{"1": {"fulltext": "HALF CENTURY\\nOF\\nMINNESOTA", "height": "3074", "width": "1893", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "9", "height": "3085", "width": "1951", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3074", "width": "1893", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3028", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "A Half Century of Minnesota\\n..AS..\\nTERRITORY AND STATE\\nA Concise Account of the Principal Events in the\\nPeriod of Discovery, Exploration and Settle-\\nment, and During the Half Century\\nof Territorial and State\\nGovernment.\\nBy Horace B. Hudson\\nProfusely Illustrated\\n1900", "height": "3074", "width": "1893", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "5.3752\\nOl YIUGHT 180?!.\\nHv HORACE r nUDSON\\nTWO COPIES RECEIVED,\\nLibrary of Ccngret%\\nOffice of the\\nJAN 1 6 1900\\nRegltt\u00c2\u00bbr of Copyrigiiic,\\nSECOND COPY.", "height": "3028", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "Introduction.\\nTHE YEAR 1899 closes a half century of org-anized government in\\nMinnesota. Nine of these years were passed under the territorial\\nadministration and forty-one in statehood; but the distinction matters\\nlittle. In 1840 Minnesota assumed her name and her position among the\\ngeographical and political divisions of the United States. In 1849\\nMinnesota became an entitj-. Since that time she has had a distinct\\nplace in this great country; for fifty years her history has been making\\nand her character and position developing.\\nAnd that half century of Minnesota history is well worth preserva-\\ntion. It is worth the while of everj- person living in the state to be in-\\nformed as to the main facts in the story of Minnesota. For few if any\\nof the states of the Union have made greater progress in the first fifty\\nyears of their organized existence. This progress has been not alone in\\nincreased population and material wealth; Minnesota has, in these five\\ndecades, looked well to the higher things of life. An educational system\\nhas been established which, while not yet perfect, is recognized as ad-\\nmirable in plan and detail and quite wonderful for a state which a half\\ncentury ago was largely inhabited by Indians. At the head of this sys-\\ntem is the University of Minnesota, which is now recognized as ranking\\namong the best institutions of its kind in the country. Supplementing\\nthe educational system is a group of excellent libraries which under the\\nstimulating influence of sympathetic legislation and enthusiastic pro-\\nmotion will, it is believed, increase rapidly in the immediate future. Not\\nless significant has been the progress of the religious life of the state.\\nThe leading denominations have found a fertile field among a people\\nwhose antecedents and traditions make church affiliations and loyalties\\nmost natural. It is noteworthy that in several of the foremost denomina-\\ntions in Minnesota there are individual churches which compare favor-\\nably in membership, charities and general efficiency with any in the\\ncountry.\\nA community which supports schools and churches liberally is us-\\nually intelligent, law abiding, honest and patriotic. Such has been\\nfound to be the case from the earliest days in Minnesota. From the be-\\nginnings of things in the settlements near Fort Snelling the press has\\nbeen a recognized factor in the life of the people. With the establish-\\nment of every village has gone the founding of a newspaper; the people\\nof Minnesota have always been a reading people a people well informed", "height": "3074", "width": "1893", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "on affairs. Such a community, it goes without sa3 ing, is public spirited\\nand patriotic. Minnesota was the first to respond to the call for troops\\nto suppress the rebellion. (Governor Ramsey made the first tender of a\\nregfiment and a Minnesota man was the first to enlist. In these fifty\\nyears the state has been singularly free from the unhappy results of law-\\nlessness; there is little to tell, in the history of the state, of riots, lynch-\\nings or other outbreaks against lawful authority. It is also true that the\\nstate s financial record is clean, the only blot upon its credit one which\\nseemed almost excusable having been subsequently obliterate!.\\nMinnesota has developed men who have taken most conspicuous\\nplaces in the councils of the nation and who have international reputa-\\ntions. Not less respected are her business men who have made the prod-\\nucts of the state known around the world, or her farmers who have de-\\nveloped the resources of the soil. Acting together, the public men, the\\nbusiness men, the farmers all classes of honest workers have brought\\nMinnesota in fifty years to an honored and prominent place in the sister-\\nhood of states. And yet the wonderful natural resources of the state\\nare but parti} developed. But one tenth of the state is under cultivation.\\nThe population is a million and a half; if the state were peopled only\\nas densely as Ohio the population would reach seven and a half millions,\\nor more than the present population of New York and New Jersey\\ncombined.\\nE-very citizen of Minnesota may well be proud of her past, of her\\npresent and look fofward with confidence and pride to her future. And\\nas the mind naturally adapts itself to summing up results and making\\nretrospects at certain fixed periods, the end of Minnesota s first half cen-\\ntury seems an appropriate time in -(^hich to review the principal events\\nin the history of the state. This is the raisoii d etre of this sketch. There\\nhas been no attempt to produce a detailed history of the state; the purpose\\nhas been, as may be seen at a glance, to touch briefly upon the important\\nand significant events in Minnesota s history the events which have\\naffected her career or which have been mile stones in her progress.\\nAcknowledgements are due to the Minnesota Historical Society\\nwhose collections must furnish the basis of all historical work in this state.\\nThrough the courtes_y of the society several illustrations have been re-\\nproduced which have special value as the original engravings of the faces\\nand scenes familiar in early days in Minnesota. The writings of the\\nRev. Edward D. Neil and Mr. J. Fletcher Williams have also been fre-\\nquently consulted. H. B. H.", "height": "3028", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "Exploration and Early Settlement.\\nMinnesota in Mistv Tradition.\\nFor more than a century alter the discov-\\nery of America nothing whatever was\\nknown of the region about the headwaters\\nof the Mississippi river. During the sev-\\nenteenth century tales of the wonderful\\ncountry lying west of the Great Lakes be-\\ngan to reach the eastern settlements and\\nwere transmitted to Europe, 1)ut for the\\nmost part they are so vague and contradict-\\nory as to be little better than oral tradi-\\ntion. Canada was let that time a French\\npossession and the earliest exploratitju to-\\nwards the west was made by French voy-\\naguers men of energy and action, but or-\\ndinarily ignorant and untrustworthy. Their\\nexaggerated reports have little of historical\\nvalue. Probably the first definite report\\ntouching upon the geography of this sec-\\ntion was that carried to Quebec in 1618 by\\nStephen Brule, a fur trader, who heard,\\nfrom the Indians, of the great lake known\\nafterwards as Superior. Jean Nicollet, an-\\nother trader, reached Green Bay, on Lake\\nMichigan, in 1634. and learned something\\nof the character of the country lying to the\\nwest. .A-Ccording to the most authentic rec-\\nords tlie first white men to actually set\\nfoot on ground now a part of Minnesota.\\nwere Medard Chouart and Pierre d Esprit.\\nknown respectively as Sieur Groseilliers\\nand Sieur Radisson. who explored the\\nsouth shore of Lake Superior and visited\\nthe Sioux Indians on a large inland lake,\\nwhich was undoubtedly one of the lakes\\nin central Minnesc5ta. Du Luth s explora-\\ntions in 1679 are quite well authenticated.\\nIt was he who named the principal streams\\nwest of Lake Superior, and for whom the\\npresent city at the head of the lakes was\\nnamed. In the following, year Du Luth\\nascended the Brule, crossed the divide to\\nthe St. Croix and. descending to the Mis-\\nsissippi, met the party sent out by La\\nSalle, which had already penetrated to the\\nFalls of St. .\\\\ntliony and the Mille Lacs\\nregion. The explorations of this party\\nwere recorded by Father Louis Hennepin,\\na Franciscan priest, who accompanied it;\\nand, though it is now generally conceded\\nthat his accounts were untrustworthy, he\\nhas been honored in the perpetuation of his\\nname in connection with the large county\\nadjacent to the falls, while the real leader\\nof the party, Michael Accault. has been\\nforgotten.\\nTlie Later Explorers.\\nAfter Hi nnepin the explorers came more\\nfrequently and their doings are better au-\\nthenticated. Perrot in 1689 gives the first\\nCAPTAIN .loNATIlA.N AH\\\\ KR.\\nKxplortr of lT6t).\\naccount of the iMinnesota then the St.\\nPierre river. Eleven years afterwards Le\\nSueur ascended that stream, but, with the\\nexception of some exploration along the\\nRamy Lake and Lake of the Woods region\\nat the north, little further appears to have\\nbeen done towards forming a closer ac-\\nquaintance with the country until 1763,\\nwhen the Canadas passed into the hands of\\nthe British. This caused the first of the\\nmany divisions of the territory now com-\\nprised in Minnesota which took place be-", "height": "3074", "width": "1893", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "A HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA.\\nfore the state finally assumed its present\\nboundaries. Previous to this time the en-\\ntire northwest was claimed by France; now\\nthat part of the Minnesota of today east of\\nthe Mississippi passed into the hands of\\nEngland, and all west into the possession\\nof Spain. The English made immediate at-\\ntempts to secure the trade of the Indian\\ntrappers, and Jonathan Carver was the first\\nand most noted of the English traders who\\nNorthwest Territory, of Indiana, of Mich-\\nigan, and of Wisconsin. But for many\\nyears it continued to be haunted by Eng-\\nlish and French traders. The famous\\nNorthwest Company was organized in 1783.\\nand in 1798 absorbed its principal com-\\npetitors and remained for a long time in\\nalmost complete possession of the trade of\\nthe region west of Lake Michigan. By the\\nterms of the Louisiana purchase of 1803\\ni|ll NOrVliLLE rnANCK\\nijfPar Cuillauni,. DE LISIi i\\njl j P linrtr tt.\\\\t,/ra/Jtr*fu Urt/\\nAPAtilS\\nMAP OF CANADA AND THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY.\\nCompiled in France by De Lisle from information furnished by Le Sueiir and\\nT) Iberville, the explorers.\\nexplored parts of Wisconsin and Minne-\\nsota. Carver s alleged purchase of a vast\\ntract oi land, including the site of- St. Paul,\\nis still occasionally referred to as furnishing\\na valid basis for title claims on the part\\nef his heirs. Carver visited the Falls of\\nSt. Anthony in 1766. With the successful\\ntermination of the Revolution in 1783 that\\npart of Minnesota east of the Mississippi\\npassed into the control of the United\\nStates, becoming in turn a part of the\\nall that part of Minnesota west of the Mis-\\nsissippi became the property of the United\\nStates. In 1805 this ground became a part\\nof the territory of Missouri and passed\\nlater through the jurisdiction of Michigan,\\nWisconsin and Iowa. Soon after the trans-\\nfer of Louisiana from Spain, Capt. Zebu-\\nIon M. Pike was sent into the region of\\nthe upper Mississippi to explore the rivers\\nand expel the British traders. Pike ac-\\nquired for the government, by treaty with", "height": "3028", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "A HALF CENTURY OP MINNESOTA.\\n9\\nthe Sioux, a tract of land including the\\npresent sites of Fort Snelling reservation\\nand the city of Minneapolis, and expelled\\nmost of the obnoxious traders or secured\\ntheir promises of allegiance. But these\\npromises seem to have had little weight,\\nfor the British influences continued to\\nmake themselves felt until long after the\\nwar of 1812. The hard feeling engendered\\nby frequent collisions was heightened hy\\nthe mistaken efforts of Lord Selkirk, who\\nfounded a colony in United States terri-\\ntory on the Red River. Selkirk undoubt-\\nedly had the highest of motives, but his\\nmisdirected colonization was naturally in-\\nterpreted as meaning an intention to sc-\\nhemes on the Mississippi near Fort Snell-\\ning. They were the first to farm the soil of\\nMinnesota, and with true Swiss instincts\\nintroduced cattle and dairying, thus laying\\nthe foundations for the present magnificent\\ndairy interests of Minnesota.\\nMilitary Occupation.\\nUp to this time there had been no regu-\\nlar exercise of governmental authority in\\nMinnesota. In i8ig that section of the\\npresent state east of the Mississippi became\\na part of Crawford county, Michigan, but\\nthere is no record of any exercise of the\\nterritorial government s powers. The ne-\\ncessities of the frontier called for military\\nTin; Ul.a TUWEK t)N THE BLUFF S EDCiE AT FOKT S^ ELLI^ U.\\ncure the rich fur trade of the northwest for\\nBritish interests.\\nThe First Farmers.\\nTo Selkirk, however, belongs the credit\\nfor having first demonstrated the possi-\\nbilities of agriculture in Minnesota. A part\\nof the emigrants whom the misrepresenta-\\ntions of his agents induced to leave their\\nhomes in Europe were Swiss from the vi-\\ncinity of Berne, who were brought to Lake\\nWinnipeg in 1822 by the perilous route\\nthrough Hudson Bay, and soon became\\ndissatisfied and gradually deserted the Sel-\\nkirk colony, and some of them sought\\ncontrol, and this was provided by General\\nJacob Brown, then at the head of the\\narmy, who ordered the establishment of a\\nmilitary post at the confluence of the Min-\\nnesota and Mississippi rivers. The order\\nwas issued in February, 1819, and during\\nthe following summer a military expedition\\nreached Mendota. On September loth of\\nthe following year Col. Josiah Snelling,\\nwho had taken command, laid the corner-\\nstone of the fort which has since borne his\\nname. Fort Snelling became the emblem\\nof the authority of the United States gov-\\nernment, and the presence of troops at the", "height": "3074", "width": "1893", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "10\\nA HALF CEXTURV OF MINNESOTA.\\nstation undoubtedly had a salutary effect\\nupon the Indians.\\nAgency System Introduced.\\nWith the introduction of military power\\ncame the system of managing the Indians\\nthrough the so-called Indian agent. The\\nfirst person to hold this position in what\\nis now Minnesota was Lawrence Talia-\\nferro, who was appointed by President\\nMonroe in 1819, and who became one of\\nthe striking figures of early Minnesota his-\\ntory. He was a veteran of the War of\\n1812 and an officer of the regular army\\nwhen appointed Indian agent. Even at\\nthis early date the Indian question had\\nbecome a troublesome one. There were\\noccasional outrages perpetrated upon the\\nwheels were installed and wheat and logs\\nwere converted into flour and lumber. The\\nold mill at the Falls of St. Anthony,\\nwhich was a landmark during the earlier\\ndays of Minnesota, was built to provide\\nsupplies for the fort, and was constructed\\nby the soldiers. At first it produced only\\nlumber, but was afterwards fitted up with\\nmill stones sent up from St. Louis. The\\nonly wheat to be ground was that raised at\\nFort Snclling. Later when the improve-\\nment of the Falls of St. Anthony was un-\\ndertaken on a more extensive plan, the old\\nmill was useful in supplying the lumber\\nneeded for the dam and mill frames\\nBeginnings of Commerce.\\nCommerce began in Minnesota when\\nRKD RIYER (WRT.s ENHOUTE.\\nThe earliest form of overland transportation in the Northwest. These cart were used to ship furs\\nfrom the North\\\\vest Territories to St. Paul and were loaded with merchandise for the\\nreturn trip. This photograph was taken in 1862.\\nwhites and constant feuds between the\\nOjibways and their hereditary enemies, the\\nDakotahs. It required the training of an\\narmy officer and the wisdom and courage\\nof a veteran to deal successfully with them.\\nFrom all accounts Taliaferro handled the\\nsavages as well as could be expected, and\\nhe retained the confidence of the govern-\\nment during his long service, which ex-\\ntended to 1840.\\nThe First Mill Wheels Turn.\\nManufacturing began in Minnesota in\\n1821. True, it was on a very meagre scale\\nand not on a commercial basis; but water\\nthe first French explorer bartered with the\\nIndians for furs, giving in exchange some\\nworthless trinkets which had rare value to\\nthe savage mind. This sort of traffic be-\\ncame quite extensive before the end of the\\neighteenth century, and was of sufficient\\nimportance to warrant the establishment\\nof the Northwest company soon after the\\nRevolution. But until 1823 the business\\nwas confined to such means of transpor-\\ntation as the Indian canoes or the bateaux\\nor Mackinaw boats of the traders. When,\\non May loth, 1823, the steamboat Virginia\\narrived at Fort Snelling and heralded her\\napproach with a blast from her whistle", "height": "3028", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "A HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA.\\nU\\nwhich terrorized the waiting assemblage of\\nIndians, a new era in the commerce of the\\nNorthwest was opened. The little Vir-\\nginia just ii8 feet in length was the fore-\\nMUfi. t lIAKLOTTE O. V.\\\\N CLEVK.\\nIdentified with ^linnesota since 1819, when she came\\nto Ft. Snellin-;. the l)al).v daughter of Lieut. Clark.\\nrunner of a great fleet of river steamboats\\nwhich brought immigrants and suppUes to\\nthe rapidly developing country about Fort\\nSnelling, and which, after a while, com-\\nmenced to take something back to the\\nsouthern markets besides the furs brought\\nin by the Indian hunters. For many years\\nthe bateaux and the famous Red River\\ncarts remained the only means of transpor-\\ntation into the woods and prairies north\\nand west of Fort Snelling, and it was not\\nuntil after the war, when railroad building\\ncommenced in earnest, that the commerce\\nof the state began to take on such char-\\nacter as to give it importance in the busi-\\nness world.\\nThe Church and Early Missions,\\nThe first organization for religious wcirk\\nin Minnesota was a Sunday school estab-\\nlished at Fort Snelling in 1823 by Mrs.\\nSnelling, the wife of the commandant, and\\nMrs. Clark, wife of Capt. Nathan Clark,\\nand mother of Mrs. Charlotte O. Van\\nCleve. Some six years later were made\\nthe first investigations looking to the es-\\ntablishment of missions among the In-\\ndians. In tlie conduct of this e.xamination\\nRev. Alvan Coe, a Presbyterian clergy-\\nman, arrived at Fort Snelling on Septem-\\nber 1st, 1829. He was the first Protestant\\nclergyman to enter the territory. The first\\nmission among the Indians was founded\\nat Leech Lake in 1833 by Rev. W. T.\\nBoutwell, a commanding figure for many\\nyears in the religious life of the territory.\\nSamuel W. and Gideon H. Pond arrived\\nat Fort Snelling in the following spring,\\nand became prominent in the early mis-\\nsionary and educational work among the\\nSioux. Not a year later Rev. Thomas S.\\nWilliamson, a missionary of the Presby-\\nterian and Congregational denominations,\\nwas instrumental in founding the first\\nchurch in Minnesota a Presbyterian\\nchurch of 22 members. Rev. J. D. Stevens,\\nwho had come out with Mr. Williamson,\\nbecame its pastor. For years it had no\\nother place of worship than a room in the\\nFort. Dr. Williamson and Mr. Stevens\\nfounded two mission stations, one at Lake\\nHarriet, now a part of Minneapolis, and\\none at Lac qui Parle, on the Minnesota\\nriver. Within a few years from this time\\nmany missionary efforts developed. The\\nnoted Rev. S. R. Riggs arrived in 1837.\\nThe First Magistrate.\\nThe law followed hard upon the church\\nbut in a very crude and uncertain man-\\nliE.NKY 11. SIBLEY.\\nFir.st (;o\\\\ei uor of the State of Minnesota\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1S58- 1860.\\nner. In 1835 or 1836 Henry H. Sibley,\\nwho had settled at Mendota. received a\\ncommission from the governor of Iowa,\\nas justice of the peace. His jurisdiction", "height": "3074", "width": "1893", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "12\\nA HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA.\\nextended from below Prairie du Chien on\\nthe Mississippi river to the British pos-\\nsessions on the north, and from the Mis-\\nissippi river west to the White river. Mr.\\nSibley in later days told many interesting\\nexperiences in the administration of fron-\\ntier justice. His position was such that\\nhe had almost unlimited power, and the\\nexigencies of frontier life made it neces-\\nsary for him to use a large discretion.\\nIn Mr. Sibley the coming state made an\\ninvaluable acquisition. He came to Men-\\ndota in 1834 as the agent of the American\\nFur Company, and two years later built\\nthere the first stone houses in the state,\\none a residence and one a warehouse.\\nFrom this time he became a leader in all\\nSchoolcraft and Nicollet.\\nDuring the thirties came the last of the\\nexplorers. Henry R. Schoolcraft, in 1832,\\nexplored the sources of the Mississippi\\nriver and is entitled to the honor of having\\nfirst traced the great river to its head and\\nbrought the facts to the attention of geog-\\nraphers. It was Schoolcraft who gave the\\nname Itasca to the main lake in the basin\\nfrom wMch the Mississippi takes its course.\\nSchoolcraft s work was verified by Jean N.\\nNicollet in 1836. Nicollet made much\\nmore careful examinations and surveys,\\nand may be said to have put into scientific\\nform the discoveries of his predecessor. It\\nwas this Nicollet and not the trader of the\\nLAKE ITASCA\\nand vicinity.\\nFbom Nicollet s Map, now deposited in the\\nGeneral Land Office, Washington-, D. C.\\nScale: 90 miles to an locb.\\nKluiii Neill B His\\nthe afifairs of the young community, and\\nlater was called upon to serve the territory\\nand state in the highest positions in the\\ngift of the people. It has been well said\\nof him that for many years the history\\nof his life was the history of Minnesota.\\nThough a lawyer. Gen. Sibley never prac-\\nticed his profession, though he did hang\\nout his shingle when he first settled at\\nMendota. thus acquiring the distinction of\\nbeing the first lawyer of Minnesota.\\nIt was not until 1847 that a term of\\ncourt was held within the present limits\\nof Minnesota. This was at Stillwater. In\\n1848 the first court house was erected by\\nthe people of Stillwater.\\ntoi-y of Miniiesot;!.\\nseventeenth century, whose name has been\\nperpetuated in the nomenclature of Min-\\nnesota.\\nGov. Dodge s Treaty.\\nJurisdiction over the wilderness about\\nthe upper Mississippi river had shifted\\nmany times during the period of later ex-\\nploration. In 1834 that part of the region\\nwest of the Mississippi became a part of\\nMichigan, being separated from Missouri\\nfor that purpose. But with the organiza-\\ntion of Wisconsin territory in 1836 every-\\nthing west of the river was made a part of\\nIowa territory. These changes signified\\nbut little, for the great country west and", "height": "3028", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "A HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA,\\n13\\nnorthwest of Fort Snelling was almost un-\\nknown and was commonly spoken of as\\nThe Indian Coimtry. There were few\\nsettlers, and these held their claims with-\\nThe oldest livinfi: ^linnesota pionefr.\\nout authority. But in 1837 Gov. Dodge, of\\nWisconsin, acting as a government com-\\nmissioner, made a treaty with the Ojib-\\nways by which they ceded their lands east\\nof the Mississippi, and during the same\\nyear a similar treaty was effected with the\\nDakotahs.\\nWith the expectation that this treaty\\nwould be ratified by congress and that set-\\ntlers would thus secure the right to pat-\\nents for their lands, a steady movement\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0of immigration set in even during the last\\nmonths of 1837.\\nCities in Embryo.\\nIt had seemed probable that Mendota,\\nor St. Peters, as it was at first called,\\nwould be the site of the first city in Min-\\nnesota. Here Sibley and Faribault estab-\\nlished their trading posts and here the first\\npermanent buildings outside of Fort Snell-\\ning were erected. But the earlier opening\\nof the territory east of the Mississippi to\\nsettlement changed the course of events.\\nOnly on that bank of the river was it\\npossible to obtain title to government\\nland. So, in the spring of 1838, when the\\nnews of the treaty with the Indians ar-\\nrived, Pierre Parrant, a worthless scamp\\nwho had been idling about Fort Snell-\\ning for several years, hastened across the\\nriver and staked out a claim just outside\\nthe reservation a vantage point where he\\ncould without molestation sell whiskey to\\nthe Indians and the passing traders. His\\ncabin was the first to be built in what\\nafterwards became St. Paul.\\nSimultaneously, but with far different\\nmotives, Franklin Steele built the first hut\\nin St, Anthony the beginnings of the city\\nof Minneapolis. Mr. Steele had recog-\\nnized the value of a claim adjacent to the\\nmagnificent water power of the falls, and\\nmade a night march from Fort Snelling.\\nsucceeding in forestalling an equally en-\\nthusiastic but not as energetic competitor.\\nParrant s claim was soon surrounded by\\nothers, and in time the hamlet became\\nknown as Pig s Eye. Abraham Perret, one\\nof the Swiss settlers from Selkirk s un-\\nlucky colony, was the second to establish\\nhimself near Parrant. Benjamin and\\nPierre Gervais, Rondo and others of the\\nvery early settlers in St. Paul, were also\\nof this colony, and had been living on the\\nreservation since 1827. Charles Perret, or\\nPerry as he is known, the oldest son of\\n-\\\\braham Perret, is undoubtedlv the oldest\\nREV. LUCIE^ G.\\\\LTIER.\\nItiiiliiei- of the chupel which gave a name to St. Paul.\\nlivin.u; Minnesota pioneer. He still resides\\nnear I^ake Johanna in Ramsey county, and\\nis now 83 years of age.\\nMrs. Cfiarlotte O. Van Cleve, however,", "height": "3074", "width": "1893", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "14\\nA HALF CENTURY OP MINNESOTA.\\ncame to Fort Snelling in 1819. the baby\\ndaughter of Lieut, and Mrs. Nathan Clark.\\nHer fatlier being an army officer, made no\\nsettlement in Minnesota, and it was not\\nuntil 1S56 when Mrs. Van Cleve returned\\nto Minnesota with her husband and settled\\nat Long Prairie, that she became a per-\\nmanent resident. As she spent her child-\\nhood at Fort Snelling, her reminiscences\\nof early times in Minnesota are of the\\ndeepest interest.\\ndown the river and staked out a claim and\\nbuilt a cabin at Marine. Early in the next\\nyear a saw mill was built. These were the\\nbeginnings of the settlement of the St.\\nCroi.x valley. Stillwater was laid out in\\n1843. The proprietors of the town site,\\nJohn McCusick. Calvin Leach, Elam\\nGreeley and Elias McKean, at once began\\nto erect another saw mill. Joseph R.\\nBrown, a man famous in the early history\\n(,11.\\\\PEL OF ST. P.\\\\l\\nBuilt by F:ttlier iialtier in 1841. It gave a nam*; to tlit\\ncitv of Minnesota.\\ni-a|)itHl\\n111 1841 Rev. Lucien Galtier. a Catholic\\npriest, erected a chapel in the village and\\ndedicated it to Saint Paul, thus supplying\\nthe name of the future capital of the state.\\nThe first cabin w as built at the falls of\\nthe St. Croix in the autumn of 1837. and the\\nnext year a saw mill was erected. Early\\nin the winter of 1838 Jeremiah Russell and\\nL. W. Stratton, who had been interested\\nin the St. Croix Falls settlement, walked\\nof Minnesota, had already made a claim\\nnear, and took an active part in the devel-\\nopment of the St. Croix valley. He had\\ncome to Minnesota with the troops in 1819.\\nbut in 1825 left the army and engaged in\\ntrade. He was the first man to raft Min-\\nnesota lumber. Brown took a prominent\\npart in territorial political life, and was at\\none time state territorial printer. In many\\nways he was the typical Minnesota pioneer.", "height": "3028", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "The Territory.\\n18^9-1858.\\nThe Stillwater Convention.\\nFor several years previous to the actual\\ncreation of Minnesota Territory it was evi-\\ndent that some such organization was de-\\nstined to be formed; for the enabling act\\nunder which Wisconsin became a state de-\\nfined the western boundary at the St.\\nCroix river and left a large section of what\\nhad been a part of Wisconsin territory en-\\ntirely outside of any state or territorial\\nboundaries. This was the condition of all\\nthat part of the present Minnesota lying\\nbetween the Mississippi and St. Croix riv-\\ners. It had formed a part of St. Croix\\ncounty, Wisconsin. This is the only in-\\nstance remembered in which a part of a\\nstate or territory had been dropped out of\\nits original connection to be left for a time\\nwithout any form of government. The sec-\\ntion thus left adrift by congress contained\\nmost of the population of Minnesota. There\\nwere the villages of Stillwater, St. Paul\\nand St. Anthony, and a good many scatter-\\ned settlers along the two rivers. Immedi-\\nately upon the passage of the enabling act\\nfor Wisconsin an attempt was made to se-\\ncure the organization of a territory to be\\ncalled Minnesota, but the bill failed of\\npassage. For two years the people of Mm-\\nncsota continued their agitations. These\\nculminated in the summer of 1848 in the\\nfamous Stillwater convention, which was\\nattended by such men as General H. H.\\nSibley, Franklin Steele. Morton S. Wilkin-\\nson, David Lambert, William D. Phillips\\nand Henry L. Moss. There were no for-\\nmalities of credentials; the people simply\\ncame together to take some action. With\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2entire unanimity the convention adopted a\\npetition to congress praying the organiza-\\ntion of Minnesota Territory. Gen. Sibley\\nwas delegated to visit Washington and\\npresent the petition. It was Sibley who\\nurged the name Minnesota, and he was\\nsubsequently successful in maintaining this\\n^election against arguments in favor of oth-\\ner names, made in congress. It was at this\\nconvention that the famous agreement was\\nfirst proposed by which St. Paul was to\\nbecome the capital of the proposed state,\\nwhile Stillwater was to have the penitenti-\\nary and St. Anthony the university.\\nWisconsin Territory Again.\\nShortly after the Stillwater convention\\nsome one advanced the theory that the or-\\nganization of the state of Wisconsin from\\nALEXANDER KAJls^EV.\\nFirst Governor of Jliimesota Territory, War Governor\\nof the State, V. S. Senator and Cabinet Oflicial.\\na part of the territory of Wisconsin did\\nnot disorganize the remainder of the orig-\\ninal territory, and after due consideration\\na territorial government was revived and\\nGen. Sibley duly elected as delegate to\\ncongress. He went to Washington in a\\ndual capacity as a representative of a ter-\\nritory having a very doubtful claim to\\nrecognition and as a delegate from a mass\\nconvention. Claiming a seat under the first", "height": "3074", "width": "1893", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "16\\nA HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA.\\nof these characters, Gen. Sibley found him-\\nself precipitated into a warmly contested\\nfight, which ended, however, after some\\nweeks, in his admission to congress; that\\nbody thereby establishing the precedent\\nthat the division of an organized territory\\nand the admission of a part as a state into\\nthe Union, does not annul the continuance\\nof the territorial government over the por-\\ntion remaining.\\nMinnesota Territorv Organized.\\nGen. Sibley s fight foi a seat in the house\\nof representatives brought so clearly before\\nthe members the actual state of affairs in\\nthe northwest that there was no further\\nactive opposition to the creation of a new\\nterritory, and on March 3d, 1849. the or-\\nganic act was passed. But for more than\\ntory and state; who was to serve Minne-\\nsota in many honored positions; who was\\nto take an active part in the affairs of the\\nnation and who. surviving many of his\\ncontemporaries, was to live to see half a\\ncentury of Minnesota s progress and re-\\njoice in the wonderful development which\\nhas taken place in the span of one man s\\nactive life. This was Alexander Ramsey,\\nwho was a practicing lawyer in Harrisburg.\\nPa., when he was appointed governor of\\nMinnesota Territory by President Taylor.\\nWithin four days after his arrival in Min-\\nnesota he issued a prorlamation declaring\\nthe territory duly organized. The other\\nofficers were: C. K. Smith, of Ohio, sec-\\nretary; A. Goodrich, of Tennessee, chief\\njustice; D. Cooper, of Pennsylvania, and\\nB. B. Meeker, of Kentucky, associate jus-\\nA HISTOIUCAL BUILDING.\\nThe Central House, St. Paul, where the first Minnesota Territorial Legislature met. It wa? erected in l*} .t,\\nat the corner of Minnesota and Bench Streets.\\na month the people of the new territory\\nwere in ignorance of the success of their\\nplans. In those days the Mississippi river\\nwas the only route from the east and, as\\nnow, the Mississippi was solidly frozen un-\\ntil well along in the spring. On April\\n9th the first steamer of the season to force\\nits way through the ice, rounded the bend\\nbelow St. Paul, and by repeated blasts of\\nits whistle announced the news that Min-\\nnesota had come into being.\\nGovernor Ramsey s Arrival.\\nOn May 27th, 1849, there arrived at St.\\nPaul a man who was to have a very large\\npart in shaping the career of the new terri-\\ntices; Joshua L. Taylor, marshal; and H.\\nL. Moss, United States attorney. Another\\nproclamation soon afterwards divided the\\nterritory into three temporary judicial dis-\\ntricts and assigned the three justices among\\nthem.\\nThe First Term of Court.\\nJudicial proceedings under the territorial\\ngovernment commenced with the holding\\nof a term of court at Stillwater by Chief\\nJustice Goodrich during the second week\\nof August, 1849. On this occasion nineteen\\nlawyers were present to take the oath as\\nattorneys, and of this number only one,\\nHenrv L. ]\\\\Ioss, of St. Paul, has survived", "height": "3028", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "A HAL,P CENTURY OF MINNESOTA.\\nIn sec a Iialf century\\ncisions.\\nMinnesota de-\\nThe First Legislative Session.\\nGciv. Ramsey, as soon as possible, or-\\ndered a census as the basis for an appor-\\ntionment and an election for tlie purpose of\\nchoosing members of the territorial legis-\\nlature and a delegate to congress. The\\nelection was duly held on August ist of\\nthat year, and the legislatitre, composed of\\nJ/ members, assembled on September ,5d.\\nIn the absence of any capitol this first ses-\\nsion of a Minnesota legislature was held\\nin the Central House, the first hotel in St.\\nMinnesota in iS^g.\\nmap of the Territory of Minnesota\\nwhen its government was organized would\\nliave been in strange contrast to the map\\nof 1899. The eastern, southern and north-\\nern boundaries were much the same as\\nnow, but on the west the territory ex-\\ntended to the Missouri and White Earth\\nrivers, thus including much of the Dako-\\ntas. So much of this vast region was un-\\nknown that the lines of lakes and rivers\\ncould only be put on at random. Of rail-\\nroads there was, of course, none. If cor-\\nrectly filled out the map would have shown\\na town at Stillwater of about Coo people.\\nIHE cil.l) MILL NEAR SHAKOFEE.\\nBuilt b.v (iideuu Pond, the Missionary to the Indians near the old Mission House.\\nPaul. It was a plain two-story building\\nwhich had just been erected at the corner\\nof Third and Exchange streets. The sec-\\nretary and the representatives found ac-\\ncommodations on the first floor, while the\\ncouncil, of nine members, met in a room\\nabove. At this first legislative session the\\nterritory was divided into judicial districts\\nand nine counties were created. Gov.\\nRamsey s message gave much good advice\\nas to the shaping of the affairs of the new\\nterritory. One of the acts ot the session\\nwas the incorporation of the Historical\\nSociety of Minnesota.\\nAlong the St. Croi.x were also the villages\\nof Marine and Lake St. Croix of about\\n200 inhabitants each. Little Canada and\\nSt. Anthony together had about 575 peo-\\nple and Mendota 122. These were almost\\nthe only towns in the territory. There was\\na trading post at Wabasha credited (in the\\ncrude census taken by the sheriff (as pro-\\nvided in the organic act) with over a hun-\\ndred people. In the same way Crow\\nWing and Long Prairie were said to have\\n350 people: Osakis Rapids. 13,3: Snake\\nRiver, 82: Crow Wing (again 174; Big\\nStone Lake and Lac qui Parle. 68; Crow", "height": "3074", "width": "1893", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "18\\nA HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA.\\nWing, east side, 70; Red Wing, village, 33,\\nand so on. It is feared that this census 01\\n1849 was as liable to criticisms as some\\nof a later date. There are evidences that\\nhalf-breeds, temporary French traders and\\npossibly Indians were counted in to make\\na favorable showing. Fort Snelling was\\ngiven 38 people and soldiers, women and\\nchildren in forts were numbered as 317.\\nPembina was credited with a population of\\n637, and along the Missouri river 86 set-\\ntlers were enumerated, though it is not at\\nall probable that any census taker visited\\nthat distant part of the territory. But\\nwhatever its inaccuracies, this first census\\nof Minnesota served its purpose that of\\nproviding a basis of representation in the\\nterritorial legislature, and incidentally, of\\nadvertising the new territory to the world.\\nHowever, more potent advertising forces\\nwere at hand.\\nAdvent of the Press.\\nMinnesota s pioneer journalist was\\nJames M. Goodhue, who arrived at St.\\nPaul on April 18, 1849, scarce a week after\\nCOL. .JOHN U STEVENS.\\nMinneapolis pioneer and life lung patron of\\nai^riciilture.\\nthe news that the territory had been creat-\\ned. Goodhue was a lawyer, but had been\\nediting a paper at Lancaster, Wisconsin.\\nWhen he heard that Minnesota had been\\nmade a territory, he packed his plant and\\ntook the first steamer for St. Paul. Ten\\ndays after his arrival he issued the first\\nnumber of The Minnesota Pioneer.\\nAbout the same time Dr. A. Randall and\\nJohn P. Owens issued at Cincinnati the\\nfirst number of The Minnesota Register.\\ndating it St. Paul, April 27, 1849 It\\ntherefore bears date one day earlier than\\nMr. Goodhue s paper, but as it was not\\nprinted in Minnesota, Mr. Goodhue s title\\nto being the first newspaper publisher in\\nthe state remains clear. The Register\\nwas moved to St. Paul and the second\\nnumber was gotten oi t on July 14 by\\nMcLean Owen. James Hughes reached\\nSt. Paul early in June and started The\\nMinnesota Chronicle. After a few weeks\\nit became evident that the young town\\ncould not support so many papers, and the\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Chronicle and Register was the result\\nof the first newspaper consolidation m\\nMinnesota. Notwithstanding this experi-\\nence, The Minnesota Democrat, con-\\nducted by Daniel A. Robertson, made its\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0appearance in the following December. In\\nthe spring of 1851 Isaac Atwater com-\\nmenced the publication of The St. An-\\nthonv Express. the forerunner of many\\nlater newspaper ventures in Minneapolis.\\nThe first paper to be published west of\\nthe Mississippi river in Minnesota was\\nThe Glencoe Register, founded by Col.\\nJohn H. Stevens. Goodhue s press, on\\nwhich the Pioneer was first printed, was\\nthe same first used in the office of The\\nDubuque Visitor, and is said to have been\\nthe first printing press ever used west of\\nthe Mississippi river and north of the Mis-\\nsouri.\\nThe Original Counties.\\nOne of the first acts of the first terri-\\ntorial legislature was the division of the\\nterritory into counties. Washington. Ram-\\nsey and Benton counties were instituted\\nfrom the country east of the Mississippi.\\nThis was the only part of the territory\\nwhich had been ceded by the Indians, and\\ncontained the bulk of the meagre popula-\\ntion. Stillwater was made county seat of\\nWashington. St. Paul of Ramsey (which\\nincluded St. Anthony), and a site was se-\\nlected for the county town of Benton,\\nwhich afterwards became Sauk Rapids.\\nThe other counties were Dahkotah, Wah-\\nnatah, Wabashaw, Pembina, Itasca and\\nMankato. Mendota was the county seat\\nof Dakotah county, Wabashaw of the\\ncounty bearing that name, and Pembina of\\nthe northwestern county, which was as\\nlarge as several good sized states. The\\nother counties did not at first have any\\nlocal organization. County elections were\\nheld on the fourth ^londay of November.", "height": "3028", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "A HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA\\nl\\nParty Organization Appears.\\nThere had been some politics in the cre-\\nation of Minnesota territory, but up to this\\ntime there had been no party organization.\\nThe first legislature was chosen without\\nmuch regard to old party lines. But dur-\\ning its session the first democratic caucus\\nin Minnesota was held at the house of H.\\nM. Rice in St. Paul. At this meeting it\\nwas determined to hold a state conven-\\ntion and perfect organization, and in the\\nfollowing month the convention was duly\\nheld in the A.merican House. It does not\\nappear that politics along national party\\nlines cut much figure in the management\\nof the territory. The only participation\\nwhich the territory had in the affairs of\\nthe nation was through a delegate to con-\\ngress, who, of course, had no vote in that\\nbody. At the election of a delegate in\\n1850 the close vote between H. H. Sibley\\nand A. M. Mitchell was not divided along\\nparty lines at all, but was based entirely\\nupon personal preferences. Gen. Sibley\\nwas elected by a vote of 649 to 559. The\\nterritorial legislators were all chosen,\\naccording to the best authorities, largely\\non local issues rather than party divisions.\\nIt was not until 1855. when the Republican\\nparty was organized, that political contests\\nbecame animated.\\nThe Tri-Partite Agreement.\\nAt the second session of the territorial\\nlegislature, which opened on January ist,\\n1851, the famous division of the three in-\\nstitutions the capitol, the penitentiary and\\nthe university between St. Paul, Still-\\nwater and St. Anthony, took place. There\\nhad been an understanding to this effect at\\nthe Stillwater convention of 1848, but the\\narrangement was not completed without\\nconsiderable manifestation of feeling.\\nFoundations of an Educational Svstem\\nLaid.\\nThe first schools in Minnesota were\\nthose taught by missionaries among the\\nIndians. As the white population in-\\ncreased and the need of the settlements\\nbecame apparent, desultory attempts at\\nprivate education were made, but the\\nfirst organized schools were taught by\\nteachers sent out in 1847 and 1848 by the\\nNational Popular Education Society. Miss\\nHarriet E. Bishop opened the first school\\nroom in St. Paul; Miss Amanda M. Hos-\\nford commenced teaching in 1848 at Still-\\nwater, and Miss Elizabeth Backus in 1849\\nat St. AnthoBv. Other ladies were sent\\nout by the same society, and they were re-\\ntained in most instances after the school\\nsystem was established, upon the recom-\\nmendation of Gov. Ramsey, by the terri-\\ntorial legislature in 1849. Under the or-\\nganic act of Minnesota two sections in\\neach township were reserved for the school\\nsystem. This very wise provision and the\\nsubsequent wisdom displayed in the man-\\nagement of these school lands have com-\\nbined to greatly assist in the developmenS\\nof the school system. Rev. E. D. Neill\\nwas appointed territorial superintendent of\\nschools in 1851, and through his excellent\\nKEY. EDWAUD D. NEILL.\\nClergyman, Educator, Historian.\\nservices during two years in office, added\\nlargely to the debt which Minnesota owes\\nhim as a leader during the formative peri-\\nod. His efforts in behalf of education, the\\nchurch, libraries and historical research\\nmade a strong impression on the develop-\\nments in the higher life of the state.\\nIt is to the credit of the pioneers of Min-\\nnesota that an institution of higher learn-\\ning was contemplated in the earliest days.\\nWith whom the suggestion originated is\\nnot a matter of record, but at the time of\\nthe Stillwater convention, in 1848, it ap-\\npears to have been the general understand-\\ning that the coming state was to have a\\nuniversity. In pursuance of the general\\nunderstanding, Gov. Ramsey recommend-\\ned in his message to the second territorial\\nlegislature that a university be established.", "height": "3074", "width": "1893", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "Jiljll\\n7^5\\nPrSV S^\\n!JS\\nr\\n1 jij^V\\nn\\n1 1\\n1\\n|l\\n1\\n1 1 1\\nill\\n11", "height": "3028", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "A HALl C E\\\\TUR OF MINNESOTA.\\n21\\nand a bill creating the institution was in-\\ntroduced by J. W. North, of St. Anthony.\\nand shortly became a law. There was no\\nappropriation carried by this act. and the\\nfirst board of re.yents found itself without\\nmeans to estabHsh the work proposed.\\nBut a memorial to congress had been\\npassed, and in the following year two\\ntownships were reserved for the uses of\\nthe institution. As there was little pros-\\npect of realizing upon this grant imme-\\ndiately, Franklin Steele, in 1852, presented\\nthe regents with a block of land near the\\npresent site of the Minneapolis exposition\\nbuilding, and erected a two-story frame\\nbuilding which was to Ue used as a pre-\\nparatory school for the university. With\\ncheerful ootimism, it was believed that by\\nthe time any students were prepared.\\nthe university itself would be ready to re-\\nceive them. This preparatory school was\\nopened by Rev. E. W. ^[errill. But it\\nsoon became evident that the site was un-\\nsuitable for a permanent university, and\\nthe present campus was acquired by gift\\nand purchase in 1854. In 1856 the first\\nbuilding was commenced, but its comple-\\ntion was prevented by the financial panic\\nof 1857, and remained an unfinished under-\\ntaking until after the war.\\nI,ibraries w ere instituted in Minnesota\\ncontemporaneously with schools; two\\nsuch organizations were authorized by the\\nfirst session of the territorial legislature.\\nOne of these, the St. Anthony Library As-\\nsociation, was undoubtedly the first circu-\\nlating library in Minnesota. It commenced\\nwith a collection of 200 volumes in the\\nfall of 1849, and tinder its auspices a series\\nof lectures were given during that winter.\\nThe Minnesota Historical Society, the\\nmain purpose of which was the collection\\nof a historical library, was organized on\\nNovember 15. 1849, with Gov. Ramsey as\\npresident and Charles K. Smith as secre-\\ntary. There is no record of any rooms\\noccupied by the society until 1855, when\\na room was obtained in the capitol build-\\ning, but it is known that the collec-\\ntion of books and manuscripts commenced\\nshortly after organization.\\nThe organic act of Minnesota territory\\nappropriated $5,000 for a state library to\\nbe maintained for the use of the state\\notTicials. This library was organized in\\n1851. For many years its purpose has\\nlieen simply to provide law books and peri-\\nodicals and public documents. No attempt\\nhas been made since very early days to\\nmaintain a general library.\\nThe Minnesota Valley Opened.\\nSince the days 01 Car\\\\er and Le Sueur\\nlonging eyes had been looking towards\\nilic beautiful \\\\alley of tlie St. Peter river,\\nbut only the hardiest of the pioneers dared\\n\\\\enture into this country which the fierce\\nSioux still claimed as their own. With\\nthe exce])tion of the missionaries living\\nat Shakojjee. Traverse des Sioux and I.ac\\nqui Parle, a few traders and possibly an\\noccasional s(|uatter. tliere were no white\\nmen living in the valley when Minnesota\\nbecatne a territory. It was understood\\nthat a cession from tlie Indians would soon\\nbe sought, and with an eye to future trade\\nseveral adventurous steamboat captains\\nturned their craft into the Minnesota dur-\\ning the summer of 1850, and explgred its\\nsinuous course for a long distance. The\\nfamous old-time steamer, Anthony\\nayne, made two trips, going finally\\nalmost to the site of Alankato. A few\\ndays later the Yankee took a party of\\nSt. Paul people up as far as the mouth of\\nthe Cottonwood river.\\nBut the treaty of cession was put off un-\\ntil another year. At last, during the clos-\\ning days of July and the early part of Au-\\ngust, 1851, Col. Luke Lea. commissioner\\nof Indian affairs for the United States, and\\nGov. Ramsey, acting for the government,\\nmet with the great councils of the Dako-\\ntahs and secured the much desired ces-\\nsions. Through two treaties the United\\nStates secured practically all the Indian\\nlands west of the Mississippi to the Siou.x\\nriver, from central Minnesota south far\\ninto Iowa. The Sisseton and Wahpaytoan\\nDakotahs reserved a dwelling place about\\n100 miles long and 20 broad, extending on\\nboth sides of the Minnesota from the Yel-\\nlow Medicine river to Lake Traverse. The\\nreservation of the M dewakantonwan and\\nWahpaykootay bands was immediately be-\\nlow.\\nWithin a few years there were promising\\nsettlements all along the Minnesota as far\\nas the Cottonwood. Thomas A. Holmes\\nsettled at Shakopee in 1851 and laid out\\nChaska during the same year. Sibley\\ncounty was settled at Henderson in 1852 by\\nFrench Canadians and Germans. The year\\n1852 also saw the beginning of Mankato\\nand LeSueur, George W. Thompson being\\nthe pioneer at the former place and P. K.\\nJohnson and Henry Jackson at the latter.\\nBrown county had, perhaps, the most in-\\nteresting settlement of all. German emi-\\ngration societies were formed at Chicago\\nand Cincinnati on a sort of co-operative", "height": "3074", "width": "1893", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "A HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA.\\nplan, and explorers were sent out to select\\na site. They chose the Minnesota valley\\nnear the Cottonwood, and the first party\\ncame from Chicago in 1854, settling at Mil-\\nford. Soon afterward? they moved and\\nfounded New Ulm. In 1857 the Cincin-\\nnati emigrants chartered a steamer and\\nmade the voyage from their city to New\\nUlm without transfer. During the early\\ntimes in the colony the lands w cre appor-\\ntioned among the members of the society\\nso that each should have a certain number\\nof town lots and equal acreage in the farm\\nlands. When Brown county was organ-\\nized in 1855 it comprised the entire south-\\nwestern part of the territory from the Min-\\nnesota to the Missouri river. All the older\\nMinnesota valley counties were organized\\nfrom 1853 to 1855.\\nPioneering on the Upper Mississippi.\\nWith fourteen years advantage in the\\nmatter of Indian cession, it would ap-\\npear that the eastern bank nf the Mis-\\nStearns county on the west was not set ofif\\nuntil 1855.\\nAs early as 1794 there was a trading post\\nat Sandy Lake. The first post which after-\\nwards grew into a settlement was that es-\\ntablished at Crow Wing about 1844. The\\nnames of Allen Morrison, Donald Mc-\\nDonald and Philip Beaupre are associated\\nwith this settlement. At the time of the\\ncreation of the territory. Crow Wing was\\na considerable town, but afterwards it was\\nalinost abandoned in favor of Brainerd.\\nCrow Wing county was not organized un-\\ntil 1857. There was a trading post at Swan\\nRiver in Morrison county in 1826, but ac-\\ntual settlement dated from the late forties,\\nwhen William Nicholson and William\\nAitkin established themselves near what is\\nnow Little Falls. Jeremiah Russell was\\nthe first settler at Sauk Rapids in 1849, and\\nAntoine Guion became a permanent resi-\\ndent at Anoka in 1851. Pierre Bottineau,\\nof early territorial fame, built a tavern at\\nLlk River in 1850 and laid the foundations\\nIII.I) BLOCK HOUSE AT FORT RIPLEY.\\nOnt of the few siirv i\\\\ore of the buildiDy:e of the most importaut military pu^t iiortln\\nI est of Foit Suelliu\\n(luring the pioneer daye\\nsissippi river above the Falls of St. An-\\nthony would have made greater progress\\nthan the valley of the Minnesota, but such\\nwas not the case. There were more trad-\\ning posts on the upper Mississippi in the\\nforties than further south, but the country\\nwas not highly regarded for farming pur-\\nposes, and the lumbering industry had not\\nyet developed. One county organization,\\nthat of Benton, served for the entire east-\\nern bank of the river until 1856, and\\nof Sherburne county. S. B. Lowry estab-\\nlished a trading post at St. Cloud in 1849.\\nbut the first actual settler was Ole Berge-\\nson, who took up land in 1852. Wright\\ncounty was settled in the same year.\\nOne of the important settlements on the\\nwest bank of the river was not hindered\\nby waiting for the Indian treaty. In 1849\\nCol. John H. Stevens obtained permission\\nto settle on the military reservation oppo-\\nsite St. Anthonv. and built the first house", "height": "3028", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "A HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA.\\n23\\nin Minneapolis. The tract was soon\\nthrown open to general settlement. In\\n1854 the two villages were connected by\\nthe first bridge which ever spanned the\\nMississippi river at any point.\\nThough French traders are known to\\nhave reached the site of Duluth in 1640,\\nthere was no settlement in that vicinity\\nnntil 1850-51, when George E. Nettleton\\nand J. B. Culver established a trading post\\nat Fond du Lac and entered claims for\\nland. Nettleton built the first house in\\nDuluth in 185 1. Five years later the city\\nwas platted and in 1856 the first saw mill\\nwas erected. Duluth s wonderful lake\\ncommerce did not begin to develop until\\nmany years afterwards.\\nIn Southern Minnesota.\\nThe continually growing commerce on\\nthe Mississippi river below St. Paul aided\\nin the development of the towns along the\\nwestern bank. The trading posts of Wa-\\nfer spending the congressional grant of\\n$20,000, providing for a commission, which\\nin turn secured a site from Charles Bazille\\nand decided on plans for a buildjjig. to cost\\n$.33,000. As the actual cost only exceed-\\ned this estimate by about thirty per cent,\\nthe old commission cannot be charged with\\nbeing more e.xtravagant than some later\\nbodies entrusted with tlie erection of pub-\\nlic buildings. Work was commenced on\\nJuly 21. 1851, but the building was not oc-\\ncupied until two years later.\\nGorman s Administration.\\nWith the incoming of a new national\\nadministration in 1853 Gov. Ramsey s seat\\nwas given to Willis A. Gorman, of Indi-\\nana, who was appointed by President\\nPierce. Gov. Gorman arrived in St. Paul\\non May 13. His associates were J. T.\\nRosser, of Virginia, appointed secretary of\\nthe territory, and W. H. Welch, of Red\\nWing, chief justice, and Moses Sherburne,\\nTHE FIRST^CAPITOL OK MINNKISOTA.\\nHy permission of the Minnesota Ilietorical Society.\\nbasba and Red Wing quickly grew to vil-\\nlage proportions after the ceding of the\\nIndian lands, and Winona, Lake City.\\nReed s Landing, Hastings and other vil-\\nlages were established and began to assert\\nthemselves. Nor were the immigrants\\nlong in striking back over the hills into\\nthe interior of Southern Minnesota. So\\nrapidly did they fill up southeastern Min-\\nnesota tliat Goodhue. Wabasha and Rice\\ncounties were created in 1853. Two years\\nlater Fillmore, Freeborn, Mower, Houston,\\nOlmstead, Steele and Winona counties had\\nbeen added to the list.\\nThe Old Capitol.\\nMinnesota enjoyed the luxury of a Capi-\\ntol commission even in territorial days.\\nThe legislature of 1851 made arrangements\\nof Maine, and A. G. Chatfiehl. of Wiscon-\\nsin, associate jus_tices. Gov. Gorman s ad-\\nministration covered the period of the wild-\\nest and most extravagant speculation\\nwhicli Minnesota has ever experienced.\\nWhen he took his seat immigrants were\\npouring into the territory in thousands.\\nFrom 1850 to 1855 the population had in-\\ncreased from 6.000 to 53.000: in two years\\nmore it had reached 150.000. Stimulated\\nby the inpouring of people and the natural\\ndemand for land, real estate speculation be-\\ncame a craze. Fortunes were made in\\nmonths and weeks, and sometimes even\\nin days. The towns were growing very\\nrapidly, everyone was employed and con-\\ntinued prosperity seemed assured. People\\nthought 01 nothing but business; it would\\nseem that the higher things which received", "height": "3074", "width": "1893", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "2i\\nA HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA.\\nso much attention a few years l)efore were\\nfor tlie time neglected. Honest people\\nforgot their reputations and entered specu-\\nlation aniJraud with the crowd of sharp-\\ners which invaded the territory. Town\\nsites were laid out eveiywiiere and no-\\nwhere. Lots ha\\\\ing no location except on\\npaper were sold and resold at great profit.\\nTrades and trade *vere abandoned for real\\nestate speculation. The people were land\\nmad. The center of this craze was. of\\ncourse, in St. Paul, the chiet city and capi-\\ntal of the territory. The smaller towns\\nrll-\\\\RI.KS E. Kl,.\\\\N|}|{E.\\\\r.\\nPioneer lawyer anil Justice of the Suin-enie Ccinrt,\\n185V-64.\\nwere relatively less affected, as their lesser\\nimportance made them less attractive to\\nspeculators.\\nThe inevitable reaction came at last.\\nWith the beginning of the financial panic\\nin August, 1857, the bubble burst. In St.\\nPaul nearly all of tne DanKs and business\\nfirms failed. Real estate which had been\\nregarded as a fortune to its owners be-\\ncame worthless. The poi)ulation of the city\\ndecreased one-half and stores and houses\\nstood vacant. A very similar experience\\nwas the lot of the towns of Minneapolis\\nand St. Anthony.\\nTowards the close of Gorman s a lmin-\\nistration came an attempt to remove the\\ncapital to St. Peter, an occurrence which\\nfor the time being caused more excitement\\nin the territory than th.i real estate craze.\\nBelieving that justice was on their side,\\nthe opponents of removal hid the bill after\\nit liad passed both houses, and after most\\nexciting scenes prevented it from receiv-\\ning the ofticial signature. Railroad legis-\\nlation was demanded by the people, and\\nended in 1857 in the gift of the railroad\\nland grant to the promoters of what\\nseemed a promising railroad project.\\nIndian Troubles of 1857.\\nL p to this time the settlement of .Min-\\nnesota had been unattended with any seri-\\nous collisions with the Indians. With few\\nexceptions, the Indians appeared to be\\nwell satisfied with the treatment of the\\nwhites, and very lew outrages are record-\\ned. But early in 1857 an Indian named\\nInkpadootah. who li.nd been driven out of\\nhis trilie the Dakotahs with a small band\\ncif followers, quarrelled with the settlers\\nat .Spirit Lake. Iowa, and after murdering\\nabout twenty people in that vicinity,\\ncrossed the line into Minnesota and mas-\\nsacred the entire settlement at Springfield.\\nOnly a few women were spared, and these\\nwere carried into captivity. One of them\\nwas finally released, but the others were\\nmurdered before help could reach them.\\nWith few exceptions, the Indians engaged\\nin this massacre escaped punishment. This\\nmassacre, in wdiich about fifty settlers lost\\ntheir lives, was a gloomy episode of the\\nclose of the territorial period and fore-\\nshadowed the greater horrors which were\\nto bathe southwestern Minnesota in blood\\nduring the early years of statehood.", "height": "3028", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "The State.\\n1858-1899.\\nMinnesota s elevation to statehood was\\nattended by quite as exciting political dis-\\nturbances as those which preceded her re-\\ncognition as a territory. PoUtically the\\nsituation was very much mixed. Minne-\\nsota was large enough to become a state\\nthe population was about 150,000 but the\\nnew commonwealth would be a free\\nstate. For many years the slave states\\nhad fought against the admission of north-\\nern states which, through their representa-\\ntion at Washington, would tend to overbal-\\nance the Southerners influence in the na-\\ntional government, and until the admission\\nof California a balance between the sec-\\ntions had been well maintained. Then\\ncame the great contest over Kansas and\\nNebraska a contest which nearly precipi-\\ntated civil war several years before actual\\nsecession and Minnesota s proposed ad-\\nmission came up at a moment when the\\nbitterness between the two sections had\\nreached the boiling point.\\nThe Battle m Congress.\\nWhen Henry M. Rice, the delegate from\\nthe Territory of Minnesota, introduced a\\nMinnesota enabling act on December 24th.\\n1856, he only added fresh fuel to the fac-\\ntional war in congress. The bill fared well\\nin the house, where it was sure of a fairly\\ngood majority, but in the senate the fight\\nwas long. It lasted, in fact, to the very\\nclose of the session. Of course the issue\\nwas not made directly upon the slavery\\nquestion. The opponents of the bill found\\na convenient subject for discussion in a\\nprovision of the bill which made it pos-\\nsible for aliens to exercise the franchise un-\\nder certain conditions. An amendment\\nchanging this provision served to keep the\\nsenators talking. The amendment once\\ncarried and the bill was passed as amended,\\nbut soon afterwards the whole matter was\\nreconsidered. The attitude of the oppo-\\nnents seemed to be that, if amended, the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2lill would scarcely get through the busi-\\nness of the house before the end of the\\nsession, while, if they kept it hanging about\\nthe senate, its death would be equally cer-\\ntain. But the energy of the Northern sen-\\nators prevented this fate. Repeated bring-\\ning forward of the measure finally tired out\\nopposition and the enabling act became a\\nlaw on February 25. 1857.\\nThe Battle at Home.\\nIt is possible that rumors casting a doubt\\non the political complexion of the coming\\nstate may have had something to do with\\nthe final acquiescence of the Southern sen-\\nators. At all events, as soon as the en-\\nabling act was passed, there began a most\\nintense partisan struggle for the control of\\nthe constitutional convention and the elec-\\ntion of the first set of state officials. Un-\\nder the terms of the enabling act delegates\\nto a constitutional convention were to be\\nelected on the first Monday in June, and\\nthe convention was to be held at the capital\\non the second Monday in July. Unfortu-\\nnately the exact hour of meeting was not\\nspecified. The election of delegate was\\nhotly contested, but resulted, it was be-\\nlieved, in the election of a republican ma-\\njority. Some very close districts and pos-\\nsibilities of contests for seats left the mat-\\nter aggravatingly uncertain as to the exact\\ncondition. As the day of the convention\\napproached there was talk of possible sharp\\npractice, and to prevent any attempt on\\nthe part of the democrats to organize the\\nconvention, the republican members quietlv\\ntook possession of the legislative hall on\\nSunday at midnight, and were in readiness\\nfor anything which ihight be attempted.\\nHowever, the democratic wing made no\\nmove until noon of the appointed day\\nWhen the democrats entered the hall\\nCharles L. Chase, the secretary of the ter-\\nritory, attempted to call the convention to\\norder and J. W. North, on behalf of the\\nrepublican majority, at the same moment\\nperformed the same duty. Mr. Chase then", "height": "3074", "width": "1893", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "A HALF CENTURV OF MINNESOTA.\\nput a motion to adjourn and the democrats\\nvoted for it and at once left the hall, while\\nthe republicans, confident of their majority,\\nremained and organized the convention. It\\nwas found that the republican body actually\\nhad 59 members and the democratic wing\\nbut S3-\\nThus commenced one of the most re-\\nmarkable episodes in the history of the\\nstate. The democrats, in a few days, met\\nin another hall and organized. Feeling\\nran high. Neither convention would recog-\\nnize the other, and both continued in in-\\ndependent session for several weeks. At\\nlast it became evident to the cooler heads\\nthat such procedure would certainly defeat\\nthe objects of the gathering; that congress\\nwould be unwilling to ratify the action of\\neither body and that statehood would be\\nsacrified to patisan feeling. Good counsels\\nfinally prevailed, and on August 29th, both\\nconventions adopted the same constitution,\\nwhich was subsequently ratified by the peo-\\nple. Coincident with this ratification was\\nthe election of the first state officers and of\\nthe first representatives in congress. In\\nthis election the democrats were successful.\\nGen. H. H. Sibley defeated Alexander\\nRamsey for governor, and George L. Beck-\\ner, William W. Phelps and James M. Cav-\\nanaugli, all democrats, were elected to con-\\ngress. The state legislature was also demo-\\ncratic and it chose, at its first session,\\nHenry M. Rice and James Shields as\\nUnited States senators. These gentlemen\\nhad the distinction of being the only demo-\\ncratic senators ever sent to Washington by\\nMinnesota.\\nA State at Last.\\nDuring all this period of struggle for\\ncontrol o f the new state, the territorial gov-\\nernment still administered the affairs of\\nMinnesota. The state government would\\nnot be in force until congress formally re-\\ncognized it. It was supposed that this re-\\ncognition would occur early in the session\\nof congress, and the newly elected senators\\nand representatives went to Washington\\nexpecting to take part in the interesting\\nlegislation of that winter. But the attitude\\nof congress had undergone a considerable\\nchange. Republicans who had been strenu-\\nous for the admission of Minnesota in the\\nprevious winter, when it was expected to\\nline up as a republican state, had lost their\\nenthusiasm when five democratic legislat-\\nors appeared in Washington seeking seats\\nand votes in the congressional bodies. On\\nthe other hand Southern politicians who\\nhad vigorously protested against the ad-\\nmission of another free state saw in the\\nincrease of the democratic vote in congress\\na possible aid to tlieir own cause. In ad-\\ndition, Kansas was asking admission to the\\nUnion under a slavery constitution and\\nsome Southern congressmen were in favor\\nof settling the Kansas subject before tak-\\ning up the case of Minnesota. The situa-\\ntion was decidedly more mixed than it was\\nwhen the enabling act was under consid-\\neration. During the long discussion of the\\nmeasure the strange spectacle was present-\\ned of a northern republican John Sher-\\nman, of Ohio opposing the admission of\\nanother free state, while a Southern demo-\\n\\\\MLL1.\\\\M It. .M.^ItMI.VLL.\\nGovernor of Minnesota\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ii6ti-18T0.\\ncrat Alexander Stephens, of Georgia^\\nargued skillfully for it. On May 11, 1858,\\nthe bill finally passed, and Minnesota at\\nlast became one of the states of the Union.\\nThe Railroad Bond Issue.\\nMinnesota was a state at last, after long\\nand tiresome waiting, but the new admin-\\nistration doubtless wished that its respon-\\nsibilities had been further delayed. For\\nstatehood was entered upon in the midst\\nof the most distressing period in the his-\\ntory of this region. The general financial\\npanic of 1857 had affected Minnesota as\\nsuch disturbances usually do affect new\\ncommunities. Without well established in-\\ndustries and settled values, the new terri-\\ntnry had been unable to withstand the finan-\\ncial reverses. Real estate values had dis-", "height": "3028", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "A HALF CENTURY OP MINNESOTA.\\n27\\nappeared, agriculture bad not been so far\\ndeveloped as to make the state self-sup-\\nporting, and many of the people were re-\\nduced to absolute distress.\\nEarly in 1857 the territorial legislature\\nhad turned over the entire railroad land\\ngrant of the territory to railroad companies,\\nhoping that the immediate construction of\\nrailroads would assist materially in devel-\\noping the young state. Work was com-\\nmenced, but it soon became evident that\\ntlte grantees had not the financial strength\\nto carry out their agreements. But in-\\nstead of declaring the grants forfeited the\\nstate legislature, early in 1858, acceded to\\na request for the assistance of these shaky\\nrailroad promoters by the loan of the com-\\ning state s credit. The famous $5,00.000\\nloan bill was passed, and notwithstanding\\nthe opposition of such prominent citizens\\nas ex-Governor Gorman and William R.\\nMarshall, the measure was ratified soon\\nafter by popular vote. But the warnings\\nof the wiser heads proved to have been\\nwell founded. Within a short time the\\nyoung state found itself loaded with a debt\\nof over $2,000,000 through the issue of these\\nrailroad bonds, while not a rail had been\\nlaid by any of the companies, and only 250\\nmiles of grading had been done.\\nInterest upon the bonds was defaulted\\nand the state was obliged to foreclose the\\nproperties. The situation seemed hopeless.\\nIn a spirit, possibly, of retaliation (for it\\nwas generally believed that the state had\\nbeen grossly misused) the people, at the\\nNovember election, adopted a cnnstitu-\\ntional amendment virtuallj repudiating the\\ndebt incurred in the bond issue. Impend-\\ning war made the future doubtful, and for\\nthe time being nothing could be done. And\\nsoon the war cloud broke and railroads\\nwere forgotten in the excitement of the\\nhour.\\nMinnesota m the War of the Rebellion.\\nIn the election of the fall of 1859 the\\nrepublican party was successful, and Gov-\\nernor Ramsey was again selected to guide\\nthe fortunes of the young state through\\nwhat proved to be the most exciting period\\nin its history. The choice was a fortunate\\none. Others might have borne the respon-\\nsibilities with honor, but certainly none\\nbetter than the young, ardent and capable\\nexecutive, whose thorough sympathy with\\nthe national administration, whose intense\\nloyalty, whose fine executive ability and\\nwhose nearness to the hearts of the people\\nof the state made him the ideal leader for\\nsuch a crisis. On the fateful Saturday.\\nApril 13, 1861, when the news of the fall\\nof Sumter awakened the North to the cer-\\ntainty of war. Governor Ramsey was in\\nWashington. He foresaw a call for troops,\\nand early on Sunday morning called upon\\nSecretary Cameron of the war department\\nto offer a regiment from Minnesota. The\\ntender was put into writing and conveyed\\nat once to President Lincoln, Minnesota\\nthus being the first state in the Union to\\noffer her services for suppressing the re-\\nbellion. The offer was accepted and Gov-\\nernor Ramsey on Monday telegraphed\\nLieut,-Gov. Ignatius Donnelly to issue a\\ncall for volunteers. That night Josias R.\\nKing, of St. Paul, was the first man to\\nsign an agreement to enlist, and therefore\\nSTEPIIKN MII.I.KI;.\\nGoveruor of Minne^^uta\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1864-1866.\\nclaimed the honor of being the first vol-\\nunteer of the civil war. But not alone in\\nthese particulars did Minnesota take pre-\\neminence. The first three years regi-\\nment to reach the front came from Minne-\\nsota, and that regiment the famous First\\nMinnesota sustained the greatest loss in\\nthe greatest battle of the war. The con-\\ntribution of the state to the army was also\\nsomething remarkable. Though a border\\nstate where the men could ill be spared for\\nmilitary duty, the state furnished 26.717\\nvolunteers: this from a population of 172.-\\n023 by tlie census of i860. It was more\\nthan ten per cent of the population in 1865.\\nEleven regiments, two companies of sharp-\\nshooters, several light cavalry and four ar-", "height": "3074", "width": "1893", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "28\\nA HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA.\\ntillery organizations were recruited from\\nthe state.\\nTo tell the story of the participation of\\nMinnesota men in the war in detail is, of\\ncourse, impossible within the limits of this\\nsketch. Even to mention all the brave\\nleaders of the various organizations is out\\nof the question. Of the seven colonels\\nand lieutenant-colonels of the tild First,\\nthree. Colonels Gorman, Dana and Sully,\\nbecame brigadier generals, while the oth-\\ners. Colonels Morgan, Colville, Miller and\\nAdams, were brevetted for the same rank.\\nIndeed, Col. Sully won the brevet of major\\ngeneral. Col. Van Cleve, of the Second,\\nwas also brevetted major general and Col.\\nC. C. Andrews, of the Third, and Col. John\\nI.t CIUS V. lUBBAIil).\\n(Jovernor of Miimesiita\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1883-1S87.\\nB. Sanborn, of the Fourth, won the same\\ndistinction. Col. L. F. Hubbard, of the\\nFifth, won his brevet as brigadier general\\nin 1864. Col. John T. Averill, of the Sixth,\\nwas similarly honored, as was Col. Wm.\\nR. Marshall of the Seventh, Col. M. T.\\nThomas of the Eighth and Col. Jas. H.\\nBaker and Lieut.-Col. Jennison of the\\nTenth. Col. Miller of the Seventh was\\npromoted to be brigadier general.\\nThe scenes attending the recruiting of\\nthe First regiment were most exciting.\\nLieut.-Gov. Donnelly issued the call for\\ntroops on Tuesday, April i6th. Business\\nwas at once relegated to a second place\\nand the people of the state for a few days\\nspent their time in holding patriotic meet-\\nings and discussing the coming war on the\\nstreet corners. Amid great popular ex-\\ncitement company after company waS re-\\ncruited and hastened to Fort Snelling. It\\nwas impossible to accept all of them under\\nthe call, and ten were selected to form the\\nFirst regiment. They were mustered in\\nunder the three months call, but the ad-\\nministration having made a further call for\\nthree years troops, almost the entire regi-\\nment re-enlisted for three years or during\\nthe war. Ex-Governor Gorman was ap-\\npointed colonel and Stephen Miller, after-\\nwards to be governor of the state, was\\nmade lieutenant colonel. Towards the last\\nof May the regiment marched into St. Paul\\nand in the presence of a vast concourse\\nof people assembled in front of the capitol.\\nreceived from the hands of Mrs. Ramsey,\\nthe wife of the governor, a silk flag which\\nit afterwards carried through the war. Fort\\nSnelling was crowded with visitors during\\nthe few weeks that intervened before the\\nregiment went to the front.\\nSimilar scenes were witnessed as the reg-\\niments, one by one. assembled in response\\nto the additional calls issued by President\\nLincoln. The old First passed its term\\nof service in the East. It was in scores\\nof engagements. Among the more impor-\\ntant were Bull Run, Ball s Blufif, the bat-\\ntles of the Peninsula, Antietam, Fredericks-\\nburg and Gettysburg Gettysburg, where\\nIts famous charge has become one of the\\nglorious chapters in the records of mag-\\nnificent courage and self-sacrifice. There\\nIS no more gallant deed recorded in his-\\ntory, said Gen. Hancock, who ordered the\\ncharge. And well he might speak thus. A\\ndepleted regiment of 262 men charging two\\nlarge brigades of the enemy, breaking their\\nvictorious advance and holding them in\\ncheck until reserves had time to come, and\\nlosing in the deed 215 men out of the 262.\\nThis successful charge saved the position\\nand possibly the day for the Union forces.\\nThe Second regiment was in the West\\nat Chickamauga, Atlanta and in the march\\nto the sea. The Third. Fourth and Fifth\\nwere at Vicksburg, and the Fourth went\\nwith Sherman to the sea; the Seventh.\\nNinth and Tenth were at Nashville. These\\nwere only some of the most conspicuous\\nbattles. Most of the regiments served\\nthrough long and wearisome campaigns\\nand participated with honor in many en-\\ngagements.\\nHowever, many of the Minnesota sol-\\ndiers never saw Southern service; to them\\nfell a different kind of campaigning, though\\ntheir service was not less arduous or im-\\nportant.", "height": "3028", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "A HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a22!1\\nThe Indian War of 1862-64.\\nMinnesota had already sent half of her\\nvolunteers to the South and was hasten-\\ning the recruiting of more regiments for\\nthe suppression of the rebellion, when with\\nthe suddenness of the lightning s flash\\nthere fell upon the state a calamity which\\nfor the time turned aside every thought of\\nthe nation s conflict. On the i8th of Au-\\ngust, 1862, the Sioux Indians living upon\\nthe reservations along the upper Minnesota\\nriver rose without warning and massacred\\nthe settlers all along the frontier. Within\\nthirty-six hours about 1,000 people had\\narms, ammunition and rations for equip-\\nping troops. It was the greatest Indiam\\nmassacre in the history of the country and\\nwas executed with the fiendish cruelty and\\nsuddenness characteristic of the savages.\\nThese circumstances made the situation\\nappalling. Fleeing settlers poured into the\\nlarger villages on the frontier and hurried\\npreparations were made at these places for\\ndefense and for the relief of outlying\\npoints. But of the latter there were very\\nlew left with living inhabitants. The peo-\\nple at the upper and lower Indian agencies\\non the Minnesota river had been slain at\\n-mi\\nW^\\nA RELIC OK THE INDIAN MASSACRE OF 1863.\\nThe old Lctwer -\\\\gency building still standing near Redwood Falls. The roof anil interior have been\\nchanged; the walls are the same as wlien every inhabitant was murdered on August 18th. 1863.\\nbeen murdered. The Sioux engaged in the\\nmassacre could muster upwards of i.ooo\\neffective warriors, and the possibilities of\\nre-inforcement from the western bands of\\nSioux were almost illimitable. In addi-\\ntion there was imminent danger of the in-\\nfection of. the Winnebagoes and Chippewas\\nwith the spirit of rebellion and a general\\nuprising which would have swept the state\\nclear of settlers to the Mississippi river.\\nIndeed, this was found afterwards to have\\nbeen the program of Little Crow, the chief\\ncommanding the Sioux. At the moment\\nof the uprising the state had sent 5,000 of\\nher best men, including most of the trained\\nmilitia, to the South and was quite without\\nthe first movement of the Indians. Then\\nfrom Meeker county on the north, sweep-\\ning close to Glencoe, St. Peter, Mankato,\\nand on south to Spirit Lake on the Iowa\\nline, the savages had murdered every white\\nperson except about 150 young women and\\nchildren who were carried into a most hor-\\nrible captivity. Fort Ridgley and New\\nUlm were the only places where resistance\\nhad been eflfective, and both these places\\nwere sorely beset.\\nA few troops in the vicinity were hur-\\nried to the relief of Fort Ridgley, and\\nJudge Charles E. Flaudreau, who was then\\nliving at St. Peter, hastily organized a\\ncompany of 116 men and marched on Au-", "height": "3074", "width": "1893", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "30\\nA HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA.\\ngust 19th to New Ulm, arriving there just\\nin time to assist in beating off a renewed\\nattack. Within a few days the force was\\nswelled by other arrivals of volunteers, and\\non Saturday. August 23rd, when the In-\\ndians again attacked the place. Colonel\\nFlandreau had about 300 men, though very\\npoorly equipped. The battle of New Ulm\\nwas one of the most bitterly contested\\nknown in Indian warfare. The attacking\\nforce outnumbered the defenders two to\\none and were infinitely better armed. Af-\\nter burning the town and driving the\\nwhites into a stockade, the Indians were\\nforced to retire. On Monday the ruins of\\nthe town were abandoned and the inliabi-\\nlants and wearied volunteers made good\\ntheir retreat to Mankato.\\nmen. raw and undisciplined recruits, citi-\\nzen volunteers and what not. They were\\nill armed, but undaunted. But the evac-\\nuation of New Ulm and the check which\\nthe Indians had received gave time for\\npreparation, and within a few days the lit-\\ntle army was better armed and marched\\nto Fort Ridgley. In the meantime the In-\\ndians had disappeared from the vicinity\\nand a detachment of 150 men sent out to\\nreconnoitre felt so much security that it\\nwas surprised at Bird.- Coulie and almost\\nannihilated during a three days fight be-\\nfore reinforcements arrived. This almost\\nmassacre, however, again saved the lower\\nvalley. Even after their repulses at Fort\\nRidgley and New Ulm. the Indians were\\nreadv to invade the lower river, and would\\nKiilit lillx.\\nhiiim iin old dr.-iwiiijj in possession of\\nMeanwhile Fort Ridgley liad been con-\\ntinuously besieged, but without success.\\nThese desperate stands made by the de-\\nfenders of New Ulm and Fort Ridgley un-\\ndoubtedly saved the lower Minnesota val-\\nley. Had the Indians been successful, they\\nwould without question have ravaged the\\nstate to the vicinity of Fort Snelling.\\nGovernor Ramsey received word of the\\nuprising on August 19th, and at once\\nplaced Gen. H. H. Sibley in command of\\na movement to check and punish the In-\\ndians. At the time the Sixth Minnesota\\nregiment was being mustered in at Fort\\nSnelling and SibJey went forward ne.xt day\\nwith four companies of this regiment. Oth-\\ner companies were hurried after him, and\\non Sunday, the 24th. he had assembled at\\nSt. Peter a motley force of about 1.400\\nKi.KV.\\ntht Miiiiiosnia Ilieti ri:il Snciety.\\nundoubtedly have done so had their at-\\ntention not been taken up with the Birch\\nCoulie aflfair. They could easily have evad-\\ned the slight defensive operations possible\\nfrom Mankato and St. Peter, and Sibley\\ncould not have overtaken them before they\\nhad swept the valley. While these events\\nwere transpiring in the Minnesota valley,\\na command was organized in the region\\nabout Glencoe under Col. John H. Stev-\\nens and such defense was made that the\\nIndians were prevented from ravaging\\nthat part of the country beyond the limits\\nof their first raid. South of the Minnesota\\nCol. Flandreau was put in command of the\\ndefense to the Iowa line.\\nWith the hope of rescuing the prisoners\\nalive. Gen. Sibley, who well understood the\\nIndian character, made no further offensive", "height": "3028", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "A HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA.\\n?,1\\nmovements against the Indian position,\\nwhich had been taken up at the upper\\nagency, but opened communication with\\nLittle Crow. Their correspondence proved\\nunsatisfactory and Sibley finally moved\\nwest and on September 23rd fought the\\nbattle of Wood Lake, where the Indians\\nwere defeated. Two days later the Indian\\ncamp was surrounded and four hundred\\nwarriors taken prisoner, while the white\\ncaptives were at the same time released.\\nLittle Crow and some of his leading men\\nescaped.\\nGen. Sibley organized a military com-\\nmission which tried 425 Indians, of whom\\nJ2I were found guilty and 303 were sen-\\ntenced to death. The sentence was sub-\\nsequently commuted by President Lincoln,\\ntinually waging war against him. In 1862\\nthe Indians had not been promptly paid\\ntheir annuities and knew that the state was\\nill prepared to defend its settlers.\\nThe government decided that further\\npunisliment of the Indians was necessary,\\nand during 1863 and 1864 Generals Sibley\\nand Sully carried on campaigns through\\nDakota and Montana which completely\\nbroke the spirit of the Indians for the time\\nbeing.\\nThe Rebound from Depression.\\nWith the close of the civil war Minne-\\nsota entered upon a new period of pros-\\nperity. Even the backset which the state\\nreceived through the Sioux massacre was\\nforgotten. Immigration was constant and\\nINDIAN EXKlTTION .\\\\T M.\\\\NKAT I IN 18BS.\\nFrom a dr. iwing in the rooms of th* Minnesota Historical Society.\\nexcept in the case of 38 of the prisoners,\\nwho were hanged on one scaffold at Man-\\nkato on December 26th, 1862 probably the\\nmost remarkable execution in the country s\\nhistory. The remaining prisoners were\\nconfined in prison in Iowa for a long time.\\nSome of them died in this captivity and\\nthe rest were finally removed to the re-\\nmote frontier and liberated. For his part\\nin the campaign Sibley received a brigadier\\ngeneral s commission.\\nThe causes of the Indian uprising of 1862\\nhave been much discussed and never sat-\\nisfactorily settled, beyond the generaliza-\\ntion that the Indian hates the white man\\nand is only restrained by policy from con-\\nlarge. Many soldiers who had fought in\\nthe Union army came to the Northwest to\\ntake up government land and make homes\\non the prairies. During the war the fran-\\nchises granted to railroad companies in\\n1857 and which had fallen in through de-\\nfault, were re-let to new companies and\\nbuilding was taken up slowly. In 1862 the\\nten miles between St. Paul and St. An-\\nthony had been spanned by the rails, and\\nby 1865 a line had been opened to Fari-\\nbault. As soon as the war ended railroad\\nbuilding went on with great rapidity. Com-\\nmunication with the East via LaCrosse\\nwas opened in 1867. while the Minnesota\\nPacific reached the Red river valley only", "height": "3074", "width": "1893", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "32\\nA HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA.\\na little later. Under these conditions, so\\nfavorable for development, it is not won-\\nderful that the census of 1870 showed a\\ngain of 180,000 in population and a larger\\npercentage of increase than has occurred in\\nany five year period since.\\nHow the War Developed Men.\\nThe stress of the times, both on the\\nbattlefield and in the management of the\\naffairs of state, brought to the front the\\nbest that Minnesota had to offer. These\\nwere times that developed men. During\\nthe war the foremost man in Minnesota\\nwas undoubtedly Governor Ramsey. His\\nprompt action in offering troops to the\\ngovernment and his readiness upon the\\nbreaking out of the Indian war have al-\\nready been mentioned On .September g,\\nthe strength of character and readiness,\\nendurance and patience which later served\\nthem well in political life.\\nThe exigencies of war time were equally\\npotent in bringing forward strong men\\namong those whose duties kept them at\\nhome or in the legislative bodies. One of\\nthe most honored of Minnesota s public\\nmen commenced his service to the state\\nand nation at this time. This was William\\nWindom, of Winona. He represented the\\nstate in the national house of representa-\\ntives from 1859 to 1869, when he was ap-\\npointed to the senate. In 1871 he was elect-\\ned senator and again in 1877. In 1880 his\\nname was before the republican national\\nconvention as Minnesota s candidate for\\nthe presidential nomination. He was made\\nsecretary of the treasurv under Garfield\\nMorri?, Minn., in 18 1.\\n1862, he called an extra session of the state\\nlegislature to take measures for the sup-\\npression of the uprising. In the fall of\\n1861 he was re-elected, but during the\\nwinter of 1863 was chosen to represent the\\nstate in the United States senate, where he\\nserved with distinction during twelve years.\\nIn 1879 he was appointed secretary of war\\nby President Hayes and he afterwards\\nserved four years on the Utah commission.\\nNo less than four of the later governors\\nof Minnesota were commissioned officers\\nof her regiments during the war. Three\\nOthers served in various capacities either in\\nMinnesota or Wisconsin regiments, while\\nmany other of the public men of the state\\nacquired in the stern school of the army\\nand again by President Harrison, and it\\nwas during his conspicuously able conduct\\nof this department that his sudden death\\noccurred in 1891. As a financier and pub-\\nlicist of world-wide reputation, and as a\\nman of the highest character. Minnesota\\nhas reason to be proud of him.\\nThree Great Inventions.\\nIt must not be inferred from the impor-\\ntant place which is given to railroads in\\nall accounts of the development of Min-\\nnesota, that they were alone responsible\\nfor the wonderful advances made by the\\nyoung state. Without the railroads prog-\\nress would indeed have been slow; but\\nwith them and without the energy of the", "height": "3028", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "A HALF CENTURY OP MINNESOTA.\\n33\\nearly business men the development of\\nMinnesota would have been almost equally\\ndelayed. Three inventions or improve-\\nments were made during the decade of\\nWILLI.^M WINDOM.\\nIJnileti States Senator and Secretaiy of the Treasun.\\n1870-80 which were quickly adopted by the\\npeople of Minnesota and which played a\\nmost important part in the building up of\\nthe state. These were the middlings puri-\\nfier, the roller flour mill and the self-\\nbinding harvester. The first two brought\\nsuch improvements into the manufacture\\nof flour that the product of Northwestern\\nspring wheat mills took an acknowledged\\nlead in the world s markets; the last made\\nit possible to harvest that spring wheat at\\na greatly reduced cost, and, with the im-\\nproved processes of milling, made it an\\nactive competitor with all other breadstuflfs\\nthe world over. The fame of Minnesota\\nwheat and ffour went abroad over the land\\nand farmers fiocked to the state to engage\\nin raising No. I hard.\\nThe foundation of great manufacturing\\nand agricultural industries was laid and the\\nbasis for enormous increase in legitimate\\nimmigration was established.\\nThe Red River Vallev Opened.\\nCo-incident with the improvements\\nwhich made spring wheat a profitable crop\\ncame the extension of the railroads into\\nthe Red river valley. It was found that the\\nsoil of this region was peculiarly adapted\\nto the production of wheat. The subse-\\nquent development of wealth has possibly\\nnever been equaled in an agricultural dis-\\ntrict. In 1870 the territory comprised in\\nthe six counties of Wilkin, Clay, Norman,\\nPolk, Marshall and Kittson, which are\\nMinnesota s share of the Red river valley,\\nhad a population of 451 people. In 1880\\nthis had increased to 21,123 and 1890 to\\n71,190. In 1880 this district produced l,-\\n692,183 bushels of wheat; in 1890 about\\n8,000.000 bushels. The output of the Min-\\nneapolis flour mills in 1870 was insignifi-\\ncant; in i88o it had reached over 2,000,000\\nbarrels; in 1890, 7,000,000 barrels, and in\\n1898 over 14,000,000 barrels.\\nTwo Great Disasters.\\nWhile the influences just mentioned were\\nworking \\\\o develop two of the greatest in-\\ndustries of the state, there occurred dur-\\ning this same decade of 1870-80 two such\\nstrange and unprecedented disasters to\\nthese industries that they deserve a place\\namong the important happenings of the\\nstate s history. The grasshopper plague,\\nas it was called, extended over the years\\nfrom 1873 to 1878 and for a time threatened\\nto paralyze the agricultural interests of the\\nstate. The pests they were in reality a\\nCHARLES PILLSBIRY.\\nFov many years the leading Flour Miller of the\\nWorld.\\nspecies of locust appeared in 1873, and\\nin 1875 had increased to such an extent\\nas to destroy the entire crops through a\\nlarge part of the state. After losing sev-", "height": "3074", "width": "1893", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "34\\nA HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA.\\neral crops in succession, the farmers were\\nnot only discouraged, but in many in-\\nstances in absolute destitution. State aid\\nwas granted and means for the destruction\\nof the insects finally devised. Recovery\\nfrom these losses was, in some districts,\\nvery slow.\\nIn fact, it was not yet complete when\\nthe food producing industry was assailed\\nat the other end. On the evening 6f May\\n2, 1878, the Washburn A flour mill in Min-\\nneapolis^ the largest mill in the world at\\nthat time exploded with terrific force.\\nThe explosion was instantly followed by\\nthat of two adjoining mills, while build-\\nings of all kinds in that part of the city\\nwere wrecked by the conciisiioii. Tlie\\nby the attempted robbery, in 1876, of a\\nbank in Northtield, the murder ot tiie cash-\\nier and the subsequent pursuit and capture\\nof the outlaws. Two of the outlaws were\\nshot in the repulse of their band in the\\npublic square at Northfield and another\\nwas killed while the gang was surrounded\\nin a swamp by a pursuing posse. The oth-\\ners have since been prisoners in the Min-\\nnesota penitentiary. The band hailed from\\nMissouri and the people of Minnesota were\\nmost unwilling to liave their state brand-\\ned with the reputation which had attached\\nto the country of the James family. Prob-\\nably no event in its history so stirred Min-\\nnesota to the maintenance of a high stand-\\n,Trd of public firder\\nMuuKllEA\\nKi-om ;i pti()ti i, rHpli owned l)y tht\\nruined mills and all others on the west side\\nof the river immediately took tire and were\\ncompletely consumed. The loss of eighteen\\nlives and the millions invested was not the\\nleast of the evils of this catastrophe from\\na commercial standpoint for the mystery\\nof the explosion made it seem, at first, that\\nsafety in milling was an impossibility. But\\nthe mysteries of dust explosion were soon\\nbetter understood and the Minneapolis\\nmills were rebuilt on a larger scale and\\nwith appliances which assured their future\\nsafety from similar accident.\\nThe Northfield Tragedy.\\nA most profound impression was made\\nupon the minds of the people of the state\\nI) IN i\u00c2\u00bb;i.\\nMinnegotii Historical Soi-iety,\\nRepudiation Repudiated.\\nThere was a feeling abrcirid that Minne-\\nsota was a noble heritage and that her\\ngood name should be as fair as her grand\\nforests, blue lakes and broad prairies. The\\npublic conscience had borne without awak-\\nening the stigma of repudiation since the\\nbeginnings of statehood, but as the time\\nwent on it was realized that the unpaid\\nbonds, whatever the circumstances attend-\\ning their issue, must remain a blot on the\\nrecord of the state, unless just means were\\ntaken to provide for their payment or hon-\\norable adjustment. Headed by Governor\\nJohn S. Pillsbury. who repeatedly urged\\nlegislative action, the movement at last", "height": "3028", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "A HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA.\\n35\\ntook such prominence that the issue could\\nbe no longer ignored and an extra session\\nof the legislature in October. 1881, passed\\nan act for the issue of adjustment bonds,\\nwhich was immediately ratified by the peo-\\nple. The settlement was satisfactory to\\nthe bondholders.\\nA Lesson Written in Fire,\\nDuring the early eighties three serious\\ntires in as many of the public buildings of\\nthe state called attention to the needs of\\nmore substantial architecture if the the in-\\nstitutions of Minnesota were to maintain\\na high position. Previous to 1866 the in-\\nsane wards of the state were cared for by\\narrangement with the Iowa insane asylutn.\\n.JOHN S. PILLSHUKV.\\nGo\\\\ernor of Minnesota 1876 18T2.\\nLegislative action in that year established\\nthe first hospital for the insane at St. Pe-\\nter, and ten years later an extensive build-\\ning had been completed. The north wing\\nof this building burned on the night of\\nNovember 15, 1880, causing the direct loss\\nof 24 lives. Four months later the old\\nstate capitol at St. Paul was destroyed by\\nfire, entailing the loss of valuable docu-\\nments and records. In 1884 a portion of\\nthe buildings of the state penitentiary at\\nStillwater were burned. These lessons,\\nthough not immediately effective, have led\\nto a gradual improvement in the construc-\\ntion of the buildings of the various state\\ninstitutions.\\nA Chapter of Calamities.\\nIn reviewing the history of Minnesota it\\nis the almost inevitable conclusion that the\\nstate has been peculiarly unfortunate in\\ngreat catastrophes. In addition to the In-\\ndian massacres there have been from time\\nto time disasters wrought by the elements\\nwhich have in the aggregate caused almost\\nequal loss of life. During the winter of 1873\\na period of unusually intense cold found\\nmany of the newly establish settlers on the\\nprairies unprepared and fully seventy per-\\nsons lost their lives. A tornado, in 1883,\\ndestroyed a large portion of Rochester and\\ncaused some thirty-five fatalities. Seventy\\nlives were sacrificed in he tornauo which\\nswept over St. Cloud and Sauk Rapids in\\nApril, 1886, and over fifty were lost in a\\nsimilar storm which scourged five counties\\nin southern Minnesota five years later. A\\nstorm on Lake Pepin in the summer of\\n1890 sank an excursion steam and 100 per-\\nsons were drowned. But these terrible\\nev.ents were dwarfed by the horrors of the\\nforest fires of 1894. The awful details of\\nthe fire which devastated four hundred\\nsquare miles of territory, destroying\\nHinckley, Sandstone and other villages,\\nare still fresh in the recollection of the\\npeople of Minnesota. In this cyclone of\\ntire 417 people lost their lives, while more\\nthan 2,000 were made utterly destitute by\\nthe destruction of their homes. Property to\\nthe value of at least $1,000,000 was destroy-\\ned. These tragedies have served to show\\nthe warmth of sympathy existing among the\\npeople of Minnesota, underneath the busy\\nmaterial lives which most of them have\\nled; in the relief measures which have al-\\nways been prompt and generous, they have\\nbeen brought into closer relations and per-\\nhaps to a nearer approach to the ideal of\\nuniversal brotherhood.\\nSome Great Celebrations.\\nIn pleasant contrast to the darker epi-\\nsodes in the history of the state are the\\nincidents which show the normal tendency\\nof the people to merry-making and rejoic-\\ning. We are wont to think of the people\\nof Minnesota as undemonstrative, but the\\nrecords show that they have always had a\\nvivid appreciation of the dramatic and have\\nappeared to keenly enjoy public demon-\\nstrations and jollifications. From the first\\nFourth of July celebration in 1849 the in-\\nfant St. Paul, when 500 people nearly all\\nthe inhabitants of the place joined in the\\nprocession, to the demonstrations incident\\nto the return of the Minnesota volunteers", "height": "3074", "width": "1893", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "36\\nA HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA.\\nfrom the Philippines, half a century later,\\nwhen nearly half a million people greeted\\nthe soldiers and chief executive on the\\nstreets of Minneapolis and St. Paul there\\nhave been from time to time many inter-\\nesting occasions of public rejoicing.\\nOne of the most unique afifairs of this\\ncharacter was the excursion to St. Paul\\nand St. Anthony on the occasion of the\\nopening of the Chicago Rock Island\\nrailroad to the Mississippi river in 1854.\\nAbout 1,000 prominent people were in the\\nparty, including ex-President Fillmore,\\nEdward Bates, the senior and junior\\nBlairs, George Bancroft, the historian, El-\\nbridge Gerry, Charles A. Dana, Samuel\\nBowles, Samuel J. Tilden. and a great\\nHOKACE AfSTIN.\\nGovernor of Miunesota 1S70-18T4.\\nmany others then or since prominent in\\npolitics, the pulpit, the bar or the news-\\npaper sanctum. Such excursions are un-\\nknown nowadays, when the palace car con-\\nfines the excursionists in dusty compart-\\nments. Five steamboats brought the vis-\\nitors from Rock Island to St. Paul. From\\ntime to time, as the steamers ascended the\\nriver, they were lashed together in pairs\\nfor the convenience of the guests, and mu-\\nsic and dancing on board alternated with\\nhospitable receptions at every landing. At\\nSt. Paul a banquet and ball in the capitol\\ngave the Eastern visitors an understanding\\nof Western hospitality. Such conveyances\\nas could be had carried the excursionists\\nto St. Anthony and the Falls of Minne-\\nhaha.\\nPerhaps the first pageant ever seen in\\nthe state was that which appeared on the\\nstreets of St. Paul in 1858 in celebration\\nof the laying of the first Atlantic cable.\\nFor a town of less than 10,000 people lo-\\ncated far inland and without telegraphic\\ncommunication, this celebration of an in-\\nternational event was quite remarkable. In\\nthe parade all the prominent people partici-\\npated. A long series of floats carried\\ngroups representing in tableaux scenes of\\nthe revolution and others of a symbolical\\nnature. One car carried thirty-two young\\nwomen representing the states of the\\nunion, the part of Minnesota, the newest\\nin the group, being taken by a little girl\\nof five. The procession which included\\nmany other appropriate features, conclud-\\ned with the inevitable speechmaking.\\nThere were great demonstrations in cel-\\nebration of the victories which brought the\\nrebellion to a close, but they were perhaps\\noutdone by the later jubilees over more\\npeaceful triumphs. Upon the completion\\nand formal opening of the Northern Pa-\\ncific railroad, in 1883, the cities of St. Paul\\nand Minneapolis were crowded with the\\npeople of the state who gathered to wit-\\nness the pageants which celebrated this\\ncommercial advance and did honor to\\nHenry Villard. Eight years later the mag-\\nnificent harvest of 1891 was the occasion\\nof a jubilee in Minneapolis, the like of\\nwhich has never been seen in the West.\\nThis harvest festival attracted national\\nattention. The winter carnivals in St. Paul\\nand the later carnivals in both cities in con-\\nnection with the annu?l state fair have\\ngiven evidence of the presence of a genu-\\nine carnival spirit even if tinged with a\\ntouch of commercialism.\\nMinnesota at the Worlds Fair.\\nThe assistance of Minnesota m the na-\\ntional celebration of the four hundredth\\nanniversary of the discovery of America\\nwas noteworthy. Under the direction of a\\nspecial commission, an attractive state\\nbuilding was erected on the fair grounds\\nat Chicago and the state made exhibits in\\nmany of the departments of the fair. The\\ndisplays of cereals and dairy products, the\\nmining and forestry exhibits, were excep-\\ntionally fine. Out of about 300 displays\\nof cereals Minnesota took over 200 awards,\\nwhile 66 were granted for flour. The min-\\ning displays received 40 awards, the cattle\\n48, horses 50 and poultry 21. Minnesota\\nDay was celebrated on October 13th, the", "height": "3028", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "A HALF CENTURY OP MINNESOTA.\\n37\\nthirty-sixth anniversary of the adoption of\\nthe constitution.\\nThe Panic of 1893.\\nThe world s lair j-ear brought with it\\nthe commercial depression throughout the\\ncountry, and which, in the case of Minne-\\nsota, proved to be the most serious panic\\nsince the organization of the state, but in\\nproportion to the population and commer-\\ncial interests involved, it was not as serious\\nas the panic of 1857. Its effects were felt\\nprincipally in the larger cities where many\\nfinancial institutions, especially those re-\\nlying upon real estate values for their foun-\\ndations, were forced to bankruptcy. The\\ncost of about $275,000. Its inadequacy to\\nthe needs of the state became apparent\\nwithin a few years, and in 1893 the legis-\\nlature created a capitol commission\\ncharged with the erection of a more per-\\nmanent building, to cost $2,000,000. The\\ncornerstone of the new capitol was laid on\\nJuly 27th, 1898, by the venerable Governor\\nRamsey. The building is of white Geor-\\ngia marble, and is under contract for com-\\npletion by July ist, 1900. It will be one of\\nthe handsomest, though by no means the\\nmost costly of state capitols.\\nMinnesota m the Spanish War of 1898.\\nThe response of the state to the call for\\nMINNESOTA HI 11. DIM. AT IllK WOlil.llS FAIH I 1-^\\nconditions brought to light the operations\\nof careless and even criminal financiers;\\nbut Minnesota suffered no more from such\\nrevelations than other and older states. In\\nthe rural communities of the state the de-\\npression was much less marked than in\\nthe cities. Some districts experienced\\npractically no inconvenience from the gen-\\neral stringency.\\nMinnesota s New Capitol.\\nAfter the destruction of the original cap-\\nitol building in 1881, the legislature held\\ntwo sessions in the St. Paul market house\\nand in 188.3 occupied the second capitol,\\nwhich had been rushed to completion at a\\nvolunteers for the war with Spain in 1898\\nwas as prompt as in 1861 when Lincoln\\nasked for soldiers to put down the rebel-\\nlion. Minnesota was again first to offer\\nmilitary aid. She furnished three regi-\\nments the Twelfth, Thirteenth and Four-\\nteenth immediately after the call, and they\\nwere mustered in on May 7th and 8th. The\\nFifteenth followed under the second call\\non July i8th. In all 5.313 volunteers were\\nfurnished the national government. Only\\nthe Thirteenth regiment actually partici-\\npated in hostilities. Its creditable service\\nin the Philippine islands is a matter fa-\\nmiliar to evervone in the state.", "height": "3074", "width": "1893", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "38\\nA HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA.\\nThe Pillager Indian Uprising.\\nIn 1898 Minnesota again experienced the\\nsensations of an Indian uprising, but for-\\ntunately on a scale which relieved the af-\\nfair of the terrors of the pioneer days. The\\nattempt of a deputy United States marshal\\nto arrest two Indians on the Leech Lake\\nreservation led to the rising of the Pillager\\nband against the authority of the govern-\\nment. A detachment of troops sent from\\nFort Snelling attempted to enforce United\\nStates authority, and all but one or two\\nof the miscreants were finally arrested, but\\nnot until an engagement had taken place\\nat Sugar Point where the command lost\\neight killed and as many wounded. No\\nCLJSIl.MAN K. DAV1^^.\\nGovernor of Minnesota, 1ST4 ISTti. and United\\nStates Senator.\\nIndians were killed. For a time the people\\nsettled near Leech Lake were fearful of a\\ngeneral uprising, and troops were stationed\\nfor several days at all important points.\\nAn Agricultural Influence.\\nSecond only in influence in the farming\\nlife of the state to the improvements in\\nagricultural and milling machinery of the\\nseventies was the decided movement to-\\nward dairying in the last decade. Twenty\\nyears ago Minnesota was likely to become\\nknown as a one crop state. There was\\nan extraordinary rush into wheat raising,\\nstimulated by the high price of the cereal,\\nthe ease with which it could be raised by\\nmen ignorant of general farming and a\\ncertain amount of skepticism regarding the\\npossibilities of the climate for many kinds\\nof crops. Before long it became evident\\nto the more thoughtful that diversification\\nmust come or the farms of the state would\\nbe ruined. Even a soil which received the\\naward at the world s fair for being extra-\\nordinarily rich in plant food would sooner\\nor later be exhausted if only wheat were\\nraised. Low prices of wheat in some years\\nand occasional crop failures helped on the\\ncoming change. In the early times of the\\nstate the excellence of Minnesota grasses\\nas butter-making food had been estab-\\nlished, but it was not until the necessity\\nof diversification became very evident that\\nthere was any large movement toward\\ndairying. The introduction of the co-op-\\nerative creamery idea at an opportune time\\nhelped on the movement until now there\\nare about 700 creameries and 100 cheese\\nfactories in the state, .^bout two-thirds of\\nthese institutions are co-operative. Iri 1898\\nabout 30 per cent of the farmers in the\\nstate were patrons of creameries. At the\\nsame time there has grown up a general\\ndiversificution of grain crops, an increased\\nattention to fruit raising and considerable\\ninterest in stock breeding and fattening.\\nRecently the exploitation of the sugar beet\\nas a Minnesota crop has led to the intro-\\nduction of this profitable root as a Minne-\\nsola staple.\\nThis diversification of farm crops and\\nndustries has had a notable effect upon\\ntlie financial condition of Minnesota\\nlarmers. and must in time work an\\nqual change in their social condition. Ex-\\nlusive wheat raising means for the farmer\\nverwork at the time of seeding and har-\\n\\\\est and comparative idleness at other pe-\\nriods, while it also tends. to make him more\\nor less of a speculator. In the same way\\nthe change from home dairying to the\\ncreamery has lightened the duties of the\\nfarm wife, and, with the incidentally in-\\ncreased income, made possible a higher\\nstandard of living.\\nSome Events Political.\\nMinnesota is peculiar among the states\\nin that for nearly forty years, from i860 to\\n1899, its government remained in the con-\\ntrol of one political party. Vermont is the\\nonly other state in the Union which has\\npassed through a similar experience. Gen-\\neral H. H, Sibley, elected as a democrat\\nin 1858. was succeded by a republican.\\nGovernor Ramsey, in i860, and then fol-\\nlowed in long succession Governors Henrj", "height": "3028", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "A HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA\\n39\\nA. Swift, 1863-4; Stephen Miller, 1864-66;\\nWilliam R. Marshall, 1866-70; Horace Aus-\\ntin, 1870-74; Cushman K. Davis, 1874-76;\\nJohn S. Pillsbury, 1876-82; Lucius F. Hub-\\nbard, 1882-87; A. R. McGill. 1887-89; Wil-\\nliam R. Merriani, 1889-93; Knute Nelson,\\n1893-95; and David M. Clough, 1895-99.\\nIn l8g8 John Lind, the candidate of the\\ndemocratic and populist parties, was elect-\\ned governor, breaking the long line of re-\\npublican successes. But on national issues\\nthe state has always been republican, every\\nrepublican president from Lincoln to Mc-\\nKinley having received a plurality. And\\nwith the exception of Senators Shields and\\nRice, chosen in 1857, all of the state s rep-\\nresentatives in the upper house of congress\\nA. R. Mc(ULL.\\nGovernor of Minnesota\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1887-lf8ll.\\nhave been republicans. All have served\\nthe state with credit, while Senators Ram-\\nsey, Windom and Davis have been called\\nto even higher national honors and duties.\\nSome of the more important legislative\\nenactments of the state have already been\\nmentioned. During Gov. Davis adminis-\\ntration, and at his suggestion, the foun-\\ndations were laid for state supervision of\\nrailroads. The creation of the railroad\\ncommission is justly regarded as one of\\nthe most important pieces of legislation\\naccomplished in Minnesota. During Gov.\\nMcGill s administration the system was\\nperfected. At the same session of the leg-\\nislature the high license system was adopt-\\ned. Various acts from time to time fixed\\nas a part of the state financiering the cus-\\ntom of raising a large revenue from taxes\\nupon the gross earnings of railroads. The\\nAustralian system of voting and laws ef-\\nfecting reforms in primary elections have\\nbeen important measures looking to better\\ngovernment. Early in the life of the state\\nlegislation was adopted establishing the ed-\\nucational and charitable institutions, and\\nsupplementary acts have added to the orig-\\ninal establishments and created numerous\\nnew departments.\\nDevelopment of a School System.\\nUntil Minnesota became a state the\\nschool systems, previously referred to as\\nfounded by the territorial legislature, made\\nslow progress. Originally it consisted only\\nof the common schools, conducted much\\nas the local directors considered best, and\\nthe university, which remained in an em-\\nbryotic condition until after the war. Early\\nin statehood a revised school law code was\\nadopted and the machinery of the common\\nschool system, much as it exists today,\\nwas put in motion. The superintendent of\\npublic instruction was at first chancellor\\nof the university. Teachers institutes were\\nprovided for by the legislature of 1867-9.\\nHigh schools first came in on the motion\\nof city school boards; afterwards they were\\nbrought under the supervision of a state\\nhigh school board and grafted into the\\nsystem which now makes it possible for\\nthe Minnesota boy or girl to begin with\\nthe elementary branches and pass from one\\nschool to another through a high school\\nand university course. In the common\\nschools there are now about 330,000 pupils.\\nThe state revenue for schools from the\\npermanent fund and taxation is now over\\n$1,000,000 annually.\\nA norma! school system was planned by\\nthe legislature of 1858, and after some de-\\nlays the Winona school was opened in\\ni860. Its bifilding was not completed until\\n1870. The Mankato normal was opened\\nin 1868, and that of St. Cloud in the fol-\\nlowing year. In 1888 the Moorhead school\\nwas added to the list. These schools Jiad\\nlast year an enrollment of 1,825 students.\\nIn addition the state maintains a summer\\nschool at the state university and local\\nsummer schools which are held in more\\nthan fifty counties.\\nIn the territorial division of this sketch\\nthe early history of the University of Min-\\nnesota was outlined. In i860 the institu-\\ntion was entirely reorganized by legislative\\nenactment. The new board of regents,\\nthen organized, found itself with an incom-", "height": "3074", "width": "1893", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "40\\nA HALF CENTURV OF MINNESOTA.\\npleted building and a burden of debt. It\\nwas not until 1867 that the debts were ex-\\ntinguished and an appropriation made it\\npossible to commence instruction in a pre-\\nparatory department. In the following\\nyear the agricultural college created in\\n1862, but never actually established, was\\nincorporated with the university proper,\\nand in 1869 the work of the institution as\\na college was commenced with Dr. W. W.\\nFolwell as president. Upon President Fol-\\nwell devolved the labor of organization\\nand the solution of all the difficult prob-\\nlems of a new institution. The equipment\\nwas meagre; not until 1875 was it possible\\neven to enlarge the original building. With\\n1881 came provisions for more liberal\\nbuilding, and 1883 saw the beginnings of\\nthe agricultural department work in the\\nfarm at St. Anthony Park.\\nto a dozen or more on the campus, and\\nalmost as many on the agricultural farm.\\nIn these buildings are accommodated\\nseven departments, a college of science, lit-\\nerature and arts, a school of mines, a col-\\nlege of mechanic arts, a college of agri-\\nculture, a college of law, a department of\\nmedicine and a graduate department. Sev-\\neral of these departments are so subdivided\\nas to form virtually other colleges or\\nschools. The university has an enrollment\\nof about 3,000 students, a strong faculty\\nand a standard of work which gives its\\nstudents recognition on equal terms in the\\nbest universities in the country. The ag-\\nricultural department is recognized as lead-\\ning all others in the United States. The\\nuniversity has an annual financial support\\nof about $300,000, and in addition to its\\nlands, owns buildings wortti over a million\\nTHE I.TBRARY-lNnEUSITY OF .MI.NNKSOTA,\\nIn 1884 the time appeared to have come\\nwhen Dr. Folwell might indulge a prefer-\\nence for work as an instructor, and he re-\\ntired from the presidency to be succeeded\\nby Dr. Cyrus Northrop, who has contin-\\nued to administer the affairs of the insti-\\ntution to the present time. Thus the Min-\\nnesota university has had, in its thirty\\nyears of actual college work, but two pres-\\nidents, and each has served for one-half the\\nperiod. President Northrop s conduct of\\nthe university has been most successful.\\nThe rapid growth of the state during the\\neighties made great demands upon the ed-\\nucational institutions, and the legislature,\\nrealizing the importance of the university,\\nmade liberal appropriations. From three\\nsmall buildings the imiversity has grown\\ndollars.\\nThrough the organization of its univer-\\nsity, high schools and grammar and dis-\\ntrict schools in one complete and con-\\nnected system, Minnesota became the first\\nstate to offer to its young people a free\\nliberal education from the primary grades\\nto post graduate university work.\\nOther State Institutions.\\nClosely allied with its public educational\\nsystem has been Minnesota s public pro-\\nvision for instruction of defectives, its cor-\\nrectional work and its treatment of the in-\\nsane. From the founding of the peniten-\\ntiary in territorial days, the establishment\\nof the deaf, dumb and blind institute at\\nFaribault in 1868, and the creation of the", "height": "3028", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3074", "width": "1893", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "42\\nA HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA.\\nSt. Peter hospital for the insane in 1866,\\nthe institutional system has gradually de-\\nveloped until it is reasonably complete.\\nThe three hospitals for the insane at St.\\n\\\\V1LLI.\\\\M K. iIKl;UI.\\\\M,\\nGovernor of Minnesota\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1889-1S93\\nPeter. Rochester and Fergus Falls had\\n3.357 inmates at the beginning of the cur-\\nrent year; the state has about $2,500,000\\ninvested in these institutions. At Faribault\\nare grouped in the institute for defectives\\nthe three schools for the deaf, blind and\\nfeeble-minded. The state public school at\\nOwatonna cares for neglected or homeless\\nchildren and the state training school at\\nRed Wing takes in hand boys and girls\\nwho are incorrigible, but whose misde-\\nmeanors are not such as to warrant incar-\\nceration in one of the common prisons.\\nThe reformatory at St. Cloud was estab-\\nlished by the legislature of 1887, with the\\nsame purpose but going one grade deeper;\\nit is used for the imprisonment and refor-\\nmation if possible of youthful criminals.\\nThe most significant and important legis-\\nlation in connection with these institutions\\nwas the creation in 1883 of the state board\\nof charities and corrections, charged with\\na general oversight of the management of\\nthe institutions, but without executive\\npowers. New methods may be recom-\\nmended and no buildings may be erected\\nwithout the approval of plans by the board.\\nIts work has tended to greatly unify the\\nsystem, improve methods and prevent\\nabuses.\\nGrowth of the Churches.\\nSince the first Presbyterian church was\\norganized in 1834 in a rude apartment at\\nFort Snelling, and since Father Galtier\\nbuilt the chapel of St. Paul, the religious\\nlife of Minnesota has made progress in\\nevery way commensurate with the material\\ndevelopment of the state. To tell the story\\nin detail would require many pages; it\\nwould be an account of indomitable effort\\nmidst greatest discouragements in pioneer\\ndays, of notable triumphs as the years\\nwent on, and a gradual development of\\nsuch strength and force as has been rarely\\nseen in a half century of spiritual endeavor.\\nOnly a few incidents of this fifty years\\nwork may be mentioned. The first resi-\\ndent clergyman in charge of a church in\\nSt. Paul was Father Ravoux of the Roman\\nCatholic church. In 1849 Rev. E. D. Neill\\ncommenced preaching and Rev. J. P. Par-\\nsons of the Baptist denomination and Rev.\\nChauncey Hobart.a Methodist, commenced\\ntheir labors later in the same year. Rev.\\nJ. C. Whitney, a Presbyterian clergyman,\\nbegan pastoral work in Stillwater in 1849.\\nHe was followed soon after by a Baptist.\\nRev. W. C. Brown. The first Methodist\\nchurch at St. Anthony was organized by\\nKNLTE NELSON.\\n\u00c2\u00bb.io\\\\ernor of Minnesota, 1893-1895, and T. S. Senator.\\nRev. Matthew Sorin in 1849; a Presbyter-\\nian and an Episcopal church were formed\\nin 1850. and a Congregational church in\\nthe following year. During October, 1850,", "height": "3028", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "A HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA.\\n43\\nthe first church bell to ring out its mes-\\nsage from a belfry in Minnesota was heard.\\nIt hung in the tower of the First Presby-\\nterian church of St. Paul.\\nDAVID M. ci.orGH.\\nGovernor of Minnesota 150. -1899.\\nThe churches planted in these early days\\ngrew rapidly. So large indeed was the\\nconception of the needs of the young ter-\\nritory that in 185 1 a bishopric of the Cath-\\nolic church was created and the Right\\nReverend Joseph Cretin became the first\\nbishop of St. Paul. In the same year the\\nWisconsin Methodist conference took cog-\\nnizance of churches of that denomination\\nat St. Paul, St. Anthony, Stillwater and\\nPoint Douglas. The St. Paul Pioneer of\\nJuly 29, 1852, notes the advent of the\\nchurch organ. As the years went by such\\nnames as Knickerbacker, Whipple, Grace\\nand Ireland, appeared in the pages of\\nchurch history later to become most prom-\\ninent in the religious life of the state. The\\nthought of religious education developed\\nearly, and the Presbyterian, Methodist,\\nCongregational, Baptist, Episcopal, Catho-\\nlic and several Lutheran denominations\\nestablished schools and colleges. Church\\narchitecture made slower progress; in 1875\\nthe First Baptist Church of St. Paul was\\nthe finest church edifice in Minnesota.\\nIn 1890 there were 3.429 church organiza-\\ntions in the state, with 2,619 church edi-\\nfices, while church property was valued at\\n$12,940,152. The membership was 532,590,\\nwhich was about 41 per cent of the popula-\\ntion of the state.\\nThe Close of a Half Century.\\nMinnesota reaches the end of her first\\nfifty years in the enjoyment of conditions\\nwhich give promise of still more remark-\\nable development in the years which will\\nround out her century. Analyzing these\\nconditions, the most striking and signifi-\\ncant appear in what is ordinarily referred\\nto as the higher life of the people. At no\\ntime in the history of the state has there\\nbeen a larger interest in matters educa-\\ntional, moral, social and governmental\\nthan during the last few years. The edu-\\ncational system of the state is better un-\\nderstood, and may be fairly said to have\\na more general support from all classes\\nof people, than ever before. Legislation\\nin its interests has become distinctly more\\nfriendly and intelligent. There is a signi-\\nficant tendency to inquire into improve-\\nments and extensions and developments\\nalong the lines of modern thought. That\\nthe people of Minnesota are thinking is\\ndemonstrated by increased attention to the\\npublic charities, and a very evident desire\\nto have the correctional work of the com-\\njoim LI D.\\nGovernor of Minnesota\u00e2\u0080\u0094 189 J.\\nmonwealth carried on on broad and in-\\ntelligently moral lines. There is evidence\\nof a large interest in social questions, in the\\nrelations of labor and capital, in municipal", "height": "3074", "width": "1893", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "44\\nA HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA.\\ngovernment, in the pnrity of elections, and\\nother similar subjects. These can only be\\ntouched upon. These conditions are per-\\nhaps, the natural results of the experiences\\nof Minnesota; they certainly reflect a high-\\ner average of quality in population than\\nexists in most Western states. In 1895\\nabout one-third of the population of the\\nstate was foreign born. But Minnesota has\\nbeen fortunate in attracting largely a class\\nof immigrants readily assimilated and ready\\nto adopt American customs and ideas. The\\nstate has never been troubled with large\\nconnnunities which insisted upon preserv-\\ning their old country customs and lan-\\nguages.\\nIt is. of course, impossible to ([uite sep-\\narate these higher conditions from tlie\\nmore material. They afifect each other too\\nnearly. The natural resources and ma-\\nterial prosperity of the state have attracted\\nthe more intelligent immigration: the char-\\nacter of the immigrants has aided in devel-\\noping the wealth of the state. Population\\nincrease in Minnesota has been relatively\\nenormous. Commencing with 6,000 people\\nin 1850, succeeding counts have shown, in\\ni860, T72,ooo; in 1870, 439.000; in 1880. 780.-\\n000; and in i8go, 1.301,000. Each decade\\nhas excelled its predecessor in actual\\ngrowth. From 1850 to i860 the increase\\nwas 165,000; from i860 to 1870. 267.000;\\nfrom 1870 to 1880. 341.000; and from 1880\\nto 1890, 521.000. .\\\\s the growth between\\n1890 and 1895, as shown by the state cen-\\nsus of the latter year, indicated a still\\nlarger rate of increase, it is fair to assume\\nthat the census of 1900 will give Minne-\\nsota very nearly 2,000,000 population.\\nBut with two millions of people Min-\\nnesota would have but twenty-four to the\\nsquare mile, as against 278 in Massachu-\\nsetts, ninety in Ohio and sixty-eight in\\nIllinois. If peopled as densely as Ohio\\nMinnesota would have about 7,500,000 in-\\nhabitants; and the land, acre for acre, is\\nquite as well adapted to the support of pop-\\nulation. Climate and prosperity are other\\nconditions which will lead to increasing\\ngrowth. An unusually low percentage of\\ncrop failures and four healthful seasons\\neach year are attractive to farmers. Busi-\\nness conditions giving unusual opportuni-\\nties for the investment o capital must con-\\ntinue to build up the cities of the state.\\nMany facts in the record of the advance\\nof Minnesota s commercial afifairs are sug-\\ngestive and interesting; some of them are\\nreferred to in a supplementary chapter.\\nThe conditions at the close of 1899 are\\nmost gratifying. The reverses of 1893\\nworked. to clarify the commercial atmos-\\nphere. Unsound ventures were weeded\\nout. better methods were adopted. The\\ncommercial interests of the state are now\\non a sound and substantial basis. Inflated\\nvalues have lieen eliminated from real\\nestate, and wild speculation discouraged.\\nMortgage indebtedness in city and country\\nhas been much reduced. All conditions en-\\ncourage increased operations in established\\nbusiness and invite new enterprises.\\nThe state of Minnesota enters on a new\\nhalf century with the brightest promise.\\nThe people of the North Star State are\\nwarranted in looking for\\\\yard to a large\\nmaterial development and great progress\\nin the higher life. *rhey might re-adopt,\\nfor use during the remainder of the state s\\nfirst century, the old territorial motto,\\nQuae sursum volo videre literally, I\\nwish to see what is above or, freely\\ntranslated in the spirit of the pioneers who\\nadopted it, I look for higher things.", "height": "3028", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "Minnesota s Commercial Progress During\\nFifty Years.\\nFifty vL-ars is liut a short time in whicli\\nto build 11]) a great commereial system.\\nWhen one sees the great warehonscs of St.\\nPaul, Minneapolis and Duluth crowded\\nwith merchandise and teeming with\\nactivity: when the map of the state,\\ngridironcd with railroads, is opened:\\nwhen the port of Diiluth is visited\\nand its great lake commerce seen;\\nwhen the grand totals of manufacturing\\nand commerce in the state are footed up:\\nwhen all this is considered, as it is in the\\nyear 1899. it is difficult to realize that half\\na century ago Minnesota was a wilderness,\\nthat not a railroad had reached its bor-\\nders, tliat manufacturing was unknown,\\nand that even the growing of crops for ex-\\nport had not commenced. When Minne-\\nsota became a territory in 1849, the only\\nsettlements were about the present sites of\\nMinneapolis and St. Paul and along the\\nSt. Croix. West of the Mississippi ex-\\ntended an luibroken reach of forest and\\nprairie beautiful and productive even as\\nit is now but then inhabited only by sav-\\nages. Such trade as was to be found was\\nhandled in a rude way in the villages of\\nSt. Paul and St. Anthony. It consisted\\nlargely of tratiic with the Indians. The\\nfurs thus secured went down the river on\\nsteamboats wliich brought to the frontier\\nvillages such necessities and luxuries as\\ncould be afforded by the hardy pioneers.\\nIn place of the great railway lines which\\nnow di.stribute goods to every corner of\\nthe state, the famous Red River carts were\\ndragged with luuch toil over woods and\\nprairies, the journey from St. Anthony\\nto the Red river and return occupying most\\nof the season.\\nThe census of 1850 showed a population\\nof only 6,077 people. Then came a rush of\\nimmigration. Steamboats pvished up the\\nMinnesota valley, and settlements sprung\\ninto being. .-Mong the Mississippi towns\\nwere established, both above and below\\nthe original settlements at St. Paul and\\nSt. .\\\\nthony. But until war times llu-\\nonly means of transporting freight in quan-\\ntities was by steamer. After the war came\\nthe railroad era. and then were laid the\\nfoundations of the great commercial struc-\\ntures of today. With means of transpor-\\ntation to the interior, immigration flour-\\nished. The production of wheat made\\npossible the millin.g industry: the demand\\nfor building material gave the lumbering\\nbusiness an impetus; while the demands\\nof th.e rapidly increasing population opened\\ntlie way for wholesale trade in all lines.\\nFully a quarter of a million of people were\\nfound to be in the state when the census\\nof 1865 was taken.\\nBut two things were still wanting. Their\\nabsence was not generally realized as a\\nhindrance to the commercial development\\nof the state; but when they came they were\\nrecognized as exercising a most powerful\\ninfluence. In the seventies they came the\\nself-binding harvester and tlie roller pro-\\ncess for making dour. Supplemented by\\nthe ever-increasing transportation facili-\\nties, these two things made it possible for\\nthe northwestern fartuer to compete with\\nthe world in supplying breadstuffs. With-\\nin ten years the two Dakotas had added\\nhundreds of thousands to their population\\nand Minnesota had filled up with people.\\nIt was at this time generally speaking,\\nfrom 1875 to 1885\u00e2\u0080\u0094 that the great wholesale\\ntrade of the commercial centers of the state\\nadvanced to metropolitan proportions; that\\nthe great manufacturing industries which\\nhave made Minnesota famous the world\\nover, reached pre-eminence; that com-\\nmerce and trade began to be counted as\\nprominent parts of the life of a state which\\nhad before been looked upon only as a\\npromisin.g agricultural possibility.\\nF rench and English traders invaded\\nMinnesota during the last century. When", "height": "3074", "width": "1893", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "4G A HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA.\\n(XK C O O 0\u00c2\u00ab X OO O O0O O K\\nI THE OLD RELIABLE\\nPeter Schuttler Wa^onJ\\npOR FIFTY-SIX YEARS it has led\\nthem all. The only large wagon man-\\nufacturers in America who make their own\\nhubs, spokes, felloes, bolts, rivets, and all other\\nparts from the raw material. All wood stock\\ncarried from three to five years, and thoroughly\\nair seasoned before using. Sold by\\nBRADLEY, CLARK CO.,\\n225-227-229 Fifth Street N.,\\nMINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA.\\nGeneral Northwestern Agents for\\no\\nX Schuttler, Milburn and Sterling Wagons. Bradley Garden\\nX City Clipper Walking Plows. Bradley X and XX Roy s\\nI Sulky and Gang Plows. Klondike Stem Winder, Vulcan,\\nX Century and Dolphin Cultivators. Also a full line of Cutters,\\nI Bob Sleds, Wind Mills, Feed Mills, Pumps, Etc.\\n0 0 000 X KK 00 H 00 C 00 0 X 00000^", "height": "3028", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "A HALF CENTURY OP MINNESOTA.\\nTH E\\nVAMDUSEn-\\nHARRINOTOnC^\\noRAinconnission\\nrtltlNEAPOLIScA^^\\na^DULUTH\\nFor some time after St. Paul had been\\nsettled in 1838 the people were obliged to\\ngo to Mendota for their supplies. In 1842\\nHenrj- Jackson arrived and opened the\\nfirst store in St. Paul. R. W. Mortimer\\nlierame a merchant of the coming capital,\\nand Daniel Hopkins opened a store at Red\\nRock in the same year. The next St. Paul\\nmerchant was James W. Simpson, who\\nopened a store where the Union block now\\nstands, in 1843. William Hartshorn ar-\\nrived during the same year, and formed a\\npartnership with Henry Jackson the first\\nmercantile alliance of this sort in Minne-\\nsota. But the partnership did not last\\nlong; in 1845 Mr. Hartshorn opened up an\\nestablishment on his own account, which\\nsubsequently passed into the hands of\\nFreeman, Larpenteur Co. and later to\\nJohn VVm. H. Randall. A. L. Larpen-\\nteur had been a clerk for both Jackson and\\nHartshorn. He afterwards engaged in\\nbusiness on his own account and became\\none of the most prominent merchants of\\nSt. Paul in the territorial days. Louis Rob-\\nert arrived and opened a store in 1844. In\\n1845 about 35 families were settled in and\\nabout the village, but these could not sup-\\nport the five stores which, by that time,\\nwere in operation: most of the trade was\\nl.iout. Pike came out in 1805 to explore\\nthe country after the Louisiana purchase,\\nhe found J. B. Faribault, Fraser and Mur-\\ndoch Cameron, Pierre Roseau, Joseph\\nRenville, Porlier, Robert Dickson. Grant\\nand Hugh McGillis. McGillis was the dis-\\ntrict superintendent or manager for the\\nNorthwest Company, and mosi of the oth-\\ners mentioned were in his employ. The\\ntrade of this time was all barter the pur-\\nchase of furs by means of supplies and\\ntrinkets, which were highly valued by the\\nignorant savages. To some extent Ameri-\\ncan traders superceded the French and\\nEnglish after Pike s visit, but for a long\\ntime there was much friction between the\\nrival frontier business men. Trade took\\non no more settled aspect until 1834, when\\nHenry H, Sibley came to Alendota as the\\nrepresentative of the American Fur Com-\\npany, in which he was a partner. He\\nerected the first permanent warehouse for\\nthe transaction of mercantile business in\\nwhat is now Minnesota, and may justly be\\nstyled the first business man of Minnesota.\\nHis old stone warehouse at Mendota re-\\nmained for many years the monument of\\nthe beginning of regular commercial\\ntransactions in this state.\\nWhen you see the brand\\nHiawatha\\non\\nCanned Goods\\nTeas\\nCoffees\\nand\\nSpices\\nit is a g-uaranty of\\nEXCELLENT QUALITY\\nThe brand is copyrig-hted by\\nSTONE-ORDEAN- WELLS CO.\\nWholesale Grocers\\nDULUTH", "height": "3074", "width": "1893", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "48\\nA HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA.\\nI\\nZim\\nSpecial\\nBicycles\\nOur Ninth Bicycle Year.\\nWe arc tlie\\nNorthwestern\\nPIONEERS and\\nLEADERS.\\nI^acine\\nBicycles\\nBic}xles for old\\nand young all\\nsizes rich and\\npoor all grades.\\nVICTOR QANQ PLOW.\\nThis plow is strong; has extra heavy landsides, 2X2^^ beams. Is light draught; has\\nhigh wheels and the right shaped mouldhoards. A boy can cipcratc it; has springs to help\\nlift, and a foot lever to drop the bottoms. Turns a square corner properly; has peculiar\\nshaped slots in castings that connect the rod with fnmt and rear furrow wheels, s j that the\\ntongue controlling them does not affect the rear wheel until after the front wheel has made\\nthe turn. Has relief spring to take off the jnit when wheel passes over obstruction.-.\\nBegins plowing the instant bottoms strike the soil; does not drag an inch.\\nIf our oroods\\nare not\\nrepresented\\nin your\\ntown\\nBUOOIES. 1\\nFARM IMPLEMENTS.\\nBrCYCLES.\\nkindly write\\nus, giving\\nthe name\\nof your\\ndealer.", "height": "3028", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "A HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA.\\n49\\nwith tlie Indians and fur traders. Each\\nmerchant carried a general stock of goods,\\nin which liciuor played a prominent part;\\nspecializing had not been thought of. But\\nit was at hand; Charles Cavileer embarked\\nin the saddlery business in 1845, and after-\\nwards joined with Dr. Dewey in the drug\\nbusiness, opening the first Minnesota drug\\nstore. William H. Randall, referred to\\nabove as a successor of Larpenteur,\\nreached St. Paul in 1846. and was. perhaps,\\nthe most prominent merchant in the city\\nuntil the crash of 1857. It was he who\\nbuilt the old stone warehouse on the levee,\\nwhich was regarded as a model of mer-\\ncantile architecture in those days.\\nUp to this time all that there was of\\nMinneapolis was a group of houses on\\nthe east side. The place was known as\\nSt. Anthony, but until 1847 it was not of\\nenough importance to have a store. In\\nthat year R. P. Russell commenced busi-\\nness, and became the pioneer merchant of\\nthe coming city. The second store was\\nopened in 1849 by William R. Marshall,\\nafterwards governor of Minnesota. Dur-\\ning the same year John G. Lennon opened\\na branch of P. Chotean Co. Two years\\nlater Franklin Steele and John H. Stevens,\\nunder the firm name of John H. Stevens\\nCo., opened the fourth commercial estab-\\nEAT\\nHOME BRAND\\nrOODS\\nITHE.Y ALL WANT TnEM\\nGET IN LINE\\nGRIGGS COOPERr\\nST PAUL MINN\\n2+2 262 EAST 3^ ST.\\nNew England Queen\\n-^^Sewing Machines\\nHave ^all bearing Stand,\\nElegant finish and the best\\n[Material throughout.\\nAT VCHOLESALE BY\\nFARWELL, OZMUN, KIRK CO.\\nST. PAUL.\\nlishmcnt. Among the other pioneer busi-\\nness men were J. P. Wilson, R. P. Upton\\nand E. S. W. Case.\\nOn the west side the first store was\\ni ipened in 1853 by Thomas Chambers. It\\noccupied a building owned by Col. Stev-\\nens on Bridge Square. Col. Stevens\\nplatted his farm in the next year, and com-\\nmenced to sell and give away business lots,\\nand during that season nine stores were\\nstarted in Minneapolis. E. H. Davis and\\nJohn Califf opened the first hardware store;\\na carriage factory was started by James\\nF. Bradley; John M. Anderson opened the\\nfirst book store: A. K. Hartwell, the first\\ninsurance agency; George N. Proper and\\nCarlos Wilco.x, the first real estate and loan\\nbusiness, and Mrs. A. Morrison, the first\\nmillinery store. There were seventeen\\nstores in ^Minneapolis in 1855; in 1857 there\\nwere forty-two.\\nMeanwhile St. Paul had been making\\n;.;reater progress. It was the older and\\nmore important town. It is recorded that\\nin 1849 the mercantile business of the place\\namounted to $131,000. The first exclusive\\nhardware store in Minnesota was opened\\nthis year, and from that time on the general\\nstores of the pioneers began to give way", "height": "3074", "width": "1893", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "50\\nA HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA.\\nbefore those devoted tp a single line of\\nbusiness. In this change toward more\\nmodern practices the Indian supply stores\\nwere not included. They continued, as\\nthey had from the beginning, to handle\\nail kinds of goods suited to the traffic with\\nthe red men, and were a prominent feature\\nof St. Paul and St. Anthony mercantile\\nlife until after the war. With their occu-\\npation gone, through the advent of civiliza-\\ntion and the departure of the Indians, they\\ngradually disappeared.\\nThe first business directory issued in St.\\nPaul, in 1850, showed sixteen merchants.\\ntiersman eked out his living by taking\\ngame. St. Paul became the center of the\\nfur trade of Minnesota and parts of Da-\\nkota and Wisconsin, as well as the market\\nfor the buffalo skins taken on tlie north-\\nwestern prairies. The work of extermina-\\ntion went on apace, and as it progressed\\nthe fur trade increased. An old record\\nplaces the volume of the St. Paul fur busi-\\nness at $1,500 in 1844, $15,000 in 1850, $40,-\\n000 in 1855, $182,491 in 1857, $186,000 in\\ni860, $202,000 in 1862, and $250,000 in 1863.\\nSt. Paul was for a long time one of the\\nleading fur markets in America.\\n0 0000 K 0 KM 0 X K OOOC) )00\\nAGRICULTURAL LANDS AND IMPROVED\\nFARMS FOR SALE IN EVERY COUNTY\\nIN MINNESOTA UPON EASY TERMS.\\nPINE. CEDAR AND TIMBER\\nLANDS BOUGHT AND SOLD.\\nW. D. WASHBURN, JR.\\nFarm Lands bought and sold for cash or on easy terms, in Minnesota, Wisconsin and the\\nDakotas. Listings of non-residents and others desiring to sell at once for cash are particularly\\nsolicited. Valuations forwarded on application.\\nSend for free list of farms and lands in your own county.\\n302 Guaranty Loan Building, MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA.\\n6 K 0 0 K 0 K K 00 0 H 0\\nthree tailors, one shoemaker, two black-\\nsmiths, three bakers, a harness maker, a\\nsilversmith, a gun maker and a tinner.\\nWith the early fifties a branch of trade\\nwhich was for a long time one of the chief\\nsources of wealth of St. Paul and St. .An-\\nthony, began to develop. From the earli-\\nest times there had been a large traffic\\nwith the Indians in furs, but as the coun-\\ntry filled up. and settlers became scattered\\nover the entire region, the output of furs\\nwas enormously increased. Every fron-\\nUntil 1857 the business of the two cities\\ncontinued to grow and prosper: but it was\\nstill the retail trade of frontier towns.\\nWhen the business directory of that year\\nwas published St. Paul counted 158 busi-\\nness houses. Minneapolis and St. .An-\\nthony were much behind this, but were\\nthriving business places. Then came the\\ncrash, and in the panic most of the busi-\\nness houses in the three towns closed their\\ndoors. Some of the suspensions were per-\\nmanent; others were but temporary, and\\nafter a hard struggle, the iiroprietors re-\\nsumed business.\\nTJtADE MARK REGrsTERLD\\n612-6I/J-616\\nFourth Street\\nSoutK.\\nMinneapolis,\\nMinn.", "height": "3028", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "A HALF CEXTrRV OP MINNESOTA\\n51\\nThe panic of 57, however, hastened on\\nthe development of the wholesale trade\\nof the young cities. It had been the cus-\\ntom among the country merchants to buy\\ntheir stocks in the east, but the curtail-\\nment of credits incident to the panic\\nstopped much of this and they were forced\\nto seek supplies in St. Paul and St. An-\\nthony. They would come in and buy in\\nsmall lots for cash. The city merchants\\nwere not slow to take advantage of the sit-\\nuation by providing themselves as well as\\npossible for this unexpected addition to\\ntheir business. Once started, the idea of\\nlis is also in the hardware line, and traces\\nits origin back to the retail hardware busi-\\nness founded by Gov. John S. Pillsbury in\\n1855. Thus the two oldest wholesale\\nliardware establishments in the state were\\nfounded by men who afterwards became\\ngovernors. After Gov. Pillsbury s with-\\ndrawal from the concern it changed sev-\\neral times, and at last became widely\\nknown as Janney, Semple Co. Nicols\\nDean have maintained the same name\\nsince i860.\\nKelly Brother began business in the\\nretail grocery line in Minneapolis in 1858.\\nT. L. BLOOD \u00c2\u00abc CO. s\\nREADY MIXED\\nHOUSE, BARN, FLOOR\\nAND CARRIAGE\\nLOOK AND WEAR BEST!\\nSOLD IN EVERY TOWN.\\nST. PAUL,\\nA AAA A AAA A.A.A.A..A.A.A.A.\\nMINNESOTA.\\n4\\ni\\nobtaining goods within the borders of the\\nstate easily became a tixed one, and in a\\nfew years the foundations of the great job-\\nbing business in the Twin Cities were\\nfirmly laid.\\nUnder these rapid changes in conditions\\nsome of the old retail houses lound them-\\nselves unexpectedly launched on the sea\\nof jobbing. The old concern established in\\nSt. Paul by Gov. Alarshall, and which be-\\ncame in 1855. Nicols Berkey, grew into\\nthe wholesale hardware hovise of Nicols\\nDean. Oddly enough the oldest estab-\\nlishment in the jobbing trade in Minneapo-\\nIn 1864 P. H. Kelly withdrew and entered\\na grocery house in St. Paul, while Anthony\\ncontinued in Minneapolis, building up a\\nlarge jobbing business. John Dunham en-\\ntered the grocery business in Minneapolis\\nin the later fifties, and from this small\\nbeginning grew the large concern of wliich\\nhe is still the head. When P. H. Kelly\\nwent to St. Paid he became partner in the\\nfirm of Beaupre Kelly, which succeeded\\nTemple Beaupre. a concern dating back\\nto 1855. The firm subsequently became P.\\nH. Kelly Co., under which name it was\\nlong known in the northwestern jobbing\\nJosEi H McKiBiux. IIkm .v IIa enwinki,f. .\\\\nTHrH B. Diii^i oll. William Doi! iey f\\nMcKIBBIN CO.,\\nMakers and Jobbers cf\\nJHats, Gloves and Furs.\\nt\\nNONE BETTER MADE\\nASK YOUR DEALER FOR McKIBBIN S GOODS.\\nST, PAUL,\\nMINNESOTA.!", "height": "3074", "width": "1893", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "52\\nA HALF CEXTURV OF MINNESOTA.\\ntrade. P. F. McQuillan founded a gro-\\ncery establishment in 185S in St. Paul, and\\nin 1864 was joined by J. H. Allen, wlfose\\nname has remained in the establishment to\\nthis day. Cheritree Farweil established\\nin St. Paul in 1859, laid the foundations\\nfor the firm of Farweil, Ozmun, Kirk\\nCo. A business established in i860 by C.\\nD. Strong, has now become the C. W.\\nHackett Hardware Company. Justus\\nForepaugh became retail dry gools mer-\\nchants in St. Paul in 1857. and the house\\nhas continued to the present time, and is\\nnow Finch, VanSlyck, Young Co.\\nThese are but the pioneers. It is ob-\\nviously impossible within the limits of this\\nsketch to trace the foundation of all the\\nwholesale establishments of the state.\\nThose which have been mentioned are the\\nprincipal ones which can trace their gene-\\nology back to the days before the war.\\nAfter the war wholesale trade developed\\nrapidly, but it was for a time limited by the\\nlack of shipping facilities, and the absence\\nof consuming population. In these days\\nwhen vast quantities o f goods are shipped\\nfrom Minnesota jobbing houses into a doz-\\nen western states, it is difficult to realize\\nthat thirty years ago there was practically\\nno population west of central Minnesota.\\nMORGAN BROUKS\\nRresldent\\nGEO. W. HAVFORD\\nSec. and Treas.\\nElectrical\\nEngineering Company\\n311-313 Second Avenue South\\nMINNEAPOLIS. MINN.\\ni\\ni\\nEverything Electrical j\\n4\\nElectric Light and Power Supplies J\\nElectrical House Goods J\\nTelephones J\\nJ Batteries for Gasoline Engines and J\\nt Slot Machines\\nI Medical Batteries for Home Use\\nI\\nONLY STOCK in the NORTHWEST J\\nI ONLY STOCK in the NORT\\n..THE..\\nClipper\\nCamera\\nThe -CLIPPER can be loaded with a spool t f\\ncontinuous lUm for 2A or 48 or ItiO 4x5 ex-\\nposures. By turning the key the liliu is uuto-\\nraatically cut off at the end of each exposure\\nand brings into position for exposure anothfT\\nBection. Snap the shutter and turn tht^ key\\nis all the operation necessary and is repeated\\nfor any number of exposures.\\nNo experience in photography required. Tht-\\nnovice can operate the CLIPPER as suc-\\ncessfully as the expert.\\nThe CLIPPER has the combined advantages of\\nother film or plate cameras and more than\\neight times the capacity, witJiQut Increasing\\nthe size or weight.\\nMANUFACTrilED I .V\\nTHE CUPPER CAMERA MT G CO.\\nMINNEAPOLIS, MINN.\\nais Second Ave. So.\\n.uid no railroads extending more than a\\nimndred miles towards what is now one of\\nthe richest farming countries in the world.\\nBut the population came in in great vol-\\nume, and within ten years after the end\\nIII the w ar the wholesale, business of the\\ntrade centers of Minnesota had well de-\\nveloped. Nearly all the larger houses now\\ndoing business in Minneapolis and St. Paul\\nwere founded during or before the seven-\\nlies.\\nAt first, as has been indicated, only the\\nold staple lines of trade were represented\\nin the jobbing business. Groceries and\\nhardware were about the onlj- things which\\nit would pay to wholesale in the early\\ntimes: though, of course, these names were\\nmade to cover a much wider and more\\ngeneral classification of merchandise than\\nat present. Dry goods became the next\\nspecialty it is odd to speak of dry goods\\nas a specialty in jobbing and drugs,\\nliquors, implements, paper, glass and a\\ndozen other lines followed in quick succes-\\nsion. The wholesale business of the state\\nnow includes not only houses in all these\\nold lines, but concerns which handle ex-\\nclusively a score or more of classes of\\nmerchandise not thought of as possible in\\nthat connection a few decades back.", "height": "3028", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "A HALF CENTURY OP MINNESOTA.\\n53\\nBoots and shoes, rubber goods, furniture,\\nmillinery, spices, harness, electrical goods,\\nconfectionery, building materials, plumb-\\ners supplies, printers supplies, mantels\\nand grates, office fixtures, bank fixtures,\\nbar fixtures, coal, cigars and tobacco,\\ncrockery and glass ware, paints and oils,\\njewelry, photographers supplies, wooden-\\nware, scales, railroad supplies, hats and\\ncaps, furs, woolens, notions, furnishing\\ngoods, silks, heavy hardware, wall paper,\\nwindow shades, seeds, stationery, clothing,\\nfish, meats these and more are the special\\nlines of jobbing, to say nothing of the\\nin 1890 $135,000,000. The use of such esti-\\nmates has been very largely discontinued\\nof recent years, the jobbers themselves or-\\ndinarily being the first to pronounce them\\nvery uncertain aggregations of figures. In\\nthe nature of things, it is almost impossible\\nto arrive at accurate conclusions as to\\nthe volume of business which is so inter-\\nmingled with other classes of trade, and\\nregarding which no official returns are de-\\nmanded by the government.\\nManufacturing in the state dates from\\nChe^o^j3 T^^LT^tJCL L-^a^i^d^s\\nON THE SOO RAILWAY IN WISCONSIN.\\nA DAIRY AND STRAWBERRY FARM IN CHIPPEWA COUNTY, WIS.\\nFine hardwood farming lands, with rich soil, clay suhsoil, near stations, at $4.00 TO $6.00 PER\\nACRE on easy payments.\\nA NATURAL STOCK AND DAIRY COUNTRY.\\nFor clover and wrasse. this region is not excelled anywhere. An abundance of pure soft water, and a\\nhealthful climate. Lowest fares to lan^l seekers. For free descriptive maps write to\\nD. W. CASSEDAY, Land Comr Soo Railway MINNEAPOLIS, MINN.\\nwholesale handling of grain and flour,\\nbutter, apples, potatoes, and other\\nproduce. Enormous quantities of fruit are\\njobbed in Minneapolis and St. Paul.\\nThe money volume of the wholesale\\ntrade in Minnesota is a matter of conjec-\\nture. Many estimates have been made, but\\nall are more or less unsatisfactory. In\\n1880 it was claimed that the jobbing busi-\\nness of St. Paul aggregated $40,000,000,\\nand two years later that it had increased\\nto $62,000,000. In 1898 it was claimed to\\nbe $165,000,000. Minneapolis in 1880\\nclaimed $24,000,000, in 1885 $61,000,000, and\\nthe erection of the government mill at the\\nfalls of St. Anthony in 1821. This, how-\\never, was so crude a form of production\\nand the trifling output being put to no\\ncommercial uses, it is more exact to\\nsay that manufacturing in Minnesota be-\\ngan with the completion of a saw mill at\\nMarine, on the St. Croix in 1839. It was\\nentirely natural that lumber manufactur-\\ning should be the first to take root in Min-\\nnesota. The pine forests in those days ex-\\ntended almost to the doors of St. Anthony,\\nand there was an immediate and impera-\\ntive demand for lumber for building. Kgri-", "height": "3074", "width": "1893", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "54\\nA HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA\\nculture had not developed to any appre-\\nciable extent, and there were practically\\nno products of field or pasture to supply\\nthe raw materials for the industries which\\nnow employ the energies of a large popu-\\nlation. Lumber was the obvious thing to\\nmake first; and the pioneers set about\\nmaking it with characteristic energy.\\nThe saw mill at Marine commenced to\\nsaw lumber on August 24, 1839. Another\\nmill was built at St. Croix Falls about the\\nsame time, and in 1843 a saw mill was\\nbegun at Stillwater. The industry was\\nwell established on the St. Croix river be-\\nlowmg year, when S. W. Farnhani started\\nup this primitive lumber producer. The\\nmill was equipped with a single, old-fash-\\nioned sash saw. and could cut about 4,000\\nfeet in twelve hours. The first saw mill to\\nbe built west of the river was that of Simon\\nStevens at the outlet of Lake Minnetonka.\\nconstructed in 1852. Ard. Godfrey, who\\ncame out from Maine to build Mr. Steele s\\nmill, settled at the present site of the sol-\\ndiers home, and in 1853 built a saw mill\\nnear the mouth of Minnehaha creek. In\\n1850 a saw mill operated by steam power\\nwas completed at St. Paul. The first\\nFINCH, VAN SLYCK, YOUNG CO.,\\nfore anything was done at St. Anthony.\\nThe famous Joseph R. Brown, who settled\\nat Stillwater, was the first man in\\nMinnesota to raft lumber. The lumber-\\ning industry in Minnesota thus an-\\ntedates the formation of government by\\nten years, and has been carried on without\\nbreak for sixty years.\\nFranklin Steele had. a hand in the St.\\nCroix Falls mill, but soon left that sec-\\ntion to establish himself at St. Anthony,\\nwhere he had ta ken a claim. In 1847 he\\ncommenced the erection of a saw mill, and\\nthe lumbering industry which has made\\nMinneapolis noted, commenced in the fol-\\nboards sawed by steam power in the ter-\\nritory were turned out of this mill.\\nFrom these modest beginnings the lum-\\nbering business of Minnesota grew until\\nit has now reached probably its maxi-\\nmum. With the exhaustion of the forests\\nof Michigan and Wisconsin, the supply-\\ning of white pine has come to devolve upon\\nMinnesota. As the Michigan lumbering\\ncities reached their limits and disappeared\\nfrom the sawing industry many of the\\nprominent lumbermen moved to Minne-\\nsota. Some settled at Minneapolis, oth-\\ners at Winona, on the St. Croix, at Du-\\nluth, Cloquet, and interior points. Wis-", "height": "3028", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "A HALF CENTURV OK MINNESOTA.\\n55\\nconsin was at first a strong competitor,\\nbut its timber is now practically gone,\\nand Minnesota remains almost alone in\\nthe field. And already the pine trees of\\nthis state have been, it might almost be\\nsaid, counted and the lumbermen, looking\\nforward to the extinction of the industry,\\nare planning to move on the great forests\\nof the Pacific slope. good authority\\nplaces the standing pine in Minnesota in\\n1899 at seven billion feet. Of this about\\none and one-half billion were to be cut\\nthis winter a striking way of stating that\\nthe industry is reaching its end. The lum-\\nber produced in Minnesota has grown\\nfrom the few thousand feet cut by the St.\\nCroix mills in 18.59 to a total of 1.630.000,-\\n000 feet in i8g8 an amount which was\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0considerably exceeded in 1899.\\nLike the lumbering industry, flour mill-\\ning in Minnesota had its beginnings in\\nthe old government mill at the Falls of\\nSt. Anthony, but unlike the picturesque\\noperations of felling the pine forests and\\nconverting them into lumber, the flour\\nmakin.g business has been quite dry and\\nprosaic. It was destined, however, to car-\\ne^^ ARCHIBALD\\nBUSINESS COLLEGE\\nCOR. STEVENS AVE. 4 LAKE. ST., MmNE;\\\\PpLI5.\\ni^k^k^ \u00c2\u00abv\u00c2\u00abFhVW*B^ ^\u00c2\u00ab^k^iiFkFftWi\u00c2\u00abFl^^^^*^^k ^^*^K^^^^^\\nDULUTH\\nARTIFICIAL\\nLIMB CO.\\nW. n. Kespohl, rigr.\\nInventors an J Maniifiuturprs of the\\n1 SINGLE ADJUSTABLE SLIP\\nI SOCKET ARTIFICIAL LIMBS. I\\nAlso manufaitiirers and (l\u00c2\u00bb^nlerg ia all kinds of j\\nJ ilfforinity appliances.\\n5 NO. 18*5 THIRD AVENUE WEST, I\\nThe Kcclcy Curcj\\nITS BLACKMAILING IMITATORS.\\nTO THE PUBLIC:\\nMANY tboiisand conlirnied drunkards and t\\ndrug ueers are annually restored to so-\\nbriety, home, happiness, good citizen^^Iiip X\\nand earning capacity by the geuufnc Keeley treat-\\nnient, and many tliousaud more \\\\\\\\ould bn en re- J\\nstnred were it not for the heartless, tlackmailing t\\ni^ysti^iu of robbery practiced by hundreds of so-\\ncalled physicians who prey upon the community\\nwith wortlile^s and disastrous cures. Ve luue a\\nrecord of more than twelve hundred of these body\\ndestroying, health and home v.reckers, scattered\\nover every state in the union, thn bad results of\\nwhose work ia truly ai)paUing, and because inoet\\nof them have stolen Dr. Keeley s liverv under\\nwhich to pose as (Jold Cures, they are able to\\nimpose on the unsnppecting. and by offering a\\ncheap j)i ice for a worse than worthless ser^ ice,\\nadd disaster to misfortune by their heartless ef-\\nforts to obtain money by false jiretenses. It is\\nentirely legitimate for any i)hy8ician to experi-\\nment with a cure of his own, and if he can obtain\\npatients upon the honest repr ^seiitation that the\\nremedy is of his own compounding, he deceives\\nuo one; but when he falsely pretends that he\\nadministers the genuine Keeley Cure, the peni-\\ntentiary ia the proper place for him. It comes to\\nour knowledge that several parties in tlie State of j\\nMinnetJota are falsely claiming to pell the Keelev\\nremedies and administer the Keelev treatment.\\nThis ia notice to all concerned that the Genuine\\nKeeley Remedies and Treatment cannot be ob-\\ntained in the State of Minnt-sdta at anv other\\nplace than The Keeley Institute, cornpr Pnrk\\nAvenueandTenth Street, Minneapolis. All others\\nso claiming to supply are inipdsters and frauds,\\nand the public should be governed accordingly\\nTHE LESLIE E. KEELEY CO.\\n(Seventeen Years of EstablUhed Merit.)\\nry tlie fame of Minnesota over the whole\\ncivilized world, and to play a much more\\nimportant part than lumbering in the de-\\nvelopment of the state. When the last log\\nsliall have been sawed, and the hum of the\\nsaw mills forever stopped, the flour mill-\\ning business of Minnesota will be still\\ngoing on the leading manufacturing in-\\ndustry of the northwest.\\nFor nearly thirty years the garrison of\\nFort SnelHng ground more or less flour\\nand corn meal in the original mill. In\\n1849 it passed into the hands of Robert\\nSmith, a congressman from Illinois. Cal-\\n\\\\\\\\n Tuttle. one of the St. \\\\nthony pio-\\nneers, operated the mill under a lease from\\n.\\\\lr. Sinitli. from 1850, for !-:*vcral years,\\nand its site was finally occupied in 1859 by\\nthe Cataract mill. Meanwhile R. C. Rog-\\ners had established a small mill on the\\neast side, in 1851, and in 1854 the first\\nmerchant flour mill in Minnesota was\\nerected by John Rollins, John Eastman\\nand R. P. Upton. It was a three run mill.\\nThis mill was a little in advance of the re-\\nsources of the farmers of Minnesota, and\\nfor the first two years the wheat must\\nneeds be imported from Iowa and Wis-\\nconsin. Not until 1859 was the first ship-\\nment of Minnesota flour made to the east.", "height": "3074", "width": "1893", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "56\\nA HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA.\\nA group of small mills grew up on Hen-\\nnepin island during the fifties, but it was\\nnot until after the war that mill building\\ncommenced in earnest, and then for the\\nfirst time appeared the names of the men\\nwho have been later associated with the\\ngreat rise in milling. Washburn. Pills-\\nbury, Christian, Crosby, Dunwoody began\\nto be known as the names of leaders in\\nthe milling world. About 1872 the mid-\\ndlings purifier was developed, and a few\\nyears later the milling of wheat was revo-\\nlutionized by the Hungarian roller process.\\nBoth improvements were invented, or\\nadapted, by the genius of Minneapolis mill-\\ners. From this time the rise of milling was\\nrapid and its future secure. Railroads had al-\\nready opened the western part of the state\\nand the rich plains of Dakota, and north-\\nern hard spring wheat was acquiring a\\nreputation the world over. Exporting\\nwas commenced with many difficulties in\\n1878. but in a few years the product of the\\nMinneapolis mills was established in repu-\\ntation in the leading foreign markets.\\nFrom 109,183 barrels exported in 78, the\\nMinneapolis mills alone developed their\\nexport trade to 4,000,000 barrels, in round\\nnumbers, in 1898. The output of the Min-\\nneapolis mills increased from 940.000 bar-\\nrels in 1878 to over 15,000.000, as is esti-\\nmated for the year 1899.\\nWhile Minneapolis became, by virtue of\\npriority and pecuUar advantages, the leader\\nin the flour industry of the state, other\\ncities and towns were not idle. A nota-\\nble group of mills was established at Du-\\nluth. Fergus Falls developed a fine mill-\\ning industry. New Ulm early took a prom-\\ninent part in the business, while Hastings,\\nCannon Falls. Red Wing, Stillwater, Wi-\\nnona. St. Cloud, Faribault, Red Lake\\nFalls, Montevideo, Mankato, Shakopee,\\nLanesboro, Austin, Sleepy Eye, Houston,\\nNorthfield, Little Falls, and other of the\\nsmaller cities of the state have excellent\\nmills of good capacity. The total output\\nof the state for 1899 is estimated at about\\n25.000,000 barrels.\\nClosely related to the milling business\\nis the cooperage industry, which has\\ngrown up side by side with the greater\\nline, and has developed as it has devel-\\noped. The unusually large demands for\\nbarrels in Minneapolis made it possible\\nto establish the industry on a unique ba-\\nsis, and gave to the world one of the few\\nsuccessful examples of co-operation in\\nAmerica.\\nIn the pioneer days flour and lumber\\nwere the only manufactures of any impor-\\ntance; but the foundations were being pre-\\npared for other large and successful manu-\\nfacturing undertakings. For instance J. H.\\nSchurmeier established himself in 1852 as a\\nwheelwright in St. Paul; the business has\\nnow grown to be almost national in extent.\\nOrin Rogers built a furniture factory in\\n1854 in St. Anthony, which has continued\\nto the present time, and is now the Bar-\\nnard factory of Minneapolis. This mod-\\nest shop was the beginning of the furni-\\nture manufacturing industry of Minnesota,\\nwhich now represents millions of capital\\nand annual production. Mr. Rogers also\\nfigured as the pioneer of the sash, door\\nand blind manufacturing of the state. In\\nthe same year in which he started his fur-\\nniture shop he commenced in a small way\\nto make sash and doors. Next year a\\nregular factory was erected. After varied\\nexperiences this building became the east\\nside pumping house of the Minneapolis\\nwater works. In the same line a mill was\\nestablished in 1857 by a Mr. Morey, which\\nwas the commencement of the business\\nnow conducted by Smith Wyman. Oth-\\ner mills followed in Minneapolis and St.\\nPaul, and with the factories which have\\ngrown up in the other cities of the state,\\nthe sash and door industry has taken a\\nmost conspicuous place.\\nBut to trace even the beginnings oi\\nall the manufacturing branches in Minne-\\nsota is out of the question in this brief\\nchapter. Some of the older and more in-\\nteresting should be mentioned, however.\\nConrad Gotzian commenced the manufac-\\nture of shoes in St. Paul in 1859; soap was\\nmanufactured in St. Paul in 1856, and has\\nbeen continued without intermission by\\nthe same establishment; E. Broad com-\\nmenced to make edge tools at St. Anthony\\nin 1855, and was the forerunner of the\\nenormous metal working industries of the\\nstate, which in their ramifications include\\neverything, from a simple bolt to compli-\\ncated engines and machinery, or the entire\\nplant for a smelting works. S. T. Fer-\\nguson established plow works at Minne-\\napolis in i860, and thus commenced the\\nextensive farm implement and machinery\\nmanufacturing business of Minnesota. Pa-\\nper manufacture came in in 1859. For\\nmany years it made moderate progress,\\nbut the presence within the state of the\\nlargest supplies of standing spruce in the\\ncountry suggest that the business has yet\\nto see its grandest development. The dis-\\ncovery of iron ore of high grade leads\\nto the expectation of the development oi\\niron furnaces at Duluth. where a ship", "height": "3028", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "A HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA.\\n57\\nK 0000^ 0 X 000 0 K 0 H 0- 000000 0-\\nPopular Route\\nTo.\\nPHir* A riO and all EASTERN POINTS. Connecting: with\\nV-.1 li.\\\\^J-^\\\\J\\\\^ ^j^g York and Boston Special. (No change\\nof Depots.)\\nST LOUIS Points Southeast and Southwest. Only\\nSleeping: Car Line.\\nDES MOINES Omaha, Salt Lake, San Francisco,\\nlVl ^li N J-ikj j^^^ Angeles, San Diego.\\nStandard and Compartn^cnt Sleepers\\nThrough\\nTourist cars to\\nLos Angeles,\\nCalifornia\\nTuesdays via\\nFort Worth\\nand\\nEl Paso,\\nThe Sunny\\nSouthern\\nRoute,\\nThursdays\\nvia\\nColorado\\nSprings, Salt\\nLake City\\nand\\nOgden,\\nThe Scenic\\nRoute.\\nFor\\nparticulars\\naddress\\nW. L HATHAWAY, City Ticket Agent. No. I Nicollet House Block. Minneapolis.\\nF. P. RUTHERFORD. City Ticket Agent, 396 Robert Street, St. Paul.\\nor\\nA. B. CUTTS, General Passenger and Ticket Agent, Minneapolis, Minn.\\nSo X 00-0 0 0\u00c2\u00ab-\u00c2\u00bb OKK H 0 X 0 XH 00^", "height": "3074", "width": "1893", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "A HALF CENTURY OF MIXXESOTA.\\nbuilding industry has already grown up\\nunder the stimulus of the commerce of\\nthe great lakes. In late years various\\nlines of manufacture have developed in re-\\nsponse to modern conditions. Instances\\nare the beet sugar manufacture, the mak-\\ning of creamery supplies, the construction\\n(if electrical machinery. While the list of\\nMinnesota manufactures is so long as to\\nseem to leave nothing out, there remain\\nnnny industries which are not represented\\n:ind to which the state is admirablj- adapt-\\ned.\\nIn i85o it was reported that Minnesota\\nhad 562 manufacturing establishments,\\nwith an invested capital of $2,388,310. The\\ncensus of 1870 announced 2,270 establish-\\nments with a capital of about $12,000,000\\nand a product worth over $23,000,000. In\\n1880 the census credited the state with\\n3,4q3 manufacturing places, utilizing a\\ncapital of $31,000,000 and turning out $76,-\\n000,000 worth of goods: while in 1890 there\\nDO YOU\\nI SEE THAT\\nBAG?\\nIt means that our\\nI STERLING grade of\\nseed represents the\\nbest quality obtaina-\\nsTEnmc\\ncRustcuni\\nSeeds\\nt\\nble. Catalogue Free. Write for it\\nNorthrup, King Co.,\\nSeed Growers,\\nMINNEAPOLIS. MINN.\\nwere summed up 7.5Q5 establishments with\\n$127,000,000 capital anl products worth\\n$192,000,000.\\nThe development of the business of\\nhandling and trading in grain has been\\nco-incident with that of milling; their stories\\nare almost identical. As was stated in the\\ndescription of the early days of milling,\\nthe first wheat for the Minneapolis mills\\ncame from Iowa or Illinois on river steam-\\nboats. It was handled in bags and came\\nin very small quantities. It was regarded\\nas a great event when 2,000 bushels ar-\\nrived in one shipment in 1855. But in a\\nvery short time the direction of the wheat\\nshipments was reversed. Mr. James J.\\nHill is authority for the statement that the\\nfirst wheat shipped out of Minnesota was\\nin 1857, and that it was raised near Le\\nSueur. Two j cars afterwards there were\\n2.000 bushels of wheat sent from that vicin-\\nity by barge direct to St. Louis. All\\nwheat at this time was shipped in sacks.\\nMost of it went to LaCrosse or Prairie\\ndu Chien and from thence to Milwaukee.\\nIt must be remembered that the Minne-\\napolis mills were still small affairs and\\ncould not attract wheat from the southern\\npart of the state after the farmers began\\nto harvest large crops, and they could\\nnot even Iniy all the wheat raised above\\nMinneapolis. Mr. Hill tells of a shipment\\nfrom St. Cloud the first to be shipped\\nfrom north of the Minnesota river which\\ncame to Minneapolis by boat in 1864. It\\nwas contained in 150 bags and was hauled\\nfrom Minneapolis to the St. Paul levee by\\nteams. For a long time the center of the\\ngrain trade was at the South. Rochester\\nwas at one time the leading wheat market\\nof the state, and after that Red Wing be-\\ncame the largest primary wheat market in\\nthe country. But the increase of milling at\\nMinneapolis had its inevitable effect, and\\ntowards the latter part of the si.xties the\\ngrain trade began to crystalize about the\\nmilling center.\\nUp to this time the mills had easily\\nstored the wheat which they bought, and\\ngrain for trans-shipment was kept in bags;\\nbut the building of railroads made possible\\nthe handling of wheat in bulk, and grain\\nelevators were wanted. To meet this de-\\nmand W. Eastman. A. H. Wilder. Col.\\nMerriani and D. C. Shepherd organized\\nthe LTnion Elevator Company in 1867 and\\nbuilt the old Union elevator at Washing-\\nton and Ninth avenues south in Minne-\\napolis. It had a capacity of 130.000 bush-\\nels. The Pacific elevator followed in 1868\\nand Elevator A in 1879 on the line of the\\nGreat Northern near Chestnut avenue;\\nThis last had a capacity of 780.000 bushels\\nand was the largest elevator west of Chi-\\ncago. From that time on the growth of\\nthe grain handling business w as rapid. In\\n1871 there were nine firms engaged in the\\ngrain business at Minneapolis. Following\\nthe development of milling, of railroad fa-\\ncilities and the rush to Northwestern farm-\\ning, these nine firms have increased to\\nmany hundreds in Minneapolis.. Duluth\\nand the other cities and towns of the state.\\nMinneapolis grain elevators have increased\\nfroin a capacity of 1.500,000 bushels in 1881\\nto 5,000.000 bushels in 1884, 12,500,000\\nin 1886. 15.415.000 in 1889. and about 29.-\\n000.000 bu ihcis in 1899. The capacity for", "height": "3028", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "A HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA.\\n59\\nstorage at Duluth and Superior has also\\nreached enormous proportions. In addi-\\ntion to these terminal storage houses there\\nare hundreds of small elevators along the\\nrailroad lines through the state. These\\nare controlled by large corporations, in\\nmany cases, and operated in systems with\\nheadquarters in the cities.\\nPrevious to 1870 Minneapolis was\\nscarcely known among the grain markets\\nof the country. But in 1876 her wheat\\nreceipts had passed 5.000.000 bushels: in\\n1880 they had reached 10.000.000 bushels;\\nin 1890 45.000.000 bushels, and in 1S98 77.-\\n186,470 bushels. Cheap water transporta-\\ntion attracted much of the grain for East-\\nern shipment and export to Dululh. and\\nthat city has developed an enormous trade\\nin this line. The combined receipts of the\\nports of Duluth and Superior in 1891 were\\n40,000.000 bushels, and in 1898 reached 62,-\\n000.000 bushels.\\nMinnesota is the leading wheat state in\\nthe union, and the two Dakotas rank ne.\\\\t,\\nexcepting Kansas. As Minneapolis and\\nDuluth must continue to be the principal\\nmarkets lor these three s^reat states, the\\nWould You Like\\nTo Be a Millionaire?\\nFew men become rich by slow economy. Fortunes\\nare made by men of nerve and decision who take advan-\\ntage of opportunities. CAPF NOME, Alaska, offers\\nYOU the chance of your whole life. Hundreds of men\\nwill dig out a fortune next year. Why not 3 ou Cape\\nNome is easily reached. No walking or packing. Steam-\\ners run DIRECT from SEATTLE to NOME CITY.\\nTHE GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY will take you\\nto Seattle in 2]^ days from St. Paul. Direct steamer\\nconnections. Write TODAY to F. I. Whitney, St. Paul,\\nMinn., for full information.\\n159.980 bushels. Only twenty years ago\\nMinneapolis was ninth among the primary\\nwheat markets of the country; in 1881 she\\nbecame third, and in 1885 took first place,\\noutranking Chicago and New York. The\\ncity has since maintained the lead as tlie\\ngreatest primary wheat market in the\\nworld. With the first great rush of mill-\\ning development in the seventies, ^Minne-\\napolis for a time consutned most of the\\nwheat received. But gradually a shipping\\nbusiness found its place, and from ship-\\nments of 133.600 bushels in 1880 grew to\\n12.000.000 bushels in 1890. reached as high\\nas 21.000.000 in 1892. and in 1898 was 15,-\\nfuture 01 tlic grain trade of these centers\\nis assured.\\nTransportation in the wilderness which\\nis now Minnesota was conducted, previous\\nto 1823. by means of canoes and bateaux.\\nThe arrival of the Virginia at Fort\\nSnelling opened the era of steamboat traf-\\nfic. It has continued with varying for-\\ntunes to the present day. .Arrivals at Men-\\ndota in St. Paul were irregular until 1847.\\nwhen the first steamboat company was or-\\nganized and regular boats were put on be-\\ntween Mendota and Galena. Russell", "height": "3074", "width": "1893", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "60\\nA HALF CEXTL RV OF MINNESOTA.\\nBlakely, who afterwards became a promi-\\nnent owner and a leader in the develop-\\nment of the transportation facilities of the\\nstate, was connected with this company.\\nFrom that time until the opening of com-\\npeting railroads the steamboat traffic was\\nlarge and profitable. In 1855 there were\\nSS3 arrivals of steamers at St. Paul, and\\none packet company cleared $100,000 net\\nprofits on the season s business. A steam-\\ner which cost $20,000 Cleared $44,000: an-\\nother which cost $11,000 made a net in-\\ncome of $30,000. In the spring of 1857\\ntwenty-four steamers were tied up at the\\nwharf at St. Paul at one time. The year\\n1858 saw 1.090 arrivals at St. Paul. Navi-\\ngation of the Minnesota river was com-\\nmenced in 1850 and continued to be a\\nprofitable business until the close of the\\nwar. The steamer Governor Ramsey\\nwas launched on the Mississippi river\\nabove Minneapolis in 1849, and from that\\ndate until the war there was a considerable\\nbusiness on the upper river. Steamboating\\nwas introduced on the Red river in 1858\\nby the building of the Anson Northrup.\\nMeantime another means of transporta-\\ntion was provided. The Red river carts\\nhad been in operation since 1843. They\\nwere rude vehicles of wood and traveled\\nthe unbroken prairies from St. Paul to\\nPembina. However, something more\\nspeedy was needed, and from the first\\nwagon freighting, commenced in a regular\\nfashion between St. Paul and St. Anthony\\nin 1849, there arose a system of stages for\\npassengers and freight wagons carrying all\\nsorts of goods, which extended from St.\\nPaul to the Red river, southwards through\\nMinnesota and Iowa to Dubuque, and\\nnorth to Duluth. J. C. Burbank, who was\\nthe most conspicuous figure in this early\\noverland transportation system, established\\nthe first express service in the state in\\n1851. In the height of its prosperity the\\nfirm of Burbank, Blakely Merriam op-\\nerated routes covering 1,300 miles and em-\\nployed over 200 men and 700 horses.\\nRailroads sounded the death knell of the\\nstaging business. As the iron horse\\npushed out from St. Paul during and after\\nthe war, his burden was for a time taken\\nup at the ends of the rails and carried on\\nto the more remote frontier by the stage\\nlines. But in a short time the functions\\nof the stages were completely usurped by\\nthe railroads.\\nThe St. Paul Pacific reached the Red\\nRiver valley in 1870 the Chicago line via\\nWinona was opened in 1872; the Minne-\\nsota Central, giving access to the East,\\nhad been opened a few years before; the\\nSioux City line was completed in 1872 and\\nthe St. Paul Duluth in 1870. Since this\\nfirst decade of railroad building in Minne-\\nsota the work of construction has been\\neither filling in of details or the picture\\nfirst roughly sketched or the carrying out\\nof projects which had in only a small de-\\ngree to do with the geographical limits of\\nthe state. The skeleton of the railroad\\nmap of the state was completed when the\\nfirst line down the Mississippi toward Chi-\\ncago, the southerly line through Owa-\\ntonna, the line up the Minnesota valley,\\nthe line to the Red River at Fargo and the\\nline to Duluth were marked out. These\\npioneer lines were determined before the\\npanic of 1873. Then came a period of stag-\\nnation followed by another time of great\\nactivity which has only been interrupted\\nby the depression of 1893. In 1870 there\\nwere 1,012 miles of railroad in the state:\\nin 1880, 3,099: in 1890, 5,409; and in 1899,\\nabout 6,500 miles. The significant events\\nin the railroad history have been the con-\\nsolidation and absorption of the earlier\\nlines by great corporations and the reach-\\ning out of the transcontinental lines from\\nsmall beginnings as local roads. Of the\\nlatter class the Great Northern, originally\\na ten-mile track from St. Paul to Minne-\\napolis and with a very uncertain future,\\nhas been the most conspicuous example.\\nOne of the most daring and at the same\\ntime successful schemes in railroal build-\\ning ever carried out in the West was the\\nbuilding of the Minneapolis. St. Paul\\nSault Ste. Marie railroad from Minneapolis\\nto connect with the Canadian Pacific at\\nSault Ste. Marie. This line gave to Min-\\nnesota an Eastern outlet entirely independ-\\nent of Chicago domination, and from the\\nstandpoint of commercial strategy, was the\\nmost important line of railroad ever pro-\\njected in the state.\\nReference to the transportation interests\\nof the state is not complete without men-\\ntion of the lake traffic from Duluth.\\nThough entirely without the borders of the\\nstate, it plays a very large part in the com-\\nmercial affairs of Minnesota. The lake\\nroute makes possible the cheap importa-\\ntion of goods from the Eastern cities and\\nplaces the distributing centers of Minne-\\nsota on a par with Chicago in rates, while\\nbeing 400 miles nearer the consumer of the\\nNorthwest. The lakes have given a means\\nof shipping the flour, wheat, lumber and\\niron of Minnesota at such rates as have\\nplaced these great products of the state in\\nthe lead in the world s markets. It is now", "height": "3028", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "A HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA.\\n61\\n1849\\n1899\\n50\\nYEARS\\nAGO\\nRailroad Trains\\nwere like the queer\\nlooking affair shown\\nabove.\\nAND\\nNOW\\nTHE\\nModern Science\\nHas given us railway\\nluxuries the like of\\nwhich was not then\\nthought possible.\\nNorth-Westcrn Line\\nHad its inception fifty-two years ago, and was first to tap the great\\nNorthwest, with whose wonderful development it has kept steady\\npace. Beginning with only a few miles of road it now has 8,250\\nmiles in Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska,\\nSouth Dakota, North Dakota and Wyoming.\\nTHE\\nNorth-Western\\nLimited\\nTwin Cities to Chicago\\nFinest Train in the World.\\nTHE\\n[flRTJ. .tiaBi\\nTwilight Limited\\nTi) THK\\nHead of the Lakes\\nThe Business Men s Train.\\nJAMES T. CLARK,\\nSecond Vice PRtST. 4, Gen. Traffic Manager,\\nST. PAUL, MINN.\\nT. W. TEASDALE,\\nGENERAL PASSENGER AGENT,\\nST. PAUL, MINN.", "height": "3074", "width": "1893", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "62\\nA HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA.\\nsaid that Duluth has a larger tonnage of\\nwater trattic than New. York.\\nAlthough the existence of iron ore in\\nMinnesota was known as early as 1850, no\\npractical development of the ore bodies\\ntook place for thirty years, and it was not\\nuntil 1884 that actual production com-\\nmenced. This was on the ennillion\\nrange, which for nearly ten years furnished\\nal! the ore shipped from the state. In the\\nsame year, 1884, the Duluth Iron Range\\nrailroad was completed from Agate Bay to\\nVermillion lake and 62,124 tons of ore\\nwere shipped. The production on the Ver-\\nmillion range constantly increased until\\n1892, w hen it had reached 1,167.650 tons.\\nIn this year a new factor in the iron in-\\ndustry made its appearance. Two years\\nbefore the first important discovery of ore\\non the Mesaba range had been made. It\\nwas seen at once that these ores, easily\\nmined and suited for bessemer steel pro-\\nduction, were to take a conspicuous place\\nin the iron producing world. New rail-\\nroads were planned and shipments over\\nthem began in 1892, when 4.245 tons went\\nout. Tlie shipments grew to 1,788.447 tons\\nin 1894. and in 1898 reached 4.613.766 tons.\\nThe total production of JNIinnesota iron\\nmines in 1898 was 5,878,908 tons, and the\\naggregate production smce iron mining\\ncommenced has reached about 35.000.000\\ntons. No development of iron mining op-\\nerations recorded has ever equalled this.\\nThe remarkable character of the iron de-\\nposits on the Mesaba range their near-\\nness to the surface and the possibility of\\nworking them without blasting in some\\ncases has made their product the cheap-\\nest ore of its class in the market. As a\\nconsequence Mesaba ores are likely to be\\nmined to the fidl capacity of the mines as\\nlong as the deposits exist unless some\\nmore startling addition to the discovered\\nore deposits of the country should be\\nmade before that time. The development\\nof the Minnesota iron mining industry has\\nhad a notable effect on the northern part\\nof the state, bringing forward within ten\\nyears, to large importance, a section which\\nhad been thought to have little future be-\\nyond the extent of logging operations.\\nIn the days before statehood the bank-\\ning business of Minnesota was on a very\\nuncertain basis. In the absence of a bank-\\ning law a number of private banks were\\nestablished at St. Paul, St. Anthony, Min-\\nneapolis and a few other places in the state\\nduring the early fifties. None of them\\nhad a fixed capital. They received deposits\\nand issued exchange, and after a time tried\\na form of circulating currency, but, com-\\npared with the complete national and state\\nsupervision under law at the present time,\\nthe banking business of the territorial\\nperiod was practically without responsi-\\nbility and was extremely crude in all its\\noperations. The first bank in St. Paul of\\nwhich there is record was that established\\nby Mackubin Edgerton in 1854. Out\\nof it grew the Second National. The Na-\\ntional German-American traced its origin\\nback to the firm of Meyer Willius,\\nfounded in 1856, anl the First National\\nfrom J. E. Horace Thompson, a firm\\nestablished in 1859. S. W. Farnham and\\nSamuel Tracy opened the first bank in St.\\n.\\\\nthony in 1854. This institution went\\nunder in the panic of 57, but it paid in\\nfull. Other banks of that period were\\nthose of Orrin Curtis, B. D. Dorman.\\nGraves. Towne Co. and Richard Martin,\\nall in St. .\\\\nthony, and Beede jNIenden-\\nhall. C. H. Pettit and Snyder McFar-\\nlane in Minneapolis. Rufus J. Baldwin,\\nD. C. Groh and Sidle, Wolford Co. com-\\nmenced business in 185 .Messrs. Men-\\nck-nhall and Baldwin, m 1S62, purchased\\nthe State Bank of Minnesota at Austin,\\nand. removing it to Minneapolis, laid the\\nfoundations of the present Security Bank.\\nMr. Sidle converted his business into the\\nMinneapolis Bank, which afterwards be-\\ncame the First National Bank of Minne-\\napolis.\\n.\\\\t first there was no currency available,\\nand an attempt was made to supply its\\nplace by introducing the issues of Indiana\\nbanks, but these notes became discredited\\nand known as Indiana wild cat. An-\\nother attempt was made by the issue of\\nnotes secured on the state railroad bond\\nissues of 1858, but the failure of the rail-\\nroad schemes and the repudiation of the\\nbonds ruined the banks which tried this\\nsolution of the problein. City and county\\nauthorities at one time issued a scrip\\nwhich served a purpose for a while. With\\nthe passing of the national bank law\\nthings took on a better aspect. The First\\nNational Bank of St. Paul was established\\nin 1863 and the First National in Minne-\\napolis in 1865. State laws were enacted\\nunder which there are now operating over\\n150 banks, about a dozen savings banks\\nand eight trust companies. In 1878 a law", "height": "3028", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "A HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA\\nestablishing the office of public examiner\\nwas passed. The banks, both city and\\ncnuntry. were never in better condition\\nthan in 1899. Various financial storms\\nhave been weathered and the banl ing sys-\\ntem put on a sound and eminently satis-\\nfactory basis.\\nThe commercial interests of Minnesota\\ninclude many undertakings which may not\\nbe classified under the general divisions\\nwhich have been enumerated. The im-\\nmense retail establishments of the cities\\nhave grown up from the general trading\\nstocks of the pioneer days the natural\\nevolution of the country store into the\\nmodern department store. Such impor-\\ntant adjuncts of the commercial system as\\nthe newspapers, hotels, telegraph and tele-\\nphone companies, electric and gas lighting\\nindustries, the raising of flowers, seed and\\nnursery farming, insurance writing, pub-\\nlishing, real estate dealing these and oth-\\ners of like character belong to none of\\nthe larger divisions of the commercial\\nbody, but have played an important part\\nin the commercial progress of the state\\nand have developed in a manner connnen-\\nsurate with the general prosperity. The\\nhalf century closes with few important\\nlines of activity unrepresented in the com-\\nmercial life of the state and with a condi-\\ntion of uniform prosperity which speaks\\neloquently of the solid foundations upon\\nwhich the business structure of Minnesota\\nis erected.", "height": "3074", "width": "1893", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "61\\nA HALF CENTURY OF MINNESOTA.\\nONE or OUR WEST BOUND TRAIN LOADS SHIPPED IN THE EARLY SUMMER OF 1599 TO THE RED RIVER VALLEY,\\nTHE LARGEST SINGLE SHIPMENT OF THRESHING MACHINERY IN THE HISTORY OF THE STATE.\\nWe arc distinctly a Minnesota institution and we want to furnish\\nMinnesota farmers the best Threshing Machinery that ingenuity can devise.\\nWe have done so for years.\\nWe will continue to do so.\\nWe execute orders promptly.\\nWe are near at hand.\\nWe invite you to visit us.\\nWe employ seven hundred men in our factory.\\nWe manufacture everything in the line of Threshing Machinery,\\nincluding Engines, Separators, Horse Powers, Self Feeders, Weighers, Wagon\\nLoaders, Wind Stackers, Tanks, etc., etc.\\nWe are building five hundred (500) Engines, one thousand (1,000)\\nSeparators, one thousand (1,000) Self Feeders, etc etc., for the season of J 900.\\nWe also manufacture Simple and Compound Stationary Engines and\\nBoilers suitable for creameries, flouring mills, saw mills, electric light plants,\\nwater works, etc. THEY ARE THE VERY BEST.\\nTHEY ARE BUILT IN MINNESOTA BY MINNESOTA WORKMEN\\nFOR MINNESOTA FARMERS.\\nWe will mail our new catalogue for 1900 free on application.\\nThe Minneapolis Threshing Machine Company,\\nWest Minneapolis, Hopkins P. 0., Minnesota.", "height": "3028", "width": "1878", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3074", "width": "1893", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\n016 096 672 5\\n11", "height": "3043", "width": "1940", "jp2-path": "halfcenturyofmin01huds_0068.jp2"}}