grade of caustic\\nalkali is lower.\\nThe degrees on the hydro\u00c2\u00ac\\nmeter refer to a temper\u00c2\u00ac\\nature of 60\u00c2\u00b0 F. in cool\u00c2\u00ac\\ning from the boiling\\npoint to 60 F., lyes in\u00c2\u00ac\\ncrease from 4^2 to 5 B.\\nin density.\\nAukali Required for Saponification.\\nThere are required\\nfor the complete sa\u00c2\u00ac\\nponification of\\nCaustic Soda.\\nCaustic\\nPotash.\\n77*4 p.c.\\nCliern.\\nPure.\\n77 p.c.\\n76 p.c.\\n74 p.c.\\n70 p.c.\\n60 p.c.\\nChem.\\nPure.\\n100 Ibs.cocoanut oil*\\n100 tallow*.\\n17 42 lbs.\\n13.95\\n17.53 lbs.\\n14.04\\n17 76 lbs.\\n14.22\\n18.24 lbs.\\n14.61\\n19.29 lbs.\\n15.44\\n22.5 lbs.\\n18.2\\n24.4 lbs.\\n19.54\\n*These calculations are theoretical, and made on the basis of very pure fat. Fats\\nand oils that contain impurities will absorb correspondingly less al Uali. The figures for\\ngrease, cotton seed oil, and other fats (except cocoannt oil) are nearly the same as for\\ntallow. In practice for boiling soaps more alkali is required than stated above on ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncount of at least some unavoidable waste. For cold-made or half-boiled soap the above\\nproportions are substantially correct, as no lye is run away in their manufacture. Cir\u00c2\u00ac\\ncumstances, of course, figure largely in actual practice.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0441.jp2"}, "442": {"fulltext": "438\\nTables, Etc.\\nTemperature of Wet Steam at Various Degrees of Pressure.\\nAs the pressure in the steam boiler rises the temperature of\\nthe steam is increased, so that for operations intended to evapo\u00c2\u00ac\\nrate considerable water from the soap an increased steam pressure\\ngives the fastest result.\\nTp:mperature. Pressure.\\nDegrees F.\\n32.\\n212\\n248.\\n275..\\n293.\\n311.\\n320.\\n428.\\nlb. per sq. inch.\\n.08\\n14.70\\n28.83\\n45.49\\n60.40\\n79.03\\n89.86\\n.336.30\\nExpansion of Oils by Heat.\\nWhen the quantity of oils and fats run into the kettle is re\u00c2\u00ac\\ngulated by measurement, the temperature of the stock is a not\\nunimportant item, as in common with other liquids, oils expand by\\nheat so much that, for instance, 1,000 gallons of oil at 32\u00c2\u00b0 F. will\\nmake 1,018 to 1,025 gallons at 75 c F., according to the kind of oil.\\nThis expansion is therefore more considerable in fats and\\noils than in ordinary fluids.\\nMetric Weights and Measures.\\n1 Hectoliter (100 litres) 26,4175 U. S. gallons.\\n1 Liter 2,1134 American pints (=61.024\\ncubic inches.)\\n1 Kilogram (1000 grams) 2,205 lbs. avoirdupois.\\n1 Oram 15,4384 grains.\\n1 Kilometer (1000 meters) 0,62138 mile.\\n1 Meter 39,3795 American inches.\\n1 cubic centimeter (c. c.) 16.23 minims.\\nThe prefixes used in the metric system have the following\\nmeaning:\\nKilo\u00e2\u0080\u0094meaning one thousand.\\nHecto\u00e2\u0080\u0094meaning one hundred.\\nDeka\u00e2\u0080\u0094meaning ten.\\nDeci\u00e2\u0080\u0094meaning one-tenth.\\nCenti\u00e2\u0080\u0094meaning one-hundredth.\\nMilli\u00e2\u0080\u0094meaning one-thousandth.", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0442.jp2"}, "443": {"fulltext": "Tables, Etc.\\n439\\nAvoirdupois Weight.\\n1 lb. 16 ounces 256 drachms.\\n1 ounce 16 drachms.\\nThe pound avoirdupois equals 7000 grains in weight. There\\nis no grain in the avoirdupois weight\u00e2\u0080\u0094as found in some tables\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nbut only one uniform grain (that of the troy weight) exists.\\nTroy (Apothecaries\u00e2\u0080\u0099) Weight. (U. S.)\\n1 pound-12 ounces 96 drachms 288 scruples 5760 grains.\\n1 ounce 8 drachms 24 scruples 480 grains.\\n1 drachm 3 scruples 60 grains.\\n1 scruple 20 grains.\\nWine (Apothecaries\u00e2\u0080\u0099) Measure. (U. S.)\\nThe U. S. gallon contains 231 cubic inches and equals\\n0.83292 British gallon.\\n1 gallon 8 pints 128 fl. ozs. 1024 fl. drachms= 61440 minims.\\n1 pint 16 fl. ozs. 128 fl. drachms 7689 minims.\\n1 fl. oz. 8 fl. drachms 480 minims.\\n1 fl. drachm 60 minims.\\nImperial Measure.\\nThe Imperial (British) gallon contains 277.27384 cubic inches\\nand equals 1 gallon 1 pint 9 fl. oz. 5 fl. drs. and 8 minims of the\\nUnited States gallons.\\n1 gallon 8 pints=160 fl. ozs.=1280 fl. drachms=76800 minims.\\n1 pint 20 fl. oz. 160 fl. drachms= 9600 minims.\\n1 fl. oz. 8 fl. drachms= 480 minims.\\n1 fl. drachm 60 minims.\\nTHE THERMOMETER.\\nThe thermometric scales chiefly in use are those of Fahren\u00c2\u00ac\\nheit, Celsius (better known as the \u00e2\u0080\u009cCentigrade\u00e2\u0080\u009d scale), and\\nReaumur, in which the interval between the normal freezing and\\nboiling points of water is respectively divided into 180, 100, and\\n80 degrees. The Reaumur scale is but little used except in some\\nparts of Germany. The several degrees compare with each\\nother in this manner:", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0443.jp2"}, "444": {"fulltext": "440\\nTables, Etc.\\n1\u00c2\u00b0 F. *55\u00c2\u00b0 C. or *44\u00c2\u00b0 R.\\n1\u00c2\u00b0 C. 1*80\u00c2\u00b0 F. or *80\u00c2\u00b0 R.\\n1\u00c2\u00b0 R. 2-25\u00c2\u00b0 F. or 1*25\u00c2\u00b0 C.\\nThe zero of both the Centigrade and Reaumur scales is placed\\nat the freezing point of water, while with Fahrenheit\u00e2\u0080\u0099s thermom\u00c2\u00ac\\neter 0\u00c2\u00b0 comes 32 degrees below, hence in converting any temper\u00c2\u00ac\\nature on one scale to its equivalent on another, one of the\\nfollowing methods must be adopted:\\nA given temperature in Centigrade deg. divide by 5 multiply\\nby 9 add 32. The result is temperature in Fahrenheit deg.\\nA given temperature in Centigrade deg. divide by 5 multiply\\nby 4. The result is temp, in Reaumur deg.\\nA given temperature in Fahrenheit deg. 32 divide by 9\\nmultiply by 5. The result is temp, in Centigrade deg.\\nA given temperature in Fahrenheit deg. 32 divide by 9\\nmultiply by 4. The result is temp, in Reaumur deg.\\nA given temperature in Reaumur deg. divide by 4 multiply\\nby 9 add 32 equals temp, in Fahrenheit deg.\\nA given temperature in Reaumur deg. divide by 4 multiply\\nby 5. The result is temp, in Centigrade deg.\\nIt is, as a rule, only Centigrade and Fahrenheit degrees with\\nwhich temperature are marked in this country.\\nTABLE SHOWING CENTIGRADE DEGREES AND THEIR\\nEQUIVALENT ON FAHRENHEIT\u00e2\u0080\u0099S SCALE.\\nFor the ready conversion of Centigrade into Fahrenheit de\u00c2\u00ac\\ngrees, the following table will be useful.\\nFok Temperatures Below the Freezing Point of Water.\\nc.\\nF.\\nC.\\nF.\\nC.\\nF.\\nC.\\nF.\\nC.\\nF.\\nc.\\nF.\\n-4-\\no\\n0\\no\\no\\no\\no\\no\\no\\no\\no\\no\\no\\n40\\n40*0\\n33\\n27*4\\n26\\n14*8\\n19\\n2*2\\n15 5-0\\n19*4\\n39\\n38*2\\n32\\n25*6\\n25\\n13*0\\n18\\n0*4\\n14 6*8\\n6\\n21*2\\n38\\n36*4\\n31\\n23*8\\n24\\n11*2\\n17*778 0*0\\n13 8*6\\n5\\n23*0\\n37\\n34*6\\n30\\n22*0\\n23\\n9*4\\n12 10*4\\n4\\n24-8\\n36\\n32-8\\n29\\n20-2\\n22\\n7*6\\no\\n11 12*2\\n3\\n26*6\\n35\\n31*0\\n28\\n18*4\\n21\\n5*8\\n17\\n1*4\\n10 14*0\\n2\\n28*4\\n34\\n29*2\\n27\\n16*6\\n20\\n4*0\\n16\\n3*2\\n9 15*8\\n8 17*6\\n1\\n0\\n30*2\\n32*0", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0444.jp2"}, "445": {"fulltext": "Tables, Etc.\\n441\\nFor Temperatures Above the Freezing Point of Water.\\nc.\\nF.\\nc.\\nF.\\nC. F.\\nC. F.\\nC. F.\\nc.\\nF.\\no\\no\\no\\no\\no o\\no o\\no o\\no\\no\\n1\\n33*8\\n68\\n154.4\\n135 275-0\\n202 395*6\\n269 516-2\\n336\\n636*8\\n2\\n35*6\\n69\\n156*2\\n136 276-8\\n203 397*4\\n270 518*0\\n337\\n638*6\\n3\\n37*4\\n70\\n158*0\\n137 278*6\\n204 399*2\\n271 519*8\\n338\\n640*4\\n4\\n39-2\\n71\\n159*8\\n138 280*4\\n205 401*0\\n272 521*6\\n339\\n642*2\\n5\\n41-0\\n72\\n161*6\\n139 282*2\\n206 402*8\\n273 523*4\\n340\\n644*0\\n6\\n42*8\\n73\\n163*4\\n140 284*0\\n207 404*6\\n274 525-2\\n341\\n645*8\\n7\\n44*6\\n74\\n165*2\\n141 285*8\\n208 406*4\\n275 527 -0\\n342\\n647*6\\n8\\n46\u00e2\u0080\u00994\\n75\\n167*0\\n142 287*6\\n209 408*2\\n276 528*8\\n343\\n649*4\\n9\\n48*2\\n76\\n168*8\\n143 289*4\\n210 410*0\\n277 530-6\\n344\\n651-2\\n10\\n50*0\\n77\\n1706\\n144 291*2\\n211 411*8\\n278 532*4\\n345\\n653*0\\n11\\n5P8\\n78\\n172*4\\n145 293-0\\n212 413*6\\n279 534*2\\n346\\n654*8\\n12\\n53-6\\n79\\n174-2\\n146 294*8\\n213 415*4\\n280 536*0\\n347\\n656*6\\n13\\n55*4\\n80\\n176-0\\n147 296*6\\n214 417*2\\n281 537-8\\n348\\n658*4\\n14\\n57-2\\n81\\n177-8\\n148 298*4\\n215 419*0\\n282 539 6\\n349\\n660-2\\n15\\n59*0\\n82\\n179-6\\n149 300*2\\n216 420-8\\n283 541*4\\n350\\n662*0\\n16\\n60-8\\n83\\n181-4\\n150 302*0\\n217 422-6\\n284 543-2\\n351\\n663*8\\n17\\n62-6\\n84\\n183*2\\n151 303-8\\n218 424*4\\n285 545-0\\n352\\n665*6\\n18\\n64*4\\n85\\n185*0\\n152 305-6\\n219 426*2\\n286 546*8\\n353\\n667*4\\n19\\n66*2\\n86\\n186-8\\n153 307-4\\n220 428 0\\n287 548*6\\n354\\n669-2\\n20\\n68*0\\n87\\n188-6\\n154 309*2\\n221 429*8\\n288 550*4\\n355\\n671-0\\n21\\n69-8\\n88\\n190*4\\n155 311*0\\n222 431-6\\n289 552.2\\n356\\n672*8\\n22\\n7P6\\n89\\n192-2\\n156 312-8\\n223 433*4\\n290 554*0\\n357\\n674-6\\n23\\n73-4\\n90\\n194*0\\n157 314-6\\n224 435*2\\n291 555-8\\n358\\n676*4\\n24\\n75*2\\n91\\n195-8\\n158 316*4\\n225 437*0\\n292 557-6\\n359\\n678*2\\n25\\n77*0\\n92\\n197-6\\n1 159 318*2\\n226 438*8\\n293 559*4\\n360\\n680*0\\n26\\n78*8\\n93\\n199-4\\n160 320*0\\n227 440*6\\n294 561-2\\n361\\n681*8\\n27\\n80-6\\n94\\n201*2\\n161 321-8\\n228 442*4\\n295 563*0\\n362\\n683*6\\n28\\n82-4\\n95\\n203*0\\n162 323*6\\n229 444*2\\n296 564*8\\n363\\n685*4\\n29\\n84*2\\n96\\n204*8\\n163 325*4\\n230 446*0\\n297 566*6\\n364\\n687*2\\n30\\n86*0\\n97\\n206*6\\n164 327 -2\\n231 447*8\\n298 568*4\\n365\\n689*0\\n31\\n87-8\\n98\\n208*4\\n165 329-0\\n232 449*6\\n299 570-2\\n366\\n690*8\\n32\\n89-6\\n99\\n210*2\\n166 330-8\\n233 451-4\\n300 572*0\\n367\\n692-6\\n33\\n91*4\\n100\\n212-0\\n167 332 6\\n234 453-2\\n301 573*8\\n368\\n694*4\\n34\\n93*2\\n101\\n213*8\\n168 334*4\\n235 455-0\\n302 575*6\\n369\\n696-2\\n35\\n95*0\\n102\\n215-6\\n169 336*2\\n236 456-8\\n303 577-4\\n370\\n698*0\\n36\\n96-8\\n103\\n217*4\\n170 338*0\\n237 458-6\\n304 579*2\\n371\\n699-8\\n37\\n98*6\\n104\\n219*2\\n171 339-8\\n238 460*4\\n305 581*0\\n372\\n701*6\\n38\\n100*4\\n105\\n221*0\\n172 341-6\\n239 462*2\\n306 582-8\\n373\\n703-4\\n39\\n102*2\\n106\\n222-8\\n173 343*4\\n240 464*0\\n307 584*6\\n374\\n705-2\\n40\\n104*0\\n107\\n224*6\\n174 345-2\\n241 465*8\\n308 586*4\\n375\\n707-0\\n41\\n105-8\\n108\\n226-4\\n175 347-0\\n242 467*6\\n309 588-2\\n1\\n376\\n708*8", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0445.jp2"}, "446": {"fulltext": "442\\nTables, Etc.\\nC. F.\\n42\\n107-6\\n43\\n109-4\\n44\\n111-2\\n45\\n113*0\\n46\\n114-8\\n47\\n116-6\\n48\\n118-4\\n49\\n120-2\\n50\\n122*0\\n51\\n123*8\\n52\\n125*6\\n53\\n127-4\\n54\\n129-2\\n55\\n131-0\\n56\\n00\\nCO\\nH\\n57\\n134-6\\n58\\n136-4\\n59\\n138-2\\n60\\n140-0\\n61\\n141*8\\n62\\n143*6\\n63\\n145-4\\n64\\n147-2\\n65\\n148-0\\n66\\n150-8\\n67\\n152-6\\nC. F.\\n109\\n228-2\\n110\\n230-0\\n111\\n231-8\\n112\\n233*6\\n113\\n235-4\\n114\\n237-2\\n115\\n239-0\\n116\\n240-8\\n117\\n242-6\\n118\\n244-4\\n119\\n246*2\\n120\\n248-0\\n121\\n249-8\\n122\\n251-6\\n123\\n253*4\\n124\\n255*2\\n125\\n257*0\\n126\\n258-8\\n127\\n260-6\\n128\\n262 -4\\n129\\n264*2\\n130\\n266-0\\n131\\n267-8\\n132\\n269-6\\n133\\n271-4\\n134\\n273-2\\nC. F.\\n176 348*8\\n177 350*6\\n178 352-4\\n179 354-2\\n180 356-0\\n181 357-8\\n182 359-6\\n183 361-4\\n184 363-2\\n185 365-0\\n186 366*8\\n187 368-6\\n188 370-4\\n189 372-2\\n190 374-0\\n191 375-8\\n192 377-6\\n193 379-4\\n194 381-2\\n195 383-0\\n196 384-8\\n197 386*6\\n198 388-4\\n199 390-2\\n200 392-0\\n201 393-8\\nC- F.\\n243 469*4\\n244 471-2\\n245 473-0\\n246 474-8\\n247 476-6\\n248 478-4\\n249 480-2\\n250 482-0\\n251 483 8\\n252 485*6\\n253 487-4\\n254 489-2\\n255 491-0\\n256 492-8\\n257 494-6\\n258 496*4\\n259 498*2\\n260 500-0\\n261 501-8\\n2b2 503-6\\n263 505-4\\n264 507-2\\n265 509-0\\n266 510*8\\n267 512-6\\n268 514-4\\nC. F.\\n310 590-0\\n311 591 *8\\n312 593*6\\n313 595*4\\n314 597-2\\n315 599*0\\n316 600*8\\n317 602*6\\n318 604*4\\n319 606-2\\n320 608*0\\n321 609*8\\n322 611-6\\n323 613-4\\n324 615-2\\n325 617-0\\n326 618-8\\n327 620-6\\n328 622-4\\n329 624-2\\n330 626-0\\n331 627*8\\n332 629-6\\n333 631-4\\n334 633-2\\n335 635*0\\nC. F.\\n377 710-6\\n378 712-4-\\n379 714-2\\n380 716-0\\n381 717-8\\n382 719-6\\n383 721-4\\n384 723-2\\n385 725-0\\n386 726-8\\n387 728*6\\n388 730*4\\n389 732*2\\n390 734-0\\n391 735*8\\n392 737*6\\n393 739-4\\n394 741-2\\n395 743-0\\n396 744-8\\n397 746-6\\n398 748-4\\n399 750-2\\n400 752-0\\n450 842-0\\n500 932-0", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0446.jp2"}, "447": {"fulltext": "Appendix.\\nIntroduction.\\nNot only is the formation of soap from fats and alkali a true\\nchemical process, and therefore best explained by reference to\\nthe fundamental principles of chemistry, but the numerous raw\\nmaterials employed, and the various stages of manufacture also\\noffer many opportunities for profitable as well as interesting\\nchemical observation. In late years soap makers have more and\\nmore taken up the study of this science, and with so good results\\nthat whereas the manufacture of soap was once enshrouded in\\nmysteries, the soap maker of to-day at least understands the reas\u00c2\u00ac\\nons underlying the facts that come daily under his practical ob\u00c2\u00ac\\nservation. Formerly, attempts were numerous to improve the\\nart of soap making by new processes, the impossibility of which\\nwould have been plain at once to every chemist; but in their\\nstead chemistry has made possible improvements which, without\\nthis science, would undoubtedly never have been thought of.\\nThe manufacture of soda ash and caustic soda from salt, and\\nthe recovery of glycerin from spent lyes, are notable examples of\\nthis fact.\\nIt is undoubtedly possible to be a practical soap maker with\u00c2\u00ac\\nout understanding even the first principles of chemistry, but it\\nis also safe to predict that every practical soap maker would be\\nless dependent on chance and would acquire a much clearer knowl\u00c2\u00ac\\nedge of his calling by familiarizing himself with chemistry, at\\nleast sufficiently to thoroughly understand those principles on\\nwhich soap making is based.\\nThe foregoing pages have been written with a view to cover\\nthe requirements of practical soap makers, whether they have\\nany knowledge of chemistry or not, and it is not within the pro-", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0447.jp2"}, "448": {"fulltext": "444\\nAppendix.\\nvince of this book to teach the rudiments of that science. But\\nmany of the facts pointed out in these pages will acquire greater\\nsignificance and be more distinctly understood by the reader\\nwhen viewed in the light of the teachings of chemistry.\\nNot only is this science of great use in aiding the practical\\nmanufacturer to properly understand his work, but it also gives\\nhim the means of conducting practical operations, and, in fact,\\nhis entire business to better advantage: It enables him to de\u00c2\u00ac\\ntect adulterations in the raw materials, to discover and remedy\\nthe causes of occasional irregularities in his work, to avoid waste,\\nto work out improvements, and last, but not least, it places him\\nin a position to judge intelligently of the practical value of new\\nmaterials and methods.\\n4* f* t* f\\nNote 1:\\nAlkalies are the oxides of the so-called \u00e2\u0080\u009calkali metals,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nthese being the metals that oxidize readily in the air, are lighter\\nthan water, and decompose the latter at ordinary temperatures\\nwith the liberation of hydrogen and the simultaneous formation\\nof their hydroxides. [In the case of ammonia (NH 3 it is con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsidered that, when dissolved in water, it forms the hydroxide N\\nH 4 HO in which the radical \u00e2\u0080\u009cammonium\u00e2\u0080\u009d (NH,) is of metallic\\ncharacter in its chemical behavior.] These alkalies are the\\nstrongest bases known and unite with water to form \u00e2\u0080\u009chydrates,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\ni. e. the caustic alkalies.\\nAlkaline Earths may be defined as oxides of certain metals\\n(called the alkaline earth metals), namely of calcium, strontium,\\nand barium; magnesium may also be included in the group, al\u00c2\u00ac\\nthough it has very little of an alkaline character. They derive\\ntheir name from the fact that they resemble on one hand the\\noxides of the alkali metals, and on the other hand arrange them\u00c2\u00ac\\nselves with the true earths.\\nNote 2:\\nAlmost all fats and oils are \u00e2\u0080\u009cglycerides,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or ethers of glyce-\\nrin. Glycerin is an alcohol, for the alcohols are those compounds\\nthat are formed when the radical HO is substituted for one or\\nmore atoms H in a compound of hydrogen and carbon; thus the\\nhydrocarbon ethane, C 2 H 6 forms the ordinary alcohol C 2 H 5 HO\\nin the manner stated. Similarly the substitution of three atoms", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0448.jp2"}, "449": {"fulltext": "Appendix.\\n445\\n\u00c2\u00b0f H by as many groups HO in the hydrocarbon C 3 H\u00e2\u0080\u009e forms the\\nalcohol glycerin, C 3 H 3 (HO) 3 The alcohols therefore are the hy\u00c2\u00ac\\ndrates of the alcoholic radicals. Some fish oils contain ether-like\\ncompounds of a different alcohol, Cetyl-alcohol; wool fat con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntains the ether of cholesterin. Ethers may be simple or com\u00c2\u00ac\\npound, the simple ethers being- the oxides of the alcoholic radi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncals, formed by the action of acids on the alcohols, thus:\\nC H 5 HO\\nc 2 h 5\\n5 1 o\\nc 2 h 5 i u\\nforms\\nEthyl hydrate alcohol. Ethyl oxide ether.\\nThe compound ethers are formed by the double decomposi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of an acid and an alcohol, as in the following example:\\nO\\nEthyl Nitric Water Nitric\\nhydrate acid ether\\nFrom the action of fatty acids on glycerin in this manner\\nthe compound ethers, which constitute the fats and oils, are de\u00c2\u00ac\\nrived, thus:\\nC 2 H 5 n NO, n _H n N0 2\\nH f j C 2 H 5 j\\n3C 18 H 35 0 I C 3 H 5 ^_3H j q T (Ci 8 H 35 0) 3\\nH|\u00c2\u00b0+ H 3 i\u00c2\u00b0 3 -Hf U C 3 H 5 i 3\\nStearic acid Glycerin Water Stearin\\nThis reaction may be actually obtained by heating for 3b\\nhours, in a closed tube, certain parts of glycerin and stearic acid\\nNote 3:\\nThe organic acids may be considered as derived from the\\nalcohols (as indeed occurs in making vinegar [\u00e2\u0080\u0094acetic acid],\\nwhich belongs to the fatty acids\u00e2\u0080\u0094from alcohol), by replacing O\\nfor H 2\\nC 2 H 6 0 C, HA\\nAlcohol Acetic acid\\nNote 4:\\nThe formation of soap and separation of glycerin on boiling\\na fat with caustic lye is represented by the following equation:\\n(C 18 H 35 0) 3 q _ 3C 18 H 35 0 I q C 3 H 5 q\\nC 3 H 5 j O^+^NaOH\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Na f U H 3 J\\nStearin Caustic soda Sodium stearate Glycerin\\n(Soap)", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0449.jp2"}, "450": {"fulltext": "446\\nAppendix.\\nNote 5:\\nThe decomposition, by water, of neutral soap into a mix\u00c2\u00ac\\nture of alkaline and of acid soap, may be illustrated by the fol\u00c2\u00ac\\nlowing\\n3(C 18 H 35 0 2 Na)+H0=C 18 H350. 2 Na0HNa+C 18 H3 5 0,NaC 18 H360 2\\nNote 6:\\nThe principal fatty acids are the following\\nFound principally in:\\nC 4 H s 0 2 .Butter.\\nCi 2 H 24 0 2 .Cocoanut oil.\\nc 1( h 28 o 2\\nC 16 H 32 0 2 .Lard, tallow, palm oil.\\nC 18 H i6 0 2 .Lard, tallow.\\nc 18 h 34 o.\\nC ]6 H 26 0 2 .Linseed oil.\\nButyric acid\\nLaurie acid\\nMyristic acid\\nPalmitic acid\\nStearic acid\\nOleic acid\\nLinoleic acid\\nRicinoleic acid C 1S H 34 C 3 .Castor oil.\\nNote 7:\\nThe influences at work in turning fats rancid have been\\nmade a study by many eminent investigators, but no final con\u00c2\u00ac\\nclusion has been reached. It has been held\u00e2\u0080\u0094by Liebig and\\nothers\u00e2\u0080\u0094that the foreign admixtures, such as albumen, mucous,\\netc., in a fat acted as a kind of ferment; others considered that\\nthe impurities merely attract oxygen and yield it to the fats; ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncording to another view (by Berthelot) moisture is the first cause\\nof rancidity; and Virchow and others ascribe it to the action of\\ncertain micro-organisms. Ed. Ritsert, by a series of experiments,\\nfound that when the air is excluded sterilized lard will not turn\\nrancid, even if it contains moisture, and is subjected to sunlight.\\nNor did it become rancid when exposed to the air and the light\\nexcluded When exposed to hath sunlight and air the lard turned\\ndistinctly rancid within a week, but no bacteria could be found\\nin the fat. It may occur that micro-organisms are found in ran\u00c2\u00ac\\ncid fat, as in so many other substances, but when such organ\u00c2\u00ac\\nisms were introduced into sterilized lard and the latter exposed\\nto the sun, it developed more free fatty acids and yet the micro\u00c2\u00ac\\norganisms died. It seems to be established by these trials that\\nsunlight and air together are able to cause rancidity of fats, and\\nthat micro-organisms are not concerned in the change. Ferments\\nalso do not seem to take part in it, for sterilized fat that had", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0450.jp2"}, "451": {"fulltext": "Appendix.\\n447\\nbeen heated to a temperature at which all known ferments are\\nkilled, turned rancid after exposure to light and sterilized air or\\noxygen, F at freed from moisture turned even more rancid than\\nfat charged with it, so that moisture does not appear to be so\\nimportant a factor in the process as was supposed.\\nNote 8:\\nSodium oxide and water combine according to the following\\nformula to form caustic soda:\\nNa 2 0+H 2 0=2Na0H,\\nand according to the atomic weights (Na=23, 0=16, H=l) it\\nfollows that 62 parts NaO and 18 parts water, form 80 parts sodi\u00c2\u00ac\\num hydrate.\\nNote 9:\\nThe decomposition of soap by salts contained in hard water\\nis shown by the following formula:\\n2C 18 H :!5 Na0. 2 +CaH 2 (C0 3 2 =Ca(C 18 H 35 0 2 l +2NaHC0;\\nSodium Calcium Calcium Sodium\\nstearate bicarbonate stearate bicarbonate\\nNote 10:\\nCaustic soda or lime are frequently employed to soften hard\\nwater when the hardness is caused by carbonates; the reaction\\nwhich reduces the hardness is as follows:\\nCa H 2 (CO.t) 2 +Ca (OH 2 =2CaC0 3 +2 FLO,\\nCalcium Calcium Calcium Water\\nbicarbonate hydrate carbonate\\nThe bicarbonate of lime causing the hardness is by this re\u00c2\u00ac\\naction changed into the insoluble carbonate, which precipitates.\\nNote 11:\\nThe reaction taking place in separating a potash soap by\\nmeans of salt is a double decomposition, the hydrochloric acid of\\nthe salt combining with the potash, and the fatty acids combin\u00c2\u00ac\\ning with the soda. When carbonate of potash is added to a soda\\nsoap, some potash soap and carbonate of soda is formed. Both\\nchanges are due to the fact that when both soda and potash are\\npresent, combined with two acids, the potash has a tendency to\\ncombine with the stronger acid. Hydrochloric acid is stronger\\nthan fatty acids, and these are stronger than carbonic acid. How\u00c2\u00ac\\never, when only fatty acids are present, and the soda and pot-", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0451.jp2"}, "452": {"fulltext": "448\\nAppendix.\\nash are both caustic, they seem to combine with equal preference\\nfor the several fatty acids.\\nNote 12:\\nThe formula for both, silvic and pinic acid is C 2() H 30 O,, they\\nbeing- isomeric.\\nNote 13:\\nSoda ash and potash are made caustic by the action of quick\u00c2\u00ac\\nlime by the withdrawal of carbonic acid, as follows:\\nNa 2 C0 3 Ca (H0) 2 ==CaC0 3 +2Na HO:\\nCarb. soda Calcium Calcium Caustic soda\\nHydrate Carbonate\\nNote 14:\\nThe decomposition of fat by means of heat and water (steam)\\ninto fatty acids and glycerin (compare also Note 2) is effected\\naccording to the following formula:\\nC 3 H 5 f Ua Hi U H 3 f\\nStearin Water Stearic acid Glycerin\\nThis reaction, it will be noticed, is very similar to that by\\nwhich soap is formed when lye is employed instead of water, as\\nexplained in Note 4.\\nNote 15:\\nj\\nSoda ash and soda crystals consist essentially of carbonate\\nof soda. The soda ash is anhydrous, and may be of very vari\u00c2\u00ac\\nable degrees of purity; the crystals are obtained by crystallizing\\nthem out from a strong solution of soda ash in water and are\\nmuch purer than the soda ash from which they are made, but the\\nalkali in them is combined with water of crystallization.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cCaustic soda ash\u00e2\u0080\u009d is a carbonate of soda containing a pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nportion (more or less) of caustic soda. Ordinary ash contains\\nbut little caustic. Crystallized soda contains about 63 per cent\\nof water and 37 per cent of carbonate of soda. The impurities\\nof soda ash made by the Leblanc process of alkali manufacture\\nconsist chiefly of sulphate of soda, silicate of soda, common salt,\\ncaustic soda, carbonate of lime, sand, iron, etc. The product of\\nthe Ammonia process is very much purer, and free from caustic\\nsoda.", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0452.jp2"}, "453": {"fulltext": "Appendix.\\n449\\nNote 16:\\nFats consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, in about the\\nfollowing- proportions (varying with the kind of fat): Carbon\\n78 parts, hydrogen 12 parts, oxygen 10 parts.\\nNote 17:\\nThe crystals of sal soda formed by the process as described\\nin the chapter devoted to that subject have the composition\\nNa s COs+ 10H 2 O; in hot weather Na 2 C0 3 -{-8H 2 0 may form instead.\\nNote 18:\\nCarbonate of lime has the composition Ca C0 3 when burnt\\nit becomes CaO; on adding water to the latter there forms the\\nhydrate CaH 2 0 2\\nNote 19:\\nThe reaction of caustic soda and ammonium chloride is ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npressed as follows:\\nNH 4 C1 -f NaOH NaCl NH 3 1I 2 0\\nAmm. chloride Caustic soda Sodium chloride Ammonia Water.\\nIn the case of ammonium sulphate the reaction is:\\n2(NH 4 )S0 4 2NaOH Na 2 S0 4 2NH 3 2H 2 0\\nAmm. sulphate Caustic soda Amm. sulphate Ammonia Water.\\nAnalogous reactions occur also with carbonate of soda in\\nplace of the caustic.\\nNote 20:\\nThe development of oxygen from the reaction of acids on bi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncarbonate of potash (or soda) is exemplified by the following:\\nK 2 Cr 3 0 7 4H 2 S0 4 K 2 S0 4 Cr 3 (S0 4 3 4 H 4 0+30\\nPot. Bichromate Sulph. acid Pot. Sulph. Chr. alum Water Oxygen.", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0453.jp2"}, "454": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0454.jp2"}, "455": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\nAdulteration of fats and oils. 35\\nAlcohol. 84\\nAlcohol test as to its origin. 413\\nAlkalies. 23, 72\\nAlkali required for saponification. 437\\nAlmond oil. 66\\nAllspice oil. 320\\nAlum. 83\\nAmbergris. 321\\nAmbrette seed. 321\\nAnethol. 321\\nAnise Aldehyde. 321\\nAnise oil.;. 321\\nAntiseptic shaving soap. 370\\nAppendix. 443\\nArrangement of factory. 87\\nArtificial colors and shades. 314\\nArtificially figged Soap. 247\\nArtificial oil sassafras. 321\\nArtificial oil wintergreen. 321\\nAubepine. 322\\nAvoirdupois weight. 439\\nBalsams. 322\\nBay oil. 322\\nBenzoin. 322\\nBergamot oil. 322\\nBirch oil. 322\\nBitter almond oil. 323\\nBleaching cocoanut oil. 50\\ngrease. 46\\nlinseed oil. 62\\npalm oil. 53\\nrosin. 69\\nsoap. 61\\ntallow.. 43", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0455.jp2"}, "456": {"fulltext": "452\\nIndex.\\nPage.\\nBlue mottled. 229\\nBoiled-down soap....180, 211\\nBoiled shaving soap. 3(59\\nBoiling process.181, 249\\nBoiling down. 215, 221\\nBorax. 82\\nBorax tests for earthy impurities. 414\\nalum.. 414\\ncarbonates and sulphates. 414\\nsalt. 415\\nsoda. 415\\nBunching.188, 218\\nCananga oil. 324\\nCaraway seed oil. 324\\nCaraway chaff oil. 324\\nCarbolic soap. 294\\nCarbolic soap. 375\\nCare of the dies. 353\\nCassia oil. 324\\nCassie oil. 324\\nCastor oil. 63\\nCausticizing alkali. 95\\nCaustic grades of Lye. 72, 74\\nCaustic soda required for making lye. 437\\nCedar wood oil. 324\\nChipper. 164\\nChipping the soap. 307\\nCinnamon oil. 325\\nCitron oil.,. 325\\nCitronella oil. 325\\nCivet. 325\\nClove oil. 325\\nCocoanut oil. 48\\nCocoanut oil soap filled with salt solution. 287\\nCold made shaving soap. 368\\nCold process.180, 269\\nColoring. 284\\nColoring soap. 228\\nColoring and perfuming. 313\\nColoring.;_ 313\\nCompounding perfume. 319\\nConnection with kettles. Ill\\nCopaiba Balsam. 325\\nCorn oil.,.\u00e2\u0080\u0099. 65\\nCottonseed oil. 57 _\\nCotton Stearin. 60\\nCottonseed foots. 60\\nCoumarin. 30(5", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0456.jp2"}, "457": {"fulltext": "Index,\\nCrown soap.\\nCrutchers..\\nCrystal transparent soap.\\nCutters.\\nDecomposition by graining-.\\nDetergents, various..\\nDies.\\nDill oil.\\nDrying apparatus.\\nEarly method of milling.\\nEffect of soap in washing.\\nvarious fats on soap.\\nvarious lyes on soap.\\nwater in washing.\\nEschweger.\\nEschweger III.\\nEssential oils.\\nEucalyptus oil.\\nEugenol.\\nExpansion of oils by heat\\nFats and Fatty acids.\\nFats and oils.\\nFennel.-.\\nFigged soap.\\nFilled cocoanut oil soap.\\nFilling.\\nFilling materials.\\nFish oil.\\nFloating soap.\\nFormation of soap...\\nFormulas for various cold made soaps.\\nF rames.\\nFraming.\\nFree fatty acids in fat.\\nFuller\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Earth.\\nFuller s fat.\\nGall soap.\\nGaultheria..\\nGeraniol.\\nGeranium oil.\\nGerman Mottled.\\nGinger grass oil.\\nGlycerin.\\nGlycerin and its recovery from waste lye\\nGlycerin lime in.\\nadulterated..\\namount of in waste lye.\\nGlycerin soap.\\nPage.\\n243\\n116\\n364\\n135\\n255\\n29\\n149\\n326\\n141\\n304\\n28\\n34\\n74, 76, 78, 227\\n28\\n223\\n229\\n415\\n326\\n326\\n438\\n24, 31\\n419\\n326\\n245\\n287\\n283\\n79, 200, 201\\n64\\n.179, 264, 357\\n25\\n286\\n127\\n197, 207, 217\\n422\\n83\\n65\\n326\\n326\\n327\\n212\\n327\\n422\\n395\\n422\\n422\\n423\\n290", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0457.jp2"}, "458": {"fulltext": "454\\nIndex.\\nGlycerin transparent soap...\\nGraining.\\nGrease.\\nGuaiacum wood oil.\\nHalf boiling process.\\nHalf boiled shaving soap....\\nHalf boiled tooth soap.\\nHand stamps.\\nHard soap.\\nHard water soap...\\nHarness soap.\\nHeliotropine.\\nHorse fat.\\nImperial measure.\\nInfusorial Earth.\\nJonone.\\nKettle connections.\\nKettles.\\nKuro-moji oil.\\nLanolin.\\nLanolin soap.\\nLard.\\nLaundry soap.\\nLaundry soaps.\\nLaurie acid.\\nLavender...\\nLemon grass oil.\\nLemon oil.\\nLilacine.\\nLime.\\nLime oil...\\nLinaloe oil.\\nLinalool.\\nLinoleic acid.\\nLinseed oil...\\nLye.\\nLye apparatus.\\nLye tank.\\nMace oil.\\nMarbled castile.\\nMarbling.\\nMargaric acid.\\nMarjoram oil.\\nMedical soap.\\nMelissa oil.\\nMelting trough.\\nMetal polishing soap.\\nMetric weights and measures\\nPage.\\n364\\n190\\n45\\n327\\n.181, 257\\n369\\n372\\n162\\n381\\n179\\n374\\n327\\n66\\n439\\n83\\n327\\nIll\\n101\\n327\\n63\\n291\\n47\\n137\\n291\\n33\\n327\\n329\\n328\\n329\\n85\\n329\\n.329\\n329\\n33\\n62\\n71, 73, 226, 237, 275, 277\\n95\\n89\\n329\\n219\\n284\\n33\\n330\\n387\\n330\\n98\\n374\\n438", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0458.jp2"}, "459": {"fulltext": "Index.\\n455\\nPage\\nMill. 165\\nMilled soap. 182\\nMilled soaps. 303\\nMilled tooth soap. 372\\nMilling process. 307\\nMineral soap stock.\u00e2\u0080\u0099. 82\\nMirbane. 330\\nMixing and saponification. 221\\nModification of Eschweger. 232\\nMosaic soap. 295\\nMusk. 330\\nMyrcia. 330\\nMyristic acid. 33\\nNatural color of soap.. 314\\nNature of soap. 23\\nNeroli. 331\\nNerolin. 331\\nNigre. 201\\nNutmeg oil. 331\\nOenantkic ether. 331\\nOleic acid. 6G, 213\\nOleic acid. 33\\nOlibanum oil. 331\\nOlive oil. 56\\nOlive oil foots.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2. 56\\nOpoponax oil. 331\\nOrange oil. 331\\nOriganum oil. 331\\nOrris root. 332\\nOrris root oil. 332\\nPalmarosa. 332\\nPalmitic acid. 33\\nPalm Kernel oil..... 55\\nPalm oil. 51\\nPatchouly oil. 332\\nPeanut oil. 64\\nPeppermint oil.332\\nPerfumes for laundry soap. 340\\n(boiled) milled soap.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2 345\\ncold-made soap. 341\\nPerfuming. 284\\nPerfuming.. 370\\nPerfuming 319\\nPerfuming milled soap. 310\\nPeru Balsam. 333\\nPennyroyal oil. 332\\nPine needle oil. 333\\nPinenta oil. 333\\nl", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0459.jp2"}, "460": {"fulltext": "456\\nIndex.\\nPlodder.\\nPotash.\\nPowder mills..\\nPresses.\\nPressing the soap.\\nProcess of making cold made soap...\\nPumps.\\nPure cocoanut oil soap.\\nRancidity of fats and oils.\\nRed mottled castile.\\nRed oil..\\nRemelted soap.\\nRemelters.\\nRemelting soap.\\nRendering fats.\\nReunion.\\nRhodinol.\\nRhodium.\\nRose geranium.\\nRosemary oil.\\nRose oil.\\nRosewood oil..\\nRosin.\\nRosin soap.\\nRosin soap..\\nRue oil.\\nSafety device for pressing.\\nSafrol.\\nSage oil.\\nSal soda.\\nSal soda making.\\nSal soda tank.\\nSalt.\\nSalt water soap.\\nSand soap.\\nSantal wood oil.\\nSaponification...\\nSassafras oil.\\nScouring soaps.\\nScraps.\\nSelection and preparation of perfumes\\nSelection of stock and methods.\\nSettled soap.\\nSettling.\\nSettling tank.\\nShaving soap.\\nShaving soap.\\nShaving soap.\\nPage.\\n166\\n77, 82, 227\\n170\\n142\\n351\\n289\\n112\\n286\\n35\\n375\\n66\\n183\\n116\\n299\\n38\\n327\\n333\\n333\\n333\\n333\\n333\\n334\\n68\\n292\\n.185, 264\\n334\\n160, 161\\n334\\n334\\n.82, 227\\n389\\n127\\n76, 227\\n376\\n373\\n334\\n41, 67, 186, 205, 213, 224\\n335\\n272\\n204\\n337\\n173\\n185\\n195\\n99\\n175\\n367\\n367\\nI\\nIf", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0460.jp2"}, "461": {"fulltext": "Index.\\n457\\nSilicates .80, 227, 258\\nSlabbers. 135\\nSoap, action of... 28\\namount of fatty acids in. 424\\nantiseptic shaving. 370\\nblue mottled. 229\\nboiled. 131\\nboiled down.180, 211\\nboiled shaving. 3(59\\ncarbolic. 294, 375\\ncocoanut oil filled with salt solution. 287\\ncold-made.180, 269\\ncold-made process. 239\\ncold-made shaving. 368\\ncrown. 243\\ncrystal transparent. 364\\nEschweger.. 223\\nEschweger III.. 229\\nfigged.245, 247\\nfilled cocoanut oil. 287\\nfilling. 425\\nfloating.179. 357\\nfloating. 357\\nformation of. 25\\nformulas for various cold-made. 286\\nfree alkali. 426\\nfrom different stocks. 34\\ngall. 377\\ngeneral remarks on boiling. 247\\nGerman mottled. 212\\nglycerin. 290\\nglycerin transparent. 364\\nglycern in. 427\\nhalf-boiled. 181\\nhalf-boiled. 257\\ncocoanut oil. 266\\nfloating. 264\\nfor milling. 262\\nmottled.... 263\\nrosin. 264\\ntar. 265\\nwhite. 261\\nhalf-boiled shaving. 369\\nhalf-boiled tooth. 372\\nhard. 381\\nhard water. 179\\nharness. 374", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0461.jp2"}, "462": {"fulltext": "458\\nIndex.\\nSoap, lanolin.\\nlaundry.\\nlye for cold-made.\\nmarbled castile.\\nmedicinal.\\nmetal polishing.\\nmilled.\\nmilled tooth.\\nmodified Eschweger.\\nmosaic.\\nnature of.\\nnatural color of.\\nperfumes for laundry.\\ncold-made.\\n(boiled) milled.\\nperfuming milled.\\npressing the.\\nproperties of soft.\\npure cocoanut oil.\\nremelted.\\nremelting.\\nrosin.\\nrosin in.\\nsalt water.\\nsand.\\nscouring.\\nsettled.\\nshaving.\\nsoft.\\nspecial.\\nspecial properties of.\\nstock.\\nstock for milled.\\nstock used.\\nsugar in.\\nsulphur.\\nsuperfatted.\\nsurgical.\\ntallow and cocoanut oil.\\ntar.\\ntextile.\\ntoilet.\\ntooth.\\ntransparent.\\ntransparent with sugar.\\nrosin and sugar\\nwithout alcohol.\\nglycerin.\\nPage.\\n291\\n173, 291\\n74\\n219\\n378\\n374\\n182, 303\\n372\\n232\\n295\\n23\\n314\\n340\\n341\\n345\\n.310.\\n351\\n235\\n286\\n183\\n299\\n185, 292\\n426\\n376\\n373\\n375\\n182\\n175, 367\\n235, 381\\n357\\n179\\n60\\n305\\n426\\n426\\n383\\n382\\n384\\n287\\n293, 376\\n176\\n174\\n177, 370\\n179, 359\\n365\\n365\\n366\\n366", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0462.jp2"}, "463": {"fulltext": "In dex.\\n459\\nSoap, transparent tilled with salts....\\nunsaponified fat in.\\nutilizing scraps of cold.\\nwater in.\\nwhite.\\nwhite boiled-down.\\nwhite castile.\\nwhite settled.\\nyield of hard...\\nSoap factor)\\nSoap stock.\\nSoda and potash.\\nSoft soap.\\nSoft soap.\\nSpearmint oil.\\nSpecial properties of soap.\\nSpecial soaps.\\nSpike.\\nStar Anise oil.\\nStarch.\\nSteam Separator.\\nSteam syphon.\\nStearic acid.\\nStock.\\nStock blower.\\nStock for milled soap.\\nPurity of.\\ntemperature for mixing.\\nStorax...\\nStrengthening.\\nStrunz\u00e2\u0080\u0099s lye apparatus\\nSubstances for obtaining perfumes....\\nSulphur soap\\nSuperfatted soaps.\\nSurgical soap.\\nTable of different thermometric scales\\nTables etc.\\nTalc.\\nTallow.\\nTallow.\\nTallow and cocoanut oil soap.\\nmelting point of.\\ntiter test of.\\nTar.\\nbeech.\\njuniper.\\npine.\\nTar in general.\\nPage.\\n366\\n425\\n294\\n424\\n275\\n220\\n208\\n205\\n251\\n87\\n60\\n427\\n235\\n381\\n335\\n179\\n357\\n335\\n335\\n.81, 200\\n170\\n94\\n32\\n273\\n99\\n305\\n273\\n299\\n335\\n194, 207, 220\\nF\\n.320\\n383\\n382\\n384\\n440\\n437\\n79\\n42\\n419\\n287\\n420\\n420\\n432\\n432\\n432\\n432\\n433", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0463.jp2"}, "464": {"fulltext": "400\\nIndex.\\nPage.\\nTar oil. 335\\nTar soap. 293\\nTar soap. 370\\nTemperature of w\u00e2\u0080\u0099et steam. 438\\nTerpineol.:. 335\\nTesting sodium carbonate. 430\\npotassium 430\\ncaustic soda and potash. 430\\nsoda. 431\\nTests for adulterated fat.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2. 37\\nstrength of lye. 71\\nTextile soap 170\\nThe simpler tests and examinations in the soap factory. 411\\nfor water in it. 414\\nThe thermometer. 439\\nThyme oil.;. 335\\nTincture of ambergris. 339\\nbalsam of peru. 339\\nbenzoin. 339\\ncivet. 339\\nmusk. 338\\norris root. 340\\nStorax. 339\\ntolu. 340\\nvanilla.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2. 340\\nToilet soap. 174\\nTolu balsam. 330\\nTooth soap 177\\nTooth soap 370\\nTransparent soap.179, 359\\nTransparent soap with sugar. 305\\nrosin and sugar. 305\\nwithout alcohol. 300\\nglycerin.,. 300\\nfilled with salts. 300\\nTripoli. 83\\nTroy weight U. S. 439\\nUtilizing nigre. 203\\nUtilizing scraps. 204\\nUtilizing scraps of cold soaps. 294\\nVanillin. 330\\nVerbena oil. 330\\nVetiver oil. 336\\nWashing powder. 385\\nWaste lye. 250\\nWater in fats. 421\\nWater in soap... 20, 85\\nWater used for washing. 28", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0464.jp2"}, "465": {"fulltext": "Index.\\n461\\nPage.\\nWhite boiled-down soap. 220\\nWhite castile. 208\\nWhite settled soap.*. 205\\nWhite soap. 275\\nWine measure U. S. 489\\nWintergreen oil. 386\\nWool Grease 63\\nYield of hard soap. 251\\nYlang ylang. 337", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0465.jp2"}, "466": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0466.jp2"}, "467": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0467.jp2"}, "468": {"fulltext": "I", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0468.jp2"}, "469": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0469.jp2"}, "470": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4596", "width": "2952", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0470.jp2"}, "471": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4641", "width": "3052", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0471.jp2"}, "472": {"fulltext": "library of congress\\nii ii i ill ii 1 mill\\n0 033 266 717 JS\\ni\\n-fife m i *f~ i\\ni\\n.If f I\\nI 1 \u00c2\u00abr\u00c2\u00bbi\\nV- f \u00c2\u00bb|\u00c2\u00bbi W\\nt\\n-f t I.* 4 t", "height": "4650", "width": "3134", "jp2-path": "americansoapscom00gath_0472.jp2"}}