{"1": {"fulltext": "SF 489\\n.W9 R37\\nCopy 1 _\\nThe\\nWyandottes.\\nSilver, Golden,\\nWhite, Buff\\nand Black.\\n@^_", "height": "3768", "width": "2745", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3778", "width": "2648", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3778", "width": "2648", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "gttvfog Co., Phila,\\nWHITE WYANDOTTES TO DATE\\nCockerel and PuJlet In First Prize Pen at the Boston Poultry, Pigeon and Pet Stock Exhibition, January. 1898.\\nas bred, ov/ned and exhibited by Arthur C. Duston, Marlboro, Mass.\\nCopyrighted January 1st, 1899, by the\\nReliable Poultry Journal Publlshlne Company, Qulncy, III.", "height": "3869", "width": "2814", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "ORIGINAL AMERICAN PRODUCTIONS.\\nStandard- Bred Wyandottes,\\nSilver Laced, Golden Laced, White, Buff and Black.\\nTHEIR PRACTICAL QUALITIES; THE STANDARD\\nREQUIREMENTS; HOW TO JUDGE THEM; HOW\\nTO BREED AND MATE FOR BEST RESULTS.\\nCONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE BEST KNOWN AND MOST EXPERT BREEDERS AND\\nJUDGES IN AMERICA.\\nFULLY ILLTJSTIR^TZEID.\\nPRICE FIFTY CENTS.\\nPUBLISHED BY\\nTHE RELIABLE POULTRY JOURNAL PUBLISHING COMPANY,\\nQUINCY, ILLINOIS,", "height": "3836", "width": "2739", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0007.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "TWO COPIES Hi- -.IVi-.i),\\nUbrtry o,f O pngrtfk\\nfflC9 Of th,\\nJAW 25 1900\\nRegister of CopyrlgJit*\\n,Y\\nDIRECTORY OF ^O^O\\nRELIABLE WYANDOTTE BREEDERS.\\nTN THE back pages of this book will be found a\\ndirectory of the best known America breeders\\nof one or more varieties of the Wyandottes. The\\nbreeders whose names and business announcements\\nare printed therein are up-to-date and reliable. They\\nare the kind of men readers of this book will find it\\nsafe and profitable to patronize when they wish to\\nbuy stock or eggs. Every breeder whose name\\nappears in the list is believed by us to be square-\\ndealing.\\nFraternally,\\nRELIABLE POULTRY JOURNAL\\nPUBLISHING CO.\\n86C0WD COPY,\\nCOPYRIGHTED BY\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0I I I ABLE POULTRY .JOURNAL PUBLISHING CO..\\nDECEMBER IS, 1899.", "height": "3952", "width": "2847", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0008.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "2.\\n1 1\\nSILVER LACED WYANDOTTES.\\nSome General Advice to Beginners-Inbreeding-Standard Requirements Discussed Section by Section-\\nShape and Correct Marking of Feathers Illustrated by Original Charts-Method\\nof Judging or Scoring-How to Cut for Defects.\\nBY THEO. HEWES, JUDGE AND BREEDER, TRENTON, MISSOURI,\\nN TAKING up the Wyandottes to give them a\\nthorough and complete write-up, I realize the\\nimportance of the undertaking, and its value\\nto the amateur as an educator and to the\\nprofessional breeder as a work of reference.\\nMy aim is to describe the different varieties of\\nthis popular fowl, just as I understand them and as I believe\\nthe present standard intends all breeders to understand\\nthem- also by illustrations and explanations, to make the\\nmatter of scoring more clearly understood by all, and to\\nmake the selecting of show birds and breeders less a matter\\nof guess work. The standard of 1898 has but few changes\\nfrom the standard of 1893. To the few changes that have\\nbeen made I will call special attention when the sections\\nthat are affected by the changes are under consideration.\\nThe illustrations in this book, so far as feathers are con-\\ncerned, are, with a few exceptions, made from photographs\\nfrom the varieties under discussion, and are just such feath-\\ners as are found by the judges at all big shows, and I believe\\nare the best ever shown in book form. There is a sameness,\\nto a certain extent, about some of them, but by paying close\\nattention to the defects you will find they all enter largely\\ninto a proper understanding of the breed.\\nLike will produce like, is an old saying, but it does not\\nhold good in poultry breeding every time, nor any great\\nnumber of times. If we were to mate a male to a female\\nthat was in every way his equal in breeding, we might with\\ngood reason look for like to produce like; but where we\\nmate males and females together with no regard for the\\nbreeding back of them we will in nine cases out of ten meet\\nwith disappointment. It is seldom if ever that we meet\\nwith two birds that are just alike in all sections. They may\\nlook much alike from outside appearances, but on close\\ninspection you will find one inferior to the other. And so\\nlong as outside crosses are continually resorted to we shall\\nalways find this varying difference.\\nWhy do wild birds look so near alike that it is next to\\nimpossible, to tell one from another? Look to nature for an\\nanswer. It is a case of a survival of the fittest and the very\\nclosest kind of inbreeding. We also can, by judicious\\ninbreeding, using nothing in our yards but the very cream\\nof our flocks in shape, health, and color, come to that point\\nin a few years wher.e a majority of our birds will look as\\nmuch alike as wild birds do, both in shape and color.\\nThe loose, careless breeding that is followed by so many\\ncannot possibly lead to permanent good. It is true we will\\nget some, good specimens from almost any kind of mating,\\nbut the few good ones are just as liable to breed poor birds\\nas good, for there is too much poor blood in their make-up\\nto hold out when bred with mates that have only a shallow\\nfoundation with which to start.\\nTo be successful in poultry breeding we must at all\\ntimes have a definite object or ideal in view and must follow\\nit up with careful matings and a close attention to details\\nuntil we establish something we can look to as a secure\\nfoundation. It is not necessary to raise a great quantity of\\nanything to be called a success in any line of fancy stock\\nbreeding, but we must produce quality, and quality once\\nproduced must have a foundation upon which we may build\\nagain and again.\\nHow often we meet an amateur in the show room with\\na string of birds he has purchased, or has raised from eggs\\npurchased from some old and careful breeder, and hear him\\ntell all the secrets of breeding and the way, the only way, to\\nmake it a success! Watch the same breeder the next year,\\nor after he has mated his own flock, and note the results.\\nYou will not only find the ribbons on the other coops, but\\nyou will see him doing a lot of quiet thinking and not nearly\\nso much talking as the year before. This is how successful\\nbreeders are made.\\nJudicious Inbreeding.\\nThe question of inbreeding is an important one. It can\\nonly be understood by a careful study of nature and of\\nnature s laws. That we can go too far with it, is absolutely\\ncertain, but how many have done so? Few, very few, indeed.\\nMany claim they have when they have not gone half far\\nenough. The facts are that bad results from other causes\\nare many times charged to inbreeding, and for this very\\nreason I say, study nature. Often breeders will use some\\nespecially finely marked bird, but undeveloped in size and\\nvigor, and because he breeds a lot of weak chicks, inbreed-\\ning is blamed as the cause. If left in a wild state no mate\\nwould have chosen this undersized weakling until he could\\nhold his own with the best that came along. In other words,\\nthe poor little hen with less than twelve months of life has\\nlearned more of nature s laws than men of mature age.\\nTo make clear the value of inbreeding so that amateurs\\nmay see how far they may go with no bad results, I will\\npoint to a case with which I am well acquainted, where a\\nbreeder of Barred Plymouth Rocks introduced new blood in\\nhis flock only once in twelve years, and came near ruining\\nhis flock by doing so! He was winning every year while\\ninbreeding and his birds were making a record for him in\\nthe yards of the best breeders in the country at the heads\\nof their flocks. Do not understand that he was mating\\nbrothers and sisters together every time, although this was\\ndone many times, but he was breeding birds directly related\\nall the time, and I give you my word that ten and eleven-\\npound cockerels were no uncommon sight in his yards.\\nMy honest opinion is that with plenty of room to handle\\na flock right, a strain of birds can be bred in line for fifty\\nyears without bad results.\\nThe Future of Poultry Culture.\\nBreeding poultry for fun is one thing; breeding it as a\\nsource of profit sufficient to furnish a living for a family is\\nquite another matter. If we are in the business for pleasure\\nalone we can afford to spend money liberally, and to give to\\nour fowls every luxury they may want, and no account need", "height": "3836", "width": "2739", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0009.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "rteKEwes\\nChart\\na,^ N M STANDARD WYANDOTTE SHAPE-MALE.\\n^^1^rv^^l^t thi5 by F ank ane L wdI sho stand d\\nEreas, m r i T I f f Pmg Udng f r the Different Sections (Hack e,\\nCreast, Vir f Fluff, etc.) of Silyer and Golden Wyandotte Males.", "height": "3952", "width": "2847", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0010.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "THE WYANDOTTES.\\nbe kept of the expense. We may have fine houses and\\nexpensive runs, and keep our poultry plant so it is really an\\nornament to the place, but when you look to poultry for\\nprofit the case is different. You want good, comfortable\\nhouses\u00e2\u0080\u0094 they are essential, and the more room you give\\nfowls in their runs means just so much money saved in food\\nand general care. But fine houses, with gable roofs, and\\nQueen Anne windows are entirely out of place and of no\\nmore value to you than French plate mirrors would be. The\\nhen does not know how to appreciate them, and it is better\\nshe should not. What she wants are warm, comfortable\\nquarters, and the cheapest way to furnish them is a point\\nyou should study if you would save money.\\nI can remember, and it was not so very long ago, either,\\nwhen the number of people in this country who made their\\nentire living from the breeding of fancy poultry was very\\nsmall. But to-day if all the people who depend on the fancy\\nside of poultry culture for a living were mustered together\\nthey would make a fair-sized army. I know of some poultry\\nplants where five men are employed the year around, and\\nof quite a number where from one to three men find steady\\nemployment, and this does not include market poultry\\nplants, where several in the west, east and south have as\\nhigh as twenty men on the pay roll. With the steady in-\\ncrease in the business, there is plenty of room in this line\\nof work for any intelligent, pains-taking man or woman\\nwho will engage in it and plan and strive for profits as they\\nwould in any other line of business. Do not expect that an\\ninvestment of a few dollars will make you rich in a year.\\nDo not begin at the top and go down, but invest cautiously\\nat first, learn the business, then make your larger invest-\\nments and you will reap your reward.\\nAs for myself, I do not claim perfection, neither do I\\nthink I have learned it all. I am watching at every turn\\nfor new and better methods of breeding, and I take advan-\\ntage of every opportunity that is offered. When I find\\nbreeders who have made a success of handling one or more\\nvarieties of poultry, and who show by their stock that they\\nare working along lines of genuine improvement, I make it\\na point to get every bit of information from them I can,\\nand in that way am enabled to not only help myself but\\nthose with whom I come in contact. This is not my country,\\nnor your country, but our country, and it is our duty to help\\none another, and to strive to make it what it should be, the\\ngrandest, the most progressive country on earth.\\nI will now take up the varieties of Wyandottes and\\nhandle them in sections as we do in the show room, begin-\\nning with the Silver Wyandotte male. As the shape of\\nall varieties is alike, the shape as illustrated and described\\nfor this variety (see chart, No. 1) will answer for all. The\\ncharts here used to show ideal outlines for the Silver Wyan-\\ndottes will do for all varieties of Wyandottes. The outline\\nfor the female is taken from a living specimen of the white\\nvariety, a bird owned by Mr. Arthur G. Duston, of Marlboro,\\nMass., one that was in his first prize pen of White Wyan-\\ndottes at the late Boston show.\\nSymmetry, or Typical Carriage.\\nIn scoring a Wyandotte this section is valued at eight\\npoints, and if found perfect it would mean an ideal bird in\\nevery sense of the word, so far as typical shape is concerned.\\nEvery section must not alone be perfect of itself, but must\\nbe so joined to every other section that the entire outline is\\nperfectly symmetrical and typical of the breed. In chart No. 1\\nis shown such a specimen, or at least as near one as any\\nartist can delineate perfection. I am sure it is one that\\ncomes as near the proper shape of the breed, as described\\nby the standard, as any ever made. I offer this as my ideal\\nof shape in a Wyandotte male, and while it may not suit the\\neyes of all critics, I should be willing to pass such a speci-\\nmen without a cut in symmetry, if any breeder were lucky\\nenough to produce one.\\nThe fault usually found in this section of the male is a\\npoor joining together of the different sections, the specimen\\nhaving a thrown-together look, as we call it. The sec-\\ntions of the body that go to make up symmetry are usually\\ngood of themselves, not perfect, but good for a living speci-\\nmen but they are so joined together that the symmetrical\\noutline or breed type is broken, and the bird receives a\\nseverer cut than the sections alone would indicate.\\nThere is an old song that has been sung by Mr. Felch\\nand others for years, to the effect that symmetry is a two-\\nedged sword which cuts a specimen twice. This is sprung\\non the judges at nearly every show and the claim is made\\nthat if such and such a bird had not been cut on symmetry\\nhe would have won first. The exhibitor might just as well\\nmake the claim that if he had not been cut at all he would\\nhave scored one hundred points. There is just as much\\nsense in one claim as in the other. The facts are simply\\nthese: The American Poultry Association set aside eight\\nof the one hundred points for symmetry, and the man who\\nconsistently cuts this section is cutting on the basis of eight\\npoints for symmetry and is making out a score card that\\nmeans something to the amateur and professional breeder\\nalike. I claim that a judge who ignores this section in scor-\\ning is not posted on what the standard aims to teach. He is\\nonly allowing ninety-two points for perfection instead of\\none hundred and his footing up should be on that basis. If\\nthis were practiced during just one show you would see\\nwhere these judges stand, and there would be such a fall\\nthat others would be glad to let the American Poultry\\nAssociation rule instead of setting themselves up as the\\nGreat I Am.\\nA judge has no more right to ignore symmetry than he\\nhas to ignore comb, wings, or any other section. The\\nbreeder who wants an intelligent idea of a proper score card\\nshould figure the symmetry cuts solely on a basis of eight\\npoints. When your bird loses one point in this section he\\nis one-eighth bad. If he loses two points he is one-fourth\\nbad, while if he loses one-half point he is only one-sixteenth\\nbad. This same rule should be carefully studied in all sec-\\ntions, and thus you will soon find what per cent of perfection\\nyou have attained in any and all sections. However, in\\nmany of the sections you must figure on both shape and\\ncolor and note what per cent is allowed for both.\\nIn scoring symmetry if the specimen is too narrow and\\nfails to round out in breast, back, and body, with a neck\\nand tail too long, as is usually the case with these narrow\\nbirds, the cut should be from two to three and one-half\\npoints, according to the degree. Where the specimen is\\ngood in breast, tail and neck, but shows a back and body a\\ntrifle too long, the cut is one-half. If the specimen is good\\nin all other sections except breast, and this section shows\\ntoo flat, and fails to round out, the cut is from one-half to\\none. Where the neck and tail are too long and the tail is\\ncarried too high, with the neck straight and the hackle\\nshort, failing at junction with back, the cut is from one-\\nhalf to one and one-half. Where the legs are too long, or\\nstand too close together, giving the bird a stilty appearance,\\nthe cut is one-half to one. There are several minor defects\\nthat detract from the symmetrical outlines of a specimen,\\nwhich are discounted by good judges, but I think those here\\ndescribed will be sufficient to give the amateur an intelli-\\ngent idea of. measuring defects in this section.\\nStandard Weights.\\nThe standard weights for all varieties of Wyandottes\\nare the same and are as follows: For cocks, eight and one-\\n7", "height": "3836", "width": "2739", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0011.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "HE WY VNDOTTES.\\npounds; for cockerels, seven and one-half pounds; tor\\nand one-half pounds; tor pullets, five and one-half\\nIs. The standard sixes no credit for overweight, but\\nis always best to have your birds a trifle overweight at\\nexhibition time, as they in-\\nvariably lose a iVw ounces\\nw hen cooped for exhibition,\\nami any loss under the- stan-\\nard weights will be dis-\\ncounted, and these are points\\nthrown away. In scoring this\\nsection, the discount is two\\npoints for every pound, or in\\nitio. For example, a bird that is one pound short of\\nndard weight would be cut two points; if one-half pound\\nt would be cut one point, if one-quarter pound short\\nt would be cut one-half point and if two pounds short, four\\npoints, and so on.\\nCondition.\\nCondition is valued at six points, and all that goes to\\nike up a perfectly healthy specimen is considered when\\nring this section. If the bird is roupy, or shows signs of\\nswelled head, or has watery eyes, the cut is from one-half\\no one. If feathers are broken or dirty, the cut is from one-\\nquarter to one. If the legs are scaly, one-half to one. If\\nthe comb or wattles are torn from fighting, one-half to one.\\nFrosted combs are usually cut in this section and a check\\nirk made on the score card to show in what section con-\\ndition was cut. This check mark should always be made.\\non the card for the benefit of breeders who might chance to\\nbe away from the show. For example, the bird might be\\ncut one point on condition, and the following sections be at\\nfault: Legs slightly scaly, and wattles torn, etc. In such\\ncases both the legs and wattles should have a check mark\\ne same as condition, so that breeders may know just what\\nsections the judge considered defective.\\nIt will not be necessary to call up this section again in\\ne female of the Silvers, nor in connection with any of the\\nother varieties, as the foregoing will answer the purpose\\nfor all.\\nThe Wyandotte or Rose Comb.\\n1 corrugated points that make a comb so handsome. This\\nStyle ,s now nearly extinct, except on an occasional female.\\nM.cl a comb as Fig. 1 should be discounted one point\\nFig. J slu.ws a comb that has several objections. First\\nIt is too narrow and is too high in the center. It also runs\\non a straight line until it\\nreaches the back of the head\\nand then falls off suddenly.\\nThe corrugated points are un-\\neven\u00e2\u0080\u0094in fact this comb is a\\ntrifle wrong in every way.\\nStill it is not a bad comb to\\nlook at, and is one we often\\nmeet in the show room. Such\\na comb should be discounted\\none and one-half points.\\nIn Fig. 3 we have a comb\\nthat is but a poor excuse at\\nbest and it will produce only\\nPoor combs so long as you\\nhrad 7; lt U iS 7 h0ll0w in center and falls all over the\\nhead. It forms a lump behind, then winds up with a make\\nion To S T T bar6ly SaV6S the bM rom di ^S-\\nt.on To .core this comb properly it should be cut one\\nPoint for being loose on the head, one-half point for being\\ntoo wide, one-half point for poor corrugations, one and one\\nhalf points for the hollow\\nPIG. 3.\\nFIG. 4.\\nThe comb is without doubt one of the most important\\nof the fancy sections of a Wyandotte. Commercially it has\\nno value, and to a commercial buyer it will not make one\\ncent s worth of Ufference whether the specimen has an ideal\\ncomb or a lump of meat on his head. But with fanciers it\\nstly different; they will hardly accept as a gift a speci-\\nmen with a comb like Fig. 3, while a bird otherwise good\\nand showing a comb like chart No. 1 would be doubled in\\nvalue.\\nThis section is valued at eight points, and to be perfect\\nbe, Rose, low, firm on the head, top oval in shape\\nsurface covered with small points or corrugations,\\nformer preferred, terminating in a small spike at the\\nrear; the entire comb and\\nspike curving slightly to con-\\nform to the shape of the\\nskull. In chart No. 1 is shown\\nan ideal comb, one that fits\\nlie standard description to\\ntna.z. tne letter. Such combs are\\nscarce, but we do meet with\\nonce in a while, combs that are almost as good as the\\none shown in drawing. By careful breeding we can in time\\nh a point where poor combs will be equal to the good\\nones now.\\nIn Fig. 1 is shown a comb that is good in shape and out-\\nline. At one time this comb was much admired, but it lacks\\n8\\nthrough the center and one-\\nhalf point for shape of spike.\\nIn Fig. 4 is shown a comb\\nthat is very good except the\\nnatural absence of spike,\\nwhich, under the new stan-\\ndard, is a disqualification.\\nThis comb I had drawn to\\nshow the breeders what to\\nguard against, as this is a\\nnew rule in the standard and\\nbreeders must be careful in making up their show pens as\\nthis comb will throw the specimen out all together.\\nIn Fig. 5 is shown a neat comb, resembling in many\\nrespects the comb on chart No. 1, but this comb is too nar-\\nrow, and is shown here as a guide to breeders, as birds with\\ncombs of this character will almost invariably throw a per\\ncent of single combs in their offspring. Ir you have a bird\\nof otherwise extra merit, but with a comb of this kind be\\nvery careful to what style of bird you mate it, as careless\\nmating here may give you no end of trouble.\\nEyes of Wyandottes.\\nThe standard scale of points does not make a separate\\ncolumn for eyes; they are included in the head section But\\nin scoring the specimen it has\\nbeen found to be to the inter-\\nest of breeders to make a sep-\\narate line on the card so that\\nthey may know for what this\\nsection is cut.\\nThe standard says in the\\ndescription of eyes, A bright\\nbay in color. This color of\\neyes is an important matter,\\nand it is to the best interest\\nof the breed that we watch them very closely, for weak or\\npale eyes are a sure indication of a weak constitution and\\nthe stronger and clearer in color you can get them the better\\nfor the breed and your individual strain.\\nIn scoring the head section the eyes are an important\\npart, but I will score them here separately from the head\\nFIG. 5.", "height": "3936", "width": "2823", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0012.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "THE WYANDOTTES.\\nproper, and will not refer to them while on head. If slightly\\noff in color hut still showing a good trace of hay the cut is\\none-half. If pearl in color, or, as I dub it, dead fish m\\ncolor, the cut is one and one-half. If one eye is good and\\nthe other one pearl, the cut is one. If one eye is blind, cut\\none If the eye has run out, leaving a hollow, sunken scar,\\nthe cut is one and one-half, one for loss of eye and one-\\nhalf for off shape of head.\\nHead of the Wyandotte.\\nThis section is valued at six points; it is seldom found\\ndefective. But in order to put the amateur right I will\\ndescribe a few of the defects that are sometimes found. The\\nhead should he short with a broad crown; the face should\\nbe bright red in color, and the plumage a silvery white,\\nwith narrow centers of black. If head is too long or too\\nnarrow the cut is one-half to one. If the plumage shows\\nFIG. 7\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SHORT HACKLE FEATHER\\nany 6ther color than silvery white the cut is one-half to\\none If the beak is too long or fails in a nice curve the cut\\nis one-half. If the beak is solid, or is black or yellow, the\\ncut is one-half.\\nWattles and Ear Lobes.\\nHere is a section that has given the breeders consider-\\nable trouble, especially the ear lobes. Ten years ago it was\\nnext to impossible to get a really good red lobe m both\\nmales and females, and for a long time there was little or no\\nimprovement in this section. The standard at that time\\ndisqualified a specimen for ear lobes that were more\\nthan one-third white. Many valuable breeding birds were\\nthrown out and fanciers became almost discouraged. Poul-\\ntry judges could not agree on the proper amount of white\\nto allow, and sometimes a bird would pass under one\\njudge with a cut of one-half or one, only to be dis-\\nqualified by another judge. This of course made lots\\nof discord and hard feelings, but at the revision meet-\\ning held at Chicago in 1893, Mr. J. H. Drevenstedt,\\nMr Ira Keller and the writer suggested to the associa-\\ntion that they let this breed go through for five years and\\nonly disqualify for a solid white lobe. Many objected to\\nthis move, claiming we were going backward instead of for-\\nward but we carried our point, and to-day they can all see\\nthe wisdom of it, for it gave the breeders a little leeway in\\nthis section to help out other more important sections, and\\nw\u00c2\u00b0 to-day have not only gotten rid of the white lobes, but\\nhave made greater improvements in every way than was\\nthen thought possible.\\nThis section is valued at six points. In shape, Wyan-\\ndotte ear lobes usually pass as perfect. The defects in shape\\nthat do show up at times are uneven length of wattles m\\nI males, and wattles torn by fighting. Where wattles are\\ni wrinkled or uneven in length, the cut is one-half to one.\\nThis is not a natural defect and has no effect on the breeding\\nqualities of the specimen. In color the lobes should be red\\nWhere they show a trace of white the cut is one-half. If\\nhalf or more of the lobes are white the cut is from one and\\none-half to two and one-half, according to the degree.\\nNeck of the Wyandotte.\\nThis section is valued at ten points, which are divided\\nfour for shape and six for color. The shape of the neck is\\nusually good, except at times the specimen is discounted on\\naccount of the feathers not being fully developed, thus mak-\\ning a break at junction with back and spoiling the nice con-\\ncave sweep so much admired by fanciers. There is one\\nphrase that may as well be explained here, as amateurs will\\nfind it in almost every section in this breed when they refer\\nto their standards. The words are medium in length.\\nMedium as applied to this breed, would be an average\\nbetween two extremes, for instance, the neck would be a\\nmedium between a Game and a Cochin. A Wyandotte is\\nnaturally on the blocky order, not so much as a Cochin\\nBantam, but enough to be termed in poultry parlance, a\\nmedium. In the color of the neck section we have one of\\nthe very hardest things to get right. In fact, in any section\\nwhere black and white are the predominating colors, and\\nthe feathers grow long, we will always experience more or\\nless trouble in keeping them free from sunburn or copper\\ncolor. The under-color of the hackle should be a dark slate,\\nthat is the downy part of the feather next to the skin. The\\nknitted portion of the feather should be a silvery white with\\na clear black stripe through the center of the feather\\ncoming to a point near the extremity, the white to be clear\\nand distinct and running entirely around the edge of the\\nfeather, making a black feather neatly and completely laced\\nwith white. We refer you to the chart No. 1, where you will\\nsee just such feathers as I have described, and you will see\\nthem on this picture in just such positions as you should\\nfind them on the living specimen.\\nFig. 7 shows a good feather with the exception\\nof the white shaft, and it should he discounted\\none-half point. Fig. 8 shows a feather that is quite\\noften met in this variety and one of which it is\\nhard to get rid. It shows the white shaft in the same pro-\\nportion as Fig. 7, but fails in the nice white edging so much\\nadmired, and it makes the neck look smutty with a black\\nring around it. Such a feather should be discounted two\\npoints, as it is useless in the breeding pen and is a disgrace\\nFIG. 8\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SHORT HACKLE FEATHER.\\nin the show room. In scoring this section we usually find\\nmore or less trouble with the under-color, especially if the\\nsurface color is good. Many claim that the white shaft in\\nthe feather would be a benefit to the breed. I am slow to\\nbelieve this, as I have found some specimens that were\\nperfect on surface still holding the strong under-color to\\nthe =kin And if one man can breed them that way there ?s\\nno excuse for the rest of us not doing as well. Where the\\nfeathers are good at the end and show a nice white edging,\\nbut lack in under-color, say one-half the length of the\\nfeathers, the cut would be three-fourths; if only a trace of\\nwhite at the base of hackle, the cut would be one-fourth.\\nWhere feathers are good, except at the tip and then the\\nblack pushes through the white at tip of feather, the cut is\\none-half.\\nIn Fig. 9 is shown a feather that conforms so nearly to\\nthe standard that a judge could pass it as being perfect.\\nThere is a trace of white in the shaft, but taken all in all it\\nis as good as any we have found. The under-color did not\\nshow well in the photograph owing to the light. In the\\noriginal the under-color was good.\\n9", "height": "3836", "width": "2739", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0013.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "H1K WYANDOTTKS.\\ni I y V eUS eXt t0 imi50Ssible to\\nWtthja just right In color, that is, absolutely per-\\nh0,v !m o\u00c2\u00abso, ls for this failure in the\\nl the bacta of both males and females b e\\nmost important one is the difference of o^k among\\n^t; J** institutes a standard\\nk and the proper way to mate to produce it One\\n\u00c2\u00a3an hods to one idea, and the others to som othe\\ndeas all working for the same end on different Hues\\nand an more or less mWng the bloQd t lines\\nmatings together to produce it. I do not wish to nose\\ndo tMn^I Pr0P6r ne t0 SiVG InStrUCti0\\nI do t nt tw m01 CaPable than many 0the but\\nI do think that we should all work together on one\\nline and see if we do not finally come to the right\\nPO nt, and then in buying from one another we hS\\nnot only help the breed, but help ourselves as we?,\\nhave made it a point to get the opinions of the best\\nbreeders I meet on this important subject, and I f e\\nI am giving instruction that meets their approval and\\nI feel confident that one long pull together will put\\nAmerica on top again, for it is a well-known fact that\\nour English cousins have excelled us so far\\nThe surface color of the male s back should be a\\nhrZVfn WU V he black ^ipes ^htly show ng\\nark sf at h h ThG Und co1 uld be\\ndark slate, the knitted portion of the feather should\\nFIG. 9.\\nFIG. 10.\\nHACKLE FEATHERS-SILVER WYANDOTTE MALE.\\nFig. 10 shows the same white ^haft \u00e2\u0084\u00a2u r s+\\ncut is from one Zt Z one JUnCti n With the back the\\nThe Back.\\nI\u00c2\u00bb t^llZHVim t %J\u00e2\u0084\u00a2 ri T\u00c2\u00b0\u00c2\u00b0. a vataatioB o, ten points\\nfrom ,h c, no, ff ano tnltaTnl T h e\\nva.na.ion o, L tSS^^S^SZH t?t\\nDortM*. in both malfan,! fla L Tl Y K S sreM\\ncar Msmnwsssr:\\n10\\nFIG. 11\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BACK OR SADDLE FEATHER\u00e2\u0080\u0094 W\\nYANDOTTE MALE.", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0014.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "THE WYANDOTTES.\\nbe black with a narrow edging of white running entirely\\naround the outer edge of feather similar to that of the\\nhackle, with the exception of center of feather, which should\\nhave a narrow white center in the form of a diamond, see\\nFig. 11. By referring to the chart you will see those feath-\\ners just as they grow on the living specimen, and in what\\nproportion the size of the diamond centers are at different\\nparts of the saddle.\\nIn Figs. 12, 13 and 14 are shown three defective feathers,\\nsuch as are met in every show, and which are hard to breed\\nout. Fig. 12 is very good on the surface, but is too light\\nunderneath, and shows a white under-color. This kind of\\na back should be cut one point. Fig. 14 is better under-\\nneath, but fails on the outer edge and in the diamond shaped\\ncenter, feathers like this give the bird a kind of smutty\\nTail of the Wyandotte.\\nThe tail is valued at eight points, four for shape and\\nfour for color. In color it should be black with no trace of\\nwhite in the tail proper. In scoring this section the color\\ncuts are easily understood, as you should cut for white in\\nsuch proportion as it appears; if solid white the cut will be\\nfour, if half white the cut will be two, and if one-fourth\\nwhite the cut will be one. In shape the tail should be well\\ndeveloped, well spread at the base, and of medium length.\\nHere again you find the word medium, but as this has been\\nexplained in the neck section it will not be necessary to go\\nover it again. By being well spread at the base the tail\\ncarries out the full outline of the broad back, and with the\\ntail coverts long and well developed makes the nice concave\\nsweep from middle of back to end of tail, as shown in chart\\nFig. 12.\\nFig. 13.\\nDEFECTIVE BACK FEATHERS WYANDOTTE MALE.\\nFig. 14.\\nappearance on the surface and should be discounted one\\npoint. Fig. 13 is a blurred feather, both on surface and\\nunderneath, and is one that should be guarded against at all\\ntimes. The white and black mingle and give the feather a\\nsort of brown cast underneath, and a mossy color on the\\nsurface. Such a back should be discounted two points. In\\nregard to shape, if the back is too long the cut is from one-\\nhalf to one and one-half; if too narrow or pinched, giving\\nthe specimen a narrow consumptive look when viewed from\\nthe top, the cut is from one to two points, according to the\\ndegree. If it is roached in the center the cut is one, if scant\\nin saddle the cut is one-half to one.\\nNo. 1. The sickles should extend over the end of tail and\\ncurve nicely over the top, as shown in the chart. Such tails\\nare scarce indeed, but they are just what you want, and\\nwhen you get them you invariably get the broad, short back\\nso much admired.\\nIn Figs. 15 and 16 are shown two defective tails. Those\\nlike Fig. 15 are quite often met in the show room, but we\\nare glad to say that such tails as Fig. 16 are seldom seen and\\nthey will soon be a thing of the past. Fig. 15 is too high\\nand not well spread, and the sickles are too long and too\\nstraight. Such a tail should be discounted one and one-half\\npoints. Fig. 16 is what is termed a squirrel tail, as it is\\n11", "height": "3836", "width": "2739", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0015.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "Till-: W WlHiTTKS.\\n:ril past the perpendicular line and is supported by the\\nSuch tail is an abomination, and it should be cul\\nand one-halt points.\\nThe Wings.\\ntfal) was placed In this section by the trainers of\\nthe Old standard, that has brought mueh disappointment to\\nthe breeders of both Silver\\nand Golden Wyandotte\\nmales. In many cases the\\nwording could not be un-\\nderstood by some of our\\nup-to-date breeders. Turn-\\ning to your old standard\\nyou will find in the de-\\nscription of wing coverts\\nthe following: Upper web\\nblack, lower web white\\nwith a narrow black stripe\\nalong the edge which\\nwiden as it approaches the\\ntip, forming a double\\nspangled bar across the\\nwing.\\nA doubled spangled bar across the wing! Just think\\nwhat kind of a job we are asking nature to perform when\\nwe demand any thing of this kind. We are asking nature\\nto spangle a wing, and lace a back, breast and body. In\\nother words we are asking nature to work against herself.\\nThe standard of 1898 has eliminated the word spangle and\\nthe description of the feather that formed the spangle, and\\nit has inserted the word laced and described a laced feather.\\nNow look again at chart No. 1. Here every feather that\\nis shown has the lacing, and by adding the second row of\\nfeathers to the bar (it is omitted here in order to show the\\nwhole length of the feather) you will have as fine a barred\\nwing as was ever seen and at the same time you will be\\nfollowing nature. With this chart before you it is unneces-\\nsary to go much into details, and I shall only describe this\\nsection in such parts as are not shown here.\\nFIG. IS TAIL TOO 111C.H.\\n^N ot well spread.)\\nPIG. 10\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SHOWING SyCIRREL TAIL.\\nI call your attention to Figs. 17 and 18. These are old\\ncuts u.sed in a former work on this breed, and I shall not\\nconsider any part of them except the wing bow and flights.\\nThe wing bow is sometimes called the shoulder. This part\\nof the wing should be silvery white and free from brass and\\nsunburn, and the white should run down to the wing bar\\nand br -ak even across the entire wing. The nights should\\nbe black on the upper web and white on the lower web,\\nFig 18. In Fig. 17 is shown a wing with the white\\nrunning across the shaft and showing in that part of the\\nfeather that should be black. Such a wing should be dis-\\ncounted one point. In Fig. 19 is shown a feather that has\\nthe white on the extreme upper edge of the feather, and like\\nPig. 17 it should be cut one point. If the feathers that form\\nthe bar are not distinctly iaeed and fail in showing the bar\\nas described, the out is from one-half to one and one-half.\\nIf the shoulders are mixed with black or copper, and fail in\\nthe white as shown in the cuts, the cut is from one to two\\npoints. In Fig. 20 is shown one of the old style spangled\\nbars. It should be discounted one point.\\nBreast of the Wyandotte.\\nHere is another important section, especially as we\\nclaim much for this breed as a market fowl. It is valued by\\nthe standard at ten points and is divided, five for shape and\\nfive for color. In shape it should be broad, deep and well\\nrounded; in color, black, the feathers having large white\\nFIG. 17 WYANDOTTE WING SHOWING DEFECT OF WHITE IN FLIGHTS.\\ncenters and dark slate under-color. In the chart you will\\nfind both the color and the shape as referred to in the\\nstandard description.\\nThis chart might be just a trifle deeper in front of the\\nthighs and improve the shape some, but it is so near right\\nthat I will not attempt to improve it. In scoring the shape\\nwe pay particular attention to this section, and it is cut as\\nseverely, if not more severely, than any other section of the\\nbody. If the breast is too narrow or too flat, the cut is from\\none-half to two; if the breast is wedge-shaped, failing to\\nshow the nicely rounded out appearance, the cut is from\\none-half to one and one-half, according to the degree.\\nThe breast bone is usually cut in this section, although\\nit properly belongs to the body, but inasmuch as it is usually\\ncut here I will call attention to it now and omit it in the\\nbody section. If the breast bone is slightly turned at the\\nFIG. 18 WING OF WYANDOTTE MALE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SHOWING CORRECT\\nBLACK AND WHITE IN FLIGHTS.\\nend the cut is one-half; if crooked so as to turn the entire\\nfront, the cut is from one to two.\\nThe feathers should be black with white centers, the\\ncenters large, following the form of the feathers and free\\nfrom any outside white edging. The chart shows these\\nfeathers just as they should be with the right proportion of\\nwhite and black. One of the common defects in this section\\n12", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0016.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "THE WYANDOTTES.\\nis a frosting on the outside of the black, and small cres-\\neentic markings up near the throat. Fig. 21 shows one\\nof the defective feathers quite often met in the show room.\\nIt should be cut one point. If a white edging appears on\\nthe outside of the black lacing the cut is one point. There\\nis another defect that is quite common in this breed, even\\namong the best laced birds, namely, a wide band of white\\ndown where the breast joins the body, caused by the feath-\\ners failing to lace up properly.\\nWhen this defect appears it should\\nreceive a cut of from one-half to one\\nand one-half points.\\nBody and Fluff.\\nThis has been rather an unim-\\nportant section and it was seldom\\ncut for color or shape, but the new\\nstandard calls for a male bird laced\\non the thighs and following well\\nround under the vent. So it will in\\nthe future be considered of consid-\\nerable importance, for in order to get good lacing on\\nother sections it is of importance that we get every feather\\nlaced as perfectly as possible.\\nBy referring to the chart yoa will see that the male in\\nboth the silver and golden varieties is destined to be a\\nmuch handsomer bird than formerly, and the breeder who\\nhas been giving this body lacing attention will reap a bene-\\nIf the specimen is narrow or contracted, the cut is from\\none-half to one and one-half; if shallow, not extending well\\ndown, the cut is from one-half to one. If the leathers fail\\nto lace up properly and show only an occasional laced\\nfeather the cut is one point; if the lacing is c.rescentic in\\nshape, or the feathers show an outside lacing of white, the\\ncut is one. If no lacing appears on the body or fluff the cut\\nis one and one-half.\\nFIG. 20 WHITE FEATHER SHOWING OLD STYLE SPANGLED BARS.\\nfit by the improvement called for by the new standard. In\\nshape the bird should be deep in body and wide, deep\\nenough to give the specimen a rounded out appearance, and\\nbroad enough to give plenty of room between the thighs.\\nFIG. 19 FLIGHT FEATHER FROM MALE SHOWING DEFECTIVE WHITE ON EXTREME UPPER EDGE.\\nLegs and Toes.\\nIn looking at the chart one will think the legs on the\\nspecimen are too large, and not in proportion, but those legs\\nwere made to represent a large, well-balanced bird, and to\\nmy eye they are one of its chief charms. When I can get a\\ngood sized bone in the leg of my Wyandotte I am sure of\\ngetting a strong, vigorous bird, and I consider it of vast\\nimportance that we breed entirely away from the small\\nLeghorn style of shank that has become quite common in\\nour Wyandotte families.\\nThe thighs should stand well apart, and show up strong,\\nwith an abundance of meat on them. If narrow and con-\\ntracted the cut is one\\npoint; if standing too\\nclose together the cut is\\none-half point; if the\\ntoes are crooked or de-\\nformed the cut is from\\none-half to one and\\none-half. If the thighs\\nare not laced as shown in the chart, but show only a dark\\nslate color the cut is one point, if partly laced one-half\\npoint. If the shanks are spotted or shade to willow the cut is\\nfrom one-hak to two. Remember that any trace of feathers\\nor down on shanks or toes disqualifies the specimen.\\nFIG. 21 DEFECTIVE BREAST FEATHER.\\nSILVER LACED WYANDOTTE\u00e2\u0080\u0094 FEMALE.\\nI present in connection with this description of the\\nWyandotte female a chart that for correct standard color\\nof the silver variety has never been equaled. In shape this\\nchart does not suit me so well as that of the male, because\\nthis cut is a little too long, in fact it is a trifle overdrawn.\\nBut should you get as good a living specimen you need have\\nno fear of not being among the winners in the best of com-\\npany. This chart was made from a sketch of the first prize\\nWhite Wyandotte pullet at Boston, owned and bred by Mr.\\nMr. Arthur G. Duston, of Marlboro, Mass. It not only\\nrepresents the correct standard color, but it is the color you\\ncan depend on in the silver variety to give you first-class\\nexhibition females if good judgment is used in the selection\\nof the male. In Wyandottes, as well as in most of the other\\nvarieties, the males are the more valuable so far as a money\\nconsideration is concerned. But in producing first-class\\nexhibition specimens of either the silver or golden varieties,\\nit is considered by breeders to be more of an honor to get\\nthe females right, in fact, a breeder who gets in the money\\nclass with his females at the big shows, is indeed a lucky\\nexhibitor. In scoring the female here I shall omit the\\ngolden variety, as the same color is called for in both the\\nsilver and golden, with the exception of substituting the\\nword gold for silver. Our aim is to make this book plain\\nand easily understood without going any further into\\nminute detail that is absolutely necessary. For this reason\\nI have adopted the form of questions and answers, which I\\nfeel will take the place of long descriptions and be of more\\npractical value to the reader.\\nI will now ask you to turn to chart No. 2 and study it\\ncarefully. Remember the color here illustrated is consid-\\nered perfect, and it is so shown on each section that you can\\n13", "height": "3836", "width": "2739", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0017.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "[OPYMHTED BY\\nTME\\nHimm\\nPoultry\\nI6J3\\nSTANDARD WYANDOTTE SHAPE-FEMALE.\\nChart No- 2 -Copyrighted Hewes Chart, Designed Expressly for this Book by Franklane L. Sewell, Showing Standard Wyan-\\ndotte Female Shape fall varieties); also Standard Striping and Lacing for the Different Sections (Hackle,\\nBreast, Wing, Fluff, Etc. of Silver and Golden Wyandotte Females.\\n14", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0018.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "THE WYANDOTTES.\\nsee at a glance just what kind of color is required in all\\nsections. Do not overlook the important point that you\\nmust have as much under-color as shown here if you expect\\nthe hird to hold its color and not fade.\\nQuestion What do you mean hy fading?\\nAnswer In all parti-colored specimens there is a con-\\nstant drain en the system to supply the coloring matter, and\\nthe natural tendency is to grow lighter. If we do not look\\ncarefully after our birds when they molt we shall find that\\nthe feathers will come in nearly white, or with a crescentic\\nmarking instead of a lacing, or as poultrymen term it, they\\nhave faded.\\nQ. How would you avoid this fading?\\nA. By breeding only from specimens that show a good\\nslate under-color, and whose feathers show a rich metallic\\nluster in the black instead of a dead or dirty brown or black,\\nas is often the case.\\nQ.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cannot the black be carried too far in mating as\\nwell as the white?\\nA. Yes. There is just as much trouble in one direction\\nas in the other.\\nQ. How much of each color is correct?\\nA. What does the chart show? There you see fifty per\\ncent white and fifty per cent black, and that is just what\\nyou want.\\nQ\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The chart shows more white than black, does it\\nnot?\\nA.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No. The outside of the feather is larger and makes\\nthe feathers look that way at a glance, but if you will study\\nthem a moment you will see there is as much of one color\\nas the other.\\nQ. Does this equal proportion of color come in all\\nsections?\\nA. No, only in the neck, back, breast, body and wing\\ncoverts.\\nQ- How about the tail and wings, what per cent of\\ncolor do you want there?\\nA.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The tail proper should be black, the tail coverts\\nblack edged with white (see chart). Now do not get mixed\\nup on this description of tail coverts. Notice particularly\\nwhere the feathers lie that show this white edging. They\\nare not a part of the back or cushion, but form a row of\\nfeathers that fit in between the tail and cushion the same as\\nin a Brahma. The wing bow or shoulder is half black and\\nhalf white the same as the back, but the primaries are black\\nedged with white (see chart), while the secondaries are\\nblack on the upper web and white on the lower web about\\nequally divided in color.\\nQ. Does not the neck of the female show more black\\nthan white?\\nA.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 No. In addition to the white outside lacing (which\\nshould run entirely round the lower end of the feathers and\\nnot blunt off as is often the case), there is a narrow inside\\nlacing, which the standard allows, and which you must have\\nif you expect to breed well-laced feathers on all sections.\\nQ. Can you show us some of those laced feathers?\\nA. Yes. But I shall pass them by for a time and call\\nthem up in their proper place and fully describe them. I\\nshall now take the bird section by section and give a general\\nidea of the defects and a proper valuation of the same.\\nSymmetry, or typical carriage, weight and condition\\nhave been fully described in writing of the males, so it will\\nnot be necessary to refer again to them as the cuts are the\\nsame in the female as in the male and when defects occur\\nthe percentage of discount is the same.\\nThe head is the same as that of the male, except it is\\nneater and more in keeping with the sex. There are some\\ndefects shown in the cuts of combs, but I shall pass them\\nnow and call attention to them a little later.\\nComb of the Wyandotte Female.\\nFrom a fancy point of view there is no section on a\\nWyandotte of any color that is so uniformly defective in\\nshape as the comb. In ten years of judging I believe I could\\ncount on the fingers of one hand all the Wyandotte combs\\nthat I have passed as perfect. Breeders are not entirely to\\nblame for this, as we have tried to produce something con-\\ntrary to nature in many respects, and it is only in the past\\nfew years that our breeders have decided on a type that they\\nare willing to consider proper. From now on we may look\\nfor more improvement. I can notice in my own yards that\\nthe low, flat comb coming to a point in the rear, is gradu-\\nally doing away with many of the defects that gave me\\ntrouble in the past.\\nFrom a fancy point of view, there is nothing that adds\\nso much to the beauty of this breed as a well shaped, well\\nbalanced comb and I am glad to see the effort that is being\\nput forth to improve this section. The standard description\\nof this section is plain and easy to understand. It is the\\nsame as for the male, only the female comb is much smaller.\\nRose, low, firm on the head, top oval in shape and the sur-\\nface covered with small points or corrugations, the former\\npreferred, terminating in a small spike at the rear; the\\nentire comb and spike curving slightly to conform to the\\nshape of the skull.\\nFig. 1 A shows just such a comb\\nas the standard describes and so\\ndoes chart No. 2. The head of Fig.\\n1 A is a little too shallow, that is,\\nnot quite deep enough through from\\ntop of skull to eyes. You will find\\nthis section better illustrated in\\nchart No. 2, in fact, I consider the\\nhead in the chart to be the best one\\nMr. Sewell has ever given us. Fig.\\n2 A shows a comb and head that are\\nboth defective and they are joined to a poorly shaped neck\\nand have as an ornament a poor pair of ear lobes and wat-\\ntles. The head is bullet shaped, with\\nthe lower mandible too short, giving\\na poor curve to the beak. It should\\nbe discounted one point in scoring\\nthe head section. The ccmb is un-\\neven and irregular, with a poor\\nspike at the back, and the spike,\\nturns up at the end instead of fol-\\nlowing the shape of the skull.\\nQ. What would you discount\\nthis comb?\\nA. Two points.\\nQ. For what defect or defects?\\nA. One point for the hollow in the center of comb, one-\\nhalf point for uneven edges and the blunt\\nportion where it terminates in a spike,\\nand one-half point for ill-shaped spike.\\nIn Fig. 3 A is shown another form of\\ndefect that is often met in this breed and\\none that if the standard is properly ap-\\nplied makes a severe cut or discount. As\\nis usual in combs of this kind it is carried\\non a poor shaped head and neck, in fact\\none follows the other almost as surely as\\nday follows the night. The head is too high at top of skull\\nand falls in front of the eyes, in fact it reminds one of a\\nhalf-witted brute that only knows enough to eat. Such a\\nFIG. 2\\\\.\\n15", "height": "3836", "width": "2739", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0019.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "THE YYYANDOTTES.\\nfh;. 4a.\\nbead should be discounted one point. The comb is too nar-\\nr, has a hollow in front ami seems to break in two in the\\nmiddle. The front end has a Slight showing of points on\\ntop. bat the back part is smooth and high in the center.\\nQ What would you discount such a comb?\\nV -Four points.\\nQ Please explain such a heavy tut as that. You are\\ncutting away fifty per cent of the comb when you cut four.\\nFes, 1 am cutting away titty per cent ami it is a\\nquestion if 1 should not cut more. In the first place the\\ncomb is one-halt out for poor outlines, one out for hollow\\nin the center at front, two out for the break in the middle,\\nand one-half out for smooth surface on top.\\nIn Fig. 4 A is shown still\\na not her type of head and comb\\nand one that I am glad to say\\nis not so often seen, still we\\nfind them once in awhile, so I\\nshow it here and give it a\\nvaluation. This is what we call\\na game or snake head, and\\nyou will notice that every\\nthing about it is in harmony\\nlong, straight beak, shallow skull, narrow, pinched comb\\nand scant wattles. Such a head should be discounted one\\nand one-half points and should never be used in the breed-\\ning pens. The comb in Fig. 4 A is one that has done a great\\ndeal of harm in the breeding pen, as it is almost sure to\\nproduce a lot of single combs. It is hollow in front, is\\nsmooth on top and is too long and snaky for its width.\\nSuch a comb should be cut two points one point for being\\nnarrow and one point for the hollow in front and curved up\\nspike at rear. With the illustrations of the perfect and\\ndefective combs before you I do not believe it will be neces-\\nsary to go further with the description of this section.\\nWattles and Ear Lobes.\\nThis section has been fully described in the discussion\\nof the male, and it will not be necessary to call it up again,\\nas the cuts for defects in one\\nsex fall just as severely on the\\nother.\\nThe Neck of the Wyandotte\\nFemale.\\nHere is a section that in\\nthe female is usually good\\nwith the exception of the lac-\\ning on the lower part of the\\nfeathers, which will insist on\\nrunning blunt at the point\\nand showing us a dark, smut-\\nty ring where it should be sil-\\nvery white. This section is\\nvalued at ten points and is di-\\nvided, four for shape and six\\nfor color. In shape it is al-\\nmost invariably good when\\nthe specimens are matured.\\nOnce in a while w find a few\\nminor d a shape but not\\noften. Where the neck is too\\nlong or gamy the cut. is from\\none-half to one. Where it.\\nbreaks at the Junction of the\\nbac^ on account of the feath-\\ners of the hackle not being\\nfull the cut is one-half. When\\nwe find what we term a\\nbull neck, such as is shown\\nin Fig. 2 A the cut is one. In color the neck should be sil-\\nvery white, each feather having a black center with a\\nnarrow outside white edging running entirely round the\\nlower end of feather, and the standard says it may have a\\nwhite shafting. You can see the white shafting in chart\\nNo. 2. If there were even more of it I should consider it\\nbetter.\\nIn Fig. 22 is shown a feather with a good outside white\\nedging and it is considered a good feather for the center of\\nneck but it fails in under-color. It is one of the defects to\\nwhich I have before referred and it should be discounted one\\npoint. In Fig. 23 is shown a better feather taken from the\\nsame part of the neck and one that in justice to the bird\\ncould not bo discounted. Fig. 24 is another good feather\\ntaken from the neck, where that section joins the back. It\\nis one of the best I have found with one exception, the\\nwhite center is not large enough. I should prefer more\\nwhite in the shaft of the feather. However, you could not\\ndiscount this feather by the standard.\\nBack of Wyandotte Female.\\nHere is the most important section in a Wyandotte, not\\nalone in shape, but also in coloi. Unless this section is\\nfairly good you can never hope to make very radical\\nimprovements in your breeding. In shape it should be\\nshort, broad and flat at shoulders, slightly cushioned;\\nplumage abundant. In color it should be under-color\\ndark slate. Web black, with medium white centers; the\\nblack to be free from white, outside lacing; the white must\\nbe free from black or brown penciling; the black lacing to\\nbe sharply defined. Remember that the instructions to\\njudges compel them to cut one point for white edging in all\\nsections where it appears.\\nReferring to chart No. 2 you will notice the way these\\nfeathers overlap and what a handsome color you get from\\nsuch a lacing. When you go to the extreme in this section\\nyou get a back that resembles the four feathers that are\\nillustrated just back of the laced feathers, and then you\\nhave what is. called the open or Sebright lacing. In order to\\nPIG. 22.\\nFIG. 23.\\nFIG. 24.\\nHACKLE FEATIIEKS SILVER WYANDOTTE FEMAEE.\\n16", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0020.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "THE WYANDOTTES.\\nget this Sebright lacing you must sacrifice under-color and\\nwhen you do this the first thing you know your color has\\nfaded as will hereafter he shown, and you have to\\ngo back again to black blood for help. I have no desire to\\ninjure the breeding of this Sebright color, but I warn young\\nFIGS. 25-26\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BACK FEATHERS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SILVER WYANDOTTE FEMALE.\\n_ Showing Ivight Under-color, which should be avoided.\\nfanciers and especially amateurs from going too far with it.\\nIt is not standard, and in order to get it you must sacrifice\\none of your very important breeding points under-color.\\nIt is dangerous for an amateur to experiment. What I say\\nis especially true of the silver variety, as the golden seem to\\nhold their open lacing with less show of fading. This is\\naccounted for in a measure by the fact that the sun does\\nnot have the same effect on the ground color of gold as it\\ndoes on the silver.\\nIn shape I should prefer a back a trifle shorter than the\\none shown in chart No. 2, in fact this breed is one of the\\nshortest for its depth that we have in the standard, and\\nwhen we get them that way we are getting a standard fowl\\nand one that is strikingly beautiful. I do not know of a\\nsingle breed that possesses so many good qualities for their\\nweight as the Wyandotte. If a back is too long or too nar-\\nrow the cut is from one-half to one and one-half, according\\nto degree. Where the back is deficient in cushion, making\\nit look long and straight, and it fails to make the nice con-\\ncave sweep so much admired in this breed, the cut is from\\none to one and one-half.\\nQ. You spoke of faded feathers in the back. Will you\\nshow us some feathers of this kind so we may better under-\\nstand?\\nA.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Yes. I will call your attention to Figs. 2.6, 27 and\\n29. In feathers 26 and 29 you see the white has faded out\\nat the edges, making a sort of crescentic or half-moon lacing\\nand in feather 26 notice the light under-color that is almost\\nsure to follow the extreme in mating. It is the color\\nagainst which I have warned you.\\nQ\u00e2\u0080\u0094 What about feather 27?\\nA. This is a sample of a mixed feather, such as you\\nwill find in these open laced birds. It is neither white nor\\nblack, but a kind of dirty brown, and it is offensive to the\\neye of a fancier.\\nQ. What would you discount feathers 27 and 29?\\nA. I should discount feather 27 two points, one point\\nfor the brown penciling inside the white and one point for\\nindistinct color in the black, that is, brown where\\nit should be black.\\nQ. What would you discount feather 26?\\nA. One point, one-half for white under-color\\nand one-half for white running to the edge of the\\nfeather at the sides.\\nQ. What would you discount feather 25?\\nA. One-half point for light under-color.\\nQ\u00e2\u0080\u0094 What about feather 28?\\nA. I should pass that feather as perfect, be-\\ncause it has the right per cent of white and black,\\nand is clear cut and distinct. That is the kind of\\na feather we want on a Wyandotte female s back.\\nQ. What would you discount feather 30?\\nA. If all the feathers in the. back were that\\ncolor I should discount it one point, as there is too\\nmuch black there, in fact, it is nearing the other\\nextreme.\\nQ. What would you cut feather 31?\\nA. I should discount this feather one and one-\\nhalf points, one point for penciling in the white\\ncenter and one-half for the light under-color.\\nFeather 31 has about the right per cent of white\\nand black, but the colors are poorly divided and it\\nmakes a poor showing when compared to feath-\\ner 28.\\nQ. Kindly explain about the long feathers up\\nnear the tail that are called tail coverts. Can you\\ngive us some idea how they should be before we\\nleave this section?\\nA. First let me call your attention to feathers 32 and\\n33. Here are two feathers that are both defective and which\\nwould receive the same discount though they have different\\nmarkings. Fig. 32 would be cut one and one-half points for\\nblack penciling and too small a center, one point for the\\npenciling and one-half point for the small center. Fig. 33\\nwould be discounted one point for the black penciling, and\\none-half point for the white running to the edge on the\\nFIGS. 27-28-29\u00e2\u0080\u0094 FEATHERS FROM BACK OF SILVER WYANDOTTE FEMALE.\\nFig. 27 should be cut for spotches. Fig. 28 may be called perfect.\\nFig. 29 shows too much white.\\nright hand. side. Feathers 34 and 35 are good feathers for\\nthis part of the back. They are not quite so well propor-\\n17", "height": "3836", "width": "2739", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0021.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "THE WYANDOTTES.\\nFIGS. 30-31 DEFECTIVE HACK FEATHERS SILVER WYANDOTTE FEMALE. Fig. 30\\nhas too much black. Fig. 31 has black, and white poorly divided.\\nfeathers, that is, you want more white than black,\\nin fact, you should get just as much white as you\\ncan so long as you get the clear outside lacing of\\nblack. You will find this is not a hard task so far\\nas the large centers are concerned, but there are\\nmany other defects that you must guard against\\nat the same time. One of the worst of these is the\\noutside edging of white, and since the standard\\ncuts one point for it we must do our best to get rid\\nof it if we expect high scores on our laced Wyan-\\ndottes. Another point to consider is this: We\\nhave three distinct kinds of feathers in the breasts\\nof our females:, and each kind has its own peculiar\\ndefects. The first one is the short laced feathers\\nunder the throat, which will insist on lacing round\\nlike the hackle feathers, and quite often the white\\nwill run out to the edge, blurring the feather and\\nmaking this part of the breast look splotchy. Just\\nsuch a feather as I mean is shown in Fig. 36, and it\\nshould be discounted one point, that is, it should\\nreceive this cut if only the short feathers of the\\napper breast are affected. If the entire breast were\\nlike that the cut should be three points. In Fig. 41\\nis shown a perfect feather for this section and a\\ncomparison of the two shows you how important it\\nis to get this section right.\\nAs the feathers approach the center of the\\nbreast they become longer and broader, and the\\ncenters widen out in proportion to the size of the\\nfeather. Figures 42, 43 and 44 are three feathers\\nfrom this part of the breast. Feather 43 is what I\\nshould term standard or perfect, and it would pass\\nwithout a discount, while feather 42 should receive\\ntioned as they should be, but the black and\\nwhite are clean cut and I should not discount\\neither of them.\\nQ. You spoke of the other extreme in\\ncolor and too dark mating. Will you show\\nus a few feathers that will illustrate what\\nyou mean?\\nA.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Feathers 36, 37, 38 and 39 show just\\nwhat you may expect if you carry this dark\\nmating too far. Fig. 39 is only a white shaft\\nand it should be discounted one and one-half\\npoints. Feathers 37 and 38 are no good at\\nall, as they are neither white nor black, but\\na mixture of black and brown. When you\\nfind a back like this it should be discounted\\nthree points. Feather 36 should be dis-\\ncounted one and one-half points, one point\\nfor small center and one-half point for pen-\\nciling inside the white.\\nI believe that I have now explained this\\nsection so the amateur can readily under-\\nstand it. By referring to the feathers from\\ntime to time you will have no trouble in mat-\\ning or in selecting your best bird for show.\\nThere are several sections almost like the\\nback and I shall not go so deeply into them,\\nbut I shall refer to this section from time to\\ntime.\\nBreast of Wyandotte Female.\\nThis section is also a very important\\none, and you may consider what was said of\\nthe back applies to this section also. There\\nare, however, some defects common in this\\non that arc different, from those of the\\nback and in order to give you a clear under-\\nstanding of them I will describe them now.\\nYou want a clear, open center in the breast\\nII S. 32-33 BACK FEATHERS SILVER WYANDOTTE FEMALE SHOWING IMPERFECT 1 MARKINGS.\\n18", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0022.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "THE WYANDOTTES.\\na cut of one point for outside edging of white, and\\nfeather 44 a cut of one for the penciling of black in\\nthe white.\\nAlong the lower part of the breast near the body-\\nis found still another form of feather which has its\\nown peculiar markings and defects. These feathers\\nare much longer than the others and the white centers\\nare nearer the outer end of the feathers. It looks as\\nthough nature were proud of this lacing and pushed it\\nout where it could be seen to better advantage instead\\nof covering it up, which she would do if the white\\nwere in the center of the feathers. Feathers 45 and\\n46 are taken from the lower part of the breast.\\nFeather 45 is very good and it would pass as standard\\nwhile feather 46 shows the defect so common in this\\nsection, that is, the white runs out at the side, making\\na kind of half-moon lacing. It should be discounted\\none point.\\nThe shape to be perfect must be broad, deep and\\nwell-rounded. Chart No. 2 is perfection in this sec-\\ntion. If the breast is flat or narrow, giving the bird a\\nsort of consumptive look, the cut is from one to two\\naccording to degree. If it is not deep enough through\\nfrom point of back to keel bone the cut is one. If the\\nbreast bone is crooked, the cut is from one to one and\\none-half.\\nThis section has in the past had too much impor-\\ntance attached to it by the standard, in fact as many\\npoints were allowed to this section as to the back, but\\nat the last revision this was changed and the body was\\ngiven a valuation of six points and the two points\\nformerly given to it were placed on the more impor-\\ntant section of back. In shape it is usually good.\\nHowever, we sometimes find too narrow a body be-\\ntween the legs and the discount is one point. When\\nthe body is too long the cut is one; if scantily feathered, giv-\\ning the specimen a scanty appearance when viewed from be-\\nhind, the cut is from one-half to one. The body should be\\nblack or dark slate, with narrow white centers. So should be\\nthe feathers that cover the thighs and that run back into the\\nfluff. Feathers 47 and 48 are two good feathers, with the\\nblack and white properly proportioned. As the feathers\\nbegin to mix with those of the fluff proper they gradually\\nlose these centers and are a sort of pepper and salt color,\\nor, as we term it, a black powdered with gray.\\nWings of Wyandotte Female.\\nWhile this is a very important section in the breeding\\nFIGS. 34-3S\u00e2\u0080\u0094 MEDIUM GOOD BACK FEATHERS SILVER WYANDOTTE FEMALE.\\nof this variety, Artist Sewell has done his work so well in\\nchart No. 2 that it is useless for me to go into a lengthy\\ndescription. Every point in this section is shown to perfec-\\ntion in the chart. There is a perfect wing with every feather\\nas it should be and just as you will find them on a well-\\nfigs. 36-37-38-39 feathers from silver wyandotte back (female).\\nShowing Result of Extreme Dark Matings.\\nFIG. 40 DEFECTIVE BREAST FEATHERS SILVER WYANDOTTE FEMALE.\\nOne has too much white; the other too little.\\n19", "height": "3935", "width": "2763", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0023.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "THK Y.WDOTTES.\\nbred specimen. If you are\\nstriving for the laced wing\\nbars on your cockerels, re-\\nferred to by me in the de-\\nBcrlptlon of male, you can\\ngel them by using just\\nsuch a wing bar on your\\nfemales as here illustrated.\\nRemember the Bight feather should be black on the\\nupper web, and white on the lower web, see the one feather\\nprotruding from the wing. The secondaries are white on\\nthe lower web. with the exception of a narrow lacing of\\nblack (.see cut), and black on the upper web. Should white\\nII\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ri KiKcr BRSAST FEATHER,\\nsn VI K INDOTTE FEMAJ r.\\nFIGS. 42-43\u00e2\u0080\u0094 H FEATHERS FROM~CENTER OF BREAST, SILVER LACED\\nWyandotte. Fig. 43 shows perfect type.\\nappear in the upper web of flight feathers the cut is from\\none-half to one and one-half. Should black appear in the\\nwhite of secondaries, making a sort of pepper and salt color,\\nthe cut is from one-half to two. Should there be an edging\\nof white on the outside of the wing coverts, or should the\\ncenters be penciled with black, the cut is one point. The\\nfeathers on the upper part of shoulders are small and grad-\\nually grow larger as they approach the bar or center of\\nwing. Feather 49 is a feather such as you will find\\non. the upper part of a wing, while feather 50 is\\none you will find down near the center of the shoul-\\nder, where Mr. Sewell has just laced the outside\\nedges.\\nTail of Wyandotte Female.\\nThis is an easy section to understand, so far as\\ncolor is concerned, as the tail proper and greater\\ncoverts are for should be) solid black. Feather 5i\\nis one often met in scoring this variety. It shows\\na white lacing at the lower end of the feather and\\nsuch a tail should be discounted one point. Feather\\n52 is a defective feather quite often found in the\\ngreater coverts. It has a dirty brown color and\\nshould be discounted one and one-half points.\\nLegs and Toes.\\nNot one- time in a hundred is a Wyandotte fe-\\nmale discounted for shape of legs. They are almost\\ninvariablv good in that respect. The trouble we\\nhave j to get them yellow enough without getting\\nthe black or green spots which are so characteristic\\nof the American class. In color they should be yel-\\nand when black or green spots appear on them\\nthe cut is from one-half to one and one-half. If\\nFIG. 40 FEATHER FROM UPPER PART OF WING,\\nSILVER WYANDOTTE FEMALE.\\nthe legs are scaly or in bad condition from frosted or miss-\\ning toes, the cut is from one-half to two.\\nNot one time in a hundred is a Wyandotte female dis-\\ncounted for shape of legs. They are almost invariably good\\nin that respect. The trouble we have is to get them yellow\\nenough without getting the black or green spots which are\\nso characteristic of the American class. In color they should\\nbe yellow, and when black or green spots appear on them\\nthe cut is from one-half to one and one-half. If the legs are\\nscaly or in bad condition from frosted or missing toes, the\\ncut is from one-hal* to two.\\nI believe the av-\\ntiwJ\\nerage breeder can\\nform a very good\\nidea of the defects in\\nthe silver and golden\\nvarieties by a careful\\nperusal of these\\npages, and I shall\\nnot dwell longer on\\nthem, but I will take\\nup the question of\\nmating and in as few\\nwords as possible give some ideas about the course my judg-\\nment and experience has taught me is the best to pursue.\\nMating Wyandottes.\\nFirst, gcod birds of both sexes can be produced from a\\nsingle mating, but it is a question if as many good ones can\\nbe produced from it as from the double mating. Let it be well\\nunderstood that no matter how good your matings are you\\nwill find more or less poor birds will result from them. My\\nown experience has been that a light hen, that is, a bird\\nFIG. SO\u00e2\u0080\u0094 WING FEATHER, NEAR SHOULDER,\\nSILVER WYANDOTTE FEMALE.\\n1\\n1\\nv. 1 m\\njfjf\\\\\\nH V\\n^^^^EX^\\n^9 j\\nM\\n^f^K^^\\ni\\nPIGS. 45-46-47-48\u00e2\u0080\u0094 feathers from silver wyandotte female.\\nXos. 45 and 46 are from breast; 47 and 48 from top of thigh.\\n20", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0024.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "THE VVYANDOTTES.\\nwith rather open centers in its feathers, will give me my\\nbest pullets if mated to a male whose breast feathers have\\nopen centers, but who has a rather dark back. The cockerels\\nwith good diamond centers in the back, and a breast that is\\nat least two shades darker than the female. To this male I\\nshould mate a female as much like chart No. 2 in color as I\\nFIG. 51 TAIL COVERT, SILVER WYANDOTTE FEMALE.\\nDiscounted for lacing- of white.\\nfrom this cross have never been quite so good, but I can by\\nmating a dark hen to a medium light colored male get good\\ncockerels with a small per cent of good pullets. A real dark\\nmating will give a good per cent of good males, while the\\nfemales are of little value.\\nMy own experience in mating has convinced me that the\\nbest results from a single mating may be expected from a\\nmale and a female a trifle apart in color but not extreme. I\\nshould select a male with a good shape and a good eye above\\nall else. Then get a good clear stripe in back and hackle\\nFIG. 52\u00e2\u0080\u0094 GREATER TAIL COVERT, SILVER WYANDOTTE FEMALE.\\nThe Dirty, Brown Color shown here is a common defect.\\ncould find, and as good in shape and comb as possible. I\\nshould use for a mating like this, a female with a comb that\\nis a trifle coarse if I expected good males and females both.\\nWhen I say coarse I do not mean an ill-shaped comb,\\nbut a comb a trifle larger than we would want on an exhibi-\\ntion specimen. From such a mating as this you may rea-\\nsonably expect a fair per cent of both males and females.\\nTHBO. HEWES.\\n21", "height": "3836", "width": "2739", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0025.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "CopymCHTfD\\nBr thb-\\nREUA8I.H Poultry- journal\\nSTANDARD WYANDOTTE SHAPE-MALE.\\nA Composite Ideal From Live Models As Submitted by the Reliable Poultry Journal for the Criticisms of Judges and Breeders.\\n22", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0026.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "WYANDOTTE SHAPE-MALE.\\nCriticisms of Foremost Poultry Judges and Prominent Breeders on Composite Ideal Wyandotte Male Shape, from Live\\nModels, as Drawn by Artist Sewell.\\nHE RELIABLE POULTRY JOURNAL published in\\nDecember, 1896, and January, 1897, a pair of draw-\\nings made by Mr. Franklane L. Sewell, the world s\\ngreatest poultry artist, showing to the best\\nof his ability, correct Wyandotte shape, male\\nand female, as required by the American Standard of\\nPerfection. For the benefit of the beginner,\\npermit us to say that all Wyandottes, including\\nthe Silver, Golden, White, Buff and Black vari-\\neties, are required to be alike in shape; hence\\nwhat is perfect or standard shape for the one\\nvariety is also for the other varieties. Exact\\nproofs of these drawings were then sent by the\\nReliable Poultry Journal to the best-known\\npoultry judges and the foremost Wyandotte\\nbreeders of America, with the request that they\\napprove or disapprove of same, according to\\ntheir interpretation of the standard. Nearly\\nseventy of the judges and breeders favored the\\nJournal with replies. After reading these crit-\\nicisms, Artist Sewell, by previous arrangement,\\nmodified his drawings, so that the corrected\\ndrawings, shown in this book, more nearly rep-\\nresent the accepted ideas of correct standard\\nshape for Wyandottes than any previously pre-\\nsented.\\nFollowing are the criticisms of the judges\\non the drawing of the male, as first submitted:\\nW. S. Russell, Ottumwa, Iowa: The draw-\\ning of the male I would accept as ideal with the\\nfollowing alterations: Hackle should be a little\\nmore abundant, from the drawing it appears\\nbroken, or not developed; the comb extends out\\non the beak a little too far.\\nhe ever saw. If that outline pleased him I am at a loss to\\nknow why he introduces a bird so much longer in body and\\nback. I would add just a trifle to the lower part of the\\nbreast of Cloyd and a few feathers to the neck (where you\\ncan see they are missing) and use it as an ideal in prefer-\\nence to the one Mr. Sewell has given us here.\\nH. S. Babcock, Providence, R. I., judge and\\nbreeder: My criticism upon the male Wyan-\\ndotte illustration can be summed up in three\\nwords, not blocky enough. There is too much\\nof the V shape in the figure. This V shape we\\nexpect in Langshans, but the Wyandotte has\\nwon and retains its reputation upon the block-\\niness of-its build. Take that away and its repu-\\ntation will be dissipated.\\nTheo. Hewes, Trenton, Mo., judge and\\nbreeder: In regard to the Silver Wyandotte\\ncuts I would say that if Mr. Sewell would place\\ntheir heads against a solid wall and hit them in\\nthe rear with a pile driver he would come nearer to\\ngetting my idea of a Wyandotte. Why he wants us to\\naccept as a Wyandotte a bird that is long enough for a Java,\\nI cannot understand. I will ask you to reproduce the cut\\nof the cockerel Cloyd. This bird was sketched from life\\nby Mr. Sewell and pronounced by him to be one of the best\\nSILVER WYANDOTTE COCKEREL CLOYD\\nThis is the cockerel referred to by Mr. Hewes in his criticism on Mr. Sewell s ideal\\ncut presented herewith. The bird was bred by Mr. Hewes and sketched\\nfrom life by Mr. Sewell.\\nThe color is much overdrawn. The standard calls for\\na bird with a light breast, or large, open centers, growing\\nsmaller from front to rear. Those Sebright lacings are not\\nstandard and there is nothing in the standard that can be\\ntaken to mean that they are. We do not want any doubt\\nabout this variety. The standard requirements must be\\nplain as day. This is the Wyandotte section of America.\\n23", "height": "3836", "width": "2739", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0027.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "CopyftiOHTfrD\\nBr th\\nREU/IBUE PouuTRr JOURNAL\\nSTANDARD WYANDOTTE SHAPE-MALE.\\nChanged to Meet the Criticisms of Judges and Breeders\\n24", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0028.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "THE WYANDOTTES.\\nTo-day I saw Mr. F. W. Hitchcock score two pullets at 95\\npoints, and there are lots more very near that mark. If the\\nboys down east want hot competition let them bring their\\nbirds to some of the large western shows. We might not\\nwin, but they would know that they had company.\\nCharles McClave, New London, Ohio, judge and breeder:\\nThe symmetry of the male is good; comb is good, but a\\ntrifle too far over the beak, covering the nostrils; head is\\ngood; ear lobes are too small; wattles are all right. Shape\\nof neck is perfect; back is good enough; breast has a true\\nWyandotte shape; wings are all right; tail is good, but a\\ntrifle long; the shanks are good; middle toe is too long. The\\ngeneral outline is that of a typical ideal Wyandotte male.\\nIn this work Mr. Sewell has certainly produced a Wyandotte\\nmale reaching very near the 100 point mark. I consider this\\nthe greatest drawing Mr. Sewell has executed. This line of\\nwork is attracting wide-spread attention.\\nF. H. Shellabarger, West Liberty, Iowa, judge and\\nbreeder: In most respects the male cut is grand, but we\\nthink the back is a trifle long\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the standard calls for a short\\nback on a Wyandotte. If the tail were set forward on the\\nback three-eighths of an inch, the back and saddle would\\nthen be long enough, and the wing would look longer. We\\nbelieve it would make the proportions of the cut better, as\\nthe body would appear shorter, which is in accord with the\\nstandard, which calls for a short body.\\nF. J. Marshall, Sunnyside, Ga., judge and breeder: The\\ndrawing of the Wyandotte male sent suits me to a dot, and\\nI am not going to find fault with it just for the name of the\\nthing. I like it very much, and I think if we could breed\\n50 per cent of our stock like it we could make money out of\\nit, the first year anyway.\\nC. A: Einry, Carthage, Mo., judge and breeder: Comb\\nis too full in front and is set too far forward on the beak and\\nhead. The fluff is too scant.\\nF. B. Zimmer, Gloversville, N. Y., judge and breeder:\\nWe consider the illustration of the Wyandotte male a good\\none, and if a breeder could breed them as near perfection in\\nshape as this illustration, his birds would be considered\\nclinkers and score well up in the nineties, providing the\\ncolor was as good as shape. It seems to me, however, that\\nthe comb lies too flat on the base of beak and spreads (like\\ncombs we have often seen) over the nostrils. Again, to us,\\nthe bird illustrated has the appearance of being narrow be-\\nhind the legs, in other words, that part is not in proportion\\nto the breast and the tail is plenty large for the breed.\\nD. T. Heimlich, Jacksonville, 111., judge and breeder:\\nMr. Sewell has done himself proud in these Wyandotte\\ndrawings. Perhaps Wyandotte breeders may find faults in\\nthem, but I do not know where to look for them. The two\\nare in perfect harmony and in accord with the best speci-\\nmens met in the show room, and they show what the Wyan-\\ndotte may be bred to.\\nGeorge O. Brown, Baltimore, Md., judge and breeder:\\nThe male s tail is too low, comes out of the back too\\nstraight. Shape from tail (outline) is too much wedge-\\nshape, fluff is not quite prominent enough. The cut is a\\ntrifle too full on the lower breast, legs are too stout for size\\nof cut and a little short; upper part of neck is too thick. To\\nme there is a wrong shape of the tail which I do not seem\\nable to explain.\\nH. B. Savage, Belton, Texas, judge and breeder: The\\nSilver Wyandotte male, in my opinion, has very few defects.\\nI should like the eye a little higher in the head; the spike\\nof the comb to curve with the neck a little more; ear-lobes\\nto be a little smoother; tail rather more upright, giving the\\nback a shorter appearance. Fluff is too scant, and middle\\ntoe too long in proportion to the others. Otherwise the cut\\nsuits me.\\nL. P. Harris, Lincoln, Neb., judge and breeder: I think\\nthe comb is set too far forward, the breast is not deep\\nenough and the tail is carried too low.\\nA. B. Shaner, Lanark, 111., judge and breeder: The\\nWyandotte male is too long in the back and not quite full\\nenough in lower breast. Thighs and shanks are a trifle long\\nand the fluff should be a little more developed.\\nG. A. C. Clarke, LeMars, Iowa, judge and breeder:\\nThere being no shading on beak to represent a dark horn\\ncolor, the specimen appears to have a clear, yellow beak.\\nThere is not quite enough arch to back of neck. A little\\nmore concave sweep to the saddle would be an improvement.\\nThe breast is rather flat; would look better with a full crop.\\nThe fluff is hardly what I should call full-feathered and\\nwell-rounded. The wings are carried a little too high. The\\ntail is not well developed. Notwithstanding these com-\\nments, I consider Mr. Sewell s ideas of Wyandotte shape\\ngood enough to tie up to.\\nJ. Y. Bicknell, Buffalo, N. Y., judge and breeder: I\\nhave long since learned that criticism of a cut representing\\na fowl is one thing, and criticising the living specimen,\\nwhich it represents, is quite another. We have been so long\\naccustomed to see finely drawn outlines claiming to repre-\\nsent the different breeds, that we look at them from one\\nbasis and scrutinize the specimens from another. We often\\nsee the outlines as the result of a snap shot, and, in such\\ncases, it correctly represents them as they were when the\\nshot was taken; but how very seldom do we get a picture in\\nthat way that does the bird any justice whatever. The bird\\nwill not pose in his natural shape, but frequently shows off\\nto such a disadvantage that he looks distorted. The R. P.\\nJ. had several such cuts in last winter, which were magnifi-\\ncent misrepresentations of what they were intended to por-\\ntray. Realizing the truth of the above, I will state that the\\nmale Wyandotte cut by Mr. Sewell is well executed, as would\\nbe expected, but the breast is a little too full; from the\\npoint below the neck hackle to the front of the hock, the\\noutline is too much like an arc of a circle. Nearly all of our\\nbest cuts have this same fault, only to a greater extent.\\nD. A. Stoner, Rensselaer, Ind., judge and breeder: In\\ncriticising the Wyandotte cock I would say that the comb\\nextends a trifle too far forward over the beak and should be\\nsquared up a trifle in front. Head and neck are good; so\\nare the wings and breast. I should like the tail raised a\\ntrifle higher, which would shorten the length of the body,\\nmaking symmetry perfect.\\nArthur G. Duston, Marlboro, Mass., breeder of White\\nWyandottes: It seems almost out of place for me to at-\\ntempt to criticise the work of so eminent an artist as my\\nfriend, Mr. Sewell, but as we have honest differences I will\\ndo so at your request. Taking the male as a whole it looks\\nsprightly, but a trifle fine and a little too hard feathered in\\nbreast and body. The head is nice, but I would make the\\nlower mandible almost twice as thick as shown it is too\\nslender. Let us shorten the back a little. By adding about\\nthe width of one of the sickle feathers to the front of the\\ntail, and raising the line of the back to meet it, not carrying\\nthe tail out or up any more, gives it a fullness, thus reliev-\\ning what I consider a barrel look it has. The breast has\\nsufficient fullness, but the body is not deep enough. It is\\n25", "height": "3885", "width": "2739", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0029.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "THE WYANDOTTES.\\nen rather B slim appearance. I want a body that reaches\\nwall 8wn (0 the hooks, only wo do not want a Brahma, so\\nthe hooks most Stand out In relief. The thigh, as shown,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ns hard. A slick male will have soft feathers on the\\nthighs: it gives the bird a stouter appearance. The whole\\n.our of a Wyandotte should convoy the idea of stoutness\\nwithout being a particle dumpy, but striking one as having\\nsiderable reserve force. Drop the wing a trifle and you\\nwill have an ideal male. If any breeder of Wyandottes\\na have fifty per cent of his cockerels match it in shape\\nhe would almost think the millenium had arrived, and\\nsurely he would have a gold mine. I believe you will ac-\\ncomplish a great work through the means of these discus-\\nsions.\\nIra C. Keller, Prospect, Ohio, breeder of Golden Wyan-\\ndottes: The cut of the male is very pretty, making a fine\\nlooking bird. The comb is too broad in front and extends\\nover the beak too far. Eye has not a mild enough expres-\\nsion for a Wyandotte. Back about right, looks a little long,\\nbut if body were deeper the back would not look so long.\\nBreast should be a little fuller and deeper at point of keel\\nbone. Body should be deeper, or there should be more fluff.\\nTail not broad enough; if spread wider it would help con-\\nsiderably. Shanks are a trifle short for the size of the bird.\\nPlumage of the bird suits me exactly, just what I like to see,\\nlacing not shafting. One can readily see that there is a vast\\ndifference in the plumage of this male and what the old\\nstandard called for. The plumage of this bird, I think, meets\\nthe present standard requirements, which in a laced Wyan-\\ndotte of any color is very beautiful.\\nHenry Steinmesch, St. Louis, Mo., breeder of Silver\\nWyandottes: The comb sets too far forward on beak and\\nshould curve a little more to shape of neck. Tail should be\\nshorter and not so fiat. It should be at an angle of about\\nforty-five degrees.\\nA. C. Hawkins, Lancaster, Mass., breeder of Silver and\\nWhite Wyandottes The male is too high on legs and not\\nblocky enough in form. The shape of head, neck, breast,\\nback and tail is good. The fluff should be much fuller.\\nWith this change and a shortening of the legs the bird\\nwould be very fine in form and style.\\nA. E. Tarbox, Yorkville, 111., breeders of Silver Laced\\nWyandottes: The cut of Wyandotte cockerel in general\\nwould be our ideal. We think it meets the standard require-\\nments. If we were to make any corrections, we should like\\nto see the breast a little fuller just in front of the thighs and\\nthe saddle not quite so high at base of tail.\\nGeorge H. Pollard, Pawtucket, R. I., breeder of White\\nWyandottes: I like the Wyandotte cock very well, but the\\ncomb is a trifle full in front and the wattles do not hang\\nstraight enough, the edges turn back or fold too much. The\\nsaddle is a trifle high and the tail is too long. The breast\\nmight be a little deeper and the thighs not quite so promi-\\nnent.\\nKnapp Brothers, Fabius, N. Y., breeders of White\\nWyandottes: We consider this a most excellent represen-\\ntation for an ideal male of this breed, which is not only one\\nof the most popular in America, but in the world wherever\\nthoroughbred fowls are raised. We suggest that the comb\\nshould be made a little narrower and shortened a very little\\nin front. Wattles should be shortened one-eighth of an\\ninch and well rounded and lightened a bit in the center to\\nget rid of the fold and thick appearance. Now with a light\\nmallet drive the tail into the body three-eighths of an inch.\\nThis will widen the body at its intersection with the tail\\nnearly three-eighths of an inch on the side. Fill in the\\nplace that is a little deficient where the sickles start. Then\\nlengthen the wing a little and add one-eighth of an inch to\\nlower breast. Lengthen the shanks a little. With these\\nfew alterations we have added a pound to the weight of the\\nbird and it gives to the admiring public the most perfect\\ncut of a Wyandotte male ever published.\\nGeorge W. Brown, Camden, Ark., breeder of Wyan-\\ndottes: The Wyandotte drawings received and are very\\ngood, but not up to our ideal of that grand old American\\nvariety. The male bird in head, neck, breast and shanks\\nis perfect. The back should be a little more concave, and\\nthe tail should be carried a little higher and be made a\\nshade heavier. Wing is too small and tucked under a little\\ntoo closely. Saddle feathers should be lengthened and\\nshould not De so regular where they come in contact with\\nthe wing. The fluff should be heavier.\\nH. D. Mason Sons, Fabius, N. Y., breeders of Golden\\nWyandottes- The comb sets too far front on the beak; it\\nshould not cover more than one-third of the upper part of\\nthe beak. The tail should be shortened down to the second\\nsickle feather. There is not sufficient opening in the fluff\\nat vent. It is a grand cut with many merits and if any one\\nowns such a bird and is tired of having it around we would\\nappreciate it.\\nA. Gaiser, Tecumseh, Neb., breeder of White Wyan-\\ndottes: The only fault I find with Mr. SewelFs ideal\\nWyandotte male is with the fluff and wattles. There is not\\nquite enough fluff and the wattles seem a trifle large to me.\\nIf I could breed such shaped birds I should think I had about\\nreached perfection in shape.\\nJ. I. DeLancey, Elgin, 111., breeder of Golden and Silver\\nWyandottes: I Ihink if there is any improvement to make\\nthat his fluff and lower part of breast should be a little\\nfuller. His toes are a little long.\\nC. E. Kunze, Garden Prairie, 111., breeder of Golden and\\nSilver Wyandottes: The comb seems to extend a least bit\\ntoo far forward on the beak and the top of the comb extends\\nslightly forward ever the root of the comb, causing it to\\nappear too thick just above the beak. His wattles seem\\nrather long as compared with the standard Plymouth Rock\\nmale, in fact his whole head is a little coarse. His neck\\nand back are good, his tail, however, is too slanting and the\\nsickles are altogether too long. According to our under-\\nstanding of the standard the sickles should gracefully curve\\nover the tail, the ends slightly projecting. In this illustra-\\ntion they curve nearly around the tail, forming a half circle.\\nWe are not, as we understand, to criticise the color, but we\\nthink if the tail were made black it would make a much bet-\\nter impression. We notice that the fluff is rather scant and\\nwe think it would much improve the looks of the bird if it\\nwere made fuller. The wings seem rather small for the size\\nof bird and the shanks rather thin. Taking him as a whole,\\nhowever, he is a very good illustration of a Silver Wyan-\\ndotte, and we would not mind having a number like him.\\nWe think that his breast seems rather full, a little too full\\nto conform with our ideal of a Silver Wyandotte. We wish\\nthe Reliable and Mr. Sewell a grand and deserved success in\\nthis undertaking.\\nC. W. Nuss Son, Coloma, Mo., breeders of White and\\nBuff Wyandottes: We think the comb is too full at lower\\nor front end and it extends too far over the beak and is too\\nfull in center. Fluff is not full enough. He ought to be\\n28", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0030.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "THE WYANDOTTES.\\nmore circular by an eighth of an inch, tapering to a point\\neach way, in order to compare favorable with some of our\\nvery best specimens.\\nC. J. Andruss, Canandaigua, N. Y., breeder of White\\nWyandottes: I consider the drawing a very good repre-\\nsentation of the breed and I should pass the male without\\ncriticism.\\nW. A. Irvin, Tecumseh, Neb., breeder of White Wyan-\\ndottes: I think the drawing of Wyandotte male by Mr.\\nSewell is the best I have ever seen. I consider the outline\\nvery nearly meets the standard requirements.\\nE. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wis., breeder of Wyan-\\ndottes: Comb is too large and extends too far over the\\nbeak. Head and neck too large for the rest of the bird, but\\nI think it would be more appropriate to enlarge the body to\\nmatch the neck. As it is now, the back and tail appear a\\ntrifle long, but if the body were enlarged, or feathering made\\nmore profuse, so as to nearly hide the thighs, the apparent\\nlength would disappear.\\nJ. A. Ayers, LaPlata, Mo., breeder of Silver Laced Wy-\\nandottes: I should lengthen the neck of the male Wyan-\\ndotte and narrow it slightly, also raise the tail, making body\\nand fluff a shade deeper in the male bird.\\nS. T. Jones, Williamsville, 111., breeder of White Wyan-\\ndottes: I do not think the breast is as deep and full as it\\nshould be. at point of breast bone. Body and fluff are not\\ndeep enough. Otherwise I think it a good cut.\\nJohn Torrey, Huntley, 111., breeder of Golden, Silver\\nand White Wyandottes: The comb is a trifle too far down\\non the beak and the tail is not carried high enough to suit\\nme. I should prefer to see him stand a trifle higher on his\\nlegs, and there should be a little more fullness to breast.\\nBut take him all in all he is a fine bird and the drawing does\\nMr. Sewell much credit.\\nC. S. Mattison, South Shaftsbury, Vt., breeder of Buff\\nWyandottes: On the whole the cuts are very good. The\\nprincipal objection to the male is the length and shape of\\nhis tail. It is too much on the Leghorn style too long and\\nnarrow, which takes away from the blocky appearance,\\nwhich is characteristic of the Wyandotte.\\nF. A. P. Coburn, Lowell, Mass., breeder of White Wyan-\\ndottes: I think the male bird s comb is a little too wide in\\nfront and it also comes down on the beak too far. The\\nwattles are a little long and heavy. The neck and back are\\ngood, but I would have the lower part of the breast a trifle\\ndeeper and fuller. Otherwise the bird is my ideal of true\\nWyandotte shape.\\n0. E. Skinner, Columbus, Kan., breeder of Silver Wyan-\\ndottes: I shall not offer any criticism on the male Wyan-\\ndotte shape. It is fine.\\nC. A. Clark, Fairport, N. Y., breeder of White Wyan-\\ndottes: My comments on the male Wyandotte are few.\\nAdding one-fourth of an inch to breast would improve it;\\nand that would bring the neck forward that much, and by\\nso doing you would add the same distance to back. Shorten\\nthe middle toe, so that it would be in proportion with the\\nothers. That shape would suit me much better.\\nD. F. Palmer, Yorkville, 111., breeder of Silver Wyan-\\ndottes: The cut of male is very good. I can find little\\nfault with it, but I think it would be nearer perfect if the\\nfluff were a little heavier.\\nJ. D. Hunt, Jackson, Tenn., breeder of Silver and Golden\\nWyandottes: The cut is fine and I do not see how it could\\nbe improved.\\n27", "height": "3885", "width": "2739", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0031.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "2 i\\nfA~-\\nSTANDARD WYANDOTTE SHAPE-FEMALE.\\nA Composite Ideal From Live Models As Submitted by the Reliable Poultry Journal for the Criticisms of Judges and Breeders.\\n28", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0032.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "WYANDOTTE SHAPE-FEMALE.\\nCriticisms of Foremost Poultry Judges and Prominent Breeders on \u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Composite Ideal Wyandotte Female Shape, from Live\\nModels, as Drawn by Artist Sewell.\\nN the opposite page may be seen Artist Sewell s\\nconception of standard Wyandotte female shape,\\nin profile. A close inspection of this drawing and\\nthe same as changed to meet the ideas of his crit-\\nics, will show how truly the drawing as first\\nsubmitted was a composite ideal. Note the similarity of\\nthe comments. The majority agree on the same defects,\\nwhich may be accepted as proof that the majority of breed-\\ners agree on the main points of the ideal of each breed. All\\nof which is very encouraging to the breeders who believe in\\nthe desirability and possibility of an illustrated standard.\\nW. S. Russell, Ottumwa, Iowa, judge and breeder:\\nDrawing of female is too much on the Plymouth Rock type.\\nIt is a trifle long in body, the back is entirely too long and\\nthere is too much cushion. The fluff is so abundant as to\\ncause the thigh to appear short. The general outline of the\\nspecimen lacks the round, plump appearance of the breed.\\nH. S. Babcock, Providence, R. I., judge and breeder:\\nThe same criticism applies to the female as to the male.\\nShe is not blocky enough.\\nTheo. Hewes, Trenton, Mo., judge and breeder: What\\nMr. Hewes said about the drawing of the male Wyandotte\\napplies with equal force to the female drawing.\\nCharles McClave, New London, Ohio, judge and breeder:\\nSymmetry is good. Head is good, beak a little heavy.\\nComb is perfect; earlobes and wattles good. Neck outlines\\nare faultless. Concave sweep of back is about right except\\nit is a trifle too long when viewed from base of neck to tip\\nof tail. Breast shape is correct according to my idea of a\\nperfect Wyandotte. Wing is faultless. Tail is perfect when\\nviewed alone, however, as stated above, back and tail\\ntogether afe a little too lengthy. Shanks are perfect, but\\nmiddle toe is too long when compared with length of shank.\\nGeneral outlines form the nearest perfect Wyandotte female\\never submitted to the poultry fraternity. What reader of\\nthe Reliable has the equal in his yards? Do not all speak at\\nonce. JiJ^jJ.1\\nF. H. Shellabarger, West Liberty, Iowa, judge and\\nbreeder: The cut of the WyaDdotte female is the best I\\nhave ever seen and I can find but little fault with it. The\\ncomb is set a trifle too far forward and does not extend\\nquite far enough over the back of the head. The beak is a\\nlittle long. Other than these minor defects I think it fllis\\nthe bill quite well.\\nC. A. Bmry, Carthage, Mo., judge and breeder: The\\nhead is too small. Comb is too far front on head and beak.\\nThe lower breast is not full enough.\\nF. B. Zimmer, Gloversville, N. Y., judge and breeder:\\nThe hen must be classed as a good one, yet there is too\\nmuch space between base of hackle and root of tail, making\\nher appear too long in back. Body is also a trifle long for a\\nWyandotte. However, none of us handle very many speci-\\nmens in a season that are nearer perfection in shape than\\nthe illustration.\\nD. T. Heimlich, Jacksonville, 111., judge and breeder-\\nThe lacing on back of female seems coarse, but as this\\nsection has been, and still is, the most difficult to breed\\nperfect, this extreme representation will act as an incentive\\nto breeders.\\nGeorge 0. Brown, Baltimore, Md., judge and breeder-\\nThe female is too long in back; tail is not quite high\\nenough. There is too much fluff; breast is just a trifle full\\nat the most projecting point. Comb does not run back as\\nfar on the head as it should. Legs are too thick. The bird\\nis too long through the body.\\nL. P. Harris, Lincoln, Neb., judge and breeder: I\\nhave but one criticism to offer on the female Wyandotte cut.\\nIt would suit me better if it showed more depth of breast.\\nH. B. Savage, Belton, Texas, judge and breeder: The\\nWyandotte female cut is an excellent one and, in my\\nopinion, its defects are very few. The eye should be set\\nhigher up in head. The lower part of breast is not full\\nenough. Ear-lobes are not smooth enough. Neck needs a\\nlittle more curve, caused by the head being held a trifle too\\nfar forward. The cushion part of the back is too long.\\nMiddle toe is entirely too long, being as long as the shank\\nitself.\\nA. B. Shaner, Lanark, 111., judge and breeder: Back\\ntoo long, appears too much like a Plymouth Rock. Tail,\\nthighs and shanks are a trifle long. It should be a little\\nfuller in lower breast.\\nG. A. C. Clarke, LeMars, Iowa, judge and breeder:\\nThough it does not affect the general shape of the speci-\\nmen, I should prefer to have the eye with a less wild,\\nnervous expression. There should be some shading on the\\nbeak to represent a dark horn color. The breast line should\\nintersect the front line of thigh one-eighth inch lower than\\nthe etching shows. The body is too shallow.\\nJ. Y. Bicknell, Buffalo, N. Y., judge and breeder: The\\nfemale has the same fault as the male, but in a greater\\ndegree. The breast in front of the wing bow is much too\\nfull. The beak is rather too straight. It looks a little as if\\nthe under mandible were pushing a trifle against the upper\\none. This fault is slight, however. I like both cuts better\\nthan any others of this breed that I have seen.\\nD. A. Stoner, Rensselaer, Ind., judge and breeder: I\\nlike the shape of the Wyandotte female very much except\\nthat the head rises too high above the eye, making the comb\\nstand too near the perpendicular. The face should extend a\\ntrifle lower.\\nArthur G. Duston, Marlboro, Mass., breeder of White\\n29", "height": "3909", "width": "2772", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0033.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "STANDARD WYANDOTTE SHAPE-FEMALE.\\nChanged to Meet the Criticisms of Judges and Breeders.\\n30", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0034.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "THE WYANDOTTES.\\nWyandottes: I would suggest a few changes in the draw-\\ning of the female sent me. The head is too small for the\\nbird. The breast lacks depth. Carry the line down from\\nthe fullest point in quite a liberal sweep to where it comes\\nin conjunction with the line of the thigh. A well developed\\nfemale will be almost as deep through the breast as through\\nthe fluff. I would shorten the back by bringing forward\\nthe tail on top a little, at least a quarter of an inch, which\\nmakes the tail look a trifle larger and relieves the look of\\ntoo much length. To change the width of the wing through\\nthe center, narrow it up a little. I believe we then would\\nhave a model we all would be glad to breed to or to be\\njudged by.\\nIra C. Keller, Prospect, Ohio, breeder of Golden Wyan-\\ndottes: Cut of the female represents a very neat, trim\\nWyandotte, but she does not look quite heavy enough, or I\\nmight say not large enough. Head is too small. Beak too\\nlarge for size of head. Back not cushioned enough and is\\ntoo much on a straight line. If breast were a little deeper\\nat point of keel bone the bird would look larger a,nd more in\\nproportion. I can find no fault with the plumage. It is\\njust what we want, but is hard to produce. Breast, wing\\nand back have the same size of lacing; this means uniform\\nlacing throughout. The lacing of shoulders lies in rows,\\nwhich is not natural. This is a handsome cut and reflects\\ngreat credit upon Mr. Sewell.\\nHenry Steinmesch, St. Louis, Mo., breeder of Silver Wy-\\nandottes: The comb starts too far forward on the beak and\\nit should have a little more curve to shape it to the neck.\\nTail should be shorter and not so flat have it at an angle\\nof forty-five degrees.\\nA. C. Hawkins, Lancaster, Mass., breeder of Silver and\\nWhite Wyandottes: The hen is too long bodied for a\\nWyandotte. She is too long in back and lacks fullness of\\nbreast. The tail is too large and full. Head, neck, fluff and\\nlegs are good. The ideal Wyandotte female should be blocky\\nin form with full cushion and fluff.\\nA. E. Tarbox, Yorkville, 111., breeders of Silver Laced\\nWyandottes: We have no comments to make on the female\\nWyandotte shape. We consider it good enough.\\nGeorge H. Pollard, Pawtucket, R. I., breeder of White\\nWyandottes: Hen is not so good as the male. The back\\nis too long and the saddle is too high. The tail is too high,\\nfull and long. There is too much of the body back of the\\nlegs. The breast should be deeper and the fluff not quite so\\nheavy. Toes look like scratchers.\\nGeorge W. Brown, Camden, Ark., breeder of Wyan-\\ndottes: The female bird s head is a shade too small and\\nis out of proportion to the body. The comb does not set\\nwell on the head, extending too far in front and not far\\nenough behind. Back is too long and should be coupled up\\njust a fraction, with the tail lowered and one or two more\\nfeathers added. The right leg has a twisted appearance,\\nmaking the position of the bird look awkward. Otherwise\\nwe consider the drawing good and acceptable as a model.\\nH. D. Mason Sons, Fabius, N. Y., breeders of Golden\\nWyandottes: Raise the eye and back corner of the mouth\\none-sixteenth of an inch, dropping the point of beak an\\nequal distance. Lower the back three-sixteenths of an inch,\\nmaking the lowest point of back about midway between\\nbeak and end of tail. Shorten the tail one-half inch, both\\nby setting it farther front on the body and by cutting off a\\nlittle of the stiff upper feathers of tail. The five last sil-\\nvered feathers extending out into the tail should not be\\nthere. All the cushion feathers have too large open centers.\\nThey should be medium in size. Too many silvered feathers\\nshow on thigh and fluff. They should have disappeared at\\nthe lower line of breast. The back, from base of hackle to\\nlowest point of back, should be flat, and it may be so hol-\\nlowed by the folding of elbow of wing next to back feathers\\nthat the hollow will hold a tablespoonful of water. This is\\nan aristocratic hen, and she has gotten into a habit of\\nsniffing up her nose and looking out of the corner of her\\neyes down upon her less favored neighbors.\\nKnapp Brothers, Fabius, N. Y., breeders of White\\nWyandottes: The Wyandotte female is also very per-\\nfect in shape, but to us she has the appearance of being\\nbelow the standard size, requiring a little more length,\\nbreadth and height to give size. The head is a little too\\nsmall; comb should be raised in front and extend farther\\nback, at least one-third of its length being back of the eye.\\nThe wattles are a trifle too small. Add one-eighth of an\\ninch to the lower breast as in the male. Shanks are a trifle\\nshort and middle toe is too long.\\nA. Gaiser, Tecumseh, Neb., breeder of White Wyan-\\ndottes: I consider the female almost perfect. A little\\nmore depth of body in front of thighs would suit me better.\\nIn my judgment this is the better of the two Wyandotte\\ndrawings.\\nJ. I. DeLancey, Elgin, 111., breeder of Golden and Silver\\nWyandottes: The female is a little full in back, also in\\nthe breast. The toes are a little long and the white centers\\nare a trifle large, but I should like to have a yard of birds\\nthat looked as perfect as this pair.\\nC. E. Kunze, Garden Prairie, 111., breeder of Golden and\\nWhite Wyandottes: I consider the hen to be much nearer\\nideal shape than the male. Her main defect is too much\\ncushion at bass of tail, extending forward nearly to the\\nmiddle of back. Breast is a little full, and she is very loosely\\nfeathered. With these exceptions she fits our ideal very\\nwell.\\nC. J. Andruss, Canandaigua, N. Y., breeder of White\\nWyandottes: I should^prefer the neck of the hen to be a\\ntrifle longer and the lacing to be a little more distinct about\\nthe head. If I were breeding Silvers and had a uniform\\nflock of well-bred birds as good as these drawings represent,\\nI should feel that I had stock of which I could well feel\\nproud.\\nW. A. Irvin, Tecumseh, Neb., breeder of White Wyan-\\ndottes: Head of female is too small for the size of bird.\\nIf it were fuller in breast it would be an improvement. I\\nconsider it a fine drawing.\\nJ. A. Ayers, LaPlata, Mo., breeder of Silver Laced Wy-\\nandottes: The female Wyandotte so nearly meets my idea\\nof standard requirements that I can not comment adversely\\non her except to say that the openings in lacing are too\\nlarge, making the bird too light in color.\\n31\\nE. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wis., breeder -of Wyan-\\ndottes: I think the front half of the bird is too small in\\nproportion to the rest of the bird. Posterior shape good,\\nbut the tail is unnatural. It should be shorter and have\\nless spread. Lower part of breast and body should be\\nfeathered profusely enough to nearly hide the thighs,", "height": "3909", "width": "2772", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0035.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "P11K \\\\YYAN1X)TTHS.\\ns r. Jones, Willlamsville, in., breeder of White Wyan-\\nThis is a lino cut with the exception of back and\\nite or cushion, Which I think is a trifle Ions. Otherwise\\n1 have no suggestions to otter.\\nC. S Mattison, South Shaftsbury, vt.. breeder of Butt\\nWyandottes: The tail of the female is too long and nar-\\n1 ootice the artist has followed the standard in draw-\\ning wide lacings. How much better it would have appeared\\nhad he made a narrow black ed.se such as we find in the best\\nof our Sebright Bantams, such as the artist produced for\\none of our English journals. A narrow black edge around\\na white center is. in my humble opinion, what is wanted to\\nperfect our females.\\nC. W. Xuss Son. Coloma. Mo., breeders of White and\\nHurt Wyandottes: The hen is nearer perfection than the\\nmale, but I think if she were a little fuller where the hackle\\ncomes down on the back her appearance would be\\nimproved.\\nJohn Torrey, Huntley. 111., breeder of Golden, Silver\\nand White Wyandottes: The female is my ideal of Wyan-\\ndotte shape. I should prefer to have the breast a little fuller,\\notherwise it is the best drawing of Wyandotte shape I have\\never seen.\\nF. A. P. Coburn. Lowell, Mass., breeder of White Wyan-\\ndottes: The Wyandotte female shape is not so near my\\nideal as the male s. I would have the crown of the head\\nlower, which would give the head that broad appearance\\nwhich is desirable, then the comb would not be so perpen-\\ndicular as it is now. The neck is good, but tho back is too\\nlong and a little too much cushioned. The tail is a little\\ntoo high and too long. I should have the breast a little\\nfuller, but the fluff is the least bit too full. The toes,\\nespecially the middle one, are perhaps a little bit too long.\\nIn other points the female is about my ideal and I would\\nnot object to any number of white ones as good as she.\\nO. B. Skinner, Columbus, Kan., breeder of Silver Wyan-\\ndottes: Cut of female is good, but it seems to me that the\\ntail should approach a little nearer a square angle at the\\ntop.\\nC. A. Clark, Fairport, N. Y., breeder of White Wyan-\\ndottes: The shape of female is a beauty, far superior to\\nthe male. I have no comments to make. Allow me to con-\\ngratulate the R. P. J. on the success it is meeting with this\\nseries of ideal shapes. The readers should heartily appre-\\nciate these efforts, as it certainly must bring us all nearer\\nto one mind.\\nD. F. Palmer, Yorkville, 111., breeder of Silver Wyan-\\ndottes: Except that I think the female a little long in\\nback I should pronounce her very near perfection.\\nJ. D. Hunt, Jackson, Tenn., breeder of Silver and Golden\\nWyandottes: I have no criticisms to offer on the female\\ncut. It is grand,\\nTiR3T,KdNSHoClTV\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0First St Louis\\nORfO OWNED OY\\n7t\\\\E.TfWX-\\nYOUIWILLE, LL-\\n-II. 1.1 WVAWDOTTE HEN\u00e2\u0080\u0094 BRED AND OWNED BY A. E. TAKHOX, YORKVILLE, ILLINOIS.\\n32", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0036.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "SCIENCE IN BREEDING.\\nThe Advent of the Wyandottes\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Shape\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Proper Surface Color\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Different Varieties\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Crossing\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Breeding.\\nBY T. P. M GRBW, NEW YORK CITY.\\n[Reproduced from a series of articles on this subject, written for the Reliable Poultry Journal.]\\n1 BRVING the American Poultry Association as one\\nof a committee to examine into the merit of the\\nthen called American Sebright, caused my\\npersonal acquaintance with them to begin with\\nthe public appearance of our Wyandottes. One\\nwas a Hamburg, another we could not place with satis-\\nfaction, and not until they had begun to show their present\\nform of body did they gain a name or recognition from the\\nassociation. In their make-up is the Sebright, the Ham-\\nburg, the Brahma and the Cochin. When we contemplate\\nthis union of the spangle of the Hamburg and the penciling\\nof the Brahma, no wonder the mossing of the centers shows\\non our Silver females; and it is not much better for the\\nGoldens that have Partridge Cochin and Brown Leghorn\\nblood with which to contend. This combination gave one of\\nthe very hardest problems for the breeder to handle, for the\\nreason that he had to produce on his females a marking of\\nfeathers almost unknown to the foundation blood.\\nThe first standard called for almost the same color and\\nmarkings of the present day. Then the breast of male had\\na medium sized, white center; now it is a large, white cen-\\nter. In females the first standard called for a small white\\ncenter for back and a white breast evenly laced with black.\\nSee our standard of to-day and contemplate the few changes\\nfrom the original, and consider our advancement in ideas\\nin just fifteen years. Our written law Is almost the same as\\nwas given to the crude original of our present modern\\nWyandotte.\\nWe say, with emphasis, The standard calls for so and\\nso. Yes, just the same as fifteen years ago. Then we saw\\nspecimens score over 90 that to-day we could not endure.\\nUnder this description, for fifteen years, have we seen the\\nsame gentlemen, year after year, tack up the same grade of\\ncard, giving credit at 93. Allowing that the birds have\\nimproved each year one-half point, to-day, as we reason, the\\ntack should support one card at least with the perfect mark.\\nBut this would bring a union of condemnation upon the\\nhead of any who should dare such nonsense. And why?\\nWe have learned by experience that the birds grow better\\neach year. What is this experience? Some call it com-\\nparison.\\nI hear my readers saying, The above has no bearing\\nupon the question of handling our breeding stock. This\\nmay be, but straws show the way the wind blows. So may\\nthe above keep you from tolerating bad shape in any fowl\\nyou may select to produce of its kind.\\nWyandotte Shape.\\nThe proper Wyandotte shape is quite as striking as the\\nform of a game cock. What would be our opinion of him\\nwho selected an ill-forrned game cock as the superior of one\\nof proper form, simply on account of its color. The same\\n33\\nrule should guide in the selection of the Wyandotte. Fre-\\nquently we see a finely colored buff fowl of Plymouth Rock\\nshape gain the honors as a Wyandotte. Such a shape should\\nnot be allowed to gain the honors either in a show or in the\\nbreeding pen. Nothing short of annihilation will satisfy\\nwhen a white feather is found in a black Wyandotte; but we\\ngaze with approval upon an overgrown Black Hamburg\\nlabeled as a first prize Black Wyandotte. We destroy the\\nfine form with true Wyandotte qualities for the one white\\nfeather, and proceed to produce a flock of Hamburgs from\\nthis winning wonder who has fooled us all with his beautiful\\ncolor.\\nThe best all- round Wyandotte to-day is the Silver. Its\\nsize is good, its form most perfect, considered from the util-\\nity standpoint, and its color is the best not white enough\\nto soil, nor black enough to injure for market purposes. It\\nsimply needs continued attention to make it as perfect a\\nshow fowl as its cousin, the White. Like all penciled or\\nspangled fowls, it must be line bred with considerable care\\nto free its plumage from the bad markings of the present\\ntime. There can be no real reason advanced showing why\\nthe Wyandottes, both Silver and Golden, cannot be brought\\nas close to the standard line of perfection in color as any\\nbarred, penciled or spangled fowl. The laws of reproduc-\\ntion teach us that in white fowls the pureness of the color\\ncan be materially injured in a single year by the use of a\\nmale having a yellowish cast in plumage. If this slight cast\\nin color will injure the whole fleck, if a slight creamy cast\\nis so injurious, what may we expect to come to the center\\ncolor of the plumage of our female Wyandottes unless we\\nuse more consideration in our union of colors?\\nTake the one section of the after portion of back of\\nfemale. How few do we see that have feathers with good\\ncenters, free from mossing! We look into pen after pen in\\nour show room and hunt for the ideal back plumage so sel-\\ndom found, and wonder why we make haste so slowly in this\\ndirection. Many have cast the breed aside simply on this\\nground. They say the almost impossible task of clearing the\\nplumage has discouraged them from ever gaining the desired\\nquality. Have you given your best consideration to these\\nfacts in selecting the birds for your breeding pens, or have\\nyou over-looked important factors?\\nProper Surface Color.\\nThe so-called top color of the Silver Wyandotte male\\nshould be quite like the Dark Brahma, silvery white in color.\\nFar better not to mate at all than to use males with a\\nbrownish gray top color. For years we have struggled to\\nclear the white centers of the back plumage of our females\\nby using males with this smoky top plumage. How often\\nwe hear, The color comes largely from the male, size from\\nthe female, and then we proceed to -clear the backs of our", "height": "3909", "width": "2772", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0037.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "^RELIABLE l\\nPoultry\\nc^pyri^mt-\\nSILVER LACED WYANDOTTES.\\nBy SEWELL, NOVEMBER, 1899.\\nStandard Weights Cock, 8i pounds; hen, 6i pounds; cockerel, 7\u00c2\u00a3 pounds; pullet, 5k pounds.\\nCharacteristics Cost of raising to maturity, 70 cents; annual cost of keeping, 80 cents; average egg yield per year, 175; average\\nnumbir of eggs to pound, 9; average constitution. They are good as foragers; can stand confinement; are fine as sitters and\\ngood as mothers. Grain and flavor of flesh^good.\\n34", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0038.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "THE WYANDOTTES.\\nfemales with a male whose saddle plumage is about as black\\nas if smeared with paint, and then wonder the next fall how\\nit happened.\\nWhy not this year try just one pen, or better, one male\\nand one female off in a corner somewhere by themselves, the\\nfemale selected because she is the best Silver Wyandotte\\nyou own or can obtain. Mate her to a male just as pure\\nsilvery white as a Hamburg, if he can be found. Have him\\na real Wyandotte in every way and real pure, silvery white,\\nwith the clean-cut black stripe in hackle and saddle, the\\nwhite diamond-shaped center of saddle to be clear and per-\\nfect. Study with care what the diamond saddle centers are\\nfor a Silver Wyandotte. Be sure you fully understand them.\\nGo over and over the wording of color demands, study it\\nsection by section, and see if there are not some things you\\ndid not quite understand, and this may help in gaining the\\ndesired end. Only by this close study and care will the\\nmuch-desired clear cast of plumage be obtained.\\nThe many admixtures of blood in the Wyandotte, both\\nSilver and Golden, must continually be at war with each\\nother. The transfer of specimens from one yard to another\\nbrings about continued internal disturbances that can only\\nbe lessened or controlled by closing out these faults by care-\\nful breeding. Close family unions only should be allowed.\\nBuild up four families of your own and transfer them from\\none to another, but never hope to improve the color of your\\nfemales by using males with the brownish cast in top plum-\\nage.\\nIn Dark Brahmas the best females are bred from males\\nwith the light under-color. The best breeding strains of\\npartridge color have the light under-color, and so must the\\ndark under-color of our Wyandottes, both Silver and Golden,\\nbe softened considerably to gain the much desired surface\\ncolor. Black casts its shadow over every color; its influence\\nis self-asserting, and while we can not obliterate its influence\\nover the center markings we can soften and curtail its dom-\\ninating power and with care confine it to its own domain.\\nThis process will weaken the under-color, and as this is\\ngained the clear top-color in males will be forthcoming and\\nthe clearer centers of the females.\\nThe Selection of the Sire.\\nThe ideal Silver Wyandotte to be used as a breeding\\nbird should be free from brown or any color save the pure\\nsilvery white with black stripe. His color should be as pure\\nand true as that demanded for the exhibition Dark Brahma.\\nConsider for the moment your own matings of last season\\ncompared with this. Did those of last year produce as you\\ndesired? If not, in what respect did they fail? We feel\\nassured it was the same trouble that all have, mossing of the\\ncenter of the feathers. Why? Was it from that brownish\\nbacked male? If so, have we better colored males this year,\\nor are we still endeavoring to clear up our white center\\nmarkings with brown?\\nThe same conditions hold good with the Golden. The\\npurer and clearer the top color of the male, the better his\\nfemales will be. Better by far encourage light under-color\\nin your males, especially in the Silver variety, than to con-\\ntinue these dark shadings of surface color on back. Do not\\nbecome frightened at gray in the under-color, providing it\\ngives you a pure, true silvery white for surface color of back.\\nThe same conditions hold control of both Golden and Silver.\\nThe same course will improve both, their feather markings\\nbeing the same. The best handlers of the Golden variety\\nhave not only gained the clear golden diamond center in the\\nsaddle plumage, but have also the same center in the hackle.\\nThese clear centers can also be gained and maintained, with\\ncare in mating, in our Silver variety.\\nThe theory is advanced that by making the effort to\\nclear the plumage in this way too much white will be the\\n35\\nresult. No doubt this will be so in some cases, more espe-\\ncially with those who encourage very large white centers on\\nbreast, but those who use care and judgment and keep the\\nblack in the females bright and pure in surface color and\\nselect those for breeding that do not incline to a predomin-\\nance of white, will gain their desire. Do not try to do this\\nall at once. Do not make the mistake of using males with\\ntoo much white. The proper males to use are those as clear\\nand clean as possible, that have the distinct black center\\nstripe in both hackle and saddle and that are as free as pos-\\nsible from any show of the dark collar about the neck and\\ndark shading on the back.\\nThe Buff Wyandotte.\\nThe originators of all of our new buff varieties seem to\\nhave striven to obtain a very dark reddish color trimmed\\nwith black. The early specimens of all buff varities came to\\nus with black wings, tails and necks. Much hard labor has\\nbeen expended to obliterate this. The ardent task has been\\npartially overcome in a very short time, when compared\\nwith the Cochins that have been scientifically bred so many\\nyears and still are not free from these troubles.\\nWhile in England, Mr. E. P. Shepherd, of Croton Falls,\\nN. Y., made some public statements on buff color, from\\nwhich we quote the following, as published in an English\\njournal: In the course of conversation Mr. Shepherd gave\\nit as his opinion that the English Buff Leghorns were much\\ninferior to the American. The English fancier, he thought,\\nhad been breeding for too dark a color and consequently\\nmany of their specimens come too ruddy on the wing. Said\\nMr. Shepherd, The pale lemon color is the standard color in\\nAmerica, ground color being as important as the surface.\\nTo these remarks Mr. E. C. Lester Kay, the originator of\\nthe Buff Leghorn in England, takes exceptions and contends\\nfor the deep orange buff, and terms those who differ with\\nhim thus: I am sorry to see the ignorant dead set made by\\nsome reporters of late at what they are pleased to describe\\nas redness or warmness on wing bow in the case of Buff\\nLeghorn cockerels, this being in reality in most cases merely\\nthe extra richness imparted to an orange buff body color by\\nthe attendant luster of the part in question, a natural and\\nineradicable attribute of sex.\\nNo one can equal the tenacity of an Englishman in hold-\\ning a position that is in the least tenable. But this is the\\nfinest excuse for a red wing bow yet presented, an ineradi-\\ncable attribute of sex. We call it a curse to the buff\\nvarieties.\\nIf quoted correctly, Mr. Shepherd s remarks are to be\\nregretted, just on the issue of our new standard, in which all\\nbuff breeds are alike described in color as one even shade of\\nrich golden buff, free from shafting or mealy appearance. It\\nis quite unfortunate to have the whole of England told that\\nwe prefer the pale lemon color.\\nExperience has taught me that the better way to handle\\nthe buff color is to eradicate as far as possible all black from\\nthe females; drive it out, even if white comes to take its\\nplace. In so doing the males should at the same time become\\nalmost free of any black, other than in the under-tail plum-\\nage. By so doing the surface color becomes very light. It\\nis an easier task to strengthen this than to be rid of the\\nblack. To build up the color when pure buff and free from\\nblack, mate together your best colored specimens, selecting\\nthose showing the best or richest under-color. Continue\\nthus from year to year till you strengthen the color itself by\\nselecting the best. In so doing you secure the rich golden\\nbuff in its purity, free from red, black or white shadings.\\nBlack Wyandottes.\\nRecently we have seen some Black Wyandottes of more\\nthan usual quality. As we contemplated their general make-\\nup we conceded their value as a fancy fowl, and found they", "height": "3909", "width": "2772", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0039.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "THK WYANDOTTES.\\nwore only seven out of :i class of 184. So wo must consider\\nthem as simply the ornamental portion of the Wyandottes.\\nor looking thorn ovor carefully we drifted to (ho coops\\ncontaining the Sumatras of tho most lustrous greenish\\nblack, the wings, both web and quill a shiny black, the\\nunder-color as dark as night, with beak and logs very dark.\\nalmost black in color. Tho Black Wyandot to must be dis-\\nqualified if shanks are other than black shading into yellow,\\nbottom of foot yellow. For what reason? Like the\\nSumatra, so tow exist that they cut no figure as a market\\n1. Why not give them the same chance as the ornamental\\nSumatra and encourage the black beak and logs and the rich,\\nblack plumage, and make them truly a fancy fowl? If pru-\\ndence and judgment could unite in making the Black Wyan-\\ndotte a fowl of most perfect Wyandotte form with a bright,\\nglistening, greenish black plumage and very dark beak and\\nlegs, it could be transformed into one of the most attractive\\nof all the black fowls, and become an ornamental variety of\\nthe Wyandotte family.\\nWhite Wyandottes.\\nSo much has been written of the albino portion of this\\nbreed it will be useless to multiply words regarding them.\\nStudy well the color plate in the January, 1899, nuffber of\\nthe R. P. J.; consider what is said in their favor illustrative\\nof the same cut. Then turn to page 911 of the same issue and\\nstudy what we say of white color. The careful consideration\\nof this whole article on color may be of much benefit in the\\nhandling of your stock, also in the consideration of future\\narticles on these subjects.\\nWhat we have said about color must not be taken as\\nabsolutely unbending in its results. White fowls have been\\nproduced of almost pure plumage, having the yellow leg and\\nbeak. Pure black fowls have come to notice with almost\\nyellow beak and legs, but their number compared with the\\nvhole is so very small they can only be considered as an\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0cident. We can only claim to have mastered the art of\\nproducing standard Wyandottes when we can bring together\\na class of many hundreds of all colors with their Wyandotte\\nform so nearly alike throughout all the classes as to chal-\\nlenge one to say either variety outclassed the other on\\nshape, and the coloring and markings of each variety so uni-\\nform that one could hardly tell them apart were it not for\\ntheir leg bands. Then we could say our work on this grand\\nbreed of American production had been handled in a credit-\\nable manner.\\nNew Information.\\nSince writing the above, I have visited the poultry exhi-\\nbitions at Chicago and Boston. At the former, in conversa-\\ntion with those interested in Silver Wyandottes, my opinion\\nwas strengthened in regard to there being entirely too much\\nshading encouraged upon the backs of the male birds with-\\nout having any attention paid to the facts concerning the\\nproper mating required to clear the back plumage of our\\nfemales, as previously stated.\\nAt Boston the most perfectly colored female I have ever\\nseen was shown. Her plumage was black and white\u00e2\u0080\u0094 not\\nbrownish black, but black and white. Each feather had a\\nclear, perfeel center of white, pure and free from mossing.\\nAll over her whole body each feather seemed to conform to\\na regular make-up proportion to its size, the smaller ones\\njust as proportionately centered as the larger ones, making\\na. perfect union of colors.\\nIn conversation with Mrs. Comyns Lewer, of London,\\nEngland, who owns the greatest poultry journal in England!\\nshe said: All your Wyandottes, except the Silvers, excel\\nthose we have in England; but the Silvers are not nearly so\\ngood as ours. This one pullet (that I have mentioned\\nabove) is fashioned after our style of English Silver Wyan-\\ndottes in England. She further said: The white must be\\npure white and the black a rich, glossy black; not a dull\\nblack, as seen here. She also spoke of the color of males\\nbeing puite inferior to that of the English birds.\\nIt is my purpose to pursue this matter further and to\\nsecure, if possible, some feathers from the other side and\\nwith them some information concerning the Silver Wyan-\\ndottes of England. It may be that when the matter is looked\\ninto we will find, as with their Barred Rocks, which are so\\ndifferent from our style of breeding as to almost be a dis-\\ntinct variety, that the same is also true of the Silver Wyan-\\ndottes.\\nBad Effect of Crosses.\\nBefore me is a letter, asking whether or not I would\\nadvise the writer to attempt to improve the size and quality\\nof his Buff Wyandottes by the use of Buff Cochin females.\\nMy answer to this. would be decidedly no. The Buff Wyan-\\ndottes have so far advanced as to be almost entirely free\\nfrom feathers on the legs and from the Cochin form of sad-\\ndle and fluff. Many hundred Buff Wyandottes of high char-\\nncter have been exhibited during the last winter. Rather\\nthan resort to the use of Cochin fowls to improve the Wyan-\\ndotte in any particular whatever, it would be far better to\\nselect the very finest specimens in size and shape that can\\npossibly be secured, and from them proceed to produce\\nselecting for remating the finest specimens of the year!\\nLook well to size, shape and color. Do not hesitate to pay a\\ngood price for a really meritorious bird, for in doing so you\\nwill gain at once what you had hoped to gain in three or\\nfour years by cross breeding. Surely each year of time is\\nworth to you far more than the cost of a high class specimen\\ncould possibly be.\\nEnglish vs. American Wyandottes.\\nI am also asked whether or not it is a fact that breeders\\nin England have secured better surface color on their Wyan-\\ndottes than we have in this country. I am now in position\\nto state that in size, color and marking, the English people\\nare in advance of us, in both Golden and Silver Wyandottes,\\nwith this difference: In the Golden we have the rich, bright!\\nbay color; they have a lighter color, more like buff. In Sil-\\nvers the top color of their male bird is much purer and\\nclearer than with us. The females are also better penciled.\\nIn shape, like all other English birds, they are bred more to\\nCochin type and with more Cochin fluff than we have on our\\nbirds, T F M GREW.\\n36", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0040.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "MATING FOR BEST RESULTS.\\nOverweight Birds not Desirable Shape and Then Color to be Considered Points Wanted in Breeders-\\nIt is Essential to Retain the Identity of the Young Stock.\\nBY HENRY STEINMESCH, ST. LOUIS, MO.\\nBRHAPS a good way to start this article would be\\nto repeat what I have so often seen in print, that\\nis, To breed poultry successfully one must have\\na fancy for the business. Not only this, but\\none must have patience and must be willing to\\nstudy. The. progressive breeder of to-day is not satisfied in\\nproducing just as good as he had last year; he wants some-\\nthing better.\\nIf one goes into the poultry business he must expect\\nmistakes and disappointments and they must be overcome.\\nNone of us is infallible. We are more apt to learn by our\\nbut I should rather have a trio. If I had plenty of money I\\nshould buy a pen of one male and five or six females. I\\nshould consider the shape or symmetry of the birds of decid-\\nedly the most importance, and color of neck, breast or back\\nwould be a secondary consideration.\\nIn Silver Wyandottes I consider the male bird more than\\nhalf of the flock, and for that reason I should be careful to\\nhave him as good as possible. I want a cockerel to weigh\\nseven and one-half pounds or a cock eight and one-half\\npounds, and I prefer a half pound less rather than that much\\nmore. As a rule, heavier than standard birds are less\\nUnder the Beak, Throat.\\nLower.\\nStill Lower.\\nLower Breast.\\nDown Between the Thighs.\\nBREAST FEATHERS OF SILVER WYANDOTTE COCKEREL, EDGEHILL,\\nOwned by Henry Steinmesch, St. Louis, Mo.\\nearly reverses than we are by our successes. I have been\\nfairly successful with Silver Wyandottes having had them\\nfor thirteen years. I have made mistakes and do not pre-\\ntend to know it all now, but I do know that, if I were to\\nstart over again, I should start nearer right than I did thir-\\nteen years ago. I should start with one breed, and that\\nbreed would be the Silver Wyandotte.\\nI should try to get the best with which to make a start.\\nIf my means were limited I should be satisfied with a pair,\\nshapely. He should be of a square, blocky build, with legs\\nwell set apart; a broad breast, full and round; a broad back,\\nshort and flat at the shoulders, and a medium sized tail well\\nspread. The comb should be medium, curving to the shape\\nof the neck, coming to a spike point, and all well serrated.\\nNext I look for color. I want a breast well laced, and the\\ncenters must be white and clear, and must extend from un-\\nder the beak down to between the thighs note illustration.\\nRight here, however, we are liable to have trouble unless\\n37", "height": "3909", "width": "2772", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0041.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "ST\\nSILVER LACED WYANDOTTES TO DATE.\\nAs Bred by Mr. Henry Steinmesch, formerly of Sutter, now of St, Louis, Mo.\\n38", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0042.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "THE WYANDOTTES.\\nwe see to it that the lacing is free from frosty edging, which\\nis a grayish tinge on the outside of the black lacing. This\\nfrosty edging is a serious fault, and the last standard very\\nwisely instructs a cut of not less than one point in each sec-\\ntion where it appears. If the breast is free from this blem-\\nish in the male bird it is not likely to show up in any other\\nsection.\\nThe wing of a Silver Wyandotte is one of its strongest\\npoints. A really good wing is hard to find. The white in\\nthe flights and secondaries is usually good, but the black is\\ntoo often mottled. I want the wing bows silver white and\\nthe upper web of the coverts black, the lower web white\\nwith a narrow stripe along the edge which widens as it ap-\\nproaches the tip forming a double bar of laced feathers\\nacross the wing. I have given a great deal of space to the\\nmale bird as I consider him the foundation of any strain,\\nand I believe that the most of our improvement in the Sil-\\nver Wyandotte must come through that source.\\nOn the female side I want full standard weight, five and\\none-half pounds for pullets and six and one-half pounds for\\nhens. They must be broad and full in the breast with a\\nbroad back that is very slightly cushioned. The breast\\nmust be well laced with good sized, open centers. As a rule\\nthere is very little trouble in getting pullets very good in\\nthis respect, but unless well bred, this lacing, after the first\\nmolt, will become faint and will fail to go all around the\\nfeather. This trouble invariably crops out where the under-\\ncolor is gray or white. I should be careful to use only fe-\\nmales that were good in dark slate under-color, and should\\nalso prefer to have the fluff slate color, although not neces-\\nsarily as dark as in the breast. I want the back of a pullet\\nto show centers as white as those in the breast and the lac-\\ning must be as clear. With this, however, I must have dark\\nunder-color, and I should rather use a female with smaller\\ncenters and good under-color than one with large open cen-\\nters and light under-color. In this view I am going against\\nsome of the theorists, but I know that light under-colo.red\\nfemales will not wear and the big open centers unless\\nbacked up by dark slate color, are only for to-day.\\nI want the ear-lobes red and the eyes bright bay. The\\nstandard allows some white in ear-lobes and also permits\\neyes other than bright bay, yet by a little care we can breed\\nthese sections as they should be.\\nWhile it is a pleasure to note the good points of our\\nbirds, yet we should not overlook the poor ones, and it is a\\ngood general rule to avoid mating birds where both the male\\nand female are weak in the same sections. Two poor combs\\nare not going to produce one good comb. Two pairs of pearl\\nor blue eyes will not produce one pair of good, bright, bay\\neyes. On the contrary, such matings will bring forth worse\\ncombs and poorer eyes. If, however, one or the other Is\\ngood in comb and eye then we may look for an improve-\\nment, especially if the bird possessing these good points is\\nthe stronger and more vigorous of the two.\\nWith the advantage that the Silver Wyandotte has, of\\nbeauty and general usefulness combined, it is bound to be-\\ncome more popular from year to year. It is to-day the fore-\\nmost all-purpose fowl in England, and there is no reason\\nwhy it should not be in this country. They are as easy to\\nbreed as any other fowl notwithstanding parti-color. While\\ndiscussion is deep and earnest as to the proper shade of buff\\nor the color of Barred Rocks, the pencilings of this breed or\\nthat, the Silver Wyandotte fanciers are working in harmony,\\nknowing that where they want white, they want white, and\\nwhere they want black they do not want any other color.\\nIn conclusion I offer another suggestion, and it is, try\\nto retain the identity of the young stock. If you are so sit-\\nuated that you cannot do this with all your birds, do it with\\npart of them. If you succeed in raising some extra good\\nbirds it is worth the trouble to know the parent stock.\\nKnow what kind of matings will produce the good ones and\\non the other hand do away with the matings that produced\\nthe poor ones. In this way we can soon establish a strain of\\nbirds that will breed true to name and which will be uni-\\nform. This after all is decidedly preferable to producing\\nextremes part very good, part very poor the latter as a\\nrule largely predominating.\\nHENRY STEINMESCH.\\nSINGLE OR STANDARD MATING.\\nj ACH season, in all breeds and varieties of fancy\\npoultry, there are a number of faulty specimens\\nthrown from the best matings. It should be and\\nis the aim of every thorough fancier and breeder\\nto eradicate the faults from his or her flock, and\\norder to do so it requires a knowledge of the breed\\nand variety he or she is breeding. Nor is that all. It\\nrequires study, the careful selection of the breeding stock\\nand watchful attention to the young, if we would succeed.\\nI shall give in the following my method of mating Silver\\nWyandottes.\\nIn them we have the oldest and one of the best of the\\nWyandotte family, a bird that is fit for both farmer and\\nfancier. As an utility fowl it is the equal of any, and as a\\nbird on which the fancier can exercise his knowledge and\\nscience of breeding, it is unexcelefl.\\nWhile the Silvers are not so hard to breed to standard\\nrequirements as some think, still there are a few bad fea-\\ntures that one must get out of one s strain before he can\\nhope for much success. In the male birds, splashy breasts\\nand brassy or smutty backs must be avoided. In the female\\nwe must fight against smutty or mossy backs and white on\\nthe edge of the feathers. I mention the above named faults in\\nparticular, as they have been the hardest things for me to\\ncontend with successfully. I have learned many things\\nabout the Silvers, the past ten or twelve years, from exper-\\nience.\\nIn the selection of a breeding pen of Silver Wyandottes,\\nfrom which I expected both cockerels and pullets (and that\\nis the only way I mate them) I should select the best shaped\\nbirds with the best markings I could find. The females\\nshould be well laced on the breast, back, wings and fluff,\\nand the black must be of a good quality. The feathers must\\nbe free from outside edging of white and black spots or moss\\nin the centers of the feathers. The lacing should be sharply\\ndefined and the colors clear. I want well-balanced speci-\\nmens, not those that are extra good in some points and very\\npoor in others, but birds that would receive about the same\\nproportionate discount in each color section. To these\\nfemales I should mate a well-shaped cockerel or cock, a\\ngood-sized, broad-backed, blocky fellow, with a fine comb\\nnot too large or coarse, good eyes, clear neck, good wings,\\ngood wing bars, good clear back nicely edged with clear\\nwhite and with a small white center in the feathers. The\\nbreast ought to have a clear white center in each feather,\\nwhich should be free from white on the edge. The centers\\nin the breast feathers should not be so large as those in the\\nfeathers of the female. The under-color of the male must\\nbe good throughout, and the tail must be a greenish black\\nand well spread. The defects found in the females should\\nbe offset as nearly as possible by good points in the male.\\nBy the selection of the best birds from such a mating as\\nbreeders, season after season, and by not introducing too\\nmuch new blood, the result would be a large per cent of\\nfinely marked birds.\\nI think the demand for number one Silver Wyandottes\\nis increasing. I have always found a ready sale for first-\\nclass birds during the past eight years. I have shown my\\nbirds throughout the central and southern parts of the\\nUnited States, winning many premiums and I have never\\nbeen defeated on cockerel but twice.\\nK. S. TRIMBLE, North Middleton, Ky.\\n39", "height": "3909", "width": "2772", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0043.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "A SUCCESSFUL WOMAN FANCIER.\\nGlory and Substantial Reward for Those Who Produce First-Class Silver Wyandottes\u00e2\u0080\u0094Care, Feeding\\n:md Selection of Breeding Stock.\\ni:\\\\ MRS. GKORGE_M. HANI.V. HRKKDKR, HOOPRSTON, II,!,.\\nY EXPERIENCE in handling Silver Laced Wyan-\\ndottes is one of ups and downs with the emphasis\\nupon the latter, and I believe any one who has\\never bred them will concede that my experience\\nis his experience. It is my honest conviction that\\nthe Silvers are the hardest of any of the Wyandottes\\nto breed, but there is glory enough in them when one\\nproduces the right results to abundantly repay one for his\\ntrouble and worry, to say nothing of the self-satisfaction\\none reaps as a personal regard. In times gone by it was my\\nopinion that the good ones just happened to come along\\nwith the poor ones, but experience has taught me that you\\ncan put almost any kind of feathers on your birds that you\\ndesire.\\nTwo years ago I had some very nicely laced wing barred\\nhens and they bred me a very few laced wing barred cock-\\nerels. I took one of the best of these cockerels and bred\\nhim back to the same pen of hens which produced him. As\\na result this year I have some of the very finest laced cock-\\nerels I have ever seen. They are laced everywhere, even the\\nblack shanks having a distinct lacing.\\nI have always paid so much attention to the combs of\\nmy chickens that I have escaped the troubles incident to\\nneglecting that section. But I do not intend to lose sight of\\nthis important feature in the future, just to get the feathers\\nall right, as, in my opinion, nothing mars the beauty of the\\nWyandotte tribe a3 a great, wide comb does.\\nIt took me a long while to find out that I must breed\\nonly the best to get the best and that there is nothing that\\nretrogrades in breeding so rapidly as poultry. So one year\\nwhen I made up my breeding pens I found to my dismay\\nthat I only had seven hens and one cockerel that fitted the\\nstandard I held. Before that I thought any thing would do.\\nAt first I was much discouraged, but taking the old maxim\\nabout little acorns and gigantic oaks as an assurance of ulti-\\nmate success, both as to quality and quantity, I got down to\\nwork. Some one has said that a rat by gnawing through a\\ndyke could drown a nation. From that small pen I secured\\nan. extraordinary fine lot of chicks, and they were the begin-\\nning, the starting point of the success that has been meted\\nput to me since.\\nI like the Wyandottes best because they acknowledge\\nno peers as winter layers. They furnish eggs at a time\\nwhen we desire eggs the most, both because of their fresh-\\nness and the stiff .market prices. As table fowls they stand\\nfar above all others. As sitters they display the wisdom\\nof Solomon and as mothers their solicitude for their young\\nis indicative of a superior order of intelligence than the\\nanimal kingdom is supposed to possess. One winter I placed\\ntwo pens, one of Wyandottes and the other of Light Brah-\\nmas, side by side. I fed both pens the same rations, green\\ncut bone, bran, mash, wheat, corn and oats. The Brahmas\\ndid not produce an egg until in March, while from the Wy-\\nandottes I secured more eggs than my family could use.\\nIn the winter I feed my hens millet in the morning, hot\\nmash at noon and grain at night. I give them the millet in\\nclean cut straw and clover and it does me a world of good\\nto go into my hen house on a cold winter morning and see\\nhow the birds are working and singing for their breakfast.\\nThe eggs I gather at noon more than repay me for the little\\ntrouble and attention I devote to them.\\nTo beginners I will say, do not get discouraged if you\\ndo not get show birds at first, but put your shoulder to the\\nwheel and breed only your best and in time your efforts\\nwill triumph. With best wishes for the success of all en-\\ngaged in raising or in anyway connected with poultry, I am,\\nYours truly,\\nMRS. GEORGE M. HANLY.\\nPRACTICES DOUBLE MATING.\\nAfter breeding the Barred Plymouth Rocks for seven-\\nteen years, I decided to try the Silver Laced Wyandottes. 1\\nhad always admired their beauty and I knew their laying\\nqualities were fully equal to the Barred Plymouth Rocks,\\nwhile for table use there is none better. I began exhibiting\\nthis bre -d five years ago, and have always won my share.\\nI would say to the beginner in mating up his yards, that\\nin my experience it laas been easier to raise high-scoring\\npullets than it is to raise cockerels that score well up in the\\nnineties. Care should be taken not to mate a cockerel with\\na dark, well-laced hackle to a pullet with a dark hackle,\\nas the offspring will be smutty. A cockerel for cockerel\\nbreeding should have a light, well-laced hackle and saddle,\\nfree from splashing, with an open laced breast and fluff, and\\ngood Wyandotte shape. Look well to the shape of the comb\\nand be sure it is good. D. F. PALMER, Yorkville, 111.\\n40", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0044.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "ORIGIN OF THE WYANDOTTE.\\nA Utility Fowl\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Advocate of Single Mating System\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The National Wyandotte Club.\\nBY H. J. GOETTE, BREEDER, ST. PAUL, MINN.\\n^1^ HE Silver Laced Wyandotte is a purely American\\nJ)\\\\ production, its origin not being clouded in obscur-\\nJji ity as is tbe case with so many breeds. We have\\niLfidi some records dating back thirty years or more\\nwhich enable us to say where and by whom this\\ngrand breed was produced from birds which were the result\\nof crossing other birds varying greatly in plumage and char-\\nfl.ot\u00c2\u00a9ristics\\nAway back in the sixties a Mr. John P. Ray, of New\\nYork state, was breeding fowls called Sebright Cochins,\\nwhich were the result of a cross between Sebright Bantams\\nand a buff fowl called Chittagong. The following year\\nthis cross was bred to a cross produced by a Silver Spangled\\nHamburg and Dark Brahmas. The object the breeders had\\nin view evidently was to produce a laced bird, but up to this\\ntime they had not been very successful, as the lacing was\\ntoo indistinct. It is claimed a black fowl was next intro-\\nduced in the crossing which proved to be a good experiment,\\nthe result being a more distinct and permanent lacing. And\\nso was given to the world one of the grandest fowls in ex-\\nistence\u00e2\u0080\u0094the Silver Laced Wyandotte.\\nIn 1876 this breed was presented to the American Poul-\\ntry Association for admission to the standard, but a contro-\\nversy arose over what this new breed should be called.\\nThere were almost as many names presented as there were\\nbreeders, of whom there were quite a number by this time.\\nThey were called Columbias, Eurekas, Excelsiors, Ameri-\\ncan, Sebright. Hambletonions, etc. There was also a diver-\\nsity of opinion in regard to the comb; some favored single,\\nothers rose, and still others were strong champions of the\\npea comb. To finally settle all dispute and difficulties the\\nAmerican Poultry Association appointed a committee to\\ndecide on a name and also to prepare a standard for the\\nbreed, but the committee failed to make a report, so the\\nnondescript had to wait till 1883, when it was admitted to\\nthe standard under the name of Silver Laced Wyandotte.\\nMr. Fred A. Houdlett, an enthusiastic fancier and admirer\\nof the breed, suggested the name which was adopted. Mr.\\nI. K. Felch prepared the first standard for the breed which\\nwas also approved by the American Poultry Association and\\nwhich, with but a few minor changes, is still the standard\\nin vogue to-day.\\nA General Utility Fowl.\\nThe value of the Silver Wyandotte as a utility fowl can\\nnot be questioned. As egg-producers they certainly hold\\ntheir own, being strong rivals of the non-sitting varieties in\\nthat respect. As a table fowl they are unexcelled. The\\nplump carcass which is of medium weight, makes them very\\ndesirable for the market. Their flesh has not the coarse\\ngrain nor have they the heavy frame of bone of the larger\\nbreeds. Utility is the Wyandotte s strong claim, which is\\nconceded by all who have given them a fair trial with proper\\ncare and food. As a sitter the Wyandotte hen will perform\\nher work faithfully. They are not so persistent as some\\nother breeds, but when allowed to sit, they are steady sit-\\nters, very few deserting their nests. This is certainly a de-\\nsirable qualification. As mothers they are the peers of any.\\nThey are gentle and docile, which is an important point, as\\nthe young chicks are influenced to a great extent by the ac-\\ntion of the mother hen; a nervous and crazy hen will\\ninvariably raise a wild lot of chicks.\\nIn singing the praises of the Wyandotte it is not my\\nwish to decry other breeds. Every breed has some advan-\\ntages over all others. Get the kind that suits your fancy\\nand with proper care they will pay you for your labor. If\\nyou have not the proper time to devote to them nor interest\\nenough in them to give them the care they need, my advice\\nis let chickens alone, as they will only be an expense to you.\\nAdvocates Single Mating.\\nTo mate our birds in order to insure success in produc-\\ning winners, is of course the main task of the fancier. There\\nare some breeders who lately have resorted to the fad called\\ndouble mating as the shortest road to success. Why this is\\ndone I am at a loss to know. My experience of thirteen\\nyears in breeding and exhibiting the Silver Wyandotte has\\ndemonstrated to my satisfaction the folly of such a course.\\nI consider it radically wrong and not at all necessary, in fact\\nan injury to the breed. If persisted in to any great extent\\nit will take us a long time to eradicate the evil effects.. A\\nstandard-bred male mated to a standard-bred female will\\nproduce standard chicks of both sexes. I know this to be a\\nfact. I will not go into details for the proper mating of\\nSilver Laced Wyandottes as the prospectus submitted by\\nMr. Theo. Hewes is so complete that any further remarks\\nfrom me would be superfluous.\\nNational Wyandotte Club.\\nBefore closing this article I cannot refrain from calling\\nattention to the National Wyandotte Club, which certainly\\ndeserves the encouragement and support of every lover of\\nthe Wyandotte. This is an age of advancement, and organ-\\nization with co-operation are two main features of the age.\\nWhat does it all mean? Why is this the spirit of the times?\\nBecause men see that organization can accomplish what the\\nindividual can not; they realize that in union there is\\nstrength. This is also true of the poultry business. The im-\\nportance of organization has already been appreciated by a\\ngreat number of poultry breeders who have formed them-\\nselves into specialty clubs and thus are better able to create\\na greater interest in their favorites. Although these spe-\\ncialty clubs are still in their infancy, their influence has\\ncertainly brought out an increased exhibit at our shows,\\nthereby making their fowls popular and creating new breed-\\ners to whom the poultry business must look for its mainte-\\nnance. Now what are the breeders of Wyandottes doing\\nto keep their birds in the front rank? Collectively they have\\ndone but very little, so I appeal to all Wyandotte breeders\\nit matters not where they reside, each to send in his name\\nand dollar to the secretary and be enrolled as a member,\\nthereby helping the cause along\\nH. J. GOETTE.\\n41", "height": "3909", "width": "2772", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0045.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "4a", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0046.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "MATING SILVER WYANDOTTES.\\nWyandottes are Hardy, Quick Growers\u00e2\u0080\u0094 They Mature Early and are Good Layers\u00e2\u0080\u0094 What Points are\\nHard to Get How to Mate to Produce High Grade Silvers.\\nBY THEO. E. F. HOEZHAUSER, BREEDER, COLUMBIA, S. C.\\nT MAY look like presumption for me to write on\\nthis subject in a book of this kind while there\\nare so many more able than I to write about this\\nmost excellent breed. But having attained some\\nsuccess and thereby a certain amount of reputa-\\ntion, I have been asked to contribute a short article. No\\nbetter all-purpose fowl exists to-lay than the varie-\\nties that comprise the Wyandotte family. They are hardy,\\ngood growers, mature early, and when properly treated are\\nlayers in generous numbers of nice large eggs. These qual-,\\nities fill the requirements of the market poultryman. Now\\nfor the fancier. The Wyandotte family is divided into a\\nnumber of different varieties, thereby giving the fancier a\\nwide selection to find a bird suited to his needs. In solid\\ncolors we have the Whites, the Blacks and the Buffs, all of\\nthem having their strong admirers, the first and lasL more\\nespecially filling the wants of the market poultryman.\\nFor the true fancier who intends to make his pets a\\nstudy, there is no breed or variety that gives greater oppor-\\ntunities than do the different laced varieties of Wyandottes.\\nOf these the oldest are the Silvers, in fact they are the oldest\\nof any of the Wyandottes. They are beyond doubt, when\\nproperly bred and in good condition, a beautiful fowl, their\\nfeathering being a dense black with silvery white, the white\\nunder the present standard being required to slightly pre-\\ndominate. They are bred quite extensively and have\\nreached a very high mark of excellence, but in order to pro-\\nduce them in their highest type, a great deal of study must\\nbe expended. Some of the hardest points to get in males\\nare, a good laced breast and clear, silvery hackle, back and\\nsaddle. The males are generally too dark in breast, not\\nhaving large enough white centers in the feathers. The\\nsaddle and often the lower part of the hackle do not show\\nthe glossy black stripe with narrow white center and pure\\nedging of white, having instead the colors mixed, which\\ngives a brownish appearance, and the backs too often are\\nyellow instead of pure white.\\nIn females the breast is not so hard to get right, but\\nthe feathering on the back gives more trouble, either by\\nhaving the white centers too small, or these centers not\\nwhite but mossy, which detracts so much from their beauty.\\nNow, in order to get good offspring we must only use the\\nvery best specimens as breeders, never using a mossy-\\nbacked female. Mate with your best females a male with\\nas nearly perfect hackle and saddle, and as white a back as\\npossible. You may then in a short time be able to produce\\ngood backs on your birds. As to breast you need not dis-\\ncard a male that shows white centers of a small size. Be\\nsure that he possesses good, clear centers even in a small\\ndegree, and that the black is pure and without the white\\nedging to feathers. The females should have extra large,\\nclear centers on the breast, the black being very dense and\\nalso without the white edging. By mating only such birds\\nfor a few years, provided they are of the proper shape, we\\nmay hope to see a hackle and saddle on our Silvers such as\\nwe see on a good dark Brahma.\\nMy Favorites The Silvers.\\nAs all of the different varieties of this breed have in\\ncommon the same characteristics and good qualities, I will\\ndevote a few lines to my favorites, the Silvers.\\nIn the first place, the Wyandottes are as hearty as can\\nbe from their earliest existence to a good old age, and the\\nonly thing a prospective beginner needs to keep in mind is\\nto get his stock, either as eggs for hatching or fowls, from\\nsome reliable breeder who keeps his stock in the best of\\nhealth. Such stock and eggs are usually vigorous and cal-\\nculated to give good results in the hands of the buyer. Right\\nhere it may be well to state that cheapness is not always a\\nsure sign of poor stock, neither do high prices in all cases\\ninsure the best. But I would advise the buyer if possible to\\nvisit some of the poultry shows, get acquainted with the\\nbreeders and buy from the one who seems most to appeal to\\nhis liking. A good beginning is half the battle, first, be-\\ncause it will increase your interest in your fowls, if they are\\nreally good ones, and secondly, it will at once make cus-\\ntomers of your immediate neighbors if they see you have\\nsomething good.\\nWhen so started in the poultry business it will be very\\nnecessary that the beginner be a subscriber to some few good\\npoultry publications and earnestly study them. Such books\\nas are on the market that treat of his breed, also should be\\nin the hands of the beginner, and most of all he must have\\nthe American Standard of Perfection. Supposing a beginner\\nto have complied with these rules, he is now ready to start\\nin the business.\\nIn mating Silver Wyandottes much care must be exer-\\ncised. Select a male that is squarely built, not too large,\\nbut as vigorous as possible, with good comb, not too large,\\nshort, but nicely curved neck having a fine colored hackle\\nwhich should be of medium length and each feather should\\nbe glossy black with a small white center, the whole to be\\nfinished with white. The breast feathers should have clear\\nwhite centers, but they need not be extremely large. I am\\nof the opinion that if the white centers are about one-third\\nof the whole, it is better for breeding purposes than if they\\nare larger. The back should be broad, of medium length\\nand silvery white, the saddle and tail coverts being colored\\nthe same as the hackle. The wings should be carried well\\nup, giving the back a broad appearance. They should be\\nwell folded and showing if possible a double white bar\\nthrough the black. The tail should be pure, glossy black\\nand rather small, considering the size of the bird, and it\\nmust not be carried too high. The body should be full and\\nrounded, the feathers being black with small, white centers.\\nThe fluff should be abundant enough to give a full appear-\\nance, and should be black with a frosting of white. The\\nlegs should be medium in length and stout and as near\\norange color as possible; feet and toes same color as legs\\nand the toes rather long.\\nWith such a male mate females that have heads rather\\nsmall but flat, with a small, nicely shaped comb; good bay\\n43", "height": "3909", "width": "2772", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0047.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "VI IK WYAN IHViTKS.\\nme as male; In color, silvery gray, not so light as tho\\nmale; neck short, well curved, with an abundance of hackle\\nwhich should be rather short, the feathers showing move\\nblack than in the males. Tho black must be glossy and each\\nfeather edged with white, giving the whole a silvery gray\\nappearance. The breast should be very full and rounded\\nand the centers large\u00e2\u0080\u0094 say covering about two-thirds of the\\nwhole. The back should be glossy black, with good-sized\\nwhite centers, about half white and half black until the\\nsaddle and tail coverts are reached. These may be the same\\nS the breast\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the centers about two-thirds of the whole\\nfeather. The wings should show the medium white centers\\nin lines running across, and should be well folded. The tail\\nshould be rather small and carried rather low and should\\nbe glossy black. The body should be very full and round\\nand show white centers of medium size. The fluff is the\\nsame as in the male and very abundant. Legs and toes\\nshould be stout and of as good an orange color as possible.\\nThe color of the legs of hens is seldom as good as the males.\\nWith such a mating, if these females have good size,\\nvigor and health and you do your duty and keep them in\\nhealth, you can rest assured that you will raise some chicks\\nthat will stand the test of hot competition and yet come out\\non top. Such at least has been my experience, and I am\\nsure that if the beginner will start right, apply the above\\nrules and do his duty by his chicks, he will be successful\\nlikewise.\\nTHEO. E. P. HOLZHAUSER.\\nENGLISH WYANDOTTES IN AMERICA.\\nHow Some English Birds Were Handled by the Importer to Produce Good Results Faults and Virtues\\nof the English Silvers.\\nBY P. H. GOSSARD, BREEDER, MISSOURI VAI^EY, IOWA.\\nELATING my experience in importing and\\nbreeding the English Silvers, will be the best\\nway in which I can give a clear and concise\\nview of them from my standpoint. My attention\\nwas first called to their merits as bred in Eng-\\nland, by article which appeared in the Reliable\\nPoultry Journal. This contribution was from a fancier\\nwhom I knew to be truthful and through his influence I was\\nled to import three pullets and one cockerel.\\nThese birds arrived here March 28, 1898, having been\\nsixteen days making the journey. They came in fairly good\\ncondition, excepting that they were nearly famished for\\nwater, due, in my opinion, to carelessness upon the part of\\nthe express messengers in this country. I am informed that\\nbirds making the ocean voyage unaccompanied, are shipped\\nin stock vessels and have the best of care and attention.\\nAll charges, such as feed, attendant and ocean carriage, are\\nprepaid by the shipper, but from New York or Boston they\\ncome collect on delivery. Should I import again I should\\ndo so in October or November for the following reasons:\\nThe English hatching season is about six weeks earlier than\\nours and the birds are mature by October. Consequently\\nthey would become acclimated and ready for business the\\nfollowing spring. The first clutch of eggs laid by my hens\\ndid not hatch well, due, no doubt, to the change of climate\\nand food.\\nMy first impression of this stock was a mixture of sur-\\nprise and regret. I was surprised at their wonderful lacing,\\nwhich was far better than I had expected to see. It seemed\\nto me no artist s brush could improve upon what nature had\\ndone for these birds, but, alas, no matter how much we ad-\\nmire nice lacing there are other attributes of the Wyandotte\\nfamily which are essential and which were entirely lacking\\nin this cockerel. Aside from his plumage no fancier could\\ntell to what breed he belonged. The females, however, more\\nnearly represented Wyandotte shape as bred here.\\nAt a glance I knew they would be a failure if bred as\\nimported, bo the English cockerel was mated to domes-\\ntic females and a native cockerel to the English females.\\nThe result was a success. Do not understand me to say\\nevery chick hatched was a prize winner. Far from it. Dis-\\nqualifications cropped out thick and fast. Many pure white\\nchicks were hatched. About ten per cent came with single\\ncombs and a like number with feathered legs, but there were\\nenough good ones to amply repay me for my trouble and ex-\\npense. Right here let me say for the benefit of those\\nexpecting to import, I would put all my money in either\\nmales or females, but I would not get both. You cannot\\nhope to succeed here breeding the English Silvers pure. It\\nwould be an useless expenditure, unless you have money to\\nthrow at the birds, and want to breed both ways as I did.\\nMy preference would be for females. However, this is only\\na matter of opinion.\\nI am convinced the English lose sight of everything but\\nlacing and in order to get this they make some very radical\\nmatings. I have often been asked the question, What\\nblood do you think they use to produce their Silvers My\\nanswer is, Light Brahma. The feathered legs and white\\nbirds indicate this to me, also the very large size and shape.\\nI had cockerels which weighed in November over nine\\npounds, and I could trace in a few of them Light Brahma\\nshape.\\nThe cockerels breed less true to the American standard\\nthan do the pullets. The more noticeable defects are poor\\nhackle, saddle and under-color. The hackle and saddle lack\\nthe distinct black stripe in the center of the feather. The\\nsurface color may be good, but it is more apt to look smutty.\\nWhere we find the black stripe in the hackle of domestic\\nmales the English have a clouded appearance. I should\\ncompare it to a Barred Plymouth Rock with indistinct bar-\\nring\u00e2\u0080\u0094the white and black mingle. The under-color of the\\nEnglish birds is f\u00c2\u00bboo light.\\nYou ask how I would mate this English stock for best\\nresults? To produce exhibition females I would select a\\nnative male or female of typical shape and breed to the\\nopposite sex of English stock. This cross ought to and will\\ngreatly improve our Silvers. If a native male is bred to\\n44", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0048.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "The wyandottes.\\nEnglish females do not use a black breasted male. Some\\nbreeders advise this, but do not listen to them. We are\\nstriving to produce open laced birds. How, I ask, can we\\nhope to succeed without having the white somewhere from\\nwhich to draw. My experience has been such that when I\\nwant good pullets I use a light male every time.\\nHow would I produce up-to-date standard males? Well,\\nthere you have me. I do not know. It is a hit or miss\\ngame. I am in the experimental stage now, but I have\\nlearned nothing definite as yet. I am inclined to the opin-\\nion, however, that we will have to practice single matings\\nand then we may fail. Too much white is required to pro-\\nduce the open laced breast, fluff and shank, not to have\\nit appear in under-color of hackle and saddle. So far as I\\nam concerned I should like to breed standard birds, but if I\\ncannot then I prefer to take my chances in the show room\\nwith a male bird having almost perfect lacing on wing,\\nbreast, fluff and thigh, though he be faulty as I have indi-\\ncated. Why am I so particular to detail the faults of English\\nstock? Well, we hear so much lately about English Silvers\\nthat many an American may be induced to give up hardly\\nearned money for this stock, expecting to get something\\nlike the picture on the wall. For this reason I dwell upon\\ntheir faults as I find them. On the other hand, I find many\\nvirtues and I would not be without this blood for twice what\\nit cost me\u00e2\u0080\u0094 about $150. With good horse sense and a little\\nhead work one ought in three years to have them breed\\nuniformly good birds, having eliminated most of the dis-\\nqualifications that first came. I have thus far been able to\\nretain the English or Sebright lacing and I have improved\\ntheir shape.\\nWhat is nicer than a well laced Silver Wyandotte? I\\nhave a certain pullet in mind now. Take her in your hands;\\nexamine her closely. Notice what grand centers on wing,\\nback and cushion. See the lustrous black lacing. Is she\\nnot a thing of beauty and a joy forever? Who would not\\nwork three years to produce such a bird?\\nP. H. GOSSARD.\\nWYANDOTTES IN ENGLAND.\\nWinners at the Greatest English Poultry Show-\u00e2\u0080\u0094 English Standard for Wyandottes\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Reported by a\\nProminent American Poultry Judge.\\nBY SHARPE BUYTERFIELD, LONDON, ONT., CAN.\\n[From Mr. Butterfield s report of Crystal Palace, Eondon, Eug., Poultry Show, in Reliable Poultry Journal, February, 1898.]\\nSPENT quite a little time among the Silvers, for\\nthey were a great surprise to me. I wish to say\\nthat the English are a long way ahead of us in Sil-\\nver cocks. Wyandotte cocks, Golden or Silver,\\nnumbered ten, all the winners being Silvers. The\\nWyandottes were judged by the Rev. Mr. Comberholme,\\nClayton, LeMoors, Lancashire^ a celebrated breeder of Silver\\nWyandottes who won first, second and third at the Dairy\\nShow in October on Silver Wyandotte cockerel. He judged\\nthem satisfactorily to every one.\\nFirst prize cock was a very large bird, not as good shape\\nas we would like, but the breast, fluff and thighs were more\\nperfect in lacing than we ever saw on a Silver Sebright, but\\nmuch heavier than Sebright lacing, just as much heavier as\\nthe proportionate sizes of the two breeds. And it was strong\\nenough in black so that it showed quite a greenish lustre.\\nHe was not so good in neck, hackle and saddle as our best\\nAmerican birds, but his breast! You could scarcely look at\\nany other part of the bird. It was far beyond any Wyandotte\\nbreeder s dreams. Second cock was a grand shaped Wyan-\\ndotte with grand comb and much better in neck and saddle.\\nThough very even right up to the beak in lacing, there was\\nnot strength enough in the black to give any lustre or sheen.\\nThird was another grand one, just as perfect nearly as the\\nfirst prize cock, but it was not so large. In fact, there was\\nonly one breast such as we are used to seeing in our country,\\nand of course he helped wonderfully in the class to show the\\ncontrast between the good ones and the middling ones. _\\nThere were six hens, first going to Mr. T. C. Heath. I\\nasked him to take ber out of the coop to let me examine her,\\nand though it was against the rules he obliged me. She was\\nclear in every center all over and was just heavy enough in\\nlacing so that you could see every feather s clean, white cen-\\nter, and the lacing went out as clean and distinct to the end\\nof her fluff and right under her body and down her thighs\\nto the hock joints. She was grand in flights, good in neck,\\nand larger in size than we often see. Second was very large\\nin centers, but lacing was not quite so even. Third was not\\nthrough the molt and her legs were quite pale yellow and\\nshe was a little frosted on breast, but really had a grand\\nwing and cushion. The whole six hens were fine.\\nIn cockerels the Silvers did not compete with the Gol-\\ndens. Twenty Silver cockerels faced the judge, and first and\\ncup went to T. C. Heath, also the second. The cup winner\\nwas the bird I spoke of in my last. One could not wish for a\\nmore evenly laced breast. It ran up to the beak and down\\nto the end of the fluff, and down his thighs right to the hock.\\nHe had nicely laced bars. Hackle and saddle not so good as\\none would wish, but he had grand flights. Second was also\\nfine in breast color, but a little too dark in neck and saddle.\\nThird, nice neck, neat comb, fairly good breast, nice wing.\\nTen of the cockerels had grandly marked breasts.\\nThe pullets numbered nineteen. First, cup and second\\nstood just as they did at the Dairy, when Mr. Heath sold the\\nsecond prize pullet for $90 and gave $125 to own her again.\\nThird is a little darkej than the two preceding, but is a right\\ngood pullet. The marking being heavier spoils the openness\\nand clearness of her marking and easily places her behind\\nthe other two. If she had been as large as the other two\\npullets she would have looked more open and it would have\\nbeen a hard tussle. You could easily say there were ten out\\nof the nineteen that were really good pullets. You could\\n45", "height": "3909", "width": "2772", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0049.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "THE WYANDOTTES.\\nsiv any oi the whito frosting OU the edge of the\\nfeathers which is so prevalent with us. especially when we\\nthe clean white centers and very often when we do not\\nget the large, clean centers, the frosting is very visible. The\\nEnglish breeders deserve .meat credit for their Silver Wyan-\\ndottes. They set out with the birds they got from America\\nto make them have open, clear, large -enters, and they suc-\\nled.\\nOne of the wrongs thai kept the Americans back was\\nthe standard requirement demanding spangle bars, for I am\\nsure it is impossible to breed grandly laced birds from birds\\nthat have any spangling blood about them. I hope the new\\nstandard requirements will be in accordance with the laws\\nof nature, and then the Americans will soon have a much\\nbetter and surer way of breeding grand Silver Wyandottes\\nthan heretofore. [Note The new standard has done away\\n^NiirlS^\\nPRIZE- WINNING SILVER LACED WYANDOTTES, AS BRED AND EXHIBITED IN ENGLAND, 18%.\\n(Sketched from L,ife.)\\nwith the spangle bars. Ed.] The spangle bars have been a\\ngreat curse and have discouraged many a Wyandotte breeder\\nwho has quit in disgust because good ones never came to\\nhim who used cocks such as the standard required. I do not\\nwant your readers to he led away by some saying, 0, Silver\\n/right lacing we don t want it. The English birds are\\nmuch heavier laced than any Sebright ever was. It is just\\nheavy enough to keep a fancier looking and looking, and\\nry look fills you with pleasure, just as a beautiful picture\\ndoes.\\nAs to price, Mr. Spencer told me that at the show h e had\\nrefused \u00c2\u00a325 f $12-jj for the second prize cock. I heard the\\nSilver and Golden Wyandotte breeders talking more pounds\\nfor a good bird than we talk dollars.\\nEnglish Standard for Wyandottes.\\nthat your readers can see the Wyandotte Club stan-\\ndard I herewith give you a copy, revised by the Wyandotte\\nClub, 1S94: Male, comb eight points, rose, prim and even\\non the head, full of fine work, low and square at front, taper-\\ning towards the spike which should follow the curve of the\\nneck. Head, five points, short, and head plumage silvery\\nwhite: face, bright red: beak, horn color shading into or\\ntipped with yellow; eyes, bright bay. Ear-lobes and wattles,\\neight points, bright red, medium length, fine in texture.\\nNeck, six points, well arched with full hackle, plumage sil-\\nvery white with clear black stripe through center. Breast,\\nfourteen points, full and round; plumage, web white with\\ndeep black lacing from throat to back of thighs, showing\\ngreen lustre; under-color dark slate. Keel bone straight.\\nBack, fourteen points, broad and short, color silver white\\nfree from yellow or straw color; saddle full and broad, rising\\nwith concave sweep to tail; hackle plumage same as neck.\\nTail, seven points, well developed, spread at base, true tail\\nfeathers carried rather up-\\nright, sickles of medium\\nlength, true tail feathers,\\nsickles and coverts black,\\nshowing green lustre. Wings,\\ntwelve points, medium size,\\nnicely folded to the side;\\nwing bow silvery white,\\nshoulder tops laced with\\nblack, coverts heavily laced,\\nforming at least two well de-\\nfined bars; secondaries black\\non inner and wide white lac-\\ning on outer web; primaries,\\nor flights, black on inner and\\nbroadly laced with white on\\nouter edge. Fluff, six points,\\nfull and abundant, black or\\ndark slate powdered with\\ngrey. Legs, six points, thighs\\nof medium length well cov-\\nered with soft webless feath-\\ners, color black or dark slate\\npowdered with grey; shanks\\nmedium length, strong but.\\nfine in bone, color bright yel-\\nlow; toes straight, well\\nspread, color same as shanks.\\nGeneral characteristics sym-\\nmetry, size and condition re-\\nsembling a Brahma. Carriage\\nvery graceful and well bal-\\nanced. Adults eight and one-\\nhalf pounds, cockerels seven\\npounds.\\nFemales: Comb eight\\npoints, same as male except-\\ning size. Head five points, same as male excepting size. Ear-\\nlobes and wattles eight points, same as male. Neck six\\npoints, medium length, short, full hackle, cOlor same as\\nmale. Breast fourteen points, full and round, plumage,\\nunder-color dark slate. Web white, with deep regular black\\nlacing showing green lustre. Keel bone straight. Back four-\\nteen points, short and wide at shoulder, color and lacing\\nsame as breast. Tail seven points, well spread at base, color\\nblack showing green lustre, coverts black with white cen-\\nters. Wings twelve points, medium size, nicely folded to\\nthe side, color and lacing same as breast; secondaries and\\nprimaries same as male. Fluff six points, same as male.\\nLegs six points, same as male. General characteristics same\\nas male. Hens six and a half pounds. Pullets five pounds.\\nThe points of Golden Laced Wyandottes are the same as\\nthe Silver Laced, substituting for the silver a rich golden\\nground color. They have made such great strides that in\\n46", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0050.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "THE WYANDOTTES.\\nfluff and thighs they will have it read, Centers on the fluff\\nlike breast, and on thighs continuing the lacing to the hock\\njoint.\\nPlease note serious defects for which birds should be\\npassed or left out. Males and females: Any feathers on\\nshanks or toes; permanent white or yellow in the ear-lobes,\\ncovering more than one-third of their surface; combs other\\nthan rose, or falling over on one side, or so large as to ob-\\nstruct the sight; wry tails; deformed beaks; crooked backs;\\nshanks other than yellow in color, except cocks and hens,\\nwhich may shade to light straw-color; feathers other than\\nwhite in any part of the plumage in the white variety, and\\nwhite in tail or any conspicuous spotting or peppering on\\nground of feathers in Silvers or Goldens. Disqualifications:\\nAny fraudulent drawing of feathers, dyeing, dressing or\\ntrimming.\\nGolden Wyandottes are in still greater favor than the\\nSilvers. Thirty-six cockerels on exhibition. They follow\\ntheir ideas as to breast marking, and one could never breed\\nnor see more evenly laced breasts, the lacing going out to\\nthe end of the fluff and down to the hock joint. About the\\nonly fault they find is that they can not get them yet with\\ngood striped neck hackle and saddle, though the first prize\\ncockerel was fairly well striped. The ground color or edg-\\ning on hackle and saddle is too yellow, a fault we often see\\nin America. Thirty-six cockerels competing in one class\\nshow in how much favor they are held in England.\\nThere were thirty-two Golden pullets shown. The first\\nprize pullet was grand, rich in ground color, one of the high-\\nest types of golden bay. She was not as evenly laced as the\\nSilvers and was not as well laced as some we see on our side\\nof the water, still she would rank pretty high on our side.\\nSecond was not so brilliant in bottom color, but very uni-\\nform in ground color and I think a little better laced than\\nfirst prize bird. Third was a rather small pullet, probably\\nthe evenest in lacing, but she was not so sound in bottom\\ncolor as the other two and not clear enough in bars and wing\\nend. Balance of class were pretty good had the three win-\\nners been away.\\nThe seven White Wyandotte cocks or cockerels (they\\ncompeted together) were not as good as we find at the New\\nYork Show, where all the giants meet. First and cup was a\\nvery nice shaped bird, but serrations on comb were very\\nlarge and not so nice a shaped comb as one would wish; still\\nI thought him the best of his class take him all in all. Hens\\nor pullets, fifteen in number. First, a nice white White\\nWyandotte hen with a grand Wyandotte head and very good\\ncomb. She will look better when her tail is more developed.\\nShe was hardly through the molt. Second, a very good\\nshaped hen with nice color. We noticed quite a little down\\nbetween her toes, but that does not disqualify in England,\\nthough it is a serious objection. I think we in America have\\nbeen too severe in disqualifying for this fault, as often much\\ninferior birds in every particular have had to win over those\\nwhich happened to have down that it would almost take a\\nmicroscope to find. Third, good shape and color, but not\\nquite as fit as the other two placed over her.\\nAny other variety of Wyandottes takes in the Buff,\\nCuckoo or those like the Barred Plymouth Rock, Partridge\\nand Buff Laced. They made an entry of twenty-one cocks\\nor cockerels. First went to a very nice Buff; second to the\\nCuckoo; third, Buff, a very sound tailed bird, but he was\\nquite narrow in body shape. Hens or pullets, twenty in\\n(number. First, a very nice, even Buff pullet, very sound in\\ncolor. Second, a Buff laced pullet which was really a grand\\n(shaped Wyandotte. The breast lacing was not so perfect as\\nin the other parts of her body. Third was of a very nice,\\neven buff color. Wyandottes make quite a show when 200\\n3f them are at one exhibition.\\nS. BUTTERFIELD.", "height": "3909", "width": "2772", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0051.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "RELIABLE\\nPOULTRY\\nJOURNAL-\\nCOPY RK.MTED\\nIS99-\\nGOLDEN WYANDOTTES.\\nBy SEWELL, AUGUST, 1899.\\nIn characteristics, shape, standard requirements and plumage the Golden Wyandottes are similar to the Silver Wyandottes, (see page 34).\\nexcept that where the ground color of the Silvers is white, in the Goldens it is a golden bay. The improvement in the\\nGolden Wyandottes during the past few years has been most pronounced, some breeders of the variety show-\\ning specimens so fine that they can almost be compared with the work of a first class artist\\nwith a brush. They are worthy of their name, The Beauty Breed,\\n48", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0052.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "THE GOLDEN LACED WYANDOTTES.\\nILVER WYANDOTTE breeders find it rather\\nhumiliating to be obliged to admit that the\\nbreeders of the golden variety are ahead of us\\nfrom a fancy point of view, but such is the case,\\nand we might just as well admit it and then look\\nfor the cause. There is no getting around the fact, the Golden\\nWyandotte breeders are not only producing individuals that\\nexcel the Silvers, but they are able so to mate their pens\\nthat a greater per cent of good birds are bred therefrom.\\nWhile we wish to give full credit to all fanciers who make\\nimprovements, we wish to call attention to the fact that\\nGolden Wyandottes are easy to breed as compared with the\\nSilvers. One would think at first glance that a Golden\\nWyandotte, which is the counterpart of a Silver Wyandotte,\\nexcept in color, would be just as hard to breed, but the fact\\nremains, the old heads learned it long ago, that the hardest\\ncolor in the world to get right is the color on which the sun\\nhas the most effect. In the Silvers variety we have just such\\na color. It is the hardest to produce and one of the very\\nhardest to hold after we get it. The golden color of the\\nGolden Wyandotte is less affected by the sun than the color\\nof any of the other members of the Wyandotte family. For\\nthis reason it is one of the first to show a decided improve-\\nment in fancy markings. We do not wish to be understood\\nas claiming that there is no great amount of patience or\\nskill required to breed Golden Wyandottes. Far from it.\\nThey are one of the hardest of the parti-colored varieties to\\nget right, but they are not so hard as the Silvers.\\nThe marked improvement in this variety of Wyandottes\\nin the past few years is astonishing, and its promoters may\\nwell feel proud of the record it has made as a fancy fowl. In\\nthe past few years I have handled specimens that were\\nsimply wonderful. The markings were so fine that one\\ncould in justice compare them with the work of some first-\\nclass artist with a brush. This is true of both male and\\nfemale, but more especially of the male. Where we find the\\nmost trouble is in the color of the back and breast of the\\nfemale, and this trouble is brought about by the same cause\\nthat is holding the Silvers back, which is, mating birds to-\\ngether whose breeding for years has been on different lines.\\nI hope for the good of the Golden and Silver varieties that\\nthe feathering as shown on the charts may become a fixed\\nstandard in the breeding of these popular fowls, so that we\\nmay all have a fixed purpose in our mind when we make our\\nmatings, and not go on guessing forever. I have tried to\\ngive you some ideas, especially about the back of a Wyan-\\ndotte, which if put in practice will be to the best interests\\nof the breed. Time will prove it. The Wyandotte is not a\\nSebright. That fact every breeder must have firmly fixed\\nin his mind. They not only differ in markings, but\\nalso in the formation of the feathers. If you will take the\\ntrouble to compare a feather from the back of your best\\nWyandotte female with one from the back of your best Se-\\nbright, you will find that the Wyandotte feather has a dif-\\nferent form and more closely resembles a Hamburg feather\\nthan a Sebright.\\nImportance of Under-color.\\nIt is my honest opinion that it is impossible to produce\\na strain of birds that will last three years without a good\\nper cent of dark slate in the under-color. You must have\\nblack in the blood or you cannot lace your birds with it.\\nWhen you try to put Sebright lacing on all sections you\\nsimply run out of coloring matter and when the bird molts\\nas a hen, you have a faded under-color with a mixed sur-\\nface color that makes her good for nothing but to eat, as she\\nis no longer fit to breed. I admire open centers on our\\nWyandottes, both Silver and Golden, but I want it on the\\nsurface in such feathers as are shown on the chart, which\\nare just such feathers as are winning in England and other\\nforeign countries where color breeding is farther along\\nthan in America.\\nThe markings of our females simply follow nature and\\nif we go to her for our ideas we seldom go wrong. The\\nmarkings on the breast are larger than on any other section\\nand they gradually grow smaller as they approach the tail.\\nIn the standard description of them and in the cuts we have\\nhad made, we have tried to conform to that rule. When we\\ntry to reverse nature s ideas, we get a big white center in the\\ncushion of our pullets, and the next season we get a back\\nthat is a disgrace to the name of Wyandotte. In addition to\\nthis, we get a white under-color that crops out in the wing\\nprimaries and the roots of the tail in females, and we get a\\nbroad white band on the breast of our cockerels. Where\\nwe gain in one section we lose in three others, and it seems\\nto me we would better try to improve along other and safer\\nlines. The Golden Wyandotte breeders have produced some\\nvery fine open centered birds, but they are no more hand-\\nsome than a bird with medium centers that are clean cut\\nand clear.\\nWe sometimes make a fad a hobby-horse to ride down\\nhill and this has been the case with the open laced Wyan-\\ndottes. The New York show has had much to do with this\\nand comparison judging has played no small part in en-\\ncouraging this color fad, not alone as regards Wyandottes,\\nbut all varieties of fancy fowls. We favor comparison only\\nso far as it conforms strictly to the standard. When it\\nleaves the standard and allow three and four-pound birds\\nto win prizes as has been done, then we say, you would bet-\\nter get back to the score card as soon as possible.\\nThe color cuts for the Golden variety are just the same\\nas for the Silver, using a ground color of silver in one vari-\\nety and a ground color of golden in the other. In shape they\\nare a fac-simile of the Silvers, or should be, and what we\\nhave said of the shape of the Silvers refers just as forcibly\\nto the Goldens. The points that I would advise amateurs\\nto guard against in making a selection of this breed are as\\nfollows: First, see that the markings are clear cut and that\\nthe under-color is good, not white or gold. In females be\\ncareful of the outside edging of gold which is so frequent\\nin the laced varieties. See that the inside of the feather\\nis clear and not specked or flecked with black. In mating\\nyour birds, try to mate a male and female that have the\\nsame kind of markings and whose golden centers are as\\nnear the same size as possible.\\nNote Mr. Ira Keller has given us one of the best arti-\\ncles ever written on the Golden variety. His illustrations\\nare up-to-date. He is one of the best breeders of this vari-\\nety in America, and his open laced birds are much admired\\nby fanciers of the Goldens wherever shown, but still I warn\\nthe amateur against too open centers. Remember your ex-\\nperience, no matter how intelligent you may be, is very lim-\\nited, compared to that of a man who has been in the busi-\\nness seventeen years. He can make a mating produce fine\\nspecimens where the amateur would only make a poor show-\\ning. The fifty per cent color rule as illustrated in the chart\\nis safer for the amateur to try to produce, and many such\\nbirds can be found in Mr, Keller s yards.\\nTHEO. HEWES,\\n49", "height": "3909", "width": "2772", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0053.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "a\\nU\\nM\\nd\\nnl\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2a\\no\\no\\nS\\no\\n0\\n2\\no\\nG\\nO\\no\\n3\\n*e\\no\\nu\\na.\\na\\ncj\\n(M\\no\\no\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2d\\nc\\no\\n50", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0054.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "THE GOLDEN WYANDOTTES.\\nA Beautifully Marked Variety\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Superior for Table Purposes\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Good Layers\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Their Origin\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Standard Requirements in Lacing of\\nFeathers\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Reproduction of Feathers from Live Specimens, with Comments Thereon\u00e2\u0080\u0094 How to Mate to Produce\\nStandard Colored Birds\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Introducing New Blood\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Judicious Inbreeding Necessary.\\nBY IRA C. KEI^IvSR, PROSPECT, OHIO.\\nN WRITING of one of America s most beautiful\\nproductions in poultry, it is not our intention to go\\ninto a lengthy account of its origin, for most of the\\nbreeders of to-day are familiar with this subject.\\nThere are a number of families of the Goldens. The\\nmost successful was the Winnebago strain, originated by the\\nlate Joseph McKeen, whose name will live in the history of\\nthis variety of fowls.\\nIn 1880 Mr. McKeen crossed the Winnebago fowl with\\nthe Silver Wyandotte to produce the Golden. He crossed\\nand recrossed the offspring with the Silver until there was\\nbut one-fourth of the Winnebago blood remaining. So the\\nGolden Wyandotte of to-day has but one-fourth to one-\\neighth of the Winnebago blood left. The Winnebago fowl\\nwas a large black-red bird, somewhat the shape of the Wy-\\nandotte, with rose comb, red lobes and yellow legs. The\\nplumage of the male was much the same as that of the Part-\\nridge Cochin, while the hen resembled the Malay Game hen.\\nOther strains were made by using the larger Wyandotte as\\nthe foundation, crossing with Partridge Cochins, Golden\\nHamburgs or Brown Leghorns for the desired end. As soon\\nas the McKeen Goldens were put upon the market the own-\\ners of the other crosses soon learned that their birds were\\ninferior. They drew blood from the fountain head, so to\\nspeak, and continued to cross the large Winnebago strain,\\nuntil now the different types do not vary to a great extent.\\nOur experience in breeding them dates back to 1882, and\\nwe have watched the different strains with much interest.\\nThe crossing with the Silver Wyandotte gave the Golden\\nnew blood and vigor. It is a hardy fowl, with flesh of the\\nfinest quality, probably not equaled by any other fowl except\\nthe Indian Game. Its skin is as yellow as gold. As an all-\\nthe-year-round layer, it has few equals and not many super-\\niors. As to the number of eggs laid during the year, we\\nhave personally known of egg contests where the Golden\\nWyandotte excelled the Plymouth Rock. Not only have we\\nmade this test, but we know of other breeders who have put\\nflocks of the two breeds under the same treatment and con-\\nditions and got the same results as we did. A breeder in the\\nsouth recently wrote to us that his Golden Wyandottes had\\noutlaid his Brown Leghorns under like conditions.\\nClaims to Utility, as Well as Beauty.\\nIt has been claimed by their admirers that the Golden\\nWyandotte is one of America s greatest general purpose\\nfowls. Add to their usefulness their beauty, and you have\\nan ideal fowl. Where can be found a fowl that carries so\\nbeautiful a plumage upon so useful a form? The female has\\na deep, rich golden color with almost every feather richly\\nlaced with black; while in the male, the color runs from\\nrich gold to a peacock green, nearly as brilliant as the latter.\\nThis combination of fancy plumage on a Wyandotte form\\nproduces an ideal fowl. The Wyandotte shape is strictly its\\nown, no other fowl having a shape like it. The broad, full,\\nround breast, the broad back, the deep body, the short, wide-\\nspread tail, and short legs with heavy thighs combine to\\nmake the Wyandotte a meaty fowl throughout. We know\\nof but one breed that carries so much breast meat.\\nWe said fourteen years ago that in due time the Golden\\nWyandotte would become popular the world over. We had\\nshipped them to ten different foreign countries. To-day\\nthey are popular in Europe as well as in this country in\\nfact, are bred nearly the world over, and there are more of\\nthem being sent abroad now than ever before. In England\\nthe Wyandotte is one of the most popular breeds.\\nDifferent Varieties of Wyandottes.\\nThe Wyandotte breed is divided into a number of sub-\\nvarieties, the Silver and Golden Laced, Buff Laced, Violette\\nLaced, White, Black, Buff, Golden and Silver Penciled and\\nColumbian. So if one admires the Wyandotte form, he can\\nsuit his taste as to color. How many of these different colors\\nwill stand and become popular we are not able to say. Some\\nmay go to the wall. We sometimes think the Wyandotte\\nshould have been bred as a laced fowl, and we think it would\\nhave been better for the breed, as the original was laced.\\nHowever, there is room for them all. The more varieties,\\nthe more breeders; the more breeders, the more and better\\npoultry shows, more and better poultry journals and more\\ntrade in general. The Golden variety furnished the founda-\\ntion for the Violette Laced, Buff Laced, Buff and Partridge\\nor Golden Penciled, as it is called.\\nThe Wyandotte does well and yields good returns under\\ngood care, in close confinement or with free range. The\\nGolden variety is well adapted to the city breeder, for it does\\nnot show the dirt or soot so much as its lighter cousins.\\nThough it does well in confinement, it, however, likes free\\nrange, as does all poultry. I think I never saw a fowl that,\\nif given its liberty, would range so far away as the Golden.\\nIt is not an uncommon thing for them to range nearly one-\\nhalf mile away from their sleeping quarters in search of\\ninsects. We all know that the more a fowl ranges, the bet-\\nter it does. They mature and feather rapidly and are ready\\nfor the table at an early age.\\nPleasure in Breeding for Fancy Points.\\nThe Goldens are an interesting and fascinating variety\\nto breed, as there are so many fancy points to breed for.\\nAnyone who breeds laced fowls knows what he has to look\\nafter to make a success of it. The careful and watchful\\nbreeder never feeds his chicks that he does not notice their\\nprogress in growth and the new plumage appearing. He\\nwill note the laced wing coverts of the little cockerels; will\\nwatch the first lacing to see whether the gold color is good.\\nThen the rich color and striping of the neck and back ap-\\npear. He keeps close watch on the breast to see the beauti-\\nful lacings coming. .They appear at three weeks old to three\\n51", "height": "3909", "width": "2748", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0055.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "T11K WVANnoTTKS.\\nmonths, ana Improve till the bird is eight to ten months old.\\nWhen a breeder Bees one of his cockerels developing a nice,\\nin striped nook ana back, with correct wing ana a well\\na wins bar, with breast ol largo, open center lacing to\\nsuit his aye, a good form ana good bead points, he will\\nwatch that youngster with an intense interest. He will give\\nhim every care, ana the following winter the bird will be\\nheard Of In the show room.\\nHe watches the development of the pullets with the\\nsame interest. First the lacing appears upon the wing\\nShoulders, then the lacing that forms the wing bars next\\nappears, while he awaits with more interest the lacing of\\nthe back ana cushion. If this comes clear laced, free from\\nmossing, he knows that he has a promising bird. A clear\\nlaced back visually carries good lacing on the wings. Next\\n|RR C KELLER\\nPR?SPtCT- Ohio\\nTHE BEAUTY BREED GOLDEN WYANDOTTE MALE\\nhe notes the lacing of the breast, and keeps a close watch\\nof the breast and cushion, for these two sections are apt to\\nget poorer. The cushion is liable to become mossy, and the\\nlacing of the breast is liable to grow weaker. If all sections\\nhold good and improve until the chick is eight months old\\nand the bird has the proper lacing of the right sized centers,\\nwith the correct, deep, rich, golden bay color, good form and\\nhead points, she will be a winner.\\nThere is more interest in producing the correct lacing\\nupon the different varieties of the Laced Wyandotte than\\nupon the Sebright or Polish, for the two latter varieties have\\nbeen bred so many years that one rarely sees a specimen\\nthat is not well laced. Not so in the Wyandotte. It contin-\\nually throws a good per cent of pullets that are not prime in\\nlacing. Some have mossing, while others show weak lacing\\nof breast. The Golden has always been a profitable fowl for\\nthe fancier. Good specimens have been in heavy demand\\nin tact, the demand at good prices has been in excess of the\\nsupply. It is no uncommon thing for a fancy Golden Wyan-\\ndotte to sell all the way from $5 to $100, and large numbers\\nexchange hands at good prices each year.\\nTHE MALE.\\nWe next take up the male and shall endeavor to clearly\\nindicate the faults and the good points as they, now exist in\\nthis variety of beautiful and prolific standard-bred fowl.\\nThere is something very attractive about the Golden Wyan-\\ndotte male. In him we have the beautiful, compact form\\nand the strength and sprightliness of a medium-weight fowl.\\nThey are not as slo.w of motion nor as sluggish as the heavy\\nAsiatic. A ten-pound Wyandotte male is active, steps\\nlightly, is very proud in his bearing. His crow is not shrill\\nlike that of a Leghorn, nor dull and\\nheavy like that of a Brahma or\\nCochin, but has a rich, full, mellow\\ntone that is pleasing to the ear. It\\nis a sound good for a man to hear\\nwhen he awakes at early morn. It\\nspeaks to him of health, strength,\\nvigor, and seems to say, It is time\\nthe work of to-day was under way.\\nShape of Male.\\nAll breeders of standard poul-\\ntry rightly consider shape to be one\\nof the most important points, as\\nserving the utility value of the\\nbreed or variety and adding much\\nto the beauty of it. A Wyandotte\\nmale perfect in shape is not often\\nseen, and the same is naturally true\\nof all other varieties. Perfection is\\na very difficult thing to attain. The\\nGolden Wyandotte is rapidly im-\\nproving in shape, and to-day a per-\\n:._ son may see a goodly number that\\napproach perfection in shape.\\nThere is a diversity of opinion\\namong breeders as to the correct\\nWyandotte male shape. Notice the\\ncut of Major 8th, a Golden Wy-\\n_-^_ andotte. The shape of this male is\\ngood. He stands for the general\\ntype that pleases the writer, with\\nsome exceptions. The comb is a\\nlittle low, is too flat upon the head\\nand is a trifle wide, although, as the\\ndrawing shows, this comb is really\\na good one. The head is also good;\\nit is short, with the required broad\\nskull, not long, narrow and snaky\\nin appearance. The eye is bright. The wattles are of me-\\ndium length and well rounded. The neck is not long and\\nscantily feathered, but is of medium length, is well arched,,\\nshowing vigor, and is abundantly feathered.\\nThis male bird as shown in the etching, is good in back\\nshape, a section that is often faulty by being too narrow and\\ntoo straight from center of back to tail. Notice particularly\\nin the drawing the broad, strong back and the full concave\\nsweep to tail.\\nThe breast of this bird shows up full, broad, round and\\nis carried well down a valuable utility feature of the bird,\\nfor the meat is there. Avoid, in your breeding bird s, flat-\\nness and narrowness in breast, both in males and females.\\nThe tail is one of the most beautiful sections of a Wyan-\\ndotte. It should be only of medium length, V-shaped, with\\nabundant coverts and lesser sickles, The Wyandotte tail\\n52", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0056.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "THE WYANDOTTES.\\nshould not be pinched and flat, as frequently seen, but well\\nspread apart and reasonably full. This section has been\\nhard to produce and control in the Golden Wyandottes, and\\ntoo few of our breeders have given close enough attention\\nto it. It does not matter how good a bird is in other re-\\nspects, if it carries a poor tail. This detracts greatly from\\nhis beauty.\\nThe body of the Wyandotte male should be of medium\\nlength and abundantly feathered. The thighs should be\\nstrong and well meated; shanks straight, stout, of medium\\nlength and set well apart the width of your hand.\\nPlumage of Male.\\nWe present herewith two half-tone engravings,\\nshowing photographic reproductions of actual feathers\\nplucked from two exhibition Golden Wyandotte males, prize\\nlacing of these feathers, also the bright clearness of the out-\\nside lacing of the hackle, back and saddle feathers. Note\\nalso the perfect evenness of the under-color of all these\\nfeathers.\\nFeather No. 1 on this plate, a hackle feather, shows\\nwhat I call a laced feather, something like that of the Polish.\\nThe inside center follows evenly on either side of the shaft\\nand stops at the right place, that is, does not extend through\\nthe black lacing. This gives us a far more beautiful feather\\nthan the standard description (see Plate II) and every\\nbreeder of experience knows that he cannot produce the\\nlarge, open centers on the females by using males of the\\nstyle of neck hackle shown on Plate II. Laced Wyandottes,\\nwith Golden and Silver, have a tendency toward the laced\\nneck, and to-day some strains produce a neck plumage\\nnearer like Plate I than like Plate II. The Standard of\\nPlate II\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Showing Photographic Reproduction of Feathers Plucked from a 2-Year-Old Golden Wyandotte Cock.\\nwinners at the great New York show. The feathers demon-\\nstrate what has been produced in this variety on single spec-\\nimens. They are not presented as perfect feathers, though\\nsome of them are practically so. They were reduced in size\\nabout two-fifths by the artist, and while the engravings of\\nfeathers are the best we have seen to date, they do not do\\nthe originals full justice. A lustrous, greenish black and a\\nsoft golden bay make a combination that is extremely diffi-\\ncult to photograph, and still harder to represent in plain\\nblack and white. In these feather plates the gold centers\\nand lacing do not show up as clear cut and even as in\\nthe originals, but they will do very well in illustrat-\\ning our meaning and in showing the progress that has\\nbeen made.\\nPlate I shows eleven feathers from a Golden Wyandotte\\ncockerel. These feathers are pretty near our ideal, though\\nnot quite standard. Note the perfect striping and perfect\\nPerfection should be changed in this section so as to allow\\nfor this center inside of the striping. A number of breeders\\nhave bred for this for several years. They know that they\\ncan not produce standard-laced females if they use the solid\\nstriping in neck and back of the male.\\nNext let it be observed that the bird from which the\\nfeathers shown in Plate I were plucked was laced in all sec-\\ntions. Feathers No. 2 were taken from the upper and lower\\nbreast. These are nearly perfect. The centers are not quite\\nperfectly carried, with reference to the shape of the feathers,\\nbut such feathers the breeders call good. No. 3 is a wing\\ncovert that forms the wing bar. This feather is full laced.\\nThe Golden Wyandotte, ever since its origin, has had a ten-\\ndency toward breeding these laced wing coverts, and rightly,\\nfor this is one of the main sections in controlling lacing. A\\nspangled bar has the tendency to throw (that is, to breed)\\nspangles, or spangling in the females. Note carefully the\\n53", "height": "3909", "width": "2772", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0057.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "T1IK WYAN1XV1TKS.\\ni bar of the male presented on pa so Tho more\\neven we oan havo tho feathers that form this bar. the better.\\nFeather No, 4 is front the shoulder, ami is praotioally\\nperfect Nos, 5, 6, 7 and S are back ami sadaio feathers.\\nThese may be pronounced perfect, according to our Btan-\\nTho camera has not brought out clearly the striping\\nof these feathers. Tho stripes in Nos. i;, 7 ami S oml at the\\nproper place, with the sola edging extending entirely around\\nthe stripe at the points of the foal hois, and tho inside tenter\\nwhat the standard calls a diamond\u00e2\u0080\u0094 runs down in the\\nstriping to a noodle point, so tine the naked eye can Hardly\\nsoo it. and the same with the black striping. The engrav-\\nings oannot he expected to bring these fine lines out in their\\nnatural distinctness.\\nI ask breeders of this variety to note particularly feather\\nNo. S. This is one of the last feathers of the side, what I\\nfinyi emir NEviYoffn nfC\\nBlIVWlB\\nIRA OKtUfR-\\nTmSKKT o-\\nGOLDEN WYANDOTTE PULLET FASHION, A PRIZE-WINNER AT NEW YORK\\ncall a lower side hanger. Look your cockerels over to see\\nhow many feathers you can find like this one, showing equal\\nstriping. You will find large numbers with scarcely any\\nstriping on these lower feathers. Many breeders never\\nthink of this lower striping. I have called attention to it\\nmany times. Even most of our judges overlook it. These\\nfeathers, when striped, add great beauty to the bird, and\\nbelong to the saddle, which the standard requires to be\\nstriped.\\nNo. 9 shows a very pretty feather selected from the fluff.\\nNo. 10 is one of the bird s tail coverts. These tail coverts\\nare usually black, but the reader will observe that this one\\nis laced. Such feathers add beauty to the bird, and a male\\nthat carries well-laced tail coverts will transmit, to a degree,\\nthis lacing to the coverts of the female, an important sec-\\ntion, while if the male s tail coverts are solid black you may\\nexpect very small centers, or none at all, on the female.\\nAs I said before. Plate I represents my ideal plum-\\nage for a Golden Wyandotte male, both in lacing and as\\nshowing a breeding bird of the kind that will produce fe-\\nmales (either Golden or Silver) with open centers all over;\\nalso males with elegant striping and breasts well laced, hav-\\ning large centers. The standard of 1893 made a wonderful\\nstep forward when it called for a lighter colored Wyandotte,\\nthat is, a narrower laced one. The black crows, as we\\nwould now call them, were once considered to be good, but\\nthe tendency toward open centers and lighter colored birds\\nhas been present ever since I first knew anything about the\\nGoldens, or their Silver cousins. When it is the natural\\ntendency of a breed or variety to become more beautiful,\\ncertainly the standard should be changed to accord with it.\\nPlate II shows six feathers selected from a cock bird two\\nyears old. Note the evenness of the undercolor in all sec-\\ntions. Feather No. 1 is from the neck. This\\nfeather is very evenly striped, but the strip-\\ning is carried too far down through the gol-\\nden edging, otherwise it is perfect. No. 2 is\\ntaken from the saddle or back and is a per-\\nfect feather. Observe the striping and the\\ncenter of this feather. No. 3 is a shoulder\\ncovert, clear in color, not of a black or\\nsmoky color. No. 5 is taken from the center\\nof the breast. This feather is not as good as\\nit should be. The center is too straight and\\nsmall, and is not true with respect to the\\nshape of the feather. No. 6 is a wing covert,\\nforming the bar. The lacing of the feather\\nis not true enough and breaks over the shaft.\\nNo. 4 is selected from the fluff and is, in our\\nestimation, a perfect feather. It adds much\\nto the beauty of the fowl, and every breeder\\nwho knows his business wants the fluff and\\nlegs well laced.\\nThe Laced Wyandottes still have some\\nfaults as to fancy points, but the last five\\nyears have witnessed a greater improvement\\nin them than was expected. The best breed-\\ners of them have made great progress. The\\nold-time smuttiness of neck, hackle and sad-\\ndle feathers is not now seen so often; they\\nare much cleaner, in fact, one may now see\\nmany specimens at our shows with almost\\nperfect necks.\\nGolden males are now often seen whose\\nbreasts are laced from the throat down past\\nthe thighs, in fact, such birds are now com-\\nparatively easy to produce. Very few now\\ncome with spangling on the lower breast,\\nunless mated too light.\\nThe comb is to-day probably the most faulty section on\\nWyandottes, although there has been a rapid and marked\\nimprovement here. In your matings avoid a too large and\\ntoo broad comb, and have the combs of males and females as\\neven and shapely as possible.\\nHowever, the male Wyandotte has been wonderfully\\nimproved, especially in shape, in gold .color and in lacings.\\nWe now see far fewer smutty necks, the right depth of gold\\ncolor has been reached in both sexes, white in ear-lobes has\\nalmost entirely disappeared, and stubs on the shanks\\nwhich were very common in the variety s early history\\nare seldom seen now.\\nIt is astonishing what careful, systematic and intelli-\\ngent breeding will accomplish in the course of ten years.\\nLet those who can recollect the crude specimens of only\\nthirteen years ago, place them, in the mind s eye, alongside\\nof the best specimens of the breed as they exist to-day, and\\n54", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0058.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "THE WYANDOTTES.\\nponder on and take new courage from the wonderful con-\\ntrast. It is indeed a fascinating work.\\nGOLDEN WYANDOTTE FEMALE.\\nIt is difficult for one to say which is the more beautiful,\\nthe male or female Golden Wyandotte, as both possess great\\nbeauty. Certainly one can find beauty enough in the female\\nto satisfy the eye of the most ardent fancier. She has a\\nshape differing from that of any other breed of fowl.\\nHer head should be short, deep and medium broad, with\\nbay eyes, red ear-lobes, wattles of medium length and a rose\\ncomb that is low, of medium width, curving with the s hape\\nof the head and terminating with a neat, small spike. The\\nneck should be broad and full, of medium length and well\\narched. The back should be short with a gentle rise and\\ncushion. We like to see the breast quite full, broad, deep,\\nis very attractive to the eye, with her large, open, golden\\nbay centers, laced with rich greenish-black. The lacing\\nvaries greatly, and a person often sees breeders who use\\nbirds with the small centers, the feathers on the back only\\nshafted or striped with bay, showing no lacing at all. The\\nbreeder who has persevered in breeding for open centers has\\nbeen well paid. It is nature, for ever since I have known the\\nlaced Wyandotte I have found that its tendency is to breed\\nto larger centers.\\nThere was a dark-bird fad some years ago, and most\\npeople wanted dark Wyandottes. As a result a great injury\\nwas done to the breed. This affected the Silvers more than\\nit did the Goldens. Some people still want them dark. One\\nof our old judges claims that the dark birds are the best.\\nThe trouble lies here: Some six years ago the standard\\nfirst called for a lighter Wyandotte and it has now become a\\nPlate III Showing Seven Excellent Feathers Plucked from a Grand Golden Wyandotte Hen.\\nwell-rounded, and the keel bone carried well down between\\nthe legs. Thighs should be short, stout and well meaced.\\nBody and fluff well developed. Tail, short, well spread like\\nthe letter V and carried a little upward.\\nHere we have an almost ideal fowl in shape, for utility\\nas well as for beauty. The Golden Wyandotte has been\\nknown to lay as many as 200 eggs in a year, and this from a\\nbreed that carries a weight of from six to eight pounds for\\nthe female, and eight to ten for the male, with a quantity\\nof flesh that but few breeds equal, fairly entitles them to\\nrank high as a general purpose fowl. The pullets develop\\nquickly and begin to lay at an early age.\\nPlumage of Female.\\nShe has a style of plumage that is hard to produce in\\ncorrect color and markings, like that of several other parti-\\ncolored fowls. The standard Golden hen or pullet of to-day\\ngeneral demand. Some of the breeders were slow to catch\\non and got left. To change a breed or variety, from dark\\nto light in lacing, can not be done in a year or two. The\\nbreeders who have always been breeding for medium cen-\\nters, and have, of late years, increased or enlarged them,\\nhave reaped a rich harvest.\\nEvery loving fancier of the Wyandotte prefers the open\\nlacing, as shown on the hen Fashion, presented on page 54.\\n(See also her feathers in Plate III.) This hen had no moss-\\ning and was full laced all over. Mr. Sewell s sketch of her\\nis quite good. Her shape was not the best. Her tail should\\nbe carried a little higher, her cushion should be more abund-\\nant, and the breast should be more full. Her comb is\\nstraight, where it should curve with shape of head. Other-\\nwise I like her.\\nThe plumage of this grand hen is shown in Plate III.\\n55", "height": "3909", "width": "2772", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0059.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "3\\no\\nI\\n2\\n*o\\nO\\n*o\\ni)\\nO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a23\\nU\\na.\\na\\no\\nti\\nu\\nc\\nS\\no\\n13\\no\\n3\\nb\\na\\no\\n3", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0060.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "THE WYANDOTTES.\\nThese feathers were plucked when she was two years old.\\nThe engraver has reduced the size of the feathers about one-\\nthird.\\nFeather No. 1 is a hackle, nearly perfect. No. 2 is taken\\nfrom the breast and is good enough. Nos. 3 and 4 are from\\nthe wing. These are excellent, though at the end of feather\\nNo. 4 you will note it does not carry the shape of the center\\nas well as does No. 3, it is a little too pointed. No. 5 is a\\nback feather taken from between the shoulders. This is\\ngood. No. 6 is a cushion feather. In lacing, shape of feather\\nand center I call No. 6 perfect. No. 7 is a cushion or lesser\\ntail covert. Note how perfect this center is. It may be\\nseen that this center is perfectly clear. Also note the deep,\\nuniform under-color shown in all these sections.\\nThe lacing of this hen is carried well back in the fluff\\nand the greater part of the fluff is laced, a valuable point in\\na breeder. A hen with so uniformly good plumage is not\\noften seen. Pullets are now often produced with this uni-\\nform and open lacing, but comparatively few of them molt\\nin as clear laced hens. They usually come out of the molt\\nwith clear breasts and wings, but seldom with a clear back\\nand cushion. If clear in cushion the breast lacing has prob-\\nably run out.\\nWe next take up Plate IV. Here we have ten feathers\\nselected from a pullet with very narrow lacing. All these\\nfeathers are from the one bird. Of course they are not all\\nperfect. The size of these has also been reduced about one-\\nthird or a little more. The reader will notice that the width\\nof these lacings is quite uniform in all sections, and I know\\nyou will agree with me that this looks much better than\\nwould be the case were the centers only one-half as large.\\nFeather No. 1 is a neck hackle. It is very good, but has the\\ninside center, like that described in the male, page 53. Here\\nis what I like, and I know from experience that this kind of\\nlower hackle feathers are extremely necessary to produce\\npullets with plumage like that shown in Plate IV. I\\nshould like the standard to allow these inside centers. They\\nmay be either large or small, just so the outside black stripe\\nis sharp, clean cut and black, and the golden edging is clear\\nas in the plate, where you will note the stripe ends at the\\nproper place. There is no outside gold edging on this pullet.\\nFeather No. 2 is a lower breast feather, and No. 3 an\\nupper breast feather, near the throat. No. 3 is perfect, while\\nin No. 2 the center is a little more on one side of shaft than\\non the other. Nos. 5, 6 and 7 are from the wings. These are\\nperfect, or what we would call such. The color of the lacing\\nis an intense greenish-black, with no edging, no mossing.\\nNo. 7 is from the fore part of the wing, No. 5 is from the\\ncenter, and No. 6 is from the second row that forms the two\\nbars. With centers of this size or larger, one will find that\\neach center on the bird shows to splendid advantage, and\\nthe two rows of bars will be distinctly seen. With this size\\ncenters one sees about three-fifths of gold or white, and two-\\nfifths of black.\\nNo. 8 is taken from the back, between the shoulders, and\\nis a good one, still it is not quite perfect. No. 9 is a real\\ngem. How could it be better? Here is a good feather to\\ncarry in one s eye. It is really a gold standard. No. 10 is\\na tail covert, and very good, still the center at the end\\nshould be carried farther down and conform with the shape\\nof the end of the feather.\\nIn this female we have the happy medium, each section\\nthe same in depth of lacing, which makes the bird look uni-\\nform in all sections. Here we have a Wyandotte of surpass-\\ning beauty. Put this plumage on a fairly perfect form and\\nyou have a bird that will win in very fast company, one that\\nis worthy of the name, the Beauty Breed.\\nI wish to speak here of lacing more particularly than of\\nthe shape. I hope some day to be able to produce these cen-\\nters with the ends broader, more like our best Sebrights.\\nThe centers are now too sharp in both the Golden and Silver\\nWyandottes. We have these broad centers in the Buff Laced\\nWyandottes.\\nNote again Feather No. 2 in Plate IV. If the sharp\\npoint to this feather were not there and the outside lacing\\nwere not so heavy at the end, but were as narrow as the\\nside lacing, would it not be pretty? These large, round-end\\ncenters can be produced. We know one Silver Wyandotte\\nbreeder who has accomplished it, and the lacings on the\\nwings does not overlap so much, but looks more like rings.\\nWhile our best show pullets look like perfect birds, indeed\\nthey are not yet near perfect. There is still a vast amount\\nof room for improvement.\\nHow I wish they bred as true as the Sebrights! Think\\nof the Wyandotte being scored at present as high as the best\\nSebrights! They are all scored too high. I do not believe\\nthere is a Sebright in America that will honestly score over\\n95 points.\\nThe greatest fault of the laced Wyandotte is the mossing\\nof the centers. This is very hard to work out. A pullet may be\\nfree from mossing her first year, but when she is two years\\nold she may not have a clear center on her. But not many\\ndo as poorly as this. They usually molt in with at least a\\nclear breast and clear wings. It is slow work breeding this\\ndefect out, but time will work wonders.\\nThe hens that show the clearest centers should always\\nbe kept as breeders. Spangling has disappeared fast, combs\\nhave been greatly improved, and so has the shape of the\\nfemale. The type does not now vary so much. Especially\\nin the Goldens this short, blocky shape was seldom seen a\\nfew years ago. The Golden formerly was longer in body,\\nhad more length of leg, and was a larger and coarser fowl\\nthan the Silver, but to-day one sees Goldens with the true\\nWyandotte shape, and we see a great many more of them\\neach year.\\nMATING COLDER WYANDOTTES.\\nThe art of breeding is a great study and an intensely\\ninteresting one. While one gains much from experience\\nwhich is really the best teacher\u00e2\u0080\u0094 still the amateur gets\\nmany points from reading that it would take him years to\\nlearn from experience, though perhaps the teachings of the\\nlatter are less easily forgotten. I may say that what I know\\nabout Golden Wyandottes I have learned chiefly from expe-\\nrience; but I realize that could some one have told me\\ntwelve years ago exactly how to mate, I should have made\\na great deal more money. I am in the poultry business, like\\nmost others, for what I get out of it, and I find it as profita-\\nble as many other lines of business. Fancy poultry can be\\nmade to pay, and pay well, and I know of no better paying\\nvarities than the Wyandottes. Like other breeds, they must\\nbe well mated to produce best results, and no good birds\\nneed be expected from poor matings. Stock that has been\\nwell mated and bred in line for a number of years, though\\nnot of the highest grade, will, if properly mated, produce a\\ngood per cent of very fancy birds. Blood will tell, and will\\nshow its good qualities as well as bad. On the other hand,\\nan excellent mating of carelessly bred stock can not be\\ndepended on to reproduce itself. Too many persons in the\\npoultry business think they must introduce new blood from\\na different strain each year, and so go backward instead of\\nforward, because nearly every breeder s birds differ some in\\ntype and plumage. When these different types are crossed\\nsome of the offspring resemble the male, some the female,\\nand some resemble neither. Then such breeders generally\\nget a male from another type to mate with the pullets of the\\nseveral types, and the next season they have nothing good,\\nscarcely any two chicks resembling each other. This is my\\n57", "height": "3909", "width": "2772", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0061.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "PllK WYANOOTTKS.\\nIf you .cot what you want from a reliable breeder\\nwho has a well established strain, and who breeds large\\nnumbers, buy your new blood of him. He probably under-\\nede breeding much better than you ana be does not\\ninbreed enough to injure his stock. If he is honest be will\\nnot furnish you stock that is too closely related. I would\\nnot give a cent for specimen tor breeding inn-poses, no\\nmatter how tine it is. if it bad not been inbred, for it will\\nseldom reproduce itself. Inbreeding is a great factor in the\\noss of the fancier of poultry, horses, cattle, hogs or\\nsheep. The height of perfection can not be reached without\\ninbreeding. The type of inbred stock will be easily seen in\\nmost of the Golden Wyandotte breeders do not understand\\nwhat golden bay means. Some think it is a light shade of\\ngold, others think it a chestnut or red. It is a color hard to\\ndescribe. If you should take an eighteen karat gold and mix\\nred with it, you could get the Color, though of course it\\nwould all depend on how much red you added. Golden bay,\\nas I understand it, is a dark rich gold, but not bay. We see\\nbay in its perfection in the horse family. Most of the Golden\\nWyandottes that judges usually call prime in color are too\\ndark a gold or bay, or too red. And here I might say that if\\njudges paid enough attention to color in this breed they\\nwould not score so high. I have often noticed them scoring.\\n-_ OHIO BOY 15* ^America*\\nFJRST PRIZES AT 01)Cfl 159?\\nPlflST PRIZES /ITNEWYORK.I899\\nBRED *\\\\ND owned By\\nIRA GKELL fV-\\nPROSPECT, OHIO-\\nPRIZE- WINNING GOLDEN WYANDOTTES.\\nFirst Cock at Chicago and New York, 1899. First Pullet at New York, 1898 and First Hen at Chicago, 1899.\\nits get. If you see a nice flock of birds that closely resemble\\neach other, ask the breeder if he inbreeds, and he will tell\\nyou that he does. I do not advocate inbreeding Golden\\nWyadottes closer than, say, first cousins. Some breeds will\\nstand more and closer inbreeding than others, but never, if\\npossible to avoid it, breed a male and female that have the\\nsame faults.\\nColor.\\nThere are many points in breeding Golden Wyandottes\\nto be considered. First, I will speak of color. I find that\\nThere will be, for instance, a row of ten cockerels the sad-\\ndles of which are clear and well striped, but each of a differ-\\nent shade of gold. Seldom will one be cut for color, while\\nusually there is but one in the class that should be pro-\\nnounced perfect in the color of that section.\\nTo Produce Proper Color and Markings.\\nIf your females are too red or bay, you should use a\\nmale that has a light, even, rich gold color. This will\\nlighten the color in the offspring. But never try to produce\\nthe desired change of color in one season, for you can not\\n58", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0062.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "THE WYANDOTTES.\\nestablish a medium color from two extremes in one cross.\\nThe deep red or chestnut color of the breed is more deeply-\\nseated in the male than in the female. And these deep col-\\nors are necessary to keep up a good golden bay.\\nIf the males are too red, select those females that have\\nthe light, mellow gold color and a golden bay male, or if you\\nhave not such use a male of the red color. This will produce\\npullets approaching near the golden bay. Mate these pullets\\nto a deep, rich, golden bay male and you should get the\\nproper shade of color in a few specimens at least.\\nIn breeding for open centers of cushion you will lose the\\ndepth of breast lacing of the female. To produce these\\nlarge centers select your females that have them and select\\na male that has a strong, well-laced breast with\\nnot too large centers, with the plumage in neck,\\nback, wing and saddle like that shown in cock-\\nerel plumage in Plate No. I. Such a mating\\nshould produce a fair per cent of pullets with\\ngood sized centers all over, and nice, very open-\\nlaced cockerels. In producing a good, strongly\\nlaced male use cockerels from above mating on\\nfairly heavily laced females. If the females are\\ntoo open, so as to grow quite weak in breast,\\nuse a male that is quite as strongly marked as\\nplumage of cock in Plate No. II. Some of the\\npullets will be quite well laced all over of a\\nrather heavy nature. These, if mated to a male\\nwith plumage like that of cockerel in Plate No.\\nI, will produce some pullets up to the standard\\nrequirements in lacing, and from this mating\\nyou will get a good per cent of standard marked\\ncockerels.\\nTo produce pullets with clear, open centers\\nall over, a fair per cent of which will not molt\\ninto clear-centered hens, use a male with plum-\\nage in each section like cockerel plumage in\\nPlate No. I, and keep it up year after year and\\nyou will accomplish it. Remember by breeding\\nWyandottes heavily laced you do not get clear-\\ncentered hens. You must breed open-centered\\npullets to molt into clear-laced hens. You have\\nmany sections to look after and improve in both\\nmale and female. If you have a bird that has\\none or two sections quite perfect and is fairly\\ngood in other sections, use it, and you will\\nstamp your stock. It is best to always select\\nthe males for breeding that have the best aver-\\nage plumage, color, shape and comb. Then niate\\nto females of the proper width of lacing. One,\\nto be successful with the breed, should be pre-\\npared to make many matings, for if you have\\nten females you wish to mate with a male, it is\\nnot likely that over two to four will mate with\\nhim well. You would better only mate one or\\ntwo properly than the whole ten improperly.\\nYou will have much better birds at the end of the season.\\nIf they are not well mated you can not get very many good\\nchicks. It is hard to get of any fancy breed a dozen females\\nto match a male exactly. Some think small matings are\\nvery expensive, but I assure you, if mated right they pay.\\nI should advise breeders to pay more attention to thigh\\nand leg lacing. Have them well laced, as they are one of\\nthe most beautiful sections. Breed for them. I like to see\\nthe lacing commence at the throat and run past the thighs\\nwithout a break. We have produced lacing on a male s legs\\nevery center of which was nearly a quarter of an inch wide,\\nand fluff or thigh lacing seven-eighths of an inch wide. On\\nfemales we have had it half an inch wide.\\nBear in mind that the richer the gold of the shafts of\\nboth male and female, the better and prettier will be the\\ndark slate under-color, which may be mixed with gold or\\nbuff. This is another very important point in breeding.\\nLook after the wing bar of the male to see whether it is\\nwell laced. It should be, for it plays a very important part\\nin the lacing of the female. If the secondaries of both male\\nand female are well laced, so much the better. Produce all\\nthe fluff lacing you can on both sexes, just so the lacing is\\nblack. A laced fluff is much prettier than one powdered with\\ngold and black. We produce many specimens in which\\nnearly every feather of the thighs is laced clear down to the\\nshanks. Look at the tail filling, I call it, the feathers that\\nfill in between the tail behind. If these be laced, so much\\nthe better. The more the short tail coverts of the male are\\nFIRST PRIZE GOLDEN WYANDOTTE COCK, NEW YORK, 1898.\\nThis Golden I,aced Wyandotte Cock, bred and owned by Jesse A. Moon, of New-\\nLondon, Conn., was winner of first and Gold Special in his class at the 1898 New York\\nshow.\\nlaced the better, especially the lower ones, for these play an\\nimportant part in producing the large open tail coverts of\\nthe pullets. Try to produce all the plumage of the breed\\nlaced, except the male tail feathers, the sickles, hangers, and\\nthe fluffy portion of the rear part of the fowl. This lacing\\ncan be produced as I have said and shown. It is not theory,\\nas we have accomplished it. We have produced lacing of the\\nfluff of both sexes in goodly numbers to almost the size of\\nthe breast lacing. I may say here that I have devoted almost\\nmy entire time for over thirteen years to this fowl and I\\nhave accomplished a great deal in the way of improvements\\nin all sections. Breeding will accomplish wonders. It is my\\naim to help others to produce better Wyandottes and more\\nof them, to create more breeders and to bring the different\\ntypes closer together. I wish to say here again that by pro-\\nducing a bird with lacing in all sections we will have a fowl\\napproached by none in beauty. IRA C. KELLER.\\n59", "height": "3909", "width": "2772", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0063.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "THE BEAUTY BREED.\\nThe Qualities that Should be Found in Line-bred Stock to Produce Exhibition Specimens.\\nux FRED r.. MASON, PABIUS, N. Y., SUCCESSOR TO H. D. MASON SONS.\\nORTl NATELY. while the breeding of high-\\nclass exhibition Golden Wyandott.es is a sci-\\nence that requires thought and study, at the\\nsame time it is both pleasant and profitable.\\nAs a variety they have been before the public\\nfor about twelve years and are fast gaining in popular-\\nity. The American fancy has had the extreme dark and\\nalso has been threatened with the extreme light or Sebright\\nGolden Wyandottes, but has settled down to a medium col-\\nored Golden Wyandotte, as now described in the American\\nStandard of Perfection. We have bred the Golden Wyan-\\ndottes as a specialty since their first introduction, and have\\nfound them to be great layers and grand for table use,\\nbesides being the most handsome fowl in existence.\\nWe are strong advocates of line breeding and have prac-\\nticed the same for many years. We produce both males and\\nfemales from the same mating and believe it to be the only\\ncorrect way to establish a reliable strain. In selecting your\\nbreeding stock, first consider the qualities that should be\\nfound in all Wyandottes, namely: good Wyandotte shape,\\nyellow legs, good size, bay eyes, and a good comb. Form an\\nopinion as to the relative values of the qualities found in\\nyour Golden Wyandottes and seek each year to breed out\\nthe most serious defect with as many of the remaining\\ndefects as possible. You may think it advisable to sacrifice\\na little in comb, or size, cr perhaps a little in shape in a few\\nspecimens, in order to stamp in your stock something fine\\nin feather markings, which the others do not possess. If\\nyour stock reaches standard weight at maturity without the\\naid of surplus fat, be content and do not seek to add to their\\nsize, as it will rob them to a great extent of two of the most\\nimportant qualities that should characterize the Wyandotte,\\nnamely, egg production and early maturity. If your stock is\\nundersized and you wish to retain them on account of fine\\nfeather markings, do not try to remedy the defect in size in\\none season by procuring an extra large male, but try to\\naccomplish the desired end in two or three matings.\\nIn females choose those that are as near to standard\\nrequirements as possible. Aim to have the golden center in\\neach feather from one-half to two-thirds of the width of\\nf-ach feather, and also to conform to the shape of the web of\\nthe feather. The widest centered feathers should be found\\non the breast, and gradually decrease in width as they\\napproach the tail. Strive to have the lacing on the end of\\neach feather no wider than on the side. In selecting your\\nmale see that he is not defective in body under-color.\\nRemember the wing bar and have it well laced, as it plays\\nan important part in the production of fine pullets. Have\\nthe centers of the feathers that form the wing bar or wing\\nrts of a deep bay color with a lacing of glossy black. In\\nthe saddle feathers have the inside center of each feather of\\na deep golden bay, laced with black, the whole to be fringed\\nwith golden bay. In the hackle we prefer a golden shaft\\ndividing the black center in equal parts, the same to be\\nfringed with golden bay. The center of each feather in a\\n60\\nmale s breast should not be over two-thirds of its width, and\\neven a little less than one-half of the width of the feather if\\nyou are troubled to confine the golden centers in the female s\\nbreast. Strive to have each feather from throat to thighs\\nwith a golden bay center, the same to be laced with lustrous\\nblack and sharply defined. We prefer tail-coverts with rich\\ngolden bay centers of about one-half their width, also gol-\\nden shafts to the sickle feathers, and a golden bay center in\\nthigh feathers of not more than one-half their width.\\nIf you wish to deepen the color of the centers in the\\nfemales, use a male that has deeper color, as he has greater\\npower to transmit color than the female. It has been our\\nexperience that the deeper the color of the centers the easier\\nit is to hold the lacing. Do not use a bird with white in the\\ntail, as that is a defect that should have long ago disap-\\npeared. And if a bird shows white in wings, do not use him\\nunless he be excellent in most sections, and poor in none.\\nLearn to discriminate between natural white and white\\ncaused by accident or injury. A large percentage of the\\nwhite found in wings is caused by an injury to the feathers\\nin their early growth, and especially is this so of the white\\noccasionally found on the wing tips.\\nHe who thinks of breeding fancy fowls, either for pleas-\\nure or profit, or both, will make no mistake in selecting the\\nGolden Wyandottes. Try to obtain stock from a breeder\\nwho has a good reputation, one whose birds have many gen-\\nerations of ancestors of the same blood line to hold and\\ntransmit the qualities that they possess. Remember that the\\ndegree of excellence that the line bred Golden Wyandotte\\nmay attain is largely due to feed and care. If you do not\\nfeel able to start with fowls, you can buy eggs and soon have\\na flock of fowls that will be greatly admired by your friends\\nand- neighbors, and cause you to be a life-long friend and\\nchampion of the Beauty Breed.\\nFRED G. MASON.\\n[Note Mr. Mason is a strong believer in medium cen-\\nters on both males and females, and his stock shows that he\\nproduces this type of bird in both sexes to a marked degree.\\nHe has had the best training along these lines from his\\nfather, the late Mr. H. D. Mason, who, during his life, was\\none of the best posted Golden Wyandotte breeders in Amer-\\nica. Mr. Mason advocates safe ground for an amateur to\\nfollow, and even the old heads, who speculate too far on\\nextremes in color, are only too glad to get this conservative\\nblood to put them back in line. Golden Wyandotte breeders\\nhave some advantages over breeders of the Silver variety, as\\nthe golden color is not so much affected by the sun. The\\nGolden Wyandotte breeder has advantage also in that he can\\nproduce good males and females from the same yard. Mr.\\nH. D. Mason showed the writer cockerels and pullets that\\nwere full brothers and sisters and they all possessed the cor-\\nrect shape and color markings to qualify them for show\\nbirds. The strong points of the parents were equally repre-\\nsented in both males and females. The same mingling of\\ncolor in the Silver variety would show cockerels not so well\\nmarked as the Goldens, while the pullets would be stronger.\\nWe call the reader s attention to this, as each breed or vari-\\nety has its own peculiarities in mating and there is much to\\nbe learned.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Editor.]", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0064.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "THE WHITE WYANDOTTES.\\nBREED of fowls of recent origin stands as high\\nin the commercial world as does the White Wy-\\nandotte. Its reputation is not restricted to\\nAmerica, but wherever this fowl has been bred\\n1 to any extent, it is recognized as the middle\\nweight fowl par excellence for table use. To this quality is\\nadded their remarkable egg-producing ability. Under\\nspecial circumstances a pen of this breed has yielded 210\\neggs per bird in one year.\\nAside from their commercial value they are the fancy\\nfowl which has a greater number of admirers than any other\\nsolid colored variety in the American standard. Their\\nhandsome white plumage, fine symmetrical outlines, well-\\ndeveloped breasts and thighs, low rose combs and blocky\\nbuild develop the amateur who breeds them into a fancier.\\nThey attract a great many from the outside world to our\\never-growing army of poultry enthusiasts. This breed of\\nfowls will in time be recognized as the Plymouth Rock s\\ngreatest rival in every section of the country. The Ameri-\\ncan fancier may well feel proud that its origin is strictly\\nAmerican\\nWhite Wyandotte Shape.\\nThe shape of this variety is the same as that outlined in\\ncharts 1 and 2. As you will remember, the female used as a\\nmodel for chart No. 2 was in reality a White Wyandotte, a\\nwinner in the Boston show of 1898. By referring to the\\nchart and the description of the same in the discussion of\\nthe silver variety, you will get all the information that is\\nnecessary along this line, and I am sure anyone who reads\\nunderstandingly will be able to make a better selection of\\nhis breeding stock.\\nIn many parts of the country there will be found birds\\nof this variety that look shorter on their legs than the\\nstandard requires and they are often cut by the judges for\\nthis apparent defect. If you have a specimen of this kind\\nin your yard, make a careful measurement of this section.\\nYou will find as a rule, that your eye has misled you. I\\nhave found that White Wyandottes, especially the females,\\nhave longer plumage around the thighs and fluff than the\\nother varieties of Wyandottes have and for this reason the\\nbirds look a trifle squatty or short on their legs. These ap-\\nparently short-legged birds have as a rule, short backs and\\ndeep breasts, and are, in fact, the very birds you want to\\nbreed. Do not understand me as favoring a duck leg on a\\nWyandotte. I want the shank long enough to meet the\\nrequirements of the standard as illustrated in the chart, but\\nI caution you to look carefully for the long plumage and see\\nif the bird is in reality as short legged as it appears.\\nIn this variety as well as the other varieties of the Wy-\\nandotte, look well to the shape of the back, for without a\\ngood back you can absolutely make no progress toward per-\\nfecting a strain. If the back is good you invariably get other\\ngood points which go a long way toward making an ideal\\nfowl.\\nColor of White Wyandottes.\\nThe new standard is very severe on the color question\\nand breeders of this variety will have to be very careful in\\nthe selection of breeding stock if they expect to pass muster\\nin the show room. Any flecking on a feather will be con-\\nsidered a serious defect, and if shown on more than one\\nfeather it disqualifies the specimen. Breeders are spending\\n6\\nlots of thought trying to discover how to breed stay white\\nbirds. Some are trying different kinds of food, others keep\\nthe birds in the shade and still others advocate sunshine.\\nThe fact of the matter is, if you have the color in the blood\\nit is going to crop out sometime, and the only way I know\\nto get rid of it is to breed it out. A breeder with a lot of\\nwork and patience can get any bird in show color so can\\nany woman change the color of her hair, but it is only an\\nartificial color and it will fade. What we want in a white\\nfowl is absolutely white plumage, not yellow or cream, but\\npure white. It is true that we have only started on color\\nbreeding and the faker who has learned the art of changing\\ncolors has a big advantage over the honest man who has\\nonly nature to help him, but the latter will win in the long\\nrun and he will be honored as the trickster can never hope\\nto be.\\nTo successfully breed any of the white varieties and\\nplace them on exhibition free from sunburn or yellowish\\neast, is a big undertaking. We find just such specimens\\nevery winter at our western shows and they are bred that\\nway and have not been artificially bleached into show con-\\ndition. The per cent of these pure white birds is small, we\\nadmit, but there are enough of them to show what can be\\ndone and to furnish material with which to work. Breed-\\ners should feel encouraged and should strive still harder. In\\nthe west we do not know when to get a bird s record or\\nwhen to keep it out of the show room. There is more or\\nless yellow in the new feathers of our very whitest birds.\\nThis yellow will show for a time, or in fact, as long as the\\nquill is used to furnish the matter to make the feather. This\\nis what we term the immature life of the feather and the\\nspecimen is not in shape to show when its plumage is in this\\ncondition. If a specimen is white before molting, it will be\\nwhite after the molt. All you have to do is to give them\\ntime to color down as we put it. Sunburn or copper color\\nis a serious defect in a White Wyandotte and in my judg-\\nment should be discounted as severely as the black flecking.\\nTo have a few feathers come with a slight tracing of\\nblack or dead color in the back, neck and wings, is a great\\ndisappointment. Still if we will stop to think a minute, we\\ncould not expect anything else. The White Wyandotte came\\nfrom the Silver cross and they certainly have a certain\\namount of black blood in them which must come to the sur-\\nface once in a while, but the yellow cast is not inherited\\nfrom their ancestors and we can surely get rid of it by judic-\\nious mating. This sunburn appears more prominently in\\nthe male and is found on the neck, back and shoulders prin-\\ncipally. It is easy to understand why it should appear on\\nthe neck and back, but why it should crop out on the wings\\nis something of a puzzle. The hackle and saddle being com-\\nposed of long feathers, it is hard for nature to supply oil\\nenough to protect the outside from the severe heat of the\\nsun, but the shoulders are composed of short feathers and\\nnature should be able to keep them white. In scoring for\\nthis defect, the cuts run from one-half to one and one-half\\nin all sections. Should there be a trace of flecking, the cut\\nwill be from one-half to one point more in each section.\\nShould the neck be good on the surface but show a yellow\\ntint underneath, the cut would be one-half point. If the\\nwings are good on the surface, but show yellow quills in the\\nsecondaries and flight feathers, the cut is one-half to one,", "height": "3909", "width": "2772", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0065.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "..it*.- A \u00c2\u00abs- 9j=-\\nRtUflBLf POULTRY-JOURNAL\\nCOPYRIGHT\\nWHITE WYANDOTTES.\\nBy SEWELL, NOVEMBER, 1899.\\nCharacteristics, shape and standard requirements are substantially the same as those given for the Silvers except that the color of this\\nvariety is pure white. See color-plate frontispiece.\\n62", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0066.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "THE WYANDOTTES.\\naccording to the degree. If a bird shows off-color in any\\nsection, such as grease or paint or any foreign substance,\\nthe cut is one point, and the cut should be made in the con-\\ndition column and the sections affected should be designated\\nwith a check mark on the card.\\nFeeding for Color.\\nFeeding to produce a pure white color has been a serious\\nstudy with some fanciers, and some have proved that it has\\nan effect in particular cases. Considering my own experi-\\nence, I say look to nature for your remedy and study nature\\nfor the cause and effect. It is reasonable to suppose that a\\npart of the diet of a fowl goes to form the coloring matter\\nof its plumage and we have learned that it is a fact that\\nsome foods contain much more of this coloring matter than\\nothers. After a feather is grown you can do nothing to\\nchange it, that is, it is a finished production and feeding any\\nparticular diet cannot change it. But there was a time in\\nthe history of the feather when you could have helped na-\\nture to add a different shade to it. That was the time when\\nthe feather was growing and its quill was full of sap. If at\\nthat time we had fed for color, being careful not to allow\\nour fowls anything but the whitest kinds of food, we could\\nundoubtedly have helped to make the plumage white, but\\nafter the feathers are matured it is too late to remedy the\\nfault, unless we want to pluck the fowl and try it over. If\\nyou wish to help the color of your fowls it must be in the\\nmolting season, as that is the time and the only time when\\nfood can affect the plumage.\\nWhite Wyandotte Females.\\nWhat has already been said in regard to the defects in\\nthe shape of the Silver and Golden Wyandotte females may\\nproperly be applied to the White, Buff and Black varieties.\\nThis is true also of the color of the eyes and earlobes, so I\\nwill not tire you by repeating it. In discussing the white\\nvariety, I shall mention a few of the defects found in the\\nplumage, and shall warn the amateur not to believe his best\\nspecimen is pure white until he has carefully examined\\nevery section on her for off-colored feathers. I was in a\\nyard of White Wyandottes a few months ago and was told\\nby the owner that he had a flock that he could guarantee\\nwere pure white in every section. I asked him if he meant\\nthat they were absolutely white without any coloring of any\\nkind. He said they were and that he would give me every\\nbird that he could find with any sign of black or brown in it.\\nMy friend, I said, you may just as well ship all of them to\\nme, for you have not a bird on your place that is absolutely\\nfree from ticking in all sections. He became indignant\\nand asked me if I thought he was a fraud. No, I said, you\\nare not a fraud, but you do not know as much about White\\nWyandottes as you think you do. He began to catch the\\nbirds and run them over carelessly, claiming that they were\\npure white, but when I began to show him where to look for\\nthe off-feathers, he soon learned that he did not have a sin-\\ngle bird that was absolutely white. The White Wyandottes\\ncame from sports of the Silver and there is black blood in\\nthem, so that it is just as natural for them to throw a few\\nfeathers ticked with black as it is for them to grow. It is\\nnot an impurity, it is the natural outcropping of that black\\nblood and it will be years before it entirely disappears.\\nI think the present standard is entirely too severe on\\nthis variety, and a close application of it will lead to faking\\nand feather pulling on the part of exhibitors. I am sure the\\njudges do the breed an injustice by disqualifying for the\\ntrace of flecking so often found in their plumage. If the\\nspecimen shows unmistakable signs of foreign color, then\\ndebar the bird, but where faint traces of flecking appear,\\ndiscount them from one-half to one and one-half, according\\nto the degree. The plumage throughout, including the\\nquills, should be pure white and when yellow or straw color\\nappears, the cut is from one-half to one and one-half. This\\ncut refers to every section of the bird, but the discoloration\\nmost often appears in the neck, back, wings and tail.\\nThe legs and toes are the same as the Silvers and the\\ndiscount is the same, but there is a defect in the color of legs\\nnot so often met in the Silvers. I refer to the pale or white\\nshanks. The shanks should be yellow and when they are\\npale or light colored the cut is from one-half to two, accord-\\ning to the degree. THEO. HEWES.\\n63", "height": "3909", "width": "2772", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0067.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "STANDARD-BRED WHITE WYANDOTTES.\\nr /ie Best Breed for Broilers-, .itid ;i Keen Rival for Highest Honors as the Best General Purpose Fowl\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Points on Breeding\\nthis Beautiful and Useful Variety to Standard Requirements.\\nuv aktiuk G. nrsTox, BREEDER] m.\\\\ri,uoro, mass.\\nKK.M1T me to sot forth in a plain way some\\nA?^J thoughts in regard to the mating and breeding\\nOf the noble White Wyandotte that may be of\\nvalue to the loaders of this book. The White\\nWyandottes are true sports or albinos of the\\nSilvers, and were brought out by a number of breeders at\\nabout the same time. They were admitted to the standard\\nin 1SSS and for some years enjoyed considerable popularity,\\nbut later they hardly held their own. I know when I first\\nbegan to breed them they were a very small class in our\\nshows. Often the entry of one breeder formed the whole\\nexhibit. It must have been much easier to win then!\\nIn 1894. after trying several of the more popular breeds,\\nI at length decided to handle but one variety of one breed,\\nand do my best with that one. Finding that the White Wy-\\nandotte made the best broiler and roaster; that it is of quick\\ngrowth, standing heavy feed and forcing; that it is an early\\nand prolific layer, docile and exceedingly beautiful withal;\\nin fact, that in my hands it proved to be the best all-round\\nbird of the five kinds I tried, I discarded the others and\\nbecame a specialist. I have faithfully advertised them and\\nwhen occasion offered have written about them (as have\\nothers) until to-day the White Wyandotte is one of the most\\npopular varieties of standard-bred fowls. Now it is often\\nthe largest instead of the smallest class in our shows. They\\nhave only to be tried to make friends.\\nIn writing of mating it will not be out of place to give a\\nshort description of the two birds shown in the frontispiece\\nas being somewhat ideal. The cock is a stay white bird\\nand so is the hen. Both have fine heads, rather stout, with\\na low comb of nice shape which, when chicks, were well-\\npebbled. Their backs are short, rising to the tail, which\\nshould always be short and fairly well spread. The body is\\ndeep with a full breast and considerable fluff, and it is set on\\na pair of stout, yellow legs. Such birds are active and will\\nreproduce themselves in a good percentage of the chicks.\\nNow a few words in regard to the breeding pen. If we\\ncould start with a pen of ideal birds it would be quite a sim-\\nple matter to breed winners, provided, of course, that their\\nparentage was up to standard and the blood of the males and\\nof the females was not antagonistic, ut nicked, as we say.\\nBut we have two, three or ten females with Wyandotte\\nshape and only a difference in the carrying of the tail or\\nhead, or one s comb is a trifle hollow, or some one of a hun-\\ndred minor differences is apparent in each bird. Hence we\\nmust watch carefully what males we put with these females.\\nIt would be difficult for anyone to tell exactly how he puts\\nup two birds, and he cannot always tell why.\\nI think cne of the first considerations is the breast. Try\\nto get a male standing wide apart with a generous fullness\\nin breast. Never put a hollow-chested male (which is a bad\\nfault) with females having the same defect. We want the\\nbent combs we can get, but never discard a choice breeder on\\nount of the comb unless the defect amounts to a disquali-\\nfication. The eye should be bay and the plumage white.\\nWhile we are commenting on the plumage, it might be well\\nto state that as the white variety is yet so near to the Silver\\nWyandotte, it is no wonder that we get some gray in the\\nplumage. I have seen breeders who claim that their stock\\nnever has any. If that be so, their birds must get it by in-\\nfection very soon after leaving their owners yards. We all\\nget it and there is no use in saying we do not. We are all\\ntrying to get away from it. So if you get a bird with some\\ngray in him, do not call the breeder a fraud.\\nIf the female is inclined to carry her tail too high, try\\nto overcome it in the progeny by using a male carrying a\\nlow tail, which has as much width or fullness as possible.\\nNever use a male with greenish legs or with green flecks\\nunder the scales, because from such a breeder come the\\ngreen-legged birds. I always soup them.\\nWe are all trying for greater weight and I fear we shall\\noverreach ourselves. Calls come for nine-pound cockerels.\\nDon t do it! Try to add a little to your weights each year.\\nIf you put such large males with undersized females you will\\nlose the shape and compactness so essentially Wyandotte.\\nThe best birds I ever raised or saw as regards shape, were\\nthose that were nearest standard weight. They are the neat,\\ncatchy fellows and they will cover all the claims we make\\nfor the Wyandottes. If we keep trying as the demand seems\\nto be to add a pound or two over standard weight, will we\\nnot lose the early maturing qualities in a great measure?\\nWe want a rich yellow leg, and it is almost entirely due\\nto the run the birds have. If free range on a green grass is\\ngiven them, not one per cent will fail to have as richly col-\\nored legs as you want.\\nI have tried to mention a few of the first principles of\\nmating, telling something about what we want. Bear in\\nmind to seek to weaken any defect in the female breeders as\\nfar as possible by having the same section especially strong\\nin the male, and vice-versa. This rule and a close study of\\nmy birds have given me what success I have attained in\\nbreeding White Wyandottes.\\nAfter you have your pen carefully selected and put to-\\ngether, you will be filled with manifold doubts and misgiv-\\nings, but if you have given to the work the thought and time\\nnecessary, you should have faith enough to wait and see the\\nchicks matured before you are discouraged. It is seldom I\\nwould advise making any change in a pen during the breed-\\ning season, especially on the recommendation of an outsider\\nagainst what has been your best judgment. If the birds\\nnick you win; if they do not, you lose. We have staked\\na season s get that we shall win choice specimens from our\\nmating. But it is true that two of a family of children\\nhardly ever look alike. Why, then, should we expect all the\\nget of a pen of beautiful birds to be as good as the parent\\nstock? I firmly believe that it is possible for ninety per\\ncent to come so if we are only judicious in our breeding and\\nmake careful records of all matings. I am a convert to this\\nplan, and I propose to test it thoroughly.\\nYour chicks should be culled as closely as possible by\\n64", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0068.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "THE WYANDOTTES.\\nthe time they are eight weeks old, so as to give the others\\nall the room you have, even if you have a hundred acres.\\nYour coop room is growing rapidly less as they mature.\\nYou must expect to get culls. Some hatches will be bet-\\nter than others from the same pen. Is this to be wondered\\nat when one considers the indifference with which this vari-\\nety has been bred for some years past? A prominent breeder\\ntold me that he got a much greater per cent of culls from his\\nWhite Wyandottes than from his Barred Plymouth Rocks.\\nWe are going to overcome this in a few years by selection\\nand methodical breeding.\\nRegarding the importance of keeping a record of inat-\\nings, I will give an illustration. You may believe that I\\nwish I had kept mine a little closer. I know from what pens\\nthe birds reproduced by Mr. Sewell in the colored plate\\ncame, that is, I know the father. But in breaking up the\\npens in the summer I lost track of most of the females that\\nwere in that pen. If they were mated to that male again the\\neggs from those hens would be of almost untold value to me.\\nFellow-breeders of White Wyandottes, let us take up\\nthis matter of keeping accurate records of matings with the\\ndetermination to carry it through, and then the splendid\\nteachings of Mr. McGrew in the Reliable Poultry Journal\\nwill not be in vain and we shall have lifted our prized White\\nWyandottes to such a stage of perfection that breeders of\\nother varieties will think we have discovered a lost art. As\\nwe can truthfully do so, we should always write and speak,\\nas occasions offer themselves, in favor of the White Wyan-\\ndottes. Anyone who takes to breeding this variety of Wyan-\\ndottes will find we are justified in what we say, for our\\nfavorites stand ready to verify any statement we may make\\nregarding them. ARTHUR G. DUSTON.\\nBREED TO AN IDEAL.\\nThe Selection of a Breed and Then of a Variety\u00e2\u0080\u0094 For the Beginner\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Defects Increased by Injudicious Breeding\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Ticking of\\nFeathers\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Feather Pulling\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Stay-White White Wyandottes can be Produced.\\nBY CHAS. G. ARNOLD, BREEDER, LELAND, m.\\nOW often are we asked by persons who are about\\nto start in the poultry business, What breed\\nwould you select if you were I? This is a ques-\\ntion all beginners should settle for themselves.\\ni e2, \u00c2\u00a3\u00c2\u00a3(0 9 You know best what are your likes and dislikes.\\nWe have eleven standard varieties in the American class,\\nall of which are worthy of your attention. The Wyandottes\\nare becoming more popular every year, and I wish to say\\nto those who are about to start that you will make no mis-\\ntake in selecting one of the Wyandotte varieties.\\nNo beginner should handle or try to breed more than\\none variety. There is more to learn than you imagine. By\\nthe use of the modern incubator and brooder for hatching\\nand caring for the chicks one is enabled to commence al-\\nmost any season of the year. The first step a beginner\\nshould take in the poultry business is to subscribe for some\\ngood poultry paper, such as the Reliable Poultry Journal.\\nThe knowledge I have gained from reading that Journal is\\nthe cause of my birds being what they are to-day. Each\\nissue is equal to a year s experience.\\nI have always had a great love for poultry. In 1872 my\\nuncle, while importing other live stock from England,\\nbrought over a trio of Dark Brahmas and presented them to\\nmy mother, and it was my lot to care for them. Not know-\\ning at that time that there were poultry papers to read, our\\nBrahmas soon suffered for the want of new blood, and in\\nthe course of about seven years our imported birds were no\\nmore.\\nIn 1888 I read my first poultry paper and at that time\\nhaving a home of my own, I began raising White Wyan-\\ndottes. I was quite contented with the birds I then owned\\nfor a few years. Soon I purchased the American Standard\\nof Perfection and found my Wyandottes were very defec-\\ntive. I then purchased a choice trio of a noted breeder and\\ncommenced anew. In 1895 I made my first exhibit, not for\\nthe sole purpose of winning, but for what I could learn. I\\nhave bred the White Wyandottes eight years, and each year\\nI get new and better ideas in regard to mating, feeding,\\nhousing, etc.\\nI find if I mate birds having the same defects that their\\nprogeny will show them to an alarming extent. Where the\\nfemale is defective select a male that is exceptionally strong\\nin her defective sections, and continue to breed against such\\ndefects year after year. Keep constantly in your memory\\nin what particulars your birds have been deficient and mate\\nthem so as to correct the defects in the progeny. Every\\nbreeder should have in his mind s eye an ideal fowl of the\\nvariety he is breeding. It should be better than anything\\nhe has ever seen a perfect specimen in every section. You\\nmay never be able to produce such a bird, but your flock in\\ngeneral will be greatly improved. Choice specimens cannot\\nbe produced by a haphazard method of mating. An ideal\\nmust be formed and we must breed toward it. The person\\nwho is satisfied with what he has produced and is willing to\\naccept it as good enough for him is not a true fancier. A\\ntrue fancier is one that is always striving to produce better\\nbirds. It makes no difference how good the parent stock is,\\nhe is always looking for something better and when mating\\nhas this object in view to produce better birds.\\nWhen two choice specimens are mated, should you pro-\\nduce two or three that show a marked improvement over\\nthe parent stock you have done well. Do not think for a\\nmoment that all the progeny is going to be equal to the\\nparents. You will undoubtedly raise several disqualified\\nbirds, for which no one is to blame. The best breeder s stock\\nis subject to throwing a disqualified specimen occasionally.\\nI have noticed that when I mate birds with combs smaller\\nthan medium in size I get a great many single combs, and\\nwhen I mate them larger than medium I have combs so\\nlarge that they lop to one side, causing another disqualifica-\\ntion.\\nThere is also that ticking in the plumage of the White\\nWyandotte which most breeders have been very slow to rec-\\nognize as a serious defect. It is about twenty-seven years\\nsince they were originated, and judging by all indications\\nthere is about as much of it now as then. This pulling\\nfeathers to make a disqualified specimen a star bird, is prac-\\nticed too much for the good of the breed. In the eight years\\n65", "height": "3909", "width": "2772", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0069.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "THE WYANDOTTES.\\n1 have bean breeding White Wyandottes my foremost object\\nhas boon to .cot rid of this ticking. Last season fully seventy-\\nrive nor cent Of all 1 raised were entirely free from it, and\\nfor the last four years 1 have not bred a bird of my own\\nraisins that has shown the Last particle of it. It is not SO\\nhard to brood out as a great many think. To be snre it\\ntakes time, but one s time is well spent when sueh a defect\\nis eliminated from one s strain. The white in the ear-lobes\\nis diminishing very fast, so would this ticking in plumage\\nif the feathers could not be pulled out and the bird improved\\nfor the time being. Some breeders advise pulling these col-\\nored feathers before they mature, and claim that they will\\ncome in perfectly white. This may be true, but it will not\\nbe of any benefit to the bird as a breeder. With time and\\ncareful breeding we will overcome these defects to quite an\\nextent, and I do hope there will be more attention paid to\\nperfecting this breed or any other where such work has been\\npracticed. It is as necessary to have a clear white and a\\nstay-white color on our White Wyandottes as it is for them\\nto have a nice, clear yellow leg. It is the purity of the color\\nthat makes them handsome.\\nWeight is also another important point. A great many\\nbreeders are using heavy weight male birds to increase the\\nsize of the offspring. It should be done on the female side\\nand done very gradually. There is also a tendency to get\\nthem two or three pounds heavier than the standard de-\\nmands. Their respective standard weights are heavy\\nenough. The Wyandottes are considered to be one of the\\nbest general purpose fowls and when we increase their size\\nwe prolong their maturity, and when we lengthen their ma-\\nturity we are losing in their useful qualities.\\nCHARLES G. ARNOLD.\\nTHE BREEDING OF WHITE WYANDOTTES.\\nWith Special Attention to Size, Color and Number of Eggs\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A True Breeder Must Combine Utility\\nand Beauty.\\nBY JOHN H. JACKSON, HUDSON, MASS.\\nLTHOUGH numerous articles have been written\\non White Wyandottes, I do not think too much\\ncan be said in favor of this popular variety of\\nSj J^jb fowls. As bred to-day, they are not perfect, but\\n^no other fowl, in my judgment comes as near\\nbeing an all-purpose fowl. I have bred poultry for nearly\\ntwenty years, always under my own care and management,\\nbeginning when a boy, and have found the thoroughbreds\\nthe most profitable for practical purposes. I have bred the\\nLeghorns, Minorcas and Plymouth Rocks with good success.\\nThey always yielded me a profit, but I was looking for some-\\nthing better, and believe I have found it in the White Wyan-\\ndottes.\\nIn laying qualities the White Wyandottes in my hands\\nhave equaled the Leghorns and Minorcas, and they excel\\nthem greatly for market or table purposes, while as broilers\\nthey are ready for use at any age, of any size required and at\\nseasons when most other breeds would not be in condition.\\nThey are at all times free from dark pin feathers, which is\\nthe main drawback to the black and parti-color varieties.\\nFor roasters weighing from four to five pounds nothing\\nexcels the White Wyandottes, and I do not think any other\\nbreed equals them. There are cross-bred fowls that give\\ngood results for broilers and roasters (as I have found by\\nexperience), but it is necessary to go to the trouble to keep\\nfull-blood stock on both sides with which to make the first\\ncross each season. The White Wyandottes fill the bill just\\nas well as any cross-bred fowl, and save all this extra work\\nand expense.\\nAll varieties of Wyandottes have the full, broad breast,\\nthe bulky build and firm flesh which dress well and com-\\nmand the best prices on the market. When I began to breed\\nWhite Wyandottes they did not lay very large eggs, and the\\ncolor of the eggs varied greatly from a light colored to a\\ndark brown shell. At the present time, however, the best\\nstrains lay large, richly colored brown eggs, and they lay a\\ngood many more of them than they used to. They are to-\\nday one of our very best layers, especially in winter time,\\nowing to their rose combs, which do not freeze.\\nThe White Wyandotte is a hardy fowl and the chicks\\nare easy to raise. Of course, there are poor strains in this\\nas well as in other varieties. The best strains are produced\\nby the careful breeders, by those who appreciate what is\\nreally valuable in a standard-bred fowl and work for it\\nthrough a term of years. We have every reason to believe\\nthat the White Wyandottes, by intelligent selection and\\nmating, can be brought to a very high state of perfection\\nand still hold their utility qualities to an unexcelled degree.\\nA number of years ago, when breeding Minorcas, I had a\\npullet that scored, under three different judges, 95 to 96\\npoints. She began to lay early and laid throughout the win-\\nter. I could not learn what the laying qualities of her direct\\nancestors were, but thought this bird a good one with which\\nto start a strain, so I raised all the chicks I could hatch\\nfrom her eggs and succeeded in getting quite a flock of fine,\\nstandard birds having extra laying qualities.\\nIt is in this same manner, as a result of my first s experi-\\nment with Minorcas, that I have prosecuted the breeding of\\nWhite Wyandottes. From the first I have given special\\nattention to the size, color and number of eggs laid by my\\nWhite Wyandottes, and I find that this breed, the same as\\nothers under intelligent management, responds quickly and\\nsurely to proper selection and matings. I do not claim that\\nculls will not sometimes turn out to be good layers, as well\\nas the best specimens, but the point is this: Is it not better\\nto breed from birds having good laying qualities and meet-\\ning standard requirements than to breed from fowls with\\nequally good laying qualities but not meeting standard re-\\nquirements, meaning those of size, shape and shade of color,\\nincluding other lesser points of beauty, like comb, color of\\neye, etc.?\\nAs a matter of fact there are few breeders of fowls who\\ndo not prefer fine-looking birds, even though they insist on\\nhaving good layers and fine table fowl. Many times I have\\n66", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0070.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "THE WYANDOTTES.\\nreceived letters from persons wanting to buy birds, stating\\nthat they did not want show birds, but nevertheless they\\nwould proceed to give a description of a bird, or birds, that\\nwould be well calculated to win in any show room, which\\ngoes to prove that the standard-bred fowl is the most attrac-\\ntive, even to the mind of the unprofessional.\\nIt is true that in breeding for good laying qualities, com-\\nbined with standard requirements, you will have to sacrifice\\nsome fine looking specimens, those that are below par as\\nlayers. My best success has been gained in raising only\\nas many each year as I could take good care of and in select-\\ning the best specimens for breeding, selling all culls on the\\nmarket. If one has plenty of house and yard room it often\\npays to keep the culls for fall and winter layers, disposing\\nof them the next spring when they become broody, or a little\\nlater when they start to molt. They always sell well at\\nthat season of the year in our local markets when the people\\nget tired of the frozen stuff that is marketed at that time of\\nthe year. In breeding only a comparatively small number,\\nor as many as you can take proper care\\nof, your chances of greatly improving\\nyour flocks both in standard and utility\\npoints are increased.\\nIn mating White Wyandottes I do not\\nuse the large, rangy males to get size. If\\nyou do this you are sure to get long, lanky\\ncockerels. It is from the females that we\\nget the most even size and best formed\\nmales, the blocky built birds, those not\\nabove standard weight preferred. For\\nfemales, I use good layers specimens\\nfrom six to seven pounds. I do not want\\nthem larger or heavier than this, for big\\nWyandottes do not lay as well as stan-\\ndard weight fowls. I want my Wyan\\ndotte females to be full of business, and\\nthey do not need to be an ounce above\\nstandard weights for best results. These\\nstandard weight birds are the ones that\\nmature the quickest. Still, you are com-\\npelled to breed a percentage of large birds\\nto meet the demand for breeding stock\\nmade by persons who do not appreciate\\nthe true value of Wyandottes. I hope they\\nwill learn to do so later on.\\nBreeding for good combs is a strong\\npoint in White Wyandottes. If a bird is\\ngood in every other way, but has a bad\\ncomb, it is spoiled to sell for breeding purposes, or for\\nexhibition. I believe in breeding persistently for small,\\nevenly pebbled combs. Even if you breed from a good comb\\nthat is too large, you will get many poor combs. A small\\ncomb that is uneven will not look so bad as a big comb that\\nis even. By breeding for medium combs I have had by far\\nthe best results in sales, in profits and in satisfied customers.\\nThe amateur, I am free to say, will always look for a good\\ncomb whether he knows anything about a fowl or not. The\\nbest advice I can give the amateur is to learn all he possibly\\ncan about the breed or variety in which he is interested.\\nThis is his protection.\\nThe eyes and lobes are of great importance, with refer-\\nence to the beauty of White Wyandottes. A rich bay, or red\\neye, is what is wanted. A pale or white eye gives the bird\\nan Unnatural, out-of-condition look and is despised by the\\ntrue fancier. A male with a weak lobe, that is, one that is\\ninclined to show white at times, is a poor bird to breed. It\\nwill show more or less in females according to their condi-\\ntion as layers, but a male should have a strong red lobe at\\nall times.\\nThe surface color and the shape of White Wyandottes\\nare of prime importance. My ideal bird in shape is of blocky\\nbuild. Pure white color is what is causing much discussion.\\nI much prefer a white bird, but do not believe in sacrificing\\nrich yellow legs, beak and skin for chalk-white feathers.\\nThe latter will have a light yellow or lemon colored leg,\\nwhich will turn almost white before the fowl is two years\\nold. I will not breed from a male that does not have rich\\nyellow legs and beak. I do not believe in birds that show\\nbrassiness in plumage or yellow in the quills, but there is\\ndanger of our breeding them to a point of whiteness where\\nthey will have light colored legs, beak and skin. We must\\ncompromise somewhere between the -two extremes.\\nSome of the best White Wyandottes at the late Boston\\nshow were very white, with good colored legs, excepting one\\npullet. She was standard in weight and a grand bird in\\nevery way, with chalk-white plumage, but she was light in\\ncolor of legs. With proper care and attention birds with\\nfine yellow legs, beak and skin can be placed on exhibition\\nFIRST PRIZE PEN OP WHITE WYANDOTTES AT AMESBVRY, MASS.,\\nDec. 1897 Average Score, 95J\u00c2\u00a3 Points. Bred and Owned by J. H. Jackson, Hudson, Mass.\\nwith their plumage snow-white, but even the best of them\\nare very apt to show more or less of the objectionable yellow\\ncast in surface plumage as the birds grow older and are ex-\\nposed to all kinds of weather. In my opinion it is better to\\nsacrifice color to this extent rather than breed out the good\\nmarket qualities, viz: yellow legs and skin.\\nIn writing this article I have based the statements on\\nfacts obtained from my own experience. Although not so\\nlarge a breeder as many others, I give them my constant\\nstudy and have been successful with my matings. I tnink I\\nhave produced as many high-class specimens proportion-\\nately to the number raised, as any other breeder of White\\nWyandottes who has still held to and improved the utility\\nqualities of the variety. Birds of my breeding have scored\\nto 96 points and a fraction, and won honors in strong com-\\npetition, which is proof enough to my mind that utility and\\nbeauty can be combined in the White Wyandotte. I, there-\\nfore, take the ground that it. is the true fancier s duty to\\ncombine the two, sacrificing in the long run neither the one\\nnor the other. I hold that both are essential to true success\\nin producing this or any other popular American^ ^variety\\nthat has a commercial value.\\nJ. H. JACKSON.\\n6:", "height": "3909", "width": "2772", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0071.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "A PRACTICAL FANCY FOWL.\\nWhite Wyandottes the Fowls for Amateurs\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Their Origin \u00e2\u0080\u0094Pre-eminently the Breed for Broilers-\\nUnexcelled Market Fowl Comparison with Other Breeds\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Early Maturity\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Good\\nLayers, Sitters and Mothers Selection of Breeders.\\nBY RALPH I. DUNI.Ar, BREEDER) JACKSONVILLE, ILLINOIS.\\n.0 MUCH has been written about the White Wy-\\nandotte that it seems an almost useless task to\\nendeavor to tell anything new. But if we con-\\nsider for a moment that old saying, When you\\nget a good thing push it along, a few remarks\\nwill perhaps not be out of place. The theory of the origin\\nof the White Wyandotte which is generally accepted, is that\\nthey are sports of the Silvers. And this no doubt accounts\\nfor the little gray ticking and the splashes of gray which are\\nfound in the plumage of so many specimens.\\nThe shape which the standard demands for the Wyan-\\ndotte is one that I consider almost ideal. I hardly think\\nthat it could be improved. It is a shape that catches the eye\\nof all, whether it is seen in the show room or on the farm;\\nby the fancier or the utility man. While the standard does\\nnot call for Wyandotte shape in Plymouth Rocks, yet 1 have\\nnoticed that a Rock with Wyandotte shape presents a very\\npleasing appearance and is very much admired by a great\\nmany people. Why? Because it gives to the bird that full-\\nness and compactness of form that is possessed by no other\\nbreed.\\nIt is rather a difficult task to find words with which to\\ndescribe the Wyandotte shape, although the term blocky\\nexpresses it about as well as anything. This distinct blocky\\nshape is very striking even when the chick is first hatched\\nand it grows more striking as the bird becomes older. I once\\nheard a person remark, I do not like some of the fastest\\nrace horses because they are so ugly. Now, if the swiftest\\nracer were also the handsomest animal, he would be greatly\\nadmired by all. How is it with the Wyandotte? In my\\nhumble opinion they come nearer having an ideal shape\\nthan any other breed, and they are not only a handsome\\nfowl but they are business birds from the word go. This\\napplies to the whole Wyandotte family, for what is standard\\nshape for one variety is standard shape for all.\\nWhen it comes to the question of size I will select the\\nAmerican class every time, for the Wyandottes and Ply-\\nmouth Rocks are not so large and clumsy as the fowls of tne\\nAsiatic class nor so small and nervous as those of the Medi-\\nterranean, but they are just right a happy medium.\\nThe comb is another splendid feature of the Wyandotte.\\nThey have a comb that is low with no high points to freeze;\\none that has a neat and healthy look, and one that gives to\\nthe bird the same pleasing appearance that a nice hat does\\nto a well-dressed man. Any one who keeps fowls during a\\ncold winter can realize the value of such a comb from a\\nutility standpoint and it is not devoid of beauty, either. An-\\nother good feature of the Wyandotte is its clean, yellow,\\nieatherless legs. What an advantage it gives them for mar-\\nket purposes, besides they can run about in all kinds of\\nweather, without carrying a large tract of real estate around\\non each foot, soiling and breaking their feathers.\\nAfter noting the excellent characteristics of the Ameri-\\ncan class in general and of the Wyandotte family in par-\\nticular, then comes the task of selecting a variety of this\\nnoble breed. There are the Blacks, Buffs, Goldens, Silvers\\nand Whites, named in the order of their popularity, begin-\\nning with the least popular. I had never seen a White Wy-\\nandotte before I decided to breed them and sent for eggs.\\nYet I did not merely stumble on a good variety as some\\npeople do, for I had read a great deal about their fine quali-\\nties, both as exhibition specimens and business birds. I\\nalso had seen some Silvers and in this way was pleased with\\nthe Wyandotte shape. I should probably have bought Sil-\\nvers, but the males were, in my opinion, very ugly in color,\\nand besides I always had admired a fowl with snow white\\nplumage. It makes such a nice combination with a red\\ncomb, bay eyes and clean yellow legs. But some people pre-\\nfer one variety, some another. It is purely a matter of taste\\nand the choice must be made by the person himself.\\nI chose the White Wyandotte, first, because I always\\nadmired a white fowl and because I wanted one that was a\\ngood layer, a good sitter and mother, and a good market\\nbird, and I believed the White Wyandotte to be unsurpassed\\nas an all-around, general-purpose fowl. Nor have I ever\\nregretted my choice, for I have found the White Wyandotte\\nto be all that a reasonable person could wish. I do not\\nmean that they will lay two eggs per day or are ready for\\nfrys at the age of three weeks, nor do they possess any other\\nextraordinary features such as I have seen claimed for some\\nbreeds, but if you want a fowl that presents a fine appear-\\nance in the show room and one that is a business bird from\\nthe time it is hatched, get the White Wyandotte.\\nWith the exception of about four years I have raised\\nchickens since I was a lad of five and I have bred common\\nchickens, Black, Buff and Partridge Cochins, Light Brah-\\nmas, Black Langshans, Brown Leghorns and Barred Ply-\\nmouth Rocks. I do not say that I have not been successful\\nwith these breeds, but I only wish to state that I discarded\\nthem because I have been more successful with the White\\nWyandotte. While the Cochins and Brahmas made good lay-\\ners and good eating, they could also do their part when it\\ncame to the eating question. They were too clumsy and\\nlazy to suit me, and they were always standing around in\\nthe way, breaking eggs when sitting, and tramping upon,\\nthe young chicks. Still my great grandmother, now in her\\neighty-ninth year, and my grandmother have both been\\nraising Buff Cochins for a long, long time. The Black Lang-\\nshans I found to be splendid winter layers, good sitters and\\nmothers, but their feathered legs and black plumage were\\nagainst them for market purposes. The Leghorns were too\\nscary and had such nice, large combs for Jack Frost to nip!\\nI will not say any thing against the Barred Rocks, for they\\nbelong to the American class, but the Wyandotte shape and\\n68", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0072.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "THE WYANDOTTES.\\nthe Wyandotte comb were what made me give the prefer-\\nence to the Wyandottes.\\nI have had White Wyandotte pullets lay at the age of\\none hundred and thirty-two days, but I never try to push\\nthem for very early laying, for the little gained does not\\nequal what is lost in size. They will begin to lay, however,\\nalong in the fall, and a pullet or hen either, for that matter,\\nthat will do this, will lay through the winter when eggs\\nbring such good prices. The energetic Wyandotte will not\\nonly lay during the fall and winter, but will keep right on\\nshelling out the eggs during the spring and summer months\\nas well. The Leghorns may be egg-machines, but give me\\nthe White Wyandotte for all-around laying. No artificial\\nheat is needed to keep their combs from freezing and to en-\\ncourage egg-production.\\nThe White Wyandotte is not only a good layer, but she\\nis a good sitter and mother as well. When it comes to the\\nmarket question, the White Wyandotte stays in the front\\nranks. What fowl presents a nicer appearance on the mar-\\nket? The Barred Rocks are claimed to be the best market\\nfowl in existence, but one of the prominent broiler men in\\nthe east, says that he kept these two breeds side by side, but\\nfinally discarded the Rocks because the Wyandottes were\\nready for market at an earlier age. This is what he says\\nwhen it comes to the forcing question: If you try to raise\\nRocks and Wyandottes in the same pen, the experiment\\nwill prove to you this fact: Your Rocks will go off their\\nlegs while the deep-breasted, plump-bodied, smooth-\\nskinned, active little Wyandottes take their medicine five\\ntimes a day and stand straight as matches.\\nMy own experience has been that they grow faster. Then\\nthey do not grow by jerks, as some breeds do, that is, they\\ndo not grow awhile, stop and take on a coat of feathers and\\nthen fill out, but they keep right on growing all the time\\nand are always plump and compact, instead of slim and\\nloose-jointed. I have found that they stand confinement\\nwell in small pens, although if given range they make fine\\nforagers.\\nI will not go into detail in regard to their care and feed-\\ning, but I should like to mention a few points. Crushed\\noyster shell, sharp, hard grit, plenty of clean, fresh water,\\na dust bath (or some means of keeping vermin away), clean,\\nroomy quarters, good feed and common sense in feeding are\\nnecessary to successfully produce good, healthy, vigorous\\nstock. If you have fine stock and eggs for sale, judicious\\nadvertising and exhibiting, and plenty of perseverance are\\nfurther requirements for success with poultry.\\nA great many people rush pell-mell into the poultry\\nbusiness with great theories about raising poultry on a large\\nscale, who have almost no practical knowledge of the busi-\\nness. They intend to keep a great many kinds and to do\\nthings just right. They read everything about poultry that\\nthey can get and think by this means to be able to cope with\\nany difficulty that may arise, not knowing that many things\\ncan only be learned by experience. They see no way for\\nfailure to overtake them and (on paper) they count their\\nprofits. But do they succeed? Perhaps a small per cent of\\nthem do, but it is only when a little common sense has been\\nknocked into their heads (probably at the cost of a great\\nmany dollars), in the hard school of experience. And even\\nthen it requires nerve and perseverance to stick to it.\\nHow much better it would have been if they had started\\nin a small way, learning the details of the business which\\ncan only be mastered by experience, and then gradually in-\\ncreased as success and practical knowledge warranted.\\nI hardly feel competent to give an outline for breeding\\nthe White Wyandotte, but I advise the reading of that splen-\\ndid article on Standard Bred White Wyandottes, by Mr.\\nArthur G. Duston, on page 64, reproduced from the Reli-\\nable Poultry Journal. Also the many other excellent arti-\\ncles which have been published in the Reliable about this\\nnoble variety. My advice, however, is to throw out all spec-\\nimens with single combs and feathered legs even if there is\\nonly a stub. Also discard those with very much white in\\nthe ear-lobe. Pick birds with bay eyes, as pearl or gray ones\\ngive the bird an unnatural look. Market all those that have\\ngreen or dark colored legs. Some birds that are closely con-\\nfined have pale colored legs, but if given a good range with\\nplenty of grass, nearly all will have nice yellow legs.\\nBreed for good combs. A large, ill-shaped one gives- a\\nbird a bad appearance. Low, even, nicely pebbled combs\\nfitting closely to the head, are what we want.\\nRemember the Wyandotte shape when mating your\\nbirds, for, as Mr. T. F. McGrew says, in one of his fine arti-\\ncles on Science in Breeding, Shape should come before\\ncolor, it is shape that makes the breed, color the variety.\\nBreed for that blocky build. Do this and you can soon tell\\nwhat good Wyandotte shape is. High, pinched tails, long\\nbacks, slim necks, flat breasts, narrowness between the\\nlegs, badly shaped heads, large combs, or slim bodies on tall,\\nstilty legs, do not make a blocky, compact bird. And right\\nhere let me say, do not use Dig, rangy males, as such birds\\nnever have a nice, compact form and the cockerels from\\nthis kind of a mating are generally slim and lanky. Intro-\\nduce or build up the size with the females and keep the\\nshape.\\nNow comes the color question. I do not feel firmly\\nenough settled to give my opinions on this subject yet, but\\nI will say breed for pure white plumage, stay-white plum-\\nage, but do not sacrifice shape for color. The White Wyan-\\ndotte still shows its close relationship to the Silvers by the\\nlittle gray ticking and gray splashes which appear in the\\nplumage. This is not a disqualification, only a defect and\\nis still a common fault, so do not think the person from\\nwhom you bought is dishonest if you receive birds with a\\nlittle gray in them. Above all, be sure to have good,\\nhealthy, vigorous stock with which to start. The best is\\nnone too good.\\nI have endeavored to present a few plain facts that I\\nhave learned from experience. If I have made any rash or\\nuntrue statements no one will be happier to h ve them cor-\\nrected than I. I have also endeavored to give the breeds\\nwith which I have compared the White Wyandotte, their\\njust dues, for I always dislike to read an article lauding one\\nvariety to the skies and running down all others, even if\\ntnat article be on White Wyandottes.\\nRALPH I. DUNLAP.\\n69", "height": "3909", "width": "2772", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0073.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "BEST BREEDS FOR BROILERS.\\nValuable Points on Broiler Raising by a Man Who is Successful\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Merits of the Light Brahmas, Leghorn-Brahmas,\\nWyandotte-Brahmas, Barred and White Rocks and White Wyandottes Set Forth.\\nBY ARTHUR G. DUSTON, BREEDER, MARLBORO, MASS.\\nAM going to present some hints on broiler rais-\\ning as exemplified by me on my farm in Marl-\\nboro. Mass. I believe that many lose courage\\nin raising broilers by not obtaining the right\\nstock. Now don t say, he is going to blow his\\nown horn. but wait and see if I do not give each variety\\nthat I have tried its dues.\\nFirst, many take Brahmas. They might do far worse.\\nLet us take the Brahma from the egg and follow it. Mr.\\nFelch says Brahmas are superior for this purpose. Yet, in\\nan argument with an incubator manufacturer, his first and\\nbest proved claim is, that they do not hatch as well artifi-\\ncially as eggs from the American or Mediterranean classes.\\nDoes it pay to put eggs in machines that will make the\\nchicks cost, on coming into the brooder house, 25 to 50 per\\ncent more than others?\\nOnce in the brooder, Brahmas prove very strong as little\\nchicks, but look out for leg-weakness, their heavy bodies\\nproving too much for small legs.\\nAgain, any one watching chicks raised artificially knows\\nthat they will attain their height earlier than those raised\\nwith hens. So a Brahma chick has that against it as a\\nbroiler, for long legs with feathers on them hurt a fowl in\\nthe market. But, properly taken care of, Light Brahmas\\nwill prove fairly satisfactory for broilers. As roasters,\\nwhich subject can not be even touched on in this article,\\nthey are choice.\\nWhile the Brahma is under consideration it seems well\\nto take up two of the more popular crosses made with them,\\nviz: Leghorn on Brahma and Wyandotte on Brahma.\\nLeghorn on Brahma chicks have some very good points\\nwhich are: Yellow skin and legs, fairly plump bodies, and\\nthey also feather early, but a large proportion of the early\\ncockerels will be so near full blood Leghorn that they would\\neasily be taken for them by a casual observer, and to force\\nthem, giving a liberal quantity of meat or ground bone, to-\\ngether with the heat, will develop extremely large combs,\\nwhich give dressed birds the appearance of their being old\\na point against us. Furthermore, the nervous tempera-\\nment of this cross (taken from the Leghorn) keeps them\\nfrom making flesh, where other varieties would take on fat.\\nI have run this cross and at fifteen weeks I could not\\nforce at least twenty-five per cent of them to weigh more\\nthan from one and one-half to one and three-quarters\\npounds.\\nThe Wyandotte-Brahma cross is almost ideal, being\\nhardy, low-combed and not getting stagy at an early age,\\nas with the Leghorn cross; but, my dear reader, do.you\\nknow there is something about the feathered leg that is not\\ninviting to the buyer? To see a neat, yellow breasted broiler\\nwith a mass of feathers on the legs and feet will detract\\nfrom its appearance more than one would think, unless he\\nhas had the very fastidious market of Boston to cater to.\\nThe carcass of this cross is plump and yellow, only a small\\nproportion coming so dark as to have black pin feathers\\nenough to injure the looks.\\nTo leave the Asiatics, we will touch on the Barred and\\nWhite Plymouth Rocks. The rich yellow legs and bodies of\\nthese justly popular fowls, the quick growth, with not\\nenough comb to hurt, give us a broiler hard to beat one of\\nthe worst faults being dark pin feathers in the Barred,\\nwhich are always somewhat objectionable in a broiler, for\\nthe reason they are put on the market at an age when it is\\nimpossible to get them all out.\\nI can not go through all the breeds, but will only take\\nup those I have honestly tried. This brings me to the last,\\nto White Wyandottes. To be frank, I will state that 1 once\\nthought of discarding this breed as not fitted for my busi-\\nness purposes, but after summering and wintering them, I\\nnow feel that I would drop all others before I would them.\\nLet us note their faults. The first is that in some birds,\\nmore especially those bred for extreme whiteness, you will\\nfind they are not yellow-meated. At the same time I have\\nseen the whitest plumaged birds have rich yellow skin, beak\\nand legs. In buying stock look for yellow beak, and as yel-\\nlow a leg as you could naturally expect at the time of year\\nyou are buying; that is, make allowance for a bird hived up\\nin a yard, with sand to dust in, as it will surely bleach their\\nlegs to a flesh color.\\nAnother trouble you may have with the Wyandotte, as\\nperhaps you would have with no other breed, is, confining a\\nlarge number in a small pen, they easily take up feather\\npulling. I think this is due to the peculiar way in which\\nthey feather. Some will grow to weigh one and one-half\\npounds before they have any but neck and wing feathers.\\nThen the pin feathers start all at once, making the habit\\neasily formed by the chicken act of striking one another,\\nor picking off any soft food that may adhere to the feathers.\\nBut plenty of green food will obviate that to a great extent,\\nespecially should the food be freshly cut clover. Of course\\nit can not be obtained in winter, but well-cured clover rowen\\ncan. With care, after this warning, you need have no trou-\\nble in this direction.\\nRegarding white skin, it may be overcome by the use of\\nthe right kind of food, making it yellow enough to suit any\\none. Now that we have seen the faults of the White Wyan-\\ndottes in their worst light, let me extol their virtues as\\nbroilers, for they have many.\\nThe eggs being reasonably thin-shelled they hatch as\\nwell as any you can get.\\nThey mature as laying pullets a full month earlier than\\nPlymouth Rocks, thus giving you eggs for early hatching.\\nTheir clean, yellow legs, low combs, white pin feathers,\\nand quick growing qualities, render them the best broilers I\\ncan put out.\\nI sold hundreds to dress eight ounces (one-half pound)\\n70", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0074.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "THE WYANDOTTES.\\nthis year and they were as round as a butter ball; this\\nbig one of their most important merits, that when prop-\\nerly fed they are always ready for market.\\nAgain, they will stand all the forcing any bird can. It\\nyou try to raise Rocks and Wyandottes in the same pen the\\nIxperiLnt will prove to you this fact: Your Rocks will go\\n\u00c2\u00ab3f their legs, while the deep-breasted, plump-bodied,\\nsmooth-skinned, active little Wyandottes take their medi-\\ncine five times a day and stand as straight as matches. Re-\\nmember, it is generally the bird that can stand the greatest\\namount of food that makes the quickest grown broiler and\\nmust be the bird you should adopt, as every additional day\\nmeans additional cost from labor, coal and food.\\nI have written this article from the market point of\\nview, that is, the sales-counter, as that is where we get our\\nreturns.\\nNow, for one moment let us look at the matter as epi-\\ncures. Take any one of the varieties mentioned above,\\nand the Wyandotte, besides having the extra flesh on breast,\\nas I stated before, caused by the great depth of breast-bone,\\nis as juicy and delicious as any, and, in the opinion of our\\nfolks more so, a dish luscious enough for a king.\\nThis is my experience briefly set forth. If I have writ-\\nten anything that will in any way aid my brother poultry-\\nman, I am satisfied. One word in closing. Do not be m a\\nhurry to cross your stock, as no one can make me believe\\nthat there is anything gained by crossing, for there is no\\nplace that a thoroughbred of some variety will not fill the\\nbill, and once you start to cross where can you stop? The\\nlabor and skill of years comes to naught when you destroy\\nthe integrity of a breed or strain by crossing.\\nARTHUR G. DUSTON.\\nTHE WHITE WYANDOTTE.\\nBY EDWARD CRAIG, ALBION, ILL.\\nAmong the many varieties of fowls claiming the atten-\\ntion of the general public this noble fowl is coming rapidly,\\nand by its own merits, to the front.\\nThe poultry kingdom embraces fowls kept for their\\nbeauty, others for their qualities as egg producers, others for\\ntheir fine quality of flesh, and yet others for their weight\\nWHITE WYANDOTTE COCKEREL, EDWARD I.\\nBred and Owned by Edward Craig, Albion, 111\\nalone Two or more of these qualities are often found in\\none variety, as the Leghorn family for eggs, flesh and\\nbeauty, the Plymouth Rocks for weight and egg producing\\nqualities, and so on through the entire list.\\nThousands of families cannot afford to keep fowls solely\\nfor their beauty, something profitable being the fowl for\\nthem. Indeed, the fowl needed for the entire northern part\\nof the United States is a judicious combination of all the\\ndesirable qualities. This want is well filled, I claim, by the\\nWhite Wyandotte. This grand bird, combining beauty with\\ngood egg-producing qualities, is establishing a place for\\nitself that from its very nature it is sure to retain.\\nA flock of these birds, with their clear white plumage\\nforming a striking contrast to the bright, yellow beak and\\nlegs and with their neat, close-fitting rose combs, the latter\\nfitting them for the rigor of our northern winters, is a beau-\\ntiful sight When the fancier goes over his flock, consigning\\nthe inevitable culls to the market, or when those who keep\\npoultry for eggs and flesh take their produce to the dealer,\\nthe White Wyandotte weighs out in good shape and helps fill\\nthe pocketbook of the seller. As a table fowl their blocky\\nbodies, with yellow skin and fine flavor, make a meal to be\\nappreciated by the epicure.\\nAs layers of eggs they rank next to the Leghorn, that\\nqueen of layers. Indeed, we have found by experience that\\nduring the season of high-priced eggs the White Wyandotte,\\nwith its small, rose comb uninjured by frost, will replenish\\nthe egg basket when the Leghorn is nursing a frozen comb.\\nAgain, it is a well-known fact that many varieties are\\nhard to raise, comparatively few surviving the first few\\nweeks With a fair chance the White Wyandotte will reach\\nmaturity a strong healthy bird. We believe these fowls are\\nthe general-purpose fowls of America, a fowl that will soon\\nfind a place in every part of the country.\\nEDWARD CRAIG.\\n71", "height": "3909", "width": "2772", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0075.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "RELIABLE\\nPOULTRY\\nJOURNAL\\nCo^vftiQHT-\\nBUFF WYANDOTTES.\\nBy SEWELL, NOVEMBER, J899.\\nCharacteristics, shape and standard requirements are substantially the same as those given for the Silver Laced variety, page 34.\\nThe color of the plumage is the only marked difference, this variety showing a beautiful buff color in all sections.\\n72", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0076.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "THE BUFF WYANDOTTES.\\nrOW we have to consider one variety of the Wy-\\nandotte breed that is in an experimental stage\\nso far as the production of show specimens is\\nconcerned. In my opinion they are one of the\\n\u00c2\u00abv best of this family and during my six years\\nexperience with them they have proven to be excellent\\nlayers, sitters and mothers, but we cannot expect them\\nto breed true in color and other fancy points m so short\\na time We find exceptionally fine stock here and there\\nover the country. We even have seen solid buff wings and\\ntails on both males and females, but these are not average\\nbirds, they are way above the average. The best breeders\\nof the Buffs who are looking for their advancement along\\nthe lines of honest improvement, will admit that as yet they\\nhave not perfected this variety.\\nWe have many obstacles to overcome, perhaps more\\nthan are encountered in the breeding of any other buff vari-\\nety First, we must overcome about forty per cent of\\nblack; then there is more red than yellow in the make-up of\\nthe foundation stock of most strains, and white has been\\nintroduced to soften the color. About all the buff we have\\nbeen able to get was from the Cochin cross and in most cases\\nthis was from Cochin males with a lot of black in wings and\\ntails There has also been a direct cross of Golden Wyan-\\ndottes which has helped some sections, but injured others\\nSome breeders used a cross of Rhode Island Reds instead of\\nGolden Wyandottes, which in a measure was better, as it\\ndid not cause so many black or laced necks. Intelligent\\nbreeders in every state are taking up the buff variety and\\nalready they have enough good ones to help one another\\nDuring the next two years there will be more improvement\\nin Buff Wyandottes than has been made in the past five\\nyears and it will be accomplished by mating Wyandottes\\nand not by resorting to outside crosses which has been the\\nrule in the past.\\nThe standard is very plain on the question of color in\\nthis as it is in all buff varieties. The color is the same m all\\n-a rich golden buff, free from shafting or mealy appear-\\nance It is easy to understand, but hard to produce. In\\nthe first place, buff is a made color and not a primary color.\\nWhen it is produced it is hard to hold unless the breeder is\\nan expert and knows to a certainty the strength of his\\nbreeding stock, both male and female. This is where in-\\nbreeding, described in another part of this book, holds\\ndespotic sway. Without inbreeding one cannot produce\\ngood Buffs year after year. One must know the sires and\\ndams of his stock to make sure of success.\\nThe man who wins this year, fails next and wins tue\\nnext is not much encouragement to a Buff amateur. But\\nthe man whose advice is worth much to you is the breeder\\nwho wins year after year and who can show stock three and\\nfour years old that still retains the same elegant buff color\\nthat his cockerels and pullets show. There are Messrs.\\nSharp Brothers, of Oakland Farm, Taunton, Mass., O L.\\nMcCord, of Danville, 111., and W. W. Browning, of Ogden,\\nUtah men who win year after year. When such men talk\\nof color breeding, the laymen can learn. I do not claim\\nmuch for myself, but I do assert that I converse with more\\nof the leading fanciers of this country than any other man\\nwho makes a business of judging fowls. I believe in im-\\nprovement and I believe our teachers should be qualified.\\nSeeing a few birds in a number of shows does not teach me\\nso much, but when I go to a leading breeder s yards and note\\nhis matings and he points out his stock in pen after pen,\\nwhich looks as much alike as the average family of children,\\nthen I know I am getting at the heart of the business of\\nbreeding fancy stock, and I get information of great value\\nto others.\\nIn shape the Buffs should be a fac-simile of the Silvers,\\nand defects in shape must be cut in the same proportion.\\nRemember that in color they must be absolutely buff. Black\\nand white are alike objectionable and will.be cut when the\\nbirds are shown in the winter exhibitions. Remember, too,\\nthat red is not buff and when your birds are scored by an\\nexpert who is not color blind, the red birds will fail to win.\\nLet the motto of every Buff Wyandotte breeder be, solid\\nbuff from comb to tail. The future of the Buff Wyandottes\\ndepends upon their admirers, who cannot afford to miss an\\nopportunity of perfecting them in any particular. Let me\\nutter one warning, however. The utility side, which is so\\nprominent at the present day, must not be allowed to retro-\\ngrade in the slightest.\\nTHE FEMALE.\\nThe Golden Wyandotte breeders claim that the Goldens\\nare the beauty breed, but any one who sees a Buff Wyan-\\ndotte female that is truly buff must feel that the Buffs are\\nstrong rivals for the honor of being called the beauty\\nbreed As an all-round fowl for meat and eggs the Buff\\nWyandotte has no superior in the middle weight class. As\\na winter layer she equals the best and as an every-day fowl\\nfor the farmer, she cannot be excelled. The fancier will find\\nthat it is well worth his time to give them the attention that\\nis required to make this variety a perfect fancy fowl. As a\\nfancy fowl, they are not yet perfected, as they have only\\nbeen bred a few years, but the per cent of really first-class\\nspecimens that have been exhibited the past year makes one\\nmarvel at what has been accomplished, and it is only a mat-\\nter of a few years when they will be the equal of the oldest\\nbuff varieties in America.\\nIn color they should be a rich golden buff throughout,\\nfree from shafting or a mealy appearance, and they should\\nshow the same shade of buff in all sections. The descrip-\\ntion of shape, comb, eyes, legs and feet is the same that I\\nhave given for the other varieties.\\nIn mating for color, the main trouble has been to get an\\neven surface with clear wings and tail. The flights of the\\nwings are usually better than the secondaries. The black\\nblood that came through the Golden Wyandotte cross will\\nmake itself felt for several seasons. If the wing shows\\nblack in the secondaries with clear flights, the cut is from\\none-half to one point, according to degree. If black shows\\nin both flights and secondaries, the cut is from one to two\\npoints If there is a red bow on the wings showing a sort of\\nbay color cut it one. If any black appears in hackle, the\\ncut is from one-half to one and one-half, according to de-\\ngree If the surface color is uneven, that is, if two or more\\nshades of buff appear in the same specimen, the cut is from\\n73", "height": "3909", "width": "2772", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0077.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "nil- \\\\YY \\\\NOOTTKS.\\nhalf to one in all such sections. If the main tail feath-\\nged with black at tho top and the rest of the teath-\\nS U ,h l m is If tho tail is half black\\nhe cutis two, and if tho ontiro tail is black tho cut is four.\\nRen ember always that you oan only out for detects accord-\\ntog to the number of points sot aside tor each section, and\\nn order to cut all tho points that are allowed one section\\ntho entire seotion must ho wrong.\\nas huff color is tho same in all breeds and as tho meth-\\nods of producing a good buff color on Cochins will lust a,\\nsuooosstullv produce it on Wyandottes, I giv .Jre an abte\\nth, h book. 1 am sure it will be read with interest bv tho\\nadmirers ot all buff varieties. After handling Mr. B owning\\nbirds in ho show room for several years and personally in\\ntog that breeders of new buff varieties will make no mistake\\nK they follow his instructions. T HEO. HEWES\\nBUFF COLOR.\\nFTER years of study and experimenting I think\\n1 have discovered the causes of a majority of\\nfailures to produce prime buff color. I have\\nseen breeders handle this color successfully\\nfor years and then go wrong at a time when\\nthey thought their mating, were just right. In disgust they\\nthe business when they should have studied harder to\\ndiscover the cause of their trouble. Every article that I\\nhave read on mating buff colored chickens is wrong and mis-\\nleading. The writers either advocate fostering red males\\nor those that have some black in wings and tails They\\nargue that the black feeds the buff color and adds luster to\\nthe plumage and that it is needed because the tendency of\\na I fowls is to lose color. After studying wild fowls for\\nars I am ready to say that I do not believe it. If it were\\ntrue all wild fowls would be white, while the fact is, white 1\\nwild birds of all kinds is the exception instead of the rule\\nBuff color is composed principally of the primary color\\nyellow having added just a little red and white. If ye low\\nred and white make buff, then why should we add blacM\\n1 f We 3Ve 0t Ieamed t0 mix the thre e colors first\\nnamed and we let the buff we have fade to such an extent\\nhat we add black to check the fading, if you will m the\\nhltM S T m f iU the ght *\u00e2\u0084\u00a2^on, you will have\\nthat soft rich, pleasing color that has made the butf fowl\\n171 ir T^ W rld Z em ^tically that there is\\nbuff n J miXing bUff COl0n Black does not feed\\nbuff color, nor does it add any luster to it. It is in fact a\\ngreat curse in breeding for buff. It gives you laced necks\\nblack tails black in the wings, smoky under-co Tor and a\\nmuddy surface color. It will not even counteract white\\ns 11 in spite of all this, we hear breeders who are handling\\nbuffs advocate using black. A few years ago judges cut\\nseverely for white and lightly for black in buff fowls A\\nthat time I took a bold stand against this outrage, and I am\\nPleased to say that now judges punish both defects alike\\nThe color to breed for is yellow and you want to get a\\nYouwme tT T r^ d Wn t0 the Skin Uills fall\\nYou w ,11 get plenty of red and white without breeding for it\\nbut lf you too much red or wh te can breed\\nselection much easier than you can breed out the black for\\nthe reason given, that red and white are used in buff mix-\\ntures and the yellow will mix with and control these colors\\nto a far greater extent than it will black. Look to the\\nSZr\u00c2\u00a3!Z\u00c2\u00a3 ^f Dg 8trength y U get S0Und ^face\\nor but white under-color, then you have more white than\\nyellow in your mixture, and the result will be that your\\nspecimen is not half buff. y\\nBV W. W. BROWNING, OGDEN, UTAH.\\nSelect your choicest breeders while the chicks are two\\nto three months old. They will show defects then that mly\\ndisappear almost if not entirely, later on. Smoky under-\\ncolor in back and neck will show plainly at this time It\\nmay disappear altogether later on, but it is in the blood and\\nyou do not want to breed such specimens. If you purchase\\nmatured fowls and they do not breed properly examfne\\nhem closely during their molting season and when the new\\nfeathers are quite young you will no doubt discover the\\nhand l e IT ^Tl deP6nd n y Ur bUff matings unless u\\nhandle the chicks from the time they are a month old until\\nthey are matured, yes, even after they are matured. If\\nwhite appears in your flock, do not use black to counteract\\nit as white will appear in any solid black variety nearly as\\noften as it does in some of the buff varieties. You will no\\nfind perfect buff color in every section of any of the new\\nvarieties of buffs. Use common sense in your mating!\\nand overcome black, red and white by the use of yellow\\nonly. These theory writers have gotten black so firmly\\nfixed m the older buff varieties that the sins of the parents\\nare fastened onto the chickens even unto the steenth gen-\\neration. 6\\nSome of these theorists who are supposed to be breed-\\ners, say that black is the proper thing if you keep it in the\\nwing feathers and the tail so that it does not show from the\\nsurface when the fowl is viewed in a natural position. Nurs-\\ning black where the amateur does not see it is a ten-fold\\nevil because the black is there and it will crop out in the\\nchicks and very likely cause the amateur to quit to disgust\\nBe sure that the flight feathers are perfectly clear buff, that\\nthere is no black in the neck and that there is as little dark\\nas possible in the flight coverts and tail. See that the under-\\ncolor is sound in as many sections as possible, and you will\\nfind your fowls gradually improving until they will reach\\nperfection in color in all sections. Had I to choose between\\nthe two I should rather have a breeder with no black and\\ntake the one that had considerable white, until I got the\\nblack well bred out of the blood of my strain, unless J was\\nbreeding Buff Leghorns. This Buff variety has too much\\nwhite in it on account of its White Leghorn ancestors\\nRemember, yellow and black will not mix and produce a\\nPleasing color, while yellow, red and white will mix and\\ngive you that beautiful shade called buff.\\nAs to the effect of food on color, I have no knowledge\\nI am not trying to produce my buffs in this way. I believe\\nthe proper way is to breed them right and that the food will\\nthen have but little, if any effect. W. W. BROWNING\\n74", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0078.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "BREEDING BUFF WYANDOTTES.\\nA Comparatively New Breed\u00e2\u0080\u0094 How to Start Introducing Foreign Blood Selling and Exhibiting Stock.\\nBY MRS. J. M. DENISON, BREEDER, ELGIN, lht-\\nANY things have to be considered when we breed\\nBuff Wyandottes. First, we must remember that\\nthey are comparatively a new breed and there-\\nfore more study is required in mating them than\\nin mating the Silvers or other varieties of Wyan-\\ndottes. However, we have been making rapid strides and are\\nin a fair way to overtake them. We claim for the Buffs a\\nplace at the top of the ladder, and we will not be satisfied\\nuntil it is assured. That they have qualities most desirable\\nin an all-purpose fowl must be acknowledged by all, and the\\nonly question now is how to perfect them.\\nOur greatest trouble arises in the desire to do too much\\nin too short a time. The increased demand for stock and\\neggs leads us to overlook faults in our breeding stock, and\\nwe admit to our yards birds which have good score cards,\\nbut which should not be used as breeders if we wish the best\\nresults. Therefore, let me say to the beginner, do not con-\\nsider how many birds, but how good ones you can produce.\\nTo this end put your money in a trio if you can not\\nafford a pen. To make a start I should much rather put\\ntwenty-five dollars ($25) in a trio properly mated than into\\nany other number. Mark the eggs and set those from each\\nhen separately, marking the chickens when hatched so you\\ncan tell which hen produces the best stock, both pullets and\\ncockerels. If you find that one hen throws better cockerels\\nthan the other, select the best and mate him to pullets from\\nthe other hen. Use your old male with pullets, selecting\\nthose that are strong in points where he is weak; and mate\\nthe hens with a cockerel strong in the sections in which the\\nfemales are weak.\\nNow you have a good start and unless there is some\\npoint in which both are weak you need not introduce new\\nblood and new faults until you have become thoroughly\\nacquainted with the good and bad features of your own\\nstrain. You can undo the work of years if not judicious in\\nthe introduction of new blood.\\nHaving a good foundation the success that follows de-\\npends greatly upon your love for the work and proper man-\\nagement. The details of the business must be closely\\nwatched. Do not trust too much to hired help, for generally\\ntheir interest is confined to their pay. Know your chickens\\nand let them know you. Care for them as you like to be\\ncared for and they will return your kindness tenfold. Hav-\\ning good stock and understanding your business, advertise\\nit, selecting for your medium journals that will stand by the\\nright and expose fraud regardless of the cost. Now the bat-\\ntle is half won. The rest depends on your stick-to-it-ive-\\nness and honorable dealings with your customers. Let them\\nfeel that you have their interest in mind as well as your\\nown, and then while you can not satisfy all, you can please\\nthe majority, thus making friends as well as customers.\\nAnother thing to be remembered is this. If you have\\nbeen fortunate enough to produce exhibition birds show\\nthem. Do not say you have some at home as good or better\\nthan some one else has; prove it. Say so s do not go far\\nand prove nothing. Suppose you do not take first prizes,\\nyou have learned how your birds compare with others and\\nwherein they are faulty, thus you are better prepared for the\\nshows another year. Then, too, the association with people\\ninterested in poultry helps.\\nI have been successful to quite an extent, I am very\\nproud to say, but it has not been luck, as some suggest. It\\nhas come by following the lines that I have advised here.\\nThere is still work to do, and we welcome the earnest\\nworker to our ranks.\\nMRS. J. M. DENISON.\\nBUFF WYANDOTTES FOR AMATEURS.\\nBY THEO. HEWES, TRENTON, MISSOURI.\\niHBRE is always more or less boom talk and\\nwriting about a new variety, and we are often\\nled astray by fairy tales of the great egg pro-\\nduction and elegant table qualities of these new\\nfangled varieties. A few years ago I was se-\\nverely criticised for writing an article regarding the Buff\\nWyandottes. At that time I warned the amateur to let them\\nalone until the fanciers had made a standard breed of them,\\nfor at that time they were in their early experimental stage\\nand not entitled to the name standard-bred. I have since\\nbeen complimented by some who at that time censured me.\\nThe Buff Wyandottes have now passed the experimental\\nstage, as a utility fowl, and are tc-day one of the very best\\nof the middle weight birds. I have given them considerable\\nattention in the past six years, and I have never handled a\\nvariety that I like better nor one that has given better\\nresults.\\nThey have actually been a surprise to me as winter lay-\\ners, and I doubt very much if we have a breed in the stan-\\ndard that can beat them. The past winter I had built sev-\\neral small houses, 4x6, for winter breeding houses. These\\nhouses were enclosed in pens 16 feet square, and five females\\nand one male placed in each for the winter. Among the lot\\nof birds so mated were three hens and two pullets of the\\nBuff Wyandottes. These birds were all fed alike, that is the\\nsame amount of food was given to each variety in its own\\npen, and all were fed twice a day. A mash made of bran\\nand oatmeal was fed in the morning, and good wheat was\\nthrown in the litter for the evening meal. During the cold-\\nest weather ever known in this part of the United States,\\nand with snow on the ground almost all the time, those five\\nfemales laid an average of 77 eggs per month, or a little bet*\\nter than one egg every two days for each hen.\\nThese birds were not forced for eggs, in fact very little\\ncare was given them, as we are breeding only for the fancy\\nand made no effort to secure eggs for the market. This rec-\\nord put me to thinking that t*ere must be some reason for\\nthis pen of Buff Wyandottes laying more than niy other\\n75", "height": "3909", "width": "2772", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0079.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "TUK YYYANPOTTKS.\\n90 1 b6g* n to look tor the cause In the first place\\n1 found that they wore bettor contented and that they made\\neffort to leavo the pens, even though the sate were left\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2.i. while other varieties? were constantly trying to find a\\nM to cei out. and if a gate wore left open a minute they\\nwould make a break for it. They seemed to be larger than\\nthe Silver Wyandottes. but on weighing them 1 found that\\nthey wore a few ounces lighter. Why should they look\\nlarger, was the Question that next came up, and I found on\\ntion that they are dressed warmer. Their plum-\\nage is longer, which gives them the appearance of being\\nr than either the Whites or Silvers.\\nHere. then, is the whole thing in a nutshell: They have\\nthe Cochin cross in them, and it has not only given them a\\nbetter coat of feathers to protect them from the cold, hut\\nhas given them a docile, contented disposition, which means\\nmuch to the bleeder who is trying to get every dollar he can\\nout of his fowls from a commercial standpoint. I have no\\ndesire to boom this breed to the detriment of others, hut I\\ncan surely give them a strong endorsement. After six years\\nbreeding them I am free to say that I do not know of a sin-\\ngle variety that would be a better investment for the ama-\\nteur just starting in, one who wants to handle one variety,\\nand who does not feel like taking up some of the older\\nbreeds where there is so much competition, than the Buff\\nWyandotte. Neither do I know of a variety that would\\nmake a better cross on common fowls to increase the egg\\nyield. THEO. HEWBS.\\nSECRET OF SUCCESSFUL BREEDING.\\nDanger of Crossing Strains\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Selection of Dams Very Important\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Careful Attention Necessary from Shell to Maturity.\\nBY M. F. NORRIS, BREEDER, LEXINGTON, ICY.\\nNTENSELY interesting is the study of the art of\\nbreeding. While we learn much from experi-\\nence (really our best teacher), still we can learn\\nmany things from reading that it would take us\\nyears to learn from experience. There are still\\nmany secrets concerning the breeding of thoroughbred\\npoultry and one of the chief of these is how shall we mate\\nto produce Buff Wyandottes that shall be of extra merit in\\nA PBIZK-WIN.VI.V, I!r;FF WYANLlOTTE COCKEREL,\\nBRED AND OWNED BY MR. NORRIS.\\nsymmetry and color. The male bird at the head of the\\nbreeding pen should be symmetrical in shape, strong\\nand vigorous and he should be the offspring of a\\nsire excelling in these points. Do not forget that\\nthe male bird has the greater influence on the color\\nof the offspring, especially of the cockerels. If fine\\ncolored males be desired it is necessary that the sire be of\\nfine color. By mating a good sire to his own progeny the\\ngood breeding qualities of the parent bird will he\\nretained in the resulting offspring.\\nColor and other desirable qualities may be in-\\ntensified by judicious inbreeding. It is equally true\\nthat if a mistake is made in the selection of the\\nbreeding stock undesirable qualities may be repro-\\nduced in an exaggerated form. Many persons en-\\ngaged in raising poultry think that they must in-\\ntroduce new blood from a different strain each\\nyear, and so they go backward instead of forward.\\nNearly every breeder s birds differ in style and\\nplumage. When these types are crossed some of\\nthe offspring resemble the male and some resemble\\nneither parent. The second season such breeders\\nusually get a male of a still different type and mate\\nhim to the pullets of different types. The result is\\nthat they have no good birds among the offspring,\\nhardly any two chicks resembling each other. If\\nyou once get what you want from a reliable breeder\\nbuy your new blood of him.\\nThe dam should possess a strong constitution,\\nprolific laying qualities and large size. We look\\nto the dam to impart size to the progeny. She must\\nhe good in color of plumage, legs and beak. The\\near-lobes and comb must also receive careful atten-\\ntion. Above all she should he symmetrical in\\nshape. Many times the breeding qualities of the\\ndam are overlooked or underrated, which is a great\\nmistake.\\nAfter carefully selecting your Buff Wyandotte\\npens it is essential that your birds receive proper\\ncare and that the progeny be closely watched and\\ncarefully tended from the time they leave the shell\\nuntil they reach full maturity. This is another se-\\ncret in successful breeding that apparently is\\nknown to hut few breeders. M. F. NORRIS.\\n78", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0080.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "THE BLACK WYANDOTTES.\\nIHB Black Wyandottes are the least popular of\\nthe Wyandotte family. The color has something\\nto do with their unpopularity, but that is not all.\\nThe main trouble is that the breeders of the\\nBlacks have never pushed them as they should.\\nYou can not hide a variety of birds and make it popu-\\nlar. You must let the people know that you have it and\\nlet them know something of the good qualities of the\\nbirds. So far as utility is concerned, there is no variety in\\nthe Wyandotte family that leads the Blacks, and they will\\nthrow more show specimens than any of the other varieties.\\nIn some localities they are shown in sufficient numbers to\\nwarrant us in counting them in the varieties of Wyandottes,\\nbut in other sections of the country they are practically\\nunknown and the few specimens that are shown are of poor\\nquality and not calculated to attract any one who is looking\\nfor some variety to breed.\\nI have discussed plans for bringing this variety more\\nprominently to the front with several leading fanciers, but\\nwhen the breeders of Black Wyandottes do not bestir them-\\nselves it is hard for us to help them. If they will but make\\nthe effort they will find plenty of help in pushing this vari-\\nety to the front. We need some up-to-date cuts of this breed,\\neither photographs or sketches, also true statements of their\\ngood qualities, both as egg and flesh producers.\\nIn shape the Black Wyandotte should be the same as\\nCharts 1 and 2. They should be black in color, and must be\\nfree from any foreign color. The main trouble found in the\\ncolor of the Black Wyandotte is the purple barring in neck,\\nback, wings and tail. This is not a disqualification, but it is\\na serious defect and the new standard cuts one point in\\nevery section in which it appears. There is another defect\\nwhich is quite often overlooked, and that is the color of the\\nfeet. The standard says they shall be disqualified if the\\nbottom of the feet is any color other than yellow. This sec-\\ntion is often missed by the judges, and for that reason exhi-\\nbitors get careless about it. It is well to take care of this in\\ntime and get just as much yellow in the shanks as possible.\\nThe time will come when the standard will call for solid yel-\\nlow legs, and the breeder who is careful along these lines\\nnow will receive a rich reward then.\\nFor defects of shape, comb and other sections, see\\ndescription of the Silvers, as what is said of them, except in\\nregard to the color, applies to the black varieties as well,\\nand the defects would be discounted in the same proportion.\\nBlack Wyandotte Female.\\nThis variety being so little known, one seldom sees\\nreally good specimens, though the best that have been\\nshown for years were on exhibition at the Chicago Show of\\n1898, and they seemed to awaken quite an interest. In color\\nthe females should be a rich greenish black in all sections.\\nThe shanks should be black, or black shading to willow or\\nyellow; the bottoms of the feet must be yellow. The cut of\\none point in each section where purple barring appears\\napplies to this breed the same as to any other black fowls,\\nbut I have found the Black Wyandottes very free from this\\ndefect. Where the purple barring does appear it is usually\\nin the neck, back and wings, and the discount in each sec-\\ntion must be one point. For defects of shape of any section\\nor color of eye, the cuts are the same as in any other variety\\nof Wyandottes. THBO. HEWES.\\nTHE PARTRIDGE WYANDOTTES.\\nSo Called from the Resemblance of Their Plumage to That of the Partridge Cochins They are Wyan-\\ndotte in Shape with Golden Penciled Plumage Origin Description.\\nBY W. A. DOOUTTLE, BREEDER, SABETHA, KAN.\\no\\nHE latest addition to the Wyandotte family is the\\nPartridge Wyandotte. They were originated, as\\nwere the Goldens, by that true and honest fan-\\ncier, Joseph McKeen, of Omro, Wisconsin. He\\nfirst introduced them by an article and illustra-\\ntion in the October, 1894, number of the Poultry Monthly,\\nin which he stated that he had been breeding with this ob-\\nject in view, for a number of years.\\nI had for some years bred the Golden and Buff varieties,\\ngetting eggs and stock from Mr. McKeen from time to time,\\nas I believed his to be the best and the original strain of the\\nGoldens. He did not originate any strain of Buffs, but as an\\nhonest fancier he endeavored to breed the best, and with his\\nstrain I managed to win a lion s share of prizes at the lead-\\ning western shows.\\nSoon after Mr. McKeen s death, in 1896, I bought from\\nhis widow some of his choicest Goldens and Buffs, including\\nthe cock, Major McKeen, which won first for me at the great\\nMid-Continental and twice at Kansas and Nebraska state\\nshows. I also took up the breeding of his strain of Part-\\nridge Wyandottes and I now have in my yards a male and\\nfemale of this variety that came direct from his yards. The\\nfemale was one of his own raising.\\nIn my opinion this beautiful variety has a great future,\\nas the Partridge Wyandottes now breed as true as any of\\ntheir sister varieties, and in fact are better in symmetry,\\n77", "height": "3909", "width": "2772", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0081.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "THK WYANDOTTES.\\narger and better bono, are free from feathers on\\nshanks and toes, and all of thom have the true Wyandotte\\nb, bright rod ear-lobes and yellow logs, l speak of the\\nMcKeen strain.\\nIn selecting breeding stock, either male or female, you\\nshould first soo that they havo tho truo Wyandotte shape.\\nUD yellow legs and bright bay eyes. Tho oar-lobes and\\nwattles should bo bright red. free from white, and above all\\ndo not permit in your brooding yards of any variety of Wy-\\nandottes excepting the white, a bird having white in its\\nplumage, for it will be more abundant in the offspring and\\nonce it is Introduced it is almost impossible to breed it out.\\nAs so mncb depends on the male bird great care should\\nbe taken in his selection. After satisfying yourself that he\\nhas the proper symmetry and that he has a good, full saddle\\nrising with a concave swoop to the tail, which should not be\\ntoo large or carried too high\u00e2\u0080\u0094 then see that he has a broad,\\ndeep, well-rounded breast, in color greenish-black, free from\\nPARTRIDGE WYANDOTTE FEATHERS.\\nTaken from a Yearling Hen, Bred by W. A. Doolittle.\\nbrown or red, with a slate under-color. If there is red or\\nbrown in the breast of the male bird he will throw pullets in\\ncolor and markings similar to a Brown Leghorn pullet and\\nbrown will predominate in the breast color of his male birds.\\nIf possible choose a bird which as a chick had a well-pen-\\nciled breast like that of the females and which had richly\\nlaced coverts. Such a male will produce well-laced females,\\nand if his breast as a matured bird is glossy black free from\\nred or brown, his males will also be properly marked. In\\nthis way good males and females are obtained from a single\\nmating.\\nHis nook should bo short and well-arched with a large\\nflowing hackle, in color red or orange red, with a distinct\\nblack stripe extending down each feather and tapering to a\\npoint near its extremity. His back should be short, broad\\nand Hat at the shoulders in color dark red. The saddle\\nshould be red or orange red with a black stripe down the\\ncenter of each feather. The fluff should be slightly black;\\nthe primaries black on the inner web with a bay edge on the\\nouter web; the secondaries black on the inner web and rich\\nbay on the outer web, terminating with a black end on each\\nfeather. The wing coverts should be greenish black with a\\nwell-defined bar across the wing when folded. The tail\\nshould be black, the sickles being of medium length and\\nglossy black, the tail coverts being a glossy, greenish black\\nand they may be tinged with red. The comb should be of\\ngood Wyandotte shape, and I should not sacrifice other good\\npoints merely for the sake of the comb so long as it is rose.\\nThe best Golden Wyandotte cock as a breeder that I ever\\nsaw had a very bad comb. It was large and laid over to\\none side, but this defect was never transmitted to his off-\\nspring.\\nThe females should be as well laced as possible, with a\\nbright red or an orange red hackle having a broad black\\nstripe extending down each feather and tapering to a point\\nnear the extremity. The black stripe in the lower neck\\nfeathers should be penciled with reddish brown. The plum-\\nage of the back should be abundant, under-color slate and\\nthe web of the feathers reddish brown, distinctly penciled\\nwith reddish black, the lines of penciling in all parts of the\\nbody conforming as nearly as possible to the shape of the\\nfeathers. The breast and body feathers should be marked\\nthe same as those of the back, except they should be penciled\\nwith black, the lacing to come well up to the throat. The\\nfluff should be reddish brown in color, irregularly penciled\\nwith dark brown. The wings should be of the same color\\nas those of the male, excepting the coverts, which should be\\nthe same color and have the same markings as the feathers\\nof the breast. The tail should be well spread at the base\\nand black in color, except two or more of the highest main\\ntail feathers, which should be penciled. The tail coverts\\nshould be well penciled, similarly to those of the breast.\\nThe standard weights are the same for all Wyandotte\\nvarieties: Cockerel, seven and one-half pounds; cock, eight\\nand one-half pounds; pullet, five and one-half pounds; hen,\\nsix and one-half pounds. I exhibited the Partridge Wyan-\\ndottes last season at Washington, D. C; Chicago, 111.; Dav-\\nenport, Iowa; Kansas and Nebraska state and other shows.\\nAs they are a new variety of Wyandottes I wished to give\\nfanciers an opportunity to see them.\\nW. A. DOOLITTLE.\\n[Note\u00e2\u0080\u0094 It must be remembered that Mr. Doolittle s re-\\nmarks refer only to the McKeen strain. The editor, a num-\\nber of years ago, saw In Mr. Ezra Cornell s yards at Ithaca,\\nN. Y., Penciled Wyandottes also called Partridge Wyan-\\ndottes, that Mr. Cornell had produced himself by indepen-\\ndent crosses. Justice requires that we call attention to the\\nfact that there is more than one good strain of Penciled\\nWyandottes and that some of them are not related to the\\nMcKeen strain. Ed.]\\n78", "height": "3977", "width": "2856", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0082.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "NEW VARIETIES OF WYANDOTTES.\\nReproduced from Report of New York Tenth Annual Show in March, 1899, R. P. J.\\nIn new varieties of Wyandottes, not yet admitted to the\\nstandard, were Ira C. Keller s Buff Laced Wyandottes, the\\nsame birds he exhibited at Chicago, and two pairs of Golden\\nPenciled Wyandottes shown by Ezra Cornell, of Ithaca, N.\\nY. Three years ago last summer when we first visited Mr.\\nCornell s poultry farm, we found him at work producing,\\nby different crosses, two new varieties of Wyandottes, viz.:\\nGolden Penciled and Silver Penciled. Last summer when\\nwe again visited Valley View Farm, we were surprised at\\nthe progress made. At Madison Square Garden our first\\ngood opinion of these birds was confirmed. Mr. Cornell s\\nGolden Penciled Wyandottes are birds of true Wyandotte\\nshape, including featherless legs and rose combs, having\\nPartridge Cochin colored plumage throughout. The speci-\\nmens exhibited by Mr. Cornell, both males and females, were\\nsubstantially as good in penciling, striping and color as 91\\nto 93 point Partridge Cochins.\\nHerewith are presented photographic reproductions of\\nbreast and back feathers plucked from the females, and a\\nhackle and a saddle feather (or rear back feather) plucked\\nfrom the first prize cockerel. Mr. Cornell rejoices in the\\nremarkable progress he has made in bringing these birds to\\na point of high quality. Another feature of these Golden\\nPenciled Wyandottes is their size and weight. The pullets\\nshown by Mr. Cornell weighed eight to eight and one-fourth\\npounds each, and the cockerels over ten pounds apiece. Mr.\\nCornell reports that now after several years work with\\nthem, they breed quite true. He produced last spring a con-\\nsiderable number of birds well suited for breeding purposes.\\nEDITOR.\\nBreast (female) Hackle (male) Rear Back (male) Back (female)\\nSPECIMEN FEATHERS FROM EZRA CORNELL S GOLDEN PENCILED WYANDOTTES.\\n79", "height": "3909", "width": "2772", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0083.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "THE PENCILED WYANDOTTES.\\nA Prominent Breeder of These Binis Suggests Permanent Names for the New Varity of Golden and\\nSilver Wyandottes\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A Short Description of Them They -will Request Admission\\nto the Next Revised Standard.\\nBY K/.KA CORXKI.I., BREEDER, ITHACA, N. V.\\nThe time seems at last to have ripened for the friends of\\nPenciled Wyandottes to settle on names for these two new\\nvarieties of fowls. I call them Penciled Wyandottes here\\nmerely because I know of no other name which covers the\\ntwo varieties, and not with any intention of forcing the\\nname.\\nThe Penciled Wyandottes consist of two varieties the\\nGoldens and the Silvers. The former is practically com-\\npleted, if I may use such an expression that is to say, they\\nare made, and are, in the hands of some breeders, producing\\nas good specimens and as large a percentage of them as are\\nsome of the old standard varieties. The Silvers were started\\nat a later date and are, in consequence, not so far advanced,\\nbut they are coming and coming fast, and are sufficiently\\nwell developed to show what they will be. As a flock the\\nSilvers are, to me. more attractive and showy than the Gol-\\ndens, although the Golden males are more beautiful than\\nthe Silver males. It is difficult, however, to predict which\\nof these two varieties will enjoy the greater popularity. The\\nGoldens, as a rule, are larger than the Silvers, but the Gol-\\ndens run above weight, and the Silvers, on the other hand,\\nare the greater layers.\\nIt is natural that the Goldens should have fallen heir to\\nthe name Partridge as they have taken their color and\\nmarkings from the Partridge Cochins, and are the only\\nother variety of this plumage, but still this is not a sufficient\\nreason for permanently adopting the name. The men who\\ninsist on this name seem to ignore the existence of the sister\\nvariety. If the Silvers had been first on the carpet the name\\nSilver Penciled would without doubt have been given them,\\nthe same as it now has, for there seems to be no other ap-\\npropriate name for them, and if the Goldens had not fol-\\nlowed too closely on their heels, thus giving the name time\\nto become established, they probably would have taken the\\nname Golden Penciled with but little opposition.\\nIn naming a new variety of fowls it is, I think, best to\\ngive them the name which most nearly describes or classi-\\nfies them. The name Partridge would not convey any idea\\nto me of the plumage we have if I were not already ac-\\nquainted with the Cochins. The Ruffed Grouse, which is\\ncommonly called a Partridge, is far from this color and\\nmarking, and I know of no wild bird that is, although there\\nmay be. There is, however, a wild bird with a black and\\nwhite penciling similar to the Silver Penciled Wyandotte\\nfemale. I have shot these birds in the Adirondack woods,\\nwhere they are called Black Partridges and sometimes\\nSpruce Grouse. I am not acquainted with their technical\\nname.\\nOne breeder wrote me that he objected to the name\\nPenciled, as it conveyed the idea of markings similar to\\nthose of the Penciled Hamburgs, but the Penciled Hamburg\\nfeathers are, more strictly speaking, barred, and I doubt if\\nany breeder would once think of a Hamburg feather if talk-\\ning of penciling, nor would he classify such a feather as a\\npenciled feather.\\nI have written to a number of breeders asking tlieir ob-\\njections to the names Golden and Silver Penciled, and the\\nabove mentioned is the only objection I have received. I\\nhave also asked for a suitable name for the Silvers, if the\\nname Partridge is given to the Goldens, but have received\\nno suggestions. If any breeder will give us names for these\\ntwo varieties which are better than those which Mr. Brack-\\nenbury and I have adopted, you will find us only too willing\\nto fall in line and give up the names we have chosen, but if\\nthere is nobody who can suggest better names, not for the\\none variety, but for both, is it not fair that the other breed-\\ners should fall in line with us and adopt the names Golden\\nPenciled and Silver Penciled Wyandottes?\\nWhile on the subject of Penciled Wyandottes I wish to\\nadd that I have been requested to draw up a standard for\\nthese two new varieties, to be adopted by the other breeders,\\nbut this seems like unnecessary work, as the standard is al-\\nready fixed for all varieties of Wyandottes, no matter of\\nwhat color so that the only thing left to do is to give a\\ndescription of the plumage, and for this we can refer to the\\nPartridge Cochin standard for a description of the Golden\\nPenciled plumage, and to the Dark Brahma for that of the\\nSilver Penciled. EZRA CORNELL.\\nMS\\n80", "height": "3936", "width": "2889", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0084.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "DIRECTORY OF RELIABLE WYANDOTTE BREEDERS.\\nKNAPP BROTHERS, Fabius, N. Y.,\\nbreeders of pure white White Wyan-\\ndottes and standard White Leghorns\\nthat are sure winners. Correspondence\\nsolicited. We can please you.\\nB. G. SMITH, Elmira, N. Y., breeder\\nof White Wyandottes, Rose and Single\\nComb White Leghorns. Winners at\\nNew York, Boston, Hagerstown, Buf-\\nfalo, Elmira, etc. Silver cup and many\\nspecials. Before purchasing ask for cat-\\nalogue, sent free, and see the handsome\\nshetches made from, life by Mr. Sewell\\nand others.\\nB. F. HISLOP, Milford, 111., breeder\\nof high standard Golden Laced Wyan-\\ndottes. Prize winners wherever shown.\\nSatisfaction guaranteed.\\nJOSEPH WALKER, Westboro, Mass.,\\nbreeder Toulouse and African Geese,\\nWhite Wyandottes, White Plymouth\\nRocks, Pekin Ducks. Breeders and eggs\\nfor sale. Westboro Duck Farm.\\nJOHN OLD, Woodbine, 111., breeder of\\nWhite Wyandottes exclusively, A. C.\\nHawkins strain. Stock and eggs for sale\\nat reasonable prices. Correspondence\\npromptly answered.\\nI. S. DONNELL, Mansfield, Ohio,\\nBuff Wyandottes and Plymouth Rocks\\nexclusively. First and second prize win-\\nners at East Liverpool, Canton and\\nMansfield. Score 90 and 93, Bridge,\\nHeimlich, McClave, judges.\\nA. H. M CLINE, Postmaster, Calla,\\nOhio, breeder of high scoring White\\nWyandottes, 92 to 96. Not a bird on the\\nfarm under 92. In the last three years\\ncompeted for thirty-six first premiums,\\nwas awarded thirty-four. Eggs $1.50 per\\n15. Stock and eggs for sale. Satisfaction\\nguaranteed or money refunded.\\nMRS. G. THOMPSON Prophetstown,\\n111.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Silver Laced Wyandottes a special-\\nty at Sunnyside Poultry Farm. Corres-\\npondence cheerfully answered.\\nW. P. WHITNEY, Bridgewater, Ohio,\\nFor ten years a breeder of S. L. Wyan-\\ndottes. Write me your wants. Will use\\nyou white or money refunded.\\nF. M. MTJNGER SONS, DeKalb, 111.\\nAmerican Poultry Farm. Twenty-five\\nyears experience in mating and breeding\\nWhite Wyandottes\u00e2\u0080\u0094 stay-white strain-\\nSilver Wyandottes, Plymouth Rocks,\\nLeghorns, Bronze Turkeys, Bantams,\\nBelgian Hares, Jersey cattle. Stock and\\neggs for sale. Forty choice breeding\\npens.\\nC. E. LULL, Fort Collins, Colo., breed-\\ner of White and Buff Wyandottes. My\\nbirds have won many first premiums\\npast eight years at state shows. Whites\\nscoring 92 to 96; Buffs, 91 to 94. Stock for\\nsale.\\nTHEO. E. F. HOLZHATJSER, Colum-\\nbia, S. C, Silver Laced Wyandottes\\nhave the record of winning first prizes\\nat shows such as Madison Square Gar-\\nden, New York, Hagerstown, Asheville,\\nN. C. Spartenburg and Columbia, S. C.\\nBirds for sale at all times. Eggs in sea-\\nson, $3 per 15. Broad River Poultry\\nYards.\\nW. E. MACK, Woodstock, Vt., breeder\\nof White and Buff Wyandottes. Birds\\nbred for utility and beauty. Best brown\\negg strain of Whites in America.\\nJOHN R. GARBEE, Billings, Mo.,\\nbreeder of high class poultry. Golden\\nWyandottes, White Turkeys, White and\\nBarred Plymouth Rocks. All standard,\\nfirst quality. Circular free.\\nL. H. P. NORTHRUP, Moberly, Mo.\\nWhite Wyandotte specialist. Winners\\nwherever shown. Eggs $3 per 15. Satis-\\nfaction guaranteed.\\nROWLAND G. BTJFFINTON, Fall\\nRiver, Mass., breeder of Buff Wyan-\\ndottes, Buff Plymouth Rocks, Buff Leg-\\nhorns, Buff Cochins and Rhode Island\\nReds. Also Buff, Black, White and Part-\\nridge Cochin Bantams. Send for circu-\\nlar.\\nL. B. WILLARD, Greeley, Colo.,\\nbreeder of Buff Wyandottes. Winners\\nin any competition. Choice stock for\\nsale at all times. Write your wants.\\nJ. N. YOTTNG, Whitfield. 111., breeder\\nand exhibitor of high grade White Wy-\\nandottes. Write your wants. If I can t\\nsatisfy you I ll return your money.\\nBROOKSIDE FARM, Nelson, Pa.,\\nbreeder and shipper of all the varieties\\nthoroughbred poultry, especially the\\nWhite, Black, Golden, Buff and Silver\\nWyandottes. Write your wants.\\nLUNT CURTIS, Freeport. Me.,\\nbreeders of White Wyandottes. We also\\nbreed Barred Plymouth Rocks. Eggs $2.\\nStock for sale. Prices on application.\\nW. L. LONG, Marshfield, Webster\\nCo., Mo., breeder of fine White Wyan-\\ndottes for the past ten years. Stock and\\neggs. Prices reasonable. Circulars on\\napplication.\\nCHARLES G. ARNOLD, Leland, 111.,\\nbreeder of White Wyandottes exclusive-\\nly. Send for circular containing half-\\ntones of my prize winners. It s free.\\nStock for sale.\\nCLARK TROLL, Box 225. St.\\nClairsville. Ohio, breed White Wyan-\\ndottes and S. C. White Leghorns of su-\\nperior quality. Birds of our own breed-\\ning are always winners wherever shown.\\nCan please you in either stock or eggs.\\nTry us. G. N. Clark, Charles Troll.\\nG. N. KERSTEN, Chilton, Wis.,\\nbreeder of the pure Duston strain White\\nWyandottes. Stock always for sale.\\nEggs in season. Satisfaction guaran-\\nteed or money refunded.\\nFRED G. MASON, Fabius, N. Y.\\nMason s Golden Wyandottes have won\\nmore first prizes during the last ten\\nyears than all competitors combined.\\nFine birds for sale. Eggs from grand\\nmatings, $3 per 13.\\nNIAGARA FARM, Ransomville, N.\\nY. White Wyandottes, Mammoth Pekin\\nDucks exclusively. Eggs and stock for\\nsale. Manufacturers Niagara Brand\\nGreen Cut Clover. Poultry supplies.\\nCirculars.\\nW. T. WHITEFORD, Barnard, Mo.-\\nGolden Wyandottes. Winners with\\nscores of 92% to 95. State your wants.\\nCorrespondence promptly answered.\\nRALPH I. DTJNLAP, Jacksonville,\\n111. It has ceased to be the question\\nwhether the White Wyandotte is a good\\nvariety or not, but who has the best. I\\nkeep the pure Duston strain direct.\\nL. H. DAVIS, Port Jefferson, N. Y,\\nbreeder of Golden Wyandottes, winning\\nprizes wherever shown. At Washington,\\n1898, 1st cockerel, 1st and 2d pullets;\\nMadison Square, New York City, 1st and\\n5th pullets, 3d on cockerel; Danbury,\\nConn., 1899, 1st and 2d cockerels, 3 cock.\\nStock and eggs for sale.\\nHENRY C. DAVIS, Manager Cum-\\nmaquid Poultry Farm, Box 127,\\nCummaquid, Mass.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 White Wyan-\\ndottes. Standard points and utility com-\\nbined. Stock for sale. Eggs, $2 per 13.\\nCircular free.\\nV. CRABTREE, Tiflin, Ohio, the Buff\\nWyandotte breeder. My stock is a rich\\ngolden buff color and have always won\\nprizes wherever shown. Circular free.\\nM. F. NORRIS, Lexington, Ky.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Buff\\nWyandottes exclusively. Bred in line for\\nten years. Won first prizes at Illinois\\nState Show, 1898, and Chicago, 1899.\\nStock and eggs in season for sale. Cir-\\ncular shows record.\\nW. M. LAYSON, Waukesha, Wis.,\\nbreeder of White Wyandottes exclusive-\\nly. Duston, Knapp, Hawkins and Mc-\\nCormick strains. Satisfaction guaran-\\nteed. Stock and eggs. Write me for\\nprices.\\nA. E. TARBOX, Yorkville, 111.,\\nNorth Side Poultry Yards. Silver and\\nBuff Wyandottes. Stock for sale at all\\ntimes. No eggs. Fine illustrated circu-\\nlar.\\nG. H. SUNDERMAN, Beardstown,\\n111.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 White Vv yandottes. Fine, vigorous,\\nfarm raised, up-to-date in size and qual-\\nity. Stock at all times. Eggs in season.", "height": "3909", "width": "2772", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0085.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "T11K WYANDOTTES.\\nMAPLE ROW FARMS. St. Johns-\\nVt.. .1 c .v 6 Underwood,\\nI als,\\nand White Mus ks.\\nHENRY E. VOIGT. Proprietor The\\nekn Poultry Farm. Hamburg.\\nU ,i shipper or Partridge\\nR C. B. Leghorns, Barred Ply-\\nper Laced am) Golden\\nBlack Wyandottes, White\\nler Fowls, Toulouse Geese, Mam-\\nmoth Bronse Turkeys, Rouen Geese, and\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2r.aii Pigeons. Eggs for hatch-\\ned young stork for sale. Write for\\nwhat you want. Circulars and catalogue\\nD. LINCOLN ORR. Orr s Mills. N. Y.\\nmakes White Wyandottes a specialty\\nfor utility, eggs and mora, riirds that\\nare right up to the standard ami farm\\nraised, strong ami vigorous. Ho is also\\na leader in White Indian Games and\\nLight Brahma Bantams. Should you\\nwant anything in the above mentioned\\nvaneiios write him. No harm done if\\nyou don t buy. Get his catalogue, any-\\nhow.\\nDR. A. A. HOWLAND, Worcester,\\nMass., breeder of White AVyandottes\\nthat win first prizes in New York and\\nBoston. Write for what you want.\\nK. S. TRIMBLE, North Middletown,\\nKy. Silver Wyandottes exclusively.\\nWinners at Cincinnati, Ohio, Pittsburg-\\nRock Island. 111., Coving-ton and\\nLouisville, Ky. Won for customers at\\nIndianapolis, i n d., Waco and Houston,\\nTexas, and many smaller shows and\\nfairs throughout the United States.\\nStock for sale.\\nJ. E. MEYER. Kossuth. Ontario, Can.,\\nBreeder of Silver Laced Wyandottes.\\nDuring the past fourteen years mv birds\\nhave won more prizes at the leading\\nshows than all others combined. They\\nhave the true open-lacing and hold Hi h\\ncolor. The very best English blood in-\\ntroduced. The last importation of twen-\\nty birds arrived from England in\\nAugust. A few cockerels of this impor-\\ntation for sale. Cockerels and mated\\npens that will improve your flocks and\\nstart you right, my specialty. I also\\nbreed Buffs and Whites.\\nARTHUR G. DUSTON. Marlboro,\\nMass. 1 have boon a firm advocate of\\nWhite Wyandottes tor some years, be-\\ncause they have boon proved the best\\nall-round fowl in existence. i have\\nproved their practical qualities and have\\nhad such success in the show room, at\\nsuch Shows as Boston and Now York,\\nand in my customers hands all over the\\ncountry, that I can claim my strain to\\nbo at the top. Write for my catalogue\\nbefore ordering.\\nS. M. STOWELL. Alden, N. Y. -Fif-\\nteen years a breeder o( Wyandottes,\\nWhite and Buff. I make a specialty of\\nraising utility and exhibition birds.\\nWrite for particulars. Pear Park Poul-\\ntry Yards.\\nFRANK E. WHITE, Marion, Ohio-\\nWhite s Golden Wyandottes have won\\nfirst prizes at Finley, Toledo, Cleveland,\\nCarey and Chicago under all the leading\\njudges. I have a grand lot of choice ex-\\nhibition birds for sale. Clean open cen-\\nters, wiili rich golden color, low combs\\nand correct shape.\\nJOHN W. YATES, Burnett Junction,\\nWis., breeder of White Wyandottes\\n(Duston strain), Barred and White P.\\nRocks, Buff Cochins, Imperial Pekin\\nDucks, Hallock and Pollard strain di-\\nrect. Write for prices.\\nB. A. SHELBY, Webster Groves, Mo.,\\n(a suburb of St. Louis), breeder of high\\nclass White Wyandottes. I have suc-\\nceeded in establishing a stay-white,\\nbrown egg, prolific laying strain that I\\nrecommend to be as good as any on\\nearth. Satisfaction absolutely guaran-\\nteed.\\nMRS. J. H. POSTLETHWAIT, Eloom-\\nmgton, 111.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Buff Wyandottes (prize\\nwinners). Score, 92y 2 to 94% points, by\\nHewes and Pierce. Buff to the skin\\nBirds for sale. Eggs in season. Write\\nme. Satisfaction guaranteed.\\nC. R. POWERS SON, Randolph,\\nMass., breeders of the Prime Albus\\nstrain of White Wyandottes. Winners\\nat the leading shows. Write for circular.\\nMRS. GEORGE M. HANLY, Hoopes-\\nton, 111., breder of first-class Silver\\nWyandottes that have laced wing bars\\nand strong under-color. Eggs and stock\\nfor sale at a- times.\\nW. T. VAN ORDER, Piano. 111.,\\nbrooder of blue ribbon S. L. Wyan-\\ndottes, M. B. Turkeys and Pekin Ducks.\\nW. B. DOAK. Russellville, Term\\nMaplehurst is paying special attention\\n(o White Wyandottes\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the prince of\\nbroilers and show birds. Always plump.\\nlay brown egg s early and often.\\nCHAS. BAXTER, Fremont, Wash.,\\nbrooder of White Wyandottes, pure,\\nthoroughbred and healthy, first and sec-\\nond prize. Stock and eggs for sale in\\nseason Correspondence answered\\nC E. WHITE, Fox Chase, Philadel-\\nphia, Pa.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 White Wyandotte specialist.\\nHENRY STEINMESCH, St. Louil\\nMo.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Laced Wing Bar is found\\nto perfection in the Steinmesch strain of\\nSilver Wyandottes. Stock for sale at all\\ntimes. Eggs in se ason,. $3 for 13 straight.\\nM. B. BLAUCH, Lebanon, Pa., breeder\\nof White Wyandottes. If you want\\nstrictly up-to-date White Wyandottes\\nshall be pleased to hear from you. At\\nthe great New York show, February,\\n1SSI9, in the hottest competition, we won\\nfirst cock, second and third hens, second\\ncockerel, first and second pullet, with\\nsix entries. Booking egg orders now.\\nLebanon Poultry Yards.\\nIRA C. KELLER, Box 6, Prospect,\\nOhio, breeder of line bred, up-to-date\\nGolden Laced, Buff i^aced and White\\nWyandottes. Also Sebrights. Large cir-\\ncular.\\nDR. NATHAN W. SANBORN, Wel-\\nlesley Hills, Mass.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Buff Wyandottes.\\nFine stock. Average for 1899, 200 eggs. $2\\nper sitting. Breeding birds at fair\\nprices.\\nIRVING CROCKER, Seneca Falls, N.\\nY. Sixteen years experience with Silver\\nWyandottes, Buff Plymouth Rocks and\\nRhode Island Reds, the business fowl of\\nthe century.\\nI. N. M. CONNER, Ponca Poultry\\nYards, Ponca, Neb.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Silver Laced Wy-\\nandottes exclusively. Symmetry, extra\\nlarge birds of best breeding and laying\\nqualities possessing the standard wing\\nbow, our specialty. Our birds have\\npractically open range. Stock for sale\\nat all times. Eggs in season. Corres-\\npondence solicited. Satisfaction guaran-\\nteed.\\nwhen wnrriNG to these iskeedkrs\\nKINDLY XKI/L THEM WIIBHKTOIISAW\\nTHEIB AIIVKiniSEMK.VT\\n^^^^^o^cw^offifflooae^^", "height": "3936", "width": "2889", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0086.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3909", "width": "2772", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0087.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY Oh CONGRESS", "height": "3936", "width": "2889", "jp2-path": "originalamerican00reli_0088.jp2"}}