{"1": {"fulltext": "EW ERA\\nA HIS\\nOF THE\\nb)iA ^i y\\n\\\\y\\ni\\n11\\nALMA M-\\nDY\\nI\\n-y-rr]", "height": "3074", "width": "2085", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.\\nCliapE[7^ Copyright No.\\nShelf.3-3/\\n1^^9\\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA.", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "O\\no\\nUJ\\n111\\nID\\nZ\\no\\n11)\\nI\\n31 m\\nCO", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "NEW ERA SERIES\\nHISTORY\\nOF THE\\nUNITED STATES\\nBy alma HOLMAN BURTON,\\nAuthor of The Story of Our Country, Four American I atriots,\\nLafayette, The Friend of American Liberty,\\nMassasoit, Etc.\\nCHICAGO\\nEATON COMPANY\\n1899", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "ECEWED,\\nLlbrarj v\\nOffice f th-\\nBeglster of Copyrtghtgr\\n54194\\nCopyright, 1899, by\\nEATON COMPANY\\n-I\\nSfcGOND C0PV#", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "PREFACE\\nThe chief aim of the author in compiling this book\\nis to awaken an abiding interest in the history of our\\ncountry. To this end the narrative style, grouping facts\\ntogether with direct reference to cause and effect, has\\nbeen adopted.\\nChronology, the dread of the average young student,\\nhas been arranged in marginal notes, thus presenting a\\nmore than usually complete list of dates without detract-\\ning from the sustained recital.\\nMaps of the scenes of action and portraits of the\\npersonages who have played their part in the wondrous\\nhuman drama enacted in the Western Hemisphere have\\nbeen selected with the utmost care the bibliography\\nsuggested in the footnotes and appendix is such as any\\nschool can afford to secure; the Table of Contemporary\\nEuropean Sovereigns and that of the Admission of the\\nStates to the Union will be found invaluable for refer-\\nence, while the full page colored maps of territorial\\nreadjustments will render the study of treaties and pur-\\nchases a more pleasing and profitable task.\\nThe object for which this little history has been\\nwritten will have been attained if its pages incite to\\nfurther quest not only in the exhaustive works to be\\nfound on the shelves of the library, but in newspapers\\nand magazines, in the utterances from the public plat-\\nforms, and quiet talks around the fireside at home of\\nthose great underlying principles of self-government\\nwhich have made our republic the pride and glory of\\nthe century fast drawing to a close.\\nTo mention severally the historians, from Bancroft,\\nPalfrey, and others of yesterday to Dodge, Andrews, and\\n[iii]", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "IV PREFACE.\\nothers of to-day, whose genius and toil have made the\\ncompletion of this volume possible, would require a vol-\\nume of itself.\\nGrateful acknowledgment is especially due to Charles\\nA. Mc Murray, Ph. D., and Supt. F. W. Nichols for help-\\nful suggestions as to the text to Mr. C. L. Ricketts for\\nthe artistic illustrations and to E. C. Page, professor of\\nhistory in the Northern Illinois Normal, for the election\\nmaps, which epitomize the results of the most important\\npolitical campaigns. a. h. b.\\nOctober iSgg.", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "contp:nts\\nINTRODUCTION\\nChapter\\nI The Old World and the New\\nChart\\nFIRST EPOCH\\nII Pilots and Pioneers\\nIII Pilots and Pioneers (Continued)\\nChart\\nPage\\n7\\n14\\n22\\n27\\nIV\\nV\\nVI\\nVII\\nVIII\\nIX\\nX\\nXI\\nXII\\nXIII\\nXIV\\nXV\\nXVI\\nXVII\\nXVIII\\nXIX\\nXX\\nXXI\\nXXII\\nXXIII\\nSECOND EPOCH\\nThe Oldest English Settlement in America 28\\nThe Cavaliers\\nThe Plymouth Company s Grant\\nThe Pilgrims\\nThe Puritans\\nThe Five Colonies of New England\\nThe United Colonies of New England\\nThe People of New England\\nTroublous Times in New England\\nThe Later Colonies\\nUnder the Royal Governors\\nWar, Witches, and Pirates\\nThe Westward March\\nThe French and Indian Wai.\\nThe Thirteen Colonies\\nChart\\nTHIRD EPOCH\\nCauses of the Revolution\\nThe Revolution\\nThe Revolution (Continued)\\nChart\\nFOURTH EPOCH\\nA More Perfect Union\\nFederalists and Anti-Federalists\\nAdministrations:\\nXXIV George Washington, Federalist\\nXXV George Washington (Continued)\\nXXVI George Washington (Continued)\\nXXVII John Adams, Federalist\\nXXVIII Thomas Jefferson, Democratic-Republican\\n[v]\\n35\\n40\\n44\\n51\\n56\\n61\\n65\\n73\\n82\\n85\\n94\\n100\\n105\\n112\\n119\\n121\\n128\\n139\\n151\\n152\\n157\\n167\\n173\\n179\\n185\\n189", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "VI\\nCONTENTS\\nXXIX Tho^jas Jefferson (Continued)\\nXXX James Madison, Democratic-Republican\\nXXXI James Monroe, Democratic-Republican\\nXXXII Jamls Monroe (Continued)\\nXXXI II John Quincy Adams, National Republican\\nXXXIV Andrew Jackson, Democratic\\nXXXV Martin A\\\\\\\\n Ruren. Democratic\\nXXX\\\\ l William Henry Harrison and John\\nTyler, Whig\\nXXXVII James K. Polk, Democratic\\nXXXVIII Zachary Taylor, Whig\\nXXXIX Franklin Pierce, Democratic\\nXL James Buchanan, Democratic\\nXLI James Buchanan (Continued)\\nChart\\nFIFTH EPOCH\\nXLII\\nXLIII\\nXLIV\\nXLV\\nXL VI\\nXLVII\\nXLVIII\\nXLIX\\nL\\nLI\\nLII\\nLIII\\nLIV\\n.\\\\braham Lincoln, Republican\\nAbraham Lincoln (Continued)\\nChart\\nSIXTH EPOCH\\nAndrew Johnson, Republican\\nUlysses S. Grant, Republican\\nUlysses S. Grant (Continued)\\nRutherford B. Hayes, Republican\\nJames A. Garfield and Chester\\nArthur, Republican\\nG rover Cleveland, Democratic\\nBenja.min Harrison. Republican\\nGrover Cleveland, Democratic\\nGrover Cleveland (Continued)\\nWilliam Mr Kinley, Republican\\nWilliam Mc Kini.ev (Continued)\\nChart\\nA.\\n195\\n199\\n208\\n219\\n--3\\n233\\n^35\\n239\\n247\\n256\\n262\\n267\\n274\\n288\\n302\\n303\\n307\\n312\\n319\\n324\\nT\\nJO\\n344\\n352\\n358\\n369\\n386\\nAPPENDIX\\nConstitution of the L^nited St.\\\\tes\\nTahle of States and Territories\\nTable of European Sovereigns\\nLetter of Christopher Columbus (Translated)\\nCollateral Readings\\nPronouncing Vocabulary\\nIndex\\n3S9\\n404\\n405\\n406\\n408\\n409\\n415", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "LIST OF THE MOST IMPORTANT MAPS\\nIN 1764\\nmap\\nmap)\\nEarly Voyages to America\\nBritish Possessions in America\\nUnited States in 1783\\nElection of 1789\\nElection of 1796\\nElection of 1800\\nUnited States in 1800 (Full page colored\\nFacing\\nElection of 1824\\nElection of 1828\\nUnited States in 1830 (Full page colored\\nFacing\\nElection of 1840\\nElection of 1844\\nElection of 1848\\nUnited States in 1850 (Full page colored\\nFacing\\nElection of 1852\\nElection of 1856\\nUnited States in i860 (Full page colored\\nFacing\\nElection of 1866\\nAreas of Freedom and Slavery in 1861\\nElection of 1864\\nTerritorial Growth of the United States (Double\\npage colored map) Followin,\\nElection of 1880\\nElection of 1884\\nUnited States in 1890 (Full page colored\\nFacing\\nElection of 1892\\nElection of 1896\\nThe World in 1899, Showing Territorial Expan-\\nsion OF THE United States (Double page\\ncolored map) Following\\nmap)\\nmap)\\nmap\\nrAGE.\\n17\\n115\\n149\\n161\\n183\\n189\\n189\\n218\\n222\\n222\\n235\\n237\\n246\\n251\\n255\\n261\\n266\\n268\\n277\\n297\\n306\\n323\\n330\\n33\\n343\\n357\\n384\\n[vii]", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION\\nI 4 50- I 492\\nCHAPTER I\\nTHE OLD WORLD AND THE NEW\\n-OUR hundred and fifty years a^o,\\nthe continents of North and South\\nAmerica were not marked on the\\nmaps of the world.\\nIndeed, only the north coast of\\nAfrica and that part of Asia cov-\\nered by the Arabian Desert and its\\ncaravan trails, were really known to Europeans.\\nFor many generations the treasures of India were\\nbrought by camels from the Persian Gulf and the Red ivade between\\nJ Europe and Asia\\nSea to the ports of the Black and Mediterranean Seas, ,,,e 15th century\\nwhence the merchant-ships of Genoa and Venice distrib-\\nuted them to the cities of Europe. j\\nWhen the Turks seized Constantinople, they shut off The Turks seize\\nthe trade by the Black Sea; and then, spreading like a\\ncrescent around the eastern and southern borders of the\\nMediterranean, they subjected trade by way of Alex-\\nandria to such a high tax that commerce with the Orient\\nwas fast ceasing altogether.\\nHow might the trade with the East be established\\nagain Drive out the Turk! said the kings and\\ntheir armies. Sail around the Turk, said the naviga-\\ntors and their seamen; and while kings marshaled their\\nwarriors, navigators launched their ships.\\n[7]\\nConstantinople", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "8\\nINTRODUCTION\\nPrince Henry, tlic\\nJ:\\\\vigator\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2455\\nohn II of Portugal\\nThe greatest seamen of the time were the Portuguese.\\nPrince Henry, the Navigator, declared that India might\\nbe reached by saiHng around Africa; but people then\\nlooked on such an expedition much as they look to-day\\non a trip to the North Pole.\\nPrince Henry persevered in his plans, however. His\\nPrince H.uryi.cKins pilots coastcd along the west shore of Africa until they\\n2l ltrorAf,u.. P -^ssed the mouth of the Senegal River; then they sailed\\nboldly on to the Gambia, and brought back wonderful\\ntales of their adventures with tiie negroes who dwelt on\\nits banks. Henry, the Navigator, died before his pilots\\nhad reached the Ecjuator. When John H came to the\\nthrone of Portugal, he continued the explorations down\\nthe coast of Africa, always hoping to find a passage\\nto India.\\nPerhaps his pilots talked of a voyage beyond the\\nAzores. But there lay the Sea of Darkness, where\\nthe charts pictured the giant hand of Satan rising out of\\nthe waters to seize any ship that entered into that region.\\nAnd how, asked the pilots, may one go\\neast by going west over a flat sea\\nSome of the most learned men believed\\nthat the earth was a sphere, about which\\nthe sun and the other planets revolved; but\\neven they could not conceive how a s-hip\\nmight sail without falling off when it reached\\nthe downward curve.\\nThe sailors of King John pushed\\ncautiously on to the south along the\\nwest coast of Africa. And while they were try-\\ning at every bend to find a way to the East, two\\nundiscovered continents lay far in the West.\\nThese continents, one lying south of the other, were\\npeopled by strange races of men. In the extreme north\\nThe Soa of\\nDarkness\\nESKIMO\\nThe two continents\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ti the west", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "THE OLD WORLD AND THE NEW\\nwere the Eskimos, eaters of raw meat. They were a rhu Eskimos\\npeople of yellow skin who dressed in furs, and speared\\nthe seal and walrus in the icy waters which feed the\\nArctic Ocean.\\nSouth of the Eskimos dwelt a race, not\\nbrown like the Turks nor black like the\\nnegroes, but red, or copper colored. They\\nhad jet black eyes and hair. Their faces\\nwere melancholy, -and their bodies lithe\\nand graceful the most of them went naked,\\nor dressed in skins, and adorned them-\\nselves with many things, such as feathers,\\nbones, bears claws, and the scalps of their\\nenemies. The women, or squaws, cut wood\\nfor camp-fires, set up tents, and tended corn; and the war-\\nriors hun:3d, or went on the warpath to their enemies.\\nThe red men had no beasts of burden; they made The red men\\ntheir way through the forests on\\nfoot, or glided down the streams\\nin birch-bark canoes. They were\\nskilled in woodcraft; and though\\nmild and hospitable in peace, they\\nwere cruel and revengeful in war.\\nThey were divided into many na- The Aigonquins\\ntions. The Algonquins lived in wig-\\nwams, or tents made of skins.\\nThey roamed with cunning stealth\\nthrough the tangled forests bordering the Great I^akes,\\nthe Ohio, and the Atlantic Coast as far south as the\\nJames River.\\nAnd in their midst, and surrounded by them like lions\\nin a jungle of tigers, were the Iroquois, or\\nFive Nations, who were so brave and\\nintelligent that all the other nations\\nPAPOOSE", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "lO\\nINTRODUCTION\\nThe Iroquois\\nThe Miiskohgres\\nfeared them. The Five Nations were closely united\\nfor warfare, and dwelt in long houses made of bark,\\nwhich were grouped in villages thickly planted from the\\nHudson River to Lakes Ontario and Krie.\\nSouth of the Algonquins were the Cherokees and the\\nTuscaroras, who were cousins of the Iroquois\\nStill farther south, among the Blue Ridge Mountains\\nand in the low lands along the Gulf of Mex-\\nico, were the Mus- kohgees. They built\\nhouses of timber, \u00c2\u00a5|L and made pottery,\\nand wove cloth M. from hemp and flax.\\nINDIAN WIGWAM\\nThe Uakotas and\\nComanclies\\nThe Aztecs and\\nToltecs\\nWest of the Mississippi, the great Father of\\nWaters, lived the Dakotas and the Comanches.\\nBeyond the Rocky Mountains were the Shoshones\\nand other scattered nations along the coast.\\nIn Mexico and Peru lived the Aztecs and the Toltecs,\\nwho were mild and gentle. They founded cities with\\ntemples and aqueducts, and carried on mining and\\nmanufacturing, and dug^ canals, and reveled in gardens\\nadorned with statues and fountains.", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "THE OLD WORLD AND THE NEW\\nI I\\nBoth in North and in South America there were\\nmounds of vast length and height, which seemed to be\\nof great antiquity. Some of these were evidently in-\\ntended for religious symbols; and along the\\nGreat Lakes, the Mississippi River, and through- i^%J,\\nout the Ohio valley were embankments as\\nif for defense.\\nBut the red men of whom we are\\nspeaking had no tradition\\nof the people who con-\\nstructed these earth\\n\u00c2\u00bbi\\ns\\nx:\\nAZTEC TEMPLE\\nworks.\\nAll of the tribes in\\nthe two great western\\ncontinents were supersti-\\ntious in religion. Some\\nworshiped the sun, but most of\\nthem adored a Great Spirit who ruled\\nover nature and punished the bad, or rewarded those\\nwho sought him in fasting and prayer. Their priests,\\nor medicine men. were skilled in the art of healing the\\nsick, and claimed to exorcise evil spirits through weird\\nincantations.\\nSome of the tribes cherished a dim tradition that one Traditions of\\nd-r^ 1 1 J j^i 1 white men\\nay a rair God would appear, with hair\\nlike gold and eyes blue as the sky. They\\n^-^^i^P^, longed for the coming of the white man;\\n^^k ^W then the game in the forest, and the\\n^^^**^l fish in the river, and the corn in\\n^^^i?f -y s,~;^j^^r\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the good mother earth would be\\n^tiL\u00c2\u00bb^i multiplied; and the pipe of peace\\nA MOUND IN MEXICO would be smokcd by all the tribes.\\nIt is of some such vague tradition that our poet Long-\\nfellow sings in the vision of Hiawatha; though, alas for", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "12\\nINTRODUCTION\\nhis people, the Indian seer reaHzed what the coining of\\nthe palefaces would really mean\\nOnly Hiawatha laughed not,\\nBut he gravely spoke and answered\\nI have seen it in a vision,\\nSeen the great canoe with pinions,\\nSeen the people with white faces,\\nSeen the coining of this bearded\\nPeople of the wooden vessel\\nFrom the region of the morning.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nI beheld, too, in that vision\\nAll the secrets of the future;\\nOf the distant days that shall be\\nI beheld the westward marches\\nOf the unknown, crowded nations.\\nAll the land was full of people.\\nRestless, struggling, toiling, striving.\\nSpeaking many tongues, yet feeling\\nBut one heart beat in their bosoms.\\nIn the woodlands rang their axes,\\nSmoked their towns in all the valleys.\\nOver all the lakes and rivers\\nRushed their great canoes of thunder.\\nX\\nmm\\nIII Jk i\u00c2\u00bb*?!V,^W^fc?S -T", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "2\\no\\nKnown to Europeans\\nTraditional\\nMost of Europe\\nNorth Coast of iVfrica\\nWest Portion of Asia\\nIndia\\nChina\\nJapan\\nThe Spice Islands\\nU3\\nu\\na\\na\\nu\\nD\\nEskimos\\nc\\no\\no\\nRed Men\\nAlgonquins\\nIroquois\\nMohegans\\nPequods\\nNarragansetts\\nWampanoags\\nMassachusetts\\nDelawares\\nPowhatans\\nShawnees\\nLenni\\nLenapes\\netc.\\nFive Nations\\nMuskohgees\\nScattered Na-\\ntions\\nSeminoles\\nCreeks\\nChoctaws\\nDakotas i Chickasaws\\nComanches\\nShoshones\\nAztecs\\netc.\\nSenecas\\nCayugas\\nOnondagas\\nOneidas\\nMohawks\\nHurons\\nEries\\nCherokees\\nTuscaroras\\nAntiquities of the Mound-builders\\nRed Men\\nSouth Continent\\nToltecs\\netc.\\nRuins of a more Ancient People", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "tlEEPQCfi.,\\n492-1607\\nCHAPTER II\\nPILOTS AND PIONEERS\\n454\\nChristopher Colum-\\nbus coes to sea\\nChristopher Columbus spent his early years in\\nGenoa, on the west coast of Italy. It is said that he\\nwent to sea at the age of fourteen, and visited most of\\nthe ports of Europe and Africa while still very young.\\nMany things which he saw and heard set him to thinking\\nthat there was much yet to learn in the world. He read\\nsirjohn MaiideviUc an old book Written *by Sir John Mandeville, a famous\\nEnglish traveler, who said that he knew the earth was\\nround instead of flat, and that by sailing far enough a\\nman might reach the point from which he started.\\nAnd while Columbus made charts for a scanty living\\nin Lisbon, he studied more and more the problems of the\\nunknown seas. He married a Portuguese lady whose\\nfather was a famous navigator and had many charts,\\nand the more Columbus studied these charts, the more\\nhe was convinced that Sir John was right. He talked", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "PILOTS AND PIONEERS\\n15\\n1474\\na map to\\nColumbus\\nwith Toscanelli, a famous Florentine astronomer, whcj loscanein sends\\nsaid that he believed it possible to reach Asia by way of\\nthe Atlantic Ocean.\\nToscanelli was so much pleased\\nwith the Genoese chart maker that\\nhe sent him a map with Japan and\\nthe Spice Islands marked about\\nwhere Mexico is.\\nColumbus made a voyage to Ice-\\nland, and it is thought that while\\nhe was there he learned that in the\\n1000\\nCHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS\\nAbout 1436-1506\\nyear loco, Leif, the son of Eric LdfEricson\\n.17,1 -11 if finds new laiKls\\nthe Ked, sailed west Irom Green- j^ the West\\nland to lands abounding in vines and trees much larger\\nand finer than any ever before seen.\\nAt last he resolved to hazard a voyage mto the Sea\\nof Darkness. He sought audience with King John of\\nPortugal, and pleaded for ships to sail to India\\nby way of the West.\\nThe shrewd monarch had some faith in the\\ntheory of the Genoese, but, thinking he de-\\nmanded too great reward for his\\nservices, he sent out his own pilots\\nsecretly. The sailors soon re-\\nturned, however, scoflfing at\\nColumbus as a dreamer (A\\ndreams.\\nDisgusted with the treachery of\\nJohn of Portugal, Columbus sought\\nthe favor of Ferdinand and Isabella\\nof Spain. The king was busy driving viking ship\\nthe Moors from his realm, and had then neither time\\nColumbus seeks\\nnor money to devote to such an uncertain enterprise, ii ^f-ivorof\\n^,,,..j, Ferdinand and\\nColumbus jomed the Spanish army, and when the vie- Isabella of Spain", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "i6\\nDISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS\\n1492\\nhe Pinta, the\\nVina, and the\\nUinta .Maria\\nail from Spain\\n(August 3)\\ntorious war was over, three ships, the Pinta, the Nina,\\nand the Santa Maria were made ready for his purpose.\\nThey were frail barks, hardly larger than a fishing\\nsmack of to-day, and, as they lifted anchor in the harbor\\nof Palos, the sailors felt they were daring much to\\nattempt such a voyage.\\nColumbus steered first to the Canary Islands and then\\ndue west into the unknown waters, whence none who\\nhad gone had ever returned. He calmed the mutinous\\ncrew by his patience and courage, and kept steadily on\\nin his course until a flock of land birds guided him to the\\nThe Discovery\\nof America by\\nChristopher\\nColumbus\\n(October 13)\\nColumbus names\\nthe natives\\nIndians\\n^ANDING OF COLUMBUS\\nsouthwesterly direction, and at dawn on the 1 2th day of\\nOctober, 1492, he landed in the New World. He shook\\nout the silken banner of Spain, and took possession of\\nthe country, which he called San Salvador, from the\\nname of the day in the Spanish calendar.\\nHe sailed among the islands now known as the\\nBahamas, and was everywhere received with delight\\nby the natives, whom he called Indians because he\\nthought he had found India.\\nHe coasted along Cuba and landed on Haiti, which\\nhe called Hispaniola, or Little Spain; and there, on the\\nBay of Caraola, he erected a fort out of the timbers of\\nthe Santa Maria, which had gone to pieces on a reef^", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "PILOTS AND PIONEERS\\n17\\n1493\\nThen leaving forty men on the island, with food enough\\nto last a year, he set sail for home, carrying several He returns to\\nnatives and many curious and beautiful plants, birds,\\nand animals as proof of his discoveries. He reached\\nSpain in March.\\nFerdinand and Isabella were amazed and delighted\\nwhen they heard of the new land of beauty and song.\\nThey doubted not that a short way had been found to\\nthe rich treasures of India, and the islands were called\\nthe West Indies because they were reached by sailing\\nwest.\\nThe earliest\\nvoyages to\\nAmerica\\n1 See Appendix, page 406.", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "iS\\nDISCOVERIES AND KXIM.{)RATIONS\\nHis later voyages\\n1497-98\\nlulin aiul\\nSuliastiaii Cabot\\nexplore from\\nl.:it)raclor to\\nAlbemarle Sound\\nVerrazzano coasts\\ntrcjiu Cape\\nHalteras to\\nNewfoundland\\nNew France\\nWhen Columbus returned to Hispaniola, he found his\\ncol(jny destroyed. He estabHshed another colony in\\nHaiti, and left his brother Diego in command.\\nColumbus made two more voyages, during which he\\ntouched the mainland of South America near the mouth\\nof the Orinoco I^iver, and explored the south side of the\\nCaribbean Sea.\\nMeantime his colony in the West Indies repudiated\\nhim. He returned from his fourth voyage a broken-\\nhearted sailor, whose queen was dead and whose king\\nwas ungrateful. He had n(jt f(^und the treasure he\\nsought, yet to the day of his death Christopher Colum-\\nbus believed he had discovered the east coast of India.\\nWhile it was thought that at last a new way to Asia\\nhad been found, kings vied with one another in sending\\nexpeditions to the West.\\nAccording to the laws of the time, if a mariner hoisted\\na flag on an unknown shore, or if he only sighted new\\nland from afar, it belonged to his king.\\nWhen John Cabot, five years after the first voyage of\\nColumbus, touched the coast of Labrador, he set up the\\nflag of England and when in the following year his son\\nSebastian coasted farther south. King Henry VH laid\\nclaim to North America from Labrador to Albemarle\\nSound.\\nA few years later Verrazzano coasted in a French\\nvessel from Cape Hatteras to Newfoundland, and King\\nFrancis I named the country New France.\\nSoon hshing smacks from both England and France\\nfollowed the ships of the abots to Newfoundland. The\\nhardy fishermen caught and dried vast quantities of cod,\\nand hurried back to sell them in all the ports of Europe.\\nBut they said that the winters were very severe, and for\\nmany years both England and France neglected their\\nlands in America.", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "PILOTS AND PIONEERS 1 9\\nCortereal sailed from Portugal to explore the coast\\nof North America, and Cabral sighted what is now\\n5\u00c2\u00b0\\nBrazil. The following year Americus Vespucius, in Americus\\nPortuguese ships, explored the coast of South America p ^^^p\\nr r the coast of\\nas far south as the La Plata River, and secured Brazil South America\\nto Portugal.\\nIt was now known that the land thought to be an\\nisland was really a great continent, and people began\\nto talk of the continent of Americus.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2513\\nThen Balboa, the Spaniard, crossed the Isthmus of Baihoaand\\nDarien, and beheld a new ocean, which he called the Padfico cean\\nSouth Sea; but, a few years later, Magellan, the Portu-\\nguese, called it the Pacific as he sailed over its peaceful\\nwaters with a Spanish fleet, on his way around the world.\\nPonce de Leon, the Spanish governor of Porto Rico, Pence de Leon\\nsailed northwest while seeking the Fquntain of Youth. ^a\\nHe reached the mainland on Easter Sunday, and called\\nthe country Florida, because that day was Pascua\\nFlorida in the calendar.\\n1520\\nDe Ayllon, in quest of slaves, was driven by a storm De Ayiion in\\nto the coast of South Carolina, and loaded his ships with s\u00c2\u00b0 h Carolina\\nthe natives who had fed him in their tents.\\n1519\\nHernando Cortez landed in Mexico, and marching to cortez in Mexico\\nthe capital, imprisoned King Montezuma, and made the\\nempire of the Aztecs a Spanish province. A few years\\nlater Pizarro conquered Peru, and from these two prov- pizarroin Peru\\ninces pearls and precious metals poured into the Golden\\nTower of Seville, until king, nobles, and merchant navi-\\ngators were mad for gain.\\n1528\\nThousands perished seeking for gold. De Narvaez DeNarvaez\\nand four hundred horsemen and footmen in search of f\\n.Apalachee Bay\\nrich cities, landed at Apalachee Bay. They wandered\\nwestward, fighting hunger and the natives, until, after\\neight years of suffering, only four of the party lived to\\n1 Read Prescott s Mexico.", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "20\\nDlSCOVERlHrf AND KXPLOKAtlONS\\n1540\\nZorqnado searclies\\nor the Seven\\nJities (if Cil ola\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2537\\nl)c Soto sets sail\\nirom Spain\\nFERNANDO DE SOTO\\nAbout 1496-1542\\n1542\\nDeatli of l c Soto\\nI 5 5\\nSt. Augustine\\n(ounilfil l)y\\nPedro Mencndez\\n1562\\nJohn Ribaut s\\ncolony in Carolina\\nreach Culiacan, a Spanish settlement on the west coast\\nof Mexico. The Spanish governor of Mexico, hearing\\nof the wonderful country through which they had passed,\\nsent out exploring parties. Coronado, with over a thou-\\nsand men, marched into New Mexico, and then wan-\\ndered eastward in search of seven fabled cities. It is\\nthought that in his vain quest he reached the Republican\\nValley in Nebraska.\\nMeantime Fernando de Soto was made governor of\\nCuba and Florida. With six hundred Castilian nobles\\nhe set out from Spain in high hopes of finding\\ntreasure. On reaching America he left his\\nbeautiful wife in charge of affairs in Cuba,\\nand sailed with his army to Florida.\\nHe landed at Tampa Bay, and after wander-\\ning through the marshes and forests noi th of\\nthe Gulf of Mexico, he crossed the Mississippi\\nand pushed on into what is now the State of\\nArkansas; then turning back, he sickened and\\ndied, and was buried under the waves of the\\ngreat river he had found. The survivors built\\nboats, and reached at last a Spanish settle-\\nment in Mexico by way of the gulf.\\nThus, in one expedition after another, the Spaniards\\nfailed to find gold in what is now the United States;\\nand they made no permanent settlement there until\\nPedro Menendez reached Florida. Menendez brought\\ntwo thousand five hundred sailors, soldiers, common\\nlaborers, and black-robed priests, who laid the founda-\\ntion of St. Augustine.\\nThis settlement was made in Florida to prevent the\\nFrench from securing territory claimed by the Spanish.\\nSome Frenchmen, led by John Ribaut, had landed in\\na region farther north, which they called Carolina in", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "PILOTS AND PIONEERS\\n21\\nhonor of Charles IX, king of France, and built Port\\nRoyal; famine had soon reduced them to such extremes,\\nhowever, that the few who survived returned home.\\nOther Frenchmen, under Laudonniere, soon built a fort Laudonmcre s\\non the St. John s River, which they called Fort Carolina.\\nAnd while the Spaniards were building the stout walls of\\nSt. Augustine, the men of Fort Carolina began an expe-\\ndition against them. A storm at sea arose, and, while\\nthe French ships were scattered, Menendez attacked\\nolony on the\\nSt. John s River\\nBUKIAL uF UfcbOTO\\nFort Carolina, putting men, women, and children to\\ndeath. Then, while Menendez was absent in Spain,\\nDominic de Gourgucs, a Frenchman, sailed with a small DeOourgucs\\nfleet to St. Augustine, and killed or imprisoned all the 1;\\nr St. AiiguBlinc\\ninhabitants. Menendez returned to St. Augustine with\\nmore colonists, and strengthened the port.\\nThus Spain had won by actual settlement the West\\nIndies, Mexico, Florida, and all of South America except\\nBrazil, which was claimed by the Portuguese.", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III\\nPILOTS AND PIONEERS (Continued)\\nThe success of Spain in founding colonies in the New\\nWorld induced France to become more zealous in her\\n534\\njacqu. s cartier plans for Settlements there. On a fair day in August\\ns Lawrence Jacqucs Carticr sailed up the St. Lawrence, and planted\\nthe lilies of France on its green banks. The following\\nyear he made treaties with the natives, and named a\\nlofty hill Mont Real, on which an Indian village stood.\\n154 A few years afterward, Cartier built a fort near the\\nsite of Quebec; but the bands of criminals whom he had\\nbrought from the jails to secure it, sailed back to France\\nthe following spring. More than a half century passed\\nbefore the French again attempted to colonize America.\\nDe .Monts founds Then De Monts obtained a grant of all the territory\\nPort Royal in betwccn thc sltcs of Montreal and Philadelphia. He\\nNnva Si-otia\\ncalled his province Acadia, and founded Port Royal on\\nthe west coast of what is now Nova Scotia. Three\\n1 608\\nchampiain founds years later Champlain and some traders built rude huts\\nand planted orchards below the stockade fort at Quebec.\\nAnd so the reign of France began in America.\\nThe year following the founding of Quebec, Henry\\nHudson, an English pilot in the service of Holland,\\nreached the coast of Maine. Sailing as far south as\\nCape Cod, he entered Delaware Bay; then steering\\nnorth along the Jersey shore, he ascended the beautiful\\nriver which bears his name. The Dutch then laid claim\\nto all the country drained by the Delaware and Hudson\\nRivers in spite of the discoveries made by the English\\nand the French. They called the region New Nether-\\nlands, and built cabins on Manhattan Island to carry on\\n[22]\\n()\\\\i her\\nHe my\\nHudson s\\nvoyasje\\ni(.i3\\nrhc I)\\nutch make\\na\\nscillcment on\\nManlui\\nittan Islam\\n1", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "PILOTS AND PIONEERS 23\\nthe fur trade with the Indians, and then estabhshed Fort\\nNassau, on the Hudson, near the site of Albany.\\nWhen PhiHp, of Spain, came to England to marry 1554\\nQueen Mary, his Spanish grandees told marvelous tales\\nof the treasure found in America. A new interest was\\naroused in the discovery of the Cabots, and when Queen\\nElizabeth ascended the throne, adventurers were eager to\\nscour the seas in her service. No one was more anxious\\nfor wealth and renown than the young queen herself,\\nand soon vessels of all shapes and sizes were moored in\\nthe harbors of England.\\nElizabeth sent Sir Martin Frobisher to America to Manin Frobisher\\nsearch for gold, and a northwest passage to India but X hJeVpassage\\nhe found no passage, and brought back glittering mica 1\\ninstead of gold.\\nThe queen frowned at no seaman who carried Spanish\\ndoubloons in his pockets, and so Francis Drake, a bold i-vancis Drake sets\\nrover, who hated nothing so much as idleness, sailed \u00c2\u00b0yas\\nover the Spanish Main.\\nHe passed through the Strait of Magellan, loaded his\\nship with plunder from the harbors of the west coast of\\nSouth America, and, fearing the Spanish fleet to the\\nsouth, steered north through the Pacific Ocean in search\\nof a passage home.\\nWhen he reached the coast of Oregon, he gave up the 157\\nquest, and, turning south for a harbor, landed on the coast,\\nof California. He named the land New Albion, and,\\nsailing west through southern waters, reached England,\\nat last, by way of the Cape of Good Hope. The brave\\nsea rover had thus navigated around the globe; he was\\nknighted by the queen; and, as Sir Francis Drake, was\\nmade the hero of many a story and song.\\nThen Sir Humphrey Gilbert sailed away with five\\nships to found a colony. He landed in Newfoundland", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "H\\nDISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS\\n1583\\nSir Humphrey\\n(Gilbert attempts to\\nfound olony in\\nNewfoundland\\nSir Walter Raleigh\\nSIR WALTER RALEIGH\\n1552-1618\\n1584\\nThe expedition of\\nC aptaiiis Amidas\\nand Harlow\\n585\\nIvaleigh sends\\nRalph Lane with a\\nI olony to Roanoke\\nIsland\\nbut the climate was cold, and his men refused to stay.\\nOn the return voyage his own ship went down in a storm,\\nand there was mourning throughout all England for that\\nmost gentle knight of the court.\\nNow Sir Humphrey s half-brother, young Walter\\nRaleigh, with the soul of a sea-king, and the brain of\\na statesman, had been over in France to\\nserve in the wars. While there, he heard\\nmuch of Carolina, where the French Hugue-\\nnots had attempted a settlement, how\\nhuge stalks with hanging ears of corn\\ngrew from a single grain, how deep in the\\nearth the potatoes ripened their fruit, and\\nhow broad leaves of tobacco made a fra-\\ngrant powder to be smoked through a\\npipe.\\nRaleigh was a favorite with the queen,\\nand when he declared the lands to the\\nsouth were hers by reason of the discovery of the Cabots,\\nshe encouraged him to fit out a fleet to explore them.\\nHe sent two small vessels to America under Captains\\nAmidas and Barlow. In the month of July these bold\\nseamen cast anchor off the shores of Carolina, and took\\npossession in the name of the queen of England. Then\\nthey hastened back home to tell of gentle natives who\\ndwelt on islands fringed with verdure, with clambering\\nvines and sedgy lakes, where flocks of birds rose like\\nan army at the discharge of a gun.\\nElizabeth, the Virgin C)ueen, was delighted with\\ntheir report, and named the enchanting regions Virginia.\\nRaleigh sent over a colony the following year to the\\nisland of Roanoke. The adventurers soon aroused the\\njealousy of the Indians, and were rescued from death by\\nSir Francis Drake who chanced to pass with a fleet.", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "PILOTS AND PIONEERS S\u00c2\u00a7\\n1587\\nRaleigh sent over a second colony to Virginia m com- Raleigh s second\\nmand of John White. The men, with their wives and )o V, i, e\\nchildren, landed on Roanoke Island, and began to build\\nhouses for a permanent settlement.\\nGovernor White soon after sailed back to England for\\nsupplies. He was detained there for three years by the\\nSpanish war, and when he returned to Roanoke, the\\ncolony had disappeared. No one ever knew what became\\nof it.\\nAmong those who were lost was White s little grand-\\ndaughter, Virginia Dare, the first English child born in\\nAmerica.\\nBefore the close of the century, Sir Walter Raleigh had\\nsent no less than seven expeditions to Virginia. His\\nemigrants went down in storms or perished by famine or\\nwere killed with the scalping knife.\\nI shall yet live to see Virginia an English nation,\\nsaid the dauntless courtier, who had almost exhausted\\nhis fortune.\\nAfter the war with Spain was over, the English armies\\ndisbanded. Many soldiers who had served Elizabeth by\\nland and sea found nothing to do but seek their fortunes\\nin the New World. When James I came to the throne, a\\nnumber of knights, gentlemen, and merchants formed\\nthemselves into two companies, and applied for permis-\\nsion to plant colonies in America. To the London Com-\\npany the king gave the land from about Cape Fear River Royal grants to the\\nto the Rappahannock, and to the Plymouth Company pi\u00c2\u00b0 no ,h\\nthat from about the mouth of the Hudson River to Nova companies\\nScotia. Each grant extended one hundred miles to the\\nwest from the coast. The land lying between the Rap-\\npahannock and the Hudson was to be held in common,\\nbut neither colony was permitted to make a settlement\\nwithin a hundred miles of the other. These two grants\\ncame to be known as North Virginia and South Virginia.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "26 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS\\nCouncils in England, appointed by the king, were to\\nmake laws for the settlements, and local councils, ap-\\npointed by the councils in England, were to see that the\\nlaws were obeyed. The king might veto any law so\\nthat really everything began and ended with the king,\\nwho was to receive one fifth of all the precious metals\\nfound.\\nIt was believed that America was about half as wide\\nas it is, and the king urged the companies to seek a pas-\\nsage toward the west which would lead to the Pacific\\nOcean.\\n^f The very next year the London Company sent three\\nihc London well-equipped vessels to Roanoke Island under com-\\nCuptafn r^hristopher Inland of Captain Christopher Newport. Storms carried\\nNewport to South them beyond the island into the beautiful Chesapeake\\nViruiniii witli settlers\\nBay, the Mother of Waters. As the voyagers passed\\nup the bay, they named the headlands Cape Charles and\\nCape Henry, after the young princes. A point in deep\\nwater where the ships found anchor they named Point\\nComfort, and the silvery river, into which they soon\\nsailed, was called the James.\\nAt fifty miles from the mouth of the James the colo-\\nnic- founding of nists cabled their ships to the overhanging trees, and in\\nthe budding month of May, 1607, they founded James-\\ntown, the oldest English settlement in America.\\nJamestown (May 23)", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "I\\no\\no\\nX\\nW\\nQ\\nz\\nu\\nsi\\no\\nThe Earliest Discoverers\\nSpanish\\nEnglish\\nI rench\\nChristopher Columbus\\nagellan\\ni John and Sebastian (Jaljol\\nerra/,zano\\nThe Early Explorers\\ni( Drtereal\\nCaijral\\nAmericus Vespucius\\nHalboa\\nPonce de Leon\\nI)e Ayllon\\nSjianish Cortez\\nDe Narvaez\\nDe Soto\\nMenendez\\nErench\\nDutch\\nEnglish\\nSettlements\\nErench\\nDutch\\nCarlier\\nJohn Rihaut\\nLaudonniOre\\nChamplain\\nDe Monts\\nJ Henry Hudson\\nf Martin Erobisher\\nErancis Drake\\nWalter Raleigh\\nThe London Company\\nThe Plymouth Company\\nSt. Augustine\\nSpanish\\ni Santa Ec\\nMissions\\ni oil Royal\\n(^)uebec\\nMissions\\nManhattan\\nEort Nassau\\nEnglish J Jamestown\\n[27]", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "i6o7\\nThe colony at\\njameMown under\\nthe control of the\\nCouncil\\nTflB EPOCH Or^ETTLEnCNT\\nAND (DlJO^IIALDEVEIJOmE^^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\\n1613-1775\\nCHAPTER IV\\nTHE OLDEST ENGLISH SETTLEMENT IN AMERICA\\n1607- 1625\\nUnder a sail spread from tree to tree, with logs for\\nbenches, the men of Jamestown read the service of the\\nEnglish Church. Then they erected a fort, with a pali-\\nsade fence, and built a few log houses. But the settlers\\ndid not prosper, for they hunted gold instead of planting\\ncorn. The ship s stores gave out, and, until Captain\\nNewport might bring supplies from England, they lived\\non the crabs and sturgeon from the river. Pestilence in the\\nmarshes and Indians in the forests thinned the ranks so\\nthat fifty of the hundred and five were dead, and those\\nyet living were quite in despair when John Smith came\\nto the rescue.\\nCaptain John Smith Now the name Smith, even in that day, was common\\nenough, but this particular Smith was a very uncommon\\nman. Before he was thirteen years old, his father died,\\nand he ran off to sea. He fought the Spaniards and\\nthen the Turks.\\nWhile sailing in the Mediterranean, he was cast like\\nJonah to the whales by a company of pilgrims on their\\n[28.1", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "OLDEST ENGLISH SETTLEMENT IN AMERICA\\n29\\nway to the Holy Land, but he swam ashore in time to\\naccompHsh wonderful feats-at-arms in Hungary. He\\nbecame a cupbearer to a Tartar prince, then a slave of\\nslaves on the Black Sea. At last, escaping from bond-\\nage, he returned to England just in time to sail for\\nAmerica in a ship of the London Company.\\nA man of such renown as Captain Smith was not to\\nbe ignored. The company made him a member of the The Fati-.cr ,.f\\nColonial Council. The other members of the council\\nbecame jealous of him, however, and\\nhe was shamefully ignored at James-\\ntown, until death stared the whole\\ncolony in the face. Then it was\\nthat Captain John Smith earned the\\nname of the Father of Virginia.\\nHe established trade with the In-\\ndians, built houses, and set the idle to\\nwork cutting a cargo of wainscot and\\nclapboards to be exchanged in Eng-\\nland for food. By his own industry\\nand courage he inspired all with new\\nhope. He led an expedition in search of the Pacific\\nOcean, was seized by the Indians, and had many adven-\\ntures during his captivity. He showed the ignorant na-\\ntives his pocket compass, and explained, as well as he\\ncould, that the earth was round, and that the sun did\\nchase right about the earth continually. He whittled\\ndolls for the pappooses, and made himself so popular\\nthat he went about for several weeks clad in raccoon\\nskins as a badge of royalty; but for all that he was\\ndoomed to death until rescued by the gentle Pocahontas, Thegcnti\\ndaughter of the chief, Powhatan. He returned to the col-\\nony laden with corn just in time to prevent the survivors\\nfrom sailing away to Europe. Smith continued to explore\\nlOHN jMITH\\n1579-I632\\nPocahonta-", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "30\\nCOLONIAL DE-VELOPMENT\\nCaptain Newport\\nbrings more colonists\\n161O\\nSmith returns to\\nEngland\\n1609-10\\nThe starving time\\n1609\\nThe second charter\\nof the London\\nCompany extends\\nthe grant from sea\\nto sea\\nthe coast, always looking for a passage to India, and\\nkept the colony busy until more settlers came, under\\nCaptain Newport.\\nThe newcomers brought hindrance instead of help.\\nThey washed the sands of the river for gold while they\\nate up the stores. More colonists came, under Sir\\nThomas Gates and Sir George Somers. They were\\nmere adventurers, or convicts from the jails, or ruffians\\npicked up on the streets of London. When you send\\nagain, wrote Smith t(j the Compan} I entreat you\\nrather send diggers of trees roots well provided than a\\nthousand such as we have.\\nWhile Smith was president of the Colonial Council, his\\nletters to the London Company were full of good advice,\\nand his maps of the country correct. He was conceited\\nand boastful; but he managed affairs so well that in two\\nyears the colony numbered over five hundred. About\\nthirty acres were in corn, and many houses were built.\\nThe little commonwealth was prospering, when Smith\\nwas wounded by an explosion of gunpowder, and re-\\nturned to England for medical aid. Then storms gath-\\nered about the settlement. A mutiny broke out. Some,\\nturning pirates, sailed off with the ships. Indians killed\\nothers. Disease and famine stared the remainder in the\\nface. By spring only sixty remained at Jamestown;\\nthese made pinnaces to return home, and were sailing\\ndown the James, when they met Lord Delaware with\\nthree well-manned ships.\\nMeanwhile there had been changes in the London\\nCompany s grant.\\nTwo years after Jamestown was founded, a second\\ncharter for South Virginia had been given by King James.\\nRead Eggleston s Beginners of a Nation.", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "OLDEST ENGLISH SETTLEMENT IN AMERICA\\n31\\nintroduces\\nmartial law\\nThe territory was increased so that the company\\nowned all the land two hundred miles north and two\\nhundred miles south of Old Point Comfort, stretching\\nfrom sea to sea, west and northwest.\\nThe powers vested in the king were transferred to a\\nsupreme council chosen by the shareholders themselves.\\nLord Delaware was made governor for life by the Lord Delaware the\\ncouncil, and when he came to Jamestown, he brought y^r f^r\\nliveried servants with him, and lived in grand style. He\\nwas kind, yet firm, and began each day with services in\\nthe little church, which was garlanded wijih wild flowers.\\nWhen ill health forced Lord Delaware to return home, sir Thomas Dale\\nSir Thomas Dale became the governor of South Vir-\\nginia. More immigrants came over, bringing cattle, and\\nimplements for all kinds of labor. The newcomers were\\nfor the most part criminals from the jails, and it was\\nnecessary to make very severe laws to control them.\\nMartial law was set up, and the worst of the men were\\nhanged without mercy.\\nThus far, the colonists had eaten from the common\\nkettle that is, they had held their lands in common.\\nSir Thomas gave each man a few acres for his own\\norchard and garden, and required of each a tax of\\ntwo barrels and a half of corn for the public granary. The Virginians\\nThus the Virginians became freeholders, and began to f- =hoiders\\nwork in earnest.\\nWhen they found that tobacco was in demand in The cultivation of\\nEngland, they cultivated it more and more until its\\ngreen leaves were everywhere, even in the public\\nsquares, and along the streets of the town. Thrifty\\ntenants on English estates heard of the wonderful profits\\nin tobacco, and sailed to Virginia to secure plantations. ^^^g\\nSo that eleven years from the founding of Jamestown Four thousand\\nthere were four thousand settlers in South Virginia. vi rginL", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "32\\nCOLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\nIndented servants\\n1619\\nNegro slaves\\n1620\\nIncreased immigra-\\ntion to Virginia\\nMost of the work was done by indented servants.\\nThese were unfortunate men and boys from the prisons\\nand streets of London, who were hired out until the cost\\nof passage had been paid. In 1619 a Dutch man-of-\\nwar sailed up the James with twenty negroes to sell in\\nexchange for tobacco. Thus began in the English colo-\\nnies that great African shadow which was one day to\\nthreaten the welfare of the whole United\\nStates.\\nMeantime Powhatan, chief of forty In-\\ndiaxi clans, who dwelt near the site of Rich-\\nmond, was invested with a crown as a\\nvassal of King James. Then his\\nbeautiful daughter, Pocahontas,\\nwas baptized, and married to John\\nRolfe. These events helped ce-\\nment friendship with the natives;\\nbut the marriage displeased King\\nJames. He said it was a bold\\nact for a commoner to wed a\\nprincess of royal blood. He\\nfeared Rolfe might set up claims\\nto Virginia. When the dusky bride\\nwent to London, she was received at\\ncourt, and treated with much respect.\\nPeace with the Indians and profit from the tobacco\\ncrops caused still greater immigration to the empire of\\nPowhatan. In one year over twelve hundred persons\\nlanded in Jamestown. Among them were many agree-\\nable young women. Now, there had been very few\\nwives in Jamestown, and the desire for homes was so\\ngreat that much rivalry was incurred in courting these\\nnew arrivals. It is said that it was often so impossible\\nfor a gentle Virginia maid to refuse her suitors that she\\nPOCAHONTAS", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "OLDEST ENGLISH SETTLEMENT IN AMERICA 33\\nwould promise herself to more than one. This caused The first courtships\\nbitter disputes. In the end the governor was forced to\\nissue a proclamation that what woman soever should\\nuse finy word or speech tending to a contract of marriage\\nto two several persons at one time should undergo cor-\\nporal punishment or be fined (if a person of quality).\\nWhile this law was probably necessary, there were\\nmany others which were too severe. Martial law became ihc- frL-emen\\nintolerable to the thrifty freemen. They had expected p\\nto exercise all the political rights enjoyed in the mother\\ncountry.\\nIn spite of oppressive kings, who tried to restrict their\\nliberties, the towns and counties of England elected\\ntheir own representatives to sit in the House of Com-\\nmons to help make the laws, and neither the king nor\\nthe lords could put a tax on the people without their\\nconsent. Virginians declared they should enjoy the\\nprivileges of English subjects.\\nThe London Company had now a thousand members,\\namong them some of the richest and most powerful men London company\\nin England, who voted to repeal the cruel martial laws Zlr^iai law\\nof Virginia.\\nThen, that the planters might have a hande in the\\ngoverning of themselves, it was granted that a general\\nassemblie shoulde be helde yearly once, whereat were to\\nbe present the governor and councill with two burgesses\\nfrom each plantation, freely to be elected by the inhab-\\nitants thereof; this assemblie to have power to make\\nand ordaine whatsoever laws and orders shoulde by them\\nbe thought good and profitable for their subsistance.\\nTwenty-two delegates from eleven plantations, or\\nboroughs, assembled in the little church at James-\\ntown with Governor Yeardley and his council. One of\\nthe burgesses was the great-grandfather of Thomas\\n3", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "34\\nCOLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\n1619\\nThe House of\\nHuigessL-s meets\\n:it Jamestown\\nduly 30)\\nI i;il liy jury, tlie\\nI hurch of England\\ncuiifiimeci, and\\nmeasures taken to\\nfound a university\\nVree homes in\\nVirginia attract a\\nbetter class of\\nse ttlers\\nJefferson, who, more than a hundred and fifty years later\\non, wrote the Declaration of Independence for the whole\\nAmerican people.\\nThis House of Burgesses gave trial by jury, confirmed\\nthe Church of England as the church of Virginia, and\\ncompelled attendance at its services. They adopted\\nmeasures toward erecting a university to educate the\\nyouth, and enacted many good laws.\\nNow for several years the wits in the coffee houses\\nand the playwrights in the theaters of London had made\\njests of the Virginians. Why, man, said one, all\\ntheir dripping pans are pure gold, and as for rubies and\\ndiamonds, they go forth on holidays and gather em in\\nby the seashore to hang on their children s coats and\\nstick in their children s caps as commonly as our own\\nchildren wear groats with holes in em.\\nIt was very true that rumors of gold mines had brought\\nmost of the earlier settlers to Virginia. But rumors of\\ngold were no longer necessary to induce people to cross\\nthe sea. The hope of winning free homes of their own\\nattracted younger sons of noble families, and sturdy\\nfarmers, the yeomen of England, who had always rented\\nland instead of owning it and thus men of thrift and\\nintelligence took the place of bold adventurers. There\\nwas peace and plenty in the reed-thatched huts of James-\\ntown, and plantations spread out for miles on both sides\\nof the James River.\\nThe king quarrelled with the London Company because\\nits members opposed some of his tyrannical acts in\\nParliament. He grew jealous of their prosperity, and\\ndeclared if they kept on declaring their right to trans-\\nport the king s subjects to Virginia, they might in time\\ndepopulate the realm, and transfer the whole English\\nnation to the dominion of thecompanw He brought", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "OLDEfST ENGLISH SETTLEMENT IN AMERICA 35\\nagainst the corporation the charge of mismanagement. jg2\\nThe timid courts sided with the king, and the charter of The London\\nthe company was taken away. When the royal com- iJThrrter\\nmissioners demanded the colonial records of the Vir-\\nginians, they refused to surrender them and when the\\nclerk gave them up for a bribe, the burgesses stood him\\nin the pillory, and cut off an ear for it.\\nVirginia became a royal province. King James died Virginia becomes\\nbefore he had completed a new set of laws for the province\\ncolony. His successor, Charles I, was even more tyran-\\nnical than his father, but he was so busy with affairs in charies i\\nEngland that he contented himself with sending a royal\\ngovernor to Virginia; and the House of Burgesses con-\\ntinued to sit annually and make its own laws.\\nCHAPTER V\\nTHE CAVALIERS\\n1625-1700\\nIt was plain that Charles would abolish the Assembly KingCharies\\nof Virginia if he ever had the time; for he soon dissolved Parliament\\nParliament, and tried to manage his kingdom alone.\\nWhen he found that he could not force taxes from his\\nBritish subjects without the House of Commons, he\\nsummoned Parliament to meet again. After the Com-\\nmoners assembled, they would not adjourn, and held a 0-161;:?\\nlong Parliament for more than twelve years. Two The long\\nparties were formed in England, the Cavaliers, who wore\\nlong curling locks, and the Puritans, or Roundheads,\\nas they were sometimes called from the way they cropped\\noff their hair.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "36\\nCOLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\nI avaliers and\\nRoundheads\\n1649\\nCharles 1 hehi-adcd\\n1648\\nTrade on the James\\nTlie Cavaliers\\nThe Old\\nDominion\\nlOOo\\nCharles II ascends\\nthe throne\\nThere was a bitter struggle between the Cavaliers, who\\nwere friends of the king, and the Roundheads, who\\nwere his enemies.\\nAt last, Parliament found Charles I guilty of treason.\\nHe was beheaded. England became a protectorate\\nwith Oliver Cromwell, the leader of the Roundheads, as\\nprotector.\\nWhile these exciting events were taking place in the\\nmotherland, the Virginians continued to prosper.\\nOne Christmas day there were twelve merchant ships\\nfrom England, twelve from Holland, and seven from the\\ncolonies of North Virginia trading in the James.\\nMany Cavaliers, fleeing from the persecution of Crom-\\nwell, were made welcome in South Virginia. Among\\nthem were the ancestors of George Washington and\\nother famous Americans.\\nThey bought large estates, and laid out plantations\\nalong the beautiful rivers. More elegance crept into\\nsociety with the coming of these courtiers. In gold-\\nlaced coats they sailed in barges to visit their neighbors,\\nor cantered across country, following the hounds; they\\nintroduced cockfighting. and dueling with pistols and\\nswords, after the English fashion. They even hoped\\nthat young Prince Charles would one day land at James-\\ntown to proclaim himself king of Virginia; and after\\nCharles became king of England, he caused the arms of\\nVirginia to be quartered with those of England, Scot-\\nland, and Ireland.\\nThe loyal province was called the Old Dominion,\\nand even to-day this name is sometimes used for Vir-\\nginia.\\nThe Cavaliers rejoiced greatly, when, at the downfall\\nof the Cromwells, Charles II was restored to his own.\\nHut he soon rewarded their devotion by depriving", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "THE CAVALIERS 37\\nthem of their privileges, and dividing up their land\\namong court favorites, as if it were a barren waste.\\nWhile the anger of the people at this kingly folly was\\nat its height, Indians fell upon the settlements, massa-\\ncring and carrying many captives away.\\nGovernor Berkeley did not call his militia out to attack Governor Berkeley\\nthe dusky foes, and was accused of allowing the mas- ,hrpeopie\\nsacre rather than spoil his fur trade. But the real\\nreason of his hesitation to call for military aid was his\\nfear that, when the troops had conquered the Indians,\\nthey might turn their arms against him and his friends.\\nBy this time three distinct classes of people lived in The planters, the\\nVirginia the aristocrats, or large land owners, the poorwhites\\nnegro slaves, and the poor whites. The negroes\\nnumbered almost a thousand, and were hurried more\\nand more into market by the Royal African Company\\nof which the king himself was a member. Sometimes\\nGovernor Berkeley feared an uprising of the negroes.\\nYet it was the poor whites that he feared most.\\nMany of the poor whites had been indented servants, indented servants\\nThese, as we have seen, were mostly men from the prisons,\\nor very needy persons who worked out the cost of their\\npassage but it was such a profitable business to send\\nindented servants to Virginia that the young and friend-\\nless were often stolen and stowed away in the holds of\\nthe west-bound ships. The terror of such a fate became\\nso great among the poorer classes of England that at\\none time forty children fled from a town, and hid till the\\nships had left port. Wicked judges even disgraced the\\ncourts by convicting innocent persons, and selling them\\nlike merchandise. After an indented servant finished\\nhis term of labor, he became a freeman but there was\\nno place for him in Virginia. The land was already\\nlaid out in plantations. He was too proud to work in", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "38\\nCOLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\nNathaniel Bacon\\n1676\\nBacon leads the\\npeople against\\nthe Indians\\nThe freemen elect\\nBacon to the House\\nof Burgesses\\nthe fields by the side of the slaves, so he built a rude\\ncabin on the outskirts of some plantation, and lived\\napart with his family.\\nThe climate was mild. There were oysters in the\\ncreeks, wild game in the woods, and fish in the rivers.\\nAnd because they could live with very little labor the\\nmost of these outcasts were shiftless and contented.\\nGovernor Berkeley wished to keep them ignorant that\\nthey might be satisfied with their humble station.\\nI thank God there are no free schools nor printing,\\nhe said, and I hope we will not have them these\\nhundred years.\\nSome intelligent poor whites, however, who had\\nonce owned land and had been robbed of it by the king s\\nfavorites, were unhappy and restless.\\nAfter a time they found a leader. Young Nathaniel\\nBacon, a rich English planter, took up their cause. He\\nwas a bold and eloquent patriot, and, as a member of\\nthe council, did the oppressed freemen much service.\\nSo it came about that when Governor Berkeley, in\\nhis fear of a popular uprising, refused to call out the\\npeople to punish the Indians, they called themselves out,\\nand chose Nathaniel Bacon their captain.\\nRight gallantly Bacon led his band, and routed the\\nred men completely. The governor deemed the young\\nleader a rebel, and sent troops against him, and refused\\nto allow him to sit as a member of the Council.\\nThen the freemen elected Bacon to the House of\\nBurgesses, where he spoke boldly against the king s\\nfavorites. How have those in authority obtained\\ntheir estates. he cried. Have they not devoured\\nthe common treasury What schools of learning have\\nthey promoted. What have they done to break the\\nchain of servitude that has so long galled your necks.", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "THE CAVALIERS\\n39\\nThe people s champion soon won the Assembly to his\\nviews. They elected him commander of the army,\\nrepealed unjust laws, and began many needed reforms.\\nThis was just one hundred years before the declaration\\nof independence at Philadelphia.\\nAt last, Berkeley and his favorites were driven from Bacon s rebellion\\nJamestown. When there seemed no other way to break The burning of\\nup his rule, some patriots set fire to their own houses, J^\\nand the first English village in America was\\nburned to the ground. A crumbling tower\\nis all that now remains to mark the site of\\nold Jamestown. Williamsburg became the\\ncapital of Virginia.\\nSoon after this rebellion Nathaniel Bacon\\ndied of a fever, and the people had no\\nleader. Their property was confiscated.\\nSome of the best men of the colony were\\nput to death. Berkeley was summoned to\\nEngland to account for his cruelty to the\\ninsurgents; but he was succeeded by other\\ngovernors who were very little better.\\nAfter a time almost all of the Bacon laws were Repeal of the\\nrepealed. Only the landholders could vote, and the\\ndisfranchised class became more and more humble.\\nAt the close of the seventeenth century we found Vir-\\nginia still a royal province. Some one has called it\\nOld England in the woods.\\nThe great houses on each plantation became the\\ncenters of hospitality.\\nThe smiling lady of the manor, in huge ruff and rust-\\nling taffeta, freely gave the best in the larder to any\\npassing guest. There were corn cakes and bacon and\\nstrong ale or wine in abundance, and no one went hun-\\ngry from the door. The king s governor, in scarlet and\\nRUINS OF JAMESTOWN\\nBacon laws\\nOld England in\\nthe woods", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "HH\\nI llhlNMI ll|i\\\\|ilH| M|iN\\n(|H|t|, Niil III lln. \u00e2\u0080\u00a2ImimIiiiI WlllltiiiinltiiiK, i^iiMMiiiiiUiil Ity\\nlllH ttllllltll hi JMli llllll \\\\U ||1 )||Hl||lt t| lllli |tl||(J|t t\u00c2\u00abtiiili\\nU |il Mil llllll liiil.i, iiIlM llii liit^lihiii itt llio |in|{ll\u00c2\u00bbli\\n||lll|t)|l lit I IIIIIIIIMlltl, lllltl IllMlllly |||lthl|l|| Mil lliHii ii^liU\\nriliilii yvilN iiiiit li vvhiii|iliii|| ii\\\\iii )iiivlltifu i) Ami Mii\\nlllli Mil|tt \\\\\u00c2\u00a5Mlll liy, III*- Im t llnill h| \u00e2\u0080\u00a2|..|iillti III III!- llfflllltl\\nIjllllhll III hlll(ilii t|\u00c2\u00bb t4 I IMtlllilt Hhlltljtl llllll tllilltitilllMll wIllll^M\\nIliUlllih llllVM llMi tlllll) lilHlilIlM III llhliMV\\nny\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0*\\\\y\\niflL\\nI\\n1\\n\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\W I iW)\\\\Ni;|Mn III im i mi|||\\nII \\\\ri I ix I\\nMill I II \\\\N\\\\ i \\\\iW AN I\\nW Mil w \\\\y\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\y\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Wii i jdiUiMUH (I luuv III\\n\\\\\\\\w ^\\\\\\\\\\\\s\\\\\\\\\\\\ l\\\\\u00c2\u00bb*li ini\u00c2\u00bbl \\\\l\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00bb\\\\* lupm(i ii iui\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00bb s\\\\ \\\\\\\\m\\n\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\Wy Mvv nmU\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00bbplPv ilh i\u00c2\u00bbM\u00c2\u00abnmH\\nu\\\\\\\\\\\\ *\u00c2\u00bb^i l -\\\\li \u00c2\u00bb*\u00c2\u00bbt l\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00bb*\u00c2\u00bbM\u00c2\u00bb i\u00c2\u00bbll\\nHUiM\u00c2\u00bbUIH\u00c2\u00bb,UI\\\\ UIU ^ll\\\\ lUiUloMHol tUHl\\n^w\\\\ \\\\m\\\\u\\\\,w Mrt\\\\\\\\l l l M\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\,\\\\^", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "i i i L it. L J L s. i I,\\nri t yf f\\nitr /firrtrrrifi O, ir lit^Ji^ li flu ri rr t tyir\\nI,;\\nt S ^f\\nI\\nffmt\\nfA nft^f tfy* fAtrH ft\\nfttf/f\\nT, I I\\nrt iryifi t\\ni^N\\n/:f, r-- i:, yft i rr-yrfir^t ii/ rr T -%t fTi t", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "42 COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\nNow while Captain Smith was serving his company by\\nnoting all the places where the merchant ships might\\nanchor, and jotting down locations for the cities of the\\nfuture, Captain Hunt was serving them in a very differ-\\nent way. He filled his vessel with whale blubber and\\nfurs, and then, to make his voyage still more profitable,\\nHunt kidnaps kidnapped several Indians from Cape Cod to sell as\\ncap e cod slaves in the markets of Spain. The friends who fol-\\nlowed the ship in canoes to rescue the unhappy prisoners\\nreceived a volley of shot, and returned to the shore vow-\\ning vengeance on the palefaces.\\nAnd when two French fishing smacks came sailing\\ninto Massachusetts Bay, how should the poor Indians\\nknow that they were not the English in search of more\\nihc rr.n.h slaves They set upon the Frenchmen, and massacred\\nitssrXtrtl p.ay fi^^ ^ho wretched bondage, and\\nsent from one sachem to another to perform the most\\ndegrading labor.\\nThe plague among A very short timc after a terrible plague swept over\\nNewEng iami country, and thousands of Indians died, from Narra-\\ngansett Bay to the Penobscot River.\\nThe few surviving warriors believed the plague was a\\npunishment for the murder of the Frenchmen. Fear\\nThe harbors of New made them harmless, and the fair harbors of New England\\nii ^white ^men ^^V ^eady to receive the white men from the crowded\\ncities of Europe.\\nMeanwhile the maps and pamphlets of Captain Smith\\nwere scattered throughout England. Of all the four\\nparts of the world I have seen, he said, I would\\nrather live in New England than anywhere else, and\\nhe showed how the French and the Dutch were making\\nmore money with fish and furs than the Spaniards with\\ntheir mines in Mexico.\\nFishing fleets came more and more to New England,", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "THE PLYMOUTH COMPANY S GRANT 43\\nuntil the Plymouth Company, who claimed the country, xhe fishermen off\\nappealed to the king to forbid fishing without their per- Jj^j^rfrwlriwh,-\\nmission Plymouth Compan\\nBut the busy fishermen said the sea was free, and one\\nmight as well try to keep them from breathing air, or\\ndrinking water, as from taking draughts of fish from the\\nboundless waters of the New England bays. Many\\nfishermen became merchants, and were getting so rich a codfish\\nthat they threatened to create a codfish aristocracy, threatened\\nwhich the gentry declared would soon undermine the\\nvery foundations of polite society.\\nSince the Plymouth Company could not secure the\\nmonopoly of the American trade, they delayed planting\\npermanent colonies.\\nYet a settlement was soon made in New England 1620\\nwithout the consent of king or company.\\nThere had long been trouble in England about relig-\\nious observances. Some people thought there was too\\nmuch ceremony in worship, and these were called Puri- The Puritans\\ntans because they said they wished to purify the church\\ncreed.\\nQueen Elizabeth wanted all her subjects to think\\nexactly alike on religious subjects, and persecuted those\\nin her kingdom who would not conform to the rules of\\nthe established church. But the number of Puritans\\nincreased until they became very powerful in wealth and\\nsocial position.\\nWhen King James I came to the throne, the Puritans Kin\u00c2\u00abjamesat\\n1,1 fi- I o fil Hampton Court\\nhoped to have more freedom m worship. Some of the ^^.j,,, PuHtans\\nmost honored among them met His Majesty at Hampton\\nCourt with a petition for reforms in the church. But\\nthey found that James was more tyrannical than Eliza-\\nKead Eggleston s Beginners of a Nation.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "44\\nCOLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\nThe Separatists\\nat Scrooby\\nbeth had been. He listened to what they said with\\nimpatience, and, in the end, told them to awaie with\\ntheyre sn) velings, and declared he would make them\\nconform to his church or harry them out of the land,\\nor else worse.\\nA little congregation of Puritans was formed at\\nScrooby, in the north of England. They were called\\nSeparatists because they had separated entirely from\\nthe Church of England. They were much persecuted;\\nbut when they attempted to seek homes elsewhere,\\nJames would not let them go, and kept all the ports\\nguarded by the police. The selfish king knew very well\\nthat they were among the most industrious and intelli-\\ngent subjects in his realm.\\nCHAPTER VII\\nTHE PILGRIMS\\n1609-1625\\n1608\\nI he Pilgrims\\nat Ley den\\nPD many trials, a band of Separatists\\nescaped to Holland, and because\\nthey moved about from place to\\nplace they were called Pilgrims.\\nFinally they settled in Leyden,\\nwhere they bought a tract of land,\\nand built a church and homes for\\ntheir families. There was much\\nlaughing in London about the pinched fanatics of\\nLeyden, but the colony increased continually.\\nYoung men from the great universities of Cambridge", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "THE PILGRIMS\\n45\\nThe Pilgrims\\ndiscontented in\\nLevden\\nand Oxford, many from the landed gentry, and even a\\nfew from the nobility came to Leyden.\\nAt first, the Pilgrims were contented in the new home;\\nbut after a time they saw their children learning the\\nDutch language and customs, and their boys joining the\\nDutch army or going off on Dutch ships to earn their\\nlivelihood. It grieved them to feel that the traditions\\nof Old England would soon be forgotten. Besides,\\ncrowded little Holland could not well give employment\\nfor all. Even her own thrifty burghers were founding\\ncolonies in America.\\nThe Pilgrims began to cast about where they should The PiigHms decide\\n1 T^i 1 1 r 1 TA i 1 home in\\ngo for new homes. 1 hey heard from their Dutch America\\nfriends about the beautiful coast of\\nwhat is now New Jersey, and they\\nobtained permission from the Lon-\\ndon Company to settle there. Some\\nEnglish merchants consented to\\nloan money for the voyage, but\\nthe terms were hard, for an\\nenterprise prompted by re-\\nligion instead of trade did\\nnot seem very promising.\\nIn 1620 some of the\\nwealthiest Pilgrims sold what\\nthey had, and put all the funds together to secure two\\nships. In July of that year as many as could boarded the The sav^/jw// sails\\nSpeed%vell, and sailed from Delfshaven to Southampton\\nto join the Mayfloivcr. Those who remained behind\\npromised with tears and prayers to join the colony\\nlater on.\u00c2\u00ab\\nSoon after the two ships started from port, the Specd-\\ntvell sprung a leak. Both put back to shore, and, in the The voyage of\\nend, the Mayflower sailed away alone with ninety-eight y-^\\nTHE MAYFLOWER", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "46 COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\npassengers. The leaders were Elder Brewster, William\\nBradford, John Carver, and Captain Miles Standish.\\nBut almost every Pilgrim was worthy to be a leader.\\nGod sifted a whole Somc onc Has said, God sifted a whole nation that he\\nluitioii, that lu miehi i. JL iii. -IJ t^\\nmight send choice grain into the wilderness. It was\\nsiMul chdiie gram t3 o\\ninto the wilderness only thc bravcst and best who had been willing to leave\\nEngland for Holland, and now only the most steadfast\\nof those faced the terrors of the ocean. After a stormy\\nvoyage of nine weeks the ship was driven to the shore\\nof Cape Cod.\\nThis was several hundred miles north of New Jersey,\\nfor which they had started. The country belonged to\\nthe Plymouth Company, but, as the bay was beautiful,\\nthe weary voyagers concluded to settle there, and obtain\\na charter from that company later on.\\nSince the patent they held from the London Company\\niheooiupait IS was useless, they drew up a compact in the cabin of the\\nrnri.r t d Mayflower, declaring loyalty to the king, and pledging\\nKovcinui to enact just and e(iual laws which they would obey\\nwith all due submission. The compact was signed\\nby forty-one of the principal men, and the wealthy John\\nCarver was elected governor.\\nCaptain Miles Standish, William Bradford, and a few\\nothers soon set out in a boat to explore the coast. They\\nfound no Indians and only brought back a little Indian\\ncorn, dug from a pit under the snow. Then Governor\\nCarver and a party made explorations, and while ashore\\nthey were attacked by some Indians. They escaped to\\ntheir ship, steered southwest, and, in the teeth of a\\nstorm, were driven into a safe harbor on the west side of\\nSee Yearbook oi the Society of Mayflower DescendaiUs (1897).\\nThe Journal of the Voyage, written l y William Bradford, was\\nsecured in 1897, by courtesy of Great liritain. and jilaccd in ihe archives of\\nthe Statehouse at Boston.", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "THE PILGRIMS 47\\nthe bay. On Monday, December 21, 1620, they landed The landing of the\\non the spot called Plymouth on John Smith s map. iil !m uth Rock\\nThey also called the place Plymouth in memory of the (December 21)\\nport in England from which they had sailed. Thus,\\nthirteen years after Jamestown was founded by the Cava-\\nliers in Virginia, Plymouth was founded by the Pilgrims\\nin New England.\\nWith toil and suffering the Pilgrims built one large\\nhouse for common use. The boats were few to disem- n.c drst winter\\nbark from the ships, and the cold was so severe that the\\nwet clothes of the men looked like shining armor.\\nAt length they had all landed; and then began a grim\\nstruggle with Death, which is more cruel than any king.\\nExposure and poor food soon brought on disease.\\nBefore winter was over half of the colony had per-\\nished. The living buried the dead but they kept\\ntheir courage alive, and were so strong in their faith\\nthat this was the promised land that in the spring, when\\nthe Mayflozvej sailed back to England, not one Pilgrim\\nwas on board the vessel.\\n1621\\nThey obtained a charter from the Council for New The gram of land\\nEngland, which had succeeded the Plymouth Company, t^^^ltZ^nA\\nmaking them a grant of land between latitudes 40^ and\\n48^ stretching from sea to sea, and allowing them the\\nprivilege of framing their own laws and electing their\\nown ofBcers.\\nThey made peace with the Indians who taught them\\nhow to plant corn and shoot game, and they soon had\\nenough to eat.\\nThe Pilgrims, like the Cavaliers, first began to cultivate\\nthe fields in common. But they, too, found that a man\\nworked better when he worked for himself, and each\\n-V boulder of granite on which the Pilgrims .stepped became famous as\\nPlymouth Rock. Read Webster s Plymouth Oration.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "48\\nCOLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\n1 62 1\\nWilliam HradCiird\\nelected governor\\nThe dread of attack\\nfrom the Indians\\n1623\\nThe settlement\\nat Wcvmouth\\nman was soon given his own plot of ground to culti-\\nvate.\\nWhen Governor Carver died, William Bradford, who\\nhad been a farmer in England, and a dyer of wool in\\nHolland, was elected governor. He was the first of a\\nlong line of commoners who have been chosen for high\\nplaces by the American people on account of their ster-\\nling worth of mind and character.\\nAlthough treaties of peace were made with many Indian\\nchiefs, there was always fear of an attack from the red\\nmen. The town of Plym-\\nouth was enclosed by a\\npalisade fence, and gates\\nthat were shut at night,\\nand the little church on\\nthe hill was guarded with\\ncannon. When it was\\ntime to go to meeting, a\\nline was formed in front\\nof the house of Captain\\nStandish; the musketeers\\nmarched in front; then\\ncame Governor Bradford,\\nElder Brewster, and Captain Miles Standish, followed\\nby the few timid women who had survived the hardships\\nof the first winter.\\nIn the third year very troublesome traders from Eng-\\nland came, who made a settlement at Weymouth on\\nBoston Bay, twenty-five miles north of Plymouth.\\nThey began to pay the Massachusetts Indians double\\nprices for their corn, fish, and furs. But it was not long\\nbefore they showed what rascals they were. They\\nwasted their own provisions, and then robbed the Indians.\\nW^hen winter came on, they found themselves without\\nFIRST CHURCH IN NEW ENGLAND", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "THE PILGRIMS 49\\nfood or friends, and were forced to become servants to\\nthe Indians, cutting wood or fetching water for a cup\\nof corn. The red men called them paleface squaws,\\nand plotted to destroy Weymouth and march against\\nPlymouth.\\nMeanwhile. Edward Winslow, of Plymouth, had saved\\nthe life of Massasoit, the chief of a friendly tribe, and piots uf the indiat\\nthe grateful warrior revealed the plot against the settle-\\nments. Then Captain Miles Standish with eight picked captain Miks\\nmen sailed to Weymouth, routed the Indians, and carried standish and hi.s\\neight picked men\\nthe heads of their ringleaders home on a pole. The\\nMassachusetts tribe never recovered from this defeat;\\nand treaties of peace were renewed with other neigh-\\nboring tribes.\\n1625\\nSoon after the trouble at Weymouth, Thomas Morton, Thomas Morton\\na young lawyer of tine family, and some of his boon com- i y\\npanions crossed the sea to get all the enjoyment they\\ncould out of the New World, and at the same time make\\ntheir fortunes in the fur trade. They built cabins at\\nMount ^^^allaston, at the mouth of a winding stream\\nwhich emptied into Boston Bay. To the south, in plain\\nview from the hills, stood the lonely blockhouse of\\nWeymouth.\\nBut these young fellows proceeded to live in an even\\nmore reckless way than the traders of Weymouth had\\ndone. They laughed gaily at the brethren of\\nPlymouth, and declared that life was too short to spend\\nso much time in praying and keeping the ten command-\\nments.\\nThey called their settlement Merrymount. They The setting up of\\ncut down a giant pine tree for a Maypole, and when MeiTmoTnt\\nthey had set it up with much pomp, they drank rum\\ntill their heads were light, and then called in the Indians\\nto help them drink more. They drew the dusky maid-\\n4", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "50\\nCOLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\nnuich trouble\\nens into a dance, and the whole company whirled about\\nthe Maypole in glee. The Pilgrims of Plymouth soon\\nhad reason to fear that worse things than these might\\nhappen.\\nMorton and his friends, being anxious to make their\\nfortunes as quickly as possible, sold the Indians all\\nMcirymouiit causes the rum they wanted. The post became the center of\\ntrade. The bay was full of canoes, laden with the furs\\nof the otter, the marten, the black wolf, and other rare\\nanimals. But as rum was not bringing them money\\nfast enough, they began to teach the Indians how to\\ncharge muskets and fire them. The warriors paid\\ntwenty times what the firearms were worth, and were\\nsoon roaming the woods, shooting at every object they\\nmet.\\nThe fishing settlements on the coast petitioned Plym-\\nouth to help put down the troublesome neighbors.\\nBut when Governor Bradford sent a remonstrance to\\nthe traders, he was met with defiance.\\nThen Captain Miles Standish, with his eight picked\\nmen, seized Morton, the sachem of Merrymount,\\nand he was sent to England for trial.\\naptaiii Standish\\nvisits Merrymount\\nwith his eight\\npicked men\\nGOVERNOR CARVER S CHAIR", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIII\\nTHE PURITANS\\n1628-1636\\nBesides the Separatists, who had set up a church of\\ntheir own, there were many people in England, called The Puritans\\nPuritans, who did not wish to conform to all the cere-\\nmonies of the Established Church, yet could not make\\nup their minds to separate from it.\\nThey were persecuted more and more by Archbishop\\nLaud, who regulated matters by giving the\\nking a list of the church-members. Those\\nmarked with O were orthodox, and\\nthose marked with P were Puritans.\\nThe P s were brought before com-\\nmissioners, and condemned to be brand-\\ned, or stood in the pillory, or have their\\nears cropped off. Very few ever escaped\\npunishment who provoked the wrath of\\nthe archbishop.\\nTo avoid such tyranny, the Puritans\\nresolved to seek homes in the New\\nWorld, where they might worship as they pleased.\\nThey formed a company, and bought from the Council\\nfor New England a strip of land between the Charles\\nand the Merrimac. The tract thus purchased was said\\nby the terms of the grant to extend from sea to sea.\\nThis included, of course, the region along the Hudson\\nRiver where the Dutch had planted colonies; but the\\nThe Puritans 111\\nPuritans knew nothing of that. They sent out small New England\\nPILLORY\\n1628\\nRead John Fiske s Beginnings of New England.\\n[51]", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "52\\nCOLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\n1629\\nThe Massachusetts\\nl^ay Company\\nJOHN WINTHROP\\n1588-1649\\n1630\\nlOvcriior John\\nWinthiop brings a\\nI olony to New\\nICnpland\\ncolonies which settled at Salem and Charlestown on\\nMassachusetts Bay, with John Endicott as governor.\\nPlymouth on Cape Cod Bay had set the example of\\nthis exodus to the New World. As one small candle\\nmay light a thousand, said Governor Bradford, so the\\nlight here hath shown to many, and he welcomed gladly\\nthe Christians of Massachusetts Bay.\\nThe Rev. Thomas Higginson wrote back from Salem\\nto his friends: A sup of New England air is better\\nthan a whole draught of Old England s ale.\\nThe Puritans soon enlarged their company,\\nand called it the Massachusetts Bay Company.\\nThey asked Charles I for a patent to their land.\\nThe king, thinking this new company was for\\nthe fisheries, said, smiling, that fishing was\\nthe apostle s own calling, and granted a\\nliberal charter. They were to have a gov-\\nernor, a deputy governor, and a council\\nof eighteen assistants, to be elected annually\\nby themselves. They might make their own\\nlaws, and no place ivas mentioned ivherc their\\nmeetings vinst he held.\\nTaking advantage of this omission in their charter,\\nthey quickly resolved to move their officers to America.\\nThey elected John Winthrop, of Groton Manor, governor,\\nand that same year sent over six ships with over four\\nhundred colonists to Salem. The following year, leav-\\ning wealth and high honors behind him, the noble Win-\\nthrop himself crossed the ocean with about a thousand\\nmore emigrants.\\nThey brought cattle, horses, plows, seeds, fruit-trees,\\nand all needful things to develop a new country. They\\nplanted towns along Massachusetts Bay, and on a pen-\\ninsula of three low-browed hills, held to the coast by a", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "THE PURITANS 53\\nnarrow neck of marshland, they laid out the capital city i! ston sciticd and\\nof Boston. A beacon was put on the highest hill for p\\nsignals to the other towns, a fort was built on another,\\nand a mill on the third. At the center of the town was\\nthe market-place, and a little church stood by the spring\\nnear the governor s .house.\\nThere were many privations in the colony. Before Hunger, disease,\\nthe first winter was over, two hundred had died, and\\nalmost as many more had sailed back to England.\\nGovernor Winthrop was undismayed; and when\\nspringtime came, the hopes of all revived at the arrival\\nof ships with provisions. The Puritans prospered\\ngreatly. Many of them were wealthy, and all were\\nintelligent and industrious. They took^ the Bible as The Puntunsmake\\ntheir law, and established the first Congregational\\nchurch in New England. Then, that they might keep\\nall dissensions out of their midst, they declared that no\\nman should be allowed to vote on public affairs who did\\nnot belong to the church. Only church-members were\\neligible to office, yet taxes were imposed on all for the\\nsupport of the minister; and when some members of the\\nEpiscopal Church attempted to establish a congregation\\nof their own, they were sent back to England. So it\\nwas really an aristocracy which the liberty-loving An aristocracy of\\nPuritans established, not of birth nor of wealth, but of\\nreligion.\\nMany who had belonged to the same neighborhood in\\nOld England formed their own little settlements in New\\nEngland. Soon there were so many towns clustered\\nabout the bay that each chose two delegates to meet in\\nBoston to help make laws for the common good. The ti.c government of\\n_ j1_ 1 t i.u T Massachusetts\\ngovernors council were the upper house of the Eegis- ,j^ coion\\nlature, and the delegates were the lower house. At first,\\nthe two houses sat together in a General Court.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "54\\nCOLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\n1642\\nThe Puritans make\\nsome severe laws\\nRestraints put upon\\nemigration from\\nEngland\\n1634\\nJohn Endicott and\\nthe English flag\\nRoger Williams\\ncauses the PuritnA\\ncolony much anxiety\\nBut it is said on one occasion a ludicrous contest came\\nup between these two bodies about a stray pig. They\\ntook different sides on his porkship, which resulted in\\nseparate sittings.\\nSome of their laws were quite as strict as those of Old\\nEngland. For disrespect to the authorities, culprits\\nwere to be set in the bilboes, flogged, or have their ears\\ncropped off. Indeed, it was a common saying among\\nthe king s friends that emigrants to Massachusetts had\\nonly exchanged the tyranny of the bishops for that of\\nthe brethren.\\nBut the Puritans were very willing to abide by laws\\nwhich they made themselves. They kept on coming to\\nAmerica until it began to seem that the best men and\\nwomen of England would all cross the sea. The king\\ndeclared there must be a stop to the craze, and that\\nonly serving-men might leave England without the\\npermission of a commission appointed by the crown.\\nThe colony had many enemies at court. Everything\\nthat was said or done in Massachusetts was reported to\\nthe king. And so the Puritans took great care not to\\ngive any offense. John Endicott, in a rage, cut off the\\ncross of St. George from the English flag, but the mag-\\nistrates censured him in public for the deed, and sent\\nofficial letters to England explaining the matter.\\nYoung Roger Williams was so bold that he caused\\nmuch anxiety. He wrote a paper in which he declared\\nthe king had no right to the land of the Indians,\\nand to accept a patent from him was a sin. To prevent\\ntrouble over this, the magistrates sent agents to court to\\ndeny that they believed what Williams had said.\\nThis brilliant young preacher continued, however, to\\nprovoke disputes in the colonies. He wished public af-\\nfairs to be kept separate from the church. He declared", "height": "2990", "width": "1979", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "THE PURITANS\\n55\\nchurch of New\\nKngland\\nit absurd that a man should be taxed to support a church\\nhe did not beheve in, or be forced to worship where he\\ndid not wish to do so, or that only those magistrates Schisms in the\\nshould be elected who indorsed some particular religious\\ncreed. He said each man s conscience should be free,\\nand that whether it was the Episcopal Church of Old Eng-\\nland, the Congregational Church of New England, the\\nJewish Synagogue, or the Roman Catholic Church, every\\nchurch should be allowed a place in the community.\\nRoger Williams was only preaching what almost every-\\nbody believes to-day; but for such advanced views there\\nseemed nothing to, do but to banish him. He was told\\nby Governor Winthrop that the members of the Massa-\\nchusetts Bay Company had come to America to create a\\nsociety after their own model. Those might join them\\nwho could agree with them. Others must seek homes\\nsomewhere else. There was room enough for all in\\nAmerica.\\nRoger Williams\\nis banished\\nPURITAN CRADLE", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IX\\nTHE FIVE COLONIES OF NEW ENGLAND\\n1636\\nRoger Williams\\nfounds Providence\\nRoger Williams went to Narragansett Bay, bought\\nland from the Indians, and founded Providence. The town\\nwas soon noted for its freedom in thought and speech.\\nThen Mrs. Anne Hutchinson, who was said to be\\nHke Roger WilHams, or worse, differed in belief from\\nthe magistrates of Boston, and founded settlements in\\nRhode Island. After a time the two colonies united\\nunder one government, called the Rhode Island and\\nProvidence Plantations.\\nThe Plymouth colony purchased land of the\\n6^**yrf^^ Indians on the Connecticut River, and built\\nc^nr^i^ a fort at Windsor, a few miles above a Dutch\\nfort at Hartford. A rivalry then began between the\\nbuilds Fort wmdsor Eugllsh and the Dutch for the fur trade. But when\\non the Connecticut 1 j\\nJohn Winthrop, Jr., of Boston, built the stout palisade\\nof Saybrook, at the mouth of the Connecticut, the Dutch\\ncould not use the river, and soon moved away.\\nAbout this time a great fleet brought over three thou-\\nsand more Puritans from England. Because many of\\nthese did not like the rule that only rhurch-members\\ncould vote, they did not wish to locate in Massachusetts\\nBay, and went to Wethersfield, which had just been\\nfounded by men from Dorchester, and to Windsor,\\nwhere a colony from Watertown had begun a settlement.\\nAt Newtown (now Cambridge), Mass., the min-\\nister was Thomas Hooker. He had stood in high honor\\nin England; but Archbishop Laud wrote a P before\\nhis name, and he fled, first to Holland, and then to\\nAmerica.\\n156]\\n1633\\nPlymouth colony\\n1635\\nJohn Winthrop, Jr\\nfounds Saybrook\\n1635\\nPuritans from\\nMassachusetts Bay\\nat Wethersfield\\nand Windsor", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "THE FIVE COLONIES OF NEW ENGLAND 5/\\nWhen the eloquent divine found that over half of the\\nmen of Massachusetts had no vote in public affairs\\nbecause they did not belong to the church, he was not\\npleased. He declared that every one should vote on\\nmatters of state, and he founded a town at Hartford Thomas Hooker\\nwhere citizens might make laws to suit themselves. All\\nthese colonies on the Connecticut bought their lands\\nof the Indians; but they had hardly set up the palisades\\nabout their rude huts when they began to be troubled\\nwith the red men.\\nThe Pequods on the east bank of the river massacred\\ntraders as they came up in their boats, and no man\\ndared venture out of the towns alone.\\n1637\\nTroops from the Connecticut towns and Boston sur- xhePequodwar\\nprised a Pequod fort, and put men, women, and children Connecticut\\nto death, so that of four hundred Indians only five\\nescaped. The remnants of the tribe were taken pris-\\noners and divided as slaves among friendly tribes. It was\\na most cruel war; but peace followed for the valley of\\nthe Connecticut. Children might play among the butter-\\ncups on the river s brink, and farmers cultivate their\\nfields without fear.\\nMeanwhile Puritan friends in England watched these\\ncolonies in the wilderness with increasing interest. They The Puritan friends\\ncherished a letter from America as a sacred script, or s\\nas a writing from some holy prophet, and carried it many\\nmiles, where divers came to hear it read. Continued\\npersecution led them to believe that only the wide ocean\\ncould save them from the fury of the bishops, but the\\nharbors were watched day and night to prevent their\\nescape.\\nIt is said that a squadron of eight ships on the oiiver cromweii\\nThames was preparing to set sail for America with ^^^^n Hampden\\nOliver Cromwell and John Hampden on board when", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "5\u00c2\u00ab\\nCOLONIAL DEVKLOPMENt\\n1638\\nNew Haven\\nfounded by\\nTheophilus Eaton\\nand John Davenport\\nI 39\\nThe Constitution\\nof Hartford\\nThe Constitution\\nof Connecticut\\nmarks the beginning\\nof American\\ndemocracy\\nThe rebellion\\nin England\\n1636\\nClovernor Harry\\nV ane introduces\\nmore ceremony into\\npublic affairs in the\\nMassachusetts Bay\\ncolony\\nconstables prevented the vessels from leaving port.\\nThat same year, however, about three thousand Puritans\\nmanaged to reach America. Many of these, under the\\nleadership of Theophilus Eaton and John Davenport,\\nfounded the town of New Haven on the shore of Long\\nIsland Sound. There were several wealthy men in this\\ncolony, mostly from London, who built stately houses\\nand handsome public buildings. They were as strict in\\ntheir religious belief as the Puritans of Massachusetts.\\nOnly church-members could vote in civil affairs at New\\nHaven. Other settlers followed these; they chose homes\\nnear by on the shores of the sound, and after a time\\nunited with the New Haven colony.\\nIn 1639 the towns on the Connecticut River met at\\nHartford, and drew up a constitution for the common-\\nwealth of Connecticut.\\nEvery man, without regard to belief, could vote for\\nthe governor and council; each township had equal\\nrepresentation in the Assembly; free schools were estab-\\nlished; indeed, the constitution of Connecticut was so\\nliberal in all its provisions that it has been said to\\nmark the beginning of American democracy. The\\nNew Haven colony did not unite with Connecticut for\\nseveral years, chiefly because of religious differences.\\nMeantime the Puritans in England were in open rebel-\\nlion against the oppressions of King Charles I, and many\\nin the colonies hastened back home to join in the strug-\\ngle for liberty.\\nAmong these was Harry Vane, the son and heir of a\\nroyal secretary, who had forsaken the court of King\\nCharles for the rude life of America.\\nIt pleased and flattered the colonists to have such a\\ndistinguished man among them. It was expected that\\nRead John Fiske s P eginniiigs of New England.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "THE FIVE COLONIES OF NEW ENGLAND 59\\nmany men of rank would follow his example, and come\\nto live in the colonies; and this they would undoubtedly\\nhave done if they had not soon found peace at home.\\nYoung Vane was zealous in the faith; but he could\\nnot easily bring himself to the rigid rules of the Puri-\\ntans. Instead of the somber garb of the time, with its\\nwhite Geneva bands and black coif, he wore fair and\\nfeminine cuffs at the wrist, and long curling locks. He\\nwas elected governor of Massachusetts Bay, and when he\\ncame into office, there was a stricter show of state.\\nYet for all that, the Puritans loved the young patri-\\ncian. They thought it a grand sight when the young\\ngovernor, attended by four sergeants with halberds,\\nstood in ancient English fashion beneath the spreading\\noak on Cambridge Common to announce to the freemen\\nbefore him the purpose of their meeting.\\nWhen young Vane left Boston Harbor for England, vanegoesto\\nthe whole city turned out to see him off. His presence o*! crimweli\\nin the colony had aroused more love for ceremony in\\npublic affairs, and a few even talked of hereditary right\\nto sit in the Council as in the House of Lords in Eng-\\nland. But the people would not consent to restrict\\ntheir rights, and made a law that the members of the\\nCouncil should be chosen every year.\\nThe social war in England kept the Puritans at home; Emis^ration from\\nand perhaps it was well that immigration to New Eng-\\nland ceased when it did. No new elements were added\\nfor several years to disturb the natural growth and\\ndevelopment of the little commonwealths.\\nWithin twenty-one years after the landing of the Pil-\\ngrims in the AfavJ^o ii c r ^there were more than twenty-\\nsix thousand English settlers in New England. The\\npeople were gathered into five independent provinces: The five provin\\nPlymouth, which had shown the way across the sea;\\nces\\nof New England", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "6o\\nCOLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\nColonial ijovcinmcnt\\nin New England\\n1635\\nHarvard College\\nfounded at\\nCambridge\\nMassachusetts Bay, the largest and richest of all; Rhode\\nIsland and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, and\\nNew Haven.\\nNow none of these provinces, except Massachusetts\\nBay, had yet received a charter from the king; but in all\\nof them the people in the small\\ntowns sent delegates to the capital\\nto sit in a legislature with a\\ngovernor and his council whom\\nthey themselves had elected.\\nThe Indian trails through the\\nforests were widening into bridle\\npaths, and there was much\\nfriendly communication between\\nthe provinces.\\nPerhaps the greatest means\\nof keeping them in touch with\\none another was Harvard College. The young men\\nof the five provinces flocked to Cambridge, three miles\\nfrom Boston, to attend its lectures. People from\\nall parts of New England helped to support Harvard\\nCollege. If they could not send money, they sent but-\\nter, or corn, or peltries, rejoicing that such a light of\\nlearning was set up in the wilderness.\\nSEAL OF HARVARD", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER X\\nTHE UNITED COLONIES OF NEW ENGLAND\\nOUNDARY lines of the provinces\\nwere sometimes subjects of dis-\\npute, and some of the wisest men\\nof New England discussed the need\\nof a Court of Appeal to which the\\ncolonies might carry their differences for\\nadjustment. Besides the troubles among The enemies of\\nthemselves about boundary Itnes, other g and\\nreasons were urged why the colonies of\\nNew England should form a confederacy.\\nThey were surrounded by many foes.\\nThere were the French on the north, who, The French on the\\nafter founding Quebec, had pushed their missions farther\\nand farther west, until, long before the hymns of the Pil-\\ngrims rang out from the Mayfloiuer, the Jesuit fathers\\nwere chanting their prayers on the shores of the north-\\nern lakes.\\nTrading posts followed the missions. And at certain\\nseasons of the year when French traders sent their ves-\\nsels along the coast of Maine and New Hampshire, hun-\\ndreds of Indian trappers carried their packs of furs to\\nthe waiting ships. They pitched their bark tents along\\nthe beautiful harbors, and after the dances, songs, and\\nfeasts were over, returned to their villages laden with\\nFrench trinkets, hatchets, and guns. If trouble should\\ncome between the English and the French, these Indians\\nwould be sure to take sides with the French.\\nRead Parkman s Pioneers of France in the New World.\\n[6i]", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "62\\nCOLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\n1 he Dulcli on\\nthe Hudson\\n1621\\nriie Putch West\\nliuliu Company\\n1638\\nThe Swedes on\\nthe Delaware\\nThen there were the Dutch on the west, who had\\nsettled in America. Holland granted all of New Nether-\\nlands to the Dutch West India Company who founded\\nNew Amsterdam (now New York), Fort Orange (now\\nAlbany), Fort Nassau (now Gloucester) on, the Dela-\\nware, and other places. Peltry was so abundant that\\nNew Amsterdam chose the beaver for the crest of its\\nseal, and at first all these Dutch towns were merely\\nfur-trading stations.\\nThe West India Company allowed any one\\nwho, within four years, would bring fifty adult\\nsettlers to New Netherlands, the privilege of\\nbuying from the Indians a strip of land, si.xteen\\nmiles long on one side, or eight miles long on\\nboth sides, of any navigable river, and the width\\nof the land should be without limit. The pur-\\nchasers, who brought the tenants, were called\\npatroons, or lords of the manor.\\nVan Rensselaer, a pearl merchant of Holland, chose\\nhis grant near the trading post of Fort Orange, and soon\\nrich merchants and traders had laid off most of the\\nHudson valley into farms.\\nThey employed masons, carpenters, clerks, and tailors,\\nwho helped build up towns to supply the needs of the\\nfarmers who rented their lands.\\nBusiness was always brisk in New Netherlands. The\\njolly Dutchmen made friends with the Indians. They\\ndandled the papooses, threw gaudy presents for the\\nsquaws into their bargains, and were fast monopolizing\\nthe fur trade as far east as the Connecticut River.\\nOn the south of New England were the Swedes.\\nThey had fulfilled a cherished plan of King Gustavus\\nRead Trviiii^ s Kiiickcil)ocker s Hislory of New York.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "THE UNITED COLONIES OF NEW ENGLAND 63\\nAdolphus to occupy the banks of the Delaware. They\\nbought the land from the Indians, and named it New\\nSweden but the Dutch claimed their territory and the\\ndisputes of these two colonies were both loud and long\\nuntil, a few years later, Peter Stuyvesant, the governor 1655\\nof New Netherlands, annexed New Sweden to his\\nprovince.\\nAll these colonies of the French, Dutch, and Swedes,\\nwho were so different from the Puritans in customs,\\nreligions, and laws, threatened to keep the New England\\ncolonies close to the sea, or drive them out of America.\\nYet more to be feared than the French or the Dutch rheredmenof\\nor the Swedes on their borders were the Indians in their siand\\nmidst. The red men of New England belonged to the\\ngreat Algonquin family, whose hunting grounds extended\\nsouth along the Atlantic coast to the southern boundary\\nof Virginia, west to the Mississippi, and north to far\\nbeyond the Great Lakes.\\nThe Abenakis along the harbors of Maine, and the\\nTarratines on the hills of New Hampshire were under\\nthe influence of the French. The Wampanoags of Cape\\nCod, the Narragansetts along the west shores of Narra-\\ngansett Bay, and the Mohegans on the Connecticut, had\\nall made treaties of peace but there was no telling how\\nlong the treaties would last. These nations were always\\nquarreling with one another, and were jealous of the\\nfavors of the white men.\\nFrom the very first there had been fear of attacks on\\nthe settlements. Once the firing of muskets at Water-\\ntown to scare a wolf away from a strayed calf caused\\nalarm in Roxbury which spread to Boston, turning the\\nwhole population out of bed. So in the morning,\\nRead Henry al)i)l Lorlge s English Colonies.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "64\\nCOLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\n1643\\nThe Federal\\nConvention\\nThe charter of\\nRhode Island\\nThe United Colo-\\nnies of New Eng-\\nland\\nThe freemen make\\nthe laws of the\\nconfederacy\\nconcludes the chronicler, the calf being found safe,\\nthe wolves affrighted, and our danger past, we went\\nmerrily to breakfast. But the next Court ordered that\\nwhoever fired muskets for such cause after watch was\\nset, should pay a iine and be flogged.\\nAn Indian creeping through the outskirts of the forest\\nat daybreak might be the signal for the coming of the\\nwhole band on the warpath.\\nThus with the French, the Dutch, the Swedes, and the\\nIndians for foes, there seemed great need for the English\\nsettlements to unite for common defense.\\nAccordingly, during May, 1643, commissioners from\\nthree provinces rode through the tangled forests to\\nBoston to draw up articles of confederation with Mas-\\nsachusetts Bay. The Rhode Island and Providence\\nPlantations were not asked to join the league because\\nof the troubles with Roger Williams, but the bold young\\npreacher hastened to England that very year, and secured\\na charter from Parliament for Rhode Island. As ior the\\nfishing hamlets on the coast of Maine and New Hamp-\\nshire, they were not yet strong enough to be called prov-\\ninces. And so, in 1643, only the four provinces of\\nMassachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven\\njoined together in a confederation, called the United\\nColonies of New England. Two delegates from each\\ncolony formed a board to settle questions of interest\\ncommon to all.\\nNow the plain people had a voice in the laws\\nof even this confederation. In each little town the\\ninhabitants were summoned to a public meeting, where\\nfreemen had the right to speak and vote. This town\\nIn 1622, M.iiiie ami New llanipshire were granted by the Council for\\nNew England to Sir Fcnliiiando dorges and John Mason. The settlenionls\\nin both territories had phtced themselves iiniler the protection of Massachu-\\nsetts Bay.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "THE UNITED COLONIES OK NEW ENGLAND 65\\nmeeting elected commissioners to a General Court, at\\nthe capital town of the province. The General Court\\nnamed the delegates to the Board of Commissioners at\\nBoston. Thus the government of the United Colonies\\nof New England was created by the people. It was the\\nbeginning, as we shall see, of a greater Confederacy\\nwhich would unite thirteen colonies, and prepare the\\nway for the United States of America.\\nSurely the king and his bishops would resist such a\\nblow as this at their authority! But when the federal\\nunion was ratified, Archbishop Laud was in prison, and\\nCharles I was a fugitive beyond the gates of London.\\nIt was about this time, as we have seen in the study\\nof the Virginia Colony, that the Long Parliament\\naccused the king of treason. He had opposed the peo-\\npie and raised taxes illegally. After a trial, Charles chariesiis\\nwas beheaded. Oliver Cromwell became Protector of\\nEngland, and, being a Puritan himself, he was a friend\\nto the Puritans of New England.\\nCHAPTER XI\\nTHE PEOPLE OF NEW ENGLAND\\n1643\\nAt the time of the confederacy, the people of New The people of\\nNi-vv England at the\\nthe\\nEngland were of pure English stock. There were no time of\\nScotch or Irish among them. They had come from all confederation\\nthe shires, or counties, of England, from the moun-\\ntains and lakes in the north and from the broad, level\\nmarshlands of the south; but the most of the New Eng-\\nlanders were from the eastern shires.\\nIt was these eastern shires that had first won the", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "66 COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\nFree speech in fight of free specch in free meetings. The quaint old\\nfree meeting towns obtained charters from the earher kings, which\\ngave freemen the right of trial by jury, and protected\\ntheir trade from toll; and although the king always\\nappointed the chief magistrate of a town, each ward had\\nits own merchant guild, and was governed by its own\\nalderman, before whom freemen might talk to their\\nhearts content.\\nThis self-government was almost forgotten in Eng-\\nland since tyrants had become kings; but the Puritan\\ncolonies in America renewed the rights of the charters.\\nEach town became a tiny republic in itself. Nearly\\nevery shipload formed the center of a new common-\\nwealth.\\nA church was gathered by members who signed a\\ncovenant for worship. Then the town was incorporated\\nThe town meeting and named, and a town meeting was organized. The\\ncitizens appointed a selectman who summoned the inhab-\\nitants to a meeting to know the town s mind. The\\nmeeting was generally held in the church, where, in the\\nloft overhead, were the town s drums, muskets, and hal-\\nberts. with the flag of England, which was borne through\\nthe streets on training days. The men sat with their\\nhats on, as in the House of Commons. A moderator\\nThe town oHicers was electcd to preside, and vyhen he doubted a vote, he\\ndivided the polls by asking those who were for it, to go\\non the woman s side of the house, and those against it,\\non the men s side.\\nFrom the magistrate, down to the lowest office, it was\\nan honor to serve the town. The watchman cried out\\nthe hour and the weather, as he made his rounds in the\\nnight; the tax gatherer collected the fines, and the sheriff\\nstood ready to punish those who failed to pay them; the\\ntithing man kept his ten, or more, families in decent", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "THE PEOPLE OF NEW ENGLAND (y]\\nobservance of church and school, and the constable was\\nalways busy at a little of everything.\\nThere were few, if any, political distinctions between Political c-,iiiaiit\\nthe freemen of New England.\\nHut there were social distinctions in these Puritan sociai inequality\\ntowns. Younger sons of the gentry, whose fathers lived\\non estates in England, and were in Parliament, and\\nscholars from Cambridge, or Oxford, and shrewd lawyers\\nfrom London, had joined the colonies. Tliis class of\\ncitizens served as magistrates and judges, by vote of the\\npeople, and were made officers on training day.\\nThe most of the freemen, however, were industrious\\nfarmers and tradespeople; yet they differed from the\\nsame class in England, in that they were land owners.\\nThe farmers of New England almost always owned Contrast between\\nthe land they cultivated. Their children were in the Kngi^nTand those\\npublic schools, side by side with those of the magistrates, New Kagiand\\nand the sons who went to Harvard College, were wel-\\ncomed everywhere.\\nThen there were the poor; but there were not many\\nof these. It was a common saying that one might\\nlive in a Puritan town, year in, and year out, and not see\\na drunkard, or hear an oath, or meet a beggar.\\nSocial distinctions were most in evidence in the meet- in the meeting-\\ninghouse. Here the congregations were seated accord-\\ning to family position. The men and women sat apart.\\nFirst of all in dignity was the minister s family. Then\\ncame the magistrates, respected the more because they\\nhad been chosen in open meeting; and with them sat\\nthe gentry, while behind these were the good men and\\ngood wives, who were the farmers, the mechanics, and\\nthe fisher folk.\\nThe minister looked down from the high pulpit upon\\nthe first benches, where the elders sat in state, facing", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "68\\nCOLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\nPuritan dress\\nAfter meeting\\nThe tavern\\nthe congregation, and the deacons a step below. The\\nmen who faced the minister wore long jackets with a\\nbelt at the waist and loose trousers reaching only to the\\nknee, where they were tied, and square-toed shoes with\\nenormous buckles. Their hair was combed straight back\\nand tied with black ribbon, or cropped short like that of\\nthe Roundheads in England. The women wore short\\ngowns, stiff petticoats, and white aprons. The sleeves of\\nthe gowns were short, and long mittens came above the\\nelbow. Their cloaks were short with hoods thrown back.\\nThe boys and girls sat in separate places, and were\\nunder the charge of a tithing\\nman.\\nWhen the long sermon was\\nover, and the hymns were sung,\\nand the prayers finished, there\\nwas visiting outside. The peo-\\nple had much to talk about.\\nAnnouncements were tacked\\non the door of the meeting-\\nhouse intentions of marriage,\\nnotices of lost and found, and\\nof whaling vessels about to sail,\\nand of bounties offered for wolves; while over the door\\nhung the trophies captured for bounties. Near the\\nmeetinghouse stood the stocks, the pillory, and the\\nwhipping-post, where practical lessons in punishment\\nwere given.\\nAnother place for gossip was the tavern\\nWhere village statesmen talked with looks profound,\\nAnd news much older than their ale went round.\\n^M\\nCOLONIAL MANSION, NEW ENGLAND\\nTravelers, on foot or horse, through the blazed paths\\nof the forests, or those coming by sea in sloops, sat", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "THE PEOPLE OF NEW ENGLAND\\n69\\nabout the sputtering logs in the fireplace and talked of\\nthe Long Parliament, and of how their old-time Gov-\\nernor Vane, now Sir Harry Vane, was leading reforms\\nin the Commons.\\nIt was considered wicked to observe Christmas, or\\ntrim the houses with holly, or dance about the Maypole,\\nas back in merry England.\\nThere were more fast days than feast days in New Fast days and\\nEngland. There were fasts to ward off pests in the ^^g\\nTRAINING DAY IN OLDEN TIMES\\ngrain, and withering drouths, and killing frosts, and at-\\ntacks from the Indians. But there were thanksgiving\\ndays for the blessings received and\\nThose dined then who d seldom dined before.\\nAnd those who d always dined, then dined the more.\\nThere were fishing parties when the fish came up the\\nrivers from the sea; there were husking bees, quilting\\nbees, log rollings, and strawberry and raspberry pick-\\nings among the rocky glens and pastures.\\nOn training day, men from sixteen to sixty years of", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "JO COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\nTraining days in agc wcrc mustercd for drill. The arms were muskets,\\nswords, and pikes. Muskets had matchlocks, or flint-\\nlocks, and rests for taking aim. Pikes were ten feet\\nlong, and the tallest men were chosen to carry them.\\nThere was no regular uniform for these village soldiers.\\nSome had corselets of steel and some thick wadded\\ncoats of cotton. Some wore beaver hats and some wore\\nfelt hats.\\nPut right hands to firelock! Put gun on left\\nshoulder! Hoo! shouted the captain as he drilled\\nhis men on the green.\\nBut fasts and feasts and training days were only inci-\\nLifeonthe farm dcnts in the Hvcs of the Puritans. There was always\\nwork to do. On the farms, the whole family began\\nwork at sunrise and ended it when candles were snuffed\\nout at early bedtime. There were stones to be picked\\nup, stumps to be grubbed, and fields to be fenced in and\\nplowed. There was the little kitchen garden to tend,\\nwith its truck, raised from seed brought from Old\\nEngland, and the orchard to prune, with its apples, pears,\\nand peaches, which, it was said, seemed to take on a\\nmore spicy flavor in this new soil.\\nIn some of the colonies it was the law that every\\nfamily should plant flax and hemp, and that a certain\\namount of spinning should be done by the women.\\nThe sea becomes Fcar of the ludiaus kept the New Englanders close\\nNew England* to the shore. The sea became their highway. Every\\nlittle port was tilled with fishing and whaling smacks.\\nFarmers built scows for carrying wood, and sloops for\\nfreighting it to market, and one and two masted craft\\nto be used in the coasting trade.\\nGovernor Winthrop had brought with him William\\nStephens, a shipwright, as skilled as any in all England.\\nHe built at Boston some vessels of four hundred tons.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "THE PEOPLE OF NEW ENGLAND 7 1\\nfor trade with the West Indies and Europe; and, at the shipbuilding\\ntime of the union of the colonies, Salem merchants had\\nships of three hundred burthen.\\nWhen one of the larger craft came sailing back to\\nport, a whole town was on tiptoe waiting f(;r the own-\\ner s signals. There were joyful greetings after the long\\nvoyage, and a great gathering in the tavern to hear the\\nnews from foreign lands.\\nWampum, or beads made from periwinkle or clam Wampum. tiic\\n1 11 ,1 f 1 r Ci. foundation of trade\\nshells, was the medium oi busmess tor many years after\\nthe union.\\nWampum bought furs, fish, and venison from the\\nIndians; these bought raw cottcm and silver from the\\nWest Indies. The cotton and silver were then taken\\nacross the sea to exchange for the luxuries of Europe.\\nAnd thus wampum was the foundation of trade in New\\nEngland. Boston, Hartford, Plymouth, and the other\\ncapital towns grew apace. The thatched huts gave way\\nto frame buildings with Elizabethan fronts and over-\\nhanging gables; while here and there a brick or stone\\nhouse became the dwelling of a magistrate or a rich and\\ngouty merchant.\\nBoston was the largest and most prosperous town Boston, the capital\\n.1 1 1^ .L i 11 -i city of tlie United\\nin the colonies, lo a visitor from a country village it colonies of\\nseemed a splendid city. The streets were paved with I -nsiiand\\ncobblestones, and crowded with hackney coaches, sedan\\nchairs, and four-horse shays, in which the gentry rode,\\nwith negro slaves for drivers.\\nThe gentry dressed in embroidered coats, satin waist-\\ncoats, silk hose, and wigs. Some, like Governor Win-\\nthrop, wore stiff ruffs, and others wore broad, flat collars.\\nThe ladies were gay in bright silks and gauzy scarfs, and\\nput black patches on their cheeks to improve their\\nbeauty.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "I .ni;l;mil contrasted\\n72 COLONIAL uevi:lopmp:nt\\nBut a fine coach was often followed by flocks of sheep\\nand oxcarts filled with cordwood or hay, and behind the\\nsimperinj; lady of fashion were rosy-cheeked farmers\\ni6i;o wives fetching baskets of butter and eggs to market.\\nvi,uii.i;i;i.niNew By thc middle of the seventeenth century, the English\\npeople, in the North as well as in the South had become\\nestablished in America.\\nIn both New England and Virginia they had learned\\nto love their adopted country. They spoke the same\\nlanguage and claimed the same king. Yet, as we have\\nseen, they formed two distinct commonwealths.\\nVirginia was the land of the cavaliers, or aristocrats.\\nNew England that of the yeoman, or farmers and traders.\\nVirginia was divided into vast plantations, the estate\\ndescending undivided to the eldest son. New England\\nhad few large estates, and at the death of the owners\\nthey were divided among his children.\\nIn Virginia, there were almost no towns, and hospi-\\ntality was in the homes. In New England, there were\\nalready ninety towns, and travelers put up at the taverns.\\nIn Virginia, the indented servants, who were released\\nfrom bondage, could find no work except that in the fields\\nwith the slaves, which they scorned to do. In New Eng-\\nland, the same class always found plenty of work among\\ntheir ccjuals, and soon had farms of their own.\\nIn Virginia, the House of Burgesses was the meeting\\nof wealthy planters who made whatever laws they could\\nunder the restraint of governors appointed by the king.\\nIn New England, the Legislatures met, with delegates\\nin no way superior to those who had sent them, to con-\\nsult with governors elected by the people themselves.\\nIn Virginia, there were no public schools. In New\\nEngland there were schools for rich and poor alike in\\nalmost every village.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "THE PEOPLK OF NEW ENGLAND 73\\nAnd thus we find two great types of social and politi-\\ncal life in the English colonies of America in the\\nOld Kngland in\\nSouth, Old h2ngland in the Woods; in the North, the Woods;- New\\nNew England by the Sea. Both Southern and i^ ga\\nNorthern colonies had negro slaves, and both were sur-\\nrounded by Indians.\\nThus the red, the white, and the black men dwelt\\ntogether in the New World.\\nWhat would the next two hundred years do for these The problem of\\nthree distinct races.? three races\\nCHAPTER XII\\nTROUBLOUS TIMES IN NEW ENGLAND\\n1660-1686\\n1660\\nThe peace which the New England colonies enjoyed charies n is\\nduring the Protectorate of the Cromwells, closed with g\\nof England\\nthe restoration of Charles II. The young king resolved\\nto punish the members of Parliament who had brought\\nhis father s head to the block, and driven himself into\\nexile. The colonies heard with dismay of the imprison-\\nment of Sir Harry Vane and others who had been their\\nfriends at court, and those who fled to New ?2ngland\\nfrom the royal displeasure were protected.\\nWhen the king heard how the Puritans sympathized\\nwith his enemies, he began in various ways to restrict He restricts the\\ntheir privileges. He took sides with the Quakers when pu^i tri^\\nthey made complaint of their treatment in Massa-\\nchusetts. 1646\\nThe Quakers, or Friends, were a new religious sect, The Quaker ch.n.h\\nh, cstablislied in\\norgani;^ed in England by George Fox. Many Quakers England", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "74 COLONIAL |-)EVLLOrMENT\\ncame to America believing it their (iut}- to preach the\\ngospel to the Puritans. They gloried in punishments,\\nand their zeal was so great that when ordered to lc ave\\nthe towns they refused to obey.\\niiut,iii,,k -,si,. When driven on board one \\\\essel, they returned by\\nanother as soon as they could. The go\\\\ernor and coun-\\ncil of Massachusetts were at their wits end to know what\\nto do with the Ouakers. At last the law was enacted that\\nDo.itii penalty tliose wlio Tetumed after banishment should be put to\\npionniim.-i death, ami four were hanged on Boston Common.\\nAbout the same time Charles sent a banished Quaker\\nto Governor I ^ndicott with a letter forbidding the court\\nKii.n chaiies to iuflict boilll) puuishmcnt upon the Ouakers. It was\\noiiikers thought a great triumph for the sect when the banished\\nman kept on his hat. while the governor remo\\\\ed his to\\nreceixe the ro}al message.\\nMassaduHctts It tlispleascd the king that the Church of ICngland was\\ni\u00e2\u0080\u009e.urs.iu.sp,.iai j^^^ allowed to be established in Massachusetts, and that\\nilisploasure\\noftiukinu the British navigation laws were not obeyed at Boston.\\nEnemies of Massachusetts told him that the colony\\nwould glatU}- throw off his authority altogether; that,\\nwhen he was in exile, the magistrates had attempted to\\nimprison a stranger they took for himself, ami that the\\nnewly elected Governor Leverett had been an otVicer in\\nCromwell s army.\\nCharles determined to chastise the unruly jn-ovince of\\nMassachusetts, and to court the fa\\\\ or of the other colo-\\nI()()2\\nnuchaiur of nies. So when John Winthrop, Jr.. bore to him. from\\nuTirted magistrates of Connecticut, a petition for a charter,\\nhis majesty gladly granted it.\\ni66j And when John Clarke asked confirmation of the\\nThocharterof charter which the Puritan Parliament had given to\\nKliocle Islaml\\nH nu i Rhode Island, he granteii this favor also.\\nReatt Longfellow s New Entjlaiitl I ragedies.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "TKOUbLOUS TIMKS IN NEW ENGLAND\\n75\\n1 6()5\\nThen, because New Haven was a close ally of Mas- New Haven imii.a\\nsachusetts, and had received and protected Jidward\\nWhalley and William Goffe. two judges who had con-\\ndemned his father, he united that unwilling colony to\\nConnecticut, and renewed the liberal charter he had\\ngiven Connecticut three years before.\\nMeanwhile, to strengthen himself still more in his\\n1664\\nauthority over the prosperous colonies, King Charles riiemyai Ki:\u00c2\u00abni..f\\ngranted to his brother, the Duke of York, all of New NcwNc.,i\u00e2\u0080\u009e.,i.,u1s\\nIII lh(- 1 )iikc III\\nNetherlands, which he claimed because of the discoveries (Mar.h\\nof the Cabots. The young prince, paying no heed\\nto the claims of the Dutch or the Swedes who oc-\\ncupied the country, sent a Heet to New Amstcr\\ndam to take possession of his province.\\nAs the ships sailed into the beautiful har-\\nbor, Peter Stuyvesant, governor of New Neth-\\nerlands, stood on a bastion of the fort, ready\\nto touch off a cannon at the usurpers.\\nThe garrison, however, was so feeble, and\\nthe fort so unfit to hold out, that the burghers\\ngathered about Stuyvesant, and urged him to\\nsubmit. The stout old governor declared he would\\nbe carried out dead before he would surrender; but, in ivtr. siu v.s;.m\\nthe end, In: agreed to capitulate. The; English lack was y\\nrun up the ilagstalT of the fort, and the Dutch soldiers (Auk nstzg)\\nembarked for Holland.\\nThat part of the province east (jf the Delaware be- New York ami\\ncame New jersey, and was divided into I\u00c2\u00a3ast and West ^y^\\nJersey by Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret to\\nwhom the duke had given it. The north part of New\\nNetherlands was called New York Fort Orange, Al-\\nbany and New Amsterdam, New York City. Yet for\\nmany years the good Dutch burghers lived on in their\\nown wa} in spite of political changes.\\nPETER STUYVESANT\\n1602-168?", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "70\\nCOLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\n1674\\nSir Edmund Andros,\\ngovernor of\\nNew York\\nAndros at Saybrook\\n^;Sf^\\nPlotting of\\nthe Indians\\nThe king had included in the grant to his brother all\\nthe land west of the Connecticut River; and soon after\\nSir Edmund Andros arrived as governor of New York,\\nhe crossed Long Island Sound to take control of the\\nConnecticut militia. The king s flag was at the prow\\nof his boat; but at Saybrook the English colors were also\\nflying. Andros, who was met by the captain of the fort,\\nbegan to read his commission. Connecticut has her\\ncharter signed by King Charles, said the captain; in\\nthe name of His Majesty, leave off reading, or take the\\nconsequences. And when\\nmuskets of all sizes and\\nffl shapes were staring\\nstraight at him, the gov-\\nnothing to do\\nernor had\\nbut return to New York.\\nThere is no telling what\\nmight have been the fate\\nof New England if, just at\\nthis time. King Charles\\nhad not found matters at\\nhome to look after which\\nhe considered of more importance than those in America.\\nYet worse foes than kings threatened the colonies. The\\nIndians were plotting to drive the white men back over\\nSTREET IN NEW AMSTERDAM\\nmornmg waters.\\n1616\\nrhe visit of\\nPocahontas to\\nLondon arouses\\ninterest in Imli.in\\nmissions\\nthe\\nOne of the expressed reasons for the coming of the\\nPuritans to America was to convert these benighted\\nheathen. The seal of Massachusetts was an Indian,\\nstanding erect, holding an arrow in his right hand, and\\nthe motto: Come over and help us. The conversion\\nof Pocahontas, and her gentle behavior in London, had\\nonce aroused much interest among the Puritans of Eng-\\nland, who resolved to establish missions among the red", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "TROUBLOUS TIMES IN NEW ENGLAND J^\\nmen when they reached America. They were kept so\\nbusy, however, planting homes in the wilderness that\\nfor several years after their arrival little missionary work\\nwas done.\\nAbout the time of the confederation, Thomas Mayhew Thomas Mayhew\\nestablished missions on Martha s Vineyard and Nan- on Martha s\\ntucket. Hiacoomes was his first convert. It was with vineyard and\\nNantucket\\nmuch tribulation that this warrior remained true to the\\nfaith. One chief jeered at him and called him English-\\nman, which was thought enough to wound the feelings\\nof any Indian who had any pride at all. Another chief\\ntold him it was infamous to barter thirty-seven gods for\\none. But Hiacoomes remained faithful to his pledges,\\nand others were converted, until there were several hun-\\ndred Christian Indians on the islands.\\nMeanwhile John Eliot, of Roxbury, had learned the joim Kiioiand the\\nIndian language, that he might preach to the heathen, of Massachusetts\\nHe took his converts from the gibes of their compan-\\nions, and laid out the town of Natick on the Charles\\nRiver, near Boston. Soon there were four hundred\\nChristians in Natick. They built a fort, a church,\\nand their own houses. The women were taught to\\nspin and keep house. The men learned to cultivate\\nthe orchards and sow the small grain. They followed\\nin endless delight the long furrows made with the\\nplow, and were proud of their advanced methods of\\nfarming. Indian towns were built until there were four-\\nteen praying towns in Massachusetts.\\nGovernor Winthrop and others wrote to friends in\\nEngland of this spread of the gospel, and many contri-\\nbutions were sent to aid in the good work. Mr. Eliot\\nprinted a short catechism and two hundred New Testa-\\nments in the Algonquin language. He hoped by this\\nmeans to convert all the tribes in New England. The", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "78 rOl.DNlAI. DliVKLOPMIiNT\\ngreater part c^f the warriors, however, held to the gods\\nof their fathers. The Narragansetts hstened patiently\\nonce a month to Roger Williams, because they loved\\nhim, but b w were converted to his faith.\\nMassasoit, the chief ol the Wampanoags, and the\\nfirm friend of the white men. said the inaiiifons of his\\nancestors were good enough for him.\\n.mpiaiuis of After the death of this good chief, his son Philip began\\nihc Iiulians\\nto niaki trouble. Philip had watched the white-winged\\nships bringing new settlers every year until there were\\nmore than twice as many white men as red men in New\\nEngland. The Indians longed more and more for the cun-\\nning inventions which the white men gave in exchange\\nfor their lands. Tract after tract was signed away.\\nThe tribe of Philip, which had once owned all the coun-\\ntry from Narragansett Bay to Cape Cod. was crowded\\nat last into the two small peninsulas of Mount Hope and\\nTiverton, on Narragansett Hay.\\nPhilip claimed that the warriors did not understand\\nthe deeds to which they had signed the rude outlines of an\\narrow, or a hatchet, or other symbol which represented\\nthen- names. The Puritans, howevei. said that the Indians\\nwere shrewd and cunning in their trades; that they\\nalways got the best price they could for their furs, and\\nsold their lands so cheaply because they pri.2ed the\\ntrinkets so much.\\nPhilip i lotted mischief. The Mohawks on the Hud-\\nson di cliired that he had offered them bribes to help\\ndrive out the palefaces. Then the little town of Swan-\\ns\u00c2\u00ab;u./.y July .|i ^cy was attacked while the people were at meeting. The\\nNipmucks joined the Wampanoags. and the united war-\\nKii.i;i hiiii. riors spread ruin and death through New England. The\\nChristian Indians who remained quietly in their towns\\nwere oiten unjustly suspected of treachery. Indeed, tics\\nI lu- .itl;u k iii", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "TKOUHLOUS TIMES IN NKVV ENCiLAND 79\\nof blood proved often stronger than those of faith, and,\\nthree weeks after the attack on Swanzey, a whole\\npraying town of two hundred tied feathers into their\\ncropped hair, painted themselves red, and deserted to the\\nenemy. One Indian, who, perhaps, remembered when\\nhe had been whipped in Puritan fashion and set in the\\nstocks for misconduct, soon wore a string of white fin-\\ngers around his neck, which he had cut from the dead\\nafter a battle.\\nPhilip persuaded the Narragansetts to join in the\\nmassacres, and they built a great fort in a swamp at\\nKingston, and set up five hundred wigwams, within its\\nstout palisades. Here the tribes gathered their old\\nmen, women, and children, and prepared for a bitter\\ncampaign.\\nIn the middle of bleak December, one thousand\\n1675\\nsoldiers under Governor Winslow attacked the fort, Thebatticof\\nkilled or captured more than a thousand warriors, and ,r! \u00c2\u00b0K\\nburned the old men, women, and children in their\\nwigwams. A few hundred warriors escaped to lay\\nwaste the settlements along the frontiers.\\n1676\\nAt last, Philip himself was surrounded and shot by a d.^i, of Kin\u00c2\u00ab\\ntreacherous Indian. His chief surrendered soon after, if (August 12)\\nSome of the Indian prisoners were divided into com-\\npanies and quartered in villages where they were com-\\npelled to pay tribute. Some were sold as slaves in the\\nWest Indies, though the Reverend Eliot declared To\\nsell souls seems dangerous merchandise.\\nThe warriors who escaped, lied to the north and to n.c wampanoags,\\nthe west, where their kinsmen dwelt. Many years after, Narr lnseus are\\nmoved by a hate which never slept, they guided P rench driven om of\\nwar parties to lay waste the fair fields of the English.\\nI The colonies lost six hundred men in this terrible war\\nj of King Philij). Thirteen towns witc destroyed, forty", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "so\\nCOLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\nThe Navigation\\nActs\\n1676\\nKdwaiil Rundolpli,\\ntlu kind s\\ncommissioner\\n1679\\nOthers were the scenes of fire and death, and men.\\nwomen, and children perished in captivity.\\nWhile the people were rebuilding their towns, King\\nCharles II again turned his attention to the colonies. The\\nBritish Parliament, during the Protectorate, had passed\\nNavigation Acts which required that intercolonial trade\\nshould be carried on in British vessels. After the acces-\\nsion of Charles, it listed articles to be shipped to England\\nalone, and forbade the importation of wares from any\\nplace in Europe unless first landed at a port in England.\\nThe British Board of Trade complained that American\\nmerchants were disobeying the Navigation Acts.\\nCharles sent Edward Randolph over to look into\\nmatters. Randolph assumed kingly airs as he went\\nfrom port to port. He held revels on Saturday evenings\\nin the streets of Boston, and insisted on observing the\\nceremonies of the Church of England on Sabbath.\\nGovernor Leverett, of Massachusetts, kept on his\\npeaked hat in the presence of the royal commissioner\\nand treated him with such disdain that he vowed ven-\\ngeance on the colony. He wrote Charles that his\\nMajesty s letters were of no more account in Boston\\nthan a London gazette and that the people were a lot\\nof smugglers planning to stir up rebellion in all the\\ncolonies. This was just one hundred years before a\\nrebellion against tyranny was really declared. It is\\nwell to note with care the events which slowly brought\\non the Declaration of Independence in 1776.\\nRandolph was made collector of customs, and when\\nthe merchants complained of the restrictions on their\\ntrade, he replied that it was not to his Majesty s interest\\nthat Americans should thrive.\\nThe quarrel with the people of Massachusetts grew\\nso bitter that Charles succeeded in getting the Court of", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "TROUBLOUS TIMES IN NEW ENGLAND 8 1\\n1684\\nChancery to annul their charter. And so every foot ihc chanci of\\nof ground in Massachusetts was transferred to the crown. !^n ||^Xd\\nAll titles to the lands and houses were void, and, if the\\nking so willed, no man might dwell a day longer on the\\nfarm he had planted in the wilderness. ,(^g\\nWhile Charles was planning a new government for ciiaiies ii is\\nMassachusetts, he died, and his brother, James, the Duke j^^^^ n\\nof York, became king.\\nJames II was even more tyrannical than Charles II,\\nand took no account of any of the charters. He sent\\nSir Edmund Andros, the former governor of New York,\\nto be governor-general of all New England. -r,^\\nTwo squadrons sailed into Boston Harbor bearing sir Edmniui Andros,\\nGovernor Andros and a company of British grenadiers. ^7Jmini*on oi\\nIn scarlet and lace His Excellency walked at the head New England\\nof his glittering band through the sullen crowds that\\nlined King s Street. Then he proceeded to Providence,\\nand broke the seal of Rhode Island. And then,\\nattended by his troopers, he went to Hartford, Conn.\\nThe Assembly was in session, and the town alive with\\nexcitement. It is tradition that while Governor Treat\\nwas pleading for the charter, as it lay on the table in\\nthe town hall, the candles were snuffed out suddenly,\\nand before they were lit again the precious document TiieChanurOakof\\nhad been hidden by Captain Wadsworth in a hollow oak\\ntree. But this little incident did not interfere in the\\nleast with the plans of Governor Andros. He wrote\\nFINIS at the end of the records, and declared the\\nAssembly dissolved.\\nThe provinces of New York and the Jerseys were\\nsoon annexed to New England; and thus all the coast\\nfrom Delaware to Canada came under the dominion of\\nthe king s governor. Boston was made the capital.\\nThe royal guards caroused through the streets, swearing", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "82\\nCOLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\nand boasting of the bets they had won. There were\\ncockfights on Shrove Tuesday, and Maypoles set up on\\nthe green; and the prim Puritan town was kept in a\\nferment from morning till night.\\nCHAPTER XIII\\n1686\\nPuritans and\\ncavaliers are under\\nthe rule of the\\nroyal governors\\n1629\\nMaryland, a\\nproprietary\\ngovernment under\\nthe Calverts\\n1691\\nA royal province\\n1716\\nAgain a proprietary\\ncolony\\nTHE LATER COLONIES\\nWe have now seen how the Puritans of New England,\\nas well as the cavaliers of Virginia, came, at last, to be\\nruled by the king s governors.\\nWhile these political changes were taking\\nplace in the two pioneer settlements, the vast\\nwilderness between them was being explored\\nand colonized. The Catholics in England had\\nbeen persecuted, and they, too, sought refuge\\nin America. During the reign of Charles I, a\\nwealthy Catholic gentleman, George Calvert,\\nbaron of Baltimore, explored the country north\\nof the Potomac. He liked it so well that he obtained a\\ncharter for the territory, which he named Maryland in\\nhonor of the queen, Henrietta Maria. Lord Baltimore\\nwas created proprietor of the province, and for over forty\\nyears, with a few exceptions, the Calverts ruled in Mary-\\nland. They permitted freemen to elect a House of Bur-\\ngesses and welcomed all Christian people, whatever their\\ncreed. Lord Baltimore was deprived of his province on\\naccount of his support of James II after that king s ban-\\nishment, but, twenty-five years later, Maryland was re-\\nstored to the proprietor.\\nTobacco became the chief industry. Large domains\\nwere laid out where the mansions of the rich planters", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "THE LATER COLONIES 83\\nwere surrounded by the straggling huts of the poor\\nwhites and the chistered cabins of the negroes. There\\nwere few towns and no free schools, and the social life\\nin Maryland was very much like that in Virginia. These\\ntwo colonies were not always on the best of terms by\\nreason of disputes about boundary lines and religion;\\nbut their public interests were much the same. If\\neither was attacked by the Indians, the other rallied cuioncijoi.n\\n.\u00e2\u0096\u00a0i*j i- 1 iir 11 \\\\V ;i?.lnin;ti)ii, with\\nto aid. At one tmie, when a band oi warriors invaded ,i,e Virginia miiitia.\\nMaryland, Colonel John Washington, the great grand- I ps drive the\\nliulians out of\\nfather of George Washington, crossed the Potomac with Maryh.nd\\nhis Virginia troops to help drive them out.\\nVirginia, with this new province on the north, must\\nneeds cease spreading her plantations beyond the Po-\\ntomac; so her people began to settle the land to the\\nsouth. First, through swamps and pathless forests some\\npoor whites wandered who had served their term of\\nindenture. They built huts along Albemarle Sound, and TheAihemarie\\nbusied themselves with trading in furs, and tar and tur-\\npentine, made from the fir trees.\\nThen some Quakers fled from Virginia, to find homes\\nnear the very spot where Sir Walter Raleigh s colonies\\nhad attempted to make settlements so many years be-\\nfore. And then eight hundred rich planters from Bar- iheCapeivai\\nbadoes bought lands of the Indians, and laid out planta- i^\\ntions along Cape Fear River.\\nThat same year Charles II granted the lower part of Carolina bec.mcs a\\nSouth Virginia to the Duke of Albemarle, the Earl of\\nClarenden, and six other favorites. Their patent was\\nmuch like Calvert s, except that there were eight proprie-\\ntors instead of one. They adopted its old P rench name\\nCarolina because it was like the king s, and they sent\\nagents through Great Britain to encourage immigration.\\nCharles I was so ])leased with the growth of the colony\\nproprietary\\ngovernment", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "84\\nCOLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\n1665\\n1 he Carolina ijiaiit\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0096\u00a0iilarged, aiul\\nextends from sea\\nto sea\\n1669\\nJohn Locke s\\ngrand model\\nir/estoa\\n1670\\nCharleston founded\\n1605\\nRice begins to\\nbe cultivated\\n1711\\nMassacres by\\nthe Tuscaroras\\nwhich bore his name that he soon enlarged its bounda-\\nries, making its north hne the present south line of Vir-\\nginia and its south line a few miles north of the Spanish\\ntown of St. Augustine, while the whole grant extended\\nfrom sea to sea.\\nSettlers came from the Bermudas and from New\\nEngland to the north part of Carolina, until they were\\nnumerous enough to elect an assembly to meet with a\\ngovernor and his council.\\nWhen the lordly proprietors saw the prosperity of\\ntheir colony, they decided to give it the best government\\nthe world had ever known. They employed the phi-\\nlosopher, John Locke, to draw up a constitution. He\\nplanned an aristocracy, with the ofhces divided between,\\nbarons and nobles. The common people, who\\nwere to have no voice in the government, were\\nto be bought and sold with the land much as\\nthe serfs were, at that time, in Russia. The\\nhardy settlers laughed at this ridiculous at-\\ntempt to turn them into slaves; and in the\\nend, the proprietors gave up the costly experi-\\nment, and permitted the people to continue- to elect an\\nAssembly and make their own laws. Immigrants came\\nto Carolina in great numbers. Charleston was settled,\\nand, when rice was found to be profitable in the south\\npart of Carolina, more came than ever. Fields of thirty\\nand forty acres of rice were laid out along the Ashley\\nRiver, and many negroes were imported.\\nThere was constant fear of Indians. The Tuscaroras\\non the north tried in vain to stay the tide of immigration.\\nThey lurked in the forests to destroy small parties of\\ntrappers and wood-choppers, and then, getting their\\nclans together, laid waste the settlements with torch and\\nscalping knife. But all the struggles of the Indians had", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "tHE LATER COLONIES\\n85\\nthe same end. Like the Algonquins of New England,\\nthe Tuscaroras of Carolina gave way before the white\\nmen. They gathered their women and children, their\\n1715\\nhatchets and skins together, and, moving north to their ^he Tuscaroras\\n5 become the\\nkinsmen in New York, became the sixth nation among sixth nation\\n1729\\nthe Iroquois.\\nAfter a time, Carolina was made a royal province and North Carolina and\\n101 /-^T t::*U South Carolina\\ndivided into North Carolina and bouth Carolina. Jbacn become royai\\nprovince had its own royal governor, and an Assembly pro^ ces\\nelected by the people.\\nNow, at the very time that Charles II gave away the\\nvast territory of Carolina to some court favorites\\nhe was deeply in debt to others.\\nAmong the large sums he owed were sixteen\\nthousand pounds (about eighty thousand dol-\\nlars), due Admiral Sir William Penn. This\\ndistinguished naval officer had a son named\\nWilliam, who refused a brilliant career at\\ncourt to become a Quaker. The Quak-\\ners, as we have seen, were much despised\\nand persecuted in England and the colo-\\nnies. But they could not be bribed or pun-\\nished into doing what they believed was wrong.\\nOliver Cromwell said, They are a people I can not\\nwin with gifts, honors, or places.\\nTheir leader, George Fox, declared it was wrong to George Fox, the\\nbow, or scrape the leg to any one. They would not s\u00c2\u00b0 ety of Frien\\nremove their broad brim hats, even before the king, and or Quakers\\nkept them on their heads so much that the wits of Lon-\\ndon said: Their virtue must lie in their hats as Sam-\\nson s did in his hair!\\nThe plain garb of the Quakers was in great contrast The peculiar\\nwith the belaced and beribboned apparel of the cava- QuakTrs\u00c2\u00b0\\nliers. They said thee and thou, would not serve\\nWILLIAM PENN\\n1644-1/18", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "86\\nCOLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\nWilliam Perm at the\\ngay court of\\nLouis XIV\\n1665\\nThe London plague\\nI e.in inherits his\\nfather s estate\\n1674\\nLord Berkeley sells\\nWest Jersey to a\\nlompany of\\nQuakers\\n1676\\nThe heirs of Sir\\nGeorge Carteret sell\\nEast Jersey to Penn\\nand other Quakers\\ni68i\\nPenn s Woodland\\nin the army, or make oath in court; and they seemed to\\ntake pride in being punished for their religious views.\\nWhen it was reported around the streets that young\\nPenn had turned Quaker or some other melancholy\\nthing, he became the sport of all his old boon com-\\npanions. The proud Admiral was greatly distressed at\\nthis change in his promising son. He sent him to Paris,\\nhoping he might lose his religion. Penn was presented\\nat the court of Louis XIV, and seemed for a time to be\\nhis old self again; but soon after his return to London,\\nthe plague broke out. and his religious fervor burned\\nbrighter than ever. He was turned into the street by\\nhis father, and imprisoned in Newgate, and fined sev-\\neral times by the courts.\\nIn the end the old Admiral learned to respect his\\nson s devotion to his religion. He summoned him\\nhome, and, at his death, made him his heir. About\\nthis time, an association of Quakers bought West Jersey,\\nand then William Penn and some of his friends bought\\nEast Jersey. Penn became active in sending Quakers to\\ncolonize East Jersey. The enterprise succeeded so well\\nthat he resolved to provide a home for all persecuted\\nChristians. He asked Friend Charles to grant the\\nland west of the Jerseys in exchange for the sixteen\\nthousand pounds still due his estate. This seemed to\\nthe thoughtless king a very good way to cancel his debt,\\nand he issued the patent for a vast tract which he called\\nPenn s Woodland, or Pennsylvania. Penn and his heirs\\nwere made sole proprietors of the province, and required\\nto pay two beaver skins every year to prove their loyalty\\nto the crown. Penn drew up a liberal constitution for\\nthe government of a colony, and established bureaus for\\nimmigration all over Europe.\\nEarly the following year he sent a shipload of Quakers", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "THE LATER COLONIES\\n87\\nto Pennsylvania; and in October he came himself with a 1682\\nhundred more settlers. That he might have an outlet\\nto the ocean through the nobJe river on the east, he had\\npurchased what is now Delaware from the Duke of York; Penn purchases\\nand when he landed at New Castle, the authority over\\nthat country was transferred to the new governor.\\nIt is said that, under a spreading elm on the bank of Penn makes a treaty\\nthe Delaware, he assembled the Indians who claimed\\nIndians\\nPennsylvania, and bought the province again, and made\\na treaty which lasted longer than he lived.\\nPenn divided his province into counties and\\nlots, and put up the land for sale at forty shil-\\nlings for a hundred acres. Then he founded\\na city, called Philadelphia, or Brotherly\\nLove, laying it out in squares with broad ave-\\nnues; and he ordered a handsome house built\\nfor himself. At the end of two years Phila-\\ndelphia had two thousand inhabitants, and\\nthe whole province nearly eight thousand.\\nPenn was soon called to England, but the colony con-\\ntinued to grow, so that when he again visited America, Penn returns\\nthere were more than twenty thousand settlers, and s\\nPhiladelphia was almost a rival of Boston. This rapid He visits his colony\\ngrowth was largely due to the fact that absolute freedom\\nof conscience was allowed in the province.\\n1 703\\nWhen three counties on the Delaware asked for a Delaware elects its\\ngovernment of their own, Penn allowed them to elect an ^ly\\nAssembly, but they still acknowledged the same governor\\nas Pennsylvania.\\nMany years after William Penn had been laid away to\\nrest in a quiet churchyard in England, James Oglethorpe, james ogiethorpe\\nwho had served as an officer with Marlborough on the hlmrfo/thr\\nfamous battlefields of Europe, planned to found a colony fortunate\\nin America. While a member of Parliament, Oglethorpe", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "88\\nCOLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\nGeorge II gives a\\ncharter for settlers\\nin the south part of\\nSouth Carolina\\nThe province of\\nGeorgia\\n1733\\nSettlement of\\nSavannah\\nThe liberal charter\\nof Georgia encour-\\nages immigration\\nhad learned about the wretched condition of prisoners\\nfor debt, and many hundred debtors were set free through\\nhis influence. After disgrace in the jails a man could\\nhardly ever succeed in his old neighborhood, so Ogle-\\nthorpe resolved to found a settlement in America which\\nwould give to the unhappy debtors a chance to begin life\\nover again. When he sought aid for his project, Parlia-\\nment made an appropriation of money, and\\nbenevolent people contributed to the good\\nwork.\\nKing George II determined to take a slice\\noff his royal province of South Carolina for\\nthe new colony. The people of that prov-\\nince did not object to this. They were glad\\nto have a settlement between themselves\\nand the Spaniards of Florida, who were\\ncausing a great deal of trouble. Oglethorpe\\nand a few others received in trust for the\\npoor the land between the Savannah and the Altamaha\\nRivers, and a strip extending west from the sources of\\nthese rivers to the Pacific Ocean. They called the\\nprovince Georgia in honor of the king. The noble Ogle-\\nthorpe left luxuries and honors at court that he might\\naid in making homes for the homeless.\\nWith a colony of over a hundred paupers he founded the\\ntown of Savannah. He made peace with the Cherokees\\nfrom the mountain streams of the Blue Ridge, and with\\nthe Choctaws from the fertile valley of the lower Missis-\\nsippi, and even with the Creeks, who claimed the land.\\nBecause of the delightful climate, and the liberal\\ncharter of Georgia, German-Lutherans, Scotch-High-\\nlanders, and French Protestants pressed forward across\\nthe ocean to find homes there. They came first to\\nSavannah, and Governor Oglethorpe often accompanied", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "THE LATER COLONIES 89\\nthem through the forest to some river, lake, or bay; and\\nwhen the good man visited the scattered settlements,\\nthey gave him a joyous greeting.\\nHe praised the Germans for their thrift and good\\ncheer; he pleased the Scotch by donning the Highland\\nplaid as he approached their village on the Altamaha;\\nhe talked to the French in their native tongue; and\\nthroughout all the province of Georgia there was peace\\nand content because of the wise and just laws which\\nOglethorpe made.\\nGeorgia was the last English province established in Georgia, the last\\nwhat is now the United States. Henceforth the sea\\nwill be white with the sails of commerce; thousands\\nof settlers will enter the ports along the Atlantic to\\nstrengthen the colonies until the mountains that bind\\nthem to the sea are overrun. Will the smiling valleys\\nbeyond receive them\\nCHAPTER XIV\\nUNDER THE ROYAL GOVERNORS\\nWhile the English colonies were clinging close to the\\nsea, busy with farming, fishing, and trade, the French to The French\\nthe north settled Acadia, comprising what is now New\\nBrunswick, Nova Scotia, and a portion of Maine, and\\nNew France, which included the valley of the St. Law-\\nrence and the lakes feeding that river.\\nMissions grew rapidly on the St. Lawrence after champiain founded\\nSamuel de Champiain built a fort at Quebec.\\nQuebec had, before Harvard was founded at Cam-\\nbridge, a college to educate the Indian converts.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "90\\nCOLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\nFather Dreuillettes\\nand the Rev. John\\nEliot\\nThe French traders\\n1673\\nMarquette and\\nloliet on the\\nMississippi\\ni68i\\nLa Salle at the site\\nof Chicago\\nJesuit priests planted churches along the northern\\nlakes, and it is said that Father Dreuillettes, who estab-\\nlished a mission on the Penobscot, paid the Rev. John\\nEliot a friendly visit at Roxbury to plan how best they\\nmight save the souls of the red men.\\nBut not all the French were thus bent on saving\\nthe souls of the red men. The restless French traders\\nmade peace with the warriors, and married the dusky\\nmaidens of the forest; they changed rude wigwams into\\ncottages, and grouped\\nthese into villages, which\\nsoon became the centers\\nof trade.\\nWhen Father Pierre\\nMarquette and Louis\\nJoliet, a merchant, heard\\nthe Indians talk of the\\nMississippi River, they\\nthought it might be the\\nlong-sought passage to\\nIndia, and resolved to\\nexplore it. With six\\ncompanions, in two light birch-bark canoes, they passed\\nfrom Lake Michigan by land and stream, to the Missis-\\nsippi, and sped on beyond the Ohio until they reached\\nthe mouth of the Arkansas River. Here provisions gave\\nout, and they returned to Montreal after many adven-\\ntures among the Indians.\\nThen Robert de la Salle/ a young French cavalier,\\nheard of the great river and its wonderful beaver lands.\\nWith a few other adventurers he reached the site of\\nwhat is now Chicago. Dragging their boats up the\\nFATHER MARQUEl IE\\n1 Read Parkman s La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "UNDER THE ROYAL GOVERNORS\\n91\\nfrozen Chicago River to the Ilhnois, the explorers\\nfloated down the Mississippi, and finally reached the Gulf\\nof Mexico. On the shore of the gulf, La Salle set up a\\ncross, and took possession of the valley of the Missis- Louisiana becomes a\\nsippi and of its tributaries in the name of Louis XIV, 1 i-rance\\nand called it Louisiana. These new lands claimed by\\nFrance extended from the Alleghany Mountains to the\\nRocky Mountains, the two ranges, where the rivers\\nwhich swept down into the gulf, found their sources.\\nNow the English, as we have seen, claimed all\\nthis land as far west as the Pacific Ocean, because\\nthey had first sighted the east coast of the conti-\\nnent during the voyages of the Cabots. Most of\\ntheir charters granted tracts from sea to sea.\\nBut La Salle said that actual discovery and possession\\nwere worth all the claims in the world; and he built\\na fort on the Illinois and trading posts on other rivers.\\nThe heroic man was shot by some jealous comrades\\nwhile he was attempting to establish a colony\\nat the mouth of the Mississippi River.\\nThen Henri de Tonti. called the Iron\\nHand, from a knot of metal covered with leather\\ninstead of the hand he had lost in battle, strengthened H.-mideXonti\\nthe forts on the Illinois, and Cadillac built Detroit near p, ^^on the*\\nLake Huron; so that by the opening of the eighteenth niinois\\ncentury, the French trappers were traveling from Hud- ^adiUac builds\\nson s Bay to the Gulf of Mexico. Fort Detroit\\nMeantime, to cut off the English from the fur trade\\non the lakes, the French planned to conquer New York. The French plan to\\nBut between themselves and the settlements on the\\nHudson, were the Iroquois, or Five Nations, who had\\nmade treaties of peace with the English.\\nCapture the Iroquois, and send them to France as\\nslaves, wrote Louis XIV. This, however, was not\\nFRENCH TRAPPER\\nconciuer New York", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "92\\nCOLONIAL DLVELOl MENT\\nThe Ficncli try to\\nbribe the Iroquois to\\nmake war upon\\nthe English\\n1684\\nThe governors of\\nNew York and\\nVirginia sign a\\ntreaty of peace with\\nthe Iroquois at\\nAlbany\\nComplaints against\\nGovernor A ndros\\nsuch an easy thing to do. The French tried to bribe\\nthem to take up arms against the Enghsh; but they\\nwould not dig up the hatchet they had buried under\\na httle Dutch church. They donned their best war\\npaint, and swooping down on the Indians south of the\\nlakes, who were allies of the French, they drove them\\nbeyond the Illinois.\\nOn their way back to New York, the Iroquois turned\\ntheir tomahawks against the settlers along the frontiers\\nof Virginia, which caused the governor of irginia to\\ncome up to Albany to make a treaty of peace, ^^^hen\\nthe governors of New York and irginia met them in\\nsolemn council, the chiefs smoked the calumet, and\\nf)ledged to keep peace with the English forever. They\\nasked that the coat-of-arms of the Duke of York be\\nnailed over the doors of their long houses to protect\\nthem from the French.\\nThis treaty with the Iroquois was of vast importance\\nto the English. It was a safeguard against the French\\nand it brought the colonies of the South into alliance\\nwith those of the North. We shall find that Virginia\\nsoon made common cause with New England in defense\\nof her soil.\\nNow New England under the rule of a royal governor\\nwas very unhappy. The frontiers were harassed by hos-\\ntile Indians, and the people strongly suspected that Gov-\\nernor Andros was plotting to surrender the provinces to\\nthe French. When he built forts far up on the fron-\\ntiers and sent hundreds of the best New England troops\\nfor garrisons, they said it was because he wished to be\\nrid of that many soldiers; and when he sent presents\\nto the Five Nations, they said he was giving a bribe to\\ninduce the red men to make war on Xew England.\\nThey were just about to rebel against the governor s", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "UNDER THE KOVAL GOVERNORS 93\\n1689\\nauthority when strange news came from over the sea. Kingjamesii\\nIt was reported that the people of England would not ^p\u00c2\u00b0 ;V\\nr r r o lam and Mary of\\ntolerate the rule of the tyrant James any longer, and orangc invited to\\nTTT-ii- rnle in England\\nhad mvited his nephew and daughter, William and\\nMary, to reign in his stead. A signal on Beacon Hill\\nsummoned the soldiers of Duxbury, Marshfield, and all\\nthe settlements on the bay into Boston.\\nThe magistrates who had held ofifice before the rule of The m.igistrates of\\nAndros, assembled in the Council Chamber to deliberate\\nwhat should be done. At last they appeared on the amber\\nbalcony of the Town Hall, and to the people who stood\\nin the street below they recounted the wrongs of the\\nprovince since the charter had been taken away. They\\ndemanded that Governor Andros give up his authority.\\nThe trembling tool of the king, after three years of rule, Andros is imprisoned\\nsurrendered his seal, and was hurried off to prison.\\nIt was bold to seize thus a royal governor. If the\\ncause of Parliament should fail. King James would show\\nno mercy to his rebellious colonies.\\nThe Puritans watched the sea anxiously; and when\\na royal squadron arrived with orders from Parliament wiuiam and Mary\\nto proclaim William and Mary king and queen of Eng- p\\nJ a I r queen of Kngland\\nland, they were wild for very joy.\\nBecause Boston was the capital, people from all New\\nEngland flocked there to celebrate the event. A dinner\\nwas given at the Town Hall for the magistrates and\\npeople of quality; a parade was held on the Common;\\nand, at night, there was merrymaking till the bell in\\nthe Town Hall rang at nine o clock for bed.\\nAnd then prayers of thanksgiving were offered in\\nthousands of homes because the colonies were delivered\\nfrom the oppressions of King James II.\\nAndros was sent to England for trial. Massachusetts iheroinnies resnme\\nasked Governor Bradstreet to resume his robes of office, f-govemnu-nt", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "94\\nCOLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\nPlymouth spread out the compact she had framed on\\nthe 2fiiyflozvt r. Rhode Island put her broken seal\\ntogether again. Connecticut brought forth her beloved\\ncharter from the old oak tree; and all the colonies of\\nNew England ruled themselves again until they might\\nhear what was the royal pleasure of King William III.\\nCHAPTER XV\\nLouis XIV favors\\nthe caiKe of the\\nexiled [ames II\\nI 689- I 69 7\\nKini; William s war\\n1680\\nThe Iroquois\\nbesiege Montreal\\n1600\\nMassacre at\\nSchenectady\\nWAR. WITCHES. AND PIRATES\\n16S9-1713\\nHEN Louis XIV received the\\nexiled James at his court and\\ntreated him as a king. Eng-\\nland engaged in a war with\\nFrance which soon extended\\nkJs^TT^ ?E\u00c2\u00bbs-.. to the colonies in America.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^J?--^ -\u00c2\u00a3^3^ Louis sent Count De Fron-\\ntenac to Canada, and ordered\\nhim to conquer New York. Frontenac put on war paint\\nand feathers, danced with the Algonquin Indians along\\nthe St. Lawrence, and prepared to lead an expedition\\ndown the Hudson.\\nBut the Iroquois, or Five Nations, hurried to besiege\\nMontreal, and they kept the French governor busy at\\nhome for the rest of the year.\\nIn the following February, Frontenac sent a company\\nof French and Indians to New York. They set fire to\\nSchenectady, and massacred nearly the whole town.\\nFor several months French troops followed Indian\\nguides through the forests of Maine, New Hampshire,\\nand Massachusetts to lay waste the settlements.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "WAR, WITCHES, AND PIRATES. 95\\nMeanwhile commissioners from Connecticut, Plymouth,\\nMassachusetts, and New York met at New York City,\\nand planned expeditions against Canada.\\nSir William Phips, with two thousand Massachusetts sir wiuiam Phips\\nvolunteers, seized Port Royal in Acadia, and attempted Royai\\nto take Quebec, but failed.\\nAbout this time King William announced his good\\npleasures concerning the government of the colonies.\\nHe allowed Connecticut and Rhode Island to keep their\\nold charters. He gave Massachusetts a new charter,\\nbut kept control of the province.\\nThe shrewd monarch knew very well that he must Coioniai government\\nb-,, 1 .1 Oi T 11- under William in\\nitter war along the bt. Lawrence or lose his\\nAmerican colonies. So to protect the frontiers he\\nannexed Maine, Acadia, and Plymouth to Massachusetts.\\nThen he placed royal governors over New York,\\nNew Hampshire, and Massachusetts. In all three prov-\\ninces he allowed the people to hold their own town\\nmeetings and elect their own legislatures, with all relig-\\nious restrictions removed; but the governors who had\\nthe power of veto and might dissolve the assemblies,\\nwere the supreme judges of the courts and the command-\\ners-in-chief of the militias.\\nGovernor Fletcher, of New York, was ordered to con- j^\\ntrol the militia of the neighboring colonies, and soon Governor Fletcher\\nmarched to Hartford to show his authority. It w^as\\ntraining day when he reached the town. The militia\\nwas drawn up on the green in command of the same\\nCaptain Wadsworth, who had hidden the charter in\\nthe oak.\\nThe governor began to read his royal commission, but\\nthe captain straightway stopped him. He said that Captain Wadsworth\\nConnecticut had a charter from the king, which gave\\nher control of her own troops. When Governor Fletcher", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "96 COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\nbegan again to read. Captain Wadsworth ordered the\\ndrums to drown his voice; and the would-be-commander\\nreturned to New York in disgust. This event so dehghted\\nthe people of Connecticut that they elected the captain\\n,692 governor.\\nSir wiii;am phips is To plcasc Massachusetts, King William appointed an\\nmade the royal Ameocan as governor, who was no other than Sir\\ngovernor of o\\nMassachusetts William Phips.\\nNow the way a poor American boy came to receive the\\ntitle of Sir was this: while hewing trees in Maine for\\nship timber, William Phips heard of the wreck of a\\nSpanish galleon laden with gold. He determined to\\nrecover the treasure, built his own ship, and sailed for\\nthe wreck. The expedition failed. Hearing of another\\nThe romantic career Stranded vcsscl off the coast of South America, Phips\\nP* went to England for help to find it. James II was then\\nking; he was pleased with the eager young sailor, and\\nfitted out a ship at his own expense. When this voyage\\nproved also unsuccessful, the crew urged Phips to turn\\npirate, but this he refused to do.\\nThrough the aid of some English nobles he made\\nanother search for the gold. With Indian divers, hooks,\\nand rakes he fished out vast treasures from the sea, and\\n1687 sailed back to England with over two million dollars.\\nHe became the hero of the hour, and was knighted by the\\nking and toasted by the lords, who received a large share\\nof the spoils.\\nW^hen King James made him sheriff of New England,\\nhe built a handsome house in Boston, and was dwelling\\n1690 there in grand style as the famous Sir William Phips.\\nwhen the capture of Acadia made him more famous than\\never; and so King William, thinking the people would\\nprefer a native American, appointed him governor of\\nMassachusetts.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "WAR, WITCHES, AND PIRATES 9/\\nThe war with the French and the Indians continued r\\n1697\\nby land and sea, until, at last, a treaty of peace was Treaty of Ryswick\\nsigned at Ryswick, in Holland. Acadia was given back\\nto the French, and England paid Massachusetts for the\\nexpenses of the expedition against it.\\nMeanwhile, witches were more feared in the little\\nPuritan towns than even the French or their Indians.\\nFor many years people in the countries of Europe had\\nbeen burned at the stake for witchcraft. It began to be\\nwhispered about in New England that witches had found\\ntheir way across the sea. The whole town of Salem was\\nsoon deluded into the belief that witches were there.\\n1692\\nTwenty innocent persons were put to death on the charge Saiem witchcraft\\nof witchcraft, and hundreds were imprisoned in Massa-\\nchusetts. But when good Lady Phips, the governor s\\nwife, and several high of^cials of blameless lives were\\naccused, the judges began to return to their senses.\\nSome confessions were finally made which were proved\\nso false that the prisoners were all set free.\\nBesides the witches, there were the pirates. From the\\ntime of Sir Francis Drake, pirates had infested the coast\\nof America; and after the colonies began to prosper, the ihe pirates\\nsea robbers grew very bold. They found ready sale\\nin the seaports of Europe for cargoes of dried cod, bales\\nof tobacco, or a few hundred packs of beaver and mink\\nskins.\\nAt one time the entire coast was under the sway of\\nBlackbeard. Ships from Boston were scuttled; sloops\\nfrom Connecticut, bearing sheep and cattle, were boarded,\\nand scows from Rhode Island were towed away to South\\nAmerican markets.\\nAt last, the king of pirates met his fate in the person\\nof an English officer who sailed into the James River\\n1 Read Longfellow s New England Tragedies.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "98\\nCOLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\n1718\\nBenjamin Franklin\\ncomposes a ditty\\non the death of\\nBlackbeard\\nThe privateers\\nPrivateers become\\npirates\\n1697\\nCaptain Kidd sets\\nsail from Plymouth\\nto punish the pirates\\nwith the head of Blackbeard nailed to the bowsprit.\\nAnd Benjamin Franklin, a lively young printer, composed\\na song on the death of Blackbeard that was sung through\\nthe streets of Boston.\\nSome other pirates were Captain Tew, of New York,\\nwho won a fortune on the sea; Captain Avery, who\\nhid his booty in Boston and Captain Low, who hated\\nall men in New England, and made the master of a whal-\\ning vessel, off the coast of Maine, eat his own ears with\\npepper and salt.\\nAfter the French war began, privateers caused almost\\nas much trouble as pirates. Privateering was then\\nthought to be only a war on the sea, and to capture and\\nplunder their vessels seemed a good way to weaken the\\nenemy.\\nBut, strange to say, it very often happened that when\\na merchant captain put cannon at his portholes, received\\na commission from his governor to capture French ves-\\nsels, and sailed away breathing vengeance on the French,\\nhe soon turned pirate, and was off on the high seas\\nplundering any ship he could find.\\nThis turning of privateers into pirates became noto-\\nrious, and when King William heard of it, he said it\\nmust be stopped. Proclamations were accordingly pub-\\nlished by drum beats through the towns on the coast,\\nrequiring officers to arrest suspected persons, and warn-\\ning people not to harbor any pirates in their homes. By\\norder of the king. Captain Kidd was put in command of\\na cruiser with thirty guns, and he set sail from Plymouth,\\nEngland, to punish the pirates. Captain Kidd went the\\nway of all others. He turned pirate himself, and hid his\\nplunder on an island of Narragansett Bay. At last, he\\nwas captured, taken to Boston, and then sent to Lon-\\ndon where he was tried, condemned, and hanged.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "WAR, WITCHES, AND PIRATES 99\\nHenceforth there was Httle more trouble with privateers\\nturning pirates.\\nThe peace which followed King William s war did\\nnot last very long. Soon after hostilities began again, i7oi-i7n\\nKing William died, and Queen Anne, his sister-in-law, Queen An.u- s war\\ncontinued the war with both France and Spain.\\nOne winter the French and Indians sped down on\\ntheir snowshoes to Deerfield, Mass., set fire to the\\n1 704\\nvillage, and killed or carried away all of its people. The French :md\\nAlong the frontier of New England the farmer in the oeeHieid\\nfield and his wife and children at the fireside were killed\\nand scalped without mercy, until troops were raised for\\nland and sea to conquer Canada.\\nA fleet of ships with English and Colonial troops cap-\\ntured Port Royal again; and, the following year, thirty-\\ntwo vessels sailed up the St. Lawrence to take Quebec.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2But eight ships, drifting in a thick fog against the rocks, Acadia again taken\\nwent to pieces, and a thousand soldiers were drowned. ish\\nThe rest of the fleet returned home, and towns continued\\nto be burned and people massacred along the frontier of\\nNew England.\\nMeanwhile there was war in South Carolina against\\n1702\\nthe Spaniards. English troops could not conquer the The expedition\\nstout fort of St. Augustine; but when four years later ^^s-- Augustine\\na French and Spanish fleet sailed up the harbor to\\nCharleston, the brave people repelled the invaders, and\\ndrove them back to Cuba.\\nWhen peace was patched up again by the treaty of\\nUtrecht, Acadia was left in possession of the English,\\nwho called the province Nova Scotia, and changed the\\n7^3\\nname of Port Royal to Annapolis, in honor of (.)ueen The treaty\\nAnne. France and England kept the peace for many utrecht\\nyears; but the Indian allies of the French still made\\nattacks on the frontier of the North. There was not a\\nL,tro.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "100 COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\nsingle English settlement for more than a hundred miles\\non the east coast of Maine, and the canoes of the red\\nmen glided undisturbed among its many bays.\\nchaptp:r XVI\\nTHE WESTWARD MARCH\\n1713- 1754\\nIn the long years of peace which followed Queen\\nAnne s war the colonies began again to prosper.\\nA long peace follows Pirates trembled then instead of thrifty merchants, and\\nQueen Anne s war pfQud ships bore the products of plantation, farm, and\\nforest to distant shores, and hastened back laden with\\nthe wares of Europe.\\nThe settlers who were engaged in foreign commerce\\nand the fisheries clung closely to the sea; but a few\\nhardy adventurers began to look about for more trade\\nwith the Indians. They pushed boldly toward the west-\\nern frontiers of New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia;\\nherdsmen of South Carolina drove their cattle farther\\nwest to feed upon the uplands; indented servants, when\\nfree to find homes of their own, threaded Indian trails\\nto the slopes of the mountains, and pitched their tents\\nuntil they might build houses from the forests; and,\\nwhen religious persecution in Europe drove more emi-\\ngrants across the sea, the German Lutherans and the\\nScotch-Irish pressed toward the mountains of the West.\\nSoon the eastern slopes of the Alleghanies were dotted\\nwith neat farms and hunting lodges. But no one yet\\nknew what lay beyond the mountains.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Read Roosevelt s Winning of the West.\\nThe movement\\ntowai (1 the West", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "THE WESTWARD MARCH 101\\nAbout this time Sir Alexander Spotswood came to Vir-\\nginia as governor. He was an enthusiastic sportsman,\\nand, when weary of petty disputes with his burgesses. Governor spotswooa\\nsought relaxation in a chase through the glades of the p ^-p^dhion\\nneighboring forest. The gallant governor soon sighed\\nfor new worlds to conquer. He mounted and armed\\nsome cavaliers, and, with rangers, and Indian guides,\\nand plenty of provisions, set out to find what lay beyond\\nthe Blue Ridge.\\nThe explorers hunted as they toiled, with many a jest,\\nup the rugged mountain side. When they reached the\\ndividing line where the waters part to flow east and a glimpse beyond\\nwest, they looked with astonishment over the valleys, Mo^ntl^lns\\nforests, and flowing streams, which stretched far beyond\\ntoward the setting sun. They took possession of the\\nland in the name of King George I, and returned, with\\ngreat flourish of trumpets, to Williamsburg.\\nSo important did Governor Spotswood deem the event\\nthat he gave golden horseshoes for badges to those who -The Knights of the\\nhad drunk to the king s health on the top of Mount\\nGeorge.\\nA new interest in the West was aroused by this\\nfamous expedition; trappers pushed more boldly beyond\\nthe stone wall of the Alleghanies, and, after a few years,\\nsome Scotch-Irish, Quakers, and Germans crossed from\\nPennsylvania and Virginia into the rich valley of the\\n1730-40\\nShenandoah. They were hardy and bold. They sought The Shenandoah\\nhomes for themselves, and were content with small farms =y 1\\nand few slaves. There were no cavaliers among them,\\nand we shall see that the settlers west of the Blue Ridge\\nbecame so different in thought and life from those on\\nthe bottom lands, east of the mountains, that they\\nformed themselves into a separate State to be known as\\nWest Virginia.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "I02\\nCOLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2739\\nEngland declares :i\\ncommercial war\\nagainst Spain\\n1740\\nExpedition to\\nCartagena\\n1743\\nThe Washington\\nestate is named\\nMount Vernon\\nNow, although the Enghsh in America were at peace\\nwith the French for many years after Queen Anne s\\nwar, England, in order to extend her commerce to the\\nports of South America, declared war with Spain, and\\ncalled for volunteers from the colonies. This Spanish\\nwar brought the soldiers of the North and the South\\ntogether, and helped to knit a bond of sympathy between\\nthem. While the Georgia and South Carolina troops\\nunder Governor Oglethorpe were besieging St. Augustine,\\ncompanies of soldiers from Massachusetts, Rhode Island,\\nConnecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,\\nMaryland, Virginia, and North Carolina enlisted under\\nSir Alexander Spotswood, our Knight of the Golden\\nHorseshoe, to sail to South America. The expedition was\\na sad failure from the beginning. The gallant Spots-\\nwood died while waiting for the troops at Annapolis, Md.\\nUnder the leadership of another commander over three\\nthousand Americans, eager to measure their prowess\\nwith the soldiers of England, joined Admiral Vernon at\\nJamaica.\\nFrom there, fifteen thousand troops weighed anchor,\\nonly to face death at Cartagena. After an intrepid\\nassault, they were beaten back from the strong fortress.\\nThen a fever of the tropics spread through the fleet, and\\nhundreds who died of the pest were thrown into the sea.\\nLess than five hundred of the recruits from the colonies\\ncame back to their homes.\\nMany Americans won distinction in this expedition\\nagainst the Spaniards. Among them was Lawrence\\nWashington, who though only twenty years old served\\nas captain of one of the Virginia regiments. On his\\nreturn, Washington named his estate on the Potomac\\nMount Vernon, in honor of Admiral Vernon, little\\ndreaming that his eleven-year-old brother, George,", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "THE WESTWARD MARCH I03\\nwould one day make the spot more famous than any\\nother in America. A siege against St. Augustine was\\nunsuccessful, and, two years later, when the Spaniards\\ninvested a fort in Georgia, they were forced to retreat by\\nthe strategy of Oglethorpe.\\nWhile peace had lingered on the banks of the St. The i-rench found\\nLawrence, the French were very busy preparing to shut fn ^^imUd Torlr\\nthe English out of the Mississippi valley. They founded Niagara (1726) and\\n/^i r-^iT -i-iT-^ XT- 1 Crown Point (1731)\\nNew Orleans, fortified Detroit, built rort Niagara, and\\nFort Crown Point on Lake Champlain they strength-\\nened all their trading posts, until from the mouth of the\\nMississippi to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, there was a\\nchain of sixty forts. They planned to win back Nova\\nScotia, and built a stout fortress on Cape Breton Island,\\nwhich they named Louisburg after King Louis XV.\\nWhen France declared hostilities in the War of c\\n1 744- 1 748\\nthe Austrian Succession, or King George s War, the King George s\\nFrench garrison of Louisburg attacked the English posts\\nin Nova Scotia. Governor Shirley, of Massachusetts,\\n1745\\nthen sent William Pepperell with New England troops The capture of\\nagainst Louisburg. Aided by a fleet from England, ^s\\nthey took the great fortress after a siege of six weeks.\\nThree years later, by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, The treaty of\\nEngland restored Louisburg to the French. Aix-ia-chapeiie\\nThe French were now more determined than ever\\nto hold their territory in America. The governor of\\nCanada sent Celoron de Bienville and others to take\\nformal possession of the valley of the Ohio River.\\nThey nailed the lilies of France on the forest trees, and\\nburied plates of lead, inscribed with the legend that the\\ncountry belonged to France.\\nKing George II, however, was determined to secure George ii offers\\nthe Ohio valley by settlement, and offered a vast tract j-\\nsettlers in the\\nto any company that would induce a hundred families to ohiovaiiey", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "I04\\nCOLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\n1740\\nThe Ohio Company\\nsurveys the lountiy\\n1753\\nGeorge Washington\\ncarries a message to\\nthe French.\\n1754\\nWilliam Trent\\nattempts to build a\\nfort at the head\\nof the Ohio\\n(February)\\ncolonize it. The Ohio Company sent Christopher Gist,\\nto survey the land. When Gist returned, he gave such\\nglowing accounts of the beautiful valley that the English\\nwere more anxious than ever to make it their own.\\nMeanwhile, under Marquis Duquesne, the gov-\\nernor of Canada, the French were building Fort\\nPresque Isle, on Lake Erie, Fort Leboeuf, on\\nFrench Creek, and Fort Venango, near the junc-\\ntion of French Creek and the Allegheny River\\nthey were preparing to fortify the banks of the\\nMonongahela when Governor Robert Dinwiddle,\\nof Virginia, resolved to send a messenger to warn\\nthem away from western Pennsylvania, which Vir-\\nginia claimed under her charter. He said he had\\nauthority to do this because of Virginia s second\\ncharter, and because of the claims of the Ohio\\nCompany.\\nHe chose George Washington, then\\ntwenty-one years old, to carry the message.\\nWashington was a practical surveyor. He\\nwas skilled in woodcraft, knew much about\\nIndians, and was pleasing and dignified in his manners.\\nWith Christopher Gist and some others, the young\\nenvoy first found his way across the mountains to Logs-\\ntown, an English trading station on the Ohio, to learn\\nwhat he could about the French. Then he pushed on\\nto Fort Leboeuf, and delivered his dispatches. The\\nFrench commandant said he would send the letters to\\nDuquesne, and, until he received further orders, would\\nhold all the forts. Washington returned to Virginia,\\nnoting well the best points for new forts. He reported\\nthat the head of the Ohio was the Key to the West;\\nand, accordingly, Governor Dinwiddle sent out a force of\\nforty men, under William Trent, to fortify it.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVII\\nbuilt by the French\\nTHE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR\\n1754-1763\\nThe French, while the EngHsh were working at a\\nstockade fort near the head waters of the Ohio River,\\ncame down the Allegheny in boats and drove them away.\\nThey then finished the fort themselves and named it i-ortDuquesne\\nFort Duquesne. Colonel George Washington set out\\nwith troops to capture the French garrison. A few\\nmiles from the fort he met a detachment of the enemy,\\nand routed them completely.\\nAt Fort Necessity, which he had built in the Great\\nMeadows, he was soon surrounded by the French and\\nIndians, and after a sharp skirmish, was forced to sur-\\nrender. Although this expedition failed in its object,\\nthe young colonel had shown such valor that the Virginia\\nHouse of Burgesses passed a vote of thanks for his\\nservices.\\nBenjamin Franklin pub-\\nlished an account of the battle\\nat Great Meadows in the Penn-\\nsylvania Gazette, and at the\\nhead of the column was the\\npicture of a snake divided into\\nparts, representing the colo-\\nnies, with the motto, Join or Die. All the colonies\\nbegan to realize that a struggle for supremacy in\\nAmerica had begun.\\nTraining day was no longer a holiday. Troops in\\nhomespun rallied from every town; British grenadiers in\\n1754\\nThe French and\\nIndian war is begun\\n(May 28)\\nB. FRANKLIN S JOIN OR DIE\\nBenjamin Franklin s\\nmotto\\nRead Chapman s The French in the Allegheny Valley.\\n105", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "io6\\nCOLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\n1755\\nGeneral Braddock\\nmeets the colonial\\ngovernors at Alex-\\nandria (April 14)\\nBraddock s defeat\\n(July 9)\\nred coats and Scotch Highlanders in plaids came from\\nover the sea to fight the French in Canada, and the\\nIroquois in war paints, hurried from the Mohawk to\\nassist them.\\nGeneral Edward Braddock, commander-in-chief of\\nthe American armies, met the colonial governors at\\nAlexandria and planned a campaign. Braddock him-\\nself, with Washington as aide-de-camp, marched north-\\nwest with nearly two thousand men to take Fort\\nDuquesne.\\nThe rough frontiersmen were put in the rear of the\\ngrenadiers who marched through the forest with banners\\nflying and bayonets set, as if on a dress parade. Young\\nWashington advised sending scouts to scour the woods;\\nhe tried to explain the Indian methods of fighting, and\\nurged that the colonial troops should meet the first\\nshock. But the proud general, who had won honors on\\nthe battlefields of Europe, would not listen. He said\\nthe Indians might terrify colonial troops, but they could\\nmake no impression on the king s regulars.\\nThe army marched on. Silence reigned in the forest.\\nNot an enemy was in sight. At about ten miles from\\nthe fort the stately line approached two ravines covered\\nwith trees and long grass, where the French and their\\nred allies waited. War whoops sounded shrilly out of\\nthe death trap, and then came the terrible struggle.\\nThe regulars huddled together in the open field; but\\nthe colonials disobeyed orders, and hid behind trees\\nto fight, Indian fashion. Washington was everywhere.\\nHis coat was riddled with bullets, and horse after horse\\nfell beneath him. One chieftain ordered his warriors\\nto aim straight at the dashing young paleface. Their\\nbullets splintered the trees, and mowed down others\\nabout him but Washington remained unhurt. A", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR TO/\\nManitou protects him! shouted the warriors, and dared\\naim at him no more.\\nMore than half of the proud Enghsh army was slain\\nand the remainder fled in a panic/\\nGeneral Braddock died from his wounds near Fort\\nNecessity, and over his forest grave Washington, for\\nlack of a chaplain, read reverently the service. It was\\nsoon known that the courage of Washington had saved Honors for young\\nthe flying remnants from death. A noted minister from\\nhis pulpit extolled the courage of the heroic youth: I\\ncan not but hope, he said, that Providence has spared\\nhim, in so signal a manner, for some important service to\\nhis country.\\nAfterward, when Washington was sent as a delegate\\nto the House of Burgesses, the speaker thanked him\\non behalf of Virginia, for his valiant services during\\nthe war. The young hero arose in confusion. He\\nhesitated.\\nSit down, Mr. Washington, said the speaker,\\nyour modesty equals your valor, and that surpasses\\nthe power of any language I possess.\\nDuring the campaign of Braddock in the West, three\\nexpeditions were made to conquer Canada. The Aca- xheAcadians\\ndians were removed from their homes. They had been\\nNovabcotia\\nconquered, as we have seen, during Queen Anne s war;\\nbut they still spoke French, and secretly aided their\\nkinsmen on the St. Lawrence. A fleet from Massachu-\\nsetts carried them away from Nova Scotia, and scattered\\nthem through the colonies.-\\nSir William Johnson with Scotch grenadiers, provin- sir wiuiam Johnson\\ncials, and Iroquois defeated the French under Dieskau,\\nLake George\\n1 Read Parkman s Montcalm and Wolfe, and Sargeant s History of\\nBraddock s Expedition.\\nRead Longfellow s Evangeline.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "io8\\nCOLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\nGeneral Shirley\\nfails to lake\\nPort Niagara\\n1756\\nThe formal\\ndeclaration of war\\n(May)\\nGeneral Montcalm\\nThe Iroquois lose\\nfaith in the English\\n1757\\nThe French still in\\npossession of all the\\nOhio Valley\\non Lake George, and built Fort William Henry to\\nprotect the trails to the Hudson.\\nWhile Governor Shirley on his way to Oswego was\\nwaiting for re-enforcements to surround Fort Niagara, his\\nIroquois heard of Braddock s defeat, and they deserted\\nin such numbers that, after having garrisoned a new fort\\nat Oswego, Shirley marched back to Boston without\\nattempting to take Fort Niagara.\\nThe following year. Great Britain issued a formal dec-\\nlaration of war. King Louis made Montcalm com-\\nmander of the French armies, and King George sent\\nmore generals and more troops to conquer Canada.\\nThe British officers treated the colonial troops with\\ncontempt they would not allow an American to hold\\nhigh rank in the army, and ignored the advice of the\\nsturdy frontiersman who knew that the French Indians\\ncould never be successfully fought after the British fash-\\nion. The Iroquois soon lost faith in the British. They\\nlaughed at the wheezy old generals, whom high living\\nhad made so fat. With Indians, war feathers mean\\nsomething, they said. But when officers swell out\\ntheir chests and keep their fellow soldiers standing\\nbefore them with hats in their hands, they only breed\\ncowards, and it is no wonder the British are so often\\ndefeated.\\nIn spite of the heroic efforts of John Stark, Israel Put-\\nnam, and other brave scouts on the St. Lawrence, and\\nof George Washington and the colonial troops on the\\nwestern frontier, affairs went so badly that, after three\\nyears of war, the French still controlled the northern\\nlakes and the Ohio valley. Great Britain was in despair.\\nHer treasury was nearly exhausted, and affairs in the\\ncolonies were worse off than ever.\\nThen William Pitt, the Great Commoner, took the", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR\\n109\\nlead in Parliament. He learned all he could about\\nIndian warfare. He saw that Ft. Duquesne was the Key\\nto the West, that Louisburg gave shelter to French pri-\\nvateers, that Crown Point and Ticon-\\nderoga were the starting-points for\\nthe French expeditions\\nto the south, that\\nNiagara prevented\\nthe English fur\\ntrade on the lakes,\\nand that Quebec\\ncontrolled the St.\\nLawrence. He de-\\ntermined to gain possession of all these places. He\\nsaid that Americans should be promoted in the ranks,\\nand that they should act as scouts, and fight Indian\\nfashion whenever it seemed necessary. Pitt so won the\\nhearts of the Americans that they hurried to enlist for\\na new campaign. Soon twenty-five thousand colonials\\nin buckskin were side by side with an equal number of\\nredcoats. General Amherst and Admiral Boscawen cap- capture of Fon\\n1.11- TT-i -.i-. li Louisburg (July 27)\\ntured the fortress of Louisburg, with its cannon and two\\nthousand men. General Forbes and Colonel Washington I ort Duquesne\\nbecomes Fort Pitt\\nmarched northwest with an army, and soon changed the (Nov. 25)\\nname of Fort Duquesne to Fort Pitt. But Abercrombie\\nwas defeated at Ticonderoga by Montcalm.\\nThe following year, the British and colonial army victories at\\nswept in three great divisions toward the St. Lawrence. Ticonderoga\\nNiagara, Ticonderoga, and Crown Point were captured. J y\\nQuebec, in command of General Montcalm, was be- (juiysi)\\nsieged by General Wolfe, who had won distinction at\\nLouisburg. During July and August Wolfe s army and\\nfleet tried in vain to find a weak place in the fortress;\\nbut, at last, a steep path up its rocky cliff was discovered.\\n1758\\n1759", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "I lO\\nCOLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\nBattle on the Plains\\nof Abraham\\n(September 13)\\nThe death of Wolfe\\nand Montcalm\\nThe fall of Quebec\\n(September 18;\\n1763\\nThe treaty of Paris\\nThe Indians and the\\nFrench of the\\nOhio valley\\nPontiac, chief of the\\nOttawas, sends war\\nbelts to all the tribes\\nThe whole army landed, and on the morning of the thir-\\nteenth of September, 1759, the English conquered the\\nFrench on the Plains of Abraham, less than a mile from\\nQuebec. Both commanders were killed.^ I die in\\npeace! said General Wolfe. Thank God, I shall not\\nlive to see Quebec surrender cried General Montcalm.\\nFive days later Quebec opened her gates, and, in a few\\nmonths, all Canada was in possession of the English.\\nFor three years longer war was carried on with France\\nby sea. The fleets of Great Britain captured the Philip-\\npine Islands, and the Island of Cuba, which was the\\nkey to the Spanish settlements along the Gulf of Mexico.\\nTo regain these important seizures, Spain ceded Florida\\nto England. Then France, on whose account Florida\\nhad been lost, ceded New Orleans and the French terri-\\ntory west of the Mississippi to Spain. By the treaty of\\nParis, Great Britain gained Canada and Cape Breton\\nand all the territory east of the Mississippi except New\\nOrleans. Thus by a stroke of the iron pen of war France\\nlost her possessions in America.\\nThe Indians of the Ohio valley found themselves\\ndeserted by their French allies on the St. Lawrence,\\nand placed at the mercy of the English, whom they had\\nlong been taught to hate. The simple French peasants\\nwho lived about the western forts added their influence\\nin arousing the warriors to action.\\nThey said that the great French Father was only\\nasleep, and would soon come to win back his lands.\\nAnd, half believing it themselves, they tgld the Indian\\nconverts that the blessed Jesus was a Frenchman, and\\nthe cruel English had crucified him. And so Pontiac,\\nchief of the Ottawas, sent war belts by his fleetest mes-\\nKead Tarkman s Montcalm and Wolfe.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR\\nI I I\\nColonel Bouquet\\nat Bushy Run\\nsengers, and the warriors in the Ohio valley united\\nagainst the dogs in red clothes. Only Niagara, De-\\ntroit, and Fort Pitt withstood the attacks. More than\\ntwenty thousand English settlers on the frontiers of\\nVirginia, Pennsylvania, and New York were driven from Defeat of Pontiac by\\ntheir homes. At last Colonel Bouquet won a battle in\\nthe Alleghanies against their united forces. The tribes\\nsued for peace. Pontiac crossed the Mississippi, and\\ngave no more trouble.\\nWhen Lieutenant-Governor Abbott arrived to take\\npossession of the Ohio valley, and the cross of St.\\nGeorge replaced the lilies of France, and God save the\\nking rang out from the old palisades, the hearts of the\\nsimple French peasants were broken. A few, unwilling\\nto swear allegiance to England, wandered down the\\nMississippi to New Orleans. Many crossed the river to\\nthe Spanish garrison at St. Louis. Those who remained\\nbecame good citizens under British rule. When the\\nEnglish garrisons arrived in Florida, most of the Span-\\niards emigrated to the West Indies, and soon the flag\\nof Great Britain protected English subjects from the\\nArctic Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico.\\nThe Spaniards of\\nFlorida emigrate\\nto the West Indies\\nARMS OF GREAT BRITAIN", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVIII\\nTHE THIRTEEN COLONIES\\nThe long wars, which had almost continuously laid\\nwaste the borders of the American colonies since King\\nPhilip s war, were over. The Indians were subdued, the\\nFrench were conquered, and the Spaniards had quitted\\nFlorida. There had been great loss of life. More than\\nthirty thousand brave soldiers lay sleeping under the\\nturf. But from the handful of emigrants who landed at\\n1763\\nThe population of Jamcstown, the English in America had increased to\\nthe English colonies ^^^j. millions of pcople.\\nThey were scattered along the seacoast in thirteen\\nseparate colonies: New Hampshire, Massachusetts,\\nwhich included Maine, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New\\nYork, which claimed Vermont, New Jersey, Pennsyl-\\nvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina,\\nSouth Carolina, and Georgia.\\nThe civil All the colonies had governors appointed by the king,\\nor the proprietors, except Connecticut and Rhode Island.\\nThe law-making power was vested in an assembly and\\na council which together formed the legislature. The\\npeople, with certain suffrage restrictions, elected the\\nassembly; the governor chose the council. The legisla-\\nture had power to vote taxes and frame laws; but the\\ngovernor exercised the right of veto. In the royal and\\nproprietary colonies, except Maryland, a bill, passed by\\nthe legislature and signed by the governor, must be sent\\nto England for approval, and might be disallowed by\\nthe king at any time within three years. To avoid the\\nroyal veto, measures were often passed for two years,\\nand then re-enacted for two years more.\\n2]\\ngovernment", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "THE THIRTEEN COLONIES\\n113\\nNotwithstanding the losses through war and the re-\\nstrictions on trade, the httle commonwealths had pros-\\npered. Their ships were found on all the seas; they\\ncarried grain from Pennsylvania and Maryland; bales of\\nfurs from New York; ship timber from Maine and\\nGeorgia; tobacco, indigo, rice, and pitch from Virginia\\nand the Carolinas; and such vast products from the fish-\\neries of New England that the whaling fleet of Nan-\\ntucket alone was two hundred and forty sail.\\nSi\\nA COLONIAL MANSION\\nThis increase of wealth brought luxury. John Adams, wealth brings\\nof Massachusetts, wrote in his diary, about this time, of\\none home where he dined. He said it was fit for a\\nprince, with its Turkish carpets, painted hangings,\\nmarble tables, damasks, and counterpanes, and clocks\\nand silver.\\nMany citizens kept a coacfi and pair, and a few rode\\nin great style behind four horses, with negro slaves for\\ndrivers.\\nAfter the F rench and Indian war was over, the Eng- social life\\nlish officers lingered in the larger towns. There were\\nmilitary reviews, dinners, and tea drinkings, and almost\\n8", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "114\\nCOLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\nDress vi the period\\nNavigation laws\\nrestrict trade\\n1750\\nManufactures\\nprohibited\\nas much amusement and folly as at the court of the\\nGeorges.\\nGentlemen of fashion wore, for dress suits, velvet\\ncoats, satin waistcoats with flap pockets, trousers to the\\nknee, long silk hose, and high-heeled, pointed shoes\\nwith silver or gold buckles; wigs were now little seen.\\nSo many wigs had gone askew or been lost in the tan-\\ngled forests during the war that the British officers, who\\nset the fashion, declared they were a nuisance. Gentle-\\nmen generally wore their own hair powdered, and tied\\nbehind in a queue.\\nLadies, whose mothers had been content with home-\\nspun, wore satin or taffeta gowns over wide hoops, with\\ndainty kerchiefs on the neck. The hair was dressed\\nhigh, and black patches on the cheek or chin were sup-\\nposed to improve their beauty.\\nNow Parliament had watched these young colonies\\nbecoming more and more prosperous, and had already\\nmade an effort to reap some benefit from them. Naviga-\\ntion laws, as we have seen, confined most of the colo-\\nnial trade to Great Britain. When Maryland, Pennsyl-\\nvania, and some other provinces began to carry shiploads\\nof grain into British ports, a tax was put upon American\\ncorn to protect the British farmers. And when Ameri-\\ncans began to manufacture their own wares, the law was\\nmade that raw wool should be brought to England to be\\nmade into cloth, and crude iron to be made into tools.\\nOne colony was prohibited from taking into another\\nproducts which might be secured in England. It was\\nsaid that a colonial dame could not lawfully take across\\nthe boundary line a ball of yarn for an afternoons\\nknitting.\\nIt was only strict early training that kept Americans\\nfrom all becoming smugglers with such laws as these.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "THE THIRTEEN COLONIES\\n5\\nAs it was, there were men in every town on the coast\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2763-1764\\nwho had wares stored away in cellars and attics which England organizes\\nthey would not care to have the revenue officers see. provinces\\nEngland organized her new territory\\ninto provinces. The Province of Que-\\nbec was created in Canada; and Florida\\nwas divided into Plast and West Florida.\\nAll the western valley, from the moun-\\ntains to the Mississippi and from the\\nGreat Lakes to West Florida, was set\\napart for the Indians. To protect the\\nnew provinces from the French and the\\nSpaniards, an army of ten thousand\\nBritish troops was scattered through the\\ncolonies. The expenses of these garri-\\nsons were to be partly borne by the\\nAmericans. And, to raise revenue, Par-\\nliament renewed the tax on sugar and\\nmolasses imported outside the British West Indies, put j^g^\\nnew taxes on coffee, French and East Indian goods, a tax on sugar,\\nmolasses, and a few\\nmdigo, and Spanish and Portuguese wmes, and voted to other articles\\nenforce the navigation laws more strictly.\\nMeantime writs of assistance were issued. With\\nthese writs petty constables might search private dwell-\\nings where they even suspected goods were unlawfully\\nentered. Sometimes there were riots when these writs\\n1761\\nwere served. James Otis, of Boston, a brilliant lawyer james otis pleads\\nin the pay of the king, resigned his position to plead in l^e t rir\\nthe courts against the writs.\\nIt had long been evident that the colonies should unite\\nin such a way that, in time of war, an equal tax might\\nbe laid, both for money and men. Those out of danger\\nhad not been so ready to furnish troops as those who had\\nsuffered directly.\\nWrits of assistance\\nare enforced", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "ii6\\nCOLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\n1765\\nParliament passes\\nthe Stamp Act\\n(March 22)\\nSons of Liberty\\nNow, however, the oppressions of Parhameiit affected\\nall alike and rumors of new taxes came on every packet.\\nWhat more will be done to restrict our trade?\\nasked the people anxiously.\\nThe Stamp Act was passed. By this measure every\\nwritten document, to be legal, must have a stamp with\\nthe royal seal, and the lowest price for the bits of paper\\nwas a shilling.\\nThe Americans were willing to bear their share of the\\npublic burdens; but this tax was not by their own vote,\\nand might easily lead to all sorts of oppression. Land\\nowners in England voted for taxes through their repre-\\nsentatives in Parliament. If we may send delegates\\nto Parliament, we are willing to be taxed by Parlia-\\nment, said the land owners in America, or we are\\nwilling to vote taxes for the king in our own general\\ncourts.\\nMeanwhile the king and his Parliament became more\\naggressive. Every man in England, wrote Benjamin\\nFranklin, who was then in London, regards himself as\\na piece of a sovereign over America, seems to jostle\\nhimself into the throne with the king, and talks of our\\nsubjects in the colonies. There were many, however,\\neven among the members of Parliament, who sided with\\nthe Americans. When some one said in debate that the\\ncolonists were children of England s planting, Colonel\\nBarre, who had fought by the side of Wolfe at Quebec,\\nand knew something about the colonies, described how\\nthe Americans had been driven by persecutions to find\\nhomes in the wilderness, and declared that instead of\\nbeing children of England s planting, they were\\nsons of liberty. When the words of Barre reached\\nthe colonies, Sons of Liberty clubs were organized.\\nThere was great indignation over the Stamp Act. In", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "THE THIRTEEN COLONIES\\n117\\nBurgesses\\n1765\\nthe Virginia Assembly, Patrick Henry made a great speech Patrick Henry in\\nagainst it. Caesar had his Brutus, he cried, Charles\\nthe First his Cromwell, and George III Treason!\\nTreason! shouted some king s men] may profit by\\ntheir example, continued the patriot, and added: If\\nthat be treason, make the most of it!\\nGeorge Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and other The first Virginia\\nyoung Virginians listened to Henry s speech, and agreed =^y^9)\\nwith every word of it.\\nHenry drew up a set of\\nresolutions on the fly-\\nleaf of an old law book,\\ndeclaring that the first\\nsettlers of Virginia had\\nbrought with\\nthem the privi-\\nleges of English-\\nmen; that, since\\ntaxation by their\\nown representa-\\ntives was a priv-\\nilege of English-\\nmen, it was a\\nprivilege of Vir-\\nginians, who would not consent to taxation without rep-\\nresentation.\\nThe boldness of the Virginians inspired the other\\ncolonies. They refused to use stamped paper.\\nI will cram the stamps down their throats with my\\nsword! cried a British officer.\\nBut the stamped paper was not bought. Much of it\\nwas made into bonfires by angry mobs. When the\\ntime came for the Act to go into effect, all the stamp\\nofficers had resigned. They did not dare attempt to\\nenforce the law.\\nPATRICK HENRY", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "ii8\\nCOLONIAL DEVELOPMENT\\nThe Stamp Act\\nCongress at New\\nYork (October 7)\\nThe Declaration\\nof Rights\\nNon-importation\\nagreements\\nFranklin before the\\nHouse of Commons\\n1766\\nParliament repeals\\nthe Stamp Act\\n(March 18)\\nThat same year a congress of delegates from the\\ncolonies met at New York to deliberate what to do in\\nthis crisis with the mother country. A Declaration of\\nRights and Grievances was drawn up and sent to Parlia-\\nment. The Declaration of Rights maintained that\\nAmericans were subjects of the king; that it was the\\nnatural right of a British subject to vote his own tax,\\nand that because Americans were not represented in\\nParliament, Parliament could not tax them.\\nIt was agreed by the merchants to purchase no more\\nwares in Great Britain until the Stamp Act was repealed.\\nDaughters of Liberty spun yarn and wove it into\\ncloth; homespun jeans took the place of satins and\\ntaffetas, and yarn hose were worn instead of silken ones.\\nIt seemed like the return of the good old Puritan days\\nto see a spinning wheel in every home.\\nNow the large party in Parliament, led b} William\\nPitt and Edmund Burke, who thought the Stamp Act\\nunjust, advocated its repeal. Benjamin Franklin was\\ncalled before a committee of the House of Commons\\nand spoke in behalf of his countrymen. He said the\\ncolonists had borne more than their share of the ex-\\npenses of the French war; that they would never submit\\nto taxation without representation, and, if driven too far,\\nwould manufacture their own wares, and stop trading\\nwith England altogether.\\nAfter a long and bitter debate. Parliament repealed\\nthe Stamp Act.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "I/-)\\nI\\no\\n2\\nW\\nS\\nIX.\\nO\\nw\\nQ\\nz\\no\\no\\nJ\\nu\\no\\nVirginia\\nO\\nMaryland\\ntuO\\nO\\nThe Council of the London Company\\nThe second charter of Jamestown\\nMartial law\\nIndented servants\\nNegro slaves\\nThe First Colonial Assembly\\nA royal province\\nIndian war\\nBacon s rebellion\\nProprietary government\\nSettled by Catholics\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0j Assembly passes Toleration Act\\nA royal province\\nAgain a proprietary government\\nThe Carolinas\\nGeorgia\\nOne proprietary government\\nI Royal provinces\\nIn trust for the poor\\nSettlement\\nA royal province\\nNorth Carolina\\nSouth Carolina\\nj Patented by Gorges and Mason\\nVermont\\nBought by Massachusetts\\ni Patented by Gorges and Mason\\nNew Hampshire Under protection of Massachusetts\\nA royal province\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0I Claimed by both New Hampshire and New Vork\\nf The Mayflo coer\\nni ^u I The Compact\\nPlymouth n t^, t r\\nj ihe Landing\\nCharter from Council for New England\\nr Salem\\nMassachusetts Royal Charter\\nBoston T\\nT f Mass. Bay\\nImmigration ceases _\\nMass. Bay -i Union of four colonies\\nT. tju r Connecticut\\nKing Phihp s war\\nCharter annulled\\nA royal province\\nSalem witchcraft\\nRhode Island\\nSettlement\\nConnecticut\\nj Providence Plantation\\nRhode Island Plantation\\nCharter unites the colonies\\nI Connecticut Colony\\nSettlement r^\\ny I New Haven Colony\\n1 Peqiiod war\\nRoyal charter unites colonies\\nO\\no\\n3\\nen\\no\\ni-i\\no\\n1)\\nJ2\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2J\\n1)\\na\\na\\n!_ O\\nO\\no\\nW li\\nc o\\n1-.\\no\\nc\\nk4\\no\\n6fl\\n(Concluded on next page)\\n[119]", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "o\\na\\na\\nU\\nO\\nO\\nu\\na.\\nO\\nu\\nQ\\nz\\no\\nJ\\no\\nu\\nu\\no\\nNew York\\nc\\n3\\nO\\nU\\nSettlement by the Dutch New Netherlands\\nThe Dutch West India Company\\nPatroons\\nAn English royal province\\nNew Jersey\\nDela\\nSettlement by the Dutch New Netherlands\\ni East Jersey sold to Penn\\nAn English jirovince and other (,)uakers\\nWest Jersey sold to Quakf\\nNew Jersey becomes a royal province\\nPennsylvania\\nSettled by Swedes and Dutch\\nI English proprietary government\\nI Immigration of Quakers\\nPhiladelphia\\nPenn s treaty with the Indians\\nNew Sweden\\nI A Dutch province\\nAn English province\\nBought by William Penn and finally allowed sepa-\\nrate assembly under governor of Pennsylvania\\nKing William s W ar\\nI 689-1 697\\nQueen Anne s War\\n1701-1713\\nKing George s War\\nI 744-1 748\\nFrench and Indian War\\nI 754-1 763\\ni French and Canadian Indians against\\nEnglish and Iroquois\\nTreaty of Ryswick\\ni French, Canadian Indians, and Spaniards\\n-j against English\\nTreaty of Utrecht; Acadia ceded to Eng-\\nlish\\n1 French and Canadian Indians against\\nEnglish\\nTreaty of Aix-la-Chapelle\\nFrench and Canadian Indians against\\nEnglish and Iroquois\\nTreaty of Paris; Spain cedes Florida to\\nEngland; I raiiee surrenders her terri-\\ntory east of Mississippi River to Eng-\\nland, and New Orleans and all posses-\\nsions west of the Mississippi to Spain\\n-Colonial Prosperity\\n[120]", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIX\\nCAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION\\nAlthough the Stamp Act was repealed, King George\\nand Charles Townshend, Chancellor of the Exchequer.\\n1767\\ndeclared it was necessary to prove that the government The Townshend Acts\\nhad the right to tax the colonies. So Parliament laid a\\ntax on tea and a few other articles, established a Board\\nof Trade at Boston, which should act independently of\\ncolonial regulations, and legalized writs of assistance.\\nTo enforce the laws, more grenadiers were sent to\\nAmerica, and a Mutiny Act demanded that the\\ncolonies should provide the royal troops with quarters\\nand certain specified supplies. Merchants then signed\\nnon-importation agreements, and Sons of Liberty\\nand other patriotic associations agreed to neither eat,\\ndrink, nor wear anything imported from England until\\nthe odious taxes were removed.\\nSend over an army and fleet to reduce the dogs to\\nreason, wrote one royal governor to the king, and the colonial assemWi,\\ngovernors in several colonies dissolved the legislatures.\\n[121I\\nNon-importation\\nuCTreements", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "1768\\n122 AMERICAN INDEPENUENCE\\nGeneral Gage sent down to Boston two regiments from\\nBritish troops in Halifax. They landed on Sabbath day. and entered the\\ntown with bayonets set and drums beating, as if they were\\ninvading a foreign country. The people quoted the\\nstatutes that troops could only be quartered in Boston\\nwhen the barracks in the harbor were full, and refused\\nto give them lodging. It is no use to argue in this\\ncountry, where every man studies law, wrote Gage.\\nHe came to Boston, and placed the city under strict\\nguard, with cannon pointing down the streets.\\nLord North becomes When Lord North, who had been one of the most en-\\nprime minister thusiastlc advocates of colonial taxation, became prime\\n(January)\\nminister in England, the cause of freedom seemed hope-\\nless. One night in Boston, a crowd surrounded the\\nThe Boston massacre guards, who wcrc disputing with some citizens. The\\n(March,) soldiers fired into the people, killing five and wounding\\nseveral others.^ This massacre at Boston created intense\\nexcitement. Samuel Adams, in the name of the town,\\ndemanded the withdrawal of the troops, and they were\\ntransported to an island in the harbor.\\nThe Townshend All the towusheud taxcs were finally repealed except\\ntaxes repealed ex- thetaxon tea. Now, it was the principle of taxation\\ncept the tax on tea\\n(April 12) without representation that the people were fighting for.\\nTea was denounced as a pernicious weed, and dried\\nleaves of raspberry, sage, and sassafras were brewed in\\nits stead. Merchants were required to sign pledges not\\nto sell tea, and when one merchant in Boston was found\\nselling contrary to agreement, a post was set up with\\nthe names of the tea importers written on it, pointing\\ntoward his shop. Some one attempted to break the post\\ndown, and while a crowd was gathering to chase him\\naway, he fired a shotgun and killed a German boy eleven\\nyears old. Five hundred schoolmates walked in proces-\\nsion to the grave. Exciting events were preparing the\\nRead Kidder s The Boston Massacre.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION 1 23\\nminds of these children for the terrible struggle in which\\nthey would themselves take a part later on. Trees\\non the greens were called Liberty Trees, and there\\nwere nightly meetings around them. In Narragan-\\nsett Bay, the revenue ship Gaspee was burned, and the The levemie ship\\nChief Justice of Rhode Island refused to send the offend- (junegT\\ners to England for trial. And so the light went on in\\nthe North. The colonies of the South did not feel the\\ntaxes so heavily as those of the North. They had rice,\\ntobacco, and indigo to exchange for wares from Great\\nBritain. But they were too patriotic to submit to op-\\npression. I know not what course others may take,\\nexclaimed Patrick Henry, but as for me, give me\\nliberty or give me death. When the governor dissolved\\nthe assembly of Virginia for its boldness of speech, the\\nmembers held a meeting immediately after, and George\\nWashington presented a resolution to import from Great\\nBritain no more merchandise that was taxed.\\nAll the colonies were moved by the same impulse;\\nyet some people in each colony sided with the British\\ngovernment. These were largely merchants from the\\nWest Indies, who had warehouses in America, and\\noi^cials who held oiftce, and those whom the splendor of\\na crown so dazzled that they could not see the chains\\nthey wore. Those who were willing to obey the meas-\\nures of the government were called Tories those who Tories ami whigs\\nopposed the unconstitutional acts of Parliament were\\ncalled Whigs.\\nThe ships, with their cargoes of tea, sailed into the\\nAmerican ports, and were anchored. At Boston, the\\ngovernor could not be induced to send the ships back to\\nEngland. The Whigs met in Faneuil Hall to protest", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "124\\nAMERICAN INDEPENDENCE\\nSAMUEL ADAMS\\n1722-1803\\nagainst the landing, until the gatherings were so large\\nj__ that it became necessary to adjourn to the Old South\\nThe Uoston tea party meetinghouse. Ou the sixteenth of December, 1773,\\necem er i Samuel Adams presided. The church was packed to\\nthe doors, and the pavement outside was crowded\\nwith patriots, who were waiting for the last word\\nfrom the governor. When the committee re-\\nturned with his refusal to send the tea back,\\nAdams said, in a loud voice: The meeting\\ndeclares it can do nothing more to save the\\ncountry! Who knows, cried some\\none, how tea will mingle with salt wa-\\nter War whoops sounded. A voice\\ncalled out: Boston Harbor a teapot to-\\nnight Hurrah Hurrah shouted\\nfifty men who, painted like Mohawks and\\narmed with hatchets, hurried down to the wharf. They\\nboarded the vessels, and tossed three hundred and fifty\\nbroken chests of tea into the harbor. Crowds witnessed\\nthe action in silence, and dispersed to their homes. In\\nthe morning, the tea thrown up by the tides lay in long\\nstretches along the shore.\\nThe crisis had come. Paul Revere and others rode in\\nhaste to Philadelphia and New York to tell the people\\nwhat Boston had done. The tea ships at Philadelphia\\nwere sent back to England, the cargoes at Charleston\\nwere landed, but rotted away in damp cellars, and at\\nnone of the ports was it allowed to be sold.\\nParliament closed the port of Boston. No ships\\nmight enter or leave the Harbor. All the colonies sent\\naid overland, or by way of Marblehead, which offered\\nher port free of charge to the merchants. Even from\\n1774\\nThe Boston Port .-Vet\\n1 Head Drake s Tea Leaves.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "CAUSES OF THE KEVOLUTIUN I 25\\nthe far frontiers, where the pioneers toiled in the wilder-\\nness, contributions were sent to Boston.\\nParliament also passed the Massachusetts bill, which The iMassachusetts\\nviolated charter rights by providing for a military gov- ^-^^l-^^i anTthr\\nernor of the colony and forbidding public meetings with- Quartering bin\\nout his consent; the Transportation bill, which gavethe\\ngovernor power to transport any one accused of murder\\nin resisting the laws to another colony or to England\\nfor trial; and the Quartering bill, which legalized the\\nquartering of troops at private houses. Then Parlia-\\nment passed the Quebec bill, which annexed to the The Quebec inii\\nProvince of Quebec, the country between Pennsylvania,\\nthe Mississippi River, the Ohio River, and the Great\\nLakes. The territory was claimed by Massachusetts,\\nConnecticut, and Virginia under their charters, and most\\nof the colonies had shared in the expense and danger\\nof winning it from the French.\\nThere was tremendous excitement over these unjust\\nmeasures. If affairs went on at this rate, what would\\nbe the end.? Franklin s old motto, Join or die, was\\nprinted and circulated, and conventions were called to The congressional\\nchoose delegates to a continental congress at Philadel-\\nphia. In our forefathers day, as in our own, there\\nwere some who did not believe in experiments. One\\nmember of the South Carolina legislature laughed at the\\nidea of a convention of the colonies: What kind of a\\ndish will a congress from the different British colonies\\nmake said he. New England will throw in fish and\\nonions, the Middle States flaxseed and flour, Maryland\\nand Virginia will add tobacco. North Carolina pitch,\\ntar, and turpentine. South Carolina rice and indigo, and\\nGeorgia will sprinkle the whole composition with saw-\\ndust. That is the absurd jumble you will make if you\\nattempt a union between the thirteen British provinces.\\nconventions", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "126\\nAMERICAN INDEPENDENCE\\n1774\\nThe First Con-\\ntinental t ongress\\n(September 5 to\\nOctober z6)\\nCreed forL;otteu\\nfor Liberty\\nBut another member retorted: I would not choose\\nthe gentleman who made these objections for my cook;\\nbut I venture to say that if the colonies proceed to\\nappoint deputies to a Continental Congress, they will\\nprepare a dish fit to be presented to any crowned head\\nin Europe.\\nThe delegates from South Carolina were the first to\\narrive at Philadelphia. Those from all the other colo-\\nnies except Georgia soon joined them, and met in con-\\nvention in Carpenters Hall.\\nAmong the members of the first Continental Congress\\nwere some of the most distinguished men in America.\\nFrom Massachusetts came Roger Sherman, who\\nnever said a foolish thing in his life; Samuel Adams,\\nwhose head was wanted badly in London, and his\\ncousin, John Adams, a future president; from South\\nCarolina were the brilliant John Rutledge and his\\nbrother Edward, who had just listened to the debates\\nin Parliament on the tea tax; from New Jersey was\\nWilliam Livingston, whose letters to Edmund Burke on\\ncolonial affairs had made the great orator the champion\\nof the patriots; from New York was John Jay, whose\\npen was the finest in America; from Virginia were\\nWashington, the hero of battlefields, Patrick Henry, the\\norator, and Richard Henry Lee, who, at the head of\\nhis volunteers, had made a bonfire of stamps.\\nIt was, indeed, a coming together of different religious\\ncreeds and political views. Many thought that Massa-\\nchusetts had been too radical in resisting the king.\\nJohn Jay, of New York, opposed the motion to open the\\nconvention with prayer, because, he said, no one could\\nexpect Baptists, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Epis-\\ncopalians, Quakers, and Catholics to unite in worship.\\nBut Samuel Adams, from stiff-necked Massachusetts,", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION 1 27\\narose, and said he was no bigot, and could hear a prayer\\nfrom a gentleman of piety who was at the same time a\\npatriot. He had heard that Mr. Duche, an Episcopal\\nclergyman, deserved that title, and therefore he moved\\nthat Mr. Duche read prayers. Samuel Adams acted\\nwisely in this. If a rigid Puritan could yield his creed\\nfor the country s welfare, all were willing to do so. The\\nprayer was read.\\nThen Patrick Henry, in the first great speech of the Patrick Henry-s\\nCongress, exclaimed, British oppression has effaced thT congress\\nthe boundaries of the several colonies; the distinctions\\nbetween Virginians, Pennsylvanians, New Yorkers, and\\nNew Englanders are no more. I am not a Vir-\\nginian, but an American!\\nThus united, the delegates drew up addresses to the\\npeople of the colonies, the Canadians, the people of\\nGreat Britain, and the king. And then they issued a\\nDeclaration of Rights, in which, as British subjects. The Declaration\\nthey demanded a share in enacting their own laws and\\nimposing their own taxes the right of petition and\\ntrial by jury; and they protested against a standing army\\nwithout their consent, the taxation of the people without\\ntheir consent, the dissolving of assemblies, the quarter-\\ning of troops in time of peace, and the trial of men with-\\nout a jury. William Pitt, then Earl of Chatham, said\\nin the House of Lords: The histories of Greece and\\nRome give us nothing equal to this Declaration of\\nRights, and all attempts to impose servitude upon such\\na mighty continental nation must be in vain.\\nof Rights", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XX\\nMassachusetts\\nprepares for war\\n1775\\nPaul Revere arouses\\nthe towns (April 18)\\nBattles of Lexington\\nand Concord\\n(April 19)\\nTHE REVOLUTION\\n1775- 1781\\n,HE king returned no answer to the address\\nto himself nor to the Declaration of Rights\\ndrawn up by the Continental Congress.\\nHe sent orders to the royal governors to\\nprepare for war, and equipped a fleet with\\nten thousand British soldiers to help them.\\nGeneral Gage, the military governor of\\nMassachusetts, seized the public stores at\\nBoston, and fortified Boston Neck.\\nMeanwhile the Assembly of Massachu-\\nsetts met in Cambridge in spite of the\\ngovernor. They elected John Hancock\\npresident, and chose a Committee of\\nSafety with power to act for the common welfare; they\\nresolved to enlist twelve thousand minute men to\\ndefend their rights, and to invite the other colonies to\\nswell the number to twenty thousand. They collected\\nammunition at Concord, six-\\nteen miles from Boston, and\\nat Salem and other towns.\\nWhen, at midnight, on the\\neighteenth of April, eight\\nhundred grenadiers crept out\\nof Boston to seize the stores\\nat Concord, the lanterns from\\nthe steeple of the North\\nChurch warned the watchman of Charlestown. and sent\\nPaul Revere and others speeding away to arouse the\\n[128]", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "THE REVOLUTION\\n129\\nsleeping towns. Minute men gathered at Lexington to\\nmeet the British troops as the sun was just rising over\\nthe hills. Disperse, rebels, cried the British, down\\nwith your arms, and disperse Shots were fired.\\nSeven Americans were killed and several wounded.\\nThe minute men fell back, bearing away their dead.\\nThe Revolution had begun.\\nThe British moved on to Concord and destroyed what\\nstores they could find. Meanwhile, hundreds of minute\\nPAUL REVERE S RIDE\\nmen were gathering. As the British retreated toward\\nBoston, the patriots fired at them Indian fashion from\\nbehind fences and trees. A re-enforcement of nine\\nhundred regulars at Lexington covered their flight; but\\nwhen, at last, they reached Boston, they had lost three\\nhundred men, and just barely escaped capture.\\nSwift messengers carried the news of the battle at\\nLexington to all the colonies. John Stark, the ranger, John stark and\\nmounted his horse, and rode at the head of several hun-\\ndred New Hampshire men to join the army at Cam-\\n1 Read Longfellow s Paul Revere s Ride.\\n9\\nRead Coffin s Boys of 76,", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "I30\\nAMERICAN INDEPENDENCE\\nColonial troops\\nencamp around\\nBoston\\nficonderoga\\ncaptured (May lo)\\nThe Second Con-\\ntinental Congress\\nmeets (May lo)\\nA federal union\\nformed with\\nCongress the\\nexecutive power\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Bills of Credit\\nbridge; Israel Putnam, of Connecticut, left his plow, and,\\nrousing his neighbors, hastened away; at Enfield, word\\ncame of the battle on Sunday, and Captain Abbe,\\nscarred in the wars with the French, received the mes-\\nsage at church. He stole quietly out\\nand played on his drum. The people\\nhurried to join him, and left the parson\\nalone. The drummer marched round\\nand round the meetinghouse until a hun-\\ndred and forty men had fallen into line\\nto start for Cambridge the following day.\\nRecruits rallied with such enthusiasm\\nthat when the British generals, Howe,\\nu Burgoyne, and Clinton, sailed up the bay,\\nthey found Boston surrounded by twenty\\nthousand men.\\nMeanwhile it seemed of the utmost im-\\nportance to prevent the French in Canada from joining\\nthe British. Ethan Allen, with the Green Mountain\\nBoys of Vermont, captured Ticonderoga on Lake\\nChamplain in the name of the Great Jehovah and the\\nContinental Congress. Crown Point surrendered soon\\nafter. The Keys of Canada were thus secured, and\\nvast military stores were hauled to Cambridge.\\nThe Second Continental Congress at Philadelphia,\\nwith John Hancock, president, addressed another peti-\\ntion to the king, and, while awaiting his reply, formed\\na Federal Union which might have the power to make\\ntreaties of peace or alliance, declare war, and regulate\\ntrade. Congress issued bills of credit or paper\\nmoney, to the amount of two milHons of dollars, which\\nthe United Colonies promised to redeem. It adopted\\nISRAEL PUTNAM\\nt718-1790", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "tHE REVOLUTION 13!\\nthe troops before Boston as the Continental army, George Washington.\\ndi T iTTi i J I fi commander in chiel\\nelected George Washington commander m chiet by of the Continental\\nunanimous vote. armies\\nIt was a bold act to take control of an army to fight\\nthe king s troops. I fear that this day will mark the\\ndownfall of my reputation, said Washington to Patrick\\nHenry. Yet the noble man accepted the dangerous\\nhonor, and resolved to lay his life on the altar of his\\ncountry.\\nGeneral Gage issued a proclamation offering pardon\\nto those who would return to their allegiance, except the\\nringleaders, John Hancock and Samuel Adams. The\\npatriots in homespun scouted the offer. On the even-\\ning of June 16, about a thousand men marched to\\nfortify Bunker Hill in Charlestown, which overlooked a\\npart of Boston. Finding Breed s Hill a better location,\\nthey worked all night to throw up earthworks at that\\npoint. At dawn the British were amazed to see a line The battle of\\nof defense across the hill above them. They fired from (jlTne*\\nthe frigates in the harbor but the toilers kept on at\\ntheir task. At noon, three thousand British soldiers\\nunder General Howe, crossed the harbor they landed\\nnear Charlestown, and, while the rest of the British\\narmy watched them from the roofs of the houses in\\nBoston, they moved up the hill. Don t lire till you\\nsee the white of their eyes were the orders of the\\nAmerican officer. When the Continentals fired, it was\\nwith deadly effect. The British retreated. They set\\nfire to Charlestown, and again climbed the fortified hill.\\nAgain they were driven back, and once again they\\nadvanced. This third attack ended in a retreat of the\\npatriots, because their powder gave out but the defense", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "132 AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE\\nwas SO brilliant that the battle of Bunker Hill is one of\\nthe most famous battles of the war.\\nIt was evident that Sir Guy Carleton, governor of\\nThe capture of Canada, was planning the conquest of New York, and\\n(November 12) Congress sent two expeditions across the border to\\nattack him. General Montgomery captured Montreal,\\nThe attack and hurricd on to Quebec, where he met Colonel Bene-\\non Quebec Amold. With less than a thousand men they laid\\n(December 31)\\nsiege to the cit) After three weeks of waiting they\\nmade an assault; Montgomery was killed, and Arnold\\nwas wounded. The remnant of the army retreated, and\\nCanada was left in control of the British.\\nGeneral Washington Meantime General Washington reviewed his troops\\nreviews his troops ^f ^^jjj\\nat Cambridge\\n(Julys) Cambridge. The men were poorly clad, and had weap-\\nons of all patterns and sizes; few of them knew what\\nmilitary discipline was. The British armies were fur-\\nnished with brass artillery, and equipped with the best\\nthat art had invented. They were fresh from victories\\non the battlefields of Europe. They had sympathizers\\nin the colonies to help them, and Canadians and Indians\\non the frontiers to rally at their call. Surely the odds\\nwere against the rabble that camped around Boston.\\nNow the colonies still acknowledged George III as\\nThe colonies still their king. They still awaited his answer to their peti-\\nloyai to King George j^^^ fighting ouly Parliament for usurping\\ntheir rights; and so the Union flag at Cambridge with\\nits thirteen bars of alternate red and white, to represent\\nthe colonies, had the British cross in the corner. But\\nthe hearts of even the bravest were heavy as they gazed\\non its fluttering folds. How would this struggle for\\nliberty end\\nThe siege of Boston Washington threw up earthworks around Boston,\\ndetermined to dislodge the British. It was not an easy", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "THE REVOLUTION\\n133\\n1776\\nThe British evacuate\\nBoston (March 17)\\nThe king hires\\nHessians to fight\\nhis colonies\\ntask to hold so many thousand men from so many dif-\\nferent colonies in subjection. He forbade gambling,\\nsaying: In this time of distress men may find enough\\nto do in the service of God and their country without\\nabandoning themselves to vice. He declared if any\\nman in action skulked, hid, or retreated from the enemy\\nwithout orders, he should instantly be shot down as an\\nexample of cowardice. After a siege of ten months,\\nBoston was again in the hands of her friends. The\\nBritish sailed away for Halifax, and Washington hurried\\nnorth to defend New York from attack.\\nMeanwhile, the only reply the king made to the sec-\\nond petition of Congress was to call the Americans\\nrebels, and send over more troops. Because the\\nBritish people were so unwilling to fight their own kins-\\nmen, he employed an army of seventeen- thousand Hes-\\nsians to help the regulars. Congress now resolved to\\nfight the king as well as Parliament.\\nThe colonies called themselves States, selected their The colonies caii\\nd, ,1 ,1 \u00e2\u0080\u00a211 r^ themselves States,\\nmstructed their delegates m Con- and select their\\ngress to vote for independence. By declaring independ-\\nence of Great Britain they hoped to rid themselves\\nof the name rebel, and thus be able to form\\ntreaties of alHance with other nations. Richard\\nHenry Lee offered in Congress the resolution that\\nthese United Colonies are, and of right ought\\nto be, free and independent States, and all polit-\\nical connections between them and the State of\\nGreat Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved.\\nJohn Adams seconded the resolution. Then Thomas\\nJefferson, of Virginia, John Adams, of Massachusetts,\\nBenjamin Franklin, of Pennsylvania, Roger Sher-\\nman, of Connecticut, and Robert R. Livingston, of New\\nYork, were appointed a committee to prepare the Decla-\\nown governors\\nTHOMAS JEFFERSON\\n1743-1826", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "134\\nAMERICAN INDEPENDENCE\\n1776\\nThe Declaration of\\nIndependence\\n(July 4)\\nJOHN HANCOCK\\n1737-1793\\nration of Independence. The famous instrument was\\nwritten by Thomas Jefferson, chairman of the committee,\\nalmost exactly as we have it to-day.\\nOn the fourth of July, 1776, John\\nHancock, president of the Congress,\\nwrote his name in large script, which\\nthe king of England could read with-\\nout spectacles, and the other mem-\\nbers signed the paper later. There\\nwas now no retreat. We must all\\nhang together, said one. Yes, said\\nFranklin, we must hang together, or\\nwe shall hang separately! When the\\nnews of the Declaration, which made the Americans\\nfree, was carried over the country, the Whigs celebrated\\nthe event; in Philadelphia the Liberty Bell in the old\\nStatehouse was rung till it almost cracked; in New York\\nthe lead statue of King George was pulled down and\\nmelted into l)ullets, and the royal arms were torn down\\nfrom the City Hall at Boston the Declaration was read\\nin Faneuil Hall to an immense throng of patriots,\\nand at Williamsburg, Charleston, and Savannah\\nbonfires were built. Tories fled for protection to\\nthe British armies; indeed, it was hardly safe\\nfor a Tory to be seen on the street of any city.\\nWashington ordered the Declaration\\nto be read at the head of each\\ndivision of the army in New\\nYork. He was encamped\\nin New York City and on\\nBrooklyn Heights with\\nabout ten thousand men.\\niff^^:^,:^.?.--:^ THE\\n^l^fe ^j-i STATEHOUSE,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a01^:^ -.:i OR INDEPENDENCE\\nV 1^.%5sS PHILADELPHIA\\n1 Read the Declaration of\\nIndependence, page 137.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "THE REVOLUTION 135\\nwhile Gen. William Howe lay facing him on Staten\\nIsland. On the twelfth of July Admiral Lord Howe\\narrived with a fleet. The admiral sent a dispatch to\\nGeorge Washington, Esquire, in the hope of some\\nfriendly compromise. The commander of the American\\narmies refused to receive a message thus addressed.\\nHowe then wrote to George Washington, etc. etc.\\neU. The a7id-so-fortJi may mean as big a title as\\nthis upstart American likes, said the admiral. But\\nWashington again refused to degrade his office.\\nMeantime William Moultrie completed a fort on\\nSullivan s Island, near Charleston, S. C A Brit-\\nish fleet soon attacked Fort Sullivan. During the The battle of Fon\\nengagement the flag of blue, with a white crescent jule 28)\\nbearing the legend Liberty, was cut down by a ball\\nof the enemy. It was thought the fort had struck its\\ncolors; but up sprang Sergeant William Jasper, crying, Sergeam wiiiiam\\nI 11 fix the flag to a halberd, and place it on the mer-\\nIon of the bastion next the enemy! And he planted it\\nthere in the midst of the thickest fire. The sun went\\ndown with the flag still flying. During the night the\\nBritish fleet withdrew for Staten Island.\\nIn August the British and Hessian troops crossed over The battle of Long\\nfrom Staten Island to Long Island, and attacked the sustzy)\\nAmericans outside the intrenchments on Brooklyn\\nHeights. A hard fought battle resulted in the loss of\\nnearly a thousand patriots. Howe then waited for the\\nfleet in the bay, under command of his brother. Admiral\\nLord Howe, to storm the fort at Brooklyn.\\nOn the second night after the battle, however, Wash-\\nington withdrew his army to New York, under cover of a\\ndense fog; General Howe pursued; Washington re-\\n1 See map page 275-\\nSee map page 141,", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "136\\nAMERICAN INDEPENDENCE\\nThe British occuiiy\\nNew York. I\\\\\u00c2\u00abi t\\nWashington, anil\\nFort- Leo\\nNathan Hale\\nhanged as a spy\\niSeptember 22)\\nMATHAN HALE\\nCongress abandons\\nPlnlatlelphia\\n1776-1777\\nThe Articles of\\nConfederation\\nare framed\\ntreated to White Plains, and then to North Castle,\\nwhere he faced about and waited to give battle. Howe\\ndid not venture an attack at that place. He turned to\\ninarch into New Jersey, and on his way captured Fort\\nWashington on Manhattan Island, and Fort Lee on the\\nfersey shore. Meantime Washington sent Captain\\nNathan Hale to e.vamine the British camp on Long\\nIsland. He was arrested and hanged as a spy. No\\nclergyman was allowed to visit him, and his letters to\\nhis mother and sister were destroyed. His last words\\nwere I only regret that I have but one life to give to\\nmy country.\\nWashington left General Charles Lee at North Castle\\nto guard the Hudson, and crossed that river to prevent\\nHowe from marching upon Philadelphia. Lord Cornwallis\\npursued him. Washington sent to General Charles Lee\\nfor help; but Lee responded slowly, and a few days later\\nwas taken prisoner. The dauntless Washington re-\\ntreated with four thousand half-starved troops through\\nNew Jersey, and crossed the Delaware, tearing up the\\nbridges and taking the boats. The British then camped\\nin the towns east of the Delaware, waiting for the river\\nto freeze that they might advance on Philadelphia.\\nCongress gave to Washington almost supreme com-\\nmand in military affairs, and, because Philadelphia\\nwas unsafe, abandoned the Quaker City for Baltimore.\\nThere was much for Congress to do. Harbors were\\nunprotected, and military stores nearly exhausted. Con-\\ngress drew up articles of confederation to submit to the\\nStates. It appointed committees to recruit the army, to\\ncreate a navy, to correspond with friendly nations abroad,\\nand to increase the revenues. Thus, from its very ne-\\ncessities, the Continental Congress began to lay the first\\nfoundations of a future national government.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "Till-: i i;v()i,UTioN\\n13;\\nThe confidence in Washington, the coniniander of the\\nhttle American army, soon increased. The noble leader\\ndid n(jt lose courage over his defeats. On Christmas\\nnight he recrossed the Delaware, and at dawn, while Washington captures\\nthe Hessians at Trenton were sleeping in a drunken stu-\\npor from their revels, he captured a thousand of them, iiJ --ctmbtr 26)\\nwith a large store of arms and ammunition. He soon\\nmade Trenton his headquarters. When surrounded by\\nthe British under Cornwallis, he broke camp during the\\nnight, and, leaving fires burning to deceive the enemy,\\nsecretly marched around them to Princeton in their rear.\\nHere he defeated three British regiments, and marched\\nto Morristown, among the mountains of northern New\\n1777\\nJersey; he knew the British would not dare to attack Washington goes\\nhim there, and went into winter quarters. The maneu- i\\nat Morristown\\nvering in the retreat from New York to Morristown (January)\\nunder so many difficulties proved the wonderful genius\\nof Washington, and aroused deep sympathy in Europe\\nfor the American revolutionists.\\n1777\\nTHE ORIGINAL FLAG\\n.\u00c2\u00bba\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00abi/\\nIrt99\\nTHE FLAG OF TO-DAY", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "r N CO NGRESS, July 4, \\\\7je.\\n^fic unammoui^ccfarctftott ,rd?.ijr^.u,u^$tal^^ of^ntcrtcct.\\n!\u00c2\u00bbl\\nlen.\\n/-\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00ab4 t^\u00c2\u00ab _\\na*^ u-At^ *f^^tC^^it^^ /^^jfjUj^\u00c2\u00a3^\\n-f\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009e./jr^^\\nf \u00c2\u00bbU nwx^\\n\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00a3y /ife^Xay^ ^lila^fit.-^ Y ^y ^Auy-\u00c2\u00a3rma-u^ M^^?ua.ii^ JK ii^ Atiii*/A\\nAt, ,.uU^ aU.n X^y^ \u00c2\u00abX\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00ab i\u00c2\u00ab,\u00e2\u0084\u00a2 tU^^/Ul,\\n.y^\\n^.yjA.^.JyJ. X .y T\\navtiA/ iAi^ ^/tuAA -*u a^^utA^t^ oiw/ t*-uy^A iy iyt- o^m- aSi- ^C^ ^Wi\\n^ah ^.fAAiy^ UA-cd^A^ .fagi/-^ A A!, aJA^ ^u^ ,.~./A i,^/u,Si^/c^,uaiii. Ak^\\nTT^ r*P~ S^- -f-\u00e2\u0080\u0094 f\u00c2\u00bb* ^fe \u00e2\u0096\u00a0.^Xas/a^-^i.^iU/^ ^/,u.uO: ^n,\u00e2\u0080\u009e^ /li ,^c A^^\\ni. ^4^\\n.i ,.cA.J tA^asji^^ArOA,..^ ..lAiAAJ fc\\nri~.Aii/ .,/yt.,.Ay t^A ,C/tu.\u00e2\u0080\u009eJ.^ r/AAtt .mAA/il Ail /.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^Ai.A Y\\ni .^jc^ftY/-\\nCn-^ ^U^6t\u00c2\u00a3eH. \u00c2\u00abr/ o^ r4 tf (Vr\\n4 a^^a^ny^/1lA*AAi\\ne^hti f/e^ A\\na\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0uy//n\\n.A^..^y, ^tSL^f-y\\n.?V ---C)\\n138", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXI\\nTHE REVOLUTION (Continued)\\n1777\\nLAFAYETTE\\n17 57-1834\\nAfter the Declaration of Independence Congress\\nadopted the Union flag with thirteen white stars in a The nag of our\\nfield of blue, in place of the cross of St. George. To J\\nfight under its folds, the French Marquis de La\\nfayette, not yet out of his teens, fitted up a ship\\nat his own expense, and, with Baron de Kalb and\\nother officers, sailed to America. Many young\\nmen of Europe were fired with zeal to aid the\\nnew republic. Count Pulaski and Kosciusko,\\nthe Polish patriots, crossed the sea, and, the\\nfollowing year, the German Baron Steuben\\ncame to instruct the Americans in military\\ntactics. But notwithstanding the efforts of\\nBenjamin Franklin and other emissaries at\\ntheir courts, the powers of Europe refused to\\nopenly aid the cause of England s colonies.\\nThe war raged on; General Howe was determined to\\nenter Philadelphia, and because Washington stood guard\\nin northern New Jersey, he took boats, sailed from Staten\\nIsland into Chesapeake Bay, and landed at Elkton, in\\nMaryland. At Chadd s Ford, on the Brandywine, Brawdywine\\nWashington met Howe, and was defeated after a September nj\\nterrible battle.\\nPhiladelphia was seized by Howe. Washington at-\\ntacked the British at Germantown near Philadelphia,\\nbut was again defeated. He then went into winter\\nquarters at Valley Forge, twenty miles from Philadel-\\nphia, to watch the British, who had headquarters there.\\nThe winter weather was very severe. The Continental\\n[139]\\nHowe occupies\\nPhiladelphia\\n(September 26)\\nGermantown\\n(October 4)\\n1777-1778\\nValley Forge", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "140\\nAMERICAN INDEPENDENCE\\n1777\\nThe British plan to\\nconquer New York\\nBurgoyne at\\nTiconderoga (July 5;\\nKOSCIUSKO\\n1746-1817\\nJohn Stark at\\nBennington\\n{August 16)\\nBenedict Arnold at\\nFort Stanwix\\n(August 22J\\ntroops were often without food, and from lack of warm\\nclothing, many were obliged to sit all night by the camp-\\nfires to keep from freezing to death.\\nMeanwhile in the North, the British had been making\\na tremendous effort to get control of New York State,\\nand thus cut the United Colonies in two. Albany, on\\nthe Hudson, was agreed upon as the meeting place of\\nthree British armies. General John Burgoyne was to\\nreach there by way of Lake Champlain, Colonel St.\\nLeger by the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario,\\nwhile General Howe was to come up the Hud-\\nson from New York.\\nIn July Burgoyne drove General Philip Schuyler\\nfrom Ticonderoga, and soon had control of Lake\\nChamplain and Lake George. Then, following\\nSchuyler, he marched to Fort Edward on the east\\nside of the Hudson. General Schuyler, with about\\nfour thousand men, intrenched his camp on the\\nwest side, near the mouth of the Mohawk.\\nWhile the armies lay watching each other,\\nBurgoyne sent eight hundred men to Bennington,\\nVt., where some Continental supplies were stored.\\nThey were met by Colonel John Stark and four hundred\\nmilitia. There they are, boys, cried Stark, we\\nmust beat them to-day, or this night Mollie Stark s a\\nwidow The British were routed completely.\\nMeanwhile St. Leger attacked Fort Stanwix (now\\nthe city of Rome); but the garrison held out until Colo-\\nnel Benedict Arnold arrived, and drove him to Oswego.\\nThese failures to carry out the campaign as planned,\\ndistressed Burgoyne greatly. Tory allies were cut off;\\nIndian allies began to desert; provisions were scant; and\\nall the time the American army was growing stronger.\\nThere was no way of escaping defeat if Howe failed to", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "THE REVOLUTION\\n141\\ncome up the Hudson. Howe had intended to capture\\nPhiladelphia in a short time, and then make the expedi-\\ntion to Albany, but, as we have seen, Washington kept\\nhim busy around Philadelphia.\\nAfter Schuyler s defeat at Ticonderoga, Congress gave Horatio Gates is\\nTT 1 ifi- 1 given command of\\nHoratio Gates command 01 his army. Gates moved up schuyier s army\\nthe west bank of the\\nHudson, and a camp\\nwas fortified at Bemis\\nHeights under the direc-\\ntion of Kosciusko, the\\nPolish engineer. Bur-\\ngoyne crossed the Hud-\\nson and moved down to\\nBemis Heights. Here\\na severe but indecisive\\nbattle was fought.\\nbany at all hazards,\\nsaid the British\\ngeneral, who still\\nhoped to meet\\nHowe there. In\\nanother battle, at\\nStillwater, he was bad\\nly defeated. He tried\\nto retreat to Canada;\\nbut\\nthe army of General Gates hemmed him in on all sides;\\nand, on the 17th of October, 1777, at Saratoga, he sur-\\nrendered his army of six thousand men, with an im-\\nmense quantity of ammunition and stores. Among the\\nprisoners were six members of the British Parliament.\\nThe Tories of England heard the news of Burgoyne s Burgoy\\nne s\\nsurrender\\n^Burgoyne sailed to England on his i arolf; his troops were (|narteied ctoieri;)\\nnear Boston,", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "14:\\nAMERICAN INDEPENDENCE\\n1778\\n1 raiicc makes a\\ntreaty of alliance,\\nand promises a fleet\\nI February)\\nSaratoga, one of the\\nfifteen decisive\\nbattles of the world\\nThe Conway\\nCabal\\nThe British evacuate\\nPhiladelphia\\n(June 17)\\ndefeat with amazement and chagrin but the Whigs were\\nproud of their American cousins. France was dehghted,\\nand Louis XVI, fearing that the colonies might make\\nterms with England, listened, at last, to the pleading of\\nBenjamin Franklin, and promised a fleet.\\nMeantime, George III had anticipated his rival s prof-\\nfer of aid in the war, and offered the colonies all they\\ndemanded in the Declaration of Rights if they would lay\\ndown arms. The offer came too late. The suffering had\\nbeen too severe to retreat. Bribes were offered some\\nAmerican offtcers. I am not worth purchasing, said\\none, but such as I am, the king of England is not rich\\nenough to buy me.\\nThe battle of Saratoga is called one of the fifteen\\ndecisive battles of the world. It induced France, Spain,\\nand Holland to recognize the independent United States\\nof America; it preserved the union of the colonies, se-\\ncured aid from abroad, and renewed the courage of the\\npatriots. General Gates took to himself, unjustly, all\\nthe honor of the victory, and, while Washington suf-\\nfered with his troops at Valley Forge, some jealous offi-\\ncers formed a plot to put Gates in supreme command.\\nThis plot, called the Conway Cabal, failed to injure\\nthe great commander, who continued steadfast in his\\nduty while watching the enemy at Philadelphia. He\\ndrilled his army with the aid of Baron von Steuben,\\nand when he heard that King Louis had pledged to send\\nover land forces in addition to the fleet, he planned a\\nnew campaign.\\nThe British general, Clinton, who had succeeded\\nHowe, fearing a blockade of New York by the ap-\\nproaching French fleet, evacuated Philadelphia in June,\\nand hastened north; Washington pursued, and the van\\nof his army engaged the rear of the British at Mon-", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "THE REVOLUTION\\n143\\n1779\\nMad Anthony\\nWayne at Stony\\nPoint (July 15)\\nmouth, N. J. General Charles Lee, now known to The battle of\\nhi J f ii A Monmouth (June 28)\\nave been a traitor, was in command oi the American\\ndivision. In the midst of the conflict Lee ordered a\\nretreat. Washington rode up to the field in time to pre-\\nvent disaster. The battle raged furiously till evening,\\nand during the night the British set sail at Sandy Hook\\nfor New York. Washington marched to Morristown,\\nand extended his lines from that place to West Point on\\nthe Hudson River. The following year the fort at Stony\\nPoint on the Hudson, was captured by General Clinton;\\nbut, a few weeks later, the hill was stormed by mad\\nAnthony Wayne, and over five hundred British were\\nmade prisoners.\\nMany Tories joined their fortunes with the British;\\nthis had been expected; but when Benedict Arnold\\nturned traitor, there was horror and indignation in the\\nbreast of every patriot. One of the boldest officers at\\nthe beginning of the war, Arnold had been given\\nthe highest honors by Washington. He married\\na beautiful Tory lady, and his sympathies be-\\ngan to change. He was extravagant and over-\\nbearing. When publicly reprimanded for his\\nconduct, he fostered revenge. He planned\\nto betray the fortress of West Point, and\\nthus give the enemy control of the Hudson.\\nThe treason was discovered. Major Andre,\\nhis British agent, was hanged as a sp}. Ar-\\nnold himself escaped to the British lines. He\\nreceived thirty thousand dollars for his crime, and\\nas a British colonel, turned his arms against his own\\ncountrymen; even the British despised Arnold, the traitor, p.enedict Amoid\\nThe cruel war went on; sometimes one side and\\nsometimes the other was victorious; yet the British were\\ngradually getting the worst of the conflict. At the\\nBENEDICT ARNOLD\\n1741-1801", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "144\\nAMERICAN INDEPENDENCE\\n1778\\nMassacres in\\nWyoming Valley\\nand Cherry Valley\\nGeorge Rogers\\nClark wrests the\\nNorthwest from\\nthe British\\nGovernor Patrick\\nHenry furnishes\\ntroops for the\\nClark expedition\\n1 778-1 779\\nclose of three years they had almost abandoned the\\nNorth, and held only New York City and Newport, with\\nStaten Island and a part of Long Island. Washington s\\nlines, on the west, lay facing these points.\\nMeanwhile, led on by Joseph Brant, a Mohawk chief,\\nCanadians, Tories, and Iroquois waged bitter war in\\nWyoming Valley, Pa. and in Cherry Valley, N. Y. Men,\\nwomen, and children were tomahawked, and houses plun-\\ndered and burned. West of the Alleghany Mountains\\nthe British garrisons were urging the Indians to fight; at\\nDetroit, a price was put on American scalps, and war\\nparties ravaged the settlements in Kentucky and Ten-\\nnessee.\\nNow, while paddling down the Ohio, George Rogers\\nClark, a young surveyor of Virginia, planned the con-\\nquest of the valley north of the river, which had been\\nannexed to Quebec. He took his way through the for-\\nests to appeal to Virginia for troops. When he reached\\nWilliamsburg, he heard of Burgoyne s surrender, and\\nwas more eager than ever to conquer the West. Gov-\\nernor Patrick Henry furnished troops, to be raised on\\nthe Western frontiers so as not to weaken the coast in\\nits struggles with the British; and Thomas Jefferson\\nwrote to Clark his appreciation of the services he was\\nabout to undertake for the colonies.\\nColonel Clark, with high hopes, proceeded down the\\nOhio from Pittsburg. He took Kaskaskia,^ Vincennes,\\nand the other British posts, except Detroit. He won\\nover the Creoles and armed them. He summoned the\\nIndian Confederacies to a great council, and with such\\ninfinite courage and skill explained the causes of the\\nbitter war between England and the colonies, that\\nSee map, facing page 189.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "THE REVOLUTION\\n145\\nexpedition\\nwhen he offered them the white belt of peace, or the\\nred belt of war with the Americans of Thirteen Fires,\\nthe warriors quickly chose the white belt; and they kept\\ntheir pledges for a time. Clark established permanent\\ngarrisons, which held the beautiful valley under the\\nstars and stripes until it was ceded by Great Britain in\\nthe final treaty of peace.\\nThat same year General Sullivan marched with an SuUivan-s\\narmy against the Iroquois, or Six Nations, in central\\nNew York; he burned their villages, and killed\\nmany of the warriors that the Iroquois were\\nhenceforth harmless.\\nMeanwhile, the Americans were making\\nthemselves famous on the sea. Congress\\nordered thirteen cruisers built, bought and\\nfitted out several merchant vessels, and au-\\nthorized States and private citizens to man\\nships to attack the British navy. Benjamin\\nFranklin and Silas Deane, then envoys to\\nFrance, sent out cruisers which took many prizes\\nJohn Paul Jones became a naval hero, and, sailing into\\nthe Irish Channel, set fire to shipping, and destroyed\\nmany vessels. He was given command of a squadron\\nof five ships, and, sailing from France, he sped beyond\\nthe coasts of Ireland and Scotland. In the Bonhomme Pauijones, in the\\nRichard he captured the British frigate Serapis, and by f:;;t:: ;i it:2\\nhis masterly warfare kept a part of the British navy (September 23)\\nhome to defend the coast of Great Britain. It is\\nthought that several hundred British vessels, worth mil-\\nlions of dollars, were captured by the American fleets.\\nGreat Britain was soon at war with most of the powers England at war\\nin Europe. The practice of boarding the ships of neu-\\ntral nations caused great indignation among them. Rus-\\nsia, Denmark, Sweden, Holland, France, and Spain set\\nJOHN PAUL JONES\\n1747-1792\\nwith European\\nnations\\n10", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "146\\nAMERICAN INDEPENDENCE\\n1778\\nSavannah is\\ncaptured\\n(December ag)\\n1780\\nCharleston (May 12)\\nCamden (August 16)\\nAmerican victory at\\nKing s Mountain\\n(October 7)\\nSumter and Marion\\nthe sails of their fleets in pursuit of British cruisers.\\nSpain captured the forts in West Florida and the post at\\nSt. Joseph on Lake Michigan. Ireland threatened sep-\\naration from the mother country. So that while with\\none hand Great Britain was fighting the colonies, with\\nthe other she was guarding her interests at home. The\\nEnglish people clamored for peace with America; but\\nthe cruel war went on by land and by sea.\\nDisappointed at the results in the Northern and Mid-\\nland colonies, the British shifted the war to the South\\nwhere they counted much on the help of the Tories and\\nnegroes. Georgia soon lay at the feet of Cornwallis.\\nClinton, leaving only enough troops in New York to\\noppose Washington, sailed with the bulk of his army to\\nCharleston. Charleston surrendered, and South Caro-\\nlina was raided by the British cavalry officer Tarleton\\nuntil the State was thought to be conquered. Clinton\\nthen sailed back to New York, leaving Cornwallis in con-\\ntrol of the southern division of the British army.\\nGeneral Gates in command of the American troops\\nin the South, was routed by Cornwallis in the battle\\nof Camden, S. C. Scores of Tories then joined the\\narmy of Cornwallis; yet to one Tory there were scores\\nof Whigs. When the British Colonel Ferguson started\\non a raid through South Carolina, the news reached\\nbeyond the Blue Ridge. The backwoodsmen of Ken-\\ntucky and Tennessee, in coonskin caps and buckskins,\\nrouted the redcoats and Tories at King s Mountain.\\nThen from swamps and pine forests the patriots of the\\nCarolinas rallied again under Thomas Sumter and Fran-\\ncis Marion. They fixed scythes and knives in poles for\\nbayonets, melted pewter dishes into bullets, manufac-\\ntured powder from charcoal and niter, and kept smiting\\nthe British and Tories to right and to left.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "THE REVOLUTION\\n147\\n(January 17)\\nNATHANIEL GREENE\\n1742-1786\\n(March 15)\\nAfter the defeat of Gates at Camden, Congress sent\\nGeneral Nathaniel Greene, of Rhode Island, to com-\\nmand the American troops in the South.\\nGreene sent a detachment under Dan-\\niel Morgan into South Carolina for re-\\ncruits. Tarleton was attacked by\\nMorgan at Cowpens, and badly de- cowpens\\nfeated. Then Cornwallis pursued the\\nunited armies of Morgan and Greene.\\nGreene retreated toward Virginia,\\nbut while he was marching through\\nNorth Carohna, Cornwallis met and\\ndefeated him at Guilford Courthouse; Cuiiford Courthouse\\nbut the loss of the British was so great\\nthat Cornwallis retreated. In spite of defeats, Greene,\\nby his caution and skill, soon held the Carolinas and\\nGeorgia except Charleston, Wilmington, and Savannah.\\nMeanwhile the traitor Arnold\\nmarched into Virginia. Lafay-\\nette, with an army of New Eng-\\nland troops, was sent to meet\\nhim. After the battle of Guil-\\nford Courthouse, Cornwallis took\\ncommand of Arnold s forces.\\nWashington still camped on the\\nHudson, watching the move-\\nments of Clinton.\\nThen the finishing strokes of\\nthe long eight-years war were\\nmade. Cornwallis withdrew to\\nthe coast of Virginia, and built\\nintrenchments at Yorktown, on a peninsula betwen the The Marquis de\\nTames and York Rivers. Lafayette followed him, and l;\\nJ Virginia\\nfortified an American camp eight miles away.\\nirginia", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "148\\nAMERICAN INDEPENDENCE\\nWashington and\\nRochambeau in\\nVirginia\\n1781\\nSurrender of\\nCornwallis\\n(October 19)\\nA French fleet under De Grasse sailed up Chesapeake\\nBay, and cast anchor at the mouth of York River. Wash-\\nington, with Rochambeau and his French troops, secretly\\nleft the Hudson. He crossed the Delaware at Trenton.\\nWhen he reached Philadelphia, the united armies were\\nreviewed by Congress; and as six thousand Frenchmen\\npassed by, the thirteen members of Congress took off\\ntheir thirteen hats at each salute of the silken flags\\nof King Louis. The French were eager to humble\\nthe proud British, with whom they had been at war\\nfor centuries.\\nWashington and Rochambeau, by forced\\nmarches, soon joined Lafayette. The\\nFrench were in brilliant uniforms, and the\\nAmericans were in stained and tattered\\nhomespun, but the same courage animated\\nall as they lay in a vast half circle about\\nthe beleaguered city of Yorktown.\\nWith the French fleet in the harbor and\\nthe allied armies hemming them in by land, there\\nwas no escape for the British. After three weeks\\nof fighting and siege, Cornwallis surrendered, and on\\nthe nineteenth of October, 1781, over seven thousand\\nBritish and Hessians laid down their arms to be-\\ncome prisoners of war. They marched out of York-\\ntown to the tune of The World Upside Down. It\\nwas quite true that the Old World monarchy was upset;\\nbut a New World republic had arisen from its ruins.\\nWhen the Congress at Philadelphia heard of the vic-\\ntory at Yorktown, it proceeded to the little Lutheran\\nchurch, and offered up prayers of thanksgiving. In\\nFrance a Te Deum was sung in the great cathedral,\\nRead Fiske s Amerioan Revolution.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "THE REVOLUTION\\n149\\nand the king ordered the inhabitants of Paris to put\\ncandles in their windows at night. The beams from\\nthose candles must have made Franklin rejoice in that\\nfar-away city In England, Lord North cried out in\\nagony: It is all over! and resigned his ministry.\\nThe House of Commons would not vote any more\\nmoney to carry on the war against their kinsmen, and\\nKing George was forced to make propositions for peace.\\nTME UNITED STATES\\n8Y TREATY OF 1783.\\nCLAIMED BY UA..MA5S. CONN.ANDN.Y.\\nJohn Adams, John Jay, and Benjamin Franklin met\\nBritish Commissioners at Paris, and, in the name of the\\nUnited States of America, concluded a treaty of peace.\\nThe chief terms of the treaty of Paris were: First,\\nthe recognition of the independence of the United States;\\nsecond, the cession of the Floridas to Spain, and of the\\nremaining British territory east of the Mississippi to the\\nUnited States; third, the free navigation of the Missis-\\nsippi and the lakes; and the retention by Great Britain\\nof Canada and Nova Scotia.\\n1783\\nThe treaty of Paris\\n(September 3)", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "150\\nAMERICAN INDEPENDENCE\\nThe American\\narmy disbands\\nThe British fleet\\nsails home\\nWashington resigns\\nhis commission\\n(December 23)\\nPrisoners were exchanged between the two armies.\\nThousands of Tories, ashamed and afraid to dwell longer\\nin their native land, emigrated to Canada, Nova Scotia,\\nor the West Indies. The American army disbanded.\\nThe British fleet sailed from New York. Washington\\nbade farewell to the oiftcers of the army, and embarked\\nfor Annapolis where Congress was in session; he resigned\\nhis commission, and then hastened, in time for Christ-\\nmas festivities, to Mount Vernon, which he had only seen\\nonce in eight long years.\\nIn the treaty of Paris each colony was mentioned\\nseparately, as if no union existed. Even to the Ameri-\\ncans the thirteen impoverished States, loosely bound\\ntogether without a king, seemed like a raft embarking\\nupon the sea without a rudder. None dared guess what\\nstorms the new year might bring.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "Causes of the Revolution\\n00\\no\\nH\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00baJ\\np\\nu\\nu\\nX\\nU.\\nO\\no\\no\\nft.\\nW\\nX\\nCommercial restrictions\\nManufacturing restrictions\\nTaxes without representation\\nThe Mutiny Act\\nThe enforcement of Writs of Assistance\\nThe Quebec Act\\ni Declaration of Rights and Grievances\\nFirst Continental Congress Appeals to Canada, the English people,\\nI and the colonies.\\n1775\\n1776\\nBattle of Lexington\\nBattle of Bunker Hill\\nBattle of Ticonderoga\\nSecond Continental Congress\\nExpedition to Canada\\nEvacuation of Boston by the\\nBritish\\nDefeat at Quebec\\nHessians hired by the king\\nSecond Continental Congress\\nBattle of Long Island\\nBritish occupy New York City\\nWashington s retreat\\nPetition to the king\\nA federal union formed\\nBills of credit issued\\nCommand of American army as\\nsumed\\nGeorge Washington elected com-\\nmander of the army\\nDeclaration of Independence\\nWar committees appointed\\nCommittee appointed to write\\nArticles of Confederation\\nThe flag of independence adopted\\nArticles of Confederation passed\\n1778\\n^Battle of Trenton\\nSecond Continental Congress\\nWashington at Morristown\\n1777 The British occupy Philadelphia\\nI Burgoyne invades New York State\\nBurgoyne s defeat at Saratoga\\nWashington at Valley Forge\\nA fleet sent from France\\nClinton evacuates Philadelphia\\nBattle of Monmouth\\nWashington on the Hudson\\nWyoming and Cherry Valley massacres\\nGeorge Rogers Clark concpiers the Northwest\\nSavannah captured by the British\\nSullivan s expeditions against the Six Nations\\nPaul Jones on the Bonhonmie Richard\\nCapture of Stony Point\\nPrivateering\\nCapture of Charleston by the British\\nBattle of Camden\\nArnold s treason\\nBattle of King s Mountain\\nBattle of Cowpens\\nGreene and Cornwallis at Guilford Courthouse\\nThe Articles of Confederation adopted by the States\\nCornwallis at Yorktown\\nWashington arrives from New York\\nSurrender of Cornwallis\\n1782 Preliminary treaty of peace\\nTreaty of Paris\\n1783 Evacuation of New York by the British\\nThe army disbands\\n17791\\n1780\\n1781", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "The weakness of\\nthe Confederation\\n1782\\nThe preliminary\\ntreaty of peace\\nsigned\\nA crown is offered\\nto Washington\\ni. )1- ~iiJimi~ T^\\ni 753- f\\n1561\\njifi\\nCHAPTER XXII\\nA MORE PERFECT UNION\\nWhen the sword of Cornwallis was handed to Wash-\\nington at Yorktown, danger for the colonies was not yet\\nover. Even when a preliminary treaty of peace was\\nsigned in good faith the little republic seemed in almost\\nas great danger as ever before. The colonial troops\\nhad been made desperate by the privations of the eight-\\nyears war. There were rumors of a plot to keep a\\nstanding army, like the countries of Europe, and force a\\ntax upon the people to support it. It was said that the\\nStates would not hold together without an army. Some\\nof^cers spoke to Washington of a crown; but he refused\\nthe suggestion with indignation. He appealed to the\\ntroops to continue their devotion to the young nation,\\nfor which so many thousands had shed their blood, by\\nresuming their labors at home. And at his word, as we\\nhave seen, the Continental army disbanded.\\nBut the patriots returned to blackened towns and\\n[152]", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "A MORE PERFECT UNION 153\\ndesolate farms. The merchant marine was ruined.\\nExports were small, and imports were large. Coin was\\nsent out of the country so fast that it was said there\\nwould soon be none left to pay the debts of the war.\\nPatriots, like Robert Morris, had advanced large sums\\nfrom their private fortunes. Congress had borrowed The war debts\\nmoney of France, Holland, and Spain, and these coun-\\ntries were clamoring for pay. Some English gazettes\\ntook delight in saying that the United States were in a\\ncondition of anarchy and bankruptcy, and did not expect\\nto pay debts.\\nBenjamin Franklin was still at Paris, laboring inces-\\nsantly for the cause of his country. John Adams, who john Adams sem as\\nwas sent as minister to England, was discreet and very\\nacute in his judgment of men, yet he could not expect to\\nwin favor at court. It was well enough understood that\\nhe had not full powers. There were really no full pow-\\ners for Congress to bestow.\\nBy the Articles of Confederation, Congress might\\nnegotiate treaties of commerce, yet it could not enforce Defects of the\\nthem; for each State demanded the control of its own Qonfedemtion\\nport. Congress might also declare war, make peace,\\ncontract debts, and settle controversies between the\\nStates; but there was no head to enforce its laws, and no\\ncourt of appeal. The Whig party, which had held the\\ncolonies together, was soon divided on public questions. The whigs divide\\nOne faction supported the acts of the Continental Con-\\ngress, and declared for a tariff on imported goods to pay\\nfederal debts. The other faction looked with suspicion\\non the acts of Congress, claiming that Congress had no\\nright to levy a tax on a State against its will, and that it\\nwas not bearable to see the ports of a State crowded\\nwith revenue officers collecting vast sums of money, not\\na penny of which would go into its own treasury. The", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "154 NATIONALITY\\nStates had adopted the Articles of Confederation during\\nthe war; but they had also framed their own constitutions.\\nThe delegates to the Continental Congress obeyed their\\nThe St itu- State governments, and so many were being called home\\ngMMiments ^j^^^ bcgaH to loolc as if there would soon be no gen-\\neral government.\\nMost of the States had issued their own paper money,\\nuntil a paper dollar was almost worthless. Yet there\\nwere riots in some of the States when their legislatures\\nrefused to issue paper money. In the western part of\\n1786-1787 Massachusetts the farmers broke up the courts and\\nShays rei eiiion rcfuscd to pay taxes. Daniel Shays, their leader, threat-\\nened to overthrow the State government, but, in the\\nend, the militia dispersed the mob.\\nThings began to look desperate. England predicted\\nthat if the Confederation were just left alone, it would\\nfall to pieces of its own weight, that one State after\\nanother would be knocking at the door of Parliament\\nfor protection against her neighbors; and so, contrary to\\nThe ivitish hold the treaty, the British garrisons were kept at Detroit\\nforts on the north ^^j important posts ou thc north. Meanwhile,\\nThe Spaniards the Spaniards, who had recovered the Floridas by\\nattempt to annex treaty, wcrc laboring to annex to West Florida the\\nthe southwest\\nterritory American settlements beyond the Blue Ridge.\\nIn view of all these difficulties some said that nothing\\nOpinion is divided short of a king and a Parliament would give stability to\\nthe government. Others said they could not give up\\nthe idea of a republic; but since the soil and climate of\\nAmerica was such that one government could not be\\nadapted to the whole country, the merchants and fisher-\\nmen of New England and the Middle States should form\\none republic, the planters of the South another, and\\nthe pioneers of the West another.\\nNow, while the people debated in the taverns, the\\nabout a new\\ngovernment", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "A MORE PERFECT UNION I 55\\ngreatest men of the country were writing letters to one\\nanother about how they might save the Confederation\\nfrom ruin.\\n1 786\\nA convention to consider trade and commerce met at the trade\\nAnnapolis. When it was seen how helpless the Conti-\\nAnnapolis\\nnental Congress was to regulate trade, the convention\\nrecommended that Congress call the States together for\\nthe purpose of forming a more perfect union. Accord-\\ningly, in May, 1787, a quorum of seven States assembled The constitutional\\nat Philadelphia with closed doors. Soon all the States ph iadeip\u00c2\u00b0hir\\nwere represented in the convention, except Rhode Island.\\nIt was a noted body of men. Thomas Jefferson\\nand John Adams were still abroad as diplomats;\\nbut Benjamin Franklin was there, fresh from vie-\\ntories in the courts of Europe. From the lowest\\npoverty Franklin had won fortune and fame.\\nA French statesman said: He snatched the\\nlightning from the sky and the scepter from\\ntyrants.\\nPrints of him hung in the windows of Paris;\\nsnuff boxes and the latest neck wear were a la benjamin franklin\\nFranklin, and Poor Richard s Almanac, which he 1706-1790\\nhad published in Philadelphia, was translated into sev-\\neral languages. More than thirty years before Franklin prankUn had pro-\\nhad proposed a union between the colonies, and now, in posed at Albany a\\nP sn of union\\nhis eightieth year, he met with governors, lawyers, and\\ndiplomats to help form a more perfect union. Rumors\\nwere rife among the people as to what these men\\nwould do. Some said the meeting would break up in a\\nfight, others that a kingdom would be set up, and the\\ncrown offered to a British prince.\\nMeanwhile, in the convention, George Washington was George Washington\\nelected president. When the debates began, all agreed olTelTJntion\\nthat there should be a confederacy of the States, but", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "1 56 NATIONALITY\\nthere were many different opinions about how the league\\nshould be made. Some favored the independence of\\neach State, with all the States bound loosely together for\\noffense and defense; others wished a strong central gov-\\nernment, to which the States should be subordinate.^\\nJames Madison, since called the Father of the Consti-\\ntution, met a committee, and drew up the sketch of a con-\\nstitution which came to be known as the Virginia plan.\\nOther plans were drafted, and for four months the debate\\non the framing of a constitution continued.\\nMany times the meeting almost broke up without ac-\\ncomplishing anything; once the discussion grew so hot\\nfhe Virginia that FraukHn moved prayer be offered; but at last, the\\npan a opte Virginia plan for the Coustitutiou of the United Statcs\\nwas adopted, with some compromises. This Constitu-\\ntion provides for a general government, which shall have\\npower vested in itself to act; to be divided into three\\ndepartments; the legislative, or Congress, to make the\\nlaws; the executive, or president, to enforce the laws;\\nand the judicial, or Federal Courts, to decide disputed\\nquestions under the laws.\\nThe three To satisfy the smaller States, an equal representation\\nin the Senate was allowed; to please the slave States,\\nthree fifths of all slaves were to be counted for a basis\\nof representation in the House of Representatives and\\nthe importation of slaves was permitted till 1808; to\\nsilence the complaints of the commercial States of the\\nNorth against these last compromises, it was promised\\nthat exports should never be taxed; and to relieve all the\\nStates from the feeling that they were forging an iron-\\nbound government from which they could never appeal,\\nit was agreed that amendments should be added as they\\nwere needed.\\n1 Read Mc Master s With the Fathers Franklin s Autobiography.\\ncompromises", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "A MORE PERFECT UNION I 57\\nThe form of union thus adopted by the Constitutional\\nConvention of 1787 is unexcelled in the history of the\\nworld.\\nAs the last names were signed to the Constitution, the\\n1787\\naged Franklin pointed toward the painted sun on the The constitution\\nback of Washington s chair, and said: I have often, in\\n(September 17)\\nthe course of the session, looked at the sun behind the\\npresident without being able to tell whether we were in\\nthe presence of a rising or a setting sun, but now, at\\nlength, I have the happiness to know that it is a rising\\nand not a setting sun.\\nWashington, as president of the Convention, sent the\\nConstitution to the Continental Congress, asking that it\\nbe submitted to the States for adoption.\\nCHAPTER XXIII\\nFEDERALISTS AND ANTI FEDERALISTS.\\nThe Continental Congress, then at New York City,\\nagreed to submit the Constitution to the States for adop-\\ntion or rejection. When it was published, America\\nbecame a great debating ground. In the newspapers and\\nin conventions and legislatures every item of the Consti-\\ntution was discussed. Two parties were formed, the Federalists and\\nFederalists and the Anti-Federalists. Ami-Federaiists\\nThe Federalists were largely clergymen who had\\ninfluence at the town meetings, business men, and mili-\\ntary officers. They wished a firm government, and spoke\\nboldly for the Constitution. And for the very reason\\niRead the Constitution of the United States, Appendix.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "158 NATIONALITY\\nthat this class was so enthusiastic for its adoption, the\\nfarmers and those who dreaded taxes were suspicious of\\nthe new government. These lawyers and moneyed\\nmen, who talk so smoothly, expect to be the rulers,\\nthey said. If they tax us, we can not resist; for look\\nyou, the army is put at the beck and call of any presi-\\ndent they may choose to elect.\\nSome strong men were among the Anti-Federalists.\\nIn New York, they were led by Governor George Clin-\\nton, who thought the commercial interests of New York\\nwould be injured by tariffs. In yirginia, Patrick Henry\\nwas their leader. He said that freedom was endangered\\nby a strong centralized government which would be little\\nbetter than a king. In Massachusetts, Samuel Adams\\nfeared the wisdom of one government for so many dif-\\nferent States.\\nBut some working men called a meeting at the Green\\nSamuel Adams and Dragou Tavcm lu Boston. They adopted resolutions in\\n^^_.^J^^ jJ^ ^^j; favor of the Constitution, saying that if it were rejected,\\nthe trades would decay, and skilful mechanics would be\\ncompelled to seek employment in strange lands. A\\ncommittee bore the resolutions to Adams, whom all loved\\nfor his noble conduct during the war. Paul Revere, who\\nhad aroused the minute men for the battle of Lexington,\\nhanded the paper to Adams. How many mechanics\\nwere at the Green Dragon.^ he asked. More, sir,\\nthan the Green Dragon could hold, answered Paul\\nRevere. And where were the rest, Mr. Revere.\\nIn the streets, sir. And how many were in the\\nstreets. More, sir, than there are stars in the sky.\\nSamuel Adams had strong faith in the judgment of the\\nindustrious mechanics, and resolved from that moment\\nto be a Federalist.\\nThe Federalists were the ablest speakers and writers.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "FEDERALISTS AND ANTI-FEDERALISTS I 59\\nThe men who signed the Constitution had debated four\\nmonths at Philadelphia. They knew just what the\\nobjections would be and how to answer them. Alexan-\\nder Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay wrote a\\nseries of essays called The Federalist, which, even The Federalist\\nto-day, is considered the best interpretation of the Con-\\nstitution that has ever been written.\\nBut with the great mass of people the character of the\\nmen who advocated the adoption of the new government\\nhad the most weight. Would Washington, the patriot,\\nthey said, after creating an army and guiding it to\\nvictory in defense of the nation, wish to destroy the\\nnation V Would Benjamin Franklin, the wise states-\\nman, who knew the faults of all governments, urge\\noppression on his countrymen.^\\nSuch arguments had influence with the people, and\\neight States had ratified by May 23, 1788. They were\\nDelaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecti-\\ncut, Massachusetts, Maryland, and South Carolina.\\nAccording to Article VII of the Constitution, the ratifi-\\ncation of nine States was necessary to establish the gov-\\nernment. Days stretched into weeks. The remaining\\nStates still hesitated to bind themselves to an agreement\\nwhich restricted their powers.\\nAt last, on June 21, New Hampshire ratified. The New Hampshire, the\\ngovernment of the United States then actually existed. .trcot itulT\\nVirginia ratified five days later, and when the fourth of (June 21)\\nJuly came, there were two events to celebrate, the Dec- The Declaration of\\nlaration of Independence and the Adoption of the Con- i d\u00c2\u00ab=p-dence and\\n1 the adoption of the\\nstitution of the United States. constitution\\nA Til 1 1 1 1 -rx 1 celebrated together\\nAt Philadelphia ten ships m the Delaware, represent- ([uiy4)\\ning the ten States that had adopted the Constitution,\\nwere draped in bunting, and at each mast fluttered a flag\\nwith the name of a State. One float in a long proces-", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "i6o\\nNATIONALITY\\nThe 4th of March\\nGEORGE WASHINGTON\\n)732-I799\\nsion was the Federal temple, whose dome was supported\\nby thirteen pillars, three of which were unfinished, be-\\ncause three States had not yet signed the Constitution.\\nBut while in some cities there were rejoicings, there\\nwere riots in others; the Anti-Federalists had no faith\\nin the new government.\\nThe Constitution of the United States had now been\\nlegally adopted, yet the excitement continued. Would\\nNew York ratify That was the next question. The\\nState was the wedge between the New England and the\\nMiddle and Southern States. If New York remained\\nout of the Union with separate commercial and political\\ninterests, the stability of the new government would be\\nendangered. Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and other\\nFederalists, worked day and night with the New York\\nconvention, and on July 26, the Constitution was adopted.\\nThe old Continental Congress set the days for choos-\\ning presidential electors in the States and casting the\\nelectoral votes. It made the first Wednesday in March\\nthe time for the assembling of the new Senate and\\nHouse of Representatives. This chanced to be\\nthe fourth of March, and Congress afterward\\nfixed that day for the beginning of the presi-\\ndential term of office. Of course we know that\\nelectors are now all chosen by popular vote, but\\nin 1788 the people in some of the States voted\\nfor them directly, only a portion of the people\\nvoted for them in others, while the legislatures\\nchose them in others.\\nThe electors chosen met on the day appointed.\\nThey cast their votes for two candidates; the one\\nreceiving the highest vote would be president and the\\nother vice-president. New York City had been made\\nthe temporary capital, and there, on April 6, 1789,", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "FEDERALISTS AND ANTI-FEDERALISTS\\ni6i\\nthe first Congress of the United States counted the elect-\\noral vote, and announced that George Washington had\\nbeen chosen president and John Adams vice-president\\nof the United States.\\nWashington was notified of his election. On his jour-\\nney from Mount Vernon to New York he received much\\nattention. Washington s March was played to the\\nair now known as Hail Columbia, and\\nflowers were strewn in his pathway as he\\npassed through some of the towns.\\nOn the thirtieth of April, Washington\\nproceeded with a military escort to Federal\\nHall, where both houses of the new Con-\\ngress were already assembled. Then with\\nVice-President Adams, Congress, and in-\\nvited guests he proceeded to the balcony.\\nAn immense concourse of people was gath-\\nered below to greet him.\\nWashington, tall and dignified, bowed\\nagain and again. He was clothed in a\\ndark brown suit of American manufacture,\\nwhite silk stockings, and shoes with silver\\nbuckles; his hair was powdered, and tied\\nin a silk bag a sword hung at his side.\\nChancellor Robert R. Livingston stood on one side,\\nJohn Adams on the other Alexander Hamilton, Baron\\nSteuben, and other distinguished men were grouped near.\\nThe Chancellor held up his hand for silence. The vast\\ncrowd stood in deepest veneration while he adminis-\\ntered the oath of office upon the Bible, which James\\nOtis held on a crimson cushion. Washington repeated\\nthe words in a clear voice, and whispered, as if to him-\\nself, So help me God, and kissed the Book. Then\\nChancellor Livingston exclaimed aloud, Long live\\n1789\\nGeorge Washington\\nelected president of\\nthe United States\\n(April 6)\\nF10\u00c2\u00a3RAUST\\nWAStllNOTQNt\\nNOEUCTOML L4W\\n[\u00e2\u0084\u00a2\u00e2\u0084\u00a21 nor rir /IA7IFI10\\n1 TH\u00c2\u00a3 CONariTuTlON\\nELECTION OF 1789\\nWashington s\\ninauguration\\n(April 30)\\nII", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "l62\\nNATIONALITY\\nThe government of\\nthe United States\\nof America begins\\nGeorge Washington, president of the United States, and\\nthe people took up the words in a great cry. Coctced\\nhats were tossed, handkerchiefs fluttered, and above all\\nfluttered the new flag of the Union.\\nThe government of a republic had begun\\nFEDERAL HALL, NEW YORK", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXIV\\nGEORGE WASHINGTON (FIRST PRESIDENT, 1789-1797),\\nFEDERALIST\\nASHINGTON S inaugural address was\\ndelivered in the presence of the mem- Washington s\\nbers of the United States Senate and\\nHouse of Representatives. There\\nwere few present who had signed the\\nConstitution. Party spirit had been\\nbitter in the elections, and the mem-\\nbers of our first Congress were largely\\na compromise between the Federal and Anti-Fed-\\neral parties but they were earnest, patriotic men.\\nWhen Washington retired from the Senate Chamber,\\nit became a grave question what title Congress should\\nuse in a reply to the president. Should he be called\\nHigh Mightiness, or Serene Highness In all the\\nworld there had never been an office just like that held\\nby George Washington. Some said it would not add to\\nhis glory to class him with the petty princes of Europe,\\nand that the simple name of president was the proudest\\nname of all. And so the first words of the reply were,\\nGeorge Washington, President of the United States,\\nSir: Congress then arranged to complete the exec- The cvecutivc\\nutive department by giving the president three secre- ^p=\\ntaries. It provided for a Supreme Court, with a Chief xhe judicial\\nJustice and five associate Justices, and divided the United P\\nStates into three circuit and thirteen district courts.\\nWashington named John Jay the first chief justice.\\nWashington chose Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, sec-\\n[163]", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "164\\nKATIONALITY\\nThomas J eff erson,\\nsecietary of state\\nAlexander Hamilton,\\nsecretary of the\\ntreasury General\\nKnox, secretary\\nof war\\nThe importance of\\nthe treasury\\ndepartment\\nA tonnage tax\\nA protective tariff\\n1789\\nThe first tariff least\\nopposed of any in\\nour history\\nretary of state, Alexander Hamilton, of New York, sec-\\nretary of the treasury, and General Henry Knox, of\\nMassachusetts, secretary of war. Now, in our times, a\\nposition in the president s cabinet means honor at home\\nand abroad but in this first year of the republic it\\nseemed to promise only dishonor. The foreign depart-\\nment faced the haughty monarchs of Europe who deemed\\nthe Republic an upstart, the war department faced\\nanarchy, and the treasury department faced national\\nbankruptcy.\\nOnly a sound financial policy could save the reputa-\\ntion of the government. And the first thing to do was\\nto create a revenue. A tonnage tax was accordingly put\\non foreign ships. For example, at fifty cents a ton a\\nvessel of four hundred tons was obliged to pay to the\\nrevenue officers two hundred dollars before it could\\nunload its cargo at any of our ports.\\nAccording to the Constitution no duties could be laid\\nupon exported goods but a revenue might be created\\nby a tax on imports. So a tax was placed on sev-\\neral foreign articles. New England and Pennsylvania\\nsecured, after a long debate, a light protective tariff for\\nsome goods they were beginning to manufacture, and the\\nSouthern States were favored by a tariff on cotton and\\ncoal. Cotton was just beginning to be much cultivated,\\nand Virginia seemed to have enough coal to supply the\\nwhole country. This first tariff bill, which the president\\nsigned on the fourth of July, was more acceptable to all\\nsections of the country than any that has since been\\npassed by Congress, because the strong sectional features\\nof American industries had not yet developed.\\nCustom houses were established at ports of entry\\nalong the coast, and the treasury of the United States\\nreceived the revenues to disburse for expenses of the gov-\\nernment and payments on the war debt.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION 1 65\\n1791\\nTwelve amendments were proposed by Congress, and Constitutional\\nsubmitted to the States. Ten of them were ratified by adTpted*^\\nthree fourths of the States, and became a part of the\\nConstitution as we have them to-day.^\\nIt was by discussing these amendments that Ameri-\\ncans began to see how perfect the new government was\\nhow it could never be an instrument of oppression\\nbecause the people themselves might adapt it to their\\nneeds as time and circumstances might demand.\\nMeanwhile Alexander Hamilton, secretary of the\\ntreasury, had prepared his financial report. He showed National and state\\nthat the entire debt, both State and national, incurred ly[h^ ^Inell^^\\nfor the war, amounted to nearly eighty millions of dol- go^ ment\\nlars. This debt had been created for a common use.\\nHe declared that the policy of the government should\\nbe to assume the whole debt. Now, some States were\\nlarge debtors and some were small. The Anti-Federal-\\nists said it would be an act of oppression to tax all States\\nin the same proportion.\\nIt took a long time to agree about this matter. The\\npeople said congressmen were earning their six dollars\\na day very easily, and that they should be hired by the\\njob instead of by the day. But, at last, Congress passed j\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\nthe bills to assume both State and national debts incurred Bonding the debt\\nfor the war. Interest-bearing bonds were issued to\\ncreditors. That same year Rhode Island ratified the\\nConstitution, and, as John Adams expressed it, the thir-\\nteen States, like thirteen clocks, began striking together.\\nThe United States were confined to the east slope of The thirteen\\nthe Appalachian Mountains. On the north was Canada,\\nwith its scattered French population, under the control\\nof a British governor. On the south was Spanish\\nFlorida. The broad roadway, which once led from\\n1 See Amendments to the Constitution, .Vppendix.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "1 66\\nNATIONALITY\\nquaint old St. Augustine to Pensacola, was overgrown\\nwith brushwood, and not more than two hundred fam-\\nihes dwelt outside these two towns. Beyond the west-\\nern mountains was a vast region with memories of\\nBraddock s campaign and the massacres of settlers.\\nOn the eastern borders stretched the sea, the highway to\\nthe markets of the world.\\nGATES AT ST. AUGUSTINE\\nThe thirteen commonwealths that lay facing the sea\\nmay be grouped into three great divisions.\\nNew England In Ncw England there were Maine, a stretch of barren\\ncoast, which still belonged to Massachusetts New\\nHampshire Vermont, which, though claimed by New\\nYork, hoped soon to add another star to the flag by\\nadmission to the Union; Massachusetts; Rhode Island,\\nand Connecticut, all still a w-ilderness except on the\\ncoast and along the rivers. At Lowell, where thouands\\nof spindles would soon be humming, a few scattered\\nfamilies made their living by catching fish.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION\\n167\\nThe New Englanders were still thrifty mechanics,\\nsmall farmers, fishermen, shipbuilders, and traders.\\nThey still met at the taverns, where John Adams had\\nfirst learned, by listening to the talk of the people, that\\nindependence was sure to come. And\\nnow that citizens had a hand in the af-\\nfairs of thirteen States instead of just\\none, there were more meetings than\\never.\\nThe farmers and trades people wore\\nbuckskin and homespun, cocked hats,\\nand stout shoes, with brass buckles.\\nThe farmer put his children to work on\\nthe farm; the mechanic apprenticed his\\nsons to others like himself, and his\\ndaughters often went out to service.\\nIn the Middle States, the people of\\nNew York centered about the Hudson,\\nand many still spoke the language of\\nthe Dutch patroons. The Germans and other foreigners The Middle states\\nin New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware were pros-\\nperous and contented.\\nThe Southern States, Maryland, Virginia, North Caro- The southern states\\nlina. South Carolina, and Georgia were still agricultural.\\nTrades and merchandise seemed degrading to the cava-\\nliers; even the great Jefferson said: While we have\\nland to labor, let us never wish to see our citizens occu-\\npied at a workbench or twirling a distaff. Serene and\\npicturesque lay these Southern States in the midst of\\nwinding rivers and sweeping stretches of rich planta-\\ntions. The masters lived like princes, the poor whites\\ngambled, quarreled, and starved, and the negroes toiled\\nin the fields.\\nOf the cities in the United States, Philadelphia The cities", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "1 68\\nNATIONALITY\\nPhiladelphi\\nBoston\\nNew York\\nBaltimore,\\nRichmond,\\nChaileston,\\nSavannah\\nhad outstripped all. William Penn had made it\\nfamous in every part of Europe before its streets had\\nbeen well laid out. and then Benjamin Franklin made\\nit still more famous by his discoveries in electricity and\\nhis wit as Poor Richard.\\nBoston, upon which the hand of oppression had fallen\\nmost heavily, was the second city in size. Its crooked,\\nnarrow streets, and green stretch of commons, where\\nLiberty had first sought a home, were already becoming\\nhistoric.\\nNew York City was third in size and importance. It\\nwas in miniature what it is to-day. At least eighteen\\ndifferent languages were spoken on its streets, and its\\ndocks were crowded with ships that sailed on every sea.\\nThe city was full of Tories who had been protected by\\nthe British army during the whole of the war, and now\\nthat the capital of the nation was there, they paid hom-\\nage to the president, and seemed determined to make\\nhim as much of a king as they could.\\nBaltimore, Richmond, Charleston, and Savannah were\\nsmall, yet beautiful cities, where few but rich planters\\nlived.\\nMany of the planters had been educated in England,\\nand were gentlemen of leisure.\\nThere were the govern-\\nor s receptions to occupy their attention; and the prome-\\nnades, where they saw cavaliers on spirited horses, and\\nPolitics in the South ladies in gilded coaches, and the State capitols, where\\nthey loitered to listen to the orations of eloquent patriots.\\nA planter s highest ambition had always been the House\\nof Burgesses, and now the Congress of the United States\\noffered a fine opportunity to show the skill in debate he\\nhad acquired in wrangles with the royal governors.*\\nRead Thackeray s The Virginians.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION\\n169\\nThe discomforts of\\nthe good old\\ntimes\\nPublic penalties\\nBoth in the North and in the South there were many\\ndiscomforts. The great colonial houses with broad\\noaken stairways and wainscoted chambers were devoid\\nof the commonest conveniences of to-day.\\nThere were no houses of correction or reformatories\\nor penitentiaries with workshops and schools. A prisoner\\nfor debt was thrown into the same pen with the very\\nworst criminals. One prison was an old copper mine,\\nwhere the victims were kept with their feet\\nfastened to the ground and their necks\\nchained to beams overhead. In all the colo-\\nnies the stocks, the whipping post, and the\\nducking stools were still seen on the public\\nhighways, and ears were cropped, and letters\\nburned into the flesh of the wayward. Dis-\\neases ran riot, with no hand to stay epi-\\ndemics. The family physician rode his\\nrounds with saddlebags of strong medicine,\\nwhich he dosed out for all complaints ahke. punishment for a scold\\nA tooth was extracted or a broken leg sawed off with The family physician\\nno remedy to benumb the pain. It was, indeed, the\\nsurvival of the fittest in those good old days\\nwhen Washington became president of the United\\nStates.\\nBut whatever else was lacking, there was no lack of The statesmen of\\ngreat men. The Americans had written the Declaration\\nof Independence, the Constitution of the United States,\\nThe Federalist, and scores of pamphlets and editorials\\nwhich the statesmen of Europe declared had never been\\nsurpassed.\\nThe vigorous financial policy of the new government The national credit\\ncreated a favorable effect both at home and abroad. hened\\nThe price of public securities advanced. Some of the\\nforeign loans went above par. Trade revived. Ship-", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "I70\\nNATIONALITY\\n1790\\nThe patent office\\nELI WHITNEY\\nI765-182S\\nThe cotton gin\\nof Eli Whitney\\n1790\\nThe first census\\nshows a population\\nof four million\\nInternal\\nimprovements\\nbuilding increased. New manufactories were started.\\nSheep were raised to feed the mills with wool, and iron\\nore was fished from the bottom of ponds and dug from\\nthe mountain side to smelt in the furnaces fed\\nwith charcoal.\\nTo protect the crude inventions which began\\nto appear, Thomas Jefferson, the secretary of\\nstate, induced Congress to establish a patent\\noffice. First, a grain cutter was patented, by\\nwhich one man could cut five acres of wheat\\na day; then a thrashing machine, which beat\\nout as much wheat as forty men with flails.\\nAnother patent was for a water mill, to\\nspin flax.\\nThe sixth patent which Jefferson accepted\\nwas the famous cotton gin, or engine, of Eli Whit-\\nney. Little did he think how the destinies of his be-\\nloved South hung on the teeth of that rude machine!\\nThe cotton gin, by cleaning cotton a thousand times\\nfaster than had ever been done before, made the culti-\\nvation of cotton so profitable that it changed the views\\nof the Southern States on the tariff question, and\\nplanted more firmly than ever the system of slavery,\\nwhich Jefferson himself said he hated and hoped to live\\nto see abolished.\\nThat same year the first census of the United States\\nand their Territories showed the population to be nearly\\nfour million. Bountiful harvests added to the general\\nprosperity of the country; pike roads began to be laid\\nout from one town to another, and bridges built across\\nstreams. The people were thus drawing closer together.\\nMeanwhile, President Washington had the responsi-\\nbility of establishing precedents in executive etiquette.\\nHe desired to avoid the rigid ceremonies of a king, yet", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION 171\\ndeemed it necessary to maintain the public dignity in the Presidential\\neyes of Europe. The aristocratic citizens of New York p\\ndelighted to see his cream-colored chariot drawn by six\\nhorses with footmen and outriders in livery. They xheievees\\nlauded Washington s dignity at the Tuesday afternoon\\nlevees, when, surrounded by his brilliant cabinet, with\\ncocked hat under his arm, he bowed to each guest and\\nexchanged a few words. They cherished the Friday\\nevening entertainments of Lady Washington, where\\nthe beauty and wit of the nation were brought together.\\nYet some criticized these scrapings and bowings.\\nThey complained because the president drove in a coach\\ninstead of sauntering along the avenues with the com-\\nmon people, who were as good as himself and because\\nhe would not sit in the taverns to chat over matters of Washington s\\nthe cabinet and Congress. When his birthday was cele-\\nbrated with barbecues and a holiday in the shops, they\\nsaid he was little better than a king, and nicknamed him\\nthe American George. Vice-President Jefferson de-\\npised the ceremony he saw, and said it was not the way\\na republican government should be conducted.\\nAnd so in the heart of the new nation two factions The two factions\\nwere formed the one, led by Alexander Hamilton, John\\nJay, John Adams, and Rufus King, was composed of\\nconservative, college-bred men, merchants, and manu-\\nfacturers who feared radical measures, and pinned their\\nfaith to a strong central government the other, led by\\nThomas Jefferson, James Monroe, Albert Gallatin, and\\nJohn Randolph, was made up of those who detested\\ncourt manners, believed in more States rights, op-\\nposed the national bank and the payment of State debts\\nby the federal government.\\nBut while under his very eyes dissensions and jeal-\\nousies were raging, President Washington moved on", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "172\\nNATIONALITY\\n1791\\nWashington makes a\\njourney through\\nthe South\\nwith such serene dignity in what he beheved was right\\nthat he won the admiration of Europe and the venera-\\ntion of his own countrymen.\\nBecause the seat of government was in the North, he\\nmade a three-months journey in his private carriage\\nthrough the States in the South, and by his cordial man-\\nners united the two sections more closely together.\\nVery soon after this journey to the South, some re-\\nmarkable events occurred in the West but before\\nrecounting them it will be necessary to make a review\\nof the progress made by the West since the war of the\\nRevolution.\\nSTAGECOACH, TIME OF WASHINGTON", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXV\\nGEORGE WASHINGTON (1789-1797) (Continued),\\nFEDERALIST\\n1778\\nAs WE have seen, George Rogers Clark set the Amer- The tenitory north\\nican flag over the region north of the Ohio River, and by ^y aa?k\\nthe treaty of Paris it was ceded to the United States.\\nThe country was about twice as large as Great Britain\\nand Ireland. Its great lakes held nearly one half the\\nfresh water of the whole globe. Its prairies, forests, and\\nmines contained exhaustless wealth. But to the British\\npeople it seemed only a wilderness, dangerously full of\\nlurking savages. The Americans themselves knew little\\nof the real value of these lands, which were claimed by\\nNew York (through purchase), Massachusetts, Connecti-\\ncut, and Virginia (through charters).\\nOn condition that all the colonies bind themselves in\\na confederation, these four States had given the Conti-\\nnental Congress a clear title to most of the western 1 780-1 786\\nlands, to be sold to help pay the debts of the war. suulnder ciaims to\\nVirginia reserved one tract of land, between the Scioto estem lands\\nand Miami Rivers, as a bounty for her veterans of the\\nRevolutionary war, and another, farther west, for\\nClark and others who had helped to wrest it from the\\nBritish. Connecticut held back a strip of land along\\nthe shore of Lake Erie, called the Western Reserve.\\nThe Continental Congress had agreed to divide the\\nnew territory into sections, townships, and ranges for\\npublic sale. And while the Constitutional Convention -The ordinance\\nat Philadelphia was debating on the plan for the forma-\\ntion of a new government, the remnant of the Conti-\\n[^73]", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "174\\nNATIONALITY\\nThe Northwest\\nTerritory-\\nSlavery abolished\\nforever north of\\nthe Ohio\\nThe forts in\\nthe West\\nThe government\\nsells land to the\\nOhio Land\\nCompany\\nnental Congress lingered in New York to finish its work\\nbefore adjourning for the last time.\\nThis old Congress had done grand things. It had\\ndeclared the independence of the colonies, and supplied\\nthe sinews of war as best it could. But now the greatest\\nwork was yet to do.\\nAlmost unnoticed in the excitement about the new\\nConstitution the few delegates organized the ceded\\nlands into The Territory of the United States north-\\nwest of the River Ohio, and wrote out an Ordi-\\nnance by which it was to be governed until the\\npopulation was sufficient to form into Territories and\\nStates.\\nThis Ordinance was a marvelous instrument from\\nbeginning to end but upon its si.xth article hung great\\nissues for the future. By this article slavery was\\nabolished forever. The years would bring changes in\\nthe attitude of the original thirteen States toward the\\nslavery question. But as for Northwest Territory, its\\npolicy was fixed by law in the Ordinance of 1787.\\nThere could be no slavery north of the Ohio River.\\nSeveral trading posts and log forts were scattered\\nthrough the Ohio valley at that time. There were\\nFort Chartres and Kaskaskia on the Mississippi, Fort\\nVincennes on the Wabash, Fort Harmar on the Mus-\\nkingum, and other smaller forts.\\nThe government sold about five million acres of land\\nto the Ohio and Scioto Land Companies, and settlement\\nbegan. Forty-seven colonists floated down the Ohio\\nin the flat boat Mayfloiuer from Pittsburg. These\\nPilgrims landed opposite the frowning bastions of Fort\\n1 Read Hinsdale s The Old Northwest.\\n2 See map, facing page 189.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION\\n175\\n1788\\nHarmar, and built a few huts. Soon more emigrants Marietta founded\\ncame down the river under charge of Mannassah Cutler g\\nwho had helped purchase the land. When these reached\\nthe little settlement, a meeting was held. The place was\\nnamed Marietta, and thus the oldest town in Ohio was\\nfounded. Washington, who had led armies into the\\nvalley to prepare the way for this western immigration,\\nwatched the lonely settlement with the keenest interest.\\nNo colony in America, said he, was ever settled\\nunder such favorable auspices as that which has just\\ncommenced on the Muskingum. I know many of the\\nsettlers personally. Other towns were soon built.\\nLosantiville, afterward called Cincinnati, was founded. Cincinnati\\nWithin the year ten thousand emigrants crossed the\\nmountains to find new homes. Many had sought the\\nwilderness to avoid debt and punishment. But many\\nmore were sturdy men and boys whose ever-increasing\\nnumbers became the talk of the taverns on the coast.\\nWar soon broke out with the Indians who wished\\nto recover the lands they had sold. The settlers fled\\nto the forts. Washington sent General St. Clair,\\nthe governor of the Northwest Territory, with two\\nthousand men to Fort Washington at Cincin-\\nnati to attack the Indians. Beware a sur-\\nprise, was the solemn warning, as he bade his\\nold military comrade good-by.\\nAt the head waters of the Wabash St. Clair s\\narmy was surprised by Little Turtle and his\\nMiami warriors. After a tierce struggle, half\\nof the soldiers were killed, and the fleeing rem-\\nnant found shelter at Fort Washington. The presi-\\ndent was shocked and grieved at the result of this expe-\\ndition. I charged him, over and over again, Beware\\na surprise he exclaimed.\\n1790\\nWar with the\\nMiami Indians\\nARTHUR ST. CLAIR\\n1734-1818\\nI 791\\nSt. Clair s defeat", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "176\\nNATIONALITY\\n1793\\nMad Anthony\\nWayne defeats\\nthe Indians\\n179I\\nVermont admitted\\nto the Union\\n1790\\nThe territory\\nsouthwest of\\nthe Ohio\\n1769\\nDaniel Boone\\nexplores Kentucky\\nDANIEL\\n1735-\\nI 774-1 775\\nHarrodsburg and\\nBoonesborough\\nfounded\\nGeneral Wayne was appointed to succeed St, Clair in\\ncommand of the western garrison Mad Anthony, he\\nwas called from his impetuous fighting during the Revo-\\nlution. Wayne built forts, and defeated the Indians in a\\ngreat battle at the falls of the Maumee River. The\\nchiefs then purchased peace by ceding the land as far\\nwest as the Wabash and emigrants pressed into the\\nNorthwest Territory in greater numbers than ever.\\nMeanwhile the coast of Maine and the western part\\nof New York were being settled and Vermont, the\\nRepubHc of the Green Mountains, was added to the\\nUnion as the fourteenth State.\\nThe year that the ordinance for the Northwest Terri-\\ntory was framed, South Carolina ceded her lands west of\\nthe Blue Ridge Mountains to the Congress, and two\\nyears later North Carolina ceded what is now Tennessee.\\nCongress united the two cessions, and formed the Ter-\\nritory southwest of the Ohio River. Slavery was per-\\nmitted because it had been stipulated by the\\nCarolinas at the time of the cessions.\\nNow, about the beginning of the Revolution\\nthe backwoodsmen on the frontiers of Virginia\\nand Pennsylvania had crossed the mountains\\nto find homes south of the Ohio. Daniel\\nBoone, a young trapper, first threaded his\\nway to Kentucky, the dark and bloody\\nhunting-ground of the Indian Confedera-\\ncies. Harrodsburg and Boonesborough were\\nBOONE founded. And when rumors came through the\\n^2\u00c2\u00b0 forests of the first battle of Massachusetts against\\nthe British red coats, a party of hunters on the Elkhorn\\ngave the name of Lexington to the spot where they\\ncamped.\\nAs the trappers followed the game, so the settlers fol-", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION 1/7\\nlowed the trappers. The backwoodsmen on the east\\nslope of the mountains passed through Cumberland Gap,\\nforded rivers, chose their resting place, and erected a pal-\\nisade fort, to protect their rude homes. Boys, before\\ntheir teens, were given their own loopholes to use in case\\nof an attack from the Indians. The settlements had Life beyond the\\ntheir captains, and levied their riflemen for drill. There\\nwere some ruffians, but many heroes among these pio-\\nneers. The women spun wild flax or the wool of their\\nflocks into- yarn, and wove it into cloth. The trappers\\nbeat the forest for game, or plundered the hollow trees\\nof honey, and bartered their spoils for the necessities\\nof life.\\nThese backwoodsmen in leather clothes who fought so\\ndesperately with red skins had a reputation for law-\\nlessness among the plantations of Virginia. A Ken- A-Kemuc\\ntuc is said to have been the cowboy of those days,\\nand was dreaded almost as much as an Indian.* After a\\ntime the rude cabins clustered into villages with a tavern,\\na schoolhouse, and a little church. Then, under a great The territorial\\nelm at Boonesborough, delegates from the towns met in\\nconvention. Laws were enacted, and Kentucky became\\na commonwealth, subject to Virginia. That same year\\ntwelve hundred Cherokees met on the Wautauga in\\ncouncil with the white men. Herds of beeves were fur-\\nnished for a feast. The chiefs sold the lands along the\\nKentucky and Cumberland Rivers for fifty thousand dol-\\nlars, in money and merchandise. But other tribes j_ g_\\nclaimed the same lands. The warriors from the north ciark secured the\\ncrossed the Ohio for booty until the famous expedition ilditn wLiorV\\nof Clark brought peace to the troubled frontier.\\nThen thousands of settlers came to Kentucky in flat\\nRead Roosevelt s Winning nf the West.\\n12", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "178\\nNATIONALITY\\n1792\\nKentucky becomes\\na State\\n1796\\nTennessee adds the\\nsixteenth star to\\nthe flag\\nNashville and\\nKnoxville\\n1789\\nNorth Carolina s\\nfinal cession of\\nTennessee\\n1796\\nTennessee admitted\\nto the Union\\nThe debate on the\\nlocation of the\\nfederal capital\\nboats or with pack horses. Many of the gentry from\\nVirginia came, who had lost their property during the\\nwar; and the young planters and lawyers took the lead\\nin politics. Eleven years after Virginia ceded her claim\\nto the territory west of the mountains, Kentucky was\\nadmitted to the Union as the fifteenth State.\\nFour years later, Tennessee added the sixteenth star\\nto the flag. The first settlers of Tennessee had fled be-\\nyond the mountains from the oppressions of the royal\\ngovernor of North Carolina. Most of these were brave\\nand sturdy yeomen, who built palisaded towns for their\\nfamilies, cleared the woods, and fought the Indians.\\nSoon in the rich valley of the Cumberland, Nashville\\nbecame the chief town; and where the Holston runs\\ndown to the Tennessee, Ivnoxville was the center of\\ntrade. A vast and gloomy forest between the two set-\\ntlements sheltered the wild game and the still wilder\\nIndians. North CaroHna first ceded this territory to the\\nContinental Congress in 1784, and its settlers organized\\nthe State of Franklin with John Sevier as governor.\\nNorth Carolina then repealed the cession; but, as we\\nhave seen, five years later, after South Carolina had\\nceded her western claim, North Carolina again ceded the\\nterritory of Tennessee. In due time, Tennessee was\\nadmitted to the Union as a State, with Andrew Jackson\\nas representative in Congress.\\nDuring the first Congress of the United States there\\nwas a great debate about a permanent location for the\\nfederal capital. All agreed that it should be near the\\ncenter of population. The following year, in accordance\\nwith the provision of the Constitution, a census was\\ntaken, and the center of population was found to be\\ntwent3 -three miles east of Baltimore. One member of\\nCongress declared it would remain there for ages; but if", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "Washington s administration\\n179\\n1790\\nit moved at all, it would move toward the east, because The center of\\nof the commerce with Europe. Yet, during the adminis- J\u00c2\u00b0 t c cns\u00c2\u00b0us\\ntration of the first president, the West was already form-\\ning itself into States. And if we do not give close heed\\nfrom this time on in our historical study, we shall not be\\nable to follow the westward strides of the people of the\\nUnited States.\\nCHAPTER XXVI\\nGEORGE WASHINGTON (1789-1797) (Continued),\\nFEDERALIST\\nWhile States and Territories were being cut out of the\\nnew West, the president and Congress were shaping\\nnational affairs. The government was moved to Phila-\\ndelphia as a temporary residence until the capitol might\\nbe erected on the Potomac.\\nThe financial condition of the country was still\\nserious. Commerce could not well suffer a higher tax\\non imports, yet there must be more revenue to pay\\nthe federal debt. An impost tax was accordingly\\nput upon distilled spirits manufactured at home, and\\nthe tariff on foreign liquors increased. Hamilton pro-\\nposed a national bank. He explained the national\\nbanking system of Europe; and, after much opposi-\\ntion, a charter was granted to the bank of the\\nUnited States for twenty years.\\nCongress then established a mint for coining\\nmoney. There had been no national coinage. Ex-\\ncept coppers from some of the colonies, the coin used\\nwas the product of foreign mints. English guineas,\\n1790\\nPhiladelphia the\\ntemporary capital\\nALEXANDER HAMILTON\\n1757-1804", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "i8o\\nNATIONALITY\\n1792\\nA mint established\\nThe decimal system\\nTrouble brevvinc\\nwith England\\n1792\\nThe French people\\ndepose Louis XVI\\nThe French appeal\\nto Americans for\\naid in establishing\\na republic\\ncrowns, shillings, and pence were in circulation, and\\nmany French and Spanish and some German coins.\\nDuring the war, the Spanish dollar was made the basis\\nof exchange, owing to the large amount of Spanish\\nmoney used in trade with New Orleans and the West\\nIndies.\\nCongress now adopted the decimal system, and ordered\\nthat gold, silver, and copper should be coined free, as it\\nwas presented to the mint the gold to be made into\\neagles, half eagles, and quarter eagles the silver into\\ndollars, half dollars, quarters, dimes, and half dimes\\nthe copper into cents and half cents. The ratio be-\\ntween gold and silver was fixed at fifteen to one. This\\nmeant that fifteen grains of pure silver should be on a\\nlegal par with one grain of pure gold. There had been\\nlittle native gold or silver discovered, however, and the\\nforeign money continued long in circulation.\\nDuring Washington s first administration clouds began\\nto gather over the rising sun, which Franklin had\\nseen. England had not yet given up the western forts\\non the lakes. Congress declared that the treaty had\\nbeen violated, and demanded the surrender of the forts.\\nMerchants and shipowners complained that when an\\nEnglish ship needed sailors, Americans were impressed\\non the high seas and that their vessels were boarded\\nand condemned by English officers because of their car-\\nrying trade with the French West Indies.\\nMeanwhile, the French people overthrew the authority\\nof Louis XVI and proclaimed a republic, and, the follow-\\ning year, war broke out between England and France.\\nIndeed all Europe was gathering forces to crush the\\nrepublic in France; for if one throne fell, it might carry\\nothers down with it. The French Directory called from\\nacross the sea to the Americans. We helped you,", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "Washington s administration i8i\\nthey said, when you were struggling against, an\\noppressor. Come and help us.\\nThis was a stirring appeal to the Anti-Federalists.\\nThe feeling grew so strong that factions developed into\\nparties. The Anti-Federalists, or Republicans, with Republicans .-ind\\nJefferson at their head, were the warm friends of the\\nRevolutionists in France; the Federalists, with Hamilton\\nas their leader, were shocked at the mob rule in Paris,\\nand preferred the law and order of a constitutional mon-\\narchy such as that of England. Washington hesitated\\nto take up arms against England. It seemed best that washing^l^n issues\\nfriendly relations should exist between the only two proclamation of\\nneutrality\\nEnglish nations. So he proclaimed neutrality. (April 22)\\non\\nNotwithstanding bitter party feeling, Washington was Washingt,\\nre-elected\\nsecond term\\nunanimously chosen president for a second term. But ^o\\nparty feeling increased. The Republicans charged the\\nFederalists with trying to conform the government to\\nthat of England. They themselves copied after the\\nFrench. They discarded silk stockings and powdered\\nqueues as imitations of the English Georges. They French influences\\nwore the pantaloons down to the ankle and close fitting,\\nthe vest so short it almost came to the armpits, and the\\ncoat cut away to a long point behind; the hair was\\ncropped short, and the cocked hat was displaced for a\\nhigh hat much too small for the head. Republican\\nyoung ladies wore their hair in ringlets, and minced\\nabout with their dresses long, and scant in width, in\\ngreat contrast with the wide skirts of the Federalist\\nladies. Mr. and Mrs. were changed to Citizen and Cit-\\ness; and there were liberty caps, cockades, and civic\\nfeasts, after the fashion of the Republicans of France.\\nWashington remained neutral in these troublous times.\\n1794\\nHe sent Chief Justice John Jay to England to obtain joimjay a special\\nredress for the seizure of neutral vessels, and to settle England", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "l82\\nNATIONALITY\\n1793\\nCitizen Genet\\nGenet presents his\\nofficial papers to\\nWashington\\nThe Republicans\\ngive Genet a\\nbanquet\\nWashington\\nremains neutral\\nboundary lines on the north. Yet he did not sympa-\\nthize with France. He was alarmed at the excesses of\\nthe French mobs. It was the very day that Citizen\\nGenet arrived in Charleston on his way to Philadelphia\\nto ask aid of the United States that Washington issued\\nthe proclamation of neutrality, and warned Americans\\nfrom aiding either England or France in their wars.\\nGenet, before he even presented his credentials,\\nbought and equipped two sailing vessels as privateers,\\nand manned them with American sailors to attack Brit-\\nish merchantmen. After a triumphant journey from\\nCharleston, he presented his papers to President Wash-\\nington. He complained that the president received him\\ncoldly, and that the medallion of Louis XVI hung in\\nthe parlors of the executive mansion. But the French\\nminister had no reason to complain of his treatment by\\nthe Republicans. They gave a banquet at Philadelphia\\nin his honor. The toasts denounced aristocrats. Genet\\nsang the J/ (7rsri//(7iSi\\\\ the Republican hymn of France.\\nHe placed the red liberty cap on his own head, and all\\nthe guests put it on in turn.\\nWashington remained firm to his policy of neutrality.\\nHe said the American people were grateful for the gen-\\nerous aid of France, in their time of need; but it seemed\\nunwise to involve the United States in European quar-\\nrels. Besides, it had been Louis XVI and Lafayette who\\nhad sent aid to the colonies. The present French\\nRepublic had beheaded the one, and sent the other\\ninto exile.\\nWhen Genet found that he could not mold Washing-\\nton to his views, he endeavored to alienate the people\\nfrom him. He used violent language against the presi-\\ndent, filled out commissions for American officers in the\\nFrench army, and sent agents to Kentucky to incite the", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION\\n183\\nPennsylvania\\nGenet writes letters\\nagainst the\\nadministration\\nsettlers to take up arms against the Spanish settlements\\non the Mississippi.\\nGenet was thought to have had much to do toward the whisky riots in\\nriots in western Pennsylvania, where the people refused\\nto pay the tax on whisky, and broke into the court rooms.\\nWhen Washington issued a proclamation warning the\\nmobs to disperse, they did not obey, and fired into the\\ntax collectors; whereupon the president sent a regiment\\nof fifteen hundred troops, and dispersed the rioters. The\\nRepublicans claimed that this was an invasion of States\\nrights, and Genet added to their ill humor by abusive\\nletters to the press against the administration. Washing-\\nton demanded Genet s removal, and he sailed soon after is removed\\nfrom office\\nfor France.\\n1794\\nMeanwhile John Jay concluded a new treaty with The jay treaty\\nGreat Britain. Reparation was pledged for the injuries\\ndone to American shipping; the posts of\\nDetroit, Oswego, and Mackinaw were sur-\\nrendered; the northern boundary line was\\nagreed upon, and a restricted trade with\\nthe British West Indies was granted; but\\nthe impressment of American sailors was\\nnot mentioned. After a bitter debate the\\nJay treaty was ratified by the Senate. That\\nyear, 1795, Thomas Pinckney negotiated a\\ntreaty with Spain, by which a place of\\ndeposit was to be granted within her ter-\\nritory for transshipment of wares, and the\\nsouth boundary line was fixed at the thirty-\\nfirst degree of north latitude. Three years\\nlater, the part of West Florida thus ac-\\nquired was organized as the Mississippi\\nTerritory.\\nREPUBLICAN\\nCJEffBRSOM)\\nELECTION OF 1796\\nAs the time approached for another presidential elec-", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "1 84\\nNATIONALITY\\n1796\\nWashington s\\nfarewell address\\nfptember)\\n1797\\nJohn Adams\\ninaugurated the\\nsecond president\\ntion, Washington was urged by his friends to serve yet\\nanother term. But he refused with dignity. In his\\nfarewell address he warned the people against sec-\\ntional strife and attacks upon established authority. He\\npointed out the danger of becoming a tool in the struggle\\nfor the balance of power among the rulers of Europe;\\nand for a time faction was silenced. All parties claimed\\nthe great man. When he returned to Mount Vernon,\\nhe bore with him the respect of the whole nation.\\nJohn Adams, the candidate of the Federalists, became\\npresident, and Thomas Jefferson, the candidate of the\\nRepublicans, vice-president.\\nr,\\nWSk^^mi\\nn\\nHit\\nMOUNT VcRNON", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXVII\\nJOHN ADAMS (SECOND PRESIDENT, 1797-1801)\\nFEDERALIST\\nThe wise policy of Washington in foreign affairs was\\ncontinued by President Adams. The French RepubHc\\nhad been greatly incensed over the Jay treaty; and\\nwhen President Adams insisted on remaining neutral, The French\\nthe Directory, consisting of five men who then formed Amldcln\\nassail\\ncommerce\\nJOHN ADAMS\\n1735-1826\\nthe French government, ordered French men-of-war to\\nassail our commerce on the seas. Commission-\\ners John Marshall and Elbridge Gerry were sent\\nto France to join minister Charles C. Pinckney\\nin the attempt to make a peaceable adjustment\\nof the difficulties.\\nWhen the French agents hinted that peace\\nmight be secured by the payment of money,\\nPiiickney exclaimed: Millions for defense, but\\nnot one cent for tribute. The commissioners\\nwere then ordered to leave France.\\nThis demand for a bribe was published with\\nthe names of the French agents represented by X, Y, The x, y, 2 letters\\nand Z. The affairs created the wildest excitement in\\nAmerica. It had already become evident that Napoleon\\nwas marching into a throne, and the Republicans were\\ndisappointed in their idol. Even Jefferson now declared Hoth political\\nthat in all except commercial relations the United States p^^ Z^^\\nr neutrality\\nshould remain separate from both England and France.\\nMillions for defense, but not one cent for tribute,\\nbecame the watchword of the nation. The French\\nand American flags entwined in the taverns were sepa-\\nrated. The French tricolor was torn from the hats, and\\n[185]", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "1 86\\nNATIONALITY\\nThe government\\ncreates the navy\\ndepartment (April)\\nWashington\\nappointed\\nlieutenant-general\\nof the army\\nHail, Columbia\\n1799\\nDeath of General\\nWashington\\n(December 14)\\nthe black cockade of the FederaHsts was pinned in its\\nstead. The government prepared for war. It created\\nthe navy department, and ordered frigates to be built.\\nWhen the forty-four-gun frigate United States was\\nlaunched from the docks at Philadelphia, a hundred\\nother lighter craft sported about her. Many were\\nprivateers to prey upon French commerce. The Ameri-\\ncan frigate Constellation captured the French Insur-\\ngeante, the Boston took the Berceau, and victory followed\\nvictory in the sea.\\nWashington was appointed lieutenant-general of the\\nprovisional army, and Alexander Hamilton first major\\ngeneral. The sons of the revolutionary heroes, from all\\nover the country, offered to enlist in defense of their\\ncountry s honor; and Hail, Columbia! was written,\\nand sung in the streets on muster days.\\nBut while the gathering clans awaited the time when\\nwar would be formally declared, and their commander\\ntake the field in person, he obeyed a yet higher call than\\nthat of his country. On the fourteenth day of December,\\nWashington died, at his home in Mount Vernon, after\\nan illness of only a day. The whole nation was plunged\\ninto grief. Touching tributes were offered to his mem-\\nory. One of the bravest generals declared Washington\\nfirst in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of\\nhis countrymen; one of the most eloquent orators\\ncalled him the greatest of good men, and the best of\\ngreat men. Lord Byron sung of\\nThe first, the last, the best,\\nThe Cincinnatus of the West.\\nNapoleon, forgetting for a moment the irritation against\\nAmerica, praised her dead hero before his assembled\\nlegions.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "ADAMS S ADMINISTRATION 1 87\\nWhile the war fever against France lasted, the admin- a personal tax\\nistration of Adams was popular with the people but\\nwith the president and both houses at their command\\nthe Federalists enacted laws which soon brought dis-\\naster on their party. To help pay the expenses of the\\nimpending war they laid a direct tax on personal prop-\\nerty. This caused riots.\\n798\\nThey passed new naturalization laws, requiring four- a new Naturaiiza-\\nteen years residence, instead of live. Then, in view of\\n(June 18)\\nthe troubles caused by French and English spies and\\nbusybodies, they passed the Alien Act, by which the The Mien Act\\npresident was authorized to send foreigners out of the ^^5)\\ncountry. The Republicans declared that this did away\\nwith the right of trial by jury, and placed too much\\npower with the executive.\\nPartisan excitement reached the highest pitch when The sedition Act\\nthe Sedition Act was passed. This law punished with\\nfines and imprisonment the publication of any writing\\ncalculated to bring Congress or the president into con-\\ntempt or disrepute.\\nThe heart and the life of a free government is a free\\npress, said the Republicans. They recalled how out- The Republicans\\nraged their ancestors had been in the House of Com- i h Sedition\\nlaw in King\\nmons in the time of King James, when the speaker of James s time\\nthe House said he had been ordered to interrupt any\\nthat should speak ill of the king s ministers; how\\nabout a hundred commoners sat silenced with their own\\npassions, how the great Pym himself rose only to sit\\ndown choked with tears, and how there was expostulat-\\ning and prophesying of the ruin of the country when the\\nright of free speech was taken away from the people.\\nAnd now, cried the Republicans, more than a\\nhundred years later, the descendants of those freemen\\nwho brought a king s head to the block for tyranny are", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "i88\\nNATIONALITY\\nThe theory of\\nnullification\\n1800-1814\\nPeace between\\nFrance and the\\nUnited States\\n(September)\\nThe caucus\\nattempting to exercise his tyrannical power. Was John\\nAdams then to become a king The next step would be\\nto make him president for life\\nNow, the writers of the Republican pamphlets abused\\ntheir opportunities most shamefully but even so stal-\\nwart a Federalist as Hamilton opposed the Sedition Law\\nas unwise. The Alien Act was never enforced. On the\\nday arrests were made under the Sedition Act, fines were\\npaid by public subscription. It was said that to be\\narrested for free speech straightway made a man eligible\\nfor office with the Republicans. The unwise laws were\\nsoon repealed, but they had already ruined the party\\nthat made them. Besides they had emphasized a divi-\\nsion of opinion about States rights. The Republicans\\nin Kentucky and Virginia declared the Alien and Sedition\\nActs unconstitutional, and Kentucky maintained that\\nwhen a State decided a law of the United States illegal,\\nshe had the right to nullify it. This new theory of nul-\\nlification caused much trouble later on.\\nWhen peace between France and the United States\\nwas secured by arbitration, the war spirit died away, and\\nwith it the last enthusiasm for the Federal party. It\\nhad been a great party; but when it attempted to deprive\\nthe people of what they considered their reserved consti-\\ntutional rights, it was overwhelmed with disaster at the\\npolls. A congressional caucus, or meeting, of Repub-\\nlicans chose Thomas Jefferson for president and Aaron\\nBurr for vice-president, and a caucus of Federalists,\\nJohn Adams and Charles C. Pinckney. When the\\ndistinguished list of nominees was submitted to the peo-\\nple, each State chose electors who would vote for its\\nfavorites. Jefferson and Burr had the two highest elect-\\noral votes. Each receiving the same number, the elec-\\ntion, according to the Constitution, devolved on the\\nHouse of Representatives.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "to\\nu\\nI-\\nI-\\nQ\\nIJ\\nZ\\n3", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "ADAMS S ADMINISTRATION\\n189\\nMost of the Federalists in the House voted for\\nBurr, which made a tie. For a time it looked as\\nday for the inauguration would arrive\\nwith no one to be inaugurated. After a\\nlong contest, some of the Federalists cast\\nblank votes, and thus Thomas Jefferson,\\nthe Republican, who had written the\\nDeclaration of Independence, was elected\\nto the place of John Adams, the Fed-\\neralist, who had seconded the motion\\nthat a Declaration of Independence\\nshould be written. Aaron Burr became,\\nof course, vice-president; but to prevent\\nfuture discord, the twelfth amendment^\\nwas added to the Constitution, providing\\nfor separate ballots for president and\\nvice-president.\\nAaron\\nif the\\nI (J\u00c2\u00a3FF\u00c2\u00a3R ON) r:-:^y::?J (ADAMS)\\nELECTION OF 1800\\nCHAPTER XXVIII\\nTHOMAS JEFFERSON (THIRD PRESIDENT, 1801-1809)\\nDEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICAN\\nCessions of land on the Potomac, by Maryland and The District of\\nVirginia, were the beginnings of the District of Colum- w^ashini ^oTthe\\nbia. At Washington, the federal capitol, and public capital city\\nforts, arsenals, and dockyards were built. The national\\ndomain was placed by the Constitution under the\\nexclusive control of Congress. g\\nThomas Jefferson was the first president inaugurated The inauguration\\n*See Constitution of the United States, Appendix.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "190\\nNATIONALITY\\nChief Justice\\nJohn Marshall\\nJefferson s\\nadministration is\\npopular\\nTHOMAS JEFFERSON\\n1743-1826\\nThe Democratic-\\nRepublican Congress\\nat Washington, then a straggHng village in the woods.\\nAttired in plain citizen s dress, the choice of the Demo-\\ncratic-Republicans was received in the Senate chamber\\nby the polished vice-president, Aaron Burr, and sworn\\ninto office by Chief Justice John Marshall, of Virginia.\\nIn an inaugural message to Congress, Jefferson prophe-\\nsied the spread and development of the young nation,\\nover which he was called to preside. I believe this to\\nbe the strongest government on earth, he said. But\\nthe Federalists, believing that the Democrat-Repub-\\nlicans would bring ruin to even the strongest of gov-\\nernments, stood in the background, waiting for the day\\nwhen the people would again call them to office.\\nMeantime President Jefferson had both houses in\\nfull sympathy with his acts. His administration was\\npopular with the masses from the very beginning. He\\ndisregarded many rules of etiquette observed by ash-\\nington and Adams. He would not allow his birth-\\nday to be known lest it be celebrated after the\\nfashion of kings, whom he had learned to despise\\nin the courts of Europe. He only opened the\\nWhite House to the public on New Year s and the\\nFourth of July. Everybody was welcome then.\\nPeople who came in carriages and those who came\\non foot, jostled against one another as they shook\\nthe president by the hand.\\nPresident Jefferson always remembered the names\\nof his guests. His travels abroad had given him\\nvast information. He was interested in science, and\\nheld constant correspondence with the most learned men\\nof Europe.\\nCongress repealed many of the Federalist laws. It\\nreduced the army and navy, abolished the tax on per-\\nsonal property, and steadily diminished the public debt..", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION\\n191\\nMany things occurred to add glory to Jefferson s ad- The Barbary powers\\nministration. The victories of the American navy over\\nthe Barbary powers created enthusiasm.\\nMorocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli were Mohamme-\\ndan countries, which, since the time of Columbus, had\\npreyed upon the commerce of Christians. To pre-\\nvent these pirates from seizing cargoes, selling sail-\\nors, and holding captains for ransom, the nations of\\nEurope paid tribute; and the United States had al-\\nready paid nearly two millions of dollars.\\nWhen the Dey of Algiers compelled the captain\\nof the George Washington to carry dispatches for\\nhim, and the American frigate sailed for Constanti-\\nnople under the flag of the Turks, President Jeffer-\\nson set the first example among Christian rulers of\\ndefying the Barbary powers. He sent a fleet in-\\nstead of more tribute. When Tripoli began to cap-\\nture American trading vessels, Lieutenant Decatur boldly\\nentered the harbor of Tripoli, burned an American ves-\\nsel which had been seized, and bombarded the town from\\nthe harbor, while a land expedition attacked it from the\\neast. In the end, the bashaw was willing enough to make\\npeace, and leave tribute out of the bargain.\\nOther nations gladly followed the example of the The Mediterranean\\nUnited States, and the Mediterranean became free for /ommTrce\\ncommerce. The Fed-\\neralists claimed some\\nglory for these victo-\\nries. They said that\\nif John Adams, the John Adams, the\\nFather of the Ameri-\\ncan Navy, had not established the navy department\\nand built the squadrons, there could have been no such\\nvictories over the pirates.\\nSTEPHEN DECATUR\\n1779-1820\\n1803\\nDecatur at Tripoli\\nFather of the\\nAmerican Navy", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "192\\nNATIONALITY\\nThe United States\\nsecures the carrying\\ntrade of Europe\\niSoo\\nNapoleon becomes\\nfirst consul\\niSoi\\nSanto Domingo s\\ntrade\\n1791\\nToussaint\\nL Ouverture heads\\na revolution\\nA wonderful prosperity in home affairs marked the first\\nterm of Jefferson s administration. Commerce increased\\nenormously. The powers of Europe were preparing for\\nwar with one another, and American farmers furnished\\nthe breadstuffs for their standing armies, with wheat at\\ntwo and three dollars a bushel. Because it was not safe\\nfor European merchants to send goods in their own ves-\\nsels, the neutral vessels of the Americans did most of\\nthe carrying trade. French and Spanish merchants in\\nthe West Indies brought their wares to American ports\\nwhere they paid customs and reshipped in American ves-\\nsels. Import duties came in so fast that the public debt\\nwas soon nearly paid off.\\nThe territory of the United States was increased by\\nthe purchase of Louisiana.^ This province west of the\\nMississippi was, as we have seen, ceded by France to\\nSpain after the French and Indian war. Napoleon, after\\nhe became first consul of France, bought it back again,\\nintending to establish a colonial empire there. To further\\nhis plans, he wished to secure control of the French lands\\nin the West Indies, which were very profitable. In the\\nisland of Santo Domingo alone, the trade in cotton, sugar,\\ncoffee, and indigo employed seventy thousand seamen.\\nNow, two thirds of the population of Santo Domingo\\nhad once been negro slaves. A few years before, the\\nslaves had freed themselves, and overthrown the French\\nrule in a revolution under Toussaint L Ouverture. This\\nwonderful negro, after ruling the island as president for\\na few years, was captured, and taken to France. But\\nthe negroes rose in rebellion again. They set up their\\nown government, and, during the war betweea France\\nand England, opened their ports to neutrals, so that a\\nSee map of territorial growth.\\n8 Haiti.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION I 93\\nbrisk trade sprang up between Santo Domingo and the\\nports of the United States.\\nNapoleon determined to conquer the Dominicans,\\nand punish the Americans for trading with them. His\\narmy was ready to sail to New Orleans as a base of sup-\\nplies, when war was again threatened between England\\nand France. ^g\\nThe wily French consul knew that, in case of war, The Louisiana\\nhe ran the risk of losing Louisiana. He needed money,\\nand it was, perhaps, for this reason that he offered to\\nsell the province to the United States. In 1803 James\\nMonroe and Robert R. Livingston negotiated the pur-\\nchase for fifteen million dollars.\\nIn the last month of that year, American troops\\nmarched to New Orleans. Spanish troops received\\nthem at the gates, and to the national airs of France\\nand America they marched together to the city hall.\\nThe French flag was slowly lowered while the stars and\\nstripes were raised on the flagstaff, and Governor Clai-\\nborne, in the name of President Jefferson, welcomed the\\ninhabitants as citizens of the United States. New\\nOrleans, with a mixed population of about twenty-five\\nthousand French, Spanish, and Mexicans, was quite dif-\\nferent in laws, religion, and language from any other\\ncity within the Union.\\nA Territory was soon organized, comprising about\\nthe present boundaries of Louisiana. The remaining\\nportion was called the District of Louisiana.\\nAlmost nothing was known of the vast new District\\nof Louisiana lying between the Mississippi River and the\\nRocky Mountains. 1804-1806\\nJefferson sent two young men, Meriwether Lewis and Lewis and ciark\\nWilliam Clark, to explore it, with instructions to find p*\\nthe source of the Missouri, to reach the Pacific coast by\\n13", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "194\\nNATIONALITY\\nI 805- I 807\\nThe expeditions\\nof Zebulon Pilce\\nThe Great\\nAmerican Desert\\nthe nearest way, and to learn all about the country\\nthrough which they passed. The two travelers set out\\non their journey at the trading post of St. Louis.\\nWith toil and privations, they found what seemed to\\nbe the source of the Missouri; they crossed the great\\ndivide of the Rocky Mountains, and after many perilous\\nhardships, reached the Columbia, which carried them\\nto the sea. They were gone two years, and traveled\\nover eight thousand miles.\\nAbout the same time, Zebulon Pike explored what he\\nwrongly thought to be the sources of the Mississippi;\\nand then, in another expedition, crossed Kansas, pushed\\nup the Arkansas, and scaled the mountain called Pike s\\nPeak. In a search for the Red River, Pike found the\\nRio Grande, was taken prisoner by the Spaniards, and\\ncarried to Santa Fe. He finally reached the United\\nStates through Mexico and Texas\\nAlthough these explorers brought back much informa-\\ntion about high mountains and broad rivers, they called\\nthe country beyond the Mississippi the Great Ameri-\\ncan Desert.\\nA geographer of the day said: It has been supposed\\nthat all settlers who go beyond the Mississippi will be\\nforever lost to the United States. In the minds of the\\nschoolboys, the region was like the Sahara of Africa;\\nand their fathers thought it was wisely ordered that a\\ndesert lay beyond the great river. If it were fertile\\nthere, they said, our citizens would wander too far.\\nOur Republic would soon be divided. To us these\\nideas seem very strange. The noble States of Arkansas,\\nMissouri, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, Montana,\\nand the Dakotas lie exactly in the Great American\\nDesert.\\nIndeed, at that very time the population was moving", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION 195\\ntoward this desert. The Federal government had di-\\nvided the Northwest Territory, and from a part of it Ohio Ohio becomes\\nhad been cut out, and admitted to the Union as the sev-\\nenteenth State. The rest of the Northwest was made\\nthe Territory of Indiana, with General William Henry\\nHarrison as governor. About the same time Mississippi Georgia cedes her\\nT-.-. 1 11 t i ijf western territory\\nTerritory was enlarged by cession of western land from\\nGeorgia.\\nThe first administration of President Jefferson was so igo^\\npopular that he was re-elected president for a second Jefferson re-eiected\\nterm. Aaron Burr was thought to have schemed with\\nthe Federalists for his own advancement, and, in his\\nplace, George Clinton of New York was elected vice-\\npresident by the Democratic-Republicans.\\nCHAPTER XXIX\\nTHOMAS JEFFERSON (1801-1809) (Continued;\\nDEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICAN\\nAaron Burr was defeated for the governorship of New\\nYork, and this was largely due to the influence of Alexander Hamilton\\nAlexander Hamilton. Burr challenged Hamilton, and\\nkilled him in a duel. There was grievous mourning for\\nthe brilliant statesman. Federalists wore black thirty\\ndays for the most intimate friend of Washington and the\\ngreat constructive genius of the young Republic. The\\nyears have rather increased than diminished the fame of\\nAlexander Hamilton, the first secretary of the treasury.\\nMore than a quarter of a century after his death, Daniel\\nWebster said: He smote the rock of national resources\\nand abundant streams of revenue gushed forth. He", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "I llTI\\niourpcy in the West\\n196 NATIONALITY\\ntouched the dead corpse of public credit, and it sprang\\nupon its feet.\\nA coroner s jury found Burr guilty of murder. The\\nambitious imbittered man fled from New York to the West. His\\ngenius was great. The conquest of Texas, which then\\nbelonged to Spain, and its union with the States and\\nTerritories \\\\vest of the Alleghanies to form an empire.\\nseemed a dazzling possibility. Men were armed, boats\\nbuilt, and messengers employed to further the plan.\\nPresident Jefferson heard rumors that the West was\\n_ slipping from the United States. He sent officers to\\nBurr tried for arrest AaroH Burr, and ordered him to be tried for\\ntreason at Richmond j^ thc HousB of Burgcsscs at Richmond, Va.\\nThe best legal talent in the country was gathered in\\nthe Southern city: John Randolph, of Virginia, noted\\nalready in Congress for his stinging sarcasm and schol-\\narly eloquence; Henry Clay, the young senator from Ken-\\ntucky, famous in debate; Andrew Jackson, the hero of\\nthe Tennessee law courts; William Wirt, of the Rich-\\nmond bar, and many other distinguished lawyers argued\\nthe case. Chief Justice John Marshall presided at the\\ntrial. There was not sufficient evidence to convict Burr\\nof treason. But the slayer of Alexander Hamilton\\nwandered in foreign lands, and, many years after,\\nreturned to New York to die in poverty and neglect.\\nIt had been the policy of both Washington and Adams\\nJefferson discourages to build up a navy to protcct American commerce.\\nJefferson considered a navy a useless expense. He\\nthought it would be better to give up commerce alto-\\ngether than be obliged to protect it, and sold all the\\ngovernment s ships but thirteen. At the beginning of\\nhis second administration events occurred which put our\\nmerchant marine in danger.\\nAmerican ships, as neutrals, had been kept busy\\nthe increase of\\nthe navy", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION 197\\ncarrying for foreign merchants, and both France and\\nEngland were angered at this immense commerce, which\\nour small navy could not protect.\\nBoth decided to plunder American vessels if the\\nUnited States would not form an alliance. If they\\nwould be a foe to neither, they should be a friend to England and France\\nneither. Each nation finally issued decrees forbidding orne^Jars\\nneutral vessels to enter the ports of the other or her\\nallies. Great Britain continued to claim the right to\\nboard a ship belonging to any nation, and impress sailors\\nas British subjects. Once a subject, always a sub-\\nject, was the motto of Great Britain. Many American impressment of\\n.1 J J iiji/ iiT^ American sailors\\nsailors were impressed, and compelled to right France.\\nSometimes a whole crew was taken, and the vesesl left\\nto float away.\\nBetween impressment and confiscation of neutral ves-\\nsels, a great change came to American commerce.\\nMerchants sent off ships which did not come back. It\\nwas evident that America must soon make a struggle for\\nits place on the sea, where European nations had bat-\\ntled for centuries.\\n1806\\nCongress passed the Non-importation Act, prohibiting The Non-impona-\\nthe importation of a few articles of British make which\\nmight be manufactured in America. This did not mend\\nmatters. British officers missed no opportunity to insult g\\nour flag. When, at last, the frigate CJiesapeakc, fired The Leopard fires\\ninto by the British Leopard, came into Norfolk harbor ^e a...A\u00c2\u00ab^-.\\nwith her dead, there was the greatest uproar.\\nJefferson wrote: This country has never been in\\nsuch excitement since the battle of Lexington. Mer-\\nchants and business men all over the country demanded\\na navy to measure arms with our foes. Jefferson did\\nnot believe a navy could be built powerful enough to\\ndefeat the British on the sea. He said it would be", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "198\\nNATIONALITY\\n1807\\nThe Embargo Act\\n1808\\nRiots over the\\nEmbargo Act\\n1809\\ncheaper to put a stop to American commerce, and thus\\ninjure British trade. And so an Embargo Act was\\npassed, forbidding American vessels to leave port for a\\nforeign country.\\nThis saved our flag from being insulted in such a way\\nas to involve the nation in war, but it ruined our com-\\nmerce. It is like cutting off the toes to cure the\\ncorns, said the sarcastic John Randolph, of Roanoke.\\nNapoleon was pleased at the embargo, because it injured\\nthe trade of Great Britain, while that nation declared\\nthat she did not need American trade, and sent cotton\\nseed to Africa to raise her own cotton, and set her sub-\\njects in the West Indies to planting her own corn.\\nThe Americans alone really suffered from the Embargo\\nAct. For years their ports had been busy. The wharves\\nhad been strewn with merchandise; and merchants and\\nbrokers had driven trade from morning till night. But\\nnow there was neither shipbuilding, nor rope walks, nor\\nsail making. Thirty thousand seamen of New England\\nwere out of employment, and millions of dollars were\\nlost in the embargoed wares.\\nThere were riots on the first anniversary of the act,\\nwhich had to be put down by the militia. There was\\neven talk among the Federalists of seceding from the\\nUnion, and forming the Confederacy of New England.\\nThe feeling against the Embargo Act was so strong\\nThe Non-intercourse that the followlng ycar the Non-intercourse Act was\\npassed as a substitute. This forbade trade with France\\nand Great Britain until they would cease their offensive\\nattitude, but allowed trade with countries not under their\\ncontrol.\\nThe Embargo Act did not injure Jefferson with his\\nown party. He was urged to accept the nomination for\\na third term; but the Great Commoner followed the", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "JEFFERSON S ADMINISTRATION\\n199\\nfootsteps of Washington. He bade farewell to ambition,\\nand retired to Monticello, to live among his books and\\nhis friends.\\nThree days after the Non-intercourse Bill had been james Madison\\nsigned by Jefferson, James Madison, of Virginia, was iMarcHr\\ninaugurated president.\\nCHAPTER XXX\\nJAMES MADISON (FOURTH PRESI-\\nDENT, 1809-1817)\\nDEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICAN\\nhad Madison continues\\nthe policy of the\\nDemocratic-\\nRepublicans\\n(May i)\\n[RESIDENT MADISON, who\\nbeen secretary of state under Jeffer\\nson, continued the policy of the Dem\\nocratic-Republican party, and had the\\nsupport of Congress. When neither\\nBritain nor France paid the least heed\\nNon-Intercourse Act, Congress passed g^^\\nMacon Bill, which restored trade with The Macon Bin\\nboth nations, but declared that if only one\\nnation would repeal its laws against American commerce,\\nnon-intercourse should be proclaimed with the other.\\nNapoleon pretended that he would revoke his decrees. Napoleon s\\nand commerce began again between France and the\\nUnited States. But a whole American fleet, valued at\\nmore than ten million dollars, was soon seized in French\\nports. Many years later France was forced to pay an\\nindemnity for this loss. Great Britain refused to repeal\\nher decree, trade ceased, and our minister was recalled\\nfrom London. Our relations with Great Britain became\\nbad faith", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "200\\nNATIONALITY\\nWar with\\ntho Muimis\\nJAMES MADISON\\n1751-1836\\n181I\\nBattle of Tippecanoe\\nThe Twelfth Congress\\na war congress\\nHenry Clay and\\n|ohn C. Calhoun\\nmore and more strained, until she seized American mer-\\nchantmen without any excuse whatever.\\nMeantime our frontiers were attacked by the Indians.\\nAlthough William Henry Harrison, governor of the Ter-\\nritory of Indiana, had been careful to purchase the\\nWestern lands, the Indians declared that no sign-\\ning of a paper could cancel their right to the\\nsoil. They could not understand why they\\nmight not strip bark to build wigwams, or\\nfashion canoes from timber on the lands\\nthey had sold.\\nAt last they found a leader in Tecumseh,\\nchief of the Shawnees, who said he would\\nfinish the work that Pontiac had only be-\\ngun. Urged on by the British of Canada,\\nhe established headquarters on Tippecanoe\\nCreek, near the present town of Lafayette, Ind.,\\nand plotted how best to unite all the Indian confederacies.\\nWhile Tecumseh was in the South stirring up the Ap-\\npalachian tribes for his bloody work, Harrison advanced\\nupon Tippecanoe, and defeated the Indians in a terrible\\nbattle. When Tecumseh returned, and found his village\\nin ruins, he hastened beyond the St. Lawrence to join\\nhis forces with the British.\\nThat same year the twelfth Congress met to decide\\nwhether there should be war with England. Something\\nhad to be done. The British sloops of war were parad-\\ning up and down the coast like great Goliaths, defying\\nthe little American navy to come out and fight them.\\nThere were many young men in Congress who could not\\nendure the insults of the British. Among them were\\nHenry Clay, of Kentucky, and John C. Calhoun, of\\nSouth Carolina. These brilliant young orators said\\npeaceable means had been resorted to, and arbitration", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "MADISON S ADMINISTRATION\\n201\\nwas out of the question. The impetuous Clay was made Henry ciay, speaker\\nof the House of\\nRepresentatives\\nspeaker of the House, and organized committees which H\u00c2\u00b0 se of\\nwould take radical measures for either peace or war.\\nIn New England, where commerce was almost the sole John Randolph\\noccupation of the people, war was bitterly opposed. orarRntX\\nMany of the older statesmen, with John Ran\\ndolph, of Virginia, as their leader, urged peace\\nwith Great Britain. When upbraided with an-\\nglomania, Randolph cried: Strange that we\\nAmericans find no dil^culty in maintaining rela-\\ntions of peace with Turks and infidels of every\\nclime and color With them we can trade\\nand treat; but name England, and we are up\\nin arms against her; against those whose blood\\nruns in our veins; in common with whom we ,_um o ^a,l.omm\\nclaim Shakespeare, Milton, Newton, and Locke as i782-i85o\\nbrethren. Her form of government is the freest on earth\\nexcept our own, and from it every principle of our in-\\nstitutions has been borrowed.\\nPresident Madison wanted peace. But Harrison s Causes of the war\\ncampaign against the Indians in the West had aroused\\nthe war spirit, and there was fresh resentment toward the\\nBritish when Tecumseh and his warriors were received\\nin Canada. After a long and exciting debate. Congress\\ndeclared for war with Great Britain on the grounds that\\nshe had interfered with American commerce, impressed\\nAmerican sailors, and incited the Indians on the fron-\\ntiers to massacre American settlers.\\n1812\\nPresident Madison issued a proclamation of war. Madison declares\\nThere were armies to recruit, ships of the navy to build Great\\ni J Britain (June 18)\\nand commission, and merchantmen to license to arm\\nthemselves. Congress saw the need of a military school,\\nand made an appropriation for the Academy at West\\nPoint, which had been established on the Hudson.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "202\\niSIATIONALITV\\nLand forces\\nDefeat in the\\nNorthwest\\nRensselaer crossed\\nNaval forces\\nThe Essex captures\\nthe Aiert (August 13)\\nThe Constitution\\nsinks the Guerri ire\\n(August 19)\\nThe asp captures\\nthe Frolic\\n(October 17)\\nThe United States,\\nthe Macedonian\\n(October 25)\\nThe wooden walls\\nof Columbia\\nvictorious every-\\nwhere\\nAt the opening of hostilities, affairs on land looked\\nvery gloomy, indeed; General William Hull, who began\\nan invasion of Canada, was compelled at Detroit to\\nsurrender his army of two thousand men, with all the\\nforts and garrisons in the Northwest. General Van\\nthe Niagara River, but was de-\\nfeated at Queenstown, and Gen-\\neral Dearborn, who had ex-\\npected to meet the victorious\\narmies of Hull and Van Rensse-\\nlaer at Montreal, halted on the\\nnorthern boundaries of New York.\\nThe land forces had accomplished nothing\\nat the close of the year.\\nThere were victories on the sea, however, from the\\nvery beginning. Our whaling and sealing industries had\\nproduced good sailors, and American merchantmen were\\nmanned by intelligent and patriotic tars who sought re-\\nvenge for years of insults on the sea.\\nIn August, Captain Porter, on the Essex, captured\\nthe British sloop Alert. Six days later Captain Isaac\\nHull, on the Constitution, which was soon to win the\\nname of Old Ironsides, sunk the Giierriere off the\\ncoast of Massachusetts. Then the Wasp captured the\\nBritish Frolic. And while a naval ball at Washington\\nwas celebrating these victories, Stephen Decatur s mes-\\nsenger from the frigate United States hurried into the\\nhall bearing the ensign of the British Macedonian and\\nthere were cheers for the wooden walls of Columbia,\\nas the trophy was hung with the other captured flags.\\nGreat Britain was astounded. Her newspapers would\\nhardly credit the news. Could the mistress of the\\nseas be defeated by a piece of bunting flying at the\\nmasthead of a few fir-built frigates, manned by a hand-", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "Madison s administration 203\\nful of outlaws? One paper, after the capture of the The constitution\\nJava by the Constitution, exclaimed Five hundred me^LberTT\\nBritish vessels and three frigates have been captured in\\nseven months by the Americans. Can the English\\npeople hear this unmoved Down to this moment not\\nan American frigate has struck her flag. They insult\\nand laugh at us; they leave their posts when they please,\\nand return when it suits their convenience; they traverse\\nthe Atlantic; they beset the West India Islands; they\\nadvance to the very chops of the channel; they parade\\nalong the coasts of South America; nothing chases,\\nnothing intercepts, nothing engages them but yields to\\nthem a triumph. All this was pleasant reading for the\\nAmericans. o\\n1813\\nA few months later, the Chesapeake was attacked by The Chesapeake\\nthe British frigate Shannon near Boston. As brave j, Britkh ^s/\u00c2\u00b0i\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00b0\u00c2\u00ab\\nCaptain Lawrence, mortally wounded, was carried (J ne 1)\\nbelow, he cried: Don t give up the ship! The\\nChesapeake was captured but the rejoicing in England\\nover this victory showed more plainly than anything else\\nhow the British were learning to fear the American\\nnavy. They now sent over all their available ships to\\nstrengthen the blockade of our coast.\\nCongress voted to build more vessels. congress votes to\\n-r^-, XT ^^1 build more ships\\n1 here was new courage m the army. Henry Clay,\\nwho had so eagerly advocated the war, went from town\\nto town throughout the West, urging recruits, until\\nfifteen thousand men volunteered and ten thousand wiiiiam Henry\\nmore enrolled. William Henry Harrison, the hero of commlTd of the\\nTippecanoe, was given command of the army in the army in the\\nXT 1 All f TT Northwest\\nNorthwest. A detachment of Harrison s army was\\ndefeated on the River Raisin; a force of British and\\nIndians laid siege to the remainder in Fort Meigs, but\\nwere driven away by re-enforcements. Yet it began to", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "204\\nNATIONALITY\\n1813\\nPerry s victory\\non Lake Eric\\n(September 10)\\nOLIVER H. PERRY\\n1785-1819\\nThe battle on the\\nThames (October i)\\n18I4\\nChijipewa (July 5)\\nLundy s Lane\\n(July 25)\\nWar with the\\nCreeks\\nlook as if the country north of the Ohio would again\\nbelong to the British.\\nThe only hope seemed to lie in the navy. Lake Erie\\nwas the key to the West. Nine small American vessels,\\nwhich had been built from the forests along the shores\\nof the lake, launched forth to meet a British squadron\\nnear Sandusky, Ohio. Oliver Hazard Perry, of Rhode\\nIsland, on the flagship Lazvroice, met two of the largest\\nBritish men-of-war. At the mast of Perry s ship\\nfloated a blue pennon with the dying words of\\nLawrence, Don t give up the ship! The sail-\\nors fought until only Perry and eight comrades\\nwere left. These jumped into a boat with their\\nwatchwords waving defiance, rowed through shot\\nand shell to the Niagara, and hoisting the flag,\\ncaptured the whole British fleet.\\nPerry s dispatch to General Harrison read:\\nWe have met the enemy, and they are ours,\\ntwo ships, two brigs, one schooner, and one\\nsloop!\\nOn Perry s ships, Harrison hurried to Canada, and\\ndefeated the British on the Thames River. Tecumseh\\nwas slain; the Indians deserted the British. Perry had\\ncontrol of Lake Erie, and Harrison stood on the thresh-\\nold of Canada. In the West, the victory was complete.\\nIn the North Jacob Brown and infield Scott won\\ntwo bloody battles at Chippewa and Lundy s Lane; but\\nthey could not advance any farther, and returned to\\nNew York.\\nIn the South, the British and Spaniards had been\\ninciting the Creeks against the American settlements.\\nWhen an earthquake shook the ground beneath their\\n1 Read Roosevelt s Naval War of 1812.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "MADISON S ADMINISTRATION\\n205\\nfeet, or a comet sped across the sky, the Creeks said jackson makes\\nTecumseh s ghost could not slumber till they had gone ZTJs^\\non the warpath to the Americans. The warriors spread\\nfire and death on the southwestern frontier until\\nAndrew Jackson, with his Tennessee troops, forced\\nthem to sue for peace.\\nBy this time, the allied powers of Europe had\\nconquered Napoleon. The government of Great\\nBritain was free to devote its entire attention to\\nthe United States. The sea grew white with sails;\\nour coast was blockaded. Sixty men-of-war, with a The British ncet in\\nlarge land force on board, cast anchor in Chesapeake P ^^y\\nBay and its tributaries.\\nBefore the American troops could be collected to\\nmeet them, the British landed and a detachment\\nmarched to Washington. President Madison, his cabi- Burning of\\nnet, and the citizens fled from the capital.^ The public Washington\\nt (August 24)\\nbuildings were burned, and then the British infantry were\\nconveyed farther up the Chesapeake. They landed, and\\nadvanced toward Baltimore, while the naval force bom-\\nbarded Fort Mc Henry, two miles below the city. In\\nthe midst of the roar of cannon, Francis\\nScott Key, an American prisoner on The star-\\nboard a British ship, wrote the Star- ^p=^ gi-d Banner-\\nspangled Banner, which afterward be-\\ncame a national hymn. The British\\nsoon abandoned the siege of Baltimore,\\nand sailed to Halifax.\\nThe people of New England now de-\\nmanded peace at any price. There had\\nFRANCIS SCOTT KEY bcctt uo commcrce for more than two\\n1780-1843 years, and even the fishing trade was\\niRead Memoirs of Dolly Madison.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "2o6\\nNATIONALITY\\nThe Hartford\\nconvention\\n1814\\nThe treaty of Ghent\\n(December 24)\\n1815\\nThe battle of New-\\nOrleans (January 8)\\nPresident Madison\\nhears of the victory\\n(February)\\nruined. A convention, held at Hartford with closed\\ndoors, demanded, among other things, that the States\\nof New England might collect the revenues at their\\nports, in order to defend their commerce better than the\\ngeneral government seemed able to do.\\nAt that very time a treaty of peace was being nego-\\ntiated at Ghent between the American and British\\ncommissioners; but there was no way to announce the\\nfact, and so the war continued. An Atlantic cable\\nwould have saved many lives.\\nThe British began to concentrate a force of twenty\\nthousand soldiers and sailors around New Orleans with\\nthe intention of making it the base of supplies. An\\narmy of twelve thousand men, under Sir Edward\\nPakenham, landed near the city\\nin December. These veterans\\nfrom the battlefields of Europe\\nfaced huge breastworks thrown\\nup by Andrew Jackson and his\\nbackwoods volunteers. A motly crowd of Tennesseans,\\nKentuckians, Indians, free negroes, and Spanish Cre-\\noles waited behind the intrenchments. There were\\nseveral skirmishes, and on the eighth of January, in\\nan engagement of less than half an hour, nearly two\\nthousand British were killed, wounded, and missing.\\nGeneral Pakenham was among the slain. The British\\nwithdrew to their camp and soon sailed away.\\nJackson re-entered the city with his men, only eight of\\nwhom had been killed. He was met by the delighted\\npeople with flowers and shouts of joy, and a Te Deuvi\\nwas chanted in the cathedral. When messengers reached\\nWashington with news of the victory at New Orleans,\\nthere were bonfires and wild huzzahs. In the midst of\\nthe rejoicing, tidings came of the treaty of peace. Then,", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "Madison s administration 207\\nindeed, there was rejoicing everywhere; flags were run\\nup on the staffs of the idle ships, troops fired salutes,\\nand long lines of sleighs drove through the streets of\\nthe cities with Peace on the hatbands of the drivers.\\nAlthough the treaty of Ghent did not secure conces-\\nsions from Great Britain, the War of 1812 accomplished\\nmuch for the United States. It made Europe respect\\nus, and taught us to respect ourselves, and prize more\\nthan ever the federal union. Only rest and time were\\nneeded to gather the forces of the nation together again.\\nA vast surplus of agricultural products lay waiting to\\nseek a foreign market. To protect the masts of the Madison s\\nmerchantmen as they lay for years in the harbor, tar\\nbarrels had been put over the top of each. These bar-\\nrels were called Madison s nightcaps and, now that\\npeace had come, thousands were down at the wharves to\\nsee Madison s night caps lifted as the ships sailed away\\nin the dawn of prosperity.\\nThe public debt amounted to over a hundred million The public debt\\ndollars, and it did not seem possible that such a large\\nsum could ever be paid. Yet Alexander Dallas, sec-\\nretary of the treasury, came forward, like a second\\nHamilton, to rescue the country from bankruptcy. A ^g^^\\nnational bank was chartered for twenty years, and The second natioiuii\\nlocated at Philadelphia to take the place of the one\\nwhose charter had come to an end five years before;\\ntariffs were increased, direct ta.xes were levied, and other\\nfinancial measures taken to relieve the indebtedness.\\nWhen the administration of James Madison drew to jamcs Monroe\\na close, there was really but one party. The Fed- jle^ldenl\\neralist leaders, who had opposed the war, had very few\\nfollowers, and James Monroe, of Virginia, secretary of\\nstate, was elected the fifth president by the Democratic-\\nRepublicans.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXI\\nThe era of\\ngood feeling\\nJAMES MONROE\\n1757-1831\\nNational charac-\\nteristics\\nDevelopment of the\\nUnited States\\nNew England\\nJAMES MONROE (FIFTH PRESIDENT, 1817-1825)\\nDEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICAN\\nJames Monroe inaugurated the era of good fee 1-\\ning. When the president made a tour through Ne a\\nEngland, the old stronghold of Federalism, Federalists\\nunited with Democratic-Republicans to greet him. Chil-\\ndren bore garlands of red and white roses before the\\npresident in token that party feuds were over, and\\nflags and relics of the Revolution were brought\\nout for display. President Monroe, who had\\nfought with Washington, seemed to realize the\\nreturn of the spirit of 76; for he wore the almost\\nforgotten cocked hat, blue coat, buff vest, long\\nhose, and short clothes of an officer of the Revo-\\nlution, and wherever he went, he made friends.\\nBy this time the Americans had changed greatly\\nfrom the ruddy, placid English of colonial times.\\nThey were restless and nervous, and more slender than\\nthe British cousins who had come to give them battle.\\nIn New England, where the Anglo-Saxon type was\\npurest, a nasal tone had crept into the voice fortu-\\nnately, however, the h s had not kept pace with the\\nmother country.\\nBoston was still the largest city, but the New Eng-\\nland villages had increased in number and size. Each\\nhad its meeting house, green common, and streets,\\nlined with elms, stretching out between stone fences\\ninto farm lands. There were common schools in every\\nhamlet, and the colleges of Harvard and Yale were\\nfamous even in Europe.\\n[208]", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "Monroe s administration 209\\nIn the Middle States there was a mixed population of The Middle states\\nGermans, Dutch, Irish, Swiss, French, Swedes, Scotch,\\nand English. The thrifty, industrious citizens owned\\nfarms lying close together, and voted and thought much\\nalike. New York City was a commercial center, and,\\nthough Philadelphia was in advance in the arts and sci-\\nences, New York boasted of Columbia College.\\nIn the Southern States, the hospitable mansions were The Southern states\\nsurrounded by vast plantations. The daughters of the\\nrich were educated at home by a governess, and the sons\\nwho did not go to the William and Mary College gener-\\nally went abroad to study.\\nHigh-bred, generous, and extravagant, the planters The planters\\ncultivated social graces, and were such leaders in the\\npolitics of the country that Virginia had earned the\\nname of Mother of Presidents. The poor whites The -poor whites\\nstill lived apart, loafing and quarreling, and the negro ^e negroes\\ntoiled in the fields of tobacco, cotton, and rice.\\nThese original thirteen colonies were much the same\\nas when we studied them last, except that the Puritan\\nwas less stern and the cavalier less haughty; and a feel-\\ning of brotherhood had developed since the Revolution.\\nA marvelous change, however, had taken place beyond The southwest\\nthe mountains. The cotton States had sent many set- jg^^\\ntiers to the Mississippi Territory; when Georgia ceded Georgia cedes\\nher western lands to the government, they were added i8 j2^\\nto that Territory. A few years later Louisiana was Louisiana admitted\\nadmitted into the Union as the eighteenth State.\\nThe immigration to the Northwest had been so great The Northwest\\nthat the Territory of Michigan, and then that of Illinois, ^\u00c2\u00b05\\nMichigan lerritory\\ncomprising Minnesota east of the Mississippi, Wiscon- 1809\\nJ T11 J J.1 t^ -i r Illinois Teiritory\\nsin, and lUmois, were organized from the 1 erritory of\\nIndiana, and Indiana was admitted into the Union. Indiana admitted\\nThe War of 18 12 stimulated immigration from Europe.\\n14", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "2IO\\nNATIONALITY\\nIncreased\\nimmigration (rum\\nEurope\\nAmerican\\nmanufactories\\nWhen the British troops returned home, they had won-\\nderful stories to tell of the opportunities in America for\\na man to become a freeholder. Farmers, mechanics,\\ncarpenters, weavers, masons, and blacksmiths turned\\ntheir faces toward America.\\nThe demand for passage increased until rates were so\\nhigh that only the well-to-do could afford to sail. Emi-\\ngration became such a craze that sometimes a whole\\nvillage with their curate embarked together.\\nIn one week fifteen hundred foreigners landed at\\nAmerican ports. They were largely from Great Britain,\\nbut many were from France, and a few were from Ger-\\nmany and Switzerland. Some could not get work, and\\nreturned home; but the most of the immigrants remained\\nto help clear forests, dig canals, sow vast prairies in the\\nWest to grain, and build up new enterprises everywhere.\\nThe war taught the Americans that they could have\\ntheir own manufactories. When they saw raw materials\\nlying idle at the wharves, they began to wonder why\\nthey could not be manufactured at home. To encourage\\nmanufactures, prizes were offered in different States for\\nknives and forks and the best-woven cloth. People\\nbegan to wear homespun. A troop of cavalry appeared\\nin white Virginia cloth.\\nSeveral legislatures fixed the date on which members\\nshould appear in clothes of home manufacture. Of\\ncourse there were some people who opposed this\\nenthusiasm for home products. When Henry Clay\\nmoved in the Kentucky legislature that the members\\ndress in homespun, a rival said he was only doing so to\\nget votes, and this brought on a duel, in which both men\\nwere wounded. But the agitation about home manufac-\\ntures aroused interest everywhere.\\nA strong feeling grew up that the struggling industries", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "Monroe s administration\\n^11\\nshould be protected from foreign competition and when\\nit was proposed to lay a protective tariff on some foreign\\ngoods, very few objected to it. New England objected\\nthe most to a tariff, because, at that time, she had few\\nmanufactories her greatest profits were in shipping\\ngoods from foreign ports to sell in the United States.\\nThe cotton States wished the domestic manufacture\\nof cotton encouraged. It was a risk to send cotton on\\nthe seas, where war was so often waged between the\\nEuropean powers. The planters thought they might\\nteach manufacturing to their slaves. They said it would\\nbe a fine thing to gather the white down from the fields,\\nand spin it into cloth on the same plantation. And so a\\nprotective tariff was laid by Congress on certain foreign\\nwares.\\nNow each State on the coast had something which\\nmight be sold in the Western States. But many things\\nneeded in the West could be brought cheaper from\\nEurope by way of the Mississippi than carried overland\\nfrom the Eastern States, because of the bad roads.\\n1816\\nA protective tariff\\nfor home industries\\n1807\\nDuring the administration of Thomas Jefferson, Rob- Robert Fuiton and\\nert Fulton had perfected a steamboat which made trans-\\nportation by water very much cheaper and quicker. He\\ncalled his boat the Clermont. Steamboats, fashioned\\nafter the Clermont, soon carried the products of the\\nfarms in the West down the Ohio and the Missis-\\nsippi to New Orleans to be exchanged for the mer-\\nchandise of Europe and the West Indies. These\\nsame steamboats were transporting immigrants to\\nthe West so rapidly that, before the people on the\\ncoast had recovered from their surprise that Ken-\\ntucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Louisiana, and Indiana had\\nbeen admitted to the Union, Mississippi, Illinois, and\\nAlabama were admitted. It was plain that, if the wall\\nthe C/frii/init\\nROBERT FULTON\\n1765-1815", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "212\\nNATIONALITY\\nThe ;idnii sion of\\nMississippi (1817),\\nIllinois (1818), and\\nAlabama (1819)\\n1806\\nAn appropriation\\nfor the national\\nturnpike road\\n1822\\nMonroe vetoes a bil\\nfor internal\\nimprovements\\n1817\\nWar with the\\nSeminoles\\nAndrew Jackson\\nseizes forts in\\nWest Florida\\nof the Alle^hanies continued to be a barrier to trade, the\\ngreat growing West, with the Mississippi for a highway,\\nand New Orleans for a seaport, would soon be not only\\ncommerciall3\\\\ but politically independent of the East.\\nDuring the administration of Jefferson, Baltimore\\nand Philadelphia had urged the National Pike, or Cum-\\nberland Road, between Cumberland in Maryland and\\nWheeling in West Virginia. Congress appropriated sev-\\neral thousand dollars, received from the sale of lands in\\nOhio, to build the road. It became a magnificent turn-\\npike; its arches spanned rivers and ravines, and its\\nsmooth surface invited trade.\\nSoon all the States were asking for government funds\\nto improve their highways. W hen President Monroe\\nvetoed an appropriation bill for improving the Cumber-\\nland Road, because he thought the Constitution did not\\nintend internal improvement at federal expense, the\\nStates took up the matter of public roads for themselves.\\nMany turnpikes were built to be paid for by toll, col-\\nlected at gates. These roads, by increasing interstate\\ncommerce, helped to strengthen the Union.\\nMeanwhile the Creek and Seminole Indians, in West\\nFlorida, became hostile. Andrew Jackson, the big\\nknife of Tennessee, marched into West Florida, and\\nsubdued them with a thousand riflemen. West Florida\\nhad long been the nest of pirates and desperadoes, who\\nterrorized our Southern border. Determined to protect\\nthe frontier, if Spain would not, Jackson seized St.\\nMarks and Pensacola, placed garrisons there, and hanged\\ntwo English spies. His vigorous measures might have\\nbrought on war with Spain and England. Resolutions,\\noffered in Congress, to censure him were defeated by a\\nlarge majority; but the American garrisons were removed\\nfrom the forts.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "Monroe s administration 213\\n1819\\nSpain saw very well that it would be impossible to The purchase of\\nkeep the Floridas/ and sold them that same year to the fromS\u00c2\u00b0p iir\\nUnited States for five million dollars. East and West\\nFlorida were organized as one province, with Andrew\\nJackson as territorial governor. The acquisition assured\\ncontrol of the Seminole Indians, and, by giving command\\nof the Gulf of Mexico, protected the Mississippi from\\nforeign powers.\\nMeantime the Canadian boundary was agreed upon The Canadian\\nwith England. The division was declared to be a line l he o n-n^rth\\nextending south from the northwestern point of the Lake p^ ^a\\nof the Woods to the forty-ninth parallel of north lati-\\ntude and along that parallel to the ridge of the Rocky\\nMountains; and it was further agreed that for ten years\\nthe United States and England should hold joint occu-\\npation of Oregon.\\nCHAPTER XXXII\\nJAMES MONROE (1817-1825) (Continued)\\nDEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICAN\\nThe administration of President Monroe was in such james Monroe\\nhigh favor that he was re-elected with only one vote ^d president\\nagainst him, and that is said to have been cast in order\\nthat Washington might still stand in history as the only\\npresident who received a unanimous vote. But even\\nbefore his re-election trouble was brewing in President\\nMonroe s happy family.\\n1 See map of territorial growth.\\n2 See map of territorial growth.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "214\\nNATIONALITY\\nMaine and Missouri,\\ncandidates for\\nadmission to\\nthe Union\\nShall slavery be\\nallowed in the\\nterritory purchased\\nfrom France\\nMaine, which had been a part of Massachusetts since\\nearly colonial times, separated from that State, and asked\\nto be admitted into the Union. There could be no\\nquestion about her right to be there. But just at the\\nsame time Missouri, from beyond the Mississippi, asked\\nadmission.\\nNow, as we have seen, slavery was forever prohibited\\nfrom the territory north of the Ohio, by an act of the\\nContinental Congress. Should slavery also be excluded\\nfrom the territory west of the Mississippi Missouri\\nasked to be admitted as a slave State, and Congress\\nrequested her to stand on the threshold of the Capitol\\nwhile her credentials were examined. This made her\\nfriends, the slaveholding States, very angry and they\\nrefused to admit Maine without Missouri. All the thir-\\nteen colonies once held slaves, but the Northern and\\nMiddle States employed them largely about the house,\\nand they had become less and less in demand until there\\nwere very few north of Virginia and Maryland. The\\nSouthern States, however, on account of the cotton gin,\\nwhich made the production of cotton so profitable, had\\nincreased their number of slaves.\\nThe States formed from the Northwest Territory were\\nfree under the provisions of the Ordinance of 1787. But\\nwhen the first emigrants from the South moved into\\nKentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, and Mississippi, they\\ntook their slaves with them, and these States lying south\\nof the Ohio River entered the Union as slave States.\\nLouisiana had been a slave Statfe under Spanish rule, and\\nwas admitted as such.\\nThus it came about that when Maine and Missouri\\nasked admittance to the Union, there were eleven free\\nand eleven slave States. The North claimed that while\\nCongress had no authority on the slavery question in the", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "MONROE S ADMINISTRATION\\n215\\nStates already organized at the time of the federal\\nunion, it had full powers in a Territory, and might admit\\nit free the South claimed that a Territory had the right\\nto decide for itself whether it should be a free or a slave\\nState.\\n1820\\nAt length, Henry Clay succeeded in passing the Mis- The Missouri\\nsouri Compromise bill, admitting Missouri as a slave \u00c2\u00b0|s2*i\\nState, but prohibiting slavery in the rest of the Louisi- Missouri admitted\\nana Purchase north of parallel 36^ 30 or the western ^1820\\nextension of the southern boundary line of Missouri. Maine admitted\\nMeanwhile Maine had been admitted. There were\\njust twelve slave and twelve free States. And so\\nthe dispute about slavery was put to rest for a\\ntime.\\nNow, one reason that Spain consented so eas-\\nily to sell the Floridas to the United States was\\nthe trouble she was having with her colonies-\\nWhile Spain was busy at war with France,\\nthe Spanish colonies of Mexico and South\\nAmerica which had been developing since the\\ntime of Columbus, plunged into revolutions.\\nThey set up republics, and President Monroe ac-\\nknowledged their governments. The Spanish colonies\\nwere still in open rebellion when Russia, Prussia, and acknowledges the\\nAustria united in a Holy Alliance to maintain despo- independence of the\\nSpanish colonies of\\ntism in Europe. The kingdoms of Europe had been south America\\nunstable since the American and French revolutions. 5\\nThe Holy\\nThe French republic had fallen, and a Bourbon was AUiance\\nseated on the throne again; but the republic of the\\nUnited States was firmly established. Her example was\\nbad enough, and if the Mexicans and South Americans\\nprospered as republics, there was no knowing what\\neffect it might have on the people of Europe.\\nIt was believed in the United States that if Spain\\nHENRY CLAY\\n1777-1852\\n1822\\nPresident Monroe", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "2l6\\nNATIONALITY\\n1823\\nThe Monroe\\nDoctrine\\nEngland supports\\nthe iloctrine\\nThe policy of the\\nUnited States\\nis consistent\\ncould not subdue her American provinces, the Holy\\nAlliance had pledged to send over armies to assist her.\\nPresident Monroe determined to prevent this, and to\\ntake a firm stand against the colonization of European\\ngovernments in the two Americas. The emperor of\\nRussia had already planted one colony in California, and\\nif such colonization were allowed to continue, the\\nUnited States might be hemmed in from the Pacific\\nOcean.\\nMonroe was well acquainted with European affairs.\\nHe consulted Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and James\\nMadison, all famous diplomats. He talked with William\\nWirt, the attorney-general, and John Quincy Adams, the\\nsecretary of state. Then he wrote a message to Con-\\ngress which all Europe would read, and which has\\nbecome famous as the Monroe Doctrine. He said\\nthe United States were resolved not to meddle with\\nthe affairs of the nations of Europe, and that we would\\nconsider an attempt on the part of those nations to\\nextend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as\\ndangerous to our peace and safety; and that the two\\nAmerican continents, by the free and independent con-\\ndition which they had assumed and maintained, should\\nhenceforth not be considered as subjects for future\\ncolonization by any European powers.\\nMonroe s remonstrance had its effect. Great Britain\\nsupported the policy of the United States for reasons of\\nher own. The allied powers did not interfere in South\\nAmerican affairs, and the following year Russia agreed\\nnot to colonize south of 54 40.\\nThe attitude of the United States at this time was\\nconsistent. While demanding that Europe should not\\ninterfere with American affairs, our government refused\\nto meddle with the balance of power in Europe. And", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "MONROES ADMINISTRATION 21/\\nwhen Greece was struggling with Turkey tor freedom,\\nCongress voted down the resolutions to recognize her\\nindependence, in spite of the eloquent appeals in her\\nbehalf by Daniel Webster and Henry Clay.\\nDuring Monroe s administration, the White House was\\nrepaired, and the Capitol at W^ashington rebuilt. Hand-\\nsome chambers were set apart for the Senate, the\\nHouse of Representatives, and the Supreme Court.\\nThe upper house of Congress was always increasing The departments\\nwith the admission of new States; the lower house was ^^e government\\nbecoming larger with the growth of population, and its\\nmembers were always changing to suit the views of the\\npeople. The number of justices had increased to seven.\\nOn the supreme bench sat Chief Justice Marshall, the\\nexpounder of the Constitution, and his associates, in\\nlong black silk gowns, while such famous lawyers as\\nThomas Pinckney, William \\\\Virt, Henry Clay, and\\nDaniel Webster argued questions of national law before\\nthem. ^3^3\\nPensions granted by Congress to survivors of the Pensions tor the\\nRevolutionary war revived thoughts of the war of R^evohlfi,\\nIndependence. Trumbull s painting of the Declaration\\nof Independence, exhibited in the different cities,\\nincreased the reverence for the founders of our Repub-\\nlie, and the arrival of General Lafayette aroused the General Lafayette\\nspirit of patriotism to the highest pitch.\\nThe boy of the Revolution was now almost\\nseventy years old, and still limping a little from the\\nwound, it was said, which he had received at Brandy-\\nwine. The distinguished nobleman was moved to tears\\nwhen he saw in the United States the fulfilment of his\\nhopes. He had seen the republic of France established\\nonly to be betrayed by the ambition of Napoleon. But\\nhe had seen Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and Madi-", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "5Ig\\nNATIONALITY\\n1825\\nLaying the corner-\\nstone of the Bunker\\nHill monument\\nJohn Quincy Adams\\nand Andrew Jackson\\nreceive an equal\\nnumber of electoral\\nvotes\\nson preside with dignity at the head of a repubhc, and\\nstep down among the ranks of the people to cast votes\\nfor other candidates.\\nEven as he rolled along the turnpike road in a car-\\nriage with the president, he was astonished to see him\\npay toll like any common citizen. And when he sailed\\nup the Mississippi and the Ohio, and saw the cities along\\ntheir banks teeming with prosperous and contented\\npeople, his admiration knew no bounds.\\nLafayette laid the corner-stone\\nof the national monument at\\nBunker Hill, where the sons of the\\nPuritans and the Cavaliers gath-\\nered to do honor to those who had\\nfallen for liberty, and when he\\nreturned to France, it was in the\\ngood ship Brandyivine. The hos-\\npitality extended to this guest of\\nthe nation had been so generous\\nthat a new word was coined, and\\nwhenever unusual honors were\\npaid to a person, he was said to\\nhave been Lafayetted.\\nMeantime the national elections\\nhad taken place. There had been\\nmany candidates. New England\\nnominated John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts; the\\nSouth, John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina; the West\\nbrought forward two favorites, Andrew Jackson, of Ten-\\nnessee, and Henry Clay, of Kentucky; and a caucus of\\nCongressmen at Washington, which was the old method\\nof nomination, named William H. Crawford, of Geor-\\ngia. At the election Adams and Jackson received an\\nequal number of electoral votes, with Crawford third in\\nthe list.\\nELECTION OF 1824", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "MONROE S ADMINISTRATION\\n2 19\\nAccording to the twelfth amendment to the Constitu- The House of\\ntion, if the electors do not give a majority of votes to ,.hTOse?Adamr\\nany candidate, the three highest names for president are f president\\nsubmitted to the House of Representatives, and the two\\nhighest for vice-president to the Senate. The House\\nchose John Quincy xA-dams jor president. As John C.\\nCalhoun, of South Carolina, had become the candidate\\nof all factions for vice-president, he was elected with-\\nout appeal to the Senate.\\nCHAPTER XXXIII\\nJOHN QUINCY ADAMS (SIXTH PRESIDENT, 1825-1829)\\nNATIONAL-REPUBLICAN\\n1826\\nWithin a year after the departure of Lafayette, gloom ^leath of Jefferson\\nand Adams\\nspread over the fair skies of our Republic.\\nOn the fourth of July, just fifty years after the\\nDeclaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson,\\nits author, and John Adams, its defender, died.\\nThe two men, like the two parties they repre-\\nsented, had once been bitter enemies, but, like\\ntheir parties, they had long been friends.\\nAbout the time of their death, the era\\nof good feeling came to an end. The\\nDemocratic-Republicans insisted on a strict\\nconstruction of the Constitution, which they\\nclaimed would not allow the national government\\nto make internal improvements or foster private com-\\nmercial interests. ,c^^\\n1525\\nNow the State of New York had just completed the ihe Kric canai\\nErie canal; Clinton s ditch, it had been called for p\\nJOHN QUINCY ADAMS\\n1767-1848\\nRead lolinsttjii s American rolitics.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "220\\nNATIONALITY\\nimprovements\\nseveral years, because Governor De Witt Clinton had\\nbeen the prime mover in its construction. The success\\nof this canal, joining the lakes to the Hudson, and thus\\nto the sea, was unexpected. The cost of transports was\\nreduced wonderfully. To haul a barrel of flour from\\nAlbany to Buffalo had once cost ten dollars. After\\nthe canal was built, the transport of a barrel of flour\\ncost thirty cents. Trade with the Ohio valley, through\\nLake Erie, increased. Immigration poured into western\\nNew York, until within two years the State ranked\\nfirst in population.\\nThe fame of the Erie Canal aroused a greater desire\\nThe craze for internal thau evcr to buiM roads to thc West, to span rivers with\\nbridges, and to dig canals and improve harbors, so that\\nthe people of the United States might be drawn more\\nclosely together.^\\nPresident John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay, his\\nsecretary of state, gave a liberal construction to the\\nConstitution, and urged that Congress had the right to\\nmake appropriations for national improvements, and to\\nlay high tariffs on imported goods as a protection to our\\nmanufacturing interests.\\nA new party was soon formed by the administration,\\ncalled the National Republicans. The National Repub-\\nlicans urged appropriations by Congress for internal im-\\nprovements. The Democratic-Republicans^ argued that\\nsuch improvements belonged to private enterprises and\\nindividual States. The Nationalists insisted on a high\\ntariff; the Democrats demanded a light tariff for revenue\\nonly.\\nThe difference between the two parties on the ques-\\nThe National\\nRepublicans vei sus\\nthe Democratic-\\nRepublicans\\n1 Read Schurz s Life of Henry Clay.\\n2 Read Morse s J. Q. Adams.\\n3 Read Sumner s Andrew Jackson.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "ADAMS S- ADMINISTRATION 22 1\\ntion of the tariff was largely sectional. At the close ol[\\nthe War of 1812 New England opposed a protective\\ntariff on imported goods because it would injure her\\ncarrying trade; and the Southern States favored such a\\ntariff because they hoped to establish mills on their\\nplantations, where the negroes, who picked the cotton,\\nmight make it into cloth.\\nBut a change of sentiment had taken place in the two The tariff question\\nsections on the tariff question. After the armies of\\nEurope disbanded, the carrying trade of New England\\nbecame less profitable; and the immigration of expert\\nmechanics and weavers increased the interest in home\\nmanufactures. Wherever large mills were set up, they\\nbecame the center for manufacturing towns. Farmers\\ndaughters who had been educated in the public schools\\nwere largely employed, and thrift and intelligence made\\nmanufacturing very profitable in New England and the\\nMiddle States.\\nMeanwhile the South had found that the slaves pos-\\nsessed neither the skill nor the patience to become\\noperatives in the mills. And so when the manufacturers\\nof the North asked that high tariffs be laid on foreign\\nimportations to protect struggling industries, the plant-\\ners of the South were in no humor to grant them. The\\nWest was divided on the tariff issue yet Henry Clay, of\\nKentucky, was a host in himself, and, in the end, a very\\nhigh protective tariff, called by its enemies the tariff xhe tariff of\\nof abominations, was placed upon cotton and woolen\\ngoods and some other articles. This tariff brought\\nmoney into the treasury so fast that the national debt\\nwas diminished at the rate of six million dollars a year.\\nThen, true to the policy of the National party. Congress\\nexpended large sums of the tariff revenue on roads,\\ncanals, harbors, and other internal improvements.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "222\\nNATIONALITY\\nThe bitterness of\\nparty feeling\\nAndrew Jackson\\nThe feeling between the North and the South became\\nmore and more bitter. It was whispered in Charleston\\nthat it might be necessary to secede from the Union.\\nWhen the close of Adams s first term drew near, the\\nDemocrats chose Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee, for\\nnominated president president. Thc tadff cuiestion had some weight in this\\nby the Democrats i o\\nchoice, but the geographical situation of the candidate\\nhad much more to do with it. The West, which now\\nsent senators and representatives to Congress from nine\\nStates, demanded recognition.\\nWhile the North and the South had been growing far-\\nGrowth of the West ther and farther apart politically, the States beyond the\\nmountains were becoming more powerful. Towns were\\nmultiplying. Cincinnati, in thirty years, had grown to be\\na city of thirty thousand inhabitants. Cleveland, Indian-\\napolis, and other towns north of the Ohio were develop-\\ning. Chicago was only a village about the walls of Fort\\nDearborn, where there were more Pottawatomies than\\nwhite settlers, but it was the center of\\nsupplies from the lakes, and promised\\nmuch. St. Louis, with its French and\\nSpanish population, had been invaded\\nby American settlers, who were rear-\\ning warehouses, and establishing a vast\\ntrade on the Mississippi. Patches of\\ngrain in the clearings had grown into\\nlarge farms herds and flocks fed on\\nthe prairies, and the steamers and flat-\\nboats that plied on the lakes and riv-\\ners were busy with traffic from morn-\\ning till night. This boastful, pushing\\nWest would be a powerful champion\\nfor the party which might succeed in\\nwinning its support. And so the Dem-\\nV^T/OML KCPUBLICAN\\nlAOAMSI\\nELECTION OF 1828", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "I-\\nto\\no\\nUJ", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "ADAMS S ADMINISTRATION\\n223\\nocrats chose Andrew Jackson from beyond the moun-\\ntains.\\nJackson s personal popularity was great. He was a\\nman of the people. The presidents, from Washing-\\nton to John Quincy Adams, had been aristocrats.\\nThe rough frontiersman, who had vanquished the In-\\ndians, humbled the British, and defied the Spaniards,\\nwas a plain, blunt commoner. Besides he had received\\nmore electoral votes than Adams at the preceding elec-\\ntion, and when the House chose Adams, the people felt\\nthat their will had been thwarted so they elected\\nhim president, with John C. Calhoun vice-president, for\\na second term.\\nAndrew Jackson\\nelected president\\nCHAPTER XXXIV\\nANDREW JACKSON (SEVENTH PRESIDENT, 1829-1837)\\nDEMOCRATIC\\nThe Ship of State, under Andrew Jackson, was\\nlaunched on a smiling sea. There was a surplus in the\\ntreasury, and the majority in both houses belonged\\nto the party of the executive. It was an oppor-\\ntunity not to be despised by any president who\\nhad ideas of his own to carry out. Jackson had\\nideas of his own. More than six thousand post-\\nmasters, revenue collectors, department clerks,\\nand other federal employees were removed the\\nfirst year, to make place for his political friends, o,\\nThis method of rotation in office established\\nby Jackson, was adopted by succeeding presidents.\\nPublic offices came to be looked upon as rewards for\\npartisan services. From the remark of a politician that \u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Rotation in oiiirc\\nANDREW JACKSON,\\n1767 1845", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "2 24 NATIONALITY\\nThe -spoils system to the victoFS bclong the spoils. this system of dis-\\ntributing offices has been called the spoils system.\\nThe United States Jackson began immediately to make war upon the\\nnational bank. He denounced it as unconstitutional,\\nand insisted that State banks should transact the busi-\\nness of the country.\\nThe free trade partisans were encouraged to attack\\nthe tariff of abominations more vigorously than ever.\\n1S30\\nRobert Hayne lu a tariflf debate in Congress, Robert Hayne, an elo-\\narguesforthe senator from South Carohna. declared that the\\ntheory of nuUincalion 1\\nUnited States government was only a compact between\\nthe States, and that a State might nullify, or declare\\nnull and void, any act of Congress which its own\\nlegislature decided was unconstitutional.\\nDaniel Webster Seuator Hayue s argument for nullification was an-\\nrepiies to Robert gwcFed by SeHatoF Daniel Webster, of Massachusetts, in\\nHayne\\none of the most remarkable speeches in the English\\nlanguage. It has been said that no single utterance in\\nour history has done so much to strengthen the love of\\nnationality.\\nWebster maintained that the Continental Congress\\nhad been a compact between the States; but the United\\nStates was a government of the people, by the people,\\nfor the people. To protect itself from any unconstitu-\\ntional laws the whole people had organized a supreme\\ncourt as the sole tribunal to decide in cases of dispute\\nbetween the federal government and the States. A\\nState, being only a pa?-t of the United States, had no\\nright to prevent the execution of a law of the United\\nStates; and he declared that any resistance to the\\nfederal laws by a part of the people was treason\\nand rebellion.\\nRead Lodge s Daniel Webster.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION\\n225\\nThen, later, in answer to the argument of John C. Cal-\\nhoun for secession from the Union, Webster said there\\ncould be no secession. In a republic there must be\\neither obedience to the laws, or a revolution by the\\nmajority of the people to set up a different govern\\nment. These discussions in Congress set people\\nto thinking, and newspapers and conventions be-\\ngan to talk of State sovereignty.\\nIt was feared in the North that Jackson might\\nfavor secession, but when some members of\\nCongress gave him a banquet on Jefferson s\\nbirthday, and proposed toasts which hinted\\nat secession, the president arose and offered\\nthe toast: Our Federal Union, must be\\npreserved/ He disliked the high tariff as much\\nas Calhoun himself, but was determined to enforce\\nit so long as it remained a law. He saw very clearly\\nthat if each State were allowed to be the judge of the\\nlaws passed by Congress, there would soon be no Union\\nat all.\\nFor the next presidential nominations each political\\nparty chose delegates to meet in national conventions to\\nchoose their candidates, instead of leaving the nomina-\\ntions to caucuses in Congress. A national assembly of\\nyoung men, supporting Henry Clay, the candidate of\\nthe Nationalists, wrote out a party platform or declara-\\ntion of principles; and thus the people understood better\\nthan ever before the great questions at issue between the\\nparties. These, as we have seen, were the tariff for\\nprotection, the national bank, and internal improvement\\nat the expense of the government.\\nThe Nationalists nominated Henry Clay for president.\\nThe Democrats were so united on Jackson that they\\ndid not formally nominate him; but named Martin Van\\n\u00c2\u00bb5\\n1832.\\nJohn C. Calhoun\\nargues for the theory\\nof secession\\nDANIEL WEBSTER\\n1782-1852\\n1830\\nhn-kson s toast:\\nOur Federal\\nUnion, it must be\\npreserved\\n1831-1832\\nThe national\\nconventions\\n1832\\nThe lirst party\\nplatform (May)", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "226\\nNATIONALITY\\nPresident Jackson\\nre-elected\\nSouth Carolina\\nforbids the collection\\nof federal revenue\\nJackson sends a\\nman-of-war to\\nCharleston\\n1833\\nThe compromise\\ntariff becomes a law\\n1832\\nJackson vetoes the\\nNational Bank bill\\n1833\\nRemoval of deposits\\nfrom the national\\nbank\\nBuren for vice-president. Jackson and Van Buren were\\nelected.\\nA convention in South Carolina now declared the high\\ntariff null and without force, and forbade the collection\\nof the federal revenues within the borders of South\\nCarolina. Senator Hayne became governor of the State,\\nand Calhoun resigned the vice-presidency before the in-\\nauguration of his successor, to defend in the Senate the\\ndoctrines of his State. Then the South Carolina legis-\\nlature met, and passed laws to enforce an ordinance of\\nnullification by the State militia, if necessary.\\nPresident Jackson was swift to act. He sent a naval\\nforce immediately to Charleston to assist in the collec-\\ntion of the federal revenues, and declared he would use\\nthe army to compel the State to loyalty. This had a\\nmarked effect on the leaders of nullification, and they\\nallowed the taxes to be collected. Then through the\\nefforts of Henry Clay, a compromise tariff bill was\\npassed, which gradually reduced the tariff, and, for a\\ntime, the danger of disunion was over.\\nThe National party s support of the national bank\\nwas so powerful that near the close of Jackson s first\\nterm, Congress passed a bill to recharter the bank when\\nits old charter expired. President Jackson exercised his\\npower of veto. There was not a vote of two thirds in\\nCongress to pass the bill over the veto, and it failed to\\nbecome a law.\\nJackson removed ten millions of dollars from the\\nnational bank before the charter had expired. This\\nact was declared unconstitutional by the Nationalists,\\nand caused a bitter debate. A resolution to censure the\\npresident passed the Senate; but four years later this\\nwas expunged from the record through the influence of\\nThomas H. Benton, of Missouri.\\nRead Roosevelt s Life of Thomas II. ISenton.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION\\n22 7\\nWhigs\\nNothing that was said made the least impression on\\nthe fearless Jackson; he gradually drew out all the fed-\\neral money, and deposited it in State banks. He vetoed\\nso many bills for internal improvements and other meas-\\nures that the National party began to call themselves The Nationalists\\nWhigs, opposing the tyranny of King Andrew, as hemsehxs\\nthe Whigs of the time of King George III had done.\\nI have been educated from my cradle in the principles\\nof the Whigs of 76, said Daniel Webster. Henry\\nClay, of Kentucky; Daniel Webster, of Massachusetts;\\nWilliam H. Seward and Thurlow Weed, of New\\nYork, and William Henry Harrison, of Indiana,\\nwere the leaders of the Whigs.\\nThe chasm between the North and the South\\nwas widening every year on account of the sla-\\nvery question. In the free States of the North,\\nwhere the negro was permitted to earn his own\\nliving, the race feeling was strong; he was sel-\\ndom encouraged to better his condition. A\\nschool opened in Connecticut to educate col-\\nored children was forced to close its doors. No\\ncolored man dared sit in the church pews of a white\\ncongregation.\\nW. L. GARRISON\\n1805-1879\\n183I\\nWilliam Lloyd Garrison, the obscure editor of the wiiuam Lioyd\\nr .7 P 1 i ii i-i r tlarrison, of Boston\\nLiberator, wrote nery articles against the inequality 01\\nthe white and black races in the North, and advocated\\nthe immediate and unconditional emancipation of every\\nslave held in the United States.\\nA few months afterward, Nat Turner, a negro of NatTu\\nVirginia, banded his clans together, and, at an eclipse yj^\\nof the sun, fell upon the scattered plantations to massa-\\ncre the whites. Before their work could be stopped,\\nsixty-one men, women, and children were killed. The\\nSouth claimed that Garrison had incited the slaves to\\nwar. The North accused him of stirring up sectional\\nrner s\\nmsuriection in\\ngii", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "228\\nNATIONALITY\\nAbolition societies\\n1834\\nGreat Britain\\nemancipates her\\nslaves in the\\nWest Indies\\nJohn Quincy Adams\\nopposes the gag\\nrule in Congress\\nJackson orders the\\npublic funds to be\\nplaced in State\\nbanks\\nstrife. Mobs destroyed the printing press of the Libera-\\ntor, and nearly hanged the young editor himself. But\\nthe influence of Garrison spread. Abolition societies\\nwere formed all over the North. Their meetings were\\nfrequently broken up by angry citizens, who said the\\nmadmen would destroy the Union unless they were\\nsilenced.\\nMeantime the British Parliament set seven hundred\\nthousand slaves free in the British West Indies. With\\nliberated negroes so near our own coast, the South was\\nmore fearful than ever of slave insurrections. But the\\nAbolitionists continued to meet in conventions. They\\nsent so many petitions against slavery to Congress that\\nthe gag rule was passed, that papers relating to\\nslavery should be laid on the table.\\nEx-President John Quincy Adams headed in Congress\\nthe opposition to this rule. Through him so many\\npetitions were presented and laid on the table that\\npeople began to question a rule which did not allow a\\nhearing before Congress. Could the United States be\\na free government and refuse the right of petitions.\\nthey asked. Yet it was a long time before the gag\\nrule was repealed.\\nDuring the last years of President Jackson s adminis-\\ntration, there seemed to be wonderful prosperity in the\\ncountry. After he had removed the public funds from\\nthe United States bank, and deposited them in several\\nState banks, selected by the secretary of the treasury,\\nthe depositories began to make loans\\nA spirit of speculation arose.\\nOther State banks or-\\nganized, and issued\\nAs money was\\nFIRST RAILWAY TRAIN WITH LOCOMOTIVE", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "JACKSON S ADMINISTRATION\\n229\\neasy to get, manufactories, steamboat lines, and canals a period of\\nwere built. Towns boomed as new centers of p ^^^p^\\ntrade. Steam, produced by burning coal instead of\\nwood, seemed as wonderful then as electricity does to-\\nday. Railways were taking the place of the Erie\\ncanal boats. A historian of the day says: The most The first railway\\ncurious thing at Baltimore is what is called a rail-\\nroad. This consists of iron bars laid along the ground,\\nand made fast, so that carriages with small wheels may\\nFIRST REAPER\\nNji| Imi/\\nrun along upon them. You will mount a car something\\nlike a stage, and then you will be drawn along by two\\nhorses at the rate of twelve miles an hour. It was\\nnot long till the locomotive took the place of horses.\\nJohn Ericsson s screw propeller promised to do away Ericsson s screw\\nwith the paddles of the steamboats that were plying back p\u00e2\u0084\u00a2?-; d other\\nr o new inventions\\nand forth from Europe in fourteen and a half days.\\nWalter Hunt invented the lock-stitch sewing machine,\\nand Fairbanks invented the platform scales; edge tools\\nbegan to be designed; thrashing machines were improved;\\nMcCormick s reaper was patented; indeed, there were\\n^Goodrich s First Book of History (1834).", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "230\\nNATIONALITY\\n1836\\nTlic (latent office\\nliiirfaii\\nNewspapers\\nSO many new inventions evolved from the busy brains\\nof the Americans that the patent office was made a\\nseparate bureau under the department of the secretary\\nof state.\\nAll these labor-saving machines gave farmers and\\nmechanics more time to read, and so the era of the\\nnewspaper dawned. The New York S/m and the\\nHerald sold at a penny apiece, and began to\\nbe the guides to public thought.\\nPoe, Bryant, and Whittier, the poets; Ban-\\ncroft, and Prescott, the historians; Cooper,\\nHawthorne, Irving, and other American\\nCYRUS H. Mccormick\\n1809-1884\\nr\\nfiii(\\nAmerican authors\\nArtists, orators,\\nand jurists\\nwriters, began to be read in the humblest homes;\\nand Noah Webster s Dictionary, which, besides the\\ngood old English words, contained many new words\\ncoined in America, helped them to be read aright.\\nAudubon, the ornithologist, challenged the admiration\\neven of Europe by his illustrated treatise on The\\nBirds of America. The paintings of Benjamin West,\\nGilbert Stuart, John Trumbull, and other eminent\\nAmerican artists hung on the walls of the academies\\nof Europe. Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, and John C.\\nCalhoun, the orators; John Marshall, Joseph Story, and", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "(1807-1892)\\n794 -IS, 8;\\n(1809-\\niSaq\\n:*?V^\\n(1780-1851)\\n(1804-186.,)\\nDISTINGUISHED WRITERS OF JACKSON S TIME\\nJohn Grf.kni.f.af Whmtier. Wm.i.iam CtrLi.FN Hrvant.\\nP nr.AR Au.EN PoE. William HirKiiNc Prkscott. \\\\VAsniNt;TON Irving.\\nJohn James Auduhon, Nathaniel Hawthorne.\\n231", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "232\\nNATIONALITY\\nJOHN MARSHALL\\n1755-1860\\n1832\\nThe Black\\nHawk war\\n1834\\nIndian Territory\\nset apart for the\\nred men\\n1835\\nThe Seminole war\\nForeign affairs\\n1836\\nArkansas and\\n1837\\nMichigan admitted\\nto the Union\\nJames Kent, the jurists, had won international reputa-\\ntions. All this advancement in science, letters, and\\nthe arts caused much comment during Jackson s\\nadministration.\\nHe who had fought the Indians settled the\\nIndian question with several tribes. When the\\nSacs, Foxes, and Winnebagoes, of Wisconsin\\nTerritory, led by Black Hawk, refused to give\\npossession to lands they had sold, he sent fed-\\neral troops to assist the Illinois militia in\\ndriving them beyond the Mississippi; after\\nthe Cherokees sold their lands in Georgia, he\\nremoved them to the Indian Territory, and\\nwhen the Seminoles in Florida, led by Osceola,\\nbegan to massacre the whites, his measures were so rigor-\\nous that they afterward removed to Indian Territory.\\nFinding that France would not consent to pay the\\nfive million dollars promised as indemnity for injury to\\nour commerce during her wars, he advised Congress to\\ntake instant reprisals on French mer-\\nchantmen. France hastened to pay\\nher debt, and other nations followed\\nher example.\\nArkansas, a slave State, and Michi-\\ngan, a free State, were admitted, un-\\nder the Missouri Compromise, without\\na word of dispute. In fact, the whole\\nmachinery connected with a flourish-\\ning republic was said to be moving\\nalong with oiled joints as the adminis-\\ntration of Andrew Jackson drew to a close. Jackson\\ndeclared in his farewell address: I leave this great\\npeople prosperous and happy.\\nEARLY PRINTING PRESS\\n1 Read Schouler s History of the United States, Vol. TV.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXV\\nWild-cat banks\\nMARTIN VAN BUREN (EIGHTH PRESIDENT, 1837-1841)\\nDEMOCRATIC\\nThe sun of prosperity, which sent its beams over the\\nlast days of Andrew Jackson s administration, was a\\nsetting sun for that of Martin Van Buren, his successor.\\nBanks, estabhshed all over the country, had issued\\npaper they could not redeem with gold or silver. Jack-\\nson himself had become distrustful of the banks\\npaper, and ordered government land agents to\\nreceive payment for land in gold or silver.\\nThis had caused an unusual demand for\\nspecie. The western banks drew gold and\\nsilver from the eastern banks to meet the de-\\nmand. This weakened the eastern banks so\\nthat many suspended specie payment, which\\nbrought on a panic. Mortgages were fore-\\nclosed and factories and mills shut down.\\nThousands of men were without homes and\\nwithout work. Prices of farm products fell to al\\nmost nothing, and provisions were stored for a better coiiapseofth\\nmarket.\\nThe poor cried: Down with monopolies! They\\ncould not realize that the great corporations which had\\nundertaken to build railroads, canals, and manufactories\\nwere the worst off of all. Mechanics began to form Protective\\nprotective associations. There were strikes in the manu-\\nfacturing towns, and the militia in New York City was strikes\\ncalled out to quell a mob which had broken open ware- Riots\\nhouses, and scattered some hoarded flour through the\\nstreets.\\n[233]\\nMARTIN VAN BUREN\\n1782-1862", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "234\\nNATIONALITY\\nThe distribution of\\nthe surplus among\\nthe States\\n1837\\nThe fourth\\ninstalment of the\\nsiirpUis not paid\\nwhen due\\n(October 1)\\nA special session of\\nCongress\\nUnited States\\ntreasury notes\\nissued\\nThe suhtreasuries\\n1840\\nA bill for the\\nsubtreasury is passed\\nWilliam Henry\\nHarrison nominated\\nby the Whigs\\nStates suffered. Several State legislatures had bor-\\nrowed money in Europe for public improvements, and\\ncould not even pay the interest on their debts. The\\nUnited States suffered. During Jackson s administra-\\ntion, Congress had agreed to distribute a surplus of over\\nthirty-seven million dollars among the States, to be\\npaid in four instalments. Three payments had been\\nmade; but now that the fourth payment was due, the\\ngovernment was unable to meet its pledges because its\\ndepositories had closed their doors. And so we may well\\ncall the panic of 1837 the greatest in our history, because\\nboth State and federal governments were as bankrupt\\nas any citizen.\\nPresident Van Buren, the Little Magician, called\\na special session of Congress to consider what might\\nbest be done. It was decided to issue United States\\ntreasury notes to the amount of ten million dollars. This\\nissue again put the government in debt; but it helped\\nsomewhat to restore confidence. The Whigs urged their\\nfavorite national bank bill, but Van Buren would not\\nlisten to such a plan. He proposed the subtreasury\\nsystem, now in use, by which the United States pos-\\nsessed a treasury of their own. The public revenues\\nwere to be collected by four receivers general, who\\ngave bonds to make good all sums so collected, and pay\\nthe money, on demand, to the United States govern-\\nment. The chief deposit of the revenues was in a\\ntreasury at Washington, with smaller treasuries, or sub-\\ntreasuries, at St. Louis, Charleston, New York, and\\nBoston.\\nAfter the first results of the panic passed away, busi-\\nness became better. Railroad building recommenced,\\nand factories started their wheels again. But financial\\ntroubles had so injured the party in power, that the", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "VAN BUREN S ADMINISTRATION\\n235\\nWhigs had hopes of electing their candidates. They\\nnominated in convention WilHam Henry Harrison, of\\nIndiana, president, and John\\nTyler, of Virginia, vice-president.\\nThe Democrats renominated Van\\nBuren, but put no vice-president\\nin the field. The campaign\\nwas one of the most notable\\nin our history. The Whig news-\\npapers waged a bitter war of words.\\nClay and Webster laid aside their\\nown ambitions, and spoke to thou-\\nsands in open-air meetings, or\\nm^arched in long processions\\namong log cabins, coon skins,\\ncider barrels, and other emblems\\nof the humble life on the frontier\\nwhere Harrison lived. And thus\\nit was that the Whigs, who were\\ncalled the aristocrats, seated the plam hero of Tippe-\\ncanoe in the White House.\\nDCMOCflAT\\n(MN BUREN)\\nELECTION OF 1840\\nCHAPTER XXXVI\\nWILLIAM HENRY HARRISON AND JOHN TYLER\\n(NINTH AND TENTH PRESIDENTS, 1841-1845)\\nWHIG\\nWith Daniel Webster as secretary of state, there Danici Webster,\\nseemed every reason that the new Whig administration ^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0096\u00a0y of J ^te\\nwould be popular; but President Harrison died one Dciuiiof Picsidem\\nmonth after his inauguration.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "236\\nNATIONALITY\\nTyler vetoes the\\nNational Bank bill\\n1842\\nThe Webster-\\nAshburton treaty\\nJOHN TYLER\\n1790-1862\\nVice-President Tyler became president. All the mem-\\nbers of the old cabinet soon resigned save Daniel Web-\\nster, who, at the time, was busily engaged in foreign\\naffairs. The chief cause of the rupture be-\\ntween Tyler, and the cabinet was his veto\\nof the bill to recharter the bank of the\\nUnited States.\\nWebster felt that he must complete\\nnegotiations already begun between the\\nUnited States and Great Britain.\\nDuring Van Buren s administration,\\nCanada had attempted a revolution 1\\nagainst the mother country. Our bor- william henry harrison\\nder States sympathized with the Cana-\\ndians, and Great Britain was irritated because some of\\ntheir citizens had lent them aid. There were disputes\\nabout the fisheries, and the northeast boundary line\\nof Maine which had not been determined by the treaty\\nof 1783. Daniel Webster displayed signal ability\\nin adjusting these dif^culties with Lord Ashburton, the\\nBritish minister. After the Ashburton treaty was\\nratified by both governments, he also resigned\\nfrom the cabinet, and President Tyler appointed\\nin his place John C. Calhoun, the ardent advo-\\ncate of State sovereignty.\\nNow, the annexation of Texas was much de-\\nsired by the South. While Texas was still one\\nof the provinces of the republic of Mexico, Amer-\\nicans had been encouraged to settle there.\\nThe cheap land and fine climate attracted\\nimmigration until, in a few years, twenty thous-\\nand Americans were citizens. When Santa Anna\\nbecame president of Mexico, Texas insisted on being\\nindependent. Santa Anna invaded the territory to com", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "TYLER S ADMINISTRATION\\n237\\n1836\\nat the battle of\\nSan Jacinto\\nthe Union\\npel submission. He was defeated by General Samuel samuei Houston\\nHouston, of Tennessee, at the battle of San Jacinto.\\nA few months later, Houston was made president of\\nTexas, and the following year the United States, Great\\nBritain, and France acknowledged the independence of\\nthe new republic.\\nTexas soon asked to be added to the United States, Texas asks to be\\nand her cause was eagerly espoused by the States along\\nthe gulf. President Tyler made a secret treaty with the\\nTexan authorities to admit the republic as a State. The\\nSenate rejected the treaty on the ground that it would\\nbring on war with Mexico. The question of annexation\\ncontinued to be agitated by the slaveholding States.\\nWhen Florida should be admitted, all the territory south\\nof the Missouri Compromise line\\nwould be formed into States; but\\nthe territory north would still fur-\\nnish several free States. Texas\\nmight be divided into five common-\\nwealths as large as Pennsylvania.\\nIts climate was genial. Its soil was\\nfertile. It was the ideal spot for\\nthe extension of the slavery system.\\nThis one subject of the annexa-\\ntion of Texas occupied the minds of\\nthe politicians at the national con-\\nventions. The Whigs nominated\\nHenry Clay, of Kentucky, who op-\\nposed annexation, and the Demo-\\ncrats, James K. Polk, of Tennessee,\\nwho favored it. The Abolitionists\\nwere strong enough by this time to form the Liberty\\nparty, and nominated James G. Birney, of Ohio, who\\nhad been their choice four years before.\\nELECTION OF 1844", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "238\\nNATIONALITY\\n1844\\nThe national\\nconventions\\n1837\\nWendell Phillips\\nSAMUEL F. B. MORSE\\n1791-1872\\nJames K. Polk\\nis elected\\n1845\\nTyler signs the bill\\nfor the annexation\\nof Texas\\n1845\\nFlorida admitted\\n1846\\nIowa admitted\\nThe trouble between the poHtical parties of the North\\nand the AboHtionists had caused much excitement. At\\nAlton, 111., Elijah P. Lovejoy, editor of an Abolition\\npaper, was killed during a riot. When, in a public\\nmeeting in Boston,^ some one defended the rioters\\nas patriots and preservers of the Uiiio/i. a slender\\nyouth arose, and said in a voice of thrilling\\nsweetness: When I heard the gentleman lay\\ndown principles which placed the rioters, in-\\ncendiaries, and murderers of Alton side by\\nside with Otis and Hancock, with Quincy and\\nAdams, I thought those pictured lips (pointing\\nto the portraits of the patriots on the wall)\\nwould have broken into voice, to rebuke the\\nrecreant American, the slanderer of the dead.\\nIt was Wendell Phillips who devoted himself from\\nthat night to the abolition of slavery.\\nAt the election, the Liberty party drew awa} enough\\nvotes from Henry Clay~ to give the victory to James K.\\nPolk, and the news of his election was carried from Bal-\\ntimore to Washington over telegraph wires.\\nEncouraged by the election of their candidate, the\\nDemocrats in the Senate passed the bill for the annexa-\\ntion of Texas. President Tyler signed the bill, and sent\\nit to Texas to be ratified.\\nTyler also signed the bill for the admission of Florida\\nand Iowa. This would give each section fourteen\\nStates, and continue the balance of power. Iowa,\\nhowever, was not formally admitted until the follow-\\ning year.\\nMn Faneuil Hall. ^Schurz s Henry Clay.\\n*The wonderful invention of telegraphy had been perfected by Samuel\\nMorse. It had seemed so impossible to the people that when an appropria-\\ntion was asked of Congress, to lay wires between these two cities, one law-\\nmaker moved to amend i)y providing for a line to the moon I", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "1 845\\nCHAPTER XXXVI\\nJAMES K. POLK (ELEVENTH PRESIDENT, 1845-1849)\\nDEMOCRATIC\\nPresident Polk began his administration with a clear\\nmajority in both houses of Congress. It was an event-\\nful administration.\\nTexas was admitted; about two years later, Wisconsin Texas admitted\\nbalanced the free and slave States again the territory of o \u00c2\u00b0g\\nOregon was divided between the United States and Great Wisconsin admitted\\nBritain.\\n1792\\nNow, the United States had claimed the region between The discovery of\\nCi-r J 1 1 1 i r ii_ J c the Columbia River\\nalitornia and Alaska, on account of the discovery of\\nthe Columbia River by Captain Robert Gray in the\\ngood ship Columbia, while buying furs for China.\\nThis was during the administration of Wash-\\nington. The Lewis and Clark expedition, dur-\\ning the administration of Jefferson, had opened\\nthe way for the Pacific Fur Company to plant a\\ncolony on the Columbia which they called As-\\ntoria, after John Jacob Astor, of New York,\\nthe founder of the Company.\\nDuring the administration of Monroe, the bound\\nary line between British America and the United\\nStates was agreed upon to the crest of the Rocky\\nMountains. Beyond the mountains there was to be\\n1818-1846\\njomt possession of the Oregon lands for ten years, joint possession\\nLater, it was mutually agreed that the joint occupation\\nmight continue until one should end the agreement by The south boundary\\ngiving a year s notice. Meanwhile, by the treaty be- Segl fitd\\nJAMES K. POLK\\n1795-1849\\niSee map of ihe territorial growth of ilie Unitetl States.\\n[239 I", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "240\\nNATIONALITY\\n1 824-1825\\nThe boundary line\\nbetween undivided\\nOregon and Russian\\nAlaska fixed\\n1829\\nHall J. Kelley\\nestablishes a society\\nfor Oregon\\nimmigration\\n184I\\nCaptain Wilkes\\nexplores the\\nColumbia River\\n1843\\nWhitman s\\nsettlement in Oregon\\n1846\\nThe treaty with\\nGreat Britain\\nconcerning the\\nnorth boundary line\\nof Oregon ratified\\n(June 15)\\n1848\\nOregon organized as\\na free-soil Territory\\ntween Spain and the United States for the sale of the\\nFloridas, the south Hne of Oregon was agreed to be 42\u00c2\u00b0.\\nA few years later,* Russia, Great Britain, and the\\nUnited States fixed the line between Oregon and Rus-\\nsian Alaska at 54\u00c2\u00b0 40 Thus the undivided Oregon\\ncountry lay between 42^^ and 54^ 40\\nGreat Britain claimed more than half of Oregon, and\\nwas determined to control the Columbia River. The\\nbest way for the United States to secure the disputed\\nlands was by settlement. Accordingly, at the beginning\\nof Jackson s administration, H. J. Kelley established a\\nsociety for Oregon immigration. A few years later Cap-\\ntain Wilkes explored the Columbia in command of a\\nsquadron bearing scientists and practical surveyors,\\nwhose published accounts aroused the liveliest interest.\\nThen Marcus Whitman, a missionary, pointed out the\\nway to two hundred families, who pitched their tents on\\nthe banks of the Columbia. Other settlers followed,\\nuntil there were several thousand in Oregon.\\nFinally a treaty was negotiated with Great Britain by\\nwhich the region was divided at the parallel of 49^\\nnorth and the Straits of Fuca, with the Columbia River\\non the American side. The tract thus secured was more\\nthan twice as large as Great Britain and Ireland. It\\nincluded what are now the States of Oregon, Idaho,\\nWashington, and parts of Montana and Wyoming. Two\\nyears later, Oregon, after a long and bitter debate be-\\ntween the slavery and antislavery factions in Congress,\\nwas organized as a free-soil Territory.\\nAlthough Texas had been admitted into the Union,\\nits southwest boundary line had not been settled.\\nThe government of Mexico was not disposed to favor\\nthe Texans since their desertion to the United States,\\nand drew their western boundary line along the Nueces\\n1 See\\npage\\n216.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "POLK S ADMINISTRATION\\n241\\nRiver/ The Texans, however, insisted that the Rio\\nGrande was the dividing Hne. It is thought that\\narbitration might have settled the disputes, but when\\nthe Texan Legislature begged the government to protect\\nthe State, President Polk sent General Zachary Taylor\\nacross the Nueces with an army of occupation.\\nA scouting party of American dragoons was attacked\\nby the Mexicans, and seventy of them were killed. Then\\nGeneral Taylor engaged and defeated the Mexican armies\\nat Palo Alto and at Resaca de la Palma. The Mexicans\\nrecrossed the Rio Grande; Taylor invaded Mexico.\\n1846\\nZachary laylor at\\nPalo Alto\\n(May 8)\\nand\\nResaca de la Palma\\n(May 9)\\nMeantime Congress declared that war existed by congress declares\\nr Ti T ^^2r with Mexico\\nact of the republic of Mexico. ^^^y 13)\\nNow the republic of Mexico included California\\nwithin its boundaries. It was undesirable to Great\\nBritain that the commerce-pushing United States\\nshould obtain control of California, the gateway to\\nChina and the East Indies, and British war ships hov-\\nered threateningly in the Pacific; yet Great Britain could\\nnot well interfere in Mexican affairs after having given\\nopen approval to the Monroe doctrine.\\nIn the battle of Monterey, General Taylor shared his Monterey\\nhonors of victory with several West Point graduates,\\namong whom were young Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi,\\nand Ulysses S. Grant, of Ohio, both destined to be dis-\\n1 See map of territorial growth of United States.\\n16", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "24:\\nNATIONALITY\\n1847\\nl^ueiia Vista\\n(February 23)\\nJohn C Fremont\\nin Californi:!\\nROBERT FIELD STOCKTON\\n1795-1866\\nCalifornia declares\\nindependence\\n1846\\nStephen W. Kearney\\nat Santa Fe\\n(August 18)\\ntinguished actors in our national drama. At Buena\\nVista, the following year, Taylor achieved one of the\\nmost brilliant successes of the war.\\nMeantime John C. Fremont, the Pathfinder in\\nthe far West, crossed the Sierra Nevada. He found\\nthe Mexicans of California planning to massacre\\nAmerican settlers, and accept the protection of\\nGreat Britain, in case of war between Mexico\\nand the United States.\\nActing under instructions from the government,\\nFremont sought to gain the good will of the in-\\ni habitants. He drilled them at arms, and in a\\nr few weeks a flag of independence with a grizzly\\nbear for its device, was waiving over California.\\nWhen the Mexican authorities attempted to re-\\ngain the territory, Fremont with his troops, and Com-\\nmodore Stockton with a fleet of vessels, put the Ameri-\\ncan tiag over the forts on the coast.\\nGeneral Kearney reached Santa Fe, by way of the\\nSanta Fe trail, occupied it, and declared New Mexico a\\npart of the United States by right of conquest. He\\nthen marched to California which was already under the\\n1847\\nWinfield Scott at\\nVera Cruz\\n(March ao)\\ncontrol of Fremont when he arrived.\\nMeantime General Winfield Scott had as-\\nsumed chief command of the American armies. Re-en-\\nforced by a part of Taylor s troops, he landed at Vera\\nCruz, occupied that city after a bombardment, and set", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "POLK S ADMIXISTKATION 243\\nout for the city of Mexico. At Cerro Gordo he drove cerroOonio\\nSanta Anna to flight. At Churubusco, Mohno del Rey, cumlbu L\\nand Chepultepec he was victorious; and at Mexico, with Vugust2o)\\nMolino del Rey\\nUlysses S. Grant, Robert E. Lee, and other young (Septembers)\\nheroes, he unfurled the stars and stripes over the gov- P\\ni.TL-ptcmber 13)\\nernment building on the site of the temple that Corte;? .Mexico\\nhad stormed more than three hundred years before.\\nThe Mexicans would hear of no treaty of peace.\\nPresident Polk refused to give up the territory his armies\\nhad gained. The Thirtieth Congress assembled to listen The thirtieth\\nto his message, and was soon debating whether to vote sress\\nmore money to continue the war.\\nAmong the new members were Abraham Lincoln, of Abraham Lincoln\\nIllinois, in the House, and Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi,\\nin the Senate. Both of these men were born in Ken-\\ntucky. Davis was an aristocrat, whose gallant conduct\\nduring the Mexican war, and marriage to General Tay-\\nlor s daughter, had given him high social honors; Lincoln\\nwas from the poor whites, and attracted little atten-\\ntion at Washington.\\nDavis claimed that slavery was a benefit to both\\nmaster and slave, and wanted to continue the war with\\nMexico to the end that the whole country might be an-\\nnexed as slave territory Lincoln abhorred the slave\\ntraffic, which had made his people outcasts on their\\nnative soil, and was opposed to the war with Mexico,\\nbecause he suspected it to be for conquest. The one\\nworshiped John C. Calhoun, who believed that the\\nStates might withdraw from the Union; the other took\\nfor his idol Henry Clay, who loved the Union so well that\\nhe had won the name of Compromiser in his efforts\\nElectric wires bore tiie message as far west as St. Louis, and it was\\neagerly read throughout the country liecause of the excitement about the\\nMexican question.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "^44\\nNATIONALITV\\nto hold the States toj^ether. These two members of\\nthe Thirtieth Congress would one day be the leaders\\nof parties they represented.\\nIn the House was Andrew Johnson, a tailor, of Ten-\\nnessee; among the senators were Daniel Webster, John\\nC. Calhoun, Thomas H. Benton, and young Stephen A.\\nHenry Clay s speech Douglas, of Illinois. Hcury Clay was not in the\\ndenounces the war Thirtieth Congrcss, but in a speech delivered in Lex-\\nington, Ky., denouncing the Mexican war, he said he\\nfeared the president s policy was to annex Mexico to the\\nUnited States, and declared that Congress should dis-\\nclaim the desire on our part to acquire any foreign\\nterritory whatever for the purpose of propagating slavery\\nor of introducing slaves from the United States.\\nClay s words aroused the Whigs. They opposed the\\nproposition to vote a war loan. Abraham Lincoln pre-\\nsented a set of resolutions asking the president to state\\nthe exact spot where the blood of Americans had\\nbeen shed. He insisted that American troops had in-\\nvaded Mexican soil.\\nIn the midst of the debating, a courier rode into\\nWashington to deliver a treaty of peace with Mexico,\\nwhich had been signed at Guadalupe Hidalgo, a small\\ntown near the city of Mexico.\\nEven while the president s report was at the door of\\nthe Senate, John Quincy Adams, the old man eloquent,\\nfell dying from his chair in the House of Representatives.\\nFor more than fifty years Adams had served his country;\\nand Congress, without regard to party, paid tribute to\\nhis memory.\\nWhen Congress met, after an adjourned session, the\\ntreaty was accepted with a few changes; and the Ameri-\\ncan troops withdrew from the Mexican capital.\\nBy the treaty of Guadalupe, New Mexico and Califor-\\n1848\\nThe treaty of\\nGuaclahipe Hidalgo\\n(Febriiaty 2)\\nThe death of\\nJohn Quincy Adams\\nThe Senate ratifies\\nthe Mexican treaty", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "POLKS ADMINISTRATION 245\\nnia, including California, New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona,\\nUtah, and parts of Colorado and yoming, were added\\nto the United States by purchase;* and the boundary\\nline between the two countries was made to extend\\nalong the Rio Grande from its mouth to the southern\\nlimit of New Mexico; thence westward along the\\nboundar}^ of that territory to the Gila River, and along\\nthe Gila to the Colorado, and thence due west.\\n1853\\nA few years later, by the Gadsden purchase, a tract The oadsden\\nof 45.535 square miles was added to this cession/ purchase\\nBy the annexation of Texas, and the cession of\\nMexico, a larger territory was added than that of the\\nthirteen colonies at the time of their permanent Union,\\nand the Pacific Coast was reached. But the land of The revival of the\\nfruits and flowers threw an apple of discord into the lap i\\nof fair Columbia. The republic of Mexico had prohib-\\nited slavery, and thus the newly acquired territory was\\nfree soil.\\nThe antislavery faction cried, No more slave terri-\\ntory! All the free territory must remain free! The The whigs and tne\\nWhigs and Democrats of the South drew closer together f/^-\\nSouth draw closer\\nin defense of Southern institutions. The Mexican war together\\nhad been largely carried on by Southern men, and the\\ntwo greatest generals, Taylor and Scott, had been from\\nthe South. Every loyal Southerner felt that he should\\nhelp to further advance the cotton industry.\\n1846\\nMeanwhile David Wilmot, a Democratic member of The-wiimot\\nCongress from Pennsylvania, had proposed that slavery p\u00e2\u0084\u00a2^ to pass\\nshould be forever prohibited in all the new territory.\\nThis famous Wilmot proviso failed to pass both houses\\nThe consideration was $i5,(X)0,ooo, in addition to the payment of the\\nclaims of the American citizens against Mexico amounting to $3,500,000.\\n^See ma]) of territorial j^rowih. l ou ht of Mexico for $10,000,000.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "246\\nNATIONALITY\\n1848\\nWisconsin admitted\\n1848\\nThe Free-soil party\\nis organized\\nof Congress, but, as we shall see, its policy was really\\ncarried out, and Texas was the last State admitted with\\nslaves. The admission of Wisconsin two years after the\\ndebate on the Wilmot proviso only served to increase\\nthe desire in the South to create another slave State.\\nAnd so when the national election drew near, the great\\nissue was slavery in the California territory. A new\\nELECTION OF 1848\\nparty, the Free-soilers, was formed of the Abolition-\\nists, and those of the Whigs and Democrats who sup-\\nported the Wilmot proviso. This was largely due to\\nthe fact that although Whigs and Democrats knew that\\nslavery was the issue, neither party said anything about\\nit for fear of losing votes. The Whigs of the North\\nwere not willing to lose the Whigs of the South, and\\nthe Democrats of the South were not willing to lose\\nthe Democrats of the North.\\nThe Free-soilers did not succeed at the polls; but", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "POLK S ADMINISTRATION\\n247\\nwith Martin Van Buren, of New York, as their candi-\\ndate for president, and Charles Francis Adams, of Massa-\\nchusetts, for vice-president, they drew so many votes\\nfrom the Democrats in New York that they helped to\\ndefeat Lewis Cass and William O. Butler, the Demo-\\ncratic nominees. The Whig nominees. General Zachary\\nTaylor, of Louisiana, and Millard Fillmore, of New\\nYork, were elected.\\nGeneral Taylor\\nelected president\\nCHAPTER XXXYIII\\nZACHARY TAYLOR AND MILLARD FILLMORE\\n(TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH PRESIDENTS, 1849-1853)\\nWHIG\\n1849\\nPresident Taylor was called to preside over a vast President xayior-s\\nterritorv. From the Atlantic sea board, our boundarv f\\nJ begins (March 5)\\nlines had spread beyond the Alleghanies, crossed the\\nMississippi to the mountains, and, scaling these,\\nhad reached the Pacific. When the treaty was\\nsigned for the cession of California and New Mex-\\nico, it was hoped that immigration would, in time,\\nsettle up the country on account of the fertile\\nsoil and the harbor of San Francisco.\\nHardly were the new lands acquired, however,\\nwhen it was known that gold had been discov\\nered among the foothills of the Sierras.\\nThe sluices of Sutter s sawmill near the site\\nof Sacramento first revealed the precious metal\\nand then it was found in rocks, rivers, and ravines.\\nIn a few weeks, four thousand men were on the banks of\\nZACHARY TAYLOR\\n1784-1850\\n1848\\n-111 old found in the\\nthe Sacramento River. The gold excitement spread, sierras (January;", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "?48\\nNATIONALITY\\nThe two sou routes\\nto California\\nThe overland route\\nThe gold fever Sailors abandoned their ships, privates deserted the\\narmy, farmers left their plows in the field, merchants\\nclosed their shops to join in the rush for gold. Vir-\\nginians, descendants of the gold hunters of Jamestown\\nColony, sold their slaves, and. with the money strapped\\nabout their waists, renewed the search of the cavaliers.\\nThe news of the marvelous gold fields crossed the sea.\\nOnce more, as in the time of Raleigh, ships set sail from\\nEnglish ports in search of gold in America.\\nEvery available vessel was pressed into service to\\ntransport passengers to San Francisco. There were\\ntwo routes by sea: one by way of the Isthmus of Panama\\nwhere pestilence was to be feared, and the other around\\nCape Horn, which took seven months.\\nThe overland route to Sacramento followed the trail\\nof Fremont, the pathfinder. The emigrants started\\nfrom St. Joseph. Mo., in early spring, that the prairies\\nm.ieht furnish food for their stock, and. after weeks of\\ntravel, reached Ft. Laramie at the base of the Rocky\\nMountains. Camp fires stretched in one unending line\\nalong the emigrant trail. There was constant fear of\\nthe Indians. Cholera broke out, and four thousand died\\nwith the disease the first year. But on through the\\nmountain passes flowed the stream of prairie schoon-\\nsait Lake City crs to Salt Lake City, where a peculiar religious sect,\\ncalled the Mormons, dwelt. This town had been estab-\\nlished bv Brigham Young about the time of the gold\\ndiscoveries in California. With its wide streets, and\\nstreams of fresh water, brought from the mountains, it\\nwas like a garden in the wilderness. Refreshed, and\\nreplenished with supplies at the City of the Saints.\\nthe emigrants pushed on to Sacramento.\\nIn the first year after the discovery of gold at Sutter s\\nMill, eighty-five thousand people had made their way by", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "TAYLOR S ADMINISTRATION 249\\nland or sea to this El Dorado of the West, and were ini- itio-rorty-niners\\nmortalized ever after by the name of forty-niners. San\\nFrancisco, with two thousand inhabitants in February, sun Francisco\\nhad twenty thousand on New Year s day of the follow-\\ning year.\\nThe American flag waved over Chinese, Mexicans,\\nMalays from the islands, and adventurers from Europe.\\nNotwithstanding the efforts of a military governor, how-\\never, the Territory was in a state of anarchy. The bet-\\nter class of citizens insisted on safer laws than those of o\\n049\\nthe bowie knife and revolver, and a convention which a state constitution\\nmet to form a State government, asked admittance to p\\nthe Union.\\nNow there were no slaves in California. Everybody\\nlabored with his own hands, and a clause in the consti- slavery prohibited\\ntution, prohibiting slavery, passed without comment.\\nNo one stopped to think or care what effect another free\\nState would have in the halls of Congress. And when victor Hugo\\nthe Thirty-first Congress assembled, a struggle began JI^ tTdstltls^\\nover the slavery question which was to last a quarter\\nof a century.\\nThe eyes of all nations were fixed on the United\\nStates at that time. Most of the monarchies had\\nliberated their slaves; yet the republic of the\\nUnited States still held men in bondage.\\nLiberty is wearing a chain! cried ictor\\nHugo from France. The United States\\nmust renounce slaver}-, or they must renounce\\nLiberty!\\nThe Thirty-first Congress was an assembly of\\nremarkable men. In the Senate were Clay, in ill victor hugo\\nhealth; Webster, soon to fall, and Calhoun, near 1802-1885\\ndeath s door. Each was the idol of his section, and\\nThe Thirtv-tirst\\nthe North, the South, and the West %vere said to meet congress\\n1", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "50\\nNATIONALITY\\nHenry Clay, the\\ngreat pacificator\\ntogether when these great orators entered the Senate.\\nAmong the other members of the Congress were \\\\\\\\i\\\\-\\nHam H. Seward, of New York; Salmon P. Chase, of\\nOhio; Samuel Houston, of Texas; Jefferson Davis, of\\nMississippi, and Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia.\\nAll realized from the beginning the impending struggle,\\nand a week was spent trying to select a doorkeeper\\nwhose views were acceptable to a majority.\\nWhen the demand of California for admission to the\\nUnion was read, it was argued that the Missouri Com-\\npromise would not apply, because a part of the territory\\nlay south of the parallel 36 30 Henry Clay was a\\nslaveholder, but an enthusiast for freedom. His com-\\npromises on the admission of Missouri had kept peace\\nfor thirty years. He now sought again to cement the\\nThe Omnibus bill scctious by a compromisc, and proposed: First, that Cali-\\nfornia be admitted as a free State, that Utah and New\\nMexico be organized with or without slavery, as they\\nmight desire, and that Texas should be paid to give up\\nall claim to New Mexico; second, that the slave trade\\nbe abolished in the District of Columbia; third, that a\\nlaw be enacted for the arrest and restoration of fugitive\\nslaves found in the free States.\\nDaniel Webster, in his famous Seventh-of-March\\nspeech, supported the compromise allowing popular\\nsovereignty in the Territories. He said he saw the\\nordinance of nature written on the mountains and pla-\\nteaus that cotton plantations could never be established\\nin Utah and New Mexico, and they would come in free\\nanyway.\\nJefferson Davis declared there was only one compro-\\nmise possible, and that was to extend the Missouri line\\nto the Pacific, and allow the South her share of the new\\nterritory.\\nDaniel Webster\\nsupports Clay s\\ncompromise\\nJefferson Davis\\ndemands the\\nextension of the\\nMissouri line", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "z\\n1/1\\nUJ\\nI-\\nl/l\\nO\\nUJ\\nz", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "TAYLOR S ADMINISTRATION\\n251\\nThe aged Calhoun refused a compromise, and de- join. c. Caihuun\\nJill r -I, j1xt,i 1 demands a balance\\nmanded a balance 01 power between the North and of power\\nthe South. The South, he said, must have more ter-\\nritory for her expansion; must have less tariff on her\\nimports; and the federal government must cease to\\nassume so much power over the States. If these rights\\ncould not be granted the South, she should be al-\\nlowed to separate and depart in peace.\\nWilliam H. Seward, to whom John Quincy\\nAdams had said before he died, I look to you\\nto do a great deal for the cause of freedom,\\ndeclared, in a powerful speech, he would listen to\\nno compromise on a question of conscience.\\nThus the extremists of each party refused\\nto compromise; but the majority of the peo-\\nple were anxious for peace, and favored the\\nOmnibus bill, as Clay s compromise meas-\\nure was called. So California was admitted free.\\nWhile the discussion was engrossing the attention of\\nthe whole country, President Taylor died. He was car-\\nried to his grave in a solemn pageant; and Old\\nWhitey, the famous war horse of the general who\\nnever surrendered, was led with empty saddle behind\\nthe funeral car.\\nTo Millard Fillmore fell the task of signing the com- Miiiard Fiiimore\\npromises of Henry Clay. The people rejoiced when the p^esidlTt n iy o)\\nstruggle was over. They believed the slavery question\\nwas settled forever. And an engraving hung on the\\nwalls of many homes, called Union, which showed ciay s compromises\\nstatesmen from both sections\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Clay, Webster, Calhoun, ll^^Thy thf\\nand others standing near a statue of Washington, who president\\nbore the national emblem in his hand.\\nMILLARD FILLMORE\\n1800-1874\\n1850\\nDeath of President\\nTaylor (July 9)\\nRead Johnston s American Orations, Vol. II.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "252\\nNATIONALITY\\nrile fugitive slave\\nhiw is unpopular\\nin the North\\nPeace and prosperity\\nManufactures in\\nNew England and\\nthe Middle States\\nImmigration of\\nindustrial classes\\nThe potato famine\\nin Ireland\\nRoutes for a Pacific\\nrailroad surveyed\\nThe fugitive slave clause was very unpopular in the\\nNorth. Yet Clay s last compromise was of great value\\nto national unity. It held the States together until the\\nslow march of public sentiment had united factions for a\\nfinal struggle which would prevent disunion.^\\nAll parties seemed now at peace. The danger of the\\nslavery question lay hidden under the blossoms of pros-\\nperity. Trade was greatly stimulated by the new gold\\ncirculation, not only in the United States but in Europe.\\nMore markets for goods were opened, more mills and\\nfoundries set up. Mountain streams furnished the finest\\nwater power in the world; and Pennsylvania coal fed\\nfurnaces for the new steam machinery. Massachusetts\\nbecame the rival of England in weaving cloth of cotton\\nand wool. The spindles at Lowell ran faster than those\\nof Manchester; and textile fabrics began to be exported.\\nJust about this time, there was an industrial depres-\\nsion in Great Britain. The mill hands of the manufac-\\nturing centers emigrated in large numbers to take their\\nplaces in the American mills; and new steamers were\\nbuilt to help carry them.\\nThen there was a potato famine in Ireland, and many\\ntenant farmers set their faces toward America, singing:\\nTo the West, to the West, to the land of the free\\nWhere the mighty Missouri rolls down to the sea,\\nWhere a man is a man if he s willing to toil,\\nAnd the humblest may gather the fruits of the soil.\\nTo transport these people to their Western homes,\\nnew railroad lines were laid. A railroad was even pro-\\njected to the Pacific coast, and though the proposition\\nwas much ridiculed, surveyors were sent out to examine\\ndifferent routes.\\niRhodes s History ofnhe United States, Vol. I.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "FILLMORE S ADMINISTRATION 253\\nFor rapid transit beyond the Mississippi, a stage line Transportation\\nwith tight coaches for crossing streams now ran once a\\nmonth between Independence, Mo., and Santa Fe,\\nNew Mexico; steamboats carried Eastern passengers\\nup the lakes to Chicago, or down the Ohio to Inde-\\npendence. The railway was always stretching farther\\nwest, but the application of steam to travel was dreaded\\nby the masses. There were so many accidents from im-\\nperfect boilers and inexpert firemen that some legisla-\\ntors recommended that a private car be attached to every\\ntrain, where one of the directors of the railroad company\\nshould be compelled by law to risk his life with the rest. ^g\\nMeantime the public lands, Indian affairs, pensions, Department of the\\nand patents had grown to such proportions that the de-\\npartment of the interior was established, including these\\nbureaus. ^g^^\\nFilled with pride at our record on the seas. Con- The navai academy\\ngress had established at Annapolis a training-school for ^p\\nthe navy-corresponding to that of the army at West\\nPoint.\\nThen, because the revenues from the post-office ex-\\nceeded the expenditures, postage, which was ten cents\\nper half ounce for over three hundred miles, was reduced\\nto three cents under three thousand miles. o\\n1851\\nWhen Britannia gave her first World s Fair, she The first WorWs\\nsmiled graciously on young Columbia, and invited her\\nto come. We had no laces, silks, and fine porcelains to\\ncarry across the sea; but the fleece from the sheep of\\nTennessee took the first prize over all raw wool, and our\\ninventions excelled those of any other nation. A yacht The first imema-\\n1-ir lA-f 11 1 tional regatta off\\nbuilt from the American forest won the gold cup in the cowes, isie of Wight\\nraces. And Queen Victoria good-naturedly acknowl-\\nedged that the United States had again conquered Great\\nBritain on the seas.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "254\\nNATIONALITY\\n1S51\\nLouis Kossuth\\nThe Monroe\\ndoctrine again\\nenforced\\nAn era of social\\nreforms\\nThe tariff and\\ninternal improve-\\nments at federal\\nexpense\\n1852\\nThe national\\nconventions\\nAbout this time, Louis Kossuth came from Hungary to\\nseek aid for his country against the combined oppression\\nof Austria and Russia. He was received as a hero and\\nmartyr for hberty. A hundred thousand people gathered\\nto greet him at the battery in New York where Hun-\\ngarian flags twined with the stars and stripes. When\\nKossuth asked aid from the cities, money poured in, and\\ntroops began to volunteer to march to the plains of Hun-\\ngary. At Washington, he was well received; but the\\nMonroe doctrine had now become a part of our national\\npolicy. Congress would not pass any measures to inter-\\nfere with European affairs, and. in the end, Kossuth sailed\\naway without an American army.\\nAbout this time many reforms were attempted. Tem-\\nperance societies were organized to reform drunkards;\\nbenevolent societies found work for the unemployed; and\\nthe first Woman s Rights convention, under the lead-\\nership of Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton,\\nwas held at Rochester, N. Y. It demanded reforms\\nin the employment of women in the trades and pro-\\nfessions, and protested against taxation without repre-\\nsentation.\\nThere was little difference between the Whigs and the\\nDemocrats after the compromise of 1850 except on the\\ntariff ciuestion. The Whigs still advocated a tariff to\\nprotect American industries, and desired, from the sur-\\nplus thus obtained, to continue internal improvements.\\nThe Democrats demanded tariff for revenue only. They\\ndistrusted the paternal or nursing system in develop-\\ning the country.\\nThe Whigs nominated General Winfield Scott for\\npresident; the Democrats, Eranklin Pierce, of New\\nHampshire; and the Free-soilers, John Parker Hale,\\nalso of New Hampshire. Before the election, Henry", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "FILLMORE S ADMINISTRATION\\n255\\nClay, the founder of the Whig party, the prince of Death of Henry ciay\\nthe Senate, the Great Pacificator, died at Washing- webster\\nton, and in a few weeks Daniel Webster, the Defender\\nof the Constitution, the Parliamentary Hercules,\\ndied at his home in Marshtield. The death of these\\ntwo leaders cast a gloom over their party. Many South-\\nMO, X \\\\iik\\nKY.\\nt -Jf- t H.C-^\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0i TENN,-- -\u00e2\u0080\u00a2--.^J^^=^\\nl/il^\\nI DeMOCMT (PIIRM\\nWHIO.(XOTT\\nELECTION OF 1852\\nern Whigs went over to the Democrats. Many North-\\nern Whigs would not vote at all.\\nFranklin Pierce, the Democrat, was elected president The eve of great\\npolitical changes\\nby a large majority. The candidate of the Free-soil\\nparty did not receive a single electoral vote. But, as we\\nshall see, the country was on the eve of great political\\nchanges.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXIX\\n1853\\nThe World s Fair at\\nNew York\\nFRANKLIN PIERCE\\n1804-1869\\n1851\\nThe filibusters\\nin Cuba\\nDeath of Lopez\\nFRANKLIN PIEPCE (FOURTEENTH PRESIDENT\\n1853-1857), DEMOCRATIC\\nPresident Pierce s administration opened with the\\nWorld s Fair in the Crystal Palace at New York City.\\nThe palace was even more beautiful than that of En-\\ngland, and spread over five acres. The marbles of\\nThorwaldsen from Denmark, the silks, laces, tapes-\\ntries, and porcelains from France, and the chased\\nsilver, and china from England, Germany, Bel-\\ngium, Holland, and Italy, made fine displays,\\nand surpassed anything that the United States\\ncould show. But in labor-saving inventions, in\\nsewing machines, steam printing presses, reaping\\nand mowing machines, and all kinds of farming\\nimplements, our country was far in advance\\nof any other.\\nAbout this time Cuba came into public notice.\\nThere had been many secret expeditions to conquer\\nthe island, and annex it to the Union as a slave State.\\nOne band of filibusters, who thought the natives were\\nready to rebel, was led by Lopez, a Spaniard. Lopez,\\nplanning to found a republic, and then offer Cuba for an-\\nnexation to the United States on certain terms, started\\nsecretly from New Orleans with about five hundred young\\nAmericans. The natives, however, feared to take up\\narms against the Spanish government. Lopez was seized\\nat Havana, and put to death. The most of his com-\\npanions were sent to Spain to work in the mines.\\nThe cotton States desired the fertile island greatly.\\nThey said that Cuba, in the possession of Spain, endan-\\n[256]", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "PIERCE S ADMINISTRATION 257\\ngered our country; if the Spaniards freed their slaves,\\nit would cause a revolution among the negroes of the\\nSouth.\\nFrance and England sympathized with Spain in her France ami r.reat\\nstruggle to keep her colony, and proposed that the p\u00e2\u0084\u00a2?--\\no r r guarantee Cuba as a\\nUnited States join a compact guaranteeing Cuba to province of spain\\nSpain forever. Edward Everett, the secretary of\\nstate, replied that the president could not see with\\nindifference the island in the possession of any other\\nEuropean government than Spain; that the American\\ngovernment would consider the acquisition of Cuba by\\nforce a disgrace to the civilization of the age; but if the The Monroe\\nCubans achieved their own independence and wished to d\u00c2\u00b0 ;=-pp i i.\\ni the Cuban question\\nbe annexed to the United States, there should be no com-\\npact to prevent this. In fact, the Monroe doctrine, that\\nthe United States would make no political alliance with i^r^\\nEuropean powers concerning the western continent, was The-ostcnd\\nmanifesto is\\ninsisted upon.\\nThe American ministers to Great Britain. France,\\nand Spain went further than the secretary of state.\\nThey met of their own accord at Ostend, Bel-\\ngium, and drew up resolutions that the United\\nStates should have Cuba either by purchase or\\nconquest. This declaration created surprise at\\nhome and abroad. President Pierce did not\\naccept the opinion of his foreign ministers;\\nyet he felt it would add to the glory of his ad-\\nministration if the United States might pur- ^^^B^0J;-\\nchase Cuba. Spain conceded that the United\\n5 EDWARD EVERETT\\nStates might win the Queen of the Antilles 1794-1865\\nby war, but said she would not think for a moment\\nof selling the island Columbus had found. She threat- Spain refuses t i\\nened to arm her slaves against an invader, and sent six\\nthousand additional troops to defend her possession.\\n17", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "258\\nNATIONALITY\\nStephen A. Douglas\\nintroduces the\\nKansas-Nebraska bill\\nThe Platte country-\\n1820\\nJefierson Davis\\nWilliam H. Seward\\nand Charles Sumner\\nBut troubles at home were distracting the attention oi\\nthe people from foreign questions. The same year that\\nthe Ostend manifesto was published, Stephen A. Doug-\\nlas, of Illinois, introduced the Kansas-Nebraska bill in\\nCongress. The unorganized territory west of the Mis-\\nsissippi, drained by the Platte and Missouri Rivers, com-\\nprised Kansas, Nebraska, North and South Dakota,\\nMontana, and a part of Colorado and Wyoming. It\\nwas larger than all the free States east of the Rocky\\nMountains. By the Missouri Compromise, slavery\\nwithin its borders was prohibited.\\nBut the senator from Illinois asked that the coun-\\ntry be divided into two territories to be called Kansas\\nand Nebraska; that the Missouri Compromise, by which\\nthe soil north of parallel 36- 30 was forever devoted\\nto freedom, be declared void; and that Kansas and Ne-\\nbraska should both come into the Union, with or with-\\nout slavery, as their constitutions might prescribe. You\\nwill remember that this local option was the compro-\\nmise agreed upon for Utah and New Mexico by Clay s\\nOmnibus bill.\\nThe Kansas-Nebraska bill, which repealed the Mis-\\nsouri Compromise, created immense excitement. Doug-\\nlas was a good debater, and Jefferson Davis led the ranks\\nof those who had always believed that the Missouri\\nCompromise was unconstitutional.\\nThe Whigs realized the effect of the bill. We are\\non the eve of a great national transaction, said Wil-\\nham H. Seward, a transaction that will close a cycle\\nin the history of our country. This bill puts Free-\\ndom and Slavery face to face and bids them grapple,\\nsaid Charles Sumner, of Massachusetts.\\nSee page 215.\\n2 See page 250.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "PIERCES ADMINISTRATION 259\\nHorace Greeley, of the New York Tribune, Charles A. The press in the\\nDana, of the New York Sun, Thurlow Weed, of the T? !^l.\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\nKansas-Nebraska bill\\nAlbany Joiirnal, and William Cullen Bryant, of the\\nEvening Post, wrote editorials against the Kansas-\\nNebraska bill. Protesting memorials poured into Con- The Kansas-\\ngress, yet the bill passed both houses, and was signed f\\no becomes a law\\nby President Pierce.\\nMeantime Kansas, on the border of the slave States,\\ninvited immigration. Her neighbors across the Mis-\\nsouri River stood ready the moment the Kansas-Ne-\\nbraska bill should be signed to dedicate the territory\\nto slavery.\\nThe Kansas prairies were adapted to the cultivation\\nof corn, wheat, and pasturage, which was the Northern\\nmethod of farming, and with the hope of securing the\\nterritory for freedom, emigration from the North began immigration of\\nas soon as Kansas was opened for settlement. Bureaus ^siavery families\\nto Kansas\\nto aid the movement were established, and contributions\\nwere made. It is better to do something for free labor\\nthan talk of auction blocks and bloodhounds, said the\\nleaders. Emigrants took up their line of march from\\nMassachusetts, and, before the year was out, several\\nthousand Free-soilers camped in Kansas as actual set-\\ntlers. They lived in rudely built cabins, or tents, and\\nfounded Lawrence, Topeka, and other towns.\\nSlaveholders attempted to settle the prairies. They immigration of\\nfounded Atchinson, Lecompton, and other towns; but p-^f^ avery families\\nthe climate was not favorable for cotton, and, if the State\\nshould be admitted free, they ran the risk of losing what\\nslaves they might take with them. Many proslavery Squatter claims\\nmen drove stakes into the ground to hold their claims, and\\n1855\\nreturned to Missouri to await elections. At the election The border\\nfor a territorial legislature, more than three hundred pro- ^t he\\nr Kansas territorial\\nslavery men, armed with bowie knives and revolvers, election (March)", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "26o\\nNATIONALITY\\nThe Topeka\\nconstitution\\nHARRIET BEECHER STOWE\\n1811-1896\\nThe native\\nAmericans, or\\nKnow-nothings\\nSympathy for\\nfugitive slaves\\ncrossed over from Missouri and marched to the polls.\\nMost of the proslavery candidates were elected to the\\nlegislature, which adopted the slavery laws of Missouri.\\nThe antislavery settlers refused to recognize this\\nversion of State rights. They armed them-\\nselves, and met at Topeka in convention. They\\nwrote out a free State constitution, which was\\nratified by their party, elected their State offi-\\ncers, and asked Congress to admit Kansas as a\\nfree State.\\nProslavery delegates met at Lecompton,\\nand wrote out a constitution for a slave\\nState. Meanwhile factions all over the\\ncountry looked forward to the day when the\\nTerritory of Kansas would be admitted into\\nthe Union as a free or slave State.\\nAfter the Kansas-Nebraska bill be- ^iS^-=s:\\ncame a law, many voters left the two\\ngreat parties. The Native American\\nparty became prominent. It was a\\nsecret organization, having several\\ndegrees of membership, and called\\nKnow-nothings, because only mem-\\nbers of the high degrees knew\\nthe secrets. The Know-noth-\\nings were hostile to illiterate\\nforeigners, who, they said, were\\nrobbing American citizens of\\nwork, and having too much power\\nat the ballot box; they demanded that\\nan immigrant should live in America\\ntwenty-one years before he could be naturalized.\\nMeanwhile the antislavery element in politics had\\nbeen steadily increasing. Escaped negroes, seized by\\nHENRY W. LONGFELLOW\\n1807-1882", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "PIERCE S ADMINISTRATION\\n261\\nUnited States marshals in the North, and carried back to\\nbondage under the fugitive slave law, created sympathy\\nfor their sufferings. Uncle Tom s Cabin, a story of\\nslavery in the South, by Harriet Beecher Stowe, had\\nmuch influence for the cause of freedom. At last, many\\nantislavery Democrats, antislavery Whigs, Free-soil-\\ners, and Know-nothings, united under the name of the\\nUncle Tom s\\nCabin\\nfflPUBL/CAN\\n(fff\u00c2\u00a3MONTI\\nJWMI6\\nELECTION OP 1856\\n1856\\nNational Republican party. They were called Black The Republican\\nRepublicans by the Democrats, because they favored Feb\u00c2\u00b0rua iT22)\\nthe negroes.\\nAt the national conventions the American party The national\\nnominated Millard Fillmore, of New York, for the\\npresidency; the Democrats, James Buchanan, of Penn-\\nThe great question at issue in the political campaign called many to Abraham Lincoln\\npublic platforms. I was losing interest in politics when the repeal of the becomes again\\nMissouri Compromise aroused me, said Abraham Lincoln, the antislavery po cs\\nWhig, who cast his vote with the new Republican party.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "262\\nNATIONALITY\\nsylvania; and the Republicans, John C. Fremont, of\\nCaHfornia.\\nThis campaign was even more exciting than that of\\nTippecanoe. There were Rocky Mountain Glee\\nclubs and pioneer axes in the processions. The Decla-\\nration of Independence and the Constitution of the\\nUnited States were printed, and scattered all over the\\ncountry.\\nLongfellow, Bryant, George William Curtis, Wash-\\nington Irving, Emerson, and other distinguished men of\\nthe North wrote and spoke for freedom. Yet James\\nBuchanan was elected president, with John C. Brecken-\\nridge, of Kentucky, vice-president.\\nCHAPTER XL\\n1857\\nThe Dred Scott\\ndecision of the\\nSupreme Court\\n(March 6)\\nJAMES BUCHANAN\\n1791-1868\\nJAMES BUCHANAN (FIFTEENTH PRESIDENT, 1857-1861)\\nDEMOCRATIC\\nTwo days after the inauguration of James Buchanan,\\nthe famous Dred Scott decision was handed down from\\nthe United States Supreme Court. Dred Scott,\\na negro slave of Missouri, had been brought into\\nthe free State of Illinois, and afterward taken into\\nMinnesota. In about four years he was taken\\nback to Missouri. When he was whipped by his\\nmaster, he sued him for assault and battery. The\\nnegro claimed that having lived on free soil, he\\nwas not a slave when he returned to Missouri-\\nCarried from court to court, the case finally\\nreached the Supreme Court. Chief Justice\\nRoger B. Taney announced as the decision of this", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "BUCHANAN S ADMINISTRATION 263\\ncourt of last resort that Dred Scott was a chattel, and chiefjustice\\ntjril. J. Taney s opinion oii\\nhis owner might carry him to any part of the country, constitutionality\\nas he would any other piece of property; that the negro of the Missouri\\nCompromise\\ncould not have citizenship under the Constitution, and\\ntherefore had no recourse to the courts; and he declared\\nthat the Missouri Compromise, which devoted to free-\\ndom the territory north of 36 30 was unconstitutional.\\nThus the Northwest Territory, set aside to liberty for-\\never by the ordinance of 1787, was declared the possible\\nhome for slaves. The Dred Scott\\ndecision strengthens\\nDred Scott himself was soon after set free by his mas- the cause of slavery\\nter; but the decision of the Supreme Court tended\\nto strengthen the cause of slavery.\\nMeantime a few men in Kansas, with the aid of\\nPresident Buchanan, tried to force the Lecomp-\\nton constitution upon Kansas Territory in spite\\nof the votes of the majority of its citizens. This\\nwas carrying things so far that the Northern\\nDemocrats, with Douglas, the author of the Kan-\\nsas-Nebraska bill, as their leader, cried out against it. Roger brooke taney\\n1777-1864\\nThe State elections, following these troublous\\nevents, showed Republican rule supreme in New England,\\nand gaining in the Northwestern States. In Illinois the ^g g\\ncandidate of the Democrats for senator was Stephen Stephen a. Douglas\\nA. Douglas, for re-election, and that of the Republicans tlncoinrcrrdidates\\nwas Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln believed that the Con- for the United\\nStates Senate\\nstitution did not interfere with such slave States as\\nalready existed, but declared it was a national crime to\\nextend slavery into the Territories. And so Douglas and The debates of\\n_. .Til- Douglas and Lincoln\\nLincoln carried on a joint discussion throughout Illinois\\nupon the questions of slavery in the Territories, popular\\nsovereignty, and the Dred Scott decision. Douglas\\nwas elected, for Illinois had long been divided on the\\nsubject of slavery. Hut, as we shall see, the compromises", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "264\\nNATIONALITY\\nJOHN BROWN\\n1800-1859\\nJohn Hrown in\\nKansas\\nThe underground\\nrailroad\\n1859\\n[ohn Brown at\\nHarper s Ferry\\nwhich Douglas was forced to make to win in this race\\ndefeated him later on for the presidency.\\nHonest Abe became the standard bearer of the\\nRepublicans of the West. He had said in accepting his\\nnomination: A house divided against itself can not\\nstand, I believe this government can not endure per-\\nmanently half slave and half free. It will become all\\none thing or all the other. Either the opponents of\\nslavery will arrest the farther spread of it, and place it\\nwhere the public mind shall rest in the belief that\\nit is in the course of ultimate extinction, or its ad-\\nvocates will push it forward till it shall become\\nalike lawful in all the States, old as well as new,\\nNorth as well as South.\\nThe congressional campaigns throughout the\\ncountry were exciting. In many open-air meet-\\nings there were riots. I have witnessed the\\nbeginning of this government, said the aged\\nGeneral Lewis Cass, and I sometimes think\\nI may witness its end.\\nAbout this time an event occurred which increased\\nthe political excitement. John Brown, of Connecticut,\\na descendant of the Pilgrims, and inheriting from them\\nan intense love of liberty, moved to Kansas during the\\nborder warfare, and took part in the struggle for state-\\nhood. He detested slavery, and could not wait for the\\nslow development of public opinion which would abolish\\nit. He was very active in the Underground Rail-\\nroad, a system of rescue stations by which fugitive\\nslaves were assisted to Canada, and thus made free.\\nThen that he might be of still greater service in the\\ncause, he settled near Harper s Ferry, Va. With about\\nRead Nicolay and Hay s Life of Lincoln.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "Buchanan s administration 265\\ntwenty followers he attacked the national arsenal at\\nHarper s Ferry to secure weapons with which to arm\\nthe slaves against their masters. He was captured by\\nColonel Robert E. Lee, of the regular army, tried for\\ntreason, and hanged.\\nOn the day of his death he wrote, I, John Brown,\\nam now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land\\nwill never be purged away but with blood. I had, as I\\nnow think, vainly flattered myself that without very\\nmuch bloodshed it might be done. Some orators in\\nthe North, between hisses and cheers, called Harper s\\nFerry the Lexington of a civil war. But many\\nNorthern men condemned Brown s raid as an insane\\npiece of folly.\\nMeantime Kansas, torn with party strife, still lingered\\noutside the Union but Minnesota and Oregon added\\nAdmission of\\ntwo free States, so that when the Thirty-sixth Congress Minnesota (1858) and\\nopened, there were eighteen free States and fifteen slave\\nStates. The extreme Democrats came into this Con- 1859\\ngress pledged to repeal the act against the importation ^on ^resf^\\nof slaves.\\ni860\\nWhen the time for the national conventions arrived, The Republican\\nthe Republicans met at Chicago. Honest Abe Lin- ;^.77\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a21 o i^.ii Chicago nominates\\ncoin, the idol of his party in the West, had gained strength Abraham Lincoln\\n(May)\\nin the East by some great speeches. One masterpiece\\nof logic was delivered at Cooper Institute, New York.\\nHorace Greeley said of it I do not hesitate to pro-\\nnounce it the very best political address to which I ever\\nlistened. Lincoln was prominent in the convention\\nfrom the first. Others who led in the nominations were\\nWilliam H. Seward, of New York, Simon Cameron, of\\nPennsylvania, and Salmon P. Chase, of Ohio. Ballots\\nchanged until Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, was offered\\nthe highest place in the gift of his party.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "266\\nNATIONALITY\\nThe Democratic\\nconvention at\\nCharleston (April)\\nThe Democrats at\\nBaltimore nominate\\nStephen A. Douglas\\nI June)\\nSTEPHEN A. DOUGLAS\\n1813-1861\\nThe Constitutional\\nUnion party\\nnominates John Bell\\nThe Democrats met at Charleston, S. C. It is said\\nthat many delegates from the North saw there, for the\\nfirst time, the auction block for slaves, and that the\\nsight had a serious effect on their political views. For\\nvarious reasons there was lack of harmony in the\\nCharleston convention. It made no nominations, and\\nadjourned to meet at Baltimore.\\nThe convention at Baltimore split into two factions.\\nThe majority of the Democrats nominated Stephen A.\\nDouglas, of Illinois. They declared that each Ter-\\nritory, when framing the State constitution, should\\ndecide the question of slavery within its own\\nborders and that Congress had no right to\\nabolish slavery in the Territories.\\nThe seceding Democrats nominated John C.\\nBreckinridge, of Kentucky. Their platform\\ndeclared it to be the duty of Congress to pro-\\ntect slavery wherever a slaveholder carried his\\nslaves. Both factions asserted that Cuba should\\nbe acquired by the United States.\\nSome Know-nothings and Whigs formed the Consti-\\ntutional Union party, and nominated John Bell, of\\nTennessee, with a platform which tried to ignore the\\nslavery question.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XLI\\nJAMES BUCHANAN (1857-1861) (Continued)\\nDEMOCRATIC\\nThe two great parties in the coming campaign were Protective tariff and\\nthe RepubHcans with Protective tariff and freedom in f^ i\\nversus tree trade ano\\nthe Territories! as the battle cry, and the Democrats popular sovereicnty\\n1 .1 the Territories\\nWith rree trade and popular sovereignty!\\nDouglas took the stump, and made eloquent\\nspeeches all over the country. But Lincoln with ad-\\nmirable tact drew many to his standard. There were\\nrail-splitting battalions, with mauls and axes to recall\\nhow Lincoln had once split rails for his living. There\\nwere Wide-awake clubs, uniformed in oilcloth caps -widc-awake\\nand capes, and carrying torches. There were floats of\\nflatboats and log cabins. And when the processions\\nwere over, the crowds drew up in line before some of\\nthe eloquent speakers to hear the great issues of the day\\ndiscussed. Each party desired to preserve the Consti-\\ntution. Each claimed to desire to hold the Union to-\\ngether. But, one scholar has declared, it all seemed as\\nThucydides said of the Greeks at the time of the Pelo-\\nponnesian war They did not understand one another\\nany longer. Though they spoke the same language,\\nwords received a different meaning in different\\nsections.\\nAt last, the battle of words was at an end. Abraham Abraham Lincoln\\nLincoln was elected president. eiected^pre^den.\\nThere was the greatest gloom in the South. On the The state convention\\n1 8th of December, a salute of fifteen guns, one for each S\\nadopts the Ordinance\\nslave State, welcomed a State convention at Charleston, of secession\\n_\u00e2\u0080\u009e ii/~ i- December 20)\\nS. C. which, two days after, adopted the Ordinance\\n[267 J", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "268\\nNATIONALITY\\nAlexander H.\\nStephens advises\\nredress of grievances\\nby appeal to\\nCongress\\nof Secession, and issued a declaration of independ-\\nence. Liberty poles were set up, and a banner, repre-\\nsenting the fifteen States, was unfurled from the capitol.\\nThe chief cause cited for the act of secession was the\\nelection of an antislavery president who had said that a\\nnation could not endure half slave and half free. Alex-\\nander H. Stephens, of Georgia, the wisest statesman of\\nthe South, said he did not think the election of Lincoln\\niOlMOCMT\\nyoousLAn\\nELECTION OF I860\\na reason for seceding; that redress should be first\\ndemanded in Congress, and not a few other Southern\\nstatesmen agreed with him.\\nSouth Carolina, however, soon floated the palmetto\\nflag over the United States buildings; news from the\\nNorth was put under the head of foreign in the news-\\npapers, and commissioners were sent to Washington to\\ndemand recognition for South Carolina as an independ-\\nent State.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "BUCHANAN S ADMINISTRATION\\n269\\nALEXANDER H. STEPHENS\\n1812-1883\\nBefore the close of January, Georgia, Alabam\\nMississippi, Louisiana, Florida, and Texas had also\\nwithdrawn from the Union. In February, the\\nseceding States held a convention at Montgom-\\nery, Ala. and adopted a constitution for the\\nprovisional government of the Confederate\\nStates of America, which was much like that\\nof the United States, changed to permit slavery\\nin the Territories.\\nJefferson Davis was elected president. In his\\ninaugural address, he developed the policy of a con-\\nfederacy of planters who should be independent of com- 1861\\nmercial and manufacturing communities. Alexander H, ^ven other states\\nwithdrawn from the\\nStephens was elected vice-president. He was at heart a Union (January)\\nstrong unionist, but, like Robert E. Lee and many other The Constitutional\\nconvention\\nnoble men of the South, was induced to support disunion (February)\\nthrough loyalty to his section. On Washington s birth- tI government of\\nthe Confederate\\nday. Castle Pinckney, which had been seized by the states of America\\nmilitia of South Carolina, fired thirteen guns beneath Jefferson dTvIs,\\nthe Palmetto flag, while Fort Sumter, across the harbor, president, and\\nAlexander H.\\nwith stars and stripes nymg, gave the national salute Stephens, vice-\\nof twenty-one guns.\\nThe new government sent a commission across the\\nsea to secure recognition in Europe. It was argued\\nthat the British government would aid the South.\\nEngland wished free trade; the South would give\\nfree trade. England must have cotton for the\\nspindles of her factories; the South could fur-\\nnish it cheaper and of finer quality than any\\nother country in the world. England wished\\na close ally to guard her British West Indies;\\nthe South, their nearest neighbor, would form\\nan Anglo-American alliance for peace or war. It\\nwas also argued that France would recognize the\\npresident\\n(February i8)\\nJEFFERSON DAVIS\\n1808-1889", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "270\\nNATIONALITY\\nCommissioners sent Confedcracy foF Hiuch thc same commercial reasons as\\nto Europe to secure j. t~ t^l r xi r 1\\nrecognition and aid Gfcat Bntam. Thc commissioncrs from the Confed-\\nfor the Confederacy eratc Statcs of America set sail with high hopes.\\nAll these months, it was feared that the border States\\nbetween the free States and the Gulf States would join\\nthe conspiracy against the Union. Frantic appeals were\\nmade to Lincoln to agree that Congress should restore\\nthe Missouri Compromise line. But he stood firm in\\nwhat he believed to be right. He said that he had no\\nintention of interfering with the institution of slav-\\nery in the States, but by their votes the people\\nhad declared that no free soil owned by the nation\\nshould become slave, and it would be his duty\\nto execute the people s will.\\nMeanwhile several members of President Bu-\\nchanan s cabinet, whose sympathies were with\\nsecession, resigned. Their successors were loyal\\nto the government, and urged the president to\\naction. A merchant vessel with about two hun-\\ndred and fifty men was sent to Major Robert\\nAnderson, commander of Fort Sumter.^ The ship was\\nfired on by the South Carolina militia, and, turning\\nabout, sailed to New York.\\nGeneral Scott, secretary of war, now urged sending\\na man-of-war to the forts, but the president was deter-\\nmined that hostilities should not break out during the\\nremainder of his administration.\\nOn his way from Illinois to Washington President-\\nelect Lincoln stopped at Philadelphia. He unfurled the\\nUnion flag now with thirty-four stars since waiting\\nKansas had been admitted before an immense con-\\ncourse in Independence Hall. There will be no\\nABRAHAM LINCOLN\\n1809-1865\\nChanges in\\nBuchanan s cabinet\\n1861\\nKansas admitted\\n(January 29)\\n*See map, page 275.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "BUCHANANS ADMINISTRATION 2/1\\nbloodshed, he said, unless it be forced upon the gov- Lincoln s speech in\\nernment, and then the government will be forced to act ^^^-^p^ Haii\\nin self-defense.\\nAs president-elect of the United States, Lincoln was\\nabout to take solemn oath to preserve, protect, and de-\\nfend the Constitution of the United States, and as mili-\\ntary commander-in-chief he had the power to call out the\\nwhole army and navy to secure the faithful execution\\nof the laws.\\nThe newly elected governors of many Northern States,\\ncertain that war was imminent, bought arms and equip-\\nments, ordered the militia to drill, and selected sites for\\ncamps.\\n1 See Constitution of the United States, Article ii, Appendix.\\nii-iSAiisa^Eilii^feSSiifi", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "Formation of the government\\nI\\n00\\nz\\no\\nH\\nO\\nu\\no\\nW\\nu\\nH\\nThe Administrations\\nGeorge Washington\\nFederalist\\n1789-1797\\nJohn Adams\\nFederalist\\n1797-180I\\nThomas Jefferson\\nDemocratic-Republican\\n180I-1809\\nJames Madison\\nDemocratic-Republican\\n1809-1817\\nJames Monroe\\nDemocratic-Republican\\n1817-1825\\nJohn (^)uincy Adams\\nNational Republican\\n1825-1829\\nThe commercial convention at Annapolis\\nThe Constitutional convention at Philadelphia\\nThe Constitution ratified by the States\\nGeorge Washington elected president of the United States\\nThe First Congress under the Constitution\\nT 1- 1 T-\u00c2\u00bb Supreme iudge\\nludicial Department j\\nFive associate judges\\nPresident\\nSecretary of State\\nSecretary of the Treasury\\nSecretary of War\\nAttorney-General\\nExecutive Department\\nDomestic\\nF^oreign\\nDomestic\\nTariff laws\\nAssumption and bonding of debts\\nNational bank chartered\\nInternal revenue taxes\\nThe first census\\nNorthwest Territory organized\\nIndian wars\\nJay treaty\\ntrommercial treaty with Spain\\nProclamation of neutrality in war between\\nEngland and France\\nAlien and Sedition laws\\nj Federalist\\nJ Political parties t-, r ui-\\nDemocratic-Republican\\nForeign -j Naval war with France\\ni Explorations\\nDomestic t- T. 1\\nj Fulton s steamboat\\nPurchase of Louisiana\\nForeign J Tripoli\\nEmbargo Act\\nNon-intercourse Act\\nDomestic Tecumseh s war\\nForeign War with Great Britain\\nEra of good feeling\\nT^ I Development of the West\\nDomestic n\\nj Protective lanrt\\nMissouri Compromise\\nDefeat in Northwest\\nNaval victories\\nBurning of public buildings\\nat Washington\\nTreaty of tihent\\nBattle of New Orleans\\nForeign\\nPurchase of Florida from Spain\\nI The\\nMonroe Doctrine\\nTariff of Abominations\\nr^ The\\nDomestic j\\nInternal improvement\\nForeign\\n[272]", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "Q\\na\\nQ\\nD\\nu\\no\\nu\\nThe Administrations\\nAndrew Jackson\\nDemocratic\\n1S29-1837\\nMartin an Ijuren\\nDemocratic\\n1837-184I\\nRotation in ollice\\nNullillcatioii doctrine\\nWar on bank (jf the United States\\nThe first national convention\\nDomestic Tariff compromise\\nThe Whig party\\nAbolition societies\\nInventions\\nIndian wars\\nForeign France and other foreign nations pay indemnities\\nDomestic\\nForeign\\nCommercial panic\\nThe subtreasuries\\nCO\\n00\\nz\\no\\nO\\nX\\nu\\no\\na\\nu\\nH\\nHarrison and Tyler\\nWhig\\n1841-1845\\nJames K. Polk\\nDemocratic\\n1 845- 1 849\\nThe Morse telegraph\\nWebster-Ashburton treaty\\nAnnexation of Texas\\nFree-soil party\\nGold discovered\\nn California\\nGeneral Taylor\\nForeign\\nThe division of\\nOregon\\nWar with Mexico\\nu\\nTaylor and Fillmore\\nWhig_\\nDomestic\\n1849-1853 Foreign\\nr\\nPalo Alto\\nResaca dela Palnia\\nMonterey\\nBuena Vista\\nGeneral Kearney -j Santa Fe\\n1 Vera Cruz\\nICerro Gordo\\nChapul tepee\\nMexico\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0j California\\nGeneral Scott\\nJohn C. Fremont\\nThe Forty-niners\\nSlavery compromise\\nSocial reforms\\nFranklin Pierce\\nDemocratic\\n1853-1857\\nJames Buchanan\\nDemocratic\\n1857-1861\\n18\\nDomestic\\nForeign\\nDomestic\\nI oreign J\\nWorld s Fair at New York\\nThe Kansas-Nebraska bill\\nThe Know-nothing party\\nThe Republican party\\nFilibusters in Cuba\\nSpain refuses to sell Cuba\\nDred Scott decision\\nDel)ates of Lincoln and Douglas\\nJohn Brown at Ilarjjer s Ferry\\nThe Oinfederate Stales of America\\n[273]", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XLII\\n1861\\nPresident Lincoln s\\ninaugural address\\n(March 4)\\nRobert Toombs\\nFiring on Fort\\nSumter (April 12)\\nABRAHAM LINCOLN (SIXTEENTH PKESIDENT,i86i-i8r35)\\nREPUBLICAN\\nIn his inaugural address, President Lincoln said to\\nthe South The government will not assail you; you\\ncan have no conflict without being yourselves the\\naggressors.\\nSo when Jefferson Davis and his cabinet learned that\\nPresident Lincoln had decided to hold Fort Sumter\\nand send provisions to the garrison, it was a grave ques-\\ntion what to do. The Confederate leader agreed with\\nRobert Toombs, his secretary of state, that firing upon\\nthe fort would inaugurate a civil war greater than any\\nthe world had yet seen.\\nBut Charleston insisted on an attack unless Major\\nAnderson would evacuate Fort Sumter. General Beau-\\nregard, the Confederate commander of the troops at\\nCharleston, demanded the surrender of the fort. Major\\nAnderson refused to comply. On April 12, 1861, the\\n[274 J", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION\\n275\\nbombardment bep^an. Two days later Fort Sumter\\nsurrendered; but from its battered walls arose a united\\nNorth. Douglas, of Illinois, united with Lincoln, of Illi-\\nnois. The Northern Democrats united with the North-\\nern Republicans. Again the Star-spangled Banner\\nbecame the most popular song. The Hag with its thirty-\\nfour stars became the symbol of the Union which must\\nbe preserved.\\ntV\\\\Mmivfp}J^f^i}tv f\\n^r\\nFORT SUMTER\\nWhen President Lincoln called for seventy-five thou- President Lincoln\\nsand troops, three hundred thousand men volunteered.\\nMany in New York had tried to defeat Lincoln. They\\nfeared his election would cause secession, and thus ruin\\ncommerce. But now, press and people in that State\\nrallied to the president s call to arms. The famous\\nSeventh Regiment of New York marched proudly down\\nBroadway, with the cheers of the\\npeople following them on their way\\nto Washington and the alacrity of\\nthe New York militia was equaled\\nby the militia in other States.\\nThe old Mason and Dixon s line,\\nwhich, in King George s time, had\\nbeen surveyed to settle the disputes\\nbetween Maryland and Pennsyl-\\nvania, was very nearly the dividing\\nline on the slavery question. The\\nCulls for troops\\n(April 15;\\n1 763- 1 767\\niMason and Dixon s\\nline located", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "^i8o8\\n-i86a1\\n(1814-1869)\\n(1793-\\n1869)\\n7 :^f0:\\nPRESIDENT LINCOLN S WAR CABINET\\nSalmon Portland Ciiask, Montgomkrv Bi.air,\\nof Ohio, of Maryland,\\nTreasury. Postmaster General.\\nCalei! 1!. Smith, Kdwin M. Stanton, Willia.m H. Sf.ward,\\nof Indiana, of the District of Columhia, of New York,\\nInterior. War. State.\\nKnwARi) Hate.s,\\nof Missouri,\\nAttorney deneral.\\nGideon Welles,\\nof Connecticut,\\nNav y.\\n276", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION\\n277\\nStates between the free States and the Gulf States sent\\nno troops at the call of the president. They did not wish\\nto secede from the Union; all refused to do so, at first,\\nbut they thought the government did not have the right\\nto compel seceding States to come back into the Union,\\nand, in the end, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee,\\nand Arkansas joined the Confederacy rather than take\\nVirginia, North\\nCarolina, Tennessee\\nand Arkansas join\\nthe Confederacy\\nV fv..:.^ i\\n_^.^ LA\\nSMMfO sou INDICAT\u00c2\u00a33\\ntVH\u00c2\u00a3fiE SlAVEflV MfdftT\\nOH aw exisT.\\niTATCS WHICH\\nsiceofO\\nMAP OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1i :i\\nup arms against it. Richmond was made the capital jgg,\\ncity, and when Jefferson Davis called for thirty-five Richmond is made\\nthe 1 apltal of the\\nthousand volunteers, many times that number poured confederacy\\ninto Richmond. J\\nForty-eight counties in the west part of Virginia had\\nfew slaves, and remained loyal to the government. They\\nformed themselves into a Territory, and were later ad- Maryland,\\n.1 TT- \\\\\\\\T i. 1 Tkf 1 J Kcntiii ky, Missouri,\\nmitted mto the Union as West Virgmia. Maryland ^^j Delaware\\nand the east part of Tennessee remained loyal. Ken- remain in the Union\\nSee pages loi, 306.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "278\\nTHE CIVIL WAR\\ntwenty-three States\\nThe Union and tlu\\nConfederacy\\ncompared\\ntucky, although there were many secessionists in her\\nmidst, did not forget the teachings of Clay, who had\\ncompromised so often to preserve the Union. Missouri,\\nafter many riots, decided to remain in the Union.\\nDelaware, though a slave State, did not secede, and,\\nafter a time, mustered a regiment for Union service.\\nEleven States versus And SO twenty-thrcc States were numbered in the\\nUnion and eleven in the Confederacy. There were\\nabout twenty-three million people in the one, and\\nabout eight million in the other, of whom nearly half\\nwere slaves.\\nThe Union had the regular army and navy at com-\\nmand. It had credit and standing abroad. Its fac-\\ntories, farms, and workshops could supply its needs for\\na long war. The Confederacy was like one vast plan-\\ntation, dependent on foreign markets for everything\\nexcept the simplest food. But the men of the South\\nwere trained to the use of arms from infancy, and were\\nunited firmly together in defense of their cause. Did\\nall Great Britain subdue our ancestors in seventeen hun-\\ndred and seventy-six! they cried.\\nWhen President Lincoln declared a blockade of\\nSouthern ports so that no ships might go in or out, the\\nConfederacy felt sure that Great Britain would break\\nit, because the blockade meant a cotton famine. Her\\nmills and factories would soon stand still, and, besides,\\nshe would lose an im.mense market for her manufactured\\ngoods.\\nBut the Union declared that England had emanci-\\npated her own slaves she had scoured the seas for\\nyears to prevent the slave traffic on the coast of Africa,\\nand could not recognize the Confederacy whose corner\\nstone was slavery. Had not the British press long-\\nreproached the United States for its system of slavery\\nThe blockade of\\nthe Southern ports\\ndeclared (.April ly)", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "Lincoln s administration\\n279\\nCharles Francis Adams, whose father and grand- charies Francis\\nfather had been ministers to England, was sent there to the l !!urro fTt 7ames\\nplead the cause of liberty. The masses in Great Britain\\nsided with the North.\\nThe weavers of Lancashire said they\\nwould starve rather than join in the\\ncry against the American Union.\\nJohn Bright and Richard Cobden, rohn Bright and\\nthe leaders of the Liberals in Parlia- l^i!\u00c2\u00bb\\nadvocate the cause\\nment, strongly advocated the cause of \u00c2\u00b0f freedom\\nfreedom. But the manufacturers\\nwere in favor of the Southern re-\\npublic. At last, Great Britain rec- European powers\\nWINFIELD SCOTT\\n1786-1866\\nognized the Confederacy as a belligerent ^Xstothe\\n1861\\npower, but declared neutrality. France and ^Confederacy\\nother nations followed her examplp. This gave the Con-\\nfederacy an equal war footing with the United States;\\nSpecial session of\\nand Confederate cruisers had an equal right to enter congress at\\nforeign harbors under the new flag. Washington (juiy 4!\\nEarly in July, Congress appropriated five hun-\\ndred million dollars for war expenses, and au-\\nthorized President Lincoln to call out five hun-\\ndred thousand volunteers. There were at that\\ntime nearly two hundred thousand Union sol-\\ndiers under arms. General Winfield Scott\\ncommanded the Union army, one division of\\nwhich, under General Irwin Mc Dowell,\\nwaited at Washington for orders; another,\\nunder General George B. Mc Clellan, was sta-\\ntioned in western Virginia to watch the Confed-\\nerate army under General Beauregard near Manas-\\nsas Junction; another, under General Robert Patterson, (;enerai wintieui\\nstood guard near Harper s Ferry to prevent Confederate e un irnTrm\\nGeneral Joseph E. Johnston from joining his forces with\\nG. T. BEAUREGARD\\n1818-1893", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "28o\\nTHE CIVIL WAR\\nDefeat of the Utiion\\n:uniy :il Maiuissas\\nnear Bull Run Creek\\n(July 21)\\nCotton famine in\\nGreat Britain\\nMason and SliJcll\\nseized on the Trent\\n(November 8)\\nthose of Beauregard; and still another, placed in No-\\nvember under General Henry Hallcck, watched beyond\\nthe Alleghanies as far west as California.\\nThere were several skirmishes in western Virginia in\\nwhich the Federals were generally victorious. Then\\nMc Dowell moved from Washington toward Richmond.\\nAt Manassas Junction, on Bull Run Creek, Va. his\\nforces were badly defeated by the Confederate army\\nunder Beauregard, assisted by Johnston with two bri-\\ngades, in command of Kirby Smith and Jubal Early.\\nThe North was in dismay. The South was jubilant.\\nBrave and fearless themselves, the Confederates said\\nthe Yankees would back up to the North Pole before\\nthey would fight again.\\nMeantime across the sea there was a cotton famine.\\nThe shops were closed and the spindles were silent; the\\ncotton and the tobacco crops in the seceding States were\\ngathered; but the blockade of President Lincoln stood\\nin the way of commerce. Great Britain and France,\\nby recognising the independence of the South, might\\nbreak the blockade, and secure a market for their wares,\\nfree from the burdensome tariff, which the North de-\\nmanded. The Confederacy resolved to again seek for-\\neign aid. And so, under cover of night, a ship sailed\\nout of Charleston harbor, bearing James M. Mason and\\nJohn Slidell, who were commissioned to urge armed\\nintervention. At Havana, the men boarded the British\\nsteamer Trent, and were soon of^ for England and\\nFrance. But Captain Wilkes trimmed the sails of a\\nUnited States sloop-of-war, overhauled the Trent in the\\nBermuda Channel, and demanded the envoys. They\\nwere surrendered.\\nThe Confederacy rejoiced at this act. Surely Great\\nBritain would now declare war. Impressment on board", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION\\n281\\nof neutral vessels had caused the War of 18 12. British impressment on a\\ntroops and cruisers were, indeed, sent to Canada to\\nprepare for war. But the seizure on the Trent had been\\nmade without proper authority. On demand of\\nthe British government. Mason and Slidell were\\nreleased, and friendly relations between Great\\nBritain and the United States continued.\\nThe South now began to despair of foreign aid.\\nMore recruits were called for, and the Con-\\nfederate army gathered in larger numbers at\\nRichmond.\\nIn the North, General Mc Clellan was given\\ncommand of the troops east of the Ohio, and\\norganized the Army of the Potomac at george brinton mc clellan\\nWashington. Soon after, on the retirement of i8?6-i885\\nScott, Mc Clellan was made commander in chief of all ihe Army of the\\nthe armies of the United States.\\nIn the West General Halleck, with headquarters at\\nSt. Louis, had full command, with General Don Carlos\\nBuell commanding what came to be called\\nthe Army of the Ohio; and General\\nUlysses S. Grant, the Army of the Ten-\\nnessee.\\nGeneral Joseph E. Johnston was com- General Joseph e.\\nmander in chief of the Confederate ar-\\nmies. General Albert Sidney Johnston\\ncommanding the Confederate army in\\nthe West, with General Beauregard in\\ncharge of the defenses of the Mississippi.\\nHalleck determined to drive the Con-\\nfederates from Kentucky; and in January a division of\\nBuell s army under General George H. Thomas, fought\\na battle at Mill Spring, Ky. and drove the Confederates Rattle of miii spring\\nfrom that place into Tennessee. (January ,9)\\nULYSSES SIMPSON GRANT\\n1822-1885", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "2^2\\nrm-. civil WAR\\nANDREW HULL FOOTE\\n1806-1863\\nt u|)ture of Koi t\\nHciiiy (February\\nami Fort Donolsoii\\n(Kcliruary i6)\\nShiloh, or I ittstniii;\\nl.aiulini^ (April o, 7^\\nC orinth (May 30*\\nluka (Sopti inlHM 10*\\nOAVID GLASGOW FARRAGUT\\n1800-1870\\n(uant moveil liom lairo, HI., up the Tennessee\\nRiver to attack l* t. Henry. But before lie could\\nreach it. Commodore Andrew H. b oote had cap-\\ntured the fort with his i;unboats. The Con-\\nfotlorates then strengthened Ft. Donelson, twelve\\nmiles away on the Cumberland. Grant s army\\ninvested the fort. After three days oi \\\\vm\\\\\\\\\\nfighting. General Simon R. Huckner, com-\\nmander of ti\\\\c fort, surrendered with fifteen\\nthousand men.\\nThe capture of Forts Donelson and Henry, by\\ngiving the Federals control of the Tennessee and\\nthe Cumberland, pushed the whole Confederate line out\\nof Kentucky. Nashville, the capital of Tennessee, was\\nsoon occupied by Federal troops, and President Lincoln\\nappointed Andrew Johnson military governor of that\\nState.\\nThe Confederates fell back to Corinth in northern\\nMississippi. Cnant followed them, and was surprised\\nby .\\\\lbert S. )ohnston at Shiloh Church near Pittsburg\\nLanding. After terrible fighting, the Union troc^ps re-\\ntreated.\\nThe following morning Cienorals Buell aiul Lew Wal-\\nlace brought re-enforcements. The battle com-\\nmeiued again. The Confederate Johnston was\\nkilled; Beauregard, who succeeilod him in\\ncommand, retreate*.! to Corinth, wiiich was\\nbesieged and captured by Halleck; luka was\\noccupied by a di\\\\isioii of C i rant s army under\\nKosecrans, who soon after repulsed Price at\\nCiuinth; and while the I liion torces were\\nthus pushing their way [xist the in-\\ntrenchments in Kentucky and Teimessee,\\ngunboats under b^cmte cleared tlu^ Mississippi", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION\\n2.S3\\nas far south as Vicksburg, which seemed cjuite impreg-\\nnable.\\nMeantime Commodore David G. Farragut, with a NcwOrkuns\\nlicet of forty vessels, carrying an army under command (April .^5)\\nof General Benjamin V. IJutler, forced his way up the\\nMississippi in the midst of tremendous firing from the\\nforts nn its banks. New Orleans surrendered. h ar-\\nragut soon gained control oi the Mississippi except at\\nVicksburg and Fort Hudson. Between these two forts\\nthe Confederates were supplied with provisions from\\nthe country west of the Mississippi.\\nMeanwhile in the East\\nthe Confederate ship Mcr-\\nrimac destroyed two United\\nStates frigates, and was\\nwaiting in Hampton Roads,\\nnear Norfolk, to destroy\\nthree others, and move on\\nto Washington, when the\\nlittle Monitor, invented by\\nJohn Ericsson, (jf screw-\\npropeller fame, attacked\\nthe Mcrrimac. The Moni-\\ntor was a flat vessel with a revolving iron cylinder amid- rin; Monitor and\\nTin J.1 1_ \\\\.\\\\w. Mcrriiiiat:\\nships, carrymg two enormous guns. When the cheese March y)\\nbox on a raft, steamed up the bay, it received but little\\nattention. But the ironclad Merrimac was soon driven\\nto shelter from its battering balls, and the danger at\\nWashington was over.\\nBoth armies in the East were guarding their capitals.\\nGeneral Josej h E. Johnston expected an attack on\\nRichmond by way of the Chesapeake, but General Mc-\\nClellan hesitated so long about leaving Washington that\\nthe people in the North laughingly said, as they met", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "284\\nTHE CIVIL WAR\\nThe peninsular\\ncampaign\\nin the streets, All quiet along the Potomac! The\\nexpense of the standing army was enormous. The loyal\\nNorth began to get impatient. But at length the East-\\nern armies began fighting on the peninsula between the\\nJames and the York Rivers.\\niA: /y^ *Mi*\\nMONITOR\\nYorktown taken\\n(May 4)\\nWilliamsburg\\n(May 5)\\nFair Oaks\\n(May 31 to June 1)\\nMc Clellan, expecting Mc Dowell to meet him at Rich-\\nmond by way of Fredericksburg, left Washington, and\\nlaid siege to Yorktown in April. The Confederates fell\\nback from Yorktown and Williamsburg toward Richmond,\\nwith Mc Clellan in pursuit. While the Union troops\\nwere waiting for aid from Mc Dowell, General Joseph E.\\nJohnston attacked a division of Mc Clellan s army at\\nFair Oaks. Johnston was wounded, and his\\narmy retreated toward Richmond. Mean-\\nwhile General Mc Dowell, while on his way\\nfrom Washington to Richmond, was\\ndriven northward out of the Shenan-\\ndoah valley by General T. J. Jack-\\nson. After Johnston was\\nwounded, General Robert\\nE. Lee took command of\\nthe army of Northern Vir-\\nginia. Lee was a skilful\\nleader, and soon showed\\nhis West Point training.\\nHe attacked Mc Clellan", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION\\n285\\n1862\\nand fought the Seven Days battles, resulting in the seven Days i,aitie\\nretreat of the Union army to Harrison s Landing on the (J -5 \u00c2\u00b0J y\\nJames.\\nPresident Lincoln now made a new levy of troops.\\nThe Union Army of Virginia was organized, stretching\\nalong the Rappahannock and Rapidan Rivers, with Gen-\\neral Pope in com-\\nmand. Halleck\\nwas called from\\nthe West, and\\nmade commander\\nof all the Union\\narmies. Mc Clel-\\nlan was called to\\nWashington with\\nthe Army of the\\nPotomac, and Pope was\\nmoving on toward Rich-\\nmond, when his west di-\\nvision, under General N. P.\\nBanks, was attacked by\\nJackson at Cedar Moun-\\ntain, and defeated. The\\nunited armies of Lee and\\nJackson engaged at Bull\\nRun with Pope, who re-\\ntreated to Washington, where his army was united with\\nthat of McClellan. Lee crossed the Potomac into\\nMaryland. McClellan attacked him at Antietam Creek.\\nNeither could claim victory after this terrible engage-\\nment.\\nLee recrossed the Potomac into Virginia. Mc Clellan\\nfollowed, but so slowly that the command of his troops\\nwas taken from him, and given to General Ambrose E.\\nCedar Mountain\\n(August 9)\\nThe second battle\\nof Hull Run\\n(August 28-30)\\nAntietam\\n(September 17)", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "286\\nTHE CIVIL WAR\\nl rc-dL-ricksburg\\n(December 13)\\nThe close of 1862\\nROBERT E. LEE\\n1807-1870\\nBurnside. Burnside was moving on toward Richmond\\nwhen he was defeated with great loss at Fredericks-\\nburg, by Generals Lee and Jackson. The command\\nof Burnside s army was then given to\\nGeneral Joseph Hooker, who went\\ninto winter quarters.\\nAt the close of 1862, almost ever}\\nfortification on the Mississippi had\\nbeen taken by the Union forces, and\\ntheir lines advanced across Tennes-\\nsee, Missouri, and Arkansas as far\\nsouth as the Arkansas River, while\\nthe situation in the East was about\\nthe same as in the beginning. The\\nblockade on the coast was now stricter\\nthan ever, and not even medicine could be smuggled\\nto the Southern ports.\\nMeantime, after the battle of Antietam, President\\nLincoln issued his first emancipation proclamation,\\nwherein he gave the seceded States one hundred\\ndays to be legally represented in the Congress\\nof the United States. By sending delegates\\nthey would show they were not in rebellion\\nagainst the government. At the end of that\\ntime, those not so represented should be\\ntreated as rebels, and their slaves set free.\\nThis was a war measure the slaves were\\nconsidered contraband of war, like gun-\\npowder, or any other destructive agent; for\\nAMBROSE E BURNSIDE their forced labor in shop and field and fort\\n1824 1881 building the negroes helped those who defied the\\nNegroes arc federal government. President Lincoln did not consider\\n-contra an o w..r ^j^^^ ^j^^ Southcm Statcs Were out of the Union, and\\nthe flag on the capitol still kept its thirty-four stars.\\n1862\\nLincoln s first\\nemancipation\\nproclamation\\n(September", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION 287\\nTo help pay the expenses of the war which cost some- United states\\ntimes more than two million dollars a day, Congress bo^nd\\nauthorized the issue and circulation of United States\\nnotes. Greenbacks were notes bearing no interest.\\nThey were made legal tender in payment of public and\\nprivate debts, except duties on imports and interest on\\nthe public debt. Bonds were notes bearing interest at\\nthe rate of five, six, or seven per cent, for twenty,\\nNational banl\\nthirty, or fifty years. A national banking system was established\\nestablished which increased the sale of these\\nbonds. Congress created the office of comp-\\ntroller of the currency as a bureau in the de-\\npartment of the treasury. The comptroller was\\nauthorized to issue charters to national banks.\\nThese banks were required to invest all their\\ncapital in United States bonds. Circulating\\nnotes to the amount of ninety per cent, of\\nthe bonds were furnished to the banks, to be\\nissued by them as money. The interest on the Joseph hooker\\n1814 1879\\nbonds was paid to the banks m gold by the gov-\\nernment.\\nThe South was in great financial distress. Its war Distress in the South\\ndebts were paid in scrip which could only be redeemed\\nin case of independence, and the value of the paper\\nwas less with every defeat. Taxes on the people were\\nheavy. Credit was not yet good enough to secure a\\nloan from Europe, and cotton and other produce could\\nnot be sold on account of the blockade. The Confed-\\nerate army needed clothing and food. If General Lee\\nwants rations, let him go and get them in Pennsyl-\\nvania, wrote the Confederate commissary general. on to the north\\nAnd On to the North was the cry at Richmond. y", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XLHI\\n1863\\nThe final\\ncmaniipution\\nproclamation\\n(January 1)\\nUnion forces\\ncU-ft-ated at\\nChanccUorsville, Va.\\n{May 1-4)\\nABRAHAM LINCOLN (1861-1865) (Continued)\\nREPUBLICAN\\nO seceding State sent representatives to\\nCongress. Not one paid heed to Presi-\\ndent Lincoln s first emancipation procla-\\nmation. When, on January i. the hun-\\ndred-days limit for the representation\\nin Congress was over, the president is-\\nsued his final proclamation of emanci-\\npation. The negroes in the seceding\\nStates were thus considered freedmen,\\nand, as fast as the Union army gained\\ncontrol in the South, their masters were obliged to give\\nthem up. The rage of the Confederates was without\\nbounds. They said that Lincoln was a dictator, greater\\neven than Louis Napoleon. But the North replied\\nthat the President s authority rested on a loyal peo-\\nple, while that of the Emperor of France depended\\non his army.\\nIn May, by skilful leadership, Generals\\nLee and Jackson defeated the Union army\\nunder General Joseph Hooker at Chan-\\ncellorsville. General Jackson, whose\\nbravery at Bull Run had won him the\\nname of Stonewall, was mortally\\nwounded by one of his own men.\\nthrough mistake. Lee said he had\\nlost his right arm in losing Stone-\\nwall Jackson.\\nIn June. Lee hurried across the\\n[288 J\\nTHOMAS JONATHAN JACKSON\\n1824-1863", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION\\n289\\nPotomac and entered\\nPennsylvania. He\\ntn e t at Gettysburg by\\nGeneral George G.\\nMeade, now in command\\nof the Army of the Poto-\\nmac instead of Hooker.\\nThe Union army mar-\\nshaled on a chain of hills\\ncalled Cemetery Ridge,\\nand the Confederate army faced them on Seminary\\nRidge. North of them lay the town of Gettysburg.\\nAt sunset, on the third day of the battle, Lee s army\\nwas totally defeated. He recrossed the Potomac dur-\\ning the night. The battle of Gettysburg was one of\\nthe most terrible in history. Over fifty thousand boys\\nin blue and boys in gray were killed, wounded,\\nor missing. Meade followed Lee, and both armies\\nlay facing each other on op-\\nposite banks of the Rapidan,\\ntill General Grant came to\\ntake comtnand of the Army\\nof the Potomac.\\nMeantime, in the West,\\nGeneral Grant at Holly\\nSprings, in northern Missis-\\nsippi, planned to take Vicks-\\nburg. A Confederate army\\nunder I- emberton guarded\\nthat important point. Grant\\nmarched to Memphis, on the\\neast bank of the Mississippi,\\nand sailed down the river\\nwith fifty thousand men. He\\n*9\\nwas Gettysburg\\n(July 1-3)\\nThe- siege of\\nVicksburg\\n\u00c2\u00ab.-.-=4a", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "290\\nTHE Cl-Vll. WAR\\nJOSEPH E JOHNSTON\\n1807-1891\\nl\\\\iit I .ibson\\nKaynionil\\nJaiksoii (May 4^\\nChampion Hills\\n(May 10*\\nr.is; l!Ln k Kivri\\n(May 17)\\nX ickNimri; ^Jvily .|i\\nI oit 1 Unison\\n(July 9)\\nhindcd a few miles abovi X icksburi;. The great forti-\\nfication stood on a peninsula jutting into the Mississippi.\\nIt was inaccessible from the north because of the Ya^joo\\nRiver, with its high bluffs, and a dense forest.\\n(irant planned to get below the city by cutting a\\ncanal across the peninsula. Thousands of men\\nworked for weeks at the canal, but when it was\\nabout finished, the river overflowed its banks and\\nruined the work. Grant then boldly rushed Por-\\nter s gunboats past the batteries at Vicksburg\\nduring the night, ami moved his army along\\nthe west bank to a landing below the city.\\nHere he crossed to the east bank, and hasten-\\ning forward, defeated Pemberton at Port Gibson,\\ncaptured Raymond, and drove out of Jackson Gen-\\neral Joseph K. lohnston, who was hurrying to Pem-\\nberton s aid; then turning west, he defeated Pemberton\\nat Champion Hills ami Hig Black River. Grant now sur-\\nrounded anil invested Vicksburg. His assaults on the\\nfortifications were repulsed, but after a siege of si.\\\\\\nweeks, this Gibraltar of the Confeder\\nacy surrendered with thirty thousand\\nprisoners on the fourth of July, the day\\nafter Meade s victory at Gettysburg.\\nPort Hudson, lower ilown the ri\\\\er,\\nbesieged by Farragut s fleet and a\\nlaml {ovcc uiuler icneral Hanks,\\nsurrendered a few days later, and,\\nin the words of Lincoln. Fhe\\nFather of Waters again flowed un-\\nvexed to the sea. Union gunboats\\nparaded the river, and the supplies of grain and cattK\\nfrom Texas and .\\\\rkansas were thus shut off from tlu\\nConfederate armies of the Fast.\\nWILLIAM STARKE ROSECRANS\\n1810 18s)3", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION 29I\\nMeanwhile Rosecrans, after his brilliant victories at Murfrecsboro\\nluka and Corinth, had been given command of Buell s\\n(Jan. 2, 1803)\\nArmy of the Cumberland at Nashville. After defeating\\nBraxton Bragg in a terrible battle at Murfrecsboro, he\\ndrove Bragg from Chattanooga; but as he followed in chickamimga\\npursuit, he was defeated by the Confederate general in a p 9. H\\nterrible battle at Chickamauga Creek, in which nearly\\nforty thousand were killed or wounded. Rosecrans s\\narmy withdrew to Chattanooga, General George H.\\nThomas, the Rock of Chickamauga, covering their\\nretreat. Bragg then began a stubborn siege to starve\\nthe Union army into surrendering. Chattanooga lay\\non the south bank of the Tennessee where that\\nriver flows nearly due west. Lookout Mountain,\\nMissionary Ridge, and Raccoon Mountain, in full\\nview of seven Southern States, held their heads\\ndefiantly over the town; and all the passes were\\nguarded. President Lincoln had by this time\\nunbounded confidence in the hero of Vicks-\\nburg, and put the armies in the West under his\\ncommand. In October, Grant summoned his le- geo h thomas\\n1,1 1 816 1870\\ngions about him to rescue the beleaguered army at\\nChattanooga. Hooker from the Army of the Potomac, Chattanooga\\nwith re-enforcements from the Western armies, fought\\nhis way up Lookout Mountain. Bragg s division re- Lookout Mountain\\ntreated from the heights. Part of the fighting was (Novcn,hcr.4)\\ncarried on at so great an elevation that the engage-\\nment on Lookout Mountain is often called the battle\\nabove the clouds.\\nThe next day Sherman, with Thomas and Sheridan, Missionary Ridge\\nengaged Bragg at Missionary Ridge. The Confederate\\narmy retreated to Dalton, and Bragg gave up his com- The dose of 1863\\nmand to Joseph E. Johnston. Soon after, both armies\\nwent into winter quarters. At the close of 1863, Geor-", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "Lincola dedicates\\nilie national\\ncemetery at\\nGettysburg\\n(November 19)\\nTHE CIVIL WAR\\ngia. Alabama, the Carolinas, and irginia\\nwere all that were left to the Confederates.\\nhile the battle was raging about Chat-\\ntanooga, President Lincoln delivered a won-\\nderful speech at the dedication of the bat-\\ntlefield of Gettysburg for a national ceme-\\nFourscore and seven years ago,\\nhe said, our fathers brought\\nforth on this continent a new\\nnation, conceived in liberty, and\\ndedicated to the proposition that\\nall men were created equal. Now\\nwe are engaged in a great civil\\nwar, testing whether that nation.\\nor any other nation so con-\\nceived and dedicated, can\\nlong endure. We have met\\non a great battlefield of that\\nKenesouj\\\\ft\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Dallas w\\nWe have\\nto\\nwar. e nave come\\ndedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place\\nfor those who here gave their lives that that nation\\nmight live. It is altogether fitting and proper that\\nwe should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can\\nnot dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can not hal-\\nlow this ground. The brave men, living and dead,\\nwho struggled here have consecrated it far above our poor\\npower to add or detract. The world will little note, nor\\nlong remember, what we say here, but it can never forget\\nwhat they did here. It is for us, the living, rather to be\\ndedicated here to the unfinished work which they who\\nfought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is\\nrather for us to be here dedicated to the great task re-\\nmaining before us; that from these honored dead we take\\nincreased devotion to that cause for which they gave the", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION\\n293\\nt\\nlast full measure of devotion; that we here highly re-\\nsolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that\\nthis nation, under God, shall have a new birth of free-\\ndom, and that government of the people, by the peo\\npie, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.\\nWhen spring opened. General Lee, with the\\nArmy of Northern Virginia, was still on the\\nsouth bank of the Rapidan, protecting Richmond;\\nGeneral Meade and the Army of the Potomac\\nlay facing him on the opposite bank. In the\\nWest General Johnston, who had succeeded\\nBragg in command of the Confederate army,\\nwas at Dalton in northwestern Georgia,\\nguarding the approaches to Atlanta, the railroad\\ncenter of the South.\\n1S64\\nGEORGE GORDON MEADE\\n1815-1872\\nGeneral Grant had now been made lieutenant general uiysses s. Grant,\\nin command of the Union armies. Only George Wash-\\nington and Winfield Scott had held this title. Grant\\nleft to Sherman the task of uniting at Chattanooga all\\nthe western armies east of the Mississippi to drive John-\\nston from the mountains to the open country where he\\nmight be met in battle.\\nIt was agreed that the armies of Grant and Sherman\\nshould both begin operations on the same day, the fourth\\nof May, so that neither Confederate army might have\\nopportunity to send aid to the other.\\nGrant himself hastened with Sheridan to the Army of\\nthe Potomac, where Meade was still in command on the\\nnorth bank of the Rapidan. Grant s plan was to take\\nRichmond. He sent General Butler up the James to\\nattack the city from the south, Generals Sigel and Hun-\\nter up the Shenandoah valley to approach Richmond\\nfrom the west, while he was to advance to the city from\\nthe north.\\nlieutenant general\\nof the United States\\narmy (March)", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "294\\nTHE CIVIL WAR\\nThe battle of the\\nWilderness\\n(May 5. 6)\\nSpottsylvania and\\nCold Harbor\\n(May 8-12)\\nGrant crosses the\\nJames\\nPHILIP H, SHERIDAN\\n1831-1888\\nGrant set out from Culpepper Courthouse, and crossed\\nthe Rapidan. He was met by Lee in the Wilder-\\nness, a country of forests and thickets, and for two\\ndays battle raged incessantly.\\nLee fought unsuccessfully at\\nSpottsylvania Courthouse, but\\nwas victorious at Cold Har-\\nbor. Grant declared he\\nwould fight it out on that line\\nif it took him all summer, and\\npushed slowly southward.\\nWhen Grant reached the\\nChickahominy River, he had\\nlost about sixty thousand\\nmen. Lee had lost about\\nhalf that number.\\nThe defenses on the north\\nof Richmond were too strong to be taken, and Grant\\nmoved across the James to attack the city from the\\nsouth. But just beyond the river were the fortifications\\nof Petersburg, twenty miles from Richmond. Here\\nLee s army had taken position. Both armies kept\\nfortifying themselves more and more strongly;\\nand, during the winter, each tried to get the\\nadvantage.\\nMeantime, east of Richmond, Butler had\\nbeen cooped up on a peninsula in the James.\\nWest of Richmond, Sigel had been de-\\nfeated by General John C. Breckinridge,\\nand Hunter forced to retreat beyond the Al-\\nleghany Mountains. The Shenandoah valley\\nwas thus unprotected. Lee sent General Early\\nthrough Maryland to attack Washington. But the passes\\nto the capital were too well guarded and while Early", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION\\n295\\nwas encamped in the valley, Sheridan defeated him at\\nWinchester. Early surprised the pursuing Union army\\nat Cedar Creek, and put it to rout, while Sheridan was\\nabsent at Winchester, about twenty miles\\naway. Sheridan heard the cannonad-\\ning with its terrible grumble, and\\nrumble, and roar, telling the battle\\nwas on once more; he mounted his\\nhorse, and arrived in time to rally\\nhis men, and change defeat to\\nvictory.\\nIn the West, vSherman in su-\\npreme command of the Army of\\nJOHN ALEXANDER LOGAN the Cumberland, numbering almost\\na hundred thousand men, and compris-\\ning the Army of the Cumberland, commanded by George\\nH. Thomas, the Army of the Tennessee, by James B.\\nMc Pherson, and the Army of the Ohio, by John M.\\nSchofield, drove Joseph E. Johnston, with an army of\\nabout sixty thousand, slowly back from Dalton through\\nthe mountains to Atlanta.\\nThere were battles at Resaca and Dallas, in which\\nSherman was victorious, and at Kenesaw Mountain,\\nwhere he was badly defeated by Johnston. About\\nthirty-five thousand were killed or wounded in these bat-\\ntles among the hills of Georgia. Jefferson Davis now\\nremoved the cautious Johnston from command,\\nand appointed the rash General J. B. Hood\\nin his place. Hood was\\nbeaten in three engage-\\nments by Sherman. In\\none of these General\\nMc Pherson was killed,\\nand General John A.\\nWinchester\\n(September 19)\\nCedar Creek\\n((October ig)\\nSheridan s ride\\nDalton (May 4)\\nResaca, Ga.\\n(May 14, 15)\\nDallas (May 25-28)\\nKenesaw Mountain\\n[line 27)", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "296\\nTHE CIVIL WAR\\nAllantu taken\\n(September 2)\\nNashville\\n(December 15, 16\\nSherman s march\\nto the sea\\n(November 16 to\\nDecember 13\\nW. T. SHERMAN\\n1820-1891\\n1864\\nThe Red River\\nexpedition\\n(j;avalry raids\\nBlockade runners\\nLogan succeeded him in command of the Army of the\\nTennessee for the remainder of the battle, when he\\nwas succeeded by General O. O. Howard. Hood was\\ndriven out of Atlanta. He then started for the North,\\ncrossed the Tennessee, and, after a desperate engage-\\nment with Schofield at Franklin, was attacked by\\nThomas at Nashville, and routed completely. Thus the\\nConfederate army of the West went to pieces, and the\\nGulf States were without defense.\\nSherman had planned for this result. Meantime he\\nburned Atlanta, and then tearing down telegraph\\nwires as he went that they might not convey the\\nnews of his movements, and destroying railroads\\nand all that might sustain an army, he marched\\nin four great columns, covering sixty miles of\\ncountry, to Savannah, three hundred miles away.\\nSherman stormed Fort McAlister, and entered\\nthe city just before Christmas. He had cut\\nthe eastern part of the Confederacy in two,\\nand he remained in winter quarters at Savan-\\nnah, while Lee and Grant were watching each\\nother on the James.\\nNow, while the great armies were fighting, there had\\nbeen many smaller engagements. An expedition under\\nGeneral Banks was sent through northwestern Louis-\\niana and up the Red River; but the campaign was a\\nfailure, and the troops returned to New Orleans. The\\ncavalry on both sides made extended raids through the\\ncountry. Confederate gunboats in the harbors and\\nironclads on the Gulf of Mexico struggled to break the\\nblockade, which shut off the South from supplies.\\nSwift blockade runners built low, and painted dull drab,\\nwere secured in the West Indies. On dark nights they\\nran with provisions into port at Wilmington, N. C, and", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION\\n297\\nsped away again laden with cotton. Over fifteen hun-\\ndred of these blockade runners were captured during\\nthe war.\\nConfederate privateers cruised in the high seas to de- Privateers\\nstroy the commerce of the North. The Siuntcr cap-\\ntured many merchantmen, and a fleet of cruisers, built Cruisers\\nin England, lay in wait for American vessels. Off the The Kearsarge s.in\\\\iR\\nf T- ITT- T^ 11 i^ Alabama\\ncoast of France, the Union ship Kearsargc sunk the (June 19)\\n\\\\5^\u00c2\u00ab^li IN RlBClLlON AND N07 l/QJING\\nELECTION OF 1864\\nBritish ship Alabama, which, under a Confederate cap-\\ntain, had long preyed upon Northern merchantmen.\\nThe Confederate cruiser Florida was unlawfully seized\\nin a neutral port, and the Georgia was captured at\\nI^isbon.\\nAt the close of 1864 the conflict in the West was con-\\ncluded. General Lee commanded the only organized\\nConfederate army. He could not help the Gulf States,\\nfor he needed his men to defend Richmond against Grant,\\nwho, intrenched near Petersburg, watched the Confeder-", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "298\\nTHE CIVIL WAR\\nAbraham Lincoln\\nre-elected\\n1865\\nFort Fisher and\\nWilmington\\n(January 15)\\nate capital day and night. Sherman, at Savannah, was\\nwaiting to advance to Virginia, and hold Lee in check\\nwhile Grant might give the final stroke of the war.\\nNational conventions Meantime the States not in rebellion met in national\\nconventions. Those who wanted peace at any price\\nnominated George B. McClellan; those, both Democrats\\nand Republicans, who were determined to maintain the\\nUnion at any cost, Abraham Lincoln; those who\\nwished a more vigorous policy in liberating the slaves,\\nJohn C. Fremont. Fremont withdrew, and Lincoln\\nwas re-elected president, with Andrew Johnson, of\\nTennessee, vice-president.\\nIn January, Admiral David D. Porter and a division\\nof Grant s army, under General A. S. Terry, captured\\nFort Fisher and Wilmington, N. C, thus shutting off\\nthe blockade runners that had supplied Lee s army with\\nfood.\\nIn February, Sherman left Savannah, and marched\\ntoward Columbia. Every white man in South Carolina,\\nfrom sixteen to sixty, was called upon to defend the\\ncapital of his State; but the mighty army of Sherman\\noccupied Columbia. The Confederates had set the torch\\nto their warehouses, and retreated to join the hastily\\ncollected army under Johnston and Beauregard in North\\nCarolina. Charleston was captured by a detachment of\\nUnion troops, and the stars and stripes were set again\\non Fort Sumter.\\nOn the third of March, Congress ordered that In\\nGod We Trust be placed upon the larger coin of the\\nnation as we see it to-day. On the fourth of March,\\nLincoln said in his inaugural address: With malice\\ntoward none, with charity for all; with firmness in the\\nright as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to\\nfinish the work we are in, to bind up the nation s wounds,\\nSherman occupies\\nColumbia\\n(February 17)\\nCharleston\\n(Fcbruarj 18)\\nIn God \\\\vc trust\\n(March 3)\\nLincoln inaugurated\\n(March 4)", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "LINCOLN S AUMhNISTKATlON 299\\nto care for him who shall have borne the battle and for\\nhis widow and orphans, and to do all things which may\\nachieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among our-\\nselves and with all nations.\\nPeace was near at hand. Sherman was met in North\\nCarolina by Johnston with an army of forty thousand\\nmen, made up of the scattered forces of the western Avcrysboro\\narmies and the garrisons from the fallen cities on the 5)\\ncoast. He defeated him at Averysboro and Bentonville, March is)\\nand ended his great march at Goldsboro, where he\\nunited his army with the armies of Schotield and\\nTerry.\\nMeantime Sheridan with his cavalry moved\\nup the Shenandoah valley, and joined Grant\\nnear Petersburg. Grant advanced his whole\\nline, a hundred thousand strong, and burst\\nthrough Lee s intrenchments. Lee re-\\ntreated westward during the night. Peters-\\nburg and Richmond were taken by the Union\\nDAVID DIXON PORTER\\ntroops. Jefferson Davis and his cabinet tied isaiisgi\\nfrom their capital, and escaped to North Carolina.\\nGrant pursued Lee; Sheridan passed beyond him, and ivicisinng (April.;)\\ncutoff retreat. The Confederates were half starved (^i- 3)\\nand worn out; their currency had so depreciated that the\\nwar department paid a thousand dollars for a pair of\\nboots; and a month s pay for a soldier would not buy a\\nration of food.\\nGeneral Lee accepted defeat, and, on April 9, sur- dcncraiLee\\nrendered the shattered remnant of his army, num- IaJ.h^,\\nbering twenty-six thousand men, to General Grant, at\\nAppomattox Courthouse. On promise not to bear arms\\nagainst the United States, the Confederates were c.cncrMjoUu^um\\nallowed to disband, and to keep their horses for their\\n(April 26)\\nplows. A few days later at Raleigh General Johnston", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "3O0 THE CIVIL WAR\\nsurrendered to Sherman. Jefferson Davis was captured\\nin Georgia, and imprisoned at Fortress Monroe on the\\ncharge of treason. Two years later he was released\\nwithout trial.\\nSuch are the rude outlines of the most terrible civil\\nwar in the history of the world. A more complete\\naccount of the conflict and of the great generals who\\nled armies to defeat or victory should be read by every\\nstudent.\\nThe armies of Grant Whcn the war was over, the Confederate soldiers\\nand Sherman march j-etumcd to their ruiucd homes. The armies of Grant\\nin review at\\nWashington and Sherman, about one hundred and fifty thousand\\na 23.24 strong, marched to music through the streets of Wash-\\nington City. Then they separated to return to their\\nown States. Here they were reviewed by their gov-\\nernors, and then, except the standing army of fifty thou-\\nsand, the Federal troops, numbering in all about a mil-\\nlion men, disbanded to go to their homes. The tattered\\nflag of Fort Sumter was placed on the flagstaff of the\\nfortification by its old commander, and thus the flag of\\nthe Union instead of the palmetto of South Carolina\\nfloated again over the government buildings in Charles-\\nton harbor.\\nKMim.ac.i lossin Over two milHon men servcd in the Union army, and\\nabout a million in the Confederate army. About three\\nhundred thousand, on each side, lay under the sod. All\\nthis blood had been shed to determine whether the\\nnation should be kept one and undivided. Instead of\\ntwo nations, with standing armies, ready to destroy each\\nother like the nations of Europe, we are still the united\\nnation which Washington, Jackson, and other great\\npatriots struggled to establish and maintain.\\nI lattles and Leaders of the Civil War, published by the Century\\nCompany, gives an excellent account of the principal engagements.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "LINCOLN S ADMINISTKATION 30 F\\nSlavery caused the war, but let us reuieuiber that the\\nwar was not waged by the governuient to abolish slav-\\nery in the Stati S. Liueoln himself agreed that slavery\\nin the S/i!/is was protected by the C onslit ution. lie\\ndepended on the slow growth of |)id)lic oj)ini()n to abol-\\nish it. The (juestion at issue was whether the Hag\\nshould be lorn asunder. I roni iIk; time of [effcM son,\\nsome had believeil that a State; had the right to pass\\njudgnicnl on the acts of Congress, and to nulhly those\\nwhich did not siuin constitutional. loni this stand-\\npoint it was rasy to belic^ve that ea( h State was sover-\\neign in dscdl, and had the right to withdraw from the\\nUnion. In the South, as well as in the North, men\\nstood by their convictions, and h)ught with all tlu;ir might\\nto defend I licuL\\niSds\\nThe rejoicing over the close of the r(d)ellion was turned n,. .,ss:,sM\u00e2\u0080\u009e.,ii,M,oi\\ninto deeijcst grief by the assassination of I lvsid.-nl Lin- i\\n(Apiil n)\\ncoin. On the evenmg oi the fifth day after Lee s sur-\\nrendc r, while tlu; great man sat in ord s theater, in\\nWashington, John Wilkc^s Booth, a young actor, cr(;pt\\nbehind him, and, crying S/r soiipcr /yraniiis Thus\\nmay it ever be to tyrants), shot him through the brain.\\nIn the excitement of the nunnent no one sei;ied the\\nslayer. Hut the American Hag, ilraped in front of tlu;\\npresident s box, wrapjied itself about his fe(;t as he\\nile(l, iind threw him to the iloor. Hooth escaped with 1 h.- i;.i.m,i |.,ini\\na broken leg. lie was afterward shot in a barn by S(d-\\ndiers attempting to capture him; yet four of his accom-\\nplices were hanged. On the sanu; night that Lincoln\\nfell, William II. Seward, secretary of state, was severely\\nstabbi d in his own house.\\nWithin thre(; hours after Lincoln breathed his last, .A.uiirwjcin.snn\\nAndrew Johnson, the vice-president, was sworn into\\n(A|iiil 15)\\nofftce as chief executive of the United States,", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "vn\\nvO\\nC 0\\nu\\nK\\n(1.\\nC\\na\\no\\nW\\nw\\nCO\\n00\\nw C\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0a g\\n-a 3\\nPi\\nu\\nc\\nE\\nC3\\ne\\no\\nc\\no\\nF ort SuMiler capturcil by Uic Conledeiales\\nEleven States versus twenty-three States\\nlilockade (if Southern ports\\nBattle of Hull Run\\nMill Spring\\nForts Henry and Donelson\\nPittsburg Landing\\nCorinth\\nNew Orleans\\nThe Monitor and the Merrimac\\nVorktown\\nWilliamsburg\\nSeven Pines\\nSeven Days battles\\nCedar Mountain\\nThe second battle of Bull Run\\nFredericksburg\\nNegroes made contraband of war\\nNational banks established\\nEmancipation Proclamation\\nChancellorsville\\nGettysburg\\nPort Gibson\\nRaymond\\nJackson\\nChampion Hills\\nVicksburg\\nPort Hudson\\nChickamauga\\nChattanooga\\nLincoln s dedication of Gettysburg Cemetery\\nBattle of the Wilderness\\nSpottsylvania\\nWinchester\\nCedar Creek\\nDalton\\nResaca\\nDallas\\nKenesavv Mountain\\nAtlanta\\nNashville\\nSherman s march lo the sea\\nThe Red River expedition\\nThe Kea7 sayi^e and the Alabavm\\nl^incoln re-elected\\nFort Fisher and Wilmington\\nColuml)ia\\nCharleston\\nThe inauguration of President Lincoln\\nAverysboro\\nBentonville\\nRichmond\\nAppomattox\\nRaleigh\\nAssassination of i resident Lincoln\\nEuropean powers grant belligerent rights to the Confederacy\\nMason and Slidell seized on the Trent\\nEngland sends battle ships to Canada\\nPeaceful settlement of Trent affair\\nNapoleon HI overthrows the Mexican republic\\nMaximilian emperor of Mexico\\n;o2", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": ".Jp^~^\\\\^^^^n\\nRECONSTRUCTION ^l h-KUtiKC^):)\\n1565-1599\\nCHAPTER XLIV\\nANDREW JOHNSON (SEVENTEENTH PRESIDENT,\\n1865-1869), REPUBLICAN\\nAndrew Johnson faced many grave problems as he\\ntook the presidential chair. The South was in chaos.\\nThe thirteenth amendment to the Constitution, abolish- The thirteenth\\ning slavery forever, wherever it still existed, had just been\\nsent by Congress to the States for ratification. It was\\nnecessary to add this amendment to the Constitution,\\nbecause Lincoln s emancipation proclamation applied\\nonly to the Confederate States. Kentucky, Missouri,\\nWest Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware had remained\\nloyal, yet still held their slaves.\\nThere seemed two ways of restoring the disloyal States\\nto their old position: one was by restoration, the other\\nby reconstruction. The Restoration plan did not concede The Restoration\\nthat the States had ever been entirely out of the Union p 7= -^d by\\nLincoln and\\nand, on certain conditions, received them back. The Johnson\\nReconstruction plan considered the disloyal States out\\nof the Union, and readmitted them on certain condi-\\n303", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "304\\nRECONSTRUCTION\\nANDREW JOHNSON\\n1808-1875\\n1865\\nCongress meets\\n(December)\\nThe Reconstruc-\\ntion plan adopted\\nThe ironclad\\noath\\n1 868\\nThe fourteenth\\namendment\\ntions. including a guaranty that the negroes should be\\nrecognized as citizens.\\nLincoln had favored the Restoration plan, and issued\\nan amnesty proclamation granting pardon, with a\\nfew exceptions, to all who had taken part in the rebel-\\nlion. The condition of pardon was an oath of\\nallegiance to the United States and support of\\nthe emancipation proclamation. He had re-\\nstored Arkansas, Tennessee, and Louisiana,\\nafter one tenth of those who had voted in i860\\nfor presidential electors had taken the oath and\\norganized a State government. Johnson, like\\nLincoln, favored the Restoration plan; he\\nremoved the blockade, and placed provi-\\nsional governors over States not yet restored,\\nauthorizing them to call conventions to organ-\\nize loyal governments by repealing the Ordi-\\nnance of Secession, repudiating the Southern war\\ndebt, abolishing slavery in their own States, and ratify-\\ning the thirteenth amendment to the Constitution.\\nWhen Congress met, the measures of both presidents\\nwere ignored, and the Reconstruction plan was adopted.\\nSenators and representatives from the eleven seceded\\nStates were not given seats in Congress; and the iron-\\nclad oath, incorporated into the fourteenth amend-\\nment, was demanded of officeholders.\\nCongress passed, over President Johnson s veto, the\\nCivil Rights bill, guaranteeing to negroes the rights of\\ncitizenship. The bill was also incorporated into the\\nfourteenth amendment, ratification of which was made\\na condition of representation in Congress from the South-\\nern States.\\n1 Article XIV, Section HI, of the Constitution.\\n2 Article XI\\\\ Section I. of the Constitution.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "JOHNSON S ADMINISTRATION 305\\nCongress put the rebellious States under martial law, The Confedcraic\\nStates un\\nmartial Ici\\nuntil they should return to the Union, and created a\\nfreedmen s bureau to protect the negroes.\\nMeantime the thirteenth and fourteenth amendments The thirteenth and\\nwere ratified. The seceded States, except Geor-\\ni amendments are\\ngia, Virginia, Mississippi, and Texas, were recon- ratified\\nstructed; but the result was very disappointing.\\nThe ironclad oath disfranchised almost all Southern\\nstatesmen. Unscrupulous Northern men, called car- Carpetbaggers and\\npetbaggers, because it was said they brought nothing\\nwith them but carpetbags, hurried across the borders,\\nand set up State governments by the votes of negroes\\nand a few white men called scalawags.\\nPresident Johnson vigorously opposed the Reconstruc-\\ntion plan, and vetoed the bills providing for it. The bills\\nwere passed over his veto, however; and, in the end, the\\nfeeling against him became so violent that he was im- President Johnson\\npeached by the House of Representatives for high crimes p^**^\\nand misdemeanors. The trial was before the Senate,\\nwith Chief Justice Chase presiding. A two-thirds vote\\nwas necessary for conviction, and Johnson was acquitted\\nby just one vote.\\nThere were many questions for Congress to settle.\\nDuring the war, while our government was too busy to\\nhelp prevent it, Louis Napoleon, the emperor of France, The French in\\noverthrew the republic of Mexico, and proclaimed Maxi-\\nmilian of Austria emperor. At the close of the war,\\nthe French army still held the Mexicans under military\\nrule. The United States quoted the Monroe doctrine to\\nFrance, and sent General Sheridan to the Rio Grande\\n1867\\nwith an army. France withdrew her troops. Maximil- Death of Kmperor\\nMaximilici\\nHis siioi uy Liie iviexicaiib who\\nre-established the republic.\\nian refused to leave, and was shot by the Mexicans who\\n(June 10)\\ni8()7\\nAlaska was bought from Russia through the diplomacy Purchase uf Alaska\\n(October)\\n20", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "3o6\\nRECONSTRUCTION\\n1868\\nThe first Chinese\\nembassy\\n1863\\nWest Virginia,\\n1864\\nNevada, and\\n1867\\nNebraska admitted\\n1865\\nThe national debt\\n1868\\nGeneral U S Gram\\nelected president\\nof William H. Seward, secretary of state, for seven\\nmillion two hundred thousand dollars, and brought much\\nwealth in minerals, lumber, and furs to our country. The\\nfollowing year China sent an embassy to the United\\nStates, in charge of Anson Burlingame, who had been\\nour American ambassador to that empire. A treaty was\\nconcluded which gave us greater commercial privileges\\nat Chinese ports than those enjoyed by any other nation.\\nDuring the war. West Virginia and Nevada were added\\nto the Union, and then Nebraska was admitted as the\\nthirty-seventh State.\\nThe national debt, at the close of the war, was nearly\\nthree billion dollars. The government determined, from\\nthe beginning, to pay the debt as soon as possible.\\nThere was a large income from duties on imports, taxes\\non manufactured articles, the sale of public lands, and\\nother sources. The revenues were soon sufficient, not\\nonly to pay the interest on the debt, but to reduce the\\nprincipal.\\nWhen the time came for the national conventions, the\\nRepublicans nominated General Ulysses S. Grant, of\\nIllinois, president; the Democrats, Horatio Seymour, of\\nNew York. Grant, the hero of the war, was elected.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "^^pPlTOPIAL GPQwi^\\nUNITED STATES\\n-vi.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XLV\\nULYSSES S. GRANT (EIGHTEENTH PRESIDENT,\\n1869-1877) REPUBLICAN 1\\nThe census in the year after Ulysses S. Grant became\\npresident showed a population of more than thirty- The census\\neight and a half million. The city of New York had\\nnearly a million inhabitants; next in size, were Phila-\\ndelphia, Brooklyn, and St. Louis. Chicago was close\\nbehind the latter city when a fire swept miles of build- The Chicago fire\\nings from her lake shore. Nearly one hundred thou-\\nsand people were made homeless. Money, clothing,\\nand food were sent -to the sufferers from all parts of the\\ncountry, and the Prairie City arose from its ashes more\\nsplendid than ever.\\nOne of the most remarkable things shown by the new The growth of\\ncensus was the growth of the West. The discovery of\\ngold in the Rocky Mountains caused thousands to hurry\\nto Pike s Peak. Denver was founded; prairie schoon-\\ners, mules, and horses bore the gold seekers to the\\nmountain city, and a line of coaches soon ran from\\nLeavenworth to Denver.\\nThe travel through the prairies of the West aroused\\nnew interest in the Great American Desert. People\\nlearned that the soil was fitted for agriculture; and to g^^\\nencourage settlement. Congress passed the Homestead The Homestead Act\\nbill, giving farms of eighty or a hundred and sixty\\nacres to qualified citizens, who cultivated them for five\\nyears.\\nRead Andrews Last Quarter Century.\\n2 The following year a large part of Boston, including many historic\\nbuildings, was burned.\\n[307]", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": ".-^o^\\nNATIONAL PROGRESS\\n1869\\nThe Pacific rnilroiui\\ncompleted\\n1858\\nThe first cable\\ntelegraph\\n1866\\nA permanent cable\\nCYRUS W. FIELD\\n1819-1892\\n1870\\nThe signal service\\nbureau\\nSanto Domingo\\nThat same year Congress chartered two companies for\\nbuilding a railroad to the coast. The Central Pacific\\npledged, in consideration of subsidies in bonds and\\ncessions of public lands, to complete a road from Sacra-\\nmento eastward, and the Union Pacific from Omaha\\nwestward. The two roads met near Ogden, Utah.\\nAfter San Francisco had been thus joined with bands\\nof iron to the cities of the East, immigration to the West\\nincreased enormously, and pulled the center of popula-\\ntion along at a great rate.\\nDuring President Buchanan s administration, as we\\nhave seen, a cable telegraph united the United States to\\nEngland. After a few weeks, however, this cable ceased\\nto work. Cyrus Field made many voyages across the\\nsea, and finally secured enough capital in America and\\nEurope to begin his work over again. Another line was\\nbroken and lost. Yet another, two thousand miles long,\\ncarried by the Great Eastern, connected successfully the\\nPort of Heart s Content, Newfoundland, with\\nValentia Bay, Ireland.\\nAbout this time Congress established the first\\nsignal service bureau. It ascertains several\\ndays in advance the temperature and moisture\\nof the atmosphere, and the direction and vio-\\nlence of the winds. At present, the signal\\nservice system extends over the whole country,\\nand is of value to agriculture and commerce.\\nPresident Grant s first administration had\\nmuch to do with foreign affairs. Santo Domingo,\\nthe fertile eastern part of Haiti, asked to be annexed to\\nthe United States. As it was a fine coaling station, and\\nwell adapted for the colonization of negroes, the presi-\\ndent was anxious to buy it. He agreed to a treaty;\\nbut because its annexation would bring many ignorant", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "GRANT S ADMINISTRATION 309\\nvoters, chiefly negroes, the Senate refused to confirm the\\ntreaty.\\nThe United States had trouble with England about The A/aia\u00c2\u00bbut\\nthe equipment of Southern men-of-war within her waters\\nduring the rebellion. Confederate agents had built and\\narmed the Alabama and the Florida in the Mersey.\\nThey escaped to sea, and nearly ruined American com-\\nmerce, taking refuge, when pursued, in British harbors.\\nWe have seen that the Alabama was sunk by the Kear-\\nsarge but in her course on the seas she had destroyed\\nabout seventy merchantmen. The United States de-\\nmanded damages for the injuries done by these and\\nother vessels built and equipped in British waters.\\nWar was threatened. But, in the end, a Board of The Geneva award\\nArbitration at Geneva, Switzerland, decided that Great\\nBritain should pay fifteen and a half million dollars\\ninto the federal treasury for damage done to American\\ncommerce. That same year the dispute about the north-\\nwest boundary between the United States and British\\nAmerica was settled. This leaves us, said President\\nGrant, in his message to Congress, for the first time in\\nthe history of the United States as a nation, without a\\nquestion of disputed territory in the possessions of Great\\nBritain.\\n1873\\nCuba, the following year, caused complications with Trouble whh Spain\\nSpain. The Virginins, an American vessel, carried sup-\\nplies to help the natives of Cuba in a rebellion against\\nSpain. Of course the crew had no right to do this. They\\nwere seized on the ocean by a Spanish man-of-war, and\\ntaken to Cuba. Several were shot without a legal trial.\\nThe United States protested against the injustice so vigor-\\nously that Spain stopped the death penalty, and after-\\nward released those left alive.\\nMeantime the relations at home were more compli-", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "310\\nNATIONAL PROGRESS\\nThe\\nanu\\n1870\\nfifteentli\\nmlmcnl ailopteil\\n(March 30)\\nTlie trials of\\nreconstruction in\\nthe South\\nGeneral Robert E.\\nLee, president of\\nWashington\\nuniversity\\nThe K\\\\iklux Klaii\\ncated than those abroad. The fifteenth amendment,\\nratified by the States, forbidding the United States or\\nany State to prevent any person from voting because of\\nhis race, color, or previous condition of servitude, gave\\ntlie negro the right to vote. That same year the last\\nStates were reconstructed, and, the following term of\\nCongress, members were again in their seats from all\\nthe States, as before the war. One of the senators was\\nHiram R. Revels, of Mississippi, the first colored mem-\\nber of Congress.\\nThere was still much trouble in the South over the\\nnegro question. In many States more negroes than\\nwhite men voted, so that the ex-slaves had control of the\\nlocal government. They were utterly ignorant, and\\nbecame the tools of the carpetbaggers.\\nThe condition of the descendants of the cavaliers was\\nmost distressing at this time. Vast estates had been\\nsold for taxes; proud planters became clerks; and high-\\nbred ladies hired out as governesses.\\nMany noble men and women accepted the verdict of\\nthe war, and bent their energies toward building up the\\nSouth to its old honored place in the Union.\\nGeneral Robert E. Lee, president of Washington\\nUniversity, used his infiuence to develop a love for the\\nUnion. When a irginia lady brought her two sons to\\nenter the school, and in his presence expressed bitter\\nhatred for the North, the great man said: Madam, do\\nnot bring up your sons to detest the United States gov-\\nernment. We form but one country noiv. Make your\\nsons Americans.\\nYet it was a terrible struggle for even the best of\\nSouthern leaders to submit to the trials of reconstruc-\\ntion. Race prejudice was strong. The Kuklux Klan,\\na secret society of young Southern whites, was formed", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "GRANT S ADMINISTRATION\\n311\\nLiberal\\nKc-imblioans\\nto keep freed men in their place. Murders were\\ncommitted in the name of the society for all sorts of\\nprivate grudges, until the Southerners themselves de-\\ntested the system. When the State governments asked\\naid, President Grant sent troops, and Congress passed\\nsevere laws against the Kuklux Klans, which finally put\\nan end to their meetings.\\nThere was so much trouble in the South over the\\nvarious stringent laws enacted by Congress that some\\nRepublicans formed a faction, called Liberal Re-\\npublicans. Carl Schurz, Stanley Matthews,\\nand Charles Francis Adams were some of the\\nleading men among the Liberal Republicans\\nwho demanded the removal of federal troops\\nfrom the South, universal amnesty to the Con-\\nfederates, a tariff for revenue only, and civil\\nservice reform.\\nThe Republican newspapers took sides\\non the political issues. The New York\\nTimes and Harper s Weekly sided with the\\nRepublicans. In the Weekly, Thomas Nast,\\nthe caricaturist, used his genius to further the\\ninterests of the old party.\\nHorace Greeley, in the New York Tribune, and Murat\\nHalstead, in the Cincinnati Commercial, supported the\\nLiberals.\\nThe Republicans nominated General Grant for re- ri.e Repubiicais\\nelection. The Liberals nominated Horace Greeley; but The Liberals\\na faction of the Liberals, displeased with the choice,\\nchose another candidate. The Democrats indorsed the ihe ucmocrats\\nLiberal ticket; Mr. Greeley s paper had so often de-\\nnounced the democracy of the South, however, that a\\nHORACE GREELEY\\n1822-1893\\nThe national\\nconventions\\nRead Johnston s American Politics.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "31^\\nNATIONAL PROGRESS\\nThe Labor Reform\\nparty\\nThe Prohibition\\nparty\\n1872\\nAll the States take\\npart in the national\\nc:let:tions\\nfaction refused to support him, and nominated Charles\\nO Conor. The Labor Reform party, which wished the\\nChinese excluded and government bonds taxed, and\\nopposed national banks, and land grants to railroads and\\nother corporations, indorsed Charles O Conor.\\nThe Prohibition party, demanding an amendment to\\nthe Constitution prohibiting the sale of liquor, nomi-\\nnated James Black, of Pennsylvania. Qualified citi-\\nzens of all the States, including negroes, voted at this\\nelection.\\nGeneral Grant was elected for a second term.\\nCHAPTER XLVI\\n1873\\nThe panic\\nWild speculation\\nLack of public\\nconfidence\\nThe greenbacks\\nULYSSES S. GRANT (1869-1877) (Continued)\\nREPUBLICAN\\nThe second term of President Grant began with a\\nfinancial panic. During the administration of Van\\nBuren the country suffered from the results of a boom.\\nThe panic in Grant s administration was largely due to\\nthe same causes.\\nThere had been a fictitious value on railroad, mining,\\nand manufacturing stock. States, towns, and private\\ncorporations took great risks, and plunged into debt.\\nThen came lack of confidence; stocks declined in value,\\nbanks called in their loans; manufacturing, mining, and\\nrailroad building stopped, and thousands of workmen\\nwere thrown out of employment.\\nSeveral years passed before the country recovered\\nfrom this panic of 1873.\\nWe have seen how Congress issued greenbacks, or\\npromissory notes, to be used as money during the war,", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "GRANTS ADMINISTRATION 313\\nbecause gold and silver were scarce. The value of this\\npaper had gone up or down according to the success of\\nthe war. Just before Atlanta was taken, a paper dollar\\nwas worth about forty cents in coin. A barrel of flour,\\nin some places, cost twenty-two dollars. After the war\\nwas over, the value of the paper money was not always\\nthe same. It was evidently necessary to strengthen the r,\\ncredit of the government. So to put things on a solid i he Resumption ot\\nbasis again, Congress passed the Resumption Act, by ^i ^=\u00c2\u00bby\\nwhich the government declared it would make its bonds,\\ngreenbacks, and national bank notes redeemable in\\ncoin, after Jan. i, 1879.^ This satisfied the holders\\nof federal paper both at home and in Europe. Confi-\\ndence in greenbacks was restored, and business\\nbegan to improve just from the mere thinking about\\nwhat would happen in four years.\\nThe year the Resumption Act was passed was the The centennial of\\ncentennial of the battle of Lexington.\\nOn April 19, President Grant reviewed a procession\\nof patriot soldiers. Then the statues of Samuel Adams\\nand John Hancock were unveiled. Pine trees and pal-\\nmetto trees stood on the platform in Lexington com-\\nmon as emblems that Massachusetts and South Carolina\\njoined together in celebration of the battle which began\\nour struggle for liberty. South Carolina, the first to\\nsecede from the Union in the Civil war, because she\\ndid not read the Constitution as Congress and the federal\\ncourts read it, had been the first to respond to the call\\nfor a Continental Congress. On this centennial day\\nGovernor Chamberlain, of South Carolina, in an elo-\\nquent address, spoke of his State as cemented anew in south Carolina\\nthe Union. at the Lexington\\ncentennial\\nOh, welcome South Carolina to-day to the old\\nthe Ijattle of Lexing-\\nton (April 19)\\n1 See page 287.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "314\\nNATIONAL PROGRESS\\n1876\\nCentennial of tlie\\nDcclaratiiin of\\nIndcpciulcncr\\ni.l y 4)\\nfellowship! he said. The monuments of marble\\ncrumble, but there is one monument which we may\\nerect in the hearts of all the American people\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the\\nmonument of a reunited country, a free and just govern-\\nment, an indestructible Union of indestructible States.\\nGovernor Gaston, of Massachusetts, followed in an\\naddress, closing with the appeal to all sections: Let\\nus declare that we will preserve and maintain that\\nRepublic whose strong foundations were laid one hun-\\ndred years ago.\\nThe next centennial to come was that of the signing\\nof the Declaration of Independence. It was proposed\\nto make the hundredth Fourth of July a time for a\\nWorld s Fair, and invite all nations to unite with us in\\ncelebrating at Philadelphia.\\nSome said the monarchies of Europe would not set\\nsuch a bad example before their subjects as to join with\\na republic in commemorating this day. They said\\nQueen Victoria would never send commissioners to\\ncelebrate the defeat of her grandfather. Yet thirty-\\nthree foreign governments, representing all the civilized\\nnations except Greece, accepted the invitation to make\\nexhibits.\\nCongress appropriated over two million dollars to\\nerect a national building, and aid in the success of the\\nundertaking; and several legislatures appropriated funds\\nto erect State buildings.\\nPresident Grant opened the Exposition on May 10.\\nlixpusition (.May .0) ^he great day was the F^ourth of July. Wagner, the\\nGerman composer, had written a march for the occasion;\\n1770-1870 1\\nTi.e Fourth of July Whitticr, a centennial hymn; and Sidney Lanier, the\\npoet of Georgia, an ode to the Union. Richard Henry\\nLee, descendant of him who moved the adoption of the\\nDeclaration of Independence, brought the original docu-\\nCongress and State\\nI.egislattircs make\\nappiopiiatioiis\\nGrant opens the", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "GRANT S ADMINISTRATION\\n3 5\\nment, yellow with age, to the view of the vast audience;\\nthen Bayard Taylor read a poem, and William M.\\nEvarts delivered a patriotic address.\\nMonths of sight seeing followed these exercises.\\nThere were products from almost every clime and coun-\\ntry gathered on the Exposition grounds. The American The Americans f.i. j\\npeople realized more than ever that there was much to\\nr r mu .li to learn\\ndo before they could hope to rank in art and science\\nwith the older nations. Yet in industrial inventions\\nthe United States took first place. The two most noted\\nnovelties were the electric light and Bell s telephone; Eiearidight and\\nbut no one then dreamed of the value these discoveries ^p\\nwould one day be to the world.\\nOn the grounds, the white, the black, and the red The three races\\nraces mingled again as one hundred years before.\\nThe white man was the bustling master of the situa-\\ntion the black was timidly pushing here and there-\\nthrough the crowds, feeling that, as a citizen, he ha(\\na share in the displays. The red man at the Cei\\ntennial was only a curiosity in his native land, an(\\na troop of bo} s followed him as he wandered\\nabout in blankets and paints.\\nBut far in the West, where most of the tribes\\nhad been driven during the century, some war-\\nriors were fighting for the patch of soil which\\nstill remained. The Modocs in southern\\nOregon, when ordered by the government\\nto remove to another reservation, had re-\\nfused to go, killed the peace commissioners,\\none of whom was General Canby, and concealed\\nthemselves in a network of underground passages\\nseveral miles in length, made by old volcanoes, whence The Mododndians\\nthey were not driven for more than a year.\\nThe Sioux Indians, who, during the Civil war. had The sioux Indians\\nSITTING BULL\\n1872-1873", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "3i6\\nNATIONAL PROGRESS\\nGold in the\\nBiiuk Hills\\nSitting Bull\\nGEORGE ARMSTRONG CUSTER\\n1839-1876\\n1876\\nDeath of General\\nCuster and his\\nregiment (June 25)\\nIndian Territory\\ninvaded Iowa and Minnesota, and killed nearly a thou-\\nsand men, women, and children, were again giving\\ntrouble. They had agreed by treaty to retire to a reser-\\nvation in southwestern Dakota. Meanwhile, however,\\ngold was discovered in what is now South Dakota. The\\ngold was in that part of the Black Hills which belonged\\nto the Sioux reservation. But this did not prevent gold\\ndiggers from rushing into the district. They were very\\nlawless. They hunted the buffalo for sport, and left\\nthe carcasses lying all over the plains to decay.\\nThis was taking meat from the Indians. The\\nSioux resolved to be avenged. Under their\\nleader, Sitting Bull, they attacked settle-\\nments in Wyoming and Montana, burning,\\nstealing, and killing wherever they might.\\nI he government sent out an army which drove\\nthem toward the Big Horn in southern Mon-\\ntana.\\nWhen General Custer found that the Sioux\\nwere in a large village on the Little Big Horn,\\nhe rashly pushed forward with a single cavalry regi-\\nment, was surrounded by thousands of painted war-\\nriors, and killed, with every man in his detachment of\\ntwo hundred and sixty-two. Fresh troops soon came\\nup, and drove the Indians into British America.\\nYet war was not the favorite pastime of all the red\\nmen this centennial year. Indian Territory was organ-\\nized during the administration of President Jackson,\\nand in a few years the Cherokees of Georgia, the Semi-\\nnoles and Creeks of Florida, and the Choctaws, Chicka-\\nsaws, and other tribes along the Mississippi found hunt-\\ning grounds there.\\nMany tribes, governed by laws of their own framing,\\nhad laid out farms and pleasant towns, set up printing", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "GRANTS ADMINISTRATION 317\\npresses, and established schools and churches. It was\\nhoped that other reservations might follow the example\\nof Indian Territory.\\nColorado, whose gold and silver mines had made her Colorado admitted\\nmountains famous, was admitted into the Union as the\\nCentennial State.\\n1876\\nWhen the time came for the national conventions. The national\\nthe Democrats nominated for president Samuel J.\\nTilden, governor of New York, and the Republicans,\\nRutherford B. Hayes, governor of Ohio.\\nThe Liberal Republicans were so anxious for a change\\nof government that they joined the Democratic party\\nrather than risk failure with a candidate of their own.\\nThe Prohibition party nominated Green Clay Smith, of\\nKentucky. The Independent National part} calling for\\na repeal of the Resumption Act, and wishing the govern-\\nment to print greenbacks, or paper money, with a\\nfixed value and without promise to redeem them in coin,\\nchose Peter Cooper, of New York. The principal issues\\nat stake were the tariff and civil service reform. Tariff and civii\\nNow, as we have seen, electors cast their vote for i\\npresident and vice-president. When the votes began Disputed electoral\\nto come in, it seemed almost certain that Tilden was\\nelected. But in South Carolina, Florida, and Louis-\\niana still existed the carpetbag rule, which a portion\\nof the people refused to recognize. Two separate sets\\nof returns were sent in for presidential electors. Oregon\\nalso sent in double returns. If all four States were to\\nbe counted Republican, Hayes would have one hundred\\nand eighty-five votes and Tilden one hundred and eighty-\\nfour.\\n1 In 1893 Colorado granted women equal suffrage with men by a con-\\nstitutional amendment.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "3iS\\nNATIONAL PROGRESS\\nThe electoral\\ncommission\\nRutherford B.\\nHayes declared\\nelected by a joint\\nhigh commission\\nThe Electoral\\nCount bill\\nEach party claimed the four States. Just at this\\ntime, it happened that the Senate was RepubHcan and\\nthe House of Representatives Democratic; so, if the two\\nsets of electoral votes were sent to Congress, there\\ncould be no agreement; for, according to the Constitu-\\ntion, it is necessary that the two Houses agree upon the\\nresult. There was great excitement over this state of\\naffairs. It began to look as if inauguration day would\\ncome, and there would be either two presidents or no\\npresident; and the Constitution had no provision for\\nsuch a crisis.\\nAt last. Congress agreed to refer the dispute to a\\njoint high commission of five senators, five representa-\\ntives, and five judges of the Supreme Court. The elec-\\ntion was decided by a vote of eight to seven in each case\\nin favor of the Republicans. Rutherford B. Hayes was\\ndeclared elected just two days before President Grant s\\nterm expired. Although some were dissatisfied with the\\nresult, all were glad that the dispute was settled.\\nMeanwhile the Electoral Count bill was passed -by\\nCongress to prevent the recurrence of such an electoral\\ndispute. This made each State responsible for the\\nlegality of its own vote.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XLVII\\nRUTHERFORD B. HAYES (NINETEENTH PRESIDENT\\n1877-1881), REPUBLICAN\\nOne of the first acts of President Hayes was to recall President Hayei\\nthe federal troops from the South; and as a result the\\ntroops from the\\nnative white citizens soon came into power again. south\\nThe president began a civil service reform. He firmly\\nrefused to make changes except where necessary for the\\npublic good; and issued an order asking employees\\nnot to take part in the management of political\\norganizations.\\nThe new census showed the population of the\\nUnited States to be over fifty million, and re-\\nvealed a wonderful advance in commercial pros-\\nperity. The cotton crop for the census year,\\nthree fourths of which had been raised by\\nfree negroes, was the largest known in the\\nhistory of the South.\\nDuring the past decade railroads had carried Tg^^ ^ggj\\nthousands of settlers who had taken homesteads in\\nthe Western States and Territories.\\nWheat, canned and pickled meats, butter, cheese, Rumors of wars in\\nlive stock, cotton, and even manufactured articles had ^p*^ eate a\\ndemand for\\nbeen in such demand abroad, on account of preparations American products\\nfor European war, that our exports had reached two and\\na half million dollars more than our imports.\\nNow, much of the grain exported was cultivated in\\nthe West, yet the distance to the seaboard was so great\\nthat transportation rates took almost all the profits of\\nthe crops.\\nAccordingly, the Grangers, an organization of The Grangers\\n[319]", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "320 NATIONAL rkOGKESS\\nfarmers, petitioned Congress for better and cheaper\\ntransportation. A Congressional Committee on rail-\\nroads and canals reported that, according to Section 8,\\nArticle i, of the Constitution, Congress had the right to\\nregulate interstate commerce. This decision was not\\nacted upon at the time, but, as we shall see, was of\\nimmense value later on, in passing a law to protect\\ncitizens from unjust demands of railroad corporations.\\nThe distribution It was found by the census that wealth was very\\nof wealth unequally distributed among the people of the United\\nStates. During the Civil war there had been profitable\\ncontracts in meat, flour, and clothing for the army, and\\nmuch speculation in money immense quantities of paper\\nmoney being bought when its value was down to forty-\\neight cents on the dollar, to sell, when the government s\\ncredit was restored, for a hundred cents on the dollar.\\nIn other ways many had profited by the Civil war.\\nBut more had been made poor by it. Men had shut\\nup shops and factories and left farms and offices to\\nhurry to the defense of their country. It was difficult\\nto get a start again after the war was over. The popu-\\nlation had increased so fast that even the tremendous\\nbusiness of the country could not give everybody work.\\nCapital and labor Durlog thc pauic of 1873, prices went down. Cor-\\nporations and their employees soon disagreed about\\nStrikes wages. There were strikes, when work was stopped\\nuntil higher wages were given. Of course, every one\\nhad the right to quit work. But the strikers banded\\ntogether to prevent others from taking their places in\\nthe deserted shops.\\nIn a railroad strike, traffic was blocked from New\\nYork to San Francisco. More than one hundred lives\\nwere lost, and property to the value of three million\\ndollars was destroyed. When the States found them-", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "HAYES S ADMINISTRATION 32 1\\nselves unable to stop the riots with their militia, Presi-\\ndent Hayes sent United States troops to help them.\\nChinese immigration caused riots on the Pacific coast. Chinese immigration\\nThe Mongolians had been coming more and more into\\nAmerica since the gold excitement of 1849. Thousands\\nof coolies were kidnapped and brought to America under\\ncontract.\\nIn 1868 Anson Burlingame secured Articles from China Anson Buiiingame\\nmaking it a penal offense to take natives to the United\\nStates without their consent. Yet the immigration had\\ncontinued to increase.\\nDuring all these labor troubles, the financial question The currency\\nwas prominent in Congress. About the time of the\\nwar, many European countries had demonetized silver;\\nthat is, they had passed laws that debts should be paid\\nin gold. This made silver cheap in Europe. Because\\na silver dollar was equal to a gold dollar in the United\\nStates, it was profitable to foreigners to buy gold dol-\\nlars with their cheap silver money.\\n1873\\nTo prevent foreign countries from doing this. Congress, Demonetization ot\\nduring Grant s administration, also demonetized silver,\\nmaking it legal tender only for debts of less than five\\ndollars, and stopped the coinage of silver dollars.\\nBut there being a difference of opinion about the effect\\nof this Act of Congress, silver, during Hayes s adminis-\\ntration, was remonetized by the Bland Silver bill; that is, Remonetization of\\nit was again allowed to be used, at the ratio of 16 to i, f he\\nI) Ian a bill\\nto pay debts. The Republican Senate and the Demo-\\ncratic House agreed on this bill, and passed it over the\\npresident s veto. Then because people could not well\\ncarry all the silver coined for them by the government,\\nthey were allowed to deposit the silver in the treasury, -silver certificates\\nand given paper certificates of deposit.\\nNow for more than sixteen years greenbacks had\\n21", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "322\\nNATIONAL PROGRESS\\n1879\\nResumption of\\nspecie payments\\nbeen almost the only money in use. The value of this\\npaper money had changed at different times, according\\nto the credit of the government. During the war, and\\neven afterward, greenbacks were cheaper than gold, and\\npeople were always trying to change them into coin.\\nBut when, in accordance with the Resumption Act,^\\nthe government opened the doors of the treasury, and\\noffered to redeem paper money with gold or silver, it\\nwas suddenly found how very convenient paper money\\nwas. Its value rose until a paper dollar was about as\\ngood as a gold dollar. This was because people felt\\nconfidence in the government s good will and ability to\\npay its debt.\\nAs you will remember, the government borrowed a\\ngreat deal of money to carry on the war. This had\\nbeen done at a higher rate of interest.\\nThe national credit was now so good, however, that\\nmany who had money to loan were willing to loan it at\\na low rate of interest. So, in harmony with a Re-\\nfunding Act of Congress, new bonds bearing a\\nlow rate of interest were sold, and the money\\nreceived for them was used to pay off bonds bear-\\ning a high rate of interest. This refunding\\nsaved the governm.ent several millions of dol-\\nlars a year.\\nAt the national conventions there was lit-\\n.^s^ sp; tie difference between the two great parties\\nwiNFiELD SCOTT HANCOCK cxcept ou thc tariff question. Both were in\\n1824 1886 favor of reforming the civil service, fostering the\\n1880 public schools under the Constitution, and restricting\\nChinese immigration. The Democrats nominated Gen-\\neral Winfield S. Hancock, of New York, for president\\nRefunding the\\nnational debt\\nThe national\\nconventions\\nSee page 313.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0342.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "HAYES S ADMINISTRATION\\n323\\nand William H. English, of Indiana, vice-president; the\\nRepublicans, General James A. Garfield, of Ohio, and\\nChester A. Arthur, of New York.\\nOn the tariff question the Democrats still demanded The platforms\\nthat customhouse taxation should be for revenue only.\\nThe Republicans declared that customhouse duties for\\nrevenue should favor American labor in order that re-\\nR\u00c2\u00a3PUBUCANI6AI FI[LD)\\nELECTION OF 1880\\nviving industries should be further promoted and com-\\nmerce steadily encouraged.\\nBoth parties opposed large grants of land to railroad\\nand other corporations. The Labor party declared\\nagainst Chinese immigration, the issue of money by\\nnational banks, and land grants to railroads, and in-\\nsisted on the regulation of interstate commerce by the James a. Garfield\\ngovernment. They nominated James R. Weaver for p ^s\\npresident. The Prohibition party nominated Neal Dow.\\nThe Republican nominees were elected.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0343.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XLVIII\\nJAMES A. GARFiELD\\n1831-1881\\n1881\\nThe assassination of\\nPresident Garfield\\n[July 2)\\nGarfield s death\\n(September 19)\\nJAMES A. GARFIELD AND CHESTER A. ARTHUR\\n(TWENTIETH AND TWENTY-FIRST PRESI-\\nDENTS, 1881-1885), REPUBLICAN\\nJames A. Garfield was another example of how suc-\\ncess in America depends on talent and personal industry.\\nThe orphan farmer boy had risen to the highest place in\\nthe gift of the nation.\\nHe began to carry out vigorously the policy of civil\\nservice reform. But a horde of hungry office-\\nseekers loudly demanded that federal employees\\nshould be discharged to give them places. Many\\nmembers of Congress who wished to favor polit-\\nical friends were unwilling to adopt civil service\\nreforms.\\nTo escape for a few days from the strain of\\nhis new duties President Garfield started for\\nthe seashore. In company with James G.\\nBlaine, secretary of state, he entered the rail-\\nway station at Washington. A few moments\\nlater he was shot by a disappointed ofhce-seeker.\\nThe assassin was taken to prison and afterward hanged.\\nThe wounded president, after weeks of suffering, was\\nremoved to the seashore. Here he died on the anniver-\\nsary of the battle of Chickamauga, where he had won much\\nglory. The czar of all the Russias had been assassinated\\na few weeks before the president. People said it was\\nthe system of oppression that had caused the deed. Yet\\nin America, the land of the free and the home of the\\nbrave, evil passion had slain two rulers whom the voice\\nof the people had called to their high place.\\n[3^4]", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0344.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "GARFIELD S ADMINISTRATION\\n325\\n1865\\nGarfield s address to\\n:i mob at the time of\\nLincoln s\\nIt is said that at a mass meeting held in Wall Street,\\nNew York, to deplore the assassination of President Lin-\\ncoln, Garfield was on a platform with other speakers.\\nWhen the throng threatened to become a mob, Garfield\\nsprang from his seat, seized a flag, and waved it. Think-\\ning he had received a telegram, the people were silent.\\nPointing toward heaven, Garfield said slowly, and with assassination\\nawe-inspiring voice Fellow citizens Clouds\\nand darkness are round about Him! His pavilion\\nis dark waters and thick clouds of the skies! Jus-\\ntice and judgment are the habitations of his\\nthrone! Mercy and truth shall go before his\\nface! Fellow citizens! God reigns: and the\\ngovernment at W^ashington still lives! His\\nwords caused the crowd to disperse. Men\\nnow remembered this incident and many\\nothers that had made James A. Garfield, the\\nfarmer boy, a leader among leaders.\\nAfter President Garfield s death, Vice-President\\nArthur took the oath of office, and again men might say vice-president\\nas Garfield had said: God reigns, and the government ,,^051X1!\\nat Washington still lives\\n1 8cS I\\nOn October 19, the centennial of the surrender of The centennial of\\nCornwallis was celebrated at Yorktown. Guests came\\nup the Tallapoosa on the i8th. Guns were fired as ves-\\nsel after vessel sailed into the harbor of the little South-\\nern town, bearing President Arthur with most of his\\ncabinet, and the descendants of Lafayette, Steuben,\\nRochambeau, De Grasse, and other gallant officers who\\nwere fighting with Washington when the British troops\\nlaid down their arms. The following day when the cor-\\nner stone of the Yorktown centennial monument was\\nlaid, generals from the North and generals from the\\nSouth helped dedicate the granite. During the naval\\nCHESTER A. ARTHUR\\n1830-1886\\nthe surrender of\\nYorktown\\n(October 19)", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0345.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "326 NATIONAL PROGRESS\\nreview in the harbor, a salute, by order of the president,\\nwas fired by the whole American fleet to the British\\nUnion Jack hoisted at the foremast of each ship, in\\nrecognition of the peace and good will existing between\\nthe United States and the mother country.\\nAtlanta Cotton That sauic year a cotton exposition at Atlanta, Ga.\\nExposition brought the manufacturer of the North to the producer\\nof the South. For a hundred years the two had been\\ncommercially about as far apart as if the ocean lay\\nbetween them, and now these countrymen walked and\\ntalked together like brothers, as they planned how best\\nto develop their mutual interests.\\nMany manufacturers saw for the first time the cotton\\nin the field, and planters enjoyed the novelty of watch-\\ning the busy spindles change their cotton into thread.\\nStatistics showed that the sixteen crops of cotton\\nmade by free labor since the war exceeded by sev-\\neral million bales the sixteen crops before the war\\nThere were frank talks between the men of the North\\nand those of the South, during the Atlanta exposition.\\nA grandson of John C. Calhoun, the Father of the\\nSecession, said: If my grandfather and his associates\\ncould have foreseen the present condition of the negro,\\non there would have been neither slavery nor war.\\nI 004\\nNew Orleans Cotton Outhc ccntenuial of thc first shipment of a bale of\\nExposition cotton to England, New Orleans gave a cotton expo-\\nsition.\\nThe New South But raw cottou in the bales was not now the only\\npride of the South. The dream of John Randolph was\\nbeing realized. The cotton gin and the cotton mill\\nwere side by side. With vast beds of coal and iron in\\nthe mountains, the country was developing manufactur-\\ning interests; and trunk lines of railroads were building\\ninto new industrial centers.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0346.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "ARTHUR S ADMINISTRATION 327\\nAbout this time the Tradesman^oi Tennessee, declared:\\nThe period is near, when, as a group, the States of\\nVirginia, North Carohna, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama,\\nand Kentucky will become the largest and most success-\\nful iron and steel producing district of like area in the\\nworld.\\nA South Carolina paper said: There is room here\\nfor Germans, Scandinavians, Swiss, Scotch, and Yan-\\nkees, adding, None but the best are good enough for\\nSouth Carolina. Accordingly, with both natural\\nresources and citizens extending a welcome, immigra-\\ntion, which was once only toward the north and west,\\non account of the system of slavery, was also turning\\nsouthward.\\n1882\\nThe chief legislative events of President Arthur s Restriction of\\nadministration were the restriction of Chinese immigra- s -^tion\\ntion for ten years, and the Civil Service Act; both\\nmeasures were supported by a large majority in Con- The civii Service\\ngress without regard to party lines. The Civil Service\\nAct enables the president, with the consent of the\\nSenate, to appoint a board of commissioners to exam-\\nine the fitness of candidates for federal offices.\\nAnother act of the same year was the reduction of Two cents per half\\npostage from three cents to two cents per half ounce for postage\\nfirst-class mail matter to any part of the United States.\\nThis made, for long distances, the lowest postal rate in ^gg\\nthe world. Two years later the rate was reduced to ivo cents per ounce\\ntwo cents per ounce. ^^iSSt\\nA plan was adopted by the railroad companies, divid- Raihoad timetables\\ning the time-tables of the United States into Eastern\\ntime for the territory east of the meridian passing\\nBuffalo and Pittsburg; Central time, reaching thence\\nwest to the meridian of North Platte, Neb. Moun-\\ntain time, to the meridian of Ogden, Utah; and Pacific", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0347.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "328\\nNATIONAL PROGRESS\\nAmerican explorers\\n1838\\nLieutenant Wilkes\\nin ihe Antarctic\\n(3cean\\n1850\\nHenry Grinnell in\\nthe Arctic Ocean\\n1853\\nDr. Kane\\ni860\\nCaptain Hall\\n1879\\nAn International\\nGeographical\\nCongress\\n18S1\\nLieutenant Greely\\nsets out to explore\\nthe Arctic Ocean\\ntime, extending to the coast. At noon each day, tele-\\ngraph wires announce the correct time from the national\\nobservatory at Washington.\\nFor many years the United States had been among\\nthe foremost in scientific research. During Van Buren s\\nadministration Lieutenant Wilkes, who was sent to the\\nAntarctic Ocean, sailed nearly two thousand miles\\nalong the coast of a great Southern continent which the\\nworld knew nothing about.\\nHenry Grinnell, a New York merchant, sent an\\nexpedition toward the North Pole to search for Sir\\nJohn Franklin, the famous explorer, who for five years\\nhad been lost in the polar seas. But the ice told no\\ntales of his fate. Then Dr. Ivane was sent northward;\\nCaptain Hall and his crew followed, and brought home\\nmany relics of Sir John. Other expeditions to the polar\\nseas were made with private capital.\\nMeantime at an International Geographical Congress\\nheld in Hamburg, the United States pledged to estab-\\nlish one of a chain of thirteen supply stations toward the\\nNorth Pole for scientific explorations. Lieutenant\\nGreely, with twenty-five companions, set out soon after\\nthe congress, to push farther than any other explorer, if\\npossible; and he did. In Grinnell Land, he found Lake\\nHazen, sixty miles long. Mount Arthur, the highest\\npeak of two new mountain ranges, and many rivers and\\nglaciers. The party remained two years in the realm of\\nwinter. Several expeditions were sent out in search of\\nthem; but ice floes prevented advance toward the\\nGreely station. At length a relief corps found dispatches\\nfrom Greely in caches along Smith s Sound.\\nThe missing party was discovered with only seven\\nalive. Most of the others had died of starvation. Lieu-\\ntenant Greely was given the Queen s gold medal by the", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0348.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "ARTHUR S ADMINISTRATION\\n329\\nsent to Africa\\n%_V\\nRoyal Geographical Society of London. He had reached\\n82 16 the farthest point ever before reached in the north. ^g^g\\nMeantime Henry M. Stanley had been sent by James Henry m. Stanley\\nGordon Bennett to Africa in search of David Living-\\nstone, the missionary. Stanley found Livingstone, and\\ncontinued his explorations into Darkest Africa. He\\ndiscovered the Upper Congo, and the monarchs of\\nEurope vied with one another in showering honors\\nupon him.\\nNow by the close of President Arthur s admin-\\nistration nearly half of the great war debt had\\nbeen paid; but the debt could not all be paid.\\nPeople who held government bonds thought\\ntheir money so well invested that they pre\\nferred a small interest to a larger one where\\nthe risks were greater. With coin jingling in the\\nvaults, the American government was unable to get\\npeople to take payment for bonds not due; accord-\\ningly a large surplus began to accumulate in the treasury.\\nCongress reduced the tariff to keep money from piling up\\nuselessly. The Democratic party wanted to reduce du-\\nties on imported goods still more at the next session of\\nCongress. And again the old question of free trade or\\nprotection for home industries came before\\nr^^ the people. At the national convention,\\nthe Labor party insisted on labor reforms,\\nand nominated Benjamin F. Butler for\\npresident. The Prohibition party nomi-\\nnated John P. St. John. The Republican\\nparty declared for protection, and nom-\\ninated James G. Blaine, of Maine,\\nfor president, and John A. Logan, of\\nIllinois, for vice-president. The Dem-\\nocratic party advocated reducing the sur-\\nHENRY M. STANLEY\\n1840\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nA surplus in\\nthe treasury\\n1883\\ntariff reduction\\nJAMES G. BLAINE\\n1830 1893", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0349.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "330\\nNATIONAL PROGRESS\\nplus revenue by cutting down tariff rates, and nominated\\nGrover Cleveland, of New York, and Thomas A. Hen-\\ndricks, of Indiana.\\nThe Republican nominee, whose readiness in debate\\nhad won him the name of the Plumed Knight. was a\\ngreat-grandson of Commissary General Blaine, who had\\nhelped from his private fortune to furnish food and cloth-\\nELECTION OF 1884\\ning for Washington s army at Valley Forge. Blaine s\\npopularity with the people was often compared to that of\\nHenry Clay; but like the great leader of the Whigs, he\\nwas defeated by the choice of the Democrats.\\nGrover Cleveland, the son of a clergyman, struggled\\nfor an education, working, meanwhile, in a store as\\nchore boy at fifty dollars a year. After a time he be-\\ncame an associate in a law firm in Buffalo. He was\\nelected mayor of Buffalo, then governor of New York,\\nand now his party offered him the highest place within", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0350.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "ARTHUR S ADMINISTRATION\\n331\\nthe gift of the people. Many Repubhcans, who had\\nfaith in Cleveland s pledges for civil service reform,\\nvoted the Democratic ticket. The Republicans who\\nrallied to the standard of Blaine were called Stal-\\nwarts, and the Independent Republicans, who\\nscratched their ticket for Cleveland, were called\\nMugwumps, an Indian name meaning chiefs. With\\nGrover Cleveland, the Democratic party came again c.\\ninto power after twenty-five years of defeat.\\n1884\\ner Cleveland\\nelected president\\nCHAPTER XLIX\\nGROVER CLEVELAND (TWENTY-SECOND PRESIDENT,\\n1885-1889), DEMOCRATIC\\n^RESIDENT CLEVELAND chose able\\nmen for his cabinet. The federal em-\\nployees began to pack up their belong-\\nings, expecting to be removed immedi-\\nately. But the civil service rules were\\ncarried out as much as possible, with\\nfew changes except in the higher\\nof^ces.\\nMr. Cleveland had been the choice\\nof the Solid South, yet in July, when General Grant\\ndied, he did all he could to honor the memory of the .iani ijuiy23)\\ngreat military hero. Let us have peace, Grant had\\nsaid. Legislatures in the South as well as in the North\\nadjourned in respect to his memory, and eulogies were\\npronounced upon his life and services.\\nAs the remains were carried to their temporary resting\\n1885\\nDeath of General\\nRead General Grant s Memoirs, finished jusl liefore his death.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0351.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "332\\nNATIONAL PROGRESS\\n1886\\nLiberty Enlight-\\nening the World\\nunveiled\\nGROVER CLEVELAND\\n1837\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nLabor troubles\\nStrikes on the\\nMissouri Piicific\\nplace on the bank of the Hudson River, President\\nCleveland and his cabinet were in the procession.\\nConfederate officers in gray silk sashes mingled with\\nofficers in blue. Among the pallbearers was General\\nBuckner who had surrendered to Grant at Fort Donel-\\nson. Generals Joseph E. Johnston and William T.\\nSherman, who had fought each other in the Atlanta\\ncampaign, walked side by side at the bier.\\nIn October of the following year, Bartholdi s statue\\nof Liberty Enlightening the World, presented to the\\nUnited States by Frenchmen, was unveiled on Bedloe s\\nIsland in New York harbor. The figure is a watch-\\ntower throwing light over the ocean from a torch\\nheld three hundred feet above low water in the\\nhand of Liberty. The ceremonies of dedication\\nwere similar to those of Yorktown. Distin-\\nguished French guests were present; the French\\ntricolor mingled with our red, white, and blue,\\nand hundreds of voices from the frigates in\\nthe harbor sang, Hail Columbia and the\\nMarseillaise.\\nThere were labor troubles the first years of\\nPresident Cleveland s administration. Many rich\\nmen seemed to be always getting richer and employees\\nin the factories and other large establishments refused\\nto work without more pay and shorter time. Of course,\\nthey had the right to do this. But when many much\\npoorer than themselves attempted to work at the old\\nprices, they prevented them from doing so.\\nIn riots on the Missouri Pacific Railroad, the loss to\\nlabor was over a million dollars; to those who would\\nhave worked, but were not allowed, a half million;\\nand to the Missouri Pacific three million.\\nAt Chicago forty thousand workmen struck for eight", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0352.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "CLEVELAND S ADMINISTRATION 333\\nhours of labor a day. A bomb, thrown by some an- Riots in Chicago\\narchists, exploded at the feet of the police arresting a\\nrioter, and seven men were killed. After a trial, four of\\nthe anarchists implicated were hanged.\\nLabor strikes were becoming so frequent and so\\nserious that Congress enacted laws to help protect both ^gg\\nthe employer and the employee. Since one cause of the The contract\\ntrouble was thought to be the large number of ignorant\\nworkmen brought from Europe by manufacturers to\\nwork at lower prices than an American could possibly\\nafford respectably to live upon, Congress passed the\\nContract Labor bill, forbidding foreigners under contract\\nto come to America. \u00e2\u0080\u009e\u00e2\u0080\u009eo\\n1888\\nCongress then passed a still more severe law against The second\\nChinese immigration, prohibiting the return from China ;f^| ^t \u00c2\u00b0f\\no r o Chinese immigration\\nof laborers who had gone back home.\\nThe death of Vice-President Hendricks again called Death of vice-\\nattention to the defect in the law of succession in the\\n(November 25)\\nexecutive office. At the death of President Garfield,\\nVice-President Arthur became, of course, president,\\nbut if he had died in office, no one might legally have\\ntaken his place. Congress therefore passed a bill pro- jggg\\nviding that if both the presidency and the vice-presidency Law of succession\\nare vacant, the presidency passes to the members of the\\ncabinet in rotation, beginning with the secretary of\\nstate, because that office was first created.\\nAbout that time several blizzards, or wind-storms. Blizzards and\\nswept over the country. Then a severe earthquake ^i\\nshook the very foundations of Charleston, S. C, during\\nwhich many lives were lost, and several million dollars\\nworth of property was destroyed. Aid was sent to the\\nsufferers from every State in the Union.\\nWhen the time drew near for the hundredth anniver-\\nsary of the signing of the Constitution of the United", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0353.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "334\\nNATIONAL PROGRESS\\n1887\\nThe centennial of\\nthe signing of the\\nConstitution\\n(September 17)\\nGladstone s arch\\nMeans of\\ntransportation\\nStates, it was decided to celebrate the event. Phila-\\ndelphia, where the Constitution was signed, was chosen\\nas the place for the exercises. Here stood the old red\\nbrick Federal Hall, just as it was a hundred years\\nbefore, with its relics of our early patriots.\\nOn September 17, the celebration began. President\\nCleveland and members of his cabinet, the chief justice\\nand his associates, the governors of States, and other\\ndistinguished guests witnessed a parade. One hundred\\nand fifty bands of music filled the air with martial strains,\\naa the line marched from ten o clock in the morning till\\nafter six in the evening.\\nIn letters of gold on a great arch were wTitten the\\nwords of Gladstone: I think the Constitution of the\\nUnited States represents the most admirable creation\\nthat has ever been produced by one effort of human\\nintelligence.\\nThrough this arch marched the mighty columns.\\nThey represented with floats the progress of the people\\nunder the Constitution. It was said that it all seemed\\nlike a sleep of Rip Van Winkle. A hundred 3ears of\\nprosperity and progress had wrought changes that people\\ncould hardly believe possible. Even Franklin, the\\nphilosopher, whose ashes lay near this very scene, did\\nnot conceive that the science he loved and the greatness\\nof man which he believed in so thoroughly could accom-\\nplish such wonders as these living pictures revealed.\\nPerhaps the most marvelous changes in the hundred\\nyears were in the methods of transportation. Railroads\\nhad multiplied until about six thousand miles of tracks\\nwere built each year. They employed a standing force\\nof three hundred and fifty thousand men, workers in\\nmines and iron factories, car builders, tie cutters, track\\nlayers, train men, etc. It was a great army of peace,", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0354.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "CLEVELAND S ADMINISTRATION 335\\none half, in proportion to the population, of the standing\\narmy kept for war in France or Germany.\\nThese vast railway systems of the United States were\\nof immense benefit to the country. Yet it became\\nnecessary to make laws to prevent the companies from\\nusing their power unjustly. Of course if a railroad has\\nits lines all within one State, it is under the control of oo\\n1007\\nthat State; but Congress passed the Interstate Com- The interstate\\nmerce Act to prevent railroads which passed through\\nmore than one State from charging unfair rates for carry-\\ning produce. A board of commissioners was appointed\\nto hear and judge complaints against railroads that\\nshould disobey the law.\\nThere were some foreign matters of interest to the Foreign attuirs\\ngovernment during the administration of President\\nCleveland. Americans, since the discovery of gold in\\nCalifornia, had talked a great deal about digging a canal The Nicaragua\\nacross Nicaragua, but little had been done besides get- p\\nting the right of way from the little republic.\\nMeantime a French company began digging across the Ferdinand de\\nIsthmus of Panama, under the direction of Ferdinand de tork ^on the\\nLesseps, the skilful engineer who had successfully com- Panama canai\\npleted the Suez Canal. Much was expected from a ca-\\nnal which would bring Asia nearer to the ports of Europe.\\nAmericans felt they should have jurisdiction over any The canai and the\\nwater way which could control the commerce across our -^lonroe doctrine\\nhemisphere, and thus the Monroe doctrine came up\\nagain. The nations of Europe began to discuss the\\nAmerican claims; but the canal enterprise failed. Out-\\nrageous frauds had been perpetrated. The leaders of\\nthe Panama Company were tried in the French courts.\\nMany were sent to prison. Some committed suicide\\nTo-day the machinery of the company lies rusting in the\\nmarshes of the isthmus.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0355.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "336\\nNATIONAL PROGRESS\\nThe fisheries\\nSamoa\\nAppropriations to\\nincrease the navy\\nThe war on trusts\\nThe department of\\nlabor established\\nThe national\\nconventions\\nHigh tariff or\\nfree trade?\\nNow the talk about the Panama Canal, some disputes\\nwith Great Britain about American fishermen getting\\nice and bait on Canadian soil, and disagreement with\\nGermany concerning Samoa, a group of islands in the\\nPacific, set Congress to talking about what a poor navy\\nwe had to defend the Monroe doctrine. The need of\\na better navy became so apparent that Congress appro-\\npriated large sums of money to build ironclad steamers\\nof the swiftest and most improved pattern.\\nThere was a war on trusts. These were combina-\\ntions of manufacturers, organized to keep prices up\\nagainst cheap competition. Many bills against trusts\\nwere introduced in Congress. An independent depart-\\nment of labor was established to acquire and diffuse\\namong the people of the United States useful information\\non subjects connected with labor, and especially upon its\\nrelation to capital, the hours of labor, the earnings of\\nlaboring men and women, and the means of promoting\\ntheir material, social, intellectual, and moral prosperty.\\nPresident Cleveland strongly opposed a protective\\ntariff, and at the national conventions the question of\\nimports came to the front again. Grover Cleveland was\\nrenominated by the Democrats, with Allen G. Thurman,\\nof Ohio, vice-president.\\nThe Republicans nominated Benjamin Harrison, of\\nIndiana, and Levi P. Morton, of New York. The\\nProhibition party and two Labor parties were in the\\nfield.\\nThe campaign was very exciting; but, as usual, the\\nstrongest parties were the Democrats and the Repub-\\nlicans. The Democrats claimed that protective tariffs\\nare robbery; the Republicans claimed that free trade\\nputs American manufacturers in competition with the\\npauper-made products of Europe. Tariff and Free", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0356.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "CLEVELAND S ADMINISTRATION\\n337\\nTrade clubs were organized all over the country. The\\nDemocrats were divided in support of their candidate.\\nPresident Cleveland had displeased some reformers\\nby not pushing the civil service laws strongly enough,\\nand had made enemies of others by pushing these laws\\ntoo far.\\nBenjamin Harrison was elected the twenty-third Benjamin Harrison\\npresident of the United States, with a Republican House =d president\\nand Senate.\\nCHAPTER L\\nBENJAMIN HARRISON (TWENTY-THIRD PRESIDENT,\\n1889-1893), REPUBLICAN\\n1889\\nAs we have seen, Indian Territory was set apart for Oklahoma opened\\nIndians during the administration of President Jackson. f\u00c2\u00b0\\nJ (April 22)\\nThe Seminoles, having much more land than they could\\never occupy, sold Oklahoma, the beautiful land,\\nto the United States.\\nWhen Oklahoma was opened for settlement,\\nthere was a rush for homesteads. On the day\\nappointed for occupancy, fifty thousand people\\nencamped on the borders of the territory. At\\nthe sound of a bugle each man hurried to\\nfind the best claim and stake it off. Land\\noffices, set up on the prairies, were soon\\npacked to overflowing with those ready to file\\ntheir claims.\\nTents, huts, and pallets under the open sky sheltered\\nthe immigrants. Towns sprang up in every direction.\\nIn four months, Guthrie had five thousand inhabitants, Guthrie and\\nand was a fine town with broad avenues and handsome ^homa city\\nBENJAMIN HARRISON\\n1833\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n22", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0357.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "538\\nNATIONAL PROGRESS\\nThe Sioux\\nreservation\\n1890\\nTrouble with the\\nSioiLx Indians\\n1889\\nAdmission of\\nMontana,\\nWashington, North\\nDakota, and\\nSouth Dakota\\n1890\\nIdaho and Wyoming\\nHomestead laws\\n1891\\nContract labor laws\\nbusiness blocks, several banks, churches, street-car lines,\\nelectric lights, and a system of waterworks. Oklahoma\\nCity was almost as large as Guthrie. By December\\nthere were sixty thousand inhabitants in the Territory.\\nThe following year, when the Sioux reservation in\\nSouth Dakota was opened for settlement, the eager\\nrush for homes was repeated.\\nNow these Dakota lands had been purchased from the\\nIndians by the government but it has always been\\nimpossible for the red men to understand the nature of\\nsuch a transaction. The Dakota Indians only realized\\nthat the hunting grounds were going from them, and\\nonce more they rallied to save them.\\nThousands of warriors in paints and feathers held\\nghost dances to prepare for the coming of the Great\\nSpirit, who would bring back the buffalo. The frenzy\\ngrew until the border States were in such danger that\\nUnited States troops scattered the tribes to the reser-\\nvations.\\nMeantime four new States, Montana, Washington,\\nNorth Dakota, and South Dakota, were admitted to the\\nUnion. The following year, Idaho and Wyoming were\\nadmitted.\\nBy this time there was no unclaimed public land in\\nKansas and very little in Nebraska. To protect settlers\\nin the West from speculators. Congress made stricter\\nhomestead laws by which only those who would occupy\\nthe land could file claims.\\nTo protect American workingmen from the immigra-\\ntion of unworthy foreigners, Congress forbade criminals,\\nIn 1896 Idaho granted women equal suffrage with men by a constitu-\\ntional amendment.\\nWyoming incorporated an equal suffrage clause in its State constitution.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0358.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "UJ\\nI-\\nh-\\nQ\\nUJ\\n2\\n3", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0359.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0360.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "HARRISON S ADMINISTRATION 339\\npaupers, and laborers under contract to enter our ports.\\nThose found disobeying this law were to be sent back to\\nEurope at the expense of the steamship company that\\nbrought them over.\\n1892\\nChinese immigration was again forbidden for ten years; The third Chinese\\nand an eight-hour labor law was passed for all employees xhreT ht-ho ur\\nof the government. labor law for\\nNow a Republican Congress and a Republican presi- employees\\ndent could enact laws to suit themselves. But judgment\\non their acts would be passed at the polls; and so legis-\\nlators looked closely to the will of the people. It seemed\\nto the Republicans that a high tariff was what the peo- The Mc Kiniey\\npie wanted, and the Mc Kiniey bill was passed, raising\\nthe tariff on almost all imported goods.\\nA part of this tariff law, granting a free exchange with Reciprocity\\nseveral European nations for certain articles not produced\\nat home, carried out a reciprocity plan of James G.\\nBlaine, secretary of state.\\nAbout this time delegates from the republics of Cen- The Pan-American\\n%tral and South America and Mexico met our own dele-\\ngates at Washington in a Pan-American congress.\\nThere had already been many efforts to unite American\\ninterests. Simon Bolivar, who had helped the Spanish Boiivar attempted to\\ncolonies of South America win their freedom, tried to ^^lahhsh a Pan-\\nAmerican alliance\\nhave a Pan-American congress. America for Ameri-\\ncans was the motto of Bolivar. But for various rea-\\nsons his efforts were not successful. Other attempts to\\nform a Pan-American alliance had failed. But this con-\\ngress, largely due to the skill of Secretary Blaine, was\\nvery successful. Eighteen independent nations, includ-\\ning Haiti, were represented at Washington. A reci- Reciprocity between\\nijji-i ji 1 the United States\\nprocity treaty was concluded which agreed to an exchange o,,,^,. American\\nof products. Certain articles not produced in the United republics\\nStates might thus be sold without tariff at all our ports,", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0361.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "34(^\\nNational progress\\n1889\\nThe islands of Samoa\\nBering Sea\\narbitration\\nThe Hawaiian\\nquestion\\nand, on the same terms, South American ports were\\nopened to the commerce of the United States. An\\nintercontinental railroad was agreed upon, and a plan\\nof arbitration adopted by which matters of dispute were\\nto be settled by a board of commissioners instead of\\narmies.\\nAbout this time a dispute was settled with Germany\\nby arbitration. In the islands of Samoa, which were\\nunder a German protectorate, we have a coaling station.\\nSome American residents had succeeded in setting up\\nclaims for an American protectorate, but the United\\nStates disavowed their acts.\\nDisputes with Great Britian about the destruction of\\nthe Alaska fur seals by her sailors were also settled by\\narbitration. Thousands of seals were killed every year\\non their way through Bering Strait from one part of\\nAlaska to another. Great Britain claimed that the\\nseals killed were outside of American waters, and refused\\nto take measures to prevent the slaughter. This ques-\\ntion was decided by a jury of arbitration which gave\\nprotection to our seal industry, although our claim of\\ncontrol over Bering Strait was not allowed.\\nThen the attention of the whole country was turned\\nto Hawaii. The Sandwich Islands southwest of Califor-\\nnia, with a population of about 90,000 made up the\\nlittle kingdom of Hawaii. They are very fertile islands.\\nThe natives are of the Malayan race. Many years ago\\nmissionaries visited the islands, and labored to convert\\nthe people to Christianity. When British and American\\ncapitalists learned how profitable the sugar industry was,\\nthey laid out plantations and imported Japanese,\\nChinese, and Malayans to cultivate them. Before our\\nCivil war, the leading enterprises were in the hands of\\nAmericans who urged the annexation of the islands to", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0362.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "Harrison s administration\\n34i\\n1850\\nthe United States. The king at that time favored an-\\nnexation. But his successor had once been ejected as\\na negro from a hotel in the United States. He and his\\nfriends bitterly opposed annexation. Hawaii for Ha-\\nwaiians was their motto.\\nAfter a few years the Princess Liliuokalani came to Queen uiluokaia\\nthe throne. When she attempted to restrict the liber-\\nties of her subjects, they arose in rebellion. To protect\\nour citizens, a detachment of American marines was\\nplaced about the American consulate. The queen was\\ndeposed. A provisional government was created by a provisional\\nthe natives which requested the protection of the Ameri- s\\ncan consul. The American flag was placed on the\\ngovernment buildings, and the republic of Hawaii was\\nrecognized by most of the European powers.\\nWhen the new republic asked to be annexed to the\\nUnited States, President Harrison favored annexation The president\\nand the majority of the Senate seemed to favor it; but ^^io\\nbefore a treaty was ratified, the administration of Har-\\nrison came to an end.\\n1892\\nMOVEMENT OF THE CENTER OF POPULATION.\\n1890\\nMeanwhile the census had been taken. The popula- The census\\ntion of the United States was found to be over sixty-\\ntwo and a half million. New York ranked the third\\ngreatest city in the world with over a million and a half\\ninhabitants. Chicago was next in size in the United", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0363.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "342\\nNATIONAL PROGRESS\\nThe center of\\npopulation\\nThe Columbian\\nCentennial\\nKxposition agreed\\nupon\\nThe White City\\non the shore\\nof Lake Michigan.\\n1892\\nThe centennial of\\nthe landing of\\nColumbus\\n(October 21)\\nStates with over a million. The center of population\\nhad moved forty miles west and nine miles north since\\nthe last census, and was twenty miles east of Colum-\\nbus, Ind.\\nAfter some discussion it was agreed to celebrate the\\ndiscovery of America by giving a World s Fair. Con-\\ngress decided to locate the buildings at Chicago, because\\nthat city was so near the center of the population.\\nIn Washington s administration, during a debate about\\nwhere the national capital should be located, Fisher\\nAmes said it would be near a century before the people\\nof the immeasurable wilderness of the Ohio would\\nbe considerable. The Ohio valley was called in those\\ntimes the back pasture of the United States; and\\nnow at the close of a century this back pasture was rnade\\nthe gathering place of the whole world.\\nChicago, known as the Phoenix City because it had\\narisen so quickly from the ashes, decided that the United\\nStates should not regret the choice for the location of the\\nWorld s Fair. Rich and poor contributed to the work\\nof preparing suitable grounds. In the south part of the\\ncity, near Lake Michigan, a space four times that of\\nany other exhibition grounds was laid out into canals,\\nlagoons, and gardens. Thousands of workmen paved\\navenues, spanned waters with bridges, spread miles of\\ngreen turf, and reared palaces and castles of wonderful\\nbeauty.\\nOn the 2 1st of October, the day that Christopher\\nColumbus first landed on American soil, work on the\\nbuildings was suspended, President Harrison was de-\\ntained in Washington by the bedside of his dying wife,\\nand Vice-President Morton represented the government\\non this four hundredth anniversary. Two hundred thou-\\nsand people collected in the unfinished Manufacture s", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0364.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "HARRISON S ADMINISTRATION\\n343\\nbuilding to take part in the ceremonies. A Columbian\\nhymn was sung. Eloquent addresses were made, and in\\nthe evening there were fine displays of fireworks.\\nThe following day, work on the grounds began again.\\nShips from over fifty foreign nations bore precious car-\\ngoes for Chicago, and the railways were burdened with\\nfreight. Everything was hurried to be in place by the\\nELECTION OF 1892\\nfirst day of May, when the fair would be formally\\nopened.\\nMeanwhile the national conventions presented their The national\\ncandidates. President Harrison was renominated by the\\nRepublicans, ex-President Cleveland was again chosen\\nby the Democrats, John Bidwell was nominated by the\\nProhibitionists, and General Weaver, of Iowa, by the\\nPopulists, who had formed a new party, the outgrowth The Popuiist paay\\nof the Grangers, the Farmers Alliance, and other or-\\nganizations for the protection of the farmer. The Popu-\\nlists demanded more restriction in foreign immigration,", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0365.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "344\\nNfATIONAL PROGRESS\\nThe Australian\\nballot system\\nGrover Cleveland\\nelected president\\ngovernment control of railroads, a tax on incomes, and\\nthe free and unlimited coinage of gold and silver at the\\nratio of i6 to i.\\nThe main issues of the campaign, however, were pro-\\ntection and free trade. The vote at this election was\\nperhaps more nearly the voice of the people than ever\\nbefore. Several States had adopted the Australian bal-\\nlot system of election, whereby the voter prepares and\\nfolds his ballot alone in a booth, so that no one can dic-\\ntate to him, or know how he votes. The new Populist\\nparty developed unexpected strength at the polls, and\\ncast twenty-two electoral votes from the States west of\\nthe Mississippi.\\nGrover Cleveland was elected president for the second\\ntime, with both branches of Congress Democratic.\\nCHAPTER LI\\n1S93\\nFormal opening of\\nthe Columbian\\nExposition at\\nChicago (May i)\\nGROVER CLEVELAND (TWENTY-FOURTH PRESIDENT,\\n1893-1897), DEMOCRATIC\\nNE of the first acts of the new\\nadministration was to assist in\\nopening the World s Fair at\\nChicago. On the first day of\\nMay, surrounded by many dis-\\ntinguished guests, among whom\\nwere the Duke of Veragua, the\\nlast lineal descendant of Columbus, representatives of\\nforeign courts, and governors of many States, President\\nCleveland touched an electric button. Flags of all na-\\ntions unfurled from the towers of the White City on the", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0366.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "CLEVELAND S ADMINISTRATION\\n345\\nshores of Lake Michigan, fountains leaped into the air,\\nponderous wheels went round with solemn motion, spin-\\ndles and shuttles in the looms began their ceaseless toil,\\nchimes rang out, artillery boomed, and bands of music\\nplayed national airs.\\nA mixture of plaster and fiber, used in constructing\\nthe buildings, gave the effect of purest marble, and re-\\nproduced the best styles of architecture known to the\\nworld.\\nIn the Court of Honor stood a golden statue of our The coun of Honor\\nRepublic. Near by on the peristyle was the Columbian\\ngroup to exalt the memory of the great navigator who\\nhad given a New World to the Old.\\nThe Administration building towered above the others The Administration\\nas a vestibule leading into a bewildering array of other\\nstructures. Beyond the golden door of the Trans- rhe Transportation\\nportation building were exhibited the methods of the\\nworld for going by land, water, and air. Fulton, Ste-\\nphenson, Watt, Ericsson, and other great inventors\\nlooked down from their pedestals upon the changes The Haii of Mines\\nmade in the last few years in methods of transportation. M ng\\nIn the Hall of Mines and Mining stood the fig-\\nure of Justice, molded from the silver of Mon-\\ntana. Here the white marble blocks of Greece\\nand Italy stood by the colored marbles of Ten-\\nnessee and Georgia. The granite of New En-\\ngland, the coal of the Middle States, the clays\\nand minerals of the South, and the gold and\\nsilver of the West made fine displays. All\\nthe methods employed in taking the pre-\\ncious metals from the earth were shown ^-^Tf////\\nby actual labor.\\nIn the Electrical building, the exhibit was\\n1 1 4 r THOMAS ALVA EDISON\\nbeyond description. A statue of Benjamin i847_", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0367.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "34^\\nNATIONAL PROGRESS\\nThe Electrical\\nbuildini;\\nNIKOLA TESUA\\n1858\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThe Machinery\\nbuilding\\nLa Rabida\\nFranklin, who snatched the Hghtning from the skies,\\ntowered in a niche above the whole, and beneath him\\nlay spread out the achievements of his disciples.\\nThe United States stood first in this exhibit as\\na whole, though Germany, France, and England\\nexcelled in some departments of applied elec-\\ntricity. Germany showed a search lamp that\\nhad given light at Frankfort to a lawn party forty-\\nfive miles away, and France an arc light of two\\nhundred candle power. But the names of\\nThomas Edison and of his student Nikola Tesla\\nwere spoken in all languages at the White City.\\nPeople said that there was no knowing what Edison,\\nthe Wizard of Menlo Park, might yet do; for he\\nclaimed to be only on the threshold of electrical science.\\nIn the Machinery building, across the grand Court of\\nHonor, was one engine twice the size of the famous\\nCorliss at the Philadelphia Exposition; and the power\\nthat kept the machinery on the grounds moving was\\nequal to twenty-four thousand horse power. Every con-\\nceivable department of industry seemed to be represented\\nin Machinery Hall, from the latest device of threading a\\nneedle to the giant printing press.\\nThe Manufactures and Fine Arts building was the\\nlargest in the world, sheltering over two hundred thou-\\nsand people under one roof. So many things were ex-\\nhibited here, that, according to a mathematician, if one\\nspent five hours each day, and lost no time in eating or\\nresting, one would require two hundred years to inspect\\neach article two minutes.\\nThere were the Forestry building, the Fisheries build-\\ning, the Live Stock pavilion, and the structures set\\napart for State and national displays.\\nIn the quiet convent of La Rabida were kept sacred", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0368.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "Cleveland s administration 347\\nthe relics of the great discoverer. Near by, in the lake,\\nwere models of the Spanish caravels, the Santa Maria, x\\\\\\\\e Santa Maria,\\nthe Pint a, and the Nina, just as they appeared, four IhIavL?^\\nhundred years before, when they sailed out of the harbor\\nof Palos in quest of a new world.\\nNear these was moored the reproduction of a Viking The viking ship\\nship with dragon-head prow, in which, it is thought,\\nLeif, the son of Eric the Red, discovered the coast of\\nMassachusetts many years before Columbus touched the\\nshore of the West Indies.\\nIn the Midway Plaisance were the curious tribes and The Midway\\nraces of men in their villages. To stroll down a street\\nin Cairo, to turn a corner in old Nuremburg, to catch a\\nglimpse of Jerusalem, or venture boldly into Dahomey\\nwas called an every-day recreation. And then, not\\ncontent with taking the wonderful scene piece by piece,\\nthe visitor entered the Ferris Wheel, and, from the glass The Ferris wheei\\nwindows of a parlor car suspended in the air, looked far\\ndown upon gardens, lakes, and pillared palaces.\\nThe Fair grounds became a great market place, where\\nthe world might buy and sell. But barter and sale was\\nnot the only object sought in this Columbian Centennial.\\nFor the first time in the history of World s Fairs, com-\\nmerce seemed to be second in view.\\nPhilosophy and the arts had high rank in the atten- The world\\ntion of visitors. There were world congresses to discuss\\nmusic, painting, and sculpture; there was a parliament\\nof religions where the disciple of the Chinese Confucius\\nhad an equal hearing with the Roman Catholic and the\\nLutheran Protestant. Philosophers, educators, critics,\\npoets, and historians met in convention. The whole\\ncircle of human endeavor was widened by this coming\\ntogether of the best that the world can give in the\\nthought of to-day.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0369.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "348 NATIONAL PROGRESS\\nThe close of the When the thirtieth day of October came, all the great\\nOctober !o) wheels ceased their turning; the fountains dripped away,\\nand the noise of trumpet, drum, and human voice was\\nheard no more in the White City; but the Fair had\\nreally only just begun its great work.\\nEach departing guest took to his home the lessons he\\nhad learned, and taught them to others, through the\\npress, the pulpit, the lecture platform, or by the quiet\\nfireside. Perhaps if he were an architect he told the\\nstory in some grand public building, or if a painter his\\ncanvas took on new colors, or if he were a farmer he\\ntalked to his fellow farmers of better methods than their\\nown for raising crops. All classes of people received\\njg new ideas at the World s Columbian Exposition of 1893.\\nThe panic Even whilc the World s Fair was in progress, financial\\ntroubles, which soon developed into a panic, were caus-\\ning anxiety to our government.\\nThere were different opinions about the origin of the\\nj\u00c2\u00bb panic. Many thought it was on account of the cur-\\nThc currency during rcucy. Whcu Alexander Hamilton was secretary of\\nadminUtration ^hc treasury, gold and silver, at the ratio of fifteen to\\n1849\\none, were made legal tenders in payment of debts.\\nA gold and silver But thc sllvcr dollarwas considered the standard unit\\nof value until soon after the discovery of gold in Cali-\\nfornia, when the gold dollar was included in the coinage;\\nthe standard unit of value was said to exist in both silver\\nand gold dollars.\\n1873\\nA gold standard Thcu Cougrcss, as we have seen, enacted the law\\nthat the gold dollar should be the standard unit of value;\\nand the silver was only legal tender for debts of less than\\nfive dollars.\\n1878\\nThe Bland Silver hill Thc Blaud bill, howcver, remonetized silver with\\nSee page 321.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0370.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "Cleveland s administration 349\\nstandard silver dollars legal tender for debts except\\nwhen otherwise stated in the contract. During Harri-\\nson s administration the Sherman bill became a law. The Sherman\\nThis provided for the purchase of silver bullion to be\\npaid for in treasury notes; the silver notes to be re-\\ndeemed in either gold or silver. To redeem greenbacks\\nand Sherman silver notes so much gold was paid out that\\nit began to look as if the gold would be gone from the\\nUnited States treasury vaults, and only the piles of silver jg\\nleft. The money market became more and more a special session of\\nnervous, and President Cleveland called a special session\\nof Congress. After a long debate, the Sherman Silver Repeal of the\\nT-, 1 Sherman Silver\\nPurchase law was repealed. Purchase Act\\nThe financial depression continued. Shops and fac- (November i)\\ntories closed, and no investments were made in any\\ndepartment of business. Thousands were thrown out\\nof employment, and the wages of those still employed\\nwere cut down.\\nStrikes began among the coal miners. Four fifths of strikes among the\\nthe soft coal product of the United States was stopped. miners\\nThe coal strike lasted three months. Over twelve\\nmillion dollars were lost in wages by the miners, and\\nabout twenty million more by employers and other\\nbusiness men.\\nThere were railroad strikes, which spread through The railroad strikes\\nmost of the Western States to the Pacific coast. The Xcificcolst^\\nUnited States mails were stopped because the inter-\\nstate railway trafific was destroyed. The Constitution\\ngave the federal government authority over this traffic.\\nAccordingly, on complaint of the post-office department.\\nPresident Cleveland sent United States troops to President Cleveland\\nChicago. Mobs were dispersed and order was restored. chita o\u00c2\u00b0\u00c2\u00b0^\\nMeantime the cotton spinners and weavers of the New\\nEngland States struck for better wages. Some factories", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0371.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "350\\nNATIONAL PROGRESS\\nStrikes in tlie mills\\nof New England\\n1894\\nCoxey s army\\nCoxey and his\\nofficers arrested\\n1894\\nThe Wilson\\nTariff bill\\nwere able to maintain the old rates, but many closed\\ntheir doors because their owners were bankrupt.\\nEarly in the spring while the strikes were thus spread-\\ning, S. Coxey, of Massillon, Ohio, formed the plan of\\ntaking a grand industrial army to Washington to demand\\nrelief for the country s woes at the hands of Congress.\\nSeveral hundred men soon rallied to his standard, and\\nin March the Commonweal army set out on its\\njourney. Other armies were formed as far west as the\\nState of Washington; soon about ten thousand men were\\nmarching toward the capital, generally begging for food\\nas they went. They were not all tramps, however;\\nmany were skilled workmen, and fully two thirds of\\nthem were English speaking.\\nThey talked as they went, these recruits of the unem-\\nployed. But the way was long. Men began to drop out\\nof the ranks. When the vanguards reached Washing-\\nton, they were worn out, ragged, and hungry. They\\ngathered on the lawn of the capitol to listen to a speech\\nfrom Colonel Coxey; the patrol informed them that the\\nlaws of the District of Columbia forbade unofficial pa-\\nrades through the grounds; and when the little band\\ninsisted on its march, Colonel Coxey and his officers were\\narrested. In a few days Coxey s commonweal army dis-\\nbanded. Other armies still on the road toward Wash-\\nington became discouraged, and dispersed. And then\\nthe newspapers announced that the legislation of the\\ncountry was again left to Congress where the framers of\\nthe Constitution intended it should be.\\nThe Democratic Congress passed the Wilson Tariff\\nbill, lowering the tariff on some imports and placing\\nseveral articles on the free list. The entire schedule\\naveraged about one fourth lower than that of Mc Kinley.\\nThe Wilson bill was really a compromise, but it was", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0372.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "CLEVELAND S ADMINISTRATION 35 I\\ncondemned by the extreme high tariff advocates as a\\nfree-trade measure, and by the extreme free-trade advo-\\ncates as a protective measure. The moderate tariff fac-\\ntions accepted its provisions without debate.\\nMeantime foreign affairs demanded the serious atten- Hawaii\\ntion of the president and Senate. First of all was the\\nHawaiian question. President Harrison, as we have\\nseen, left annexation papers to be ratified by the next\\nadministration, but President Cleveland did not favor\\nadding more territory to the United States.\\nHe sent a special envoy to Hawaii who reported, when 1893\\nhe returned, that the American consul at Honolulu had\\ngiven undue aid in the revolution of the islands, and that\\nAmerican troops were keeping the rightful ruler of\\nHawaii from her throne. President Cleveland then\\nordered that until our government had determined its\\ncourse of action in the affairs of Hawaii, the American\\nflag should be removed from the public buildings, and\\nthe American sailors and marines should return to the\\nsteamer Boston, in the harbor.\\nMeantime the new republic had grown strong enough The Republic\\nto maintain itself without troops. The ex-queen re- ^^a\\nnounced her claims, and Hawaii became an independent\\ngovernment with its elected president and congress.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0373.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LII\\nGomez and Maceo\\nin the Cuban\\nrevolution\\n1878\\nCuba agreed to\\npeace with\\nautonomy\\nSlavery in Cuba\\nabolished\\nJose Marti,\\nthe patriot\\nGROVER CLEVELAND (1893-1897) (Continued)\\nDEMOCRATIC\\nHardly had the debates about Hawaii on the west of\\nus ceased, when the island of Cuba on the east of us\\ndemanded attention.\\nSoon after our Civil war, the oppressions of the Span-\\nish government in Cuba became unbearable to the\\nnatives. A revolution broke out, which continued ten\\nyears. Among the leaders in the uprising were two\\nyoung patriots, Gomez and Maceo. The struggle was\\nso bitter that of the hundred and forty-five thousand\\ntroops sent from Spain to conquer the island, it is said\\nnot enough returned to make a single regiment.\\nThen, with the hope of autonomy, or self-government,\\nsomewhat after that of Canada, a treaty of peace was\\nmade. Slavery was abolished, and the exhausted island\\nbegan to cultivate its fertile fields again. But the long\\nwar had left the population of two million with a debt of\\none hundred dollars for every man, woman, and child.\\nNew governors were appointed by Spain who began to\\nagain extort money from the province by taxes, fines,\\nand imprisonment. The whole island was put under\\nmilitary control.\\nDuring the revolution, a boy of fifteen, Jose Marti,\\nhad been sent to Spain in chains for writing seditious\\narticles for the press. Marti escaped from prison, and\\nbecame a brilliant journalist. He sought out exiled\\nCuban patriots in the United States and South America,\\nand formed them into clubs of revolutionists who swore\\nto set Cuba free. Money, arms, and ammunition were\\n[352]", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0374.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "CLEVELAND S ADMINISTRATION 353\\nconveyed secretly to Cuba, When all was ready, the g\\nCubans again claimed themselves a republic, with Jose Marti proclaimed\\nMarti governor. The old flags of the former revolution frpubi i^ ^o\u00c2\u00b0f Cuba\\nwere brought out again, blue and white bars with a\\nred union on which is a single white star.\\nGomez was appointed commander in chief of the\\nCuban army with Maceo lieutenant general. Spain\\nhurried more troops across the sea. Marti was assas-\\nsinated; but war was waged until more than half of the\\nisland was in possession of the native Cubans.\\nIn February, 1896, the republic asked the United The Cubans ask\\nStates to grant the rights of belligerency. The request ;fi;fu\u00e2\u0080\u009e17sLs\\nclosed with these words; People of the free and\\nglorious United States, Cuba appeals to you. She asks\\nthat you raise your voice in her behalf. She asks that\\nyou announce to the world that, at least as against the\\ntyrant, she be given an equal chance. Cuba, the bleed-\\ning, appeals to her American sisters. She does it in the\\nname of God, of justice, of civilization, of America!\\nThere was great enthusiasm over this appeal. Recruits\\nrallied in almost every State to be ready to sail for\\nCuba. In March, Congress passed resolutions recom- congress passes\\nmending that the Cubans be given belligerent rights, and\\nthat the United States remain neutral, but that our shts\\nimmense business interests on the island should be\\nprotected if necessary.\\nPresident Cleveland took no action on these recom- The president\\nmendations of Congress. There was much involved in\\nthe question. Our treaties with Spain were all that\\ncould be desired. On account of the filibustering expe-\\ndition of Lopez, and the many attempts of our govern-\\nment to purchase the island, we had been accused by\\nEuropean powers of desiring the independence of the\\nGem of the Antilles, that we might annex it to the\\n23\\nresolutions to give\\nCuba belligerent\\nhesitates", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0375.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "354\\nNATIONAL PROGRESS\\nDeath of Maceo\\nVenezuela and the\\nMonroe doctrine\\n1896\\nThe increase of\\nthe navy\\nUtah admitted\\nJanuary 4)\\nThe progress of\\nthe Indians\\nUnited States. Conflicting reports came from Cuba.\\nThe republic was said to be unable to maintain itself.\\nMeanwhile the slaughter continued. Maceo was be-\\ntrayed into an ambush, and killed. But Gomez took the\\nfield; and the cruel war went on.\\nDuring the controversy on the Hawaiian and Cuban\\nquestions, the Monroe doctrine was often quoted; but in\\na threatened war between Great Britain and Venezuela\\nabout boundary lines, the doctrine was much more in-\\nvolved. President Cleveland and Congress united in\\nappointing commissioners to investigate the boundary\\nline between British Guiana and Venezuela. The\\npresident declared that whatever land should be found\\nto belong to Venezuela should be protected. Great\\nBritain agreed upon live commissioners to locate the dis-\\nputed line. The report of this Court of Arbitration was\\nfinally signed by Great Britain and Venezuela.\\nAll these complications with European powers caused\\nCongress to urge the improvement of our coast defenses\\nand the increase of our navy. Five new battle ships,\\nsix gunboats, sixteen torpedo boats, and one submarine\\ntorpedo boat were ordered to be built, thus making our\\nnavy rank among the strongest in the world. That same\\nyear Utah was admitted into the Union as the forty-\\nfifth State.\\nMeantime troubles with the Indians seemed to be\\nceasing altogether. One reason for this was that many\\nof the leading Indians on the reservations had gone into\\nfarming or ranching on their own account.\\nThe five great tribes in Indian Territory, numbering\\nabout ninety thousand, have always held their lands in\\ncommon. This method of living has never been suc-\\nUtah incorporated an equal suffrage clause in its State constitution.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0376.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "Cleveland s administration 355\\ncessful even with the white race, as we have seen at\\nJamestown and Plymouth. No colony can prosper till\\nits citizens have personal property interests. And the\\nred men of Indian Territory, seeing this, after all these\\nyears, began to change their mode of life. The Creeks Creeks and\\nand the Choctaws signed treaties to take homesteads for homeJirads^\\nthemselves, and sell the remaining lands in their terri-\\ntory to the United States. Other tribes will probably\\nfollow their example, and with each Indian family on\\na farm of its own, the vexed Indian question may be\\nsolved.\\nIn spite of the restrictions to foreign immigrations. Foreign\\n1.1 1 T^ immigration\\nimmigrant ships were kept busy bringing Europeans to\\nour shores. From the census of 1880 to that of 1890,\\nover five million foreigners landed. Nearly three hun-\\ndred and fifty thousand came in 1896. About three\\nthousand of these were sent back as paupers and crimi-\\nnals at the expense of the steamship companies.\\nThe majority of those who landed were of the thrifty\\nlaboring class who brought with them over five million\\ndollars; yet more than one fourth, over fourteen years\\nold, could neither read nor write.\\nAccording to the laws of most of our States, a man\\nmay vote when he has become naturalized, and been a\\nresident of the State long enough. So it happens that\\nmany thousand votes are cast on the most important\\nsubjects of tariff, currency, internal improvements, and\\nforeign relations, by men who neither read nor write,\\nand thus become the tools of scheming politicians.\\nTo remedy this defect, Congress introduced a resolu- The immigration\\ntion that would practically exclude illiterate foreigners.\\nJ o foreigners vetoeu by\\nThis bill provided that all immigrants over sixteen years President Cleveland\\nof age who could not read or write should be sent\\nback, except parents over fifty years old, or a wife, or a", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0377.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "356\\nNATIONAL PROGRESS\\nBimetallism and\\nMonometallism\\n1896\\nThe eleventh\\nnational convention\\nof the Republicans\\nThe seventeenth\\nconvention of the\\nUemocrats\\nchild who is a minor, dependent on the support of a\\nquahfied immigrant. The bill passed both Houses, but\\nwas vetoed by President Cleveland.\\nMeantime the financial depression which began during\\nthe time of the Columbian Exposition continued. Some\\nsaid it was caused through lack of confidence in the\\nadministration, others argued that the repeal of the Sher-\\nman Silver Purchasing Act, and still others that the\\nWilson Tariff law was the source of the whole difficulty.\\nBecause there were such various opinions, there were\\nseveral different national conventions.\\nIt soon became evident that the currency was the most\\nimportant question in the minds of the people. There\\nwas a great deal of talk about bimetallism and mono-\\nmetallism. Bimetallists demanded that since gold is\\ncoined free and in unlimited quantities, silver should\\nalso be so coined, and that both should be legal tender\\nin payment of all debts. Monometallists demanded that\\ngold should be declared by law the sole unit of value in\\nthe payment of debts.\\nThe eleventh national convention of the Republican\\nparty met at St. Louis, declared opposition to the free\\ncoinage of silver except by international agreement, and\\nadopted the gold standard platform with William Mc-\\nKinley, of Ohio, for president, and Garret A. Hobart, of\\nNew Jersey, vice-president. Delegates from six silver\\nStates Colorado, Montana, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, and\\nSouth Dakota withdrew from the convention.\\nThe seventeenth national convention of the Demo-\\ncratic party met in Chicago, and, after a stormy session\\nin which the party divided on the issues, a platform for\\na bimetallic currency was adopted with the free and\\nunlimited coinage of both silver and gold at the present\\nlegal ratio of 16 to i, without waiting for the aid or con-", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0378.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "CLEVELAND S ADMINISTRATION\\n357\\nI\\nsent of any other nation. William J. Bryan, of\\nNebraska, was nominated for president, and Arthur\\nSewall, of Maine, vice-president.\\nThe second national convention of the People s party\\nmet at St. Louis, pronounced for free silver, and\\nindorsed Bryan for president, with Thomas E. Watson\\nof Georgia, vice-president. The National Silver party\\nmet at St. Louis and indorsed Bryan and Sewall.\\nV Minn I\\nNEs IOWA\\n1 PENN -jv\\nKANa MO i y\\nV TENN\\nmmm^ Aft K\\nmm!M ///An.,\\nMiss;\\niM. TEXAS j\\nRePl/BUC/IN (M HINLiri\\neiMOCR/IT POPULIST (BRY/INl\\nELECTION OF 1896\\nThe National Democrats, who had refused to adopt\\nthe silver plank in the platform of their party, met\\nat Indianapolis, declared for gold monometallism and\\nnominated John M. Palmer, of Illinois, president, and\\nSimon B. Buckner, of Kentucky, vice-president. The\\nProhibitionists divided into two factions and put two\\ncandidates in nomination.\\nThen followed one of the greatest political campaigns xhe campaign\\nin the history of our country, which resulted in the\\nelection of the Republican ticket.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0379.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER LIII\\nThe president-elect\\nWILLIAM MCKINLEY\\n1843\\n1897\\nGarret A. Hobart\\nsworn into the office\\nof vice-president\\n(March 4)\\nWILLIAM MCKINLEY (TWENTY-FIFTH PRESIDENT,\\n1897 REPUBLICAN\\nWilliam Mc Kinley, the president-elect, was another\\nself-made statesman. For lack of means he was obliged\\nto quit college, and taught school until the war began.\\nEnlisting in an Ohio regiment at the age of eighteen, he\\nserved his country during four years of the Civil war,\\nand was mustered out brevet major.\\nAfter distinguishing himself as a lawyer before the bar\\nof Canton, Ohio, he was elected to Congress where he\\nmade his name famous, while chairman of the\\nWays and Means Committee, by introducing\\nthe Mc Kinley Tariff bill. He was governor\\nof Ohio for two terms, and then practiced\\nlaw until he was named the standard bearer\\nof the Republicans at the St. Louis conven-\\ntion.\\nAt noon on the 4th of March, Garret A.\\nHobart, in the presence of the Senate and\\nHouse of Representatives, President Cleve-\\nland, President-elect Mc Kinley, and many other\\ndistinguished guests, was sworn into office by\\nAdlai Stevenson, the retiring vice-president.\\nVice-President Hobart then assumed his place as pre-\\nsiding officer of the Senate, after which the new senators\\nwere sworn into office. When Congress adjourned, it\\nwas to witness the remaining inaugural ceremonies.\\nOn a platform in front of the capitol and in the pres-\\n1 See page 339.\\n[358]", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0380.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "MC KINLEY S ADMINISTRATION\\n359\\nence of a vast audience, Chief Justice Fuller adminis- The inauguration of\\ntered to William Mc Kinley the oath of office as president\\nof the United States. The executive cabinet was soon\\nannounced with John Sherman, of Ohio, secretary of The cabinet\\nstate; Lyman J. Gage, of Illinois, secretary of the\\ntreasury; Russell A. Alger, of Michigan, secre-\\ntary of war; Joseph McKenna, of California,\\nattorney general; James A. Gary, of Maryland,\\npostmaster general; John D. Long, of Massa-\\nchusetts, secretary of the navy; Cornelius\\nN. Bliss, of New York, secretary of the in-\\nterior; and James Wilson, of Iowa, secre-\\ntary of agriculture.\\nForty-five States and three organized\\nTerritories, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Ari-\\nzona, were represented in the legislative depart- garret a. hobart\\nment. In the Senate at the opening of the first\\nregular session of the Fifty-fifth Congress there were The senate\\nninety members; but the seat of one member from Ore-\\ngon was vacant. Of these, thirty-four were Demo7\\ncrats,Worty-seven Republicans, and eight Independents.\\nIn the House of Representatives were three hundred The House\\nand fifty-seven members, elected from congressional dis-\\ntricts, each district containing about 173,900 inhabit-\\nants.^ One hundred and thirty-one were Democrats,\\ntwo hundred Republicans, with one vacancy, and twenty-\\nsix Independents. The Speaker, or presiding officer of\\nthis body, was Thomas B. Reed, of Maine, who was Thomas b. Reed\\n1 J 1 r J T T re-elected Speaker\\nre-elected by a vote of the House.\\n1 Twenty-nine were Silver Democrats.\\n^Five Populists, two Silver Republicans, one Independent.\\n^The ratio of representation at the first Con^rass, 1789, was one rep-\\nresentative for 30,000 persons.\\nOne hundred and twenty-nine were Silver Democrats.\\nTen were Silver Republicans.\\nFifteen Populists eleven Democratic Populists,", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0381.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "^J%--rJi^l-^\\nJ^\\n(1843-\\nPRESIDENT MC KINLEY S CABINET\\nJohn D. Lonc,\\nof Massachusetts,\\nNavy.\\nCORNELUS.N HlISS.I\\nof New York,\\nInterior.\\nLyman J. Gagk,\\nof Illinois,\\nTreasur)\\nJohn Sherman,*\\nof Ohio.\\nState.\\nJames Wilson,\\nof Iowa,\\nAgriculture.\\nRl SSELI, .A. ALGER,a\\nof Michigan,\\nWar.\\nJa.mes .a. Gakey,\\nof Maryland,\\nPostmaster lieneral.\\nJOSEI H Mc Kenna,4\\nof California,\\nAttorney General.\\n1 Succeeded by Ethan Allen Hitchcock, of Missouri.\\n2 Succeeded by Judge William R. Day, of Ohi i. who was suiceeileil by John Hay,\\nof the District of Columbia.\\nSucceeded by Elihu Koot, of Now York.\\n4 Succeeded by John W. Griggs, of New Jersey.\\nf Succeeded by Charles limory Smith, of Pennsylvania.\\n360", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0382.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": "Mc kinley s administration 361\\nThe members of the Judiciary were Chief Justice The judiciary\\nMelville W. Fuller, of Illinois, and Associate Justices,\\nStephen J. Field/ of California; John M. Harlan, of\\nKentucky; Horace Gray, of Massachusetts; John J.\\nBrewer, of Kansas; Henry B. Brown, of Michigan;\\nGeorge Shiras, Jr., of Pennsylvania; Edward D. White,\\nof Louisiana; and Rufus W. Peckham, of New York.\\nImmediately after his inauguration, President Mc Kin- The special session\\nley summoned a special session of the Fifty-fifth Con-\\nJ r J Congress\\ngress to revise the Wilson Tariff law. (March 1510 juiy 24\\nA new tariff bill, called the Dingley bill, because it\\nwas presented by Nelson Dingley, Jr., of Maine, chair- The Dingiey tariff\\nman of the Ways and Means Committee, was passed, ^n^\\\\ 2)\\nwhich provided not only for revenue, but also for the\\nprotection of American industries. The Dingley bill\\nincreased the tariff on many imported articles, and\\nput many on the dutiable list which were free in the\\nWilson bill.\\nCongress made an appropriation of $50,000 for the congress appropri-\\nrelief of destitute citizens of the United States in Su\u00c2\u00b0;Tn!e\u00c2\u00b0ricans\\nwarring Cuba. in cuba (May 24)\\nAmong the bills passed during the special session of ^g\\nthe Congress was that authorizing foreign exhibitors at The Omaha Trans-\\nthe Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition to inte^rnadonri\\nbring to the United States foreign laborers for the pur- Exposition\\npose of preparing exhibits.^\\nThe chief object of this Exposition, held at Omaha,\\nNeb., was to show the resources of the States beyond\\nthe Mississippi. The display proved to be only second\\nin importance to that of the Columbian Exposition at\\nChicago, the food products and electrical appliances sur-\\npassing those of all previous American Expositions.\\n1 Justice Field retired December, 1897, and was succeeded by Joseph\\nMc Kenna, the attorney general.\\n^See, for law concerning foreign contract labor, page 338.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0383.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "362\\nNATIONAL PROGRESS\\nThe president\\nappoints delegates\\nto an Anglo-\\nAmerican joint high\\ncommission\\n(Julyi6)\\n1889\\nThe kingdom of\\nSamoa given\\nindependence\\nunder a joint\\nprotectorate\\n(June 14)\\n1894\\nThe death of the\\nSamoan king causes\\ninternational\\ndisputes\\n(August 22)\\nPresident Mc Kinley appointed commissioners to meet\\nand treat with an equal number of Canadian commission-\\ners concerning pelagic seal rights, American fisheries in\\nCanadian waters, and other disputed questions between\\nthe United States and Canada, chief of which was the\\nboundary line between Alaska and British America.^\\nGreat Britain claimed that Russia had misinterpreted\\nthe treaty of 1825; and that the dividing line between\\nRussian Alaska and British America, with an extreme\\ninland limit of thirty miles from the sea, should not\\nhave followed the coast indentations so closely.\\nThe Canadian commissioners made a demand for a sea-\\nport north of 54\u00c2\u00b0 40 The American commissioners\\nwere not willing to concede the claim of Great\\nBritain to a part of the seacoast of Alaska, and the\\njoint high commission, without arriving at a settlement\\nof any of the vexed questions, adjourned to meet the\\nfollowing year.\\nMeantime Samoa, the little kingdom in the South Pa-\\ncific Ocean, midway between Hawaii and New Zealand,\\nwhere the United States own a naval station, again de-\\nmanded attention. Representatives of Great Britain,\\nGermany, and the United States had agreed upon the\\nindependence of Samoa under joint protection of the\\nthree powers.\\nOn the death of Malietoa, king of Samoa, two\\nclaimants appeared for the throne. Mataafa, whose\\npretension was supported by Germany, was elected by\\nthe islanders. Malietoa s direct heir, supported by Great\\nBritain and the United States, contested the election,\\nand the issue was decided in his favor by Chief Justice\\nChambers, an American. The followers of Mataafa\\n1 See map of territorial growth.\\nSee page 340.", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0384.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "MC KINLEY S ADMINISTRATION\\n363\\nThe republic of\\nSamoa proposed\\nthereupon attacked some American and British sailors;\\nJudge Chambers fled for protection to a British cruiser.\\nFor a time war with Germany seemed imminent; but\\na commission appointed by the three powers to adjust\\nthe difficulties finally agreed to abolish the office of king,\\nand establish a republic with a governor and a legislature\\nelected by popular vote, while a council of three, one\\nmember from each of the three powers, should act as an\\nadvisory board for the governor.\\nThe most important question before the Fifty-fifth The first regular\\nj-^rx 1 i.l_ir/- U session of Congress\\nCongress, at its first regular session, was that ot Cuba. (December ej\\nThe Fifty-fourth Congress, as we have seen, recom-\\nmended that our government actively use its influence\\nto restore peace and give independence to the suffering\\nisland. The Republicans had declared in the party\\nplatform, upon which President Mc Kinley had been\\nelected, that, since the Spanish crown seemed unable\\nto protect the lives and property of American citizens in\\nCuba, our government should interfere to end the war.\\nAccordingly, President Mc Kinley protested against the\\npolicy of General Weyler, military commander of Cuba,\\nwho had issued an order concentrating the peasants of\\nfour provinces, Havana, Matanzas, Santa Clara, and\\nPinar del Rio, in the military towns, where they were\\nstarving at the rate of several thousand a day.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0385.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": "364\\nNATIONAL PROGRESS\\nQUEEN MARIA CHRISTINA\\nSagasta becomes\\npremier of Spain\\n(October 2)\\nSpain promises\\nautonomy to Cuba\\nand Porto Kico\\n(November 27)\\n1898\\nThe Maine arrives\\nat Havana\\n(January 26)\\nALFONSO XIII\\nIn April Maria Christina, the queen regent of Spain\\nduring the minority of Alfonso XIII, signed a decree\\ngranting reforms in Cuba. Soon after this con-\\ncession, Canovas, the Conservative premier of\\nSpain, was assassinated at Madrid, and Sagasta.\\nthe leader of the Liberals, became premier.\\nGeneral Weyler was recalled and General Blanco\\nbecame the military ruler of Cuba. Spain indi-\\ncated that it would be agreeable if the chari-\\ntable people of the United States would aid the\\nstarving peasants, who, although permitted by Gen-\\neral Blanco to return to their homes, were without\\nfood and proper clothing. Many thousand dollars were\\nimmediately subscribed for a relief fund, and Clara Bar-\\nton, the head of the Red Cross, volunteered to go to\\nCuba to direct the distribution of the supplies sent to\\nHavana.\\nAutonomy, or self-government, was soon after officially\\npromised to Cuba and Porto Rico, but the Cubans, hav-\\ning been so often deceived with vain promises, refused\\nto lay down their arms. The proposed new government,\\nas well as the generous aid from the United States, was\\nopposed by many resident Spaniards, and when these\\ngathered in mobs at Havana to threaten resident Ameri-\\ncans, Consul General Fitzhugh Lee requested that a\\nwar ship be sent to protect them.\\nIt was agreed with Spain that an exchange of\\nfriendly visits should be made between Cuba and\\nthe United States. Accordingly, the cruiser\\nMaine, Captain Sigsbee, was sent to Havana, and\\nthe Vizcaya was ordered to New York.\\nAbout this time De Puy de Lome, the Span-\\nish minister at Washington, wrote a letter to a\\nfriend in Havana, speaking in the most insulting", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0386.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "MC KINLEY S ADMINISTRATION\\n365\\nmanner of President Mc Kinley. The letter came to Senor de Lome s\\n11-i- IJ letter published\\nthe notice of the government, and its pubhcation led Februarys)\\nto the resignation of Sefior de Lome.\\nOn the night of February i 5, a week after the appear- Destruction of the\\nMaine (February i^\\nance of the offensive letter, the Maine, at anchor in\\nHavana harbor, was cut in two by a double explosion.\\nTwo officers and two hundred and sixty-four men were\\nkilled and sixty were wounded. Congress votes\\nA board of inquiry, appointed by the naval department, appropriations for\\nnational defense\\ndeclared that the ship was destroyed by the explosion of (March/)\\na submarine mine with no evidence fixing the re-\\nsponsibility for the destruction. Both nations\\nanticipated war, and began to prepare for it.\\nCongress voted $50,000,000 for national de-\\nfense; and two new regiments of artillery were\\nauthorized to be organized for the harbor forts.\\nSpain began to strengthen the fortified towns\\nin the West Indies, and concentrate at Cape\\nVerde Islands a squadron in command of\\nAdmiral Cervera.\\nMeantime Senators Proctor and Thurston and\\nother distinguished statesmen visited Cuba to as-\\ncertain the truth of the reports concerning the suffering\\nof the peasants. When they declared that nearly a half\\nmillion Cubans had died of starvation, pestilence, and\\nwar since the beginning of their struggle for independ-\\nence, and that a quarter of a million more were dying, The president asks\\nPresident Mc Kinley sent a message to Congress asking ^elsurls To terli-\\nauthorization to take measures to terminate hostilities hostilities\\nbetween Spain\\nbetween the government of Spain and the people of andcuba\\nCuba. P\\nThe grounds of intervention, said the president, The grounds of\\nmay be briefly summarized as follows\\nFirst, In the cause of humanity, and to put an end\\nCLARA BARTON\\n1830\\nintervention", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0387.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "366\\nNATIONAL PROGRESS\\nThe cause of\\nhumanity\\nProtection of Ameri-\\ncan citizens resident\\nin Cuba\\nProtection to Ameri-\\ncan commerce\\nA senii-\\\\v:ir footing\\nwith a war nation\\nwith which we are\\nat peace\\nto the barbarities, bloodshed, starvation, and horrible\\nmiseries now existing there, and which the parties to\\nthe conflict are either unable or unwilling to stop or miti-\\ngate. It is no answer to say this is all in another coun-\\ntry, belonging to another nation, and is, therefore, none\\nof our business. It is especially our duty, for it is right\\nat our door.\\nSecond, We owe it to our citizens in Cuba to afford\\nthem that protection and indemnity for life and property\\nwhich no government there can or will afford, and to\\nthat end to terminate the conditions that deprive them\\nof legal protection.\\nThird, The right to intervene may be justified by\\nthe very serious injury to the commerce, trade, and busi-\\nness of our people, and by the wanton destruction of\\nproperty and devastation of the island.\\nFourth, and which is of the utmost importance,\\nThe present condition of affairs in Cuba is a constant\\nmenace to our peace, and entails upon this government\\nan enormous expense. With such a conflict waged for\\nyears in an island so near us, and with which our people\\nhave such trade and business relations; where the lives\\nand liberty of our citizens are in constant danger and\\ntheir property destroyed and themselves ruined; where\\nour trading vessels are liable to seizure, and are seized at\\nour very door by war ships of a foreign nation, the expe-\\nditions of filibustering that we are powerless altogether\\nto prevent, and the irritating questions and entangle-\\nments thus arising, all these and others that I need\\nnot mention, with the resulting strained relations, are a\\nconstant menace to our peace, and compel us to keep on\\na semi-war footing with a war nation with which we are\\nat peace.\\nOn April 19 the following joint resolutions were\\npassed by Congress", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0388.jp2"}, "389": {"fulltext": "Mc kinley s administration 367\\nW/iereas, the abhorrent conditions which have pre- The joint resolutions\\nvailed more than three years in the island of Cuba, so \u00c2\u00b0f Congress for the\\nrecognition of Cuban\\nnear our own borders, have shocked the moral sense of independence\\nthe people of the United States, have been a disgrace to\\nChristian civilization, culminating, as they have, in the\\ndestruction of a United States battle ship, with two hun-\\ndred and sixty of its officers and crew, while on a friendly\\nvisit to the harbor of Havana, and can not longer be\\nendured, as has been set forth by the president of the\\nUnited States in his message to Congress of April 11,\\n1898, upon which the action of Congress was invited;\\ntherefore, be it resolved,\\nFirst, That the people of the island of Cuba are,\\nand of right ought to be, free and independent.\\nSecond, That it is the duty of the United States\\nto demand, and the government of the United States\\ndoes hereby demand, that the government of Spain at\\nonce relinquish its authority and government in the\\nisland of Cuba, and withdraw its land and naval forces\\nfrom Cuba and Cuban waters.\\nThird, That the president of the United States be. The president em-\\nand he hereby is, directed and empowered to use the en- p^^^ered to use the\\narmy and navy to\\ntire land and naval forces of the United States, and to call secure the freedom\\ninto the actual service of the United States the militia\\nof the several States to such an extent as may be neces-\\nsary to carry these resolutions into effect.\\nFourth, That the United States hereby disclaims The United states\\nany disposition or intention to exercise sovereienty, iuris-\\no J tention to exercise\\ndiction, or control over said island, except for the pacifi- sovereignty over\\ncation thereof, and asserts its determination when that is\\naccomplished to leave the government and control of the\\nisland to its people.\\nThe president signs\\nImmediately upon hearmg that President Mc Kinley the joint resolutions\\nhad signed this resolution, the Spanish minister at Wash- ^\u00c2\u00b0T* rn 20)", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0389.jp2"}, "390": {"fulltext": "368\\nNATIONAL PROGRESS\\nMinister Woodford\\nis given his passports\\n(April 2i)\\nPresident Mc Kinley\\nissues a call for\\nvolunteers\\n(April 23)\\nington demanded his passports. Minister Woodford, at\\nMadrid, received notice that diplomatic relations between\\nSpain and the United States must cease.\\nPresident Mc Kinley, considering the dismissal of the\\nAmerican minister equivalent to a declaration of war,\\nissued a call for 125,000 volunteers from the States\\nand Territories, to be apportioned according to their\\npopulation.\\nThe response was enthusiastic; many thousand more\\nthan were asked volunteered. Theodore Roose-\\nvelt, of New York, resigned his position as as-\\nsistant secretary of the navy to organize a cavalry\\nregiment which was placed under command of\\nColonel Leonard Wood, and became known as\\nRoosevelt s Rough Riders, because many\\ncowboys from the Western cattle ranches\\njoined its ranks. Colonel Terry, of Arizona,\\nrallied another regiment of Rough Riders; many\\nMILES wealthy citizens contributed yachts, fitted out com-\\npanies, or supplied hospitals with comforts.\\nThe regular army of about 25,000, in command of\\nMajor-General Nelson A. Miles, was increased to 62,000\\nmen, and ordered to assemble in camps for drill; a block-\\nade of the north coast of Cuba, and Cienfuegas on the\\nsouth coast was proclaimed; Captain Sampson, of the\\nSquadron; Commo- squadrou at Key West, was made acting rear-admiral in\\ndore Schley, of the irixTiAi c^ i-^\\ncommand of the North Atlantic Squadron; Commodore\\nSchley was in command of the Flying Squadron, and Com-\\nmodore Dewey of the Asiatic Squadron.\\nOn April 24, Spain formally declared war. The fol-\\nlowing day Congress resolved that a state of war had\\nexisted since April 21, the day Minister Woodford re-\\nceived his passports from the premier of Spain.\\nCongress authorized the issue of $400,000,000 in bonds\\nNELSON A.\\n1839\\nA blockade of Cuban\\nports proclaimed\\n(April 22)\\nActing Rear-\\nAdmiral Sampson,\\nof the North Atlantic\\nFlying Squadron\\nCommodore Dewey\\nof the Asiatic\\nSquadron\\nSpain formally\\ndeclares war\\n(April 24)\\nCongress resolves\\nthat a state of war\\nhas existed since\\nApril 21\\n(April 25)", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0390.jp2"}, "391": {"fulltext": "MC KINLEY S ADMINISTRATION\\n369\\nto help pay the cost of the war, and passed a revenue The war\\nbill placing a tax upon various articles and imposing ^iii\\na stamp tax on express receipts, bank checks, tele-\\ngrams, etc.\\nAll things were made ready as swiftly as possible to\\nprosecute the war with Spain by land and by sea.\\nCHAPTER LIV\\nWILLIAM MCKINLEY (1897-\\n(Continued)\\nREPUBLICAN.\\nAfter the declaration of war between Spain and the\\nUnited States, several of the foreign powers proclaimed\\nneutrality. England, being one of the neutrals, notified\\nher consul at Hong-Kong that Commodore Dewey s\\nAsiatic fleet must not remain at Hong-Kong, where\\nshe held a lease.\\nOn arriving at Mirs Bay, the commodore was\\ninformed that China was also a neutral, and would\\nnot allow his fleet to linger within her waters.\\nNow it was known that a formidable Spanish\\nfleet was off the Philippine Islands, which\\nwould destroy American merchantmen; and just\\nabout the time that Commodore Dewey was in\\nvited out of Mirs Bay, he received orders to find the 189S\\nr^ -irii 1 J 1j Commodore Dewey\\nSpanish fleet and capture or destroy it. is ordered away\\nAccordingly he hastened to Manila, the capital city of p\u00c2\u00b0\\noi neutrals\\nthe Philippines, near which he had reason to believe the\\nSpanish ships were anchored.\\nOn the night of April 31 his fleet lay outside Manila Dewey reaches\\nBay. It included the Olynipia^ the flagship. Captain\\nGEORGE DEWEY\\n1837\\nManila Bay\\n(April 3i)\\nOnly half the amount was actually issued. For map of the bay see p. 381.\\n24", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0391.jp2"}, "392": {"fulltext": "370\\nNATIONAL PROGRESS\\nThe battle of\\nManila Hay\\nCMay i)\\nGridley; Boston, Captain Wildes; Concord, Commander\\nWalker; Petrel, Commander Wood; Raleii^h, Captain\\nCoghlan; Baltimore, Captain Dyer, a revenue cutter,\\nand two supply vessels. All the ships were unarmored\\nexcept the Olympia, which was protected around the\\nturret guns.\\nIt seemed a hazardous undertaking to enter;\\nmines quite as destructive as those which had\\nwrecked the Maine were known to have been\\nlaid the water was shallow in many places,\\nand the entrance was supposed to be\\nguarded by Krupp guns\\nBut the commander was fearless,\\nand his men were willing to fol-\\nlow him into the death trap.\\nThe night was cloudy. All lights\\nwere put out except one small\\nlamp at the stern of each ship\\ntu to warn those behind from\\ncoming too near.\\nWith the Olynipia in the lead, the\\nships glided silently past Corregidor\\nIsland and entered the bay. To\\nthe southwest of Manila, whose early\\nmorning lights were beginning to glimmer through the\\ngray dawn, lay the Spanish squadron. As the sun rose,\\nthe batteries of Manila and Cavite opened fire. The\\nOlympia sailed steadily on, though mines were exploded\\naround her. When the six principal ships were within\\neffective range, they ran, one behind the other and par-\\nallel with the enemy s line, pouring broadsides upon\\ntheir decks.\\nFive times, in single tile, they passed, always drawing\\nnearer; and so swift was the maneuvering and so deadly\\n\u00c2\u00ab;i:fc 5HD^", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0392.jp2"}, "393": {"fulltext": "MC KINLEY S ADMINISTRATION\\n371\\nlay 2)\\nGuam captured by\\nt^aptain Glass\\n(June 21)\\nthe aim of the port guns that, about noon, Admiral Mon-\\ntojo signaled his captains to scuttle and abandon their\\nvessels.\\nWhen the smoke of battle cleared away, it was found\\nthat the entire Spanish fleet of ten ships and several\\nsmall craft was lost, with over six hundred men killed.\\nOn the American side not one ship was disabled nor one\\nman killed. The engagement was conceded by European\\nnations to be one of the most remarkable in naval annals, caviteand\\nThe following day the forts of Cavite and Corregidor conegidor island\\nsurrender (May 2)\\nIsland surrendered.\\nA few weeks later. Captain Glass, on the CJiarleston,\\ntook possession of Guam, the largest of the Ladrones, a\\ngroup of Spanish islands situated about a thousand miles\\neast of the Philippines. After placing an American in\\ncommand, Captain Glass carried the Spanish garrison to\\nthe Philippines as prisoners of war.\\nMeanwhile Admiral Cervera had sailed myste-\\nriously from Cadiz. When it was learned that he\\nhad left the Cape Verde Islands, American cruisers\\nscoured the sea in search of his fleet. The ships\\nwere finally sighted off Venezuela, then lost again.\\nIt was feared they might be among the Wind-\\nward Islands lying in wait for the battle ship Ore-\\ngon, Captain Clark, which was on her way from\\nCalifornia to Florida.\\nFinally it was reported that Cervera s fleet was head- Admiral sampson\\ning for Porto Rico. Admiral Sampson sailed to San Juan, 7Ma^T2^\\nand bombarded the forts in the harbor, but the Spanish\\nadmiral was not there.\\nWhen a rumor that Cervera s fleet was coaling in the Cervera s fleet\\nharbor of Santiago de Cuba seemed to be confirmed by sanlir^o\\nofficial reports, the squadrons of Schley and Sampson\\nwere united to keep it there. The guns of Morro Castle\\nW. T. SAMPSON\\n1840", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0393.jp2"}, "394": {"fulltext": "37^\\nNATIONAL PROGRESS\\nRICHMOND P HOBSON\\n1870\\nGuantanamo Bay\\nseized (June lo)\\nprevented near approach to the shore, and fear\\ning that Cervera might escape in the night, Ad-\\nmiral Sampson decided to attempt to block up\\nthe narrow neck of the harbor.\\nAccordingly, Assistant Naval Constructor Rich-\\nmond P. Hobson and seven picked men volun-\\nteered to sink the collier Mcrr/;nac across the\\nopening. Setting out before dawn, the sailors\\nreached the allotted position, but a cannon\\nshot carried away the rudder of the collier\\nso that she could not be swung sufficiently into\\nplace to bar the entrance. The dauntless crew\\nescaped from the sinking Mein imac only\\nto be taken prisoners by the Spaniards\\nDays passed. The American fleet\\nlay on guard beneath the Morro of\\nSantiago, with an occasional bombard-\\nment along the coast. Guantanamo\\nBay was seized for a naval station;\\ncables connecting Santiago with\\nMole St. Nicholas were grappled\\nand cut, and then those between San-\\ntiago and Havana, and Havana and Eu-\\nrope, so that what with the loss of these modern\\nmeans of communication and the blockade, which\\nprevented ships from entering her harbors,\\nCuba seemed as far away from Spain as when\\nColumbus first entered her harbors.\\nMeantime General Maximo Gomez, com-\\nmander in chief of the insurgent Cubans,\\nwith headquarters at Santa Clara, was car-\\nrying on a ceaseless guerrilla war with the\\nSpanish troops. Gomez urged co-operation\\nbetween the American and Cuban land\\nWM. R. SHAFTER\\n1835\\nMAXIMO GOMEZ", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0394.jp2"}, "395": {"fulltext": "MCKINLEY S ADMINISTRATION\\n373\\nKaiciuiri (June 22)\\nCALIXTO GARCIA\\nforces. Accordingly, Major-General Shafter, with an General shaitci\\nd. 1^ 1 J r o i. _ sails for Santiago\\nat 1 ampa, sailed tor Santiago. dunei\\nAt a conference between Admiral Sampson, General The debarkation at\\nShafter, and the Cuban general, Calixto Garcia, a united\\nland and naval attack upon Santiago was planned.\\nThe American troops were debarked from trans-\\nports at Daiquiri and adjacent landings.\\nSiboney was occupied by a detachment of\\ntroops under General Joseph Wheeler, second\\nin command. The hill of La Guasima, near\\nSevilla, was taken the blockhouse of El\\nCaney was captured, and San Juan was\\nstormed successfully. The hills along San\\nJuan River, a mile and a half from Santiago,\\nwere soon occupied by the Americans, while\\nthe Cubans were guarding the approaches to the\\nnorthwest of them.\\nMeantime, it had been thought best to secure the Aguinaido at cuvite\\nPhilippine Islands, and hold them for a\\npossible war indemnity. Admiral\\nDewey permitted Aguinaido, a ban-\\nished Filipino insurgent, to land at\\nCavite, and assemble an army to assist\\nin capturing Manila, the capital.\\nAguinaido, after winning several vic-\\ntories over the Spanish troops in\\nthe province of Cavite, proclaimed united states\\nthe independence of the Philippines\\nunder the protection of the United\\nStates.\\nMeantime President Mc Kinley issued a General Mcnitt\\ncall for 75,000 additional volunteers, and appointed Gen- PP\u00c2\u00b0 =d military\\nr r governor of the\\neral Wesley Merritt military governor of the islands with I hiiippine island:\\nan army of 15,000.\\nAguinaido proclaims\\na republic under the\\nprotection of the\\nWESLEY MERRITT\\n1836\\n(May 11)", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0395.jp2"}, "396": {"fulltext": "374\\nNATIONAL PROGRESS\\nAdmiral Camara s\\nfleet sails for the\\nPhilippines: but\\nreturns to Cadiz\\nWhile General Merritt was hastening westward with\\nre-enforcements, Admiral Camara was sailing eastward\\nfrom Cadiz. When our government ascertained that\\nthe Spanish fleet was bound for the Philippines, orders\\nwere issued from Washington for Commodore Watson to\\nproceed to Spain with a division of the North Atlantic\\nfleet. The fear of Watson s attack upon the coast\\ncities, together with England s refusal to allow coaling\\nat Port Said, at the entrance of Suez Canal, caused\\nAdmiral Camara to return to Cadiz. The Span-\\nish army in the Philippine Islands was thus\\nleft without aid, and Manila was soon sur-\\nrounded by Admiral Dewey s ships and the\\ntroops of General Merritt and Aguinaldo.\\nMeantime the investment of Santiago con-\\ntinued. A report that General Pando was\\nsending re-enforcements from Havana to\\nGeneral Toral caused the utmost haste to\\noccupy the city. The line of siege was\\ndrawn closer; the battle ships ventured\\ni836\u00e2\u0080\u0094 nearer and nearer until within two miles from\\nthe harbor s mouth lay the armored cruisers jVczo York,\\nCaptain Chadwick, and Bnwkiyn, Captain Cook; the\\nThe vigil before the first-class battle ships hnva. Captain Evans; Oregon,\\nharbor of Santiago Q^^^^:^^ Clark; and Indiana, Captain Taylor; and the\\nsecond-class battle ship Texas, Captain Philip; while\\nlighter craft were watching still nearer shore for the\\nleast movement of the enemy. At night, one battle\\nship, supported by a comrade with broadside turned and\\nguns pointed, swung a search light which illuminated\\nthe mouth of the harbor and the steep gray walls of the\\nMorro.\\nEarly in the morning of July 3 news came to the ships\\nof heavy losses among the fighting land forces. Admi-", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0396.jp2"}, "397": {"fulltext": "MC KINLEY S ADMINISTRATION\\n375\\nral Sampson had started on the flagship New York for a The mwai battle of\\nconference with General Shafter at Siboney, when Hght\\npuffs of smoke betrayed the advance of the enemy.\\nAlmost immediately after, the long black nose of the\\nSpanish flagship Maria Teresa came to view. Admiral\\n^oi^ mE Caney\\nSANTIAGO DE CUBA\\nD. SPANISH fLllT IMJIoe S4Nmr,0 H4/iBOfr.\\nS-SMAIL US SOari ON PKHET VUjy\\nL-aATTLESHlP WITH SEARCtfUOHT Al^O SyPPOf*flNO dATTtfSNIP\\nCuanta g^\\nSchley, in command of the flagship Brooklyn^ ordered\\nthe American ships to clear for action. When the Te-\\nresa turned swiftly westward, followed by the Vizeaya^\\nColon, Oqiiendo, and the destroyers Furor and Pluton,\\nall flying the red and yellow ensigns of war, the Brook-\\nlyn and the lozva dashed forward in a chase; the Oregon,\\nthe Indiana, and the Gloiicester, Captain Wainwright,\\nturned, pouring shot and shell as they ran.\\nThe Teresa, Oqnendo, and Viseaya were soon\\nbeached. The Furor and Pluton were sunk by\\nthe Gloucester. The Colon, pursued by the\\nBrooklyn, Oregon, and Texas, ran to the beach\\nof Acerraderos, about fifty miles from San-\\ntiago, and hauled down her colors. Only one\\nAmerican was killed, and none of the ships\\ndisabled when the signal, The enemy has\\nsurrendered, fluttered from Acting Admiral\\nSchley s flagship.\\nAdmiral Sampson arrived in time to receive the sword Admii:,icervera\\nof Admiral Cervera; and Spain s naval power in the 3\\nWestern Hemisphere was ended.\\nLieutenant Ilobson\\nLieutenant Hobson and his associates were soon after and his associates\\nexchanged for Spanish prisoners. Trti ei\\nWINFIELO S. SCHLEY\\n1839", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0397.jp2"}, "398": {"fulltext": "376\\nNATIONAL PROGRESS\\nSantiago occupied\\n(July 17)\\nGeneral Shafter demanded the surrender of Santiago.\\nGeneral Toral refused to agree to the proposed terms.\\nThe firing from the trenches surrounding the city con-\\ntinued until July ii, when a flag of truce was raised.\\nGeneral Toral surrendered Santiago and its entire\\n(iencral Miles sails\\nfor Porto Rico\\n(July 21)\\nGuanica, Yauco, and\\nPonce occupied\\nA peace protocol\\nsigned at\\nWashington\\n(August 12)\\nfi T L A A/ r c\\nB B a A N\\nmilitary district, with about 25,000 Spanish soldiers.\\nOn July 17, the city was occupied by the Americans.\\nA few days later General Miles, commanding general\\nof the army of the United States, left Guantanamo Bay\\nfor Porto Rico. Guanica and Yauco were entered with-\\nout resistance from the inhabitants, who appeared eager\\nto throw off the Spanish rule. Port Ponce was occupied\\nby the ships, and the city near its shore welcomed the\\narmy with bands of music. From Ponce the main line\\nof the army proceeded along the great military road to\\nSan Juan, the capital.\\nThe Spanish troops were retreating from city to city,\\nwhen hostilities ceased with\\nthe announcement of a peace\\nprotocol signed at Washing-\\nton by the representatives of\\nSpain and the United States.\\nBy the terms of the pro-\\ntocol Porto Rico, the Gate\\nof the Antilles, was surren-\\nHA WA U", "height": "2990", "width": "2074", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0398.jp2"}, "399": {"fulltext": "MC KINLEY S ADMINISTRATION\\n377\\ndered to the United States, and, on August 17, the stars PonoRico\\nand stripes were officially raised over the government [rthfun edsStes^\\nbuildings at San Juan. (August 17)\\nNow, at the beginning of hostilities, the government\\nof Hawaii had been warned by Spain to publish a decla- The republic of\\nration of neutrality. This the little republic refused to aiHarcl vvkh the\\ndo, not only upholding the policy of the United States, Unitea states\\nbut permitting their war ships to coal at Honolulu. Such\\nm\\nHawaii annexed to\\nthe territory of the\\nUnited States\\n(August 12)\\nGOVtRNMENT BUILDING, HONOLULU\\na course of action exposed the islands to an attack from\\nSpain; and when the Hawaiian legislature asked the\\nUnited States to annex the islands to their territory,\\nCongress passed a joint resolution approving the request-\\nThe transfer of sovereignty was accordingly made, the\\nHawaiian government, as organized, continuing until\\nCongress might frame another government more in har-\\nmony with our Constitution.\\nNow when the peace protocol with Spain was signed Manila bombarded\\non August 12, at four o clock p. m. in Washington, it was\\nAugust 13, about five o clock a. m. in Manila. On that\\n(August 13)", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0399.jp2"}, "400": {"fulltext": "37H\\nNATIONAL I KOC.RESS\\nManila formally\\nsuiTf ndeis\\n(August 15)\\n^Offe/Ofv FUfT\\nmorning Admiral Dewey and General Merritt, knowing\\nnothing about the armistice, were making preparations\\nfor a united attack upon Manila. The squadron moved\\nup from Cavite and fired the first shot at the fortifica-\\ntions. The army captured Malate, and occupied the\\nramparts of the city. The Spanish governor general\\nsurrendered unconditionally to General Merritt, who\\nimmediately issued a proclamation declaring that he\\nhad come not as a conqueror, but a\\nprotector.\\nGeneral Elwell S. Otis succeeded\\nGeneral Merritt in the military com-\\nmand of the Philippines. General\\nMacArthur was appointed commandant\\nof Manila and General Anderson of\\nCavite. Aguinaldo, however, with\\ndo\\nSfAVIiHu/fecHlO\\nBacoor\\nheadquarters at Bacoor, issued procla-\\nmations calling himself president of\\nthe republic of the Philippines, and\\nthe residents of Manila were in con-\\nstant dread of plundering insurgents.\\nOn December 10, the final treaty\\nManila AND m HARBOR ^f p^^^e between Spain and the United\\nStates was signed by their representatives at Paris.\\nSpain (i) relinquished all claim to Cuba; (2) ceded to\\nthe United States Porto Rico and the other Spanish\\nislands in the West Indies, and the island of Guam, in\\nthe Ladrones; (3) ceded to the United States the Phil-\\nippine Islands, and surrendered all claims against that\\narchipelago for the sum of $20,000,000.\\nCongress met in regular session on December 6.\\nWhen the provisions of the treaty were made known,\\nbegins (necember 6; opiuion was SO divided concerning the acquisition of the\\nPhilippines that weeks passed before the treaty was\\nratified.\\nThe final tieaty of\\npeace between\\nSpain and the\\nUnited States\\nsigned at Paris\\n(December lo)\\nThe second regidar\\nsession of the\\nFifty-fifth Congress", "height": "2990", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0400.jp2"}, "401": {"fulltext": "MC KINLEY S ADMINISTRATION 3/9\\nMeantime the Filipinos had become distrustful of the A^uiiiaido, as\\nmilitary occupation of the United States. Aguinaldo, phmppllVpubiic,\\nwho still proclaimed himself president of the Philip- sends an envoy to\\nWashinj^ton\\npine republic, sent Agoncillo to Washington as his\\nrepresentative.\\nPresident Mc I\\\\inley appointed a commission to exam-\\nine into the pretensions of Aguinaldo, and, pending their\\nreport, withheld official recognition of his envoy. Agon-\\ncillo thereupon began to foment the irritation of his Agonciiioat\\nII- J 1 Washington\\ncountrymen by reportmg the bitter debates in Con-\\ngress, and, it is said, advised an attack upon the army\\nfor the purpose of influencing Congress to refuse a rati-\\nfication of the treaty.\\nGeneral Otis, anticipating an outbreak, appointed General otis\\n.1 -it 1 appoints a com-\\nthree commissioners to confer with a similar number niission to confer\\nof Filipinos named by Aguinaldo, for the purpose of y representa-\\ntives of Aguinaldo\\ncoming to some agreement which would permit the\\norganization of a stable government.\\nThe three Filipinos would listen to nothing but the\\nrecognition of absolute independence. They demanded\\nthat the army be withdrawn immediately, but the navy\\nwas to remain to protect them from foreigners.\\nThe American commissioners explained that, by the\\ntreaty at Paris, Spain, who had been responsible to the\\nother powers for the protection of the life and property\\nof their resident citizens, was no longer held responsible;\\nthat the transfer of the islands to the United States was\\nalso a transfer of responsibilities of government. If\\nthe army and navy were both withdrawn, foreign pow-\\ners would consider the United States as acting in bad\\nfaith. If the army were withdrawn, and our navy alone The joint com-\\nremained, the United States, in thus assuming a respon- ll relTo ^erms\\nsibility for a government without having a voice in its proposed\\nlaws, might become involved in wars with other nations.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0401.jp2"}, "402": {"fulltext": "38o\\nNATIONAL PROGRESS\\nThe beginning of\\nhostilities between\\nAguinaldo s forces\\nand the Americans\\n(February 4)\\nCaloocan occupied\\n(February 10)\\nEMI\\nCongress ratifies\\nthe treaty witli\\nSpain (February 6)\\nMalolos occupied\\n(March 31)\\nSan Fernando\\n(May 5)\\nAngeles (August 16)\\nAll the autonomy the Filipinos might prove themselves\\ncapable of maintaining was promised; but their com-\\nmissioners would listen to no compromises.\\nOn February 4, a skirmish began between the Filipi-\\nnos east of Manila and the American guards which soon\\nextended along the entire line of occupation from Tondo\\nto Malate. The Filipinos retreated from their trenches,\\nleaving the suburbs of Manila and the waterworks at\\nSantolan in possession of the Americans.\\nA few days later, after a severe engagement in\\nwhich the naval and land forces were engaged,\\nCaloocan was occupied. General Mac Arthur\\nthen advanced toward Malolos, where Agui-\\nnaldo had established his headquarters.\\nMeantime an order had been issued from\\nMalolos that all foreigners in Manila should be\\nassassinated. An attempt to burn Manila\\ncaused General Otis to place the city under\\nmartial law, so that no one might be al-\\nlowed on the streets after sunset without a\\npass.\\nThe legal term of the Fifty-fifth Congress closed\\nLio AGuiNALDo q^ March 4. The treaty with Spain, ceding Porto\\nRico, Guam, and the Philippines, was ratified before ad-\\njournment; but the disposition of the new territory was\\nleft to the Fifty-sixth Congress, to meet in December.\\nPresident Mc Kinley resolved, meantime, to prosecute\\nvigorously the war with the Filipinos. Malolos, after\\nsevere fighting, was occupied by General Mac Arthur,\\nand Aguinaldo established his headquarters at San Fer-\\nnando. Mac Arthur advanced upon San Fernando and\\nAngeles, and captured both towns. Aguinaldo retired\\nto San Isidro.\\nGeneral Lawton, who had seized Santa Cruz, about", "height": "2990", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0402.jp2"}, "403": {"fulltext": "MC KINLEY S ADMINISTRATION\\n381\\n(May 17)\\nParanaque\\n(June 10)\\nZapota and Bacoor\\n(June 13)\\nImus (June 16)\\nfifty miles southeast of Manila, and many smaller towns, santaCruz\\nmarched against San Isidro. Aguinaldo retreated to j^ j^^\\nTarlac.\\nGeneral Lawton then proceeded to Malolos, having\\nmarched one hundred and twenty miles in twenty days,\\nfought twenty-two battles, and captured twenty-eight\\ntowns.\\nMeantime the Filipinos had been strengthening them-\\nselves at Paranaque, Zapota,\\nBacoor, and Imus, the capital\\nof Cavite Province. Generals\\nLawton and Wheaton began a\\ncampaign against these places,\\nand captured them all, driving\\nthe insurgents to the hills be-\\nyond.\\nAt the beginning of Septem-\\nber Aguinaldo occupied Tarlac\\nas his capital. The army of\\n40,000 which he had collected\\non the island of Luzon was re-\\nduced, by losses in war or de-\\nsertion, to about 10,000. The\\nAmericans were in possession\\nof Manila and the surrounding\\ncountry as far north as San Isidro and Angeles, east,\\nSanta Cru2, and south, Imus.\\nSome of the islands south of Luzon, where Aguinaldo Panay, ccbu,\\nhad little influence, had accepted an American protec- Ne,-^;; M danao.\\nand the bulus\\ntorate. Garrisons occupied Iloilo in Panay, the port garrisoned with\\nnext in importance after Manila; and the chief towns of\\nCebu, Negros, Mindanao, and the Sulus.\\nIt w^as thought that Samar, Leyte, Masbate, and\\nBohol, all rich and prosperous islands, would accept an\\nAmerican troops", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0403.jp2"}, "404": {"fulltext": "382\\nNATIONAL PROGRESS\\nOpposition to the\\nauquisition of the\\nPhilippines\\n1803\\nThe purchase of\\nLouisiana for\\n$15,000,000\\n1819\\nFlorida, $5,000,000\\n1845\\nAnnexation of Texas\\n1848\\nThe purchase of\\nMexican lands for\\n$15,000,000 and\\n83.500,000 indem-\\nnities\\n1853\\nThe Gadsden\\npurchase,\\n$10,000,000\\nAmerican protectorate when Aguinaldo was conquered.\\nWhat should be done with the PhiHppine Islands, which\\nthe government had acquired so unexpectedly\\nNot a few members of the Fifty-fifth Congress opposed\\nannexing the Philippines to the United States. There\\nhas always been a conservative element in our govern-\\nment which objects to enlarging its boundaries.\\nIn 1803, during the Congressional debate over the\\ntreaty with France for the purchase of Louisiana,^ Rep-\\nresentative Griswold, of Connecticut, said It is not\\nconsistent with a republican government that its territory\\nshould be exceedingly large; for, as you extend your lim-\\nits, you increase the difficulties arising from a want of\\nthat similarity of customs, habits, and manners so essen-\\ntial for its support. The vast and unmanageable\\nextent which the accession of Louisiana will give the\\nUnited States threatens, at no distant day, the subver-\\nsion of our Union. Senator White, of Delaware, said:\\nFifteen million dollars is a most enormous sum to give\\nfor Louisiana\\nThe acquisition of Florida was opposed for much the\\nsame reasons as that of Louisiana.\\nThe annexation of Texas aroused controversy, not\\nonly by reason of its adding slave territory, but its law-\\nless foreign population.\\nThe Mexican lands, including the present California,\\nNew Mexico, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, and parts of Colo-\\nrado and Wyoming, seemed so distant and undesirable\\nthat the price paid was called a criminal waste of public\\nmoney.\\nThe Gadsden purchase was thought too expensive.\\nThe purchase of Alaska was a bone of contention\\nSee map of territorial growth.", "height": "2990", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0404.jp2"}, "405": {"fulltext": "Mc kinley s administration 383\\n1867\\nat the time of its ratification. General B. F. Butler Alaska, $7,200,000\\nsaid: If we are to pay for her (Russia s) friendship\\nthis amount, I desire to give her $7,200,000, and let her\\nkeep Alaska.\\nRepresentative Williams, of Pennsylvania, said: The\\nwhole country exclaimed at once, when it was made\\nknown, against the ineffable folly, if not the wanton prof-\\nligacy, of the whole transaction. I doubt whether there\\nare twenty in the House who would be willing to vote\\nfor it now, but for the single reason that the contract\\nhas been made. Representative Ferris, of New York,\\nmoved to insert the following clause in the bill That\\nthe president be authorized to bind the United States by\\ntreaty to pay the sum of $7,200,000 to any respectable\\nEuropean, Asiatic, or African power which will accept a\\ncession of the Territory of Alaska,\\nThis made strange reading at a time when the joint\\nhigh commission, appointed by Great Britain and the\\nUnited States, were wrangling about a narrow strip\\nalong the sea coast of Alaska. Indeed, the years had\\nso established the inestimable value of each former\\naccession of territory that many legislators were ready\\nto annex the Philippines without delay; others, who opposition to the\\nopposed bitterly the proposed annexation, argued that Philippines\\nthe islands, being in Asiatic waters, would bring entan-\\nglements with the powers of Europe, and thus negative\\nthe operations of the Monroe doctrine.^ g\\nNear the close of the year 1899, the situation was as status of the\\nfollows: Of the new territory, under the military occu- sp cessions\\npation of the United States, Cuba, the Philippine\\nArchipelago, Guam, Porto Rico, and Hawaii, Porto\\nRico and Hawaii had accepted the sovereignty of the\\nSee page 216.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0405.jp2"}, "406": {"fulltext": "384\\nNATIONAL PROGRESS\\nThe Philippine\\nArchipelago\\nHawaii\\nPorto Rico\\n1510\\nSanjuan founded\\nby Ponce de Leon\\nPonce\\nPilayaguez\\nThe supposed\\nremains of\\nChristophei\\nColumbus removed\\nfrom Havana to\\nSpain\\n(September 27)\\nUnited States, and awaited the assembling of the Fifty-\\nsixth Congress for the estabhshment of territorial gov-\\nernments; Cuba expected the United States to withdraw\\ntheir protectorate when peace and order should have\\nbeen established within her borders; the Philippine\\nIslands, still rebellious, were a doubtful factor in the\\nterritorial readjustment.\\nThe Philippine Archipelago, comprising about 1,400\\nislands, has a population of nearly 8,000,000. The\\nMalay-Polynesians, the predominant race, are divided\\ninto two branches: the Tagals of central and northern\\nLuzon, and the Viscayans of Cebu, Behol, North Min-\\ndanao, and other islands. The Mestizos, of mixed\\nSpanish, or Chinese and Filipino, origin, are scattered\\nthroughout the archipelago.\\nThe people of Hawaii are also chiefly Malays.\\nThose of Porto Rico, numbering about 800,000, are\\nlargely a mixture of Spanish, Indian, and Negro races;\\nmore than half of the population are considered white.\\nThe principal towns of Porto Rico are San Juan, the\\ncapital founded by Juan Ponce de Leon two years\\nbefore he discovered Florida, while searching for the\\nfabled Fountain of Youth; Ponce, which has a fine\\nharbor; and Mayaguez, the only town on the island\\nboasting a street railway. In the central plaza of\\nMayaguez is a handsome monument in memory of\\nColumbus, who landed near its site.\\nWith the removal of the supposed remains of Christo-\\npher Columbus from their resting place in Havana closed\\nthe Spanish-American drama, which, begun so glorious!}-\\nin the morning of discovery, has been enacted in shame\\nand humiliation before the eyes of the whole world.\\nSe; page 340.", "height": "2990", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0406.jp2"}, "407": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0407.jp2"}, "408": {"fulltext": "100\\n120\\n140\\nItO\\n130\\n160\\n140\\n12\\n80-\\nMAP OF THE WORIJ\\nSIIOWIN*; TKKHITOHIAI. EXl A.NS\\nOF TIIK r.MTKU S l .VTKS\\nU S AND DEPfNDENClE?\\n60-\\n120\\n140\\n160\\nu S PRO! tCTOHATE (Cu6\\ni60\\n|40\\n_J\\ni?0", "height": "2990", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0408.jp2"}, "409": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0409.jp2"}, "410": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2990", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0410.jp2"}, "411": {"fulltext": "MC KINLEY S ADMINISTRATION\\n385\\nThe United States, rebellious under abuses and usur-\\npations, established, through difficulties and hardships, a\\ngovernment whose cornerstone was personal liberty and\\nequality before the law. They were thus able, without\\nfear of reproach, to stretch out a helping hand to those\\nin oppression. Whether the new territory, acquired by\\nthe fortunes of a war waged in the name of humanity,\\nbecomes a part of the United States, or is independent\\nof them, it accords with our past history to welcome,\\nwhen practicable, a government as free and progressive\\nas our own for each and every island.\\n1898\\nAt the very time that commissioners were negotiating contributions for\\na treaty with Spain for the liberation of the Cubans, the T\\nMarquis de\\nschool children of our nation were contributing funds to i-^fayette\\nrt 1 r 1 (October iq)\\nerect at Fans a magnmcent statue to the memory of the\\nMarquis de Lafayette, who offered his life and fortune\\nfor the liberation of our ancestors.\\nAs for our soldiers who fell on foreign soil during the\\nlate war, let us, in the words of Abraham Lincoln,\\ntake from these honored dead increased devotion\\nto that cause for which they gave the last full measure\\nof devotion; let us highly resolve that these dead shall\\nnot have died in vain; that these nations of strange\\ntongues, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom,\\nand that government of the people, by the people, for\\nthe people, shall not perish from the earth.\\nr", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0411.jp2"}, "412": {"fulltext": "00\\n00\\na:\\no\\ne\\nai\\no\\na\\nz\\nz\\no\\no\\nZ\\no\\nu\\nu\\nc^\\nt.\\nc\\nX\\no\\no\\nw\\nw\\nTlic Administrations\\nAndrew Johnson\\nRepublican\\n1865-1869\\nDomestic\\nForeign\\nUlysses S. (jrant\\nRepublican\\n1 869-1 877\\nRutherford R. Hayes\\nRepublican\\n1877-1881\\nGarfield and Arthur\\nRepublican\\n1881-1885\\nForeign\\nDomestic\\nForeign\\nDomestic\\nForeign\\nCIrover Cleveland\\nDemocratic\\nI 1885-1889\\nr386J\\nDomestic\\nDomestic\\nForeign\\nRestoration of Stales\\nThe thirteenth amendment\\nImpeachment of the president\\nThe fourteentli amendment\\nSeceded States admitted\\nThe national debt\\nThe French in Mexico\\nPurchase (jf Alaska\\nChinese treaty\\nCensus of 1870\\nPacific railroad complete\\nFires\\nSignal Service Bureau\\nFifteenth amendment\\nPanic of 73\\nResumption of specie payment\\nCentennials\\nModocs\\nSioux\\nThe electoral commission\\nProposed annexation of Santo Domingo\\nThe Geneva award\\nThe Virginitts in Cuban waters\\nU. S. troops at the South withdrawn\\nRailroad strikes\\nRiots in California\\nBland Silver bill\\nResumption of specie payments\\nCensus of 1880\\nAssassination of President Garfield\\nVice-President Arthur becomes ]5rcsident\\nCentennial of the battle of orktown\\nExpositions in the South\\nRestriction of Chinese immigration\\nRailroad time tables\\nLieutenant Greely s polar expedition\\nDeath of General Grant\\nBartholdi s statue of liberty\\nLabor strikes\\nContract Labor bill\\nDeath of Vice-President Hendricks\\nBli/./ards and earthtjuakes\\nCentennial of the signing of the Consti-\\ntution\\nInterstate Commerce Act\\nIncrease of navy\\nDepartment of Labor established\\nCanadian fisheries\\nPanama Canal and the Monroe doctrine", "height": "2990", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0412.jp2"}, "413": {"fulltext": "On\\nON\\n00\\nT\\nIT)\\n00\\na\\nbs\\no\\no\\nOS\\nI-)\\nz\\no\\no\\nz\\nz\\no\\nU\\nH\\nt\u00c2\u00ab\\nZ\\no\\nu\\nu\\nPi\\no\\no\\no\\nPL.\\nw\\nw\\nX\\nDomestic\\nBenjamin Harrison\\nRepublican\\nI 889- I 893\\nForeign\\nDomestic\\nGrover Cleveland\\nDemocratic\\n1893-1897\\nForeign\\nDomestic\\nWilliam Mc Kinley\\nRepublican\\n1897\\nForeign\\nOklahoma\\nThe Sioux reservation\\nCensus of 1890\\nSherman Silver Purchase act\\nMc Kinley Taritt bill\\nPan-American Congress\\nColumbian centennial\\nPanama Canal and the Monroe doctrine\\nj Samoan dispute\\nj Bering Sea arbitration\\nProposed annexation of Hawaii\\nColumbian centennial\\nPanic of 93\\nSpecial session of Congress\\nRepeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Act\\nStrikes\\nWilson Tariff bill\\nIncrease of navy\\nHawaii asks to be annexed to U. S.\\nCuba asks recognition of belligerency\\nVenezuela boundary dispute\\nSpecial session of Fifty- fifth Congress\\nDingley Tariff bill\\nAppropriation for American citizens in\\nCuba\\nt Omaha Trans-Mississippi Exposition\\nAnglo-American joint high commission\\nSamoan republic proposed\\nDestruction of the Maine\\nCongress resolves to interfere in Cuban\\naffairs\\nDeclaration of war against Spain\\nBlockade of Cuban ports\\nDestruction of Spanish fleet in Manila\\nBay\\nGuam occupied\\nDestruction of Spanish fleet at Santiago\\nSantiago occupied\\nPeace protocol\\nPorto Rico occupied\\nAnnexation of Hawaii\\nManila surrenders\\nTreaty of peace with Spain\\nAguinaldo declares war against U. S.\\n1 See page 349.\\n[387]", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0413.jp2"}, "414": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2990", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0414.jp2"}, "415": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX\\nCONSTITl^TIONOF THE IXITED STATES\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1787\\nWe the people of the United States, in order to form a more\\nperfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, pro-\\nvide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and\\nsecure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity,\\ndo ordain and establish this Constitution for the I nited States\\nof America.\\nARTICLE 1\\nSection i. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested\\nin a Congress of the United States, whicli shall consist of a Senate\\nand House of Representatives.\\nSection z. i The House of Representatives shall be com-\\nposed of members chosen every second year by the people of the\\nseveral States, and the electors in each State shall have the quali-\\nfications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the\\nState legislature. 1\\nNo person shall be a representative who shall not have\\nattained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years\\na citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected,\\nbe an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.\\nj Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among\\nthe several States which may be included within this Union,\\naccording to their respective numbers, which shall be iletermined\\nby adding to the whole number of free persons, including those\\nbound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not\\nta.\\\\ed, three fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration\\nshall be made within three years after the first meeting of the\\nCongress of the United States, and within every subsequent term\\nof ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The\\nnumber of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty\\nthousand, but each State shall have at least one representative;\\nand until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New-\\nHampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight,\\nRhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five.\\nNew York six. New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one,\\nMaryland six, Virginia ten. North Carolina five. South Carolina\\nfive, and Georgia three.\\nI See 14th amendment.\\n[389]", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0415.jp2"}, "416": {"fulltext": "390 APPENDIX\\n4 When vacancies happen in the representation from any State,\\nthe executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill\\nsuch vacancies.\\n5 The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker\\nand other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment.\\nSection 3. i The Senate of the United States shall be com-\\nposed of two senators from each State, chosen by the legislature\\nthereof for six years and each senator shall have one vote.\\n2 Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence\\nof the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may\\nbe into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first\\nclass shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the\\nsecond class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third\\nclass at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one third may be\\nchosen every second year and if vacancies happen by resigna-\\ntion, or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of -any\\nState, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments\\nuntil the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such\\nvacancies.\\n3 No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained\\nto the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the\\nUnited States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant\\nof that State for which he shall be chosen.\\n4 The vice-president of the United States shall be president\\nof the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally\\ndivided.\\n5 The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a presi-\\ndent pro tempore^ in the absence of the vice-president, or when\\nhe shall exercise the office of the president of the United States.\\n6 The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeach-\\nments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath\\nor affirmation. When the president of the United States is tried,\\nthe chief justice shall preside and no person shall be convicted\\nwithout the concurrence of two thirds of the members present.\\n7 Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further\\nthan to removal fiom office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy\\nany office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States but\\nthe party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject\\nto indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law.\\nSection 4. i The times, places, and manner of holding\\nelections for senators and representatives, shall be prescribed\\nin each State by the legislature thereof but the Congress may\\nat any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to\\nthe places of choosing senators.\\n2 The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and\\nsuch meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless\\nthey shall by law appoint a different day.\\nSection 5. i Each house shall be the judge of the elections,\\nreturns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of", "height": "2990", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0416.jp2"}, "417": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 39 J\\neach shall constitute a quorum to do business but a smaller num-\\nber may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to\\ncompel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and\\nunder such penalties as each house may provide.\\n2 Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings,\\npunish its memliers for disorderly behavior, and, with the con-\\ncurrence of two thirds, expel a member.\\n3 Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and\\nfrom time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may\\nin their judgment require secrecy and the yeas and nays of the\\nmembers of either house on any question shall, at the desire\\nof one fifth of those present, be entered on the journal.\\n4 Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, with-\\nout the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days,\\nnor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall\\nbe sitting.\\nSection 6. i The senators and representatives shall receive\\na compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and\\npaid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all\\ncases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privi-\\nleged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their\\nrespective houses, and in going to and returning from the same\\nand for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be\\nquestioned in any other place.\\n2 No senator or representative shall, during the time for\\nwhich he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the\\nauthority of the United States, which shall have been created, or\\nthe emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such\\ntime and no person holding any office under the United States\\nshall be a member of either house during his continuance in\\noffice.\\nSection 7. i All bills for raising revenue shall originate in\\nthe House of Representatives but the Senate may propose or\\nconcur with amendments as on other bills.\\n2 Every bill which shall have passed the House of Repre-\\nsentatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be\\npresented to the president of the United States if he approve, he\\nshall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to\\nthat house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the\\nobjections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it.\\nIf after such reconsideiation two thirds of that house shall agree\\nto pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to\\nthe other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and\\nif approved by two thirds of that house, it shall become a law.\\nBut in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined\\nby yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and\\nagainst the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house\\nrespectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the president\\nwithin ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been pre-", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0417.jp2"}, "418": {"fulltext": "392 APPENDIX\\nrented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he\\nhad signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent\\nits return, in which case it shall not be a law.\\n3 Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of\\nthe Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary\\n(except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the\\npresident of the United States and before the same shall take\\neffect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him,\\nshall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Rep-\\nresentatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in\\nthe case of a bill.\\nSection 8. i The Congress shall have power to lay and col-\\nlect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and\\nprovide for the common defense and general welfare of the United\\nStates but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform\\nthroughout the United States\\n2 To borrow money on the credit of the United States\\n3 To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the\\nseveral States, and with the Indian tribes\\n4 To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform\\nlaws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States;\\n5 To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign\\ncoin, and fix the standard of weights and measures\\n6 To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the secu-\\nrities and current coin of the United States\\n7 To establish post-offices and post-roads\\n8 To promote the progress of science and useful arts by\\nsecuring for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive\\nright to their respective writings and discoveries\\n9 To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court\\n10 To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on\\nthe high seas, and offenses against the law of nations\\n11 To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and\\nmake rules concerning captures on land and water\\n12 To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of\\nmoney to that use shall be for a longer term than two years\\n13 To provide and maintain a navy\\n14 To make rules for the government and regulation of the\\nland and naval forces\\n15 To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws\\nof the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions;\\n16 To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the\\nmilitia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed\\nin the service of the United States, reserving to the States\\nrespectively the appointment of the officers and the authority of\\ntraining the militia according to the discipline prescribed by\\nCongress\\n17 To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever,\\nover such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by", "height": "2990", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0418.jp2"}, "419": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 393\\ncession of particular States and the acceptance of Congress,\\nbecome the seat of the government of the United States, and to\\nexercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent\\nof the legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the\\nerection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other need-\\nful buildings and\\n18 To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for\\ncarrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers\\nvested by this Constitution in the government of the United\\nStates, or in any department or officer thereof.\\nSection 9. i The migration or importation of such persons\\nas any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall\\nnot be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand\\neight hundred and eight, but a tax or a duty may be imposed on\\nsuch importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person.\\n2 The privilege of the writ of Jiabeas corpus shall not be sus-\\npended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public\\nsafety may require it.\\n3 No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed.\\n4 No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in\\nproportion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to\\nbe taken.\\n5 No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any\\nState.\\n6 No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce\\nor revenue to the ports of one State over those of another nor\\nshall vessels bound to, or from, one State be obliged to enter,\\nclear, or pay duties in another.\\n7 No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in conse-\\nquence of appropriations made by law and a regular statement\\nand account of the receipts and expenditures of ail public money\\nshall be published from time to time.\\n8 No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States;\\nand no person holding any office of profit or trust under them,\\nshall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present,\\nemolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king,\\nprince, or foreign state.\\nSection lo.i i No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance,\\nor confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money;\\nemit bills of credit make anything but gold and silver coin a tender\\nin payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law,\\nor law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title\\nof nobility.\\n2 No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay\\nany imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be\\nabsolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws and the\\nnet produce of all duties and imposts laid by any State on imports\\n1 See the loth, 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0419.jp2"}, "420": {"fulltext": "394 APPENDIX\\nor exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United\\nStates and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and con-\\ntrol of the Congress.\\n3 No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any\\nduty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace,\\nenter into any agreement or compact with another State, or with\\na foreign power, or engage in war unless actually invaded,\\nor in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.\\nARTICLE II\\nSection i. i The executive power shall be vested in a presi-\\ndent of the United States of America. He shall hold his office\\nduring the term of four years, and, together with the vice-presi-\\ndent, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows:\\n2 Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature\\nthereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole\\nnumber of senators and representatives to which the State may\\nbe entitled in the Congress but no senator or representative,\\nor person holding an office of trust or profit under the United\\nStates, shall be appointed an elector.\\nThe electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote\\nby ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an\\ninhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall\\nmake a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number\\nof votes for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and trans-\\nmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States,\\ndirected to the president of the Senate. The president of the\\nSenate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Repre-\\nsentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then\\nbe counted. The person having the greatest number of votes\\nshall be the president, if such number be a majority of the whole\\nnumber of electors appointed and if there be more than one who\\nhave such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then\\nthe House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot\\none of them for president and if no person have a majority,\\nthen from the five highest on the list the said house shall in like\\nmanner choose the president. But in choosing the president,\\nthe votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each\\nState having one vote a quorum for this purpose shall consist\\nof a member or membeis from two thirds of the States, and\\na majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice.\\nIn every case, after the choice of the president, the person having\\nthe greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the vice-\\npresident. But if there should remain two or more who have\\nequal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by l allot the vice-\\npresident. i\\n1 See i2tli amendment.", "height": "2990", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0420.jp2"}, "421": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 395\\n3 The Congress may determine the time of choosing the elect-\\nors, and the day on which they shall give their votes which day\\nshall be the same throughout the United States.\\n4 No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the\\nUnited States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution,\\nshall be eligible to the office of president; neither shall any person\\nbe eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of\\nthirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the\\nUnited States.\\n5 In case of the removal of the president from office, or of his\\ndeath, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties\\nof the said office, the same shall devolve on the vice-president,\\nand the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal,\\ndeath, resignation, or inability, both of the president and vice-\\npresident, declaring what officer shall then act as president, and\\nsuch officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be I emoved,\\nor a president shall be elected.\\n6 The president shall, at stated times, receive for his services\\na compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished\\nduring the period for which he shall have been elected, and\\nhe shall not receive within that period any other emolument from\\nthe United States, or any of them.\\n7 Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take\\nthe following oath or affirmation: I do solemnly swear (or\\naffirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of president of the\\nUnited States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve,\\nprotect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.\\nSection 2. i The president shall be commander-in-chief\\nof the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia\\nof the several States, when called into the actual service of the\\nUnited States; he may require the opinion in writing, of the prin-\\ncipal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any\\nsubject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and\\nhe shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses\\nagainst the United States, except in cases of impeachment.\\n2 He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent\\nof the Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the sen-\\nators present concur, and he shall nominate, and by and with\\nthe advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors,\\nother public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court,\\nand all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are\\nnot herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established\\nby law; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such\\ninferior offi.cers, as they think proper, in the president alone, in the\\ncourts of law, or in the heads of departments.\\n3 The president shall have power to fill up all vacancies that\\nmay happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting com-\\nmissions which shall expire at the end of their next session.\\nSection 3 He shall from time to time give to the Congress", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0421.jp2"}, "422": {"fulltext": "39 J APPENDIX\\ninformation of the state of the Union, and recommend to their\\nconsideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and\\nexpedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both\\nhouses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between\\nthem with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn\\nthem to such time as he shall think proper he shall receive\\nambassadors and other public ministers he shall take care that\\nthe laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the offi-\\ncers of the United States.\\nSection 4. The president, vice-president, and all civil officers\\nof the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment\\nfor, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and\\nmisdemeanors.\\nARTICLE III\\nSection i. The judicial power of the United States shall be\\nvested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the\\nCongress may from time to time ordain and establish. The\\njudges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their\\noffices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive\\nfor their services a compensation which shall not be diminished\\nduring their continuance in office.\\nSection 2. i The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in\\nlaw and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the\\nUnited States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under\\ntheir authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public\\nministers and consuls to all cases of admiralty and maritime\\njurisdiction to controversies to which the United States shall\\nbe a party to controversies between two or more States\\nbetween a State and citizens of another State 1 between citizens\\nof different States, between citizens of the same State claiming\\nlands under grants of different States, and between a State, or\\nthe citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects.\\n2 In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers\\nand consuls, and those in which a State shall be party, the\\nSupreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other\\ncases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate\\njurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and\\nunder such regulations as the Congress shall make.\\n3 The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment,\\nshall be by jury and such trial shall be held in the State where\\nthe said crimes shall have been committed but when not com-\\nmitted within any State, tfie trial shall be at such place or places\\nas the Congress may by law have directed.\\nSection 3. i Treason against the United States shall consist\\nonly in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies,\\ngiving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of\\nI See the iith iimendment.", "height": "2990", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0422.jp2"}, "423": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 397\\ntreason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same\\novert act, or on confession in open court.\\n2 The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of\\ntreason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of\\nblood, or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted.\\nARTICLE IV\\nSection i. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State\\nto the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other\\nState. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the\\nmanner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be\\nproved, and the effect thereof.\\nSection 2. i The citizens of each State shall be entitled to\\nall privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States.\\n2 A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other\\ncrime, who shall flee froin justice, and be found in another State,\\nshall, on demand of the executive authority of the State from\\nwhich he fled, be delivered up to be removed to the State having\\njurisdiction of the crime.\\n3 No person held to service or labor in one State, under the\\nlaws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any\\nlaw or regulation therein, be dischaiged from such service or\\nlabor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom\\nsuch service or labor may be due.i\\nSection 3. i New States may be admitted by the Congress\\ninto this Union but no new State shall be formed or erected\\nwithin the jurisdiction of any other State, nor any State be\\nformed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States,\\nwithout the consent of the legislatures of the States concerned as\\nwell as of the Congress.\\n2 The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all\\nneedful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other\\nproperty belonging to the United States: and nothing in this\\nConstitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of\\nthe United States, or of any particular State.\\nSection 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State\\nin this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect\\neach of them against invasion, and, on application of the legisla-\\nture, or of the executive (when the legislature can not be con-\\nvened), against domestic violence.\\nARTICLE V\\nThe Congress, whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem\\nit necessarv, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or,\\non the application of the legislatures of two thirds of the several\\nStates, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which.\\n1 See the 13th amendment.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0423.jp2"}, "424": {"fulltext": "398 APPENDIX\\nin either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part\\nof this Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three\\nfourths of the several States, or by conventions in three fourths\\nthereof, as the oue or the other mode of ratification may be\\nproposed by the Congress, provided, that no amendment which\\nmay be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and\\neight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the\\nninth section of the first article and that no State, without its\\nconsent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.\\nARTICLE VI\\n1 All debts contracted and engagements entered into before\\nthe adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the\\nUnited States under this Constitution as under the Confederation.\\n2 This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which\\nshall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or\\nwhich shall be made, under the authority of the United States,\\nshall be the supreme law of the land and the judges in every\\nState shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws\\nof any State to the contrary notwithstanding.\\n3 The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the\\nmembers of the several State legislatures, and all executive and\\njudicial officers, both of the United States, and of the several\\nStates, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this\\nConstitution but no religious test shall ever be required as a\\nqualification to any office or public trust under the United States.\\nARTICLE VII\\nThe ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be suffi-\\ncient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States\\nso ratifying the same.\\nDone in Convention by the unanimous consent of the States pres-\\nent 1 the seventeenth day of September in the year of our Lord\\none thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the\\nindependence of the United States of America the twelfth.\\nIn witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names,\\nGeorge Washington,\\nPresident, and Deputy from Virginia.\\nNew Hampshire Connecticut\\nJohn Langdon Wm. Samuel Johnson\\nNicholas Oilman Roger Sherman\\nMassachusetts york\\nNathaniel Gorham\\nRufus King Alexander Hamilton\\n1 Rhode Island was not represented in the Federal Convention.", "height": "2990", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0424.jp2"}, "425": {"fulltext": "CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES\\n399\\nNew Jersey\\nWilliam Livingston\\nDavid Brearley\\nWilliam Paterson\\nJonathan Dayton\\nPen nsylvan ia\\nBenjamin Franklin\\nThomas Mifflin\\nRobert Morris\\nGeorge Clymer\\nThomas Fitzsimons\\nJared IngersoU\\nJames Wilson\\nGouverneur Morris\\nDelaware\\nGeorge Read\\nGunning Bedford, Jr.\\nJohn Dickinson\\nRichard Bassett\\nJacob Broom\\nAttest:\\nNote. The body of the Constitution\\nhave been modernized.\\nMaryland\\nJames Mc Henry\\nDaniel of St. Thomas Jenifer\\nDaniel Carroll\\nVirginia\\nJohn Blair\\nJames Madison, Jr.\\nNorth Carolina\\nWilliam Blount\\nRichard Dobbs Spaight\\nHugh Williamson\\nSouth Carolina\\nJohn Rutledge\\nCharles Cotesworth Pinckney\\nCharles Pinckney\\nPierce Butler\\nGeorgia\\nWilliam Few\\nAbraham Baldwin\\nWilliam Jackson, Secretary\\nis from the original draft, but the signatures\\nArticles in addition to, and amendment of, the Constitution of\\nthe United States of America, proposed by Congress, and rat-\\nified by the legislatures of the several States pursuant to the\\nfifth article of the original Constitution.\\nARTICLE I\\nCongress shall make no law respecting an establishment of\\nreligion, or pi ohibiting the free exercise thereof or abridging the\\nfreedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people\\npeaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a\\nredress of grievances.\\nARTICLE II\\nA well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a\\nfree State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall\\nnot be infringed.\\nARTICLE III\\nNo soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house\\nwithout the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a\\nmanner to be prescribed by law.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0425.jp2"}, "426": {"fulltext": "400 APPENDIX\\nARTICLE IV\\nThe right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,\\npapers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures,\\nshall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon prob-\\nable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly\\n^describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to\\nbe seized.\\nARTICLE V\\nNo person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise\\ninfamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand\\njury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the\\nmilitia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger\\nnor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice\\nput in jeopardy of life or limb nor shall be compelled in any\\ncriminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of\\nlife, liberty, or property, without due process of law nor shall\\nprivate property be taken for public use without just compen-\\nsation.\\nARTICLE VI\\nIn all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right\\nto a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and\\ndistrict wherein the crime shall have been committed, which dis-\\ntrict shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be\\ninformed of the nature and cause of the accusation to be con-\\nfronted with the witnesses against him to have compulsory\\nprocess for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assist-\\nance of counsel for his defense.\\nARTICLE VII\\nIn suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall\\nexceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved,\\nand no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any\\ncourt of the United States, than according to the rules of the\\ncommon law.\\nARTICLE VIII\\nExcessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines\\nimposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.\\nARTICLE IX\\nThe enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall\\nnot be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the\\npeople.", "height": "2990", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0426.jp2"}, "427": {"fulltext": "AMENDMENTS 4OI\\nARTICLE Xi\\nThe powers not delegated to the United States by the Consti-\\ntution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the\\nStates respectively, or to the people.\\nARTICLE XI2\\nThe judicial power of the United States shall not be construed\\nto extend to any suit iu law or equity, commenced or prosecuted\\nagainst one of the United States by citizens of another State,\\nor by citizens or subjects of any foreign State.\\nARTICLE XII 3\\nThe electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote\\nby ballot for president and vice-president, one of whom, at least,\\nshall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves\\nthey shall name in their ballots the person voted for as president,\\nand in distinct ballots the person v.jted for as vice-president, and\\nthey shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as president,\\nand of all persons voted for as vice-president, and of the number\\nof votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and\\ntransmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United\\nStates, directed to the president of the Senate. The president\\nof the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Rep-\\nresentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then\\nbe counted. The person having the greatest number of votes\\nfor president shall be the president, if such number be a majority\\nof the whole number of electors appointed and if no person\\nhave such majority, then from the persons having the highest\\nnumbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for\\nas president, the House of Representatives shall choose imme-\\ndiately, by ballot, the president. But in choosing the president,\\nthe votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each\\nState having one vote a quorum for this purpose shall consist\\nof a member or members from two thirds of the States, and\\na majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And\\nif the House of Representatives shall not choose a president,\\nwhenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the\\nfourth day of March next following, then the vice-president shall\\nact as president, as in the case of the death or other constitutional\\ndisability of the president. The person having the greatest num-\\nber of votes as vice-president shall be the vice-president, if such\\nnumber be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed,\\nand if no person have a majority, then from the two highest\\nnumbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the vice-president\\niThe first ten amendments were adopted in 1791.\\n8 Adopted in 1798. 8 Adopted in 1S14.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0427.jp2"}, "428": {"fulltext": "402 APPENDIX\\na quorum for the purpose shall consist of two thirds of the whole\\nnumber of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall\\nbe necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligi-\\nble to the office of president shall be eligible to that of vice-presi-\\ndent of the United States.\\nARTICLE XIII 1\\nSection i. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except\\nas a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly\\nconvicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place sub-\\nject to their jurisdiction.\\nSection 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article\\nby appropriate legislation.\\nARTICLE XIV2\\nSection i. All persons born or naturalized in the United\\nStates, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the\\nUnited States, and of the State wherein they reside. No State\\nshall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges\\nor immunities of citizens of the United States nor shall any\\nState deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due\\nprocess of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the\\nequal protection of the laws.\\nSection 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the\\nseveral States according to their respective numbers, counting the\\nwhole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not\\ntaxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice\\nof electors for president and vice-president of the United States,\\nrepresentatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of\\na State, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to\\nany of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years\\nof age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged,\\nexcept for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of\\nrepresentation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which\\nthe number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number\\nof male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.\\nSection 3. No person shall be a senator or representative in\\nCongress, or elector of president and vice-president, or hold any\\noffice, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State,\\nwho having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress,\\nor as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State\\nlegislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State to\\nsupport the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged\\nin insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or com-\\nfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two\\nthirds of each house, remove such disability.\\n1 Adopted in 1865. Adopted in 1868.", "height": "2990", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0428.jp2"}, "429": {"fulltext": "AMENDMENTS 4O3\\nSection 4. The validity of the public debt of the United\\nStates, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment\\nof pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection\\nor rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United\\nStates nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation\\nincurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United\\nStates, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave\\nbut all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal\\nand void.\\nSection 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by\\nappropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.\\nARTICLE XV\\nSection i. The right of citizens of the United States to vote\\nshall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any\\nState on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.\\nSection 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this\\narticle by appropriate legislation.\\n3 Adopted in 1870.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0429.jp2"}, "430": {"fulltext": "THE ADMISSION OF STATES AND TERRITORIES INTO THE\\nUNION, AND THEIR RATIO OF REPRESENTATION BASED\\nON THE CENSUS OF 1890\\nI\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n5\\n6\\n7\\n8\\n9\\n10\\n1 1\\n12\\n13\\n14\\n15\\n16\\n17\\n18\\n19\\n20\\n21\\n22\\n23\\n24\\n25\\n26\\n27\\n28\\n29\\n30\\n31\\n32\\n33\\n34\\n35\\n36\\n37\\n38\\n39\\n40\\n41\\n42\\n43\\n44\\n45\\nSTATES\\nDelaware\\nPennsylvania.\\nNew Jersey.\\nGeorgia.\\nConnecticut.\\nMassachusetts.\\nMaryland\\nSouth Carolina\\nNew Hampshire\\nVirginia\\nNew York\\nNorth Carolina.\\nRhode Island\\nVermont\\nKentucky\\nTennessee\\nOhio\\nLouisiana\\nIndiana\\nMississippi\\nIllinois\\n.\\\\labania\\nMaine.\\nMissouri\\nArkansas\\nMichigan\\nF lorida\\nTexas\\nIowa\\nWisconsin\\nCalifornia\\nMinnesota\\n)regoii\\nKansas\\nWest Virginia\\nNevada\\nNebraska\\nColorado\\nNorth 1 )akota\\nSouth Dakota.\\nMontana\\nWashington.\\nIdaho..\\nWyoming.\\nUtah.\\nRatified the\\n1897\\n1896\\nConstitution\\nRepre-\\nElec.\\nsent ves\\nVotes\\nDec. 7, 1787\\nI\\n3\\nDec. 12, 1787\\n30\\n32\\nDec. 18, 1787\\n8\\n10\\nIan. 2, 1788\\nII\\n13\\nJan. 9, 1788\\n4\\n6\\nFeb. 6, 1788\\n13\\nIS\\nApril 28, 1788\\n6\\n8\\nMay 23, 1788\\n7\\n9\\nJune 21, 1788\\n2\\n4\\nJune 25, 1788\\n10\\n12\\nJuly 26, 1788\\n34\\n36\\nNov. 21, 1789\\n9\\nII\\nMay 29, 1790\\n2\\n4\\n.\\\\dmitteci to\\nthe Union\\nMarch 4, 1791\\n2\\n4\\nJune I, 1792\\n1 1\\n13\\nJune I. 1796\\n10\\n12\\nFeb. 19, 1803\\n21\\n23\\nApril 30, 18 1 2\\n6\\n8\\nDec. II, 1816\\n13\\n15\\nDec. 10, 18 1 7\\n7\\n9\\nDec. 3, 1818\\n22\\n24\\nDec. 14, i8iq\\n9\\nII\\nMarch 15, 1820\\n4\\n6\\nAug. 10, 1 82 1\\n15\\n17\\nlune 15, 18^6\\n6\\n8\\nJan. 26, 1837\\n12\\n14\\nMarch 3, 1845\\n2\\n4\\nDec. 29. 1845\\n13\\n15\\nDec. 28, 1846\\nII\\n13\\nMay 29, 1848\\n10\\n12\\nSept. 9. 1850\\n7\\n9\\nMay II, 1858\\n7\\n9\\nFeb. 14, 1859\\n2\\n4\\nJan. 29, 1861\\n8\\n10\\nJune 19, 1863\\n4\\n6\\nOct. 31. 1864\\nI\\nMarch i, 1867\\n6\\n8\\nAug. I, 1876\\n2\\n4\\nNov. 2, 1889\\nI\\nNov. 2, 1889\\n2\\n4\\nNov. 8, i88q\\nI\\n3\\nNov. II, i88g\\n2\\n4\\nJuly 3, 1890\\nI\\nJ\\nJuly 10, 1890\\nI\\n3\\nJan. 4, 1896\\nI\\n3\\n[404]", "height": "2990", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0430.jp2"}, "431": {"fulltext": "APPENl\\nDIX\\n405\\nTERRITORIES\\nOrganized\\nI\\n2\\nIndian Territory\\nNew Mexico\\nJune 30, 1834\\nSept. 9, 1850\\nFeb. 24, 1863\\nJuly 27, 1868\\nApril 22, 1889\\nMarch 3, 1791\\nNo census\\nT,\\nArizona\\n4\\n5\\n6\\nAlaska\\nOklahoma\\nDistrict of Columbia\\nNo census\\nEUROPEAN SOVEREIGNS CONTEMPORANEOUS\\nWITH COLONIAL HISTORY\\nENGLAND\\nHenry VII 1485\\nHenry VIII 1509\\nEdward V 1547\\nMary 1553\\nElizabeth 1558\\nJames I 1603\\nCharles 1 1625\\nCommonwealth. 1649\\nCharles II 1660\\nJames II 1685\\nWilliam III and\\nMary II 1689\\nAnne 1702\\nGeorge I 17 14\\nGeorge II 1727\\nGeorge III. 1760-1820\\nFRANCE\\nCharles VIII 1483\\nLouis XII 1498\\nFrancis I 1 5 5\\nHenry II 1547\\nFrancis II 1559\\nCharles IX 1500\\nHenry III 1574\\nHenry IV 1589\\nLouis XIII 1610\\nLouis XIV 1643\\nLouis XV 1715\\nLouis XVI 1774\\nRepublic 1793- 1 804\\n.SPAIN\\nFerdinand and\\nIsabella 1479\\nCharles 1 15 16\\nPhilip II. 1556\\nPhilip III. 1598\\nPhilip IV 1621\\nCharles II 1665\\nPhilip V 1700\\nFerdinand VI 1744\\nCharles III I759\\nCharles IV. 1788- 1808", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0431.jp2"}, "432": {"fulltext": "A LETTER FROM CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS\\nTO LUIS DE SANT ANGEL\\nThe following letter addressed by Christopher Colum-\\nbus to Luis de Sant Angel, whose powerful advocacy of\\nthe proposed voyage finally induced Queen Isabella to\\nfavor its undertaking, was written, in large part, off the\\nCanary Islands during the admiral s first voyage. It is\\nthought that Columbus sent the letter from Palos to\\nBarcelona, where Sant Angel was in attendance upon\\nFerdinand and Isabella, before retiring to Seville to\\nawait the royal summons to court.\\nSir: As I know you will be rejoiced at the glorious success\\nthat our Lord has given me in my voyage, I write this to tell you\\nhow in thirty-three days I sailed to the Indies with the fleet that\\nthe illustrious King and Queen, our Sovereigns, gave me, where\\nI discovered a great many islands, inhabited by innumerable peo-\\nple and of all I have taken possession for their Highnesses\\nby proclamation and display of the Royal Standard, without\\nopposition. To the first Island I discovered I gave the name\\nof San Salvador, in commemoration of His Divine Majesty, who\\nhas wonderfully granted all this. The Indians call it Guanahani.\\nThe second I named the Island of Santa Maria de Concepcion\\nthe third, Fernandina: the fourth, Isabella the fifth, Juana; and\\nthus to each one I gave a new name. When I came to Juana,\\nI followed the coast of that isle toward the west, and found it\\nso e.xtensive that I thought it might be mainland, the province\\nCathay and as I found no towns nor villages, on the seacoast,\\nexcept a few small settlements, where it was impossible to speak\\nto the people, because they fled at once, I continued the said\\nroute, thinking I could not fail to see some great cities or towns,\\nand finding at the end of many leagues that nothing new appeared,\\nand that the coast led northward, contrary to my wish, because\\nthe winter had already set in, I decided to make for the south, and\\nas the wind also was against my proceeding, I determined not\\nto wait there longer, and turned back to a certain poil, from\\nwhence I sent two men on shore to find out whether there was any\\nking or large city. They e.xplored for three days, and found nu-\\nmerous small communiiiesand innumerable people, but could hear\\nof no kind of government, so they returned. I heard from other\\nIndians I had already taken that this land was an island, and thus\\nfollowed the eastern coast for 107 leagues, until I came to the end\\n406", "height": "2990", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0432.jp2"}, "433": {"fulltext": "LETTER OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 407\\nof it. From that point I saw anotlier isle to the east, at eight\\nor ten leagues distance, to which I at once gave the name of\\nSpanola. I went thither and followed its nortliern coast to the\\neast, as I had done in J nana, 178 leagues in a straight line\\neastward, as in Juana. This island, like all the others, is most\\nextensive, and richly wooded. It has many ports along the\\nseacoast incomparably more than others I know of in Chris-\\ntendom and marvelously fine, large, flowing rivers. The land\\nthere is elevated, with many mountains and peaks incomparably\\nhigher than in the center isle. They are most beautiful, of\\na thousand varied forms, accessible, and full of trees of endless\\nvarieties, so high that they seem to touch the sky and I have\\nbeen told that they never lose their foliage. 1 can affirm that\\nI saw them as green and lovely as trees are in Spain in May, and\\nsome of them were in flower, some with fruit, and some in other\\nconditions, according to their kind. The nightingale and other\\nsmall birds of a thousand kinds were singing in the month of\\nNovember when I was there and there were palms of six or\\neight varieties, the graceful peculiarities of each one of them being\\nworthy di admiration. But besides the other trees, fruits, and\\ngrasses, thei e are wonderful pine-woods, and very extensive\\nranges of meadow land. Tfiere is honey, and there are many\\nkinds of birds, and a great variety of fruits. Inland there are\\nnumerous mines of metals, and considerable numbers of people.\\nSpanola is a wonder, with its hills and mountains, fine plains,\\nopen country, and land rich and fertile for planting and sowing,\\nto bring in profit of all sorts for buildina^ towns and villages.\\nThe seaports there are incredibly fine, as also the magnificent rivers,\\nmost of which bear gold. The trees, fruits, and grasses, differ\\nwidely from those in [nana. There are many spices, and vast\\nmines of gold and other metals. The people of all the islands\\nI have discovered and taken, and those of whom I have heard,\\nboth men and women, go about naked as when they were born,\\nexcept that some of the women cover one part of themselves with\\na single leaf of grass, or a cotton thing that they make for this\\npurpose. They have no iron, nor steel, nor weapons, nor are\\nthey fit for them, because although they are well-made men\\nof commanding stature, they appear extraordinarily timid. The\\nonly arms they have are sticks of cane, cut when in seed, with\\na s/iarpi ned slick al the end, and they arc afraid to use these.\\nOften I have sent two or three men ashore to some town to hold\\nconverse with them, and the natives came out in great numbers,\\nand as soon as they saw our men arrive, fled without a moment s\\ndelay.\\nI protected them from all injury, and at every point where\\nI landed and succeeded in talking to them, I gave them some\\nof everything I had cloth and many other things without\\nreceiving anything in return, but they are hopelessly timid peo-\\nple. It is true that since they have gained more confidence, and", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0433.jp2"}, "434": {"fulltext": "4o8\\nAppendix\\nare losing this fear, they are so unsuspicious and so generous with\\nwhat they possess, that no one who had not seen it would believe\\nit, never refusing anything that is asked for, and they also offer\\nthemselves, and show so much love that they would give their\\nvery hearts. Whether it be anything of great or small value,\\nwith any trifle of whatever kind, they are satisfied. I forbade\\nworthless things being given to them, such as bits of broken bowls,\\npieces of glass, and old tags, although they were as much pleased\\nto get them as if they were the finest jewels in the world. One\\nsailor was found to have got for a tagged point gold of the weight\\nof two and a half castellanos, and others for even more worthless\\nthings much more while for new bla7icas they would give all\\nthey had, were it two or three ounces of pure gold or an arroba\\nor two of spun cotton. Even bits of the broken hoops of wine-\\ncasks they accepted, and gave in return what they had, like fools,\\nand it seemed wrong to me. I forbade it, and gave a thousand\\nnice, good things that I had, to win their love, and thus I expect\\nthey will become Christians, and disposed to love and serve their\\nHighnesses and the whole Castilian nation, and help to get for\\nus things they have in abundance, which are necessary to us.\\nThey have no religion nor idolatry, except that they all believe\\nthe power of Good to be in heaven and firmly believed that\\nI, with my ships and men, came from heaven, and with this idea\\nI have been received everywhere, since they lost fear of me.\\nThey are, however, far from being ignorant indeed they are\\nmost ingenious men, who navigate these seas in a wonderful way,\\nand describe everything well, but they never before saw people wear-\\ning clothes, nor similar vessels. Directly I reached the Indies, in\\nthe first isle I discovered, I took by force some of the natives, that\\nfrom them we might gain some information of what there was\\nin these parts and so it was that we immediately understood each\\nother, either by words or signs. And these are now of great use\\nwherever I take them, as they are always ready to assert that\\nI come from heaven, from much intercourse they have had with\\nme, and they were the first to declare this wherever I went, and\\nthe others ran from house to house, and to the towns around,\\ncrying out, Come Come! and see the men from heaven Then\\nall, both men and women, as soon as they were reassured about\\nus, came, both small and great, all bringing something to eat and\\nto drink, which they presented with marvelous kindness. In the\\nisles there are a great many canoes, something like rowing boats,\\nof all sizes, and many are larger than an eighteen-oared galley.\\nThey are not very broad, as they are made of a single plank, but\\na galley could not compete with them in rowing, because they\\ngo with incredible speed, and with these they row about all these\\nislands, which are innumerable, and carry their merchandise.\\nI have seen some of these canoes with 70 and 80 men in them,\\nand each had an oar. In all the islands I observed little differ-\\nance in the appearance of the people, or in their habits and Ian-", "height": "2990", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0434.jp2"}, "435": {"fulltext": "LETTER OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 409\\nguage, except that they understand each other, which is remarkable.\\nTherefore I hope that their Highnesses will decide upon the con-\\nversion of these people to our holy faith, to which they seem\\nmuch inclined. I have already stated how I sailed 107 leagues\\nalong the seacoast, in a straight line from west to east, by the\\nisland of J nana according to which voyage I can assert that\\nthis island is larger than England and Scotland together, since\\nbeyond these 107 leagues there remained at the west point two\\nprovinces where I did not go, one of which they call Avan, the\\nhome of the men with tails, and these provinces are computed to be\\nnot less than 50 or 60 leagues in length as far as can be under-\\nstood from the Indians with me who are acquainted with all\\nthe islands. This other Espanola is larger in circumference than\\nall Spain from Catalonia on the seacoast to Fuenterabia in Bis-\\ncay, since upon one side of a square I sailed 188 good leagues\\nin a straight line from west to east. This is worth having, and\\nmust on no account be given up, as I have taken possession\\nof it, as of all the other isles, for their Highnesses, and all\\nmay be more extensive than I know or can say, and I hold\\nthem for their Highnesses, who can command them as abso-\\nlutely as the kingdoms of Castile. In Hispaniola, in the most\\nconvenient place, most accessible for the gold-mines and all\\ncommerce with the mainland, on this side and on the other,\\nthat of the great Khan, with which there would be great trade\\nand profit, I have taken possession of a large town, which\\nI named the City of Navidad, and made fortifications there,\\nwhich should be completed by this time, and I have left in\\nit men enough to hold it, with arms, artillery, and provisions\\nfor more than a year and boats with master seamen of all kinds\\nto make others and I am so friendly with the king of that\\ncountry that he was proud to call me his brother and hold me\\nas such, and even should he change his mind and wish to quarrel\\nwith my people, neither he nor his subjects know what arms are,\\nand wear no clothes, as I have said. They are the least coura-\\ngeous people in the world, so that only the men remaining there\\ncould destroy the whole region, and run no risk if they know how\\nto behave themselves properly. In all these islands the men\\nseem to be satisfied with one wife, and allow as many as twenty\\nto their chief or king. The women appear to me to work harder\\nthan the men, and so far as I can hear they have nothing of\\ntheir own, for I think I perceived that what one had others shared,\\nespecially food. In the islands so far I have found no monsters,\\nas some expected, but, on the contrary, they are people of very\\nhandsome appearance. They are not black, as in Guinea,\\nthough their hair is straight and coarse, as it does not grow\\nwhere the sun s rays are too ardent. And in truth the sun has\\nextreme power here, since it is within 26 degrees of the equinoc-\\ntial line. In these islands there are mountains where the cold\\nthis winter was very severe, but the people endure it from habit,", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0435.jp2"}, "436": {"fulltext": "4IO APPENDIX\\nand with the aid of the viands they eat with a great quantity\\nof various very hot spices. As for monsters I have found no\\ntrace of them except at one point in the second isle, as you enter\\nthe Indies, which is inhabited by a people considered in all the\\nisles as most ferocious, who eat human flesh. These possess\\nmany canoes, with which they overrun all the isles of India, steal-\\ning and seizing all they can. They are not worse-looking than\\nthe others, except that they wear their hair long like women, and\\nuse bows and arrows of the same cane, with a sharp stick at the\\nend for want of iron, of which they have none. They are\\nferocious compared to these other races, who are extremely cow-\\nardly, but I only heard this from the others. They are said\\nto make treaties of marriage with the women in the first isle to\\nbe met with coming from Spain to the Indies, where there are\\n710 men. These women have no feminine occupation, but use\\nbows and arrows of cane like those before-mentioned, and cover\\nand arm themselves with plates of copper, of which they have\\na great quantity. Another island, I am told, is larger than\\nEspanola, where the natives have no hair, and where there is\\ncountless gold and from them all I bring with me Indians\\nto testify to this. To speak, in conclusion, only of what has\\nbeen done during this hurried voyage, their Highnesses will see\\nthat I can give them as much gold as they choose, with the very\\nsmall aid their Highnesses may grant me now, spices, cotton,\\nas much as their Highnesses may command to be shipped, and\\ngum-mastic as much as their Highnesses choose to send for,\\nwhich until now has only been found in Greece, in the isle of\\nChios, and the Signoria can get its own price for it. As nmch\\nlign-aloe as they command to be shipped, and as many slaves\\nas they choose to send for, all heathens. I believe we have found\\nrhubarb, and cinnamon and many other things of value will\\nbe discovered by the men I left behind me, as I stayed nowhere\\nwhen the wind allowed me to pursue my voyage, except in the\\ncity of Navidad, which I left fortified and safe; and, indeed,\\nI might have accomplished much more, had the crews served me as\\nthey ought to have done. The eternal and almighty God, our Lord,\\nit is who gives to all who walk in his way victory over things\\napparently impossible, and in this case signally so, because\\nalthough these lands had been imagined and talked of before they\\nwere seen, most listened incredulously to what was thought to be\\nbut an idle tale. Thus, then, our Redeemer has given victory\\nto our most illustrious King and Queen, and to their kingdoms\\nrendered famous by this glorious event, at which all Christendom\\nshould rejoice, celebrating it with great festivities and solemn\\nThanksgivings to the Holy Trinity, with fervent prayers for the\\nhigh distinction that will accrue to them from turning so many\\npeoples to our holy faith and also for the temporal benefits that\\nnot only Spain but all Christian nations will obtain from the\\nresources and gain thus open to them. Thus I record what has", "height": "2990", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0436.jp2"}, "437": {"fulltext": "LETTER OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 4II\\nhappened in a brief Epistle written on board the Caravel, above\\nthe Canary Isles, on the 15th of February, 1493.\\nYours to Command, The Admiral.\\nPOSTSCRIPT WITHIN THE LETTER.\\nSince writing the above, being in the Sea of Castile, so much\\nwind arose, south southeast, that I was forced to lighten the\\nvessels, to run into this port of Lisbon to-day, which was the\\nmost extraordinary thing in the world, from whence I resolved\\nto write to Their Highnesses. In all the Indies I always found\\nthe temperature like that of May. Where I went in thirty-three\\ndays I returned in twenty-eight, except that these gales have\\ndetained me fourteen days, knocking about in this sea. Here\\nall seamen say that there has never been so rough a winter, nor\\nso many vessels lost. Done the 14th day of March.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0437.jp2"}, "438": {"fulltext": "412 APPENDIX\\nCOLLATERAL READINGS\\nDISCOVERY AND COLONIZATION\\nFiske s Old Virginia and Her Neighbors.\\nDoyle s Virginia, Maryland, and the Carolinas.\\nDoyle s The Puritan Colonies.\\nFiske s The Beginnings of New England.\\nCoffin s Old Times in the Colonies.\\nParkman s Works.\\nTHE REVOLUTION.\\nBancroft s History of the United States.\\nFiske s The Critical Period of American History.\\nLodge s George Washington.\\nMorse s Benjamin Franklin.\\nTyler s Patrick Henry.\\nCoffin s Boys of 76.\\nSumners Robert Morris.\\nRoosevelt s Winning of the West.\\nHinsdale s The Old Northwest.\\nNATIONALITY.\\nSchouler s History of the United States.\\nMc Master s History of the People of the United States.\\nMorse s Alexander Hamilton; John Adams.\\nVon Hoist s John C. Calhoun.\\nSchouler s Thomas Jefferson.\\nRoosevelt s Naval War of 1812.\\nJohnston s American Politics.\\nSchurz s Henry Clay.\\nMorse s John Quincy Adams.\\nSumner s Andrew Jackson.\\nRoosevelt s Thomas H. Benton.\\nCIVIL WAR.\\nNicolay and Hay s Abraham Lincoln.\\nRhodes s History of the United States.\\nMahon s The Gulf and Inland Waters; Farragut.\\nBattles and Leaders of the Civil War.\\nAlexander Stephens s View of the War between the States.\\nRECONSTRUCTION AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT.\\nShaler s History of the United States.\\nJohnston s American Politics.\\nBlaine s Twenty Years in Congress.\\nAndrews Last Quarter of a Century.", "height": "2990", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0438.jp2"}, "439": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX\\n413\\nPRONOUNCING VOCABULARY\\nAlgonquin, al-gon kwin\\nAmericus Vespucius, a-mer i-kus\\nves-poot chee-us\\nAndre, an dra\\nApache, a-pa cha\\nBahama, ba-ha ma\\nBalboa, biil-bo a\\nBarbary, biir ba-ri\\nBeauregard, bor gar\\nBering, be ring\\nBonhomme Richard, bon-hom\\nre shar\\nBouquet, boo-ka\\nBuena Vista, bu na vis ta\\nCabral, ka-bral\\nCadiz, kad iz\\nCartier. kar ty-a\\nCavite, kii-ve-ta\\nChile, che la\\nCibola, se bo-lo (Span, the bo-la)\\nCoronado, ko-ro-na do\\nDe Ayllon. da-il-yon\\nDelfshaven, delfs hii ven\\nDe Gourgues, deh-goorg\\nDuquesne, dii-kan\\nGarcia, gar se-a\\nGenet, zheh-na\\nGorges, gor jez\\nHaiti, ha ti\\nIroquois, Ir-o-kwoi\\nluka, T-u kJi\\nJean Ribaut, zhon re bo\\nJoliet, zho le-a\\nKearsarge, ker siirj\\nKosciusko, kos-si-ua ko\\nKossuth, kosh-oot\\nLadrones, la-dronz(Sp. lad-ro nes)\\nLafayette, lii fa yet\\nLa Salle, la sal\\nLeyden, li den\\nLuzon, ioo-zon\\nMagellan, ma-jel an\\nMontcalm, mont-kam\\nMindanao, men-dfi-nii o\\nNarvaez, nar-va Sth\\nNicaragua, ne-ka-ra gwa\\nNueces, nwa ses\\nPa nay, pa-nT\\nPhilippine, fil ip-in\\nPonce de Leon, pon tha d5 la-on\\nPowhatan, pow -ha-tan\\nPulaski, pu-las kee\\nRaleigh, raw li\\nRapidan, rap id-an\\nResaca de la Palma, ra-sa ka da\\nIji pfil mii\\nRio Grande, re o gran da\\nRochambeau. ro shon bo\\nSantiago, san-te-a go\\nSan Juan, san hoo-an\\nSchuyler, skT ler\\nSlidell, sll-del\\nSteuben, stu ben (Ger. Stoi -ben)\\nStuyvesant, stive sant\\nSulu, soo loo\\nVerrazzano, ver-ra-tsa no\\n1 Key to the marks: ale, senate, care, arm, all. last; eve, event,\\n\u00c2\u00a7nd; ice; old, obey, orb, odd; use, Qnite; oi as in oil; a, e obscure.\\nIn Spanish words z is lisped, also c when followed by e or i. For\\nexample, Nueces is pronounced nwa thes, and final s is sharp 8.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0439.jp2"}, "440": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0096\u00a0I", "height": "2990", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0440.jp2"}, "441": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\nAbenakis, 63.\\nAbeicrombie, James, 109.\\nAbbott, Colonel, iii.\\nAbolitionists, 228, 237.\\nAcadia, 89, 97, 99.\\nAcadians, the, 107.\\nAdams, Charles Francis, 279, 311.\\nAdams, John, 113, 126, 133, 149, 153, 161,\\n185-.89.\\nAdams, John Quincy, 218-223, 228.\\nAdams, Samuel, 123, 126, 158.\\nAfrica, 8..\\nAguinaldo, Emilio, 380.\\nAix-la-Chapelle, treaty of, 103.\\nAlabama, 214, 269.\\nAlubanta^ the, 297, 309.\\nAlabama claims, 309.\\nAlbany, 62, 75, 92, 104.\\nAlaska, 239, 305, 362, 382.\\nAlbermarle, the Duke of, 83.\\nAli rt, the, 202.\\nAlleghany Mts., 105.\\nAlleghany River, 105.\\nAlexandria, 7.\\nAlfonso III, 364.\\nAlger, Russell A., 359.\\nAlgiers, 191.\\nAlgonquins, 9, 63, 77, 94.\\nAlien and Sedition laws, 187, igo.\\nAllen, Ethan, 130.\\nAmendments to the Constitution, 156, 165,\\n189, 219, 303, 305, 310, 312.\\nAmericus Vespuciiis, 19.\\nAmherst Jeffrey, 109.\\nAmidas and Barlow, Captains, 24.\\nAnderson, Robert, 270.\\nAndre, John, 143.\\nAndros, Sir Edmund, 76, 81, 92.\\nAnnapolis Convention, 155.\\nAnnapolis, navy school at, 253.\\nAnne, Queen, 99.\\nAntietam, battle of, 285.\\nAnti-Chinese movement, 321.\\nAnti-Federalists, 157, 181, 265.\\nAnti-slavery, 227, 245, 260.\\nApalachee Bay, 19.\\nAppomattox, 299.\\nArabs, commerce with, 7.\\nArbitration, 236, 309, 340, 354, 362.\\nArmy of the Cumberland, 295.\\nArmy of the Ohio, 281.\\nArmy of the Potomac, 281.\\nArmy of Virginia, 285.\\nArmy of Northern Virginia, 293.\\nArnold, Benedict, 140, 143, 147.\\nArthur, Chester A., 323-331.\\nArticles of Confederation, 136, 153.\\nAshburton, Lord, 236.\\nAssumption of State debts, 165.\\nAstor, John Jacob, 239.\\nAstoria, 239.\\nAtchinson, 259.\\nAtlanta, 295.\\nAtlantic cable, 308.\\nAudubon, John J., 230.\\nAustralian ballot, 344.\\nAyllon, Vasquez d 19.\\nAzores, 8.\\nAztecs, 10, 19.\\nBacon, Nathaniel, 38.\\nBalboa, 19.\\nBaltimore, Lord, 82.\\nBaltimore, the, 370.\\nBank of United States, 179, 224, 226, 236\\nBanks, Nathaniel P., 285.\\nBanks, State, 224, 227.\\nBarbary States, 191.\\nBarre, Isaac, 116.\\nBarton, Clara, 364.\\nBattle above the clouds, 291.\\nBeacon Hill, 53.\\nBeauregard, G. T., 274.\\nBelligerency, recognition of, 142, 279, 353.\\nBell, John, 266.\\nBemis Heights, 141.\\nBennington, battle of, 140.\\nBenton, Thomas H., 226.\\nBerccau, the, 186.\\nBering Sea, 340.\\nBerkeley, Sir William, 37.\\nBidwell, John, 343.\\nBienville, Celoron de, 103.\\nBills of credit, 130.\\nBimetallism, 356.\\nBirney, James Gillespie, 237.\\nBlack, James, 312.\\nBlack Sea, 7.\\nBlaine, James G., 329.\\nBlanco, General, 364.\\nBland Silver bill, 321.\\nBliss, Cornelius N., 359.\\nBlockade, Civil war, 278, 296; War of 1812\\n203; Spanish-American war, 368.\\nBolivar, Simon, 339.\\nBonds, U. S., 165, 287, 369.\\nBonkomme Richard, the, 145.\\nBoone, Daniel, 176.\\nBooth, John Wilkes, 301.\\nBorder States, 236, 270.\\nBoroughs, 33.\\nHoscawen, Admiral, 109.\\nBoston founded, 53.\\nBoston, 81, 168.\\nBoston massacre, 122.\\nI oston tea party, 122.\\nBoston, the, 186, 370.\\nBoundary lines, 183, 213, 216, 236, 239, 245,\\n309. 383-\\nBouquet, Henry, in.\\nBraddock s defeat, 106.\\nBradford, WiUiam, 46, 48.\\nBradstreet, Simon, 93.\\nBragg, Braxton, 291.\\nBrandywine, the battle of the, 139.\\nBrandytvine, the, 218.\\nBrant, Joseph, 144.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0441.jp2"}, "442": {"fulltext": "4i6\\nINDEX\\nBrazil. 19.\\nBreckenrids;e. Tohn C, 262, 266, 264\\nBreed Hill. iIi.\\nBrewer. John J.. 361.\\nBrewster. William. 46.\\nBright. John. 279.\\nBritish Board of Trade, 80.\\nBrooklyn Heights, battle of, 135.\\nBr. kijtK. the. 27+.\\nBro-.vn. Henry B., 361-\\nBrovvn. Fohn, 265.\\nBrown. Jacob. 200.\\nBryan. William Jennings^ 357.\\nBryant. William Cullen, 230. 259, 262.\\nBuchanan. James. 261-271.\\nBuckner, Simon B., 2S2, 332. ;=i7.\\nBuel. Don Carlos, 281.\\nBuena Vista, 242.\\nBull Run. 280.\\nBunker Hill. 131, 218.\\nBurgesses, House of, 34.\\nBurgo Tie. John. 130, 140.\\nBurke, Edmund, 118.\\nBurlingame. Anson, 306, 321.\\nBurnside, Ambrose E,, 2S5-\\nBurr. Aaron. iSS, 195-\\nBushy Run, battle of, m.\\nButler. Benjamin F., 283. 329.\\nCable telegraph, 30S.\\nCabot. John. tS.\\nCabot. Sebastian. iS.\\nC.ibral, iq.\\nCadillac, 91.\\nCadiz, 307.\\nCalhoun, John C, 200, 218, 225. 249, 326.\\nCalifornia, 239, 249.\\nCalvert. George, 82.\\nC -unara, Admiral, 3 4.\\nCambridge, 56. 132.\\nCamden. S. C, battle of, 146.\\nCameron. Simon, 265.\\nCanary Islands, i6.\\nCanada, no.\\nCanadian Commission, 362.\\nCanal, Erie, 219.\\nCanovas, Senor. 364.\\nCape Breton Island, 103, no.\\nCape Cod, 46.\\nCape Verde Islands, 371.\\nCapitol at Washington. iSg.\\nCarleton, Sir Guy, 132,\\nCaioliaa. 20, S3.\\nCarpenters Hall, 12D.\\nCarpetbaggers, 305, 317.\\nCartagena. 102.\\nCarteret. Sir George. 75.\\nCariier. Jacnues. 22.\\nC;irver. John, 46.\\nCass. Lewis, 247. 264.\\nCatholics, 82, 55.\\nCaucus, the, 188, 218.\\nCavaliers, 35.\\nCavite. 370.\\nCedar Creek, 295.\\nCedar Mountain, 285.\\nCemetery Ridge, 289.\\nCensus, the. 170, 307, 319, 341.\\nCentennials, 313. 314. 325. 334. 342.\\nCentral Pacific R. R.. 30S.\\nCervera. .\\\\dmiral, 371.\\nChampion Hills, 290.\\nChamplain, Samuel de, 22\\nChancellorsville, 28S.\\n\u00c2\u00bb93\\n.S3-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a244-\\nCharles I. 35. 52, 6^\\nCK.irle^ II. 73. 80. 85.\\nCharles River, 77.\\nCharleston, 84, go. 13^\\nClta.rUst }n. the, 371.\\nCharlestown, 52, 131\\nCharters, 25, 31. 47. 64. 52. 74, 75, Si, 95.\\nCharter Oak. 81. 94.\\nChase, Salmon P., 250, 365, 305.\\nChattanooga. 291.\\nCherokees. 10, 232. 316.\\nCherry Valley, massacres of. 144.\\nChesapeake Bay. 205, 2S3.\\nChesapeake, the. J07. 203\\nChicago tire. the. 3c 7.\\nChickahominy, 294.\\nChickamauga. 291.\\nChickasaws. 316.\\nChina. 300, 321. 327. 333-\\nChippew-.i. battle of, 204.\\nChoctaws, 8 5, 316, 355.\\nChurch of England, 34.\\nCivil ser\\\\-ice reform. 317. 327, 331\\nCivil Rights bill, 304.\\nCi^Tl war, 274-303.\\nClaiborne, William C.\\nClarendon, the Earl of,\\nClark. George Rogers.\\nClark, William, 19;.\\nClarke, John, 74.\\nClay. Henry, 196, 200. 210, 215, 2i8, 237.\\n249- -55-\\nClemttynt, the, 2n.\\nCleveland, Grover, 330-337, 344-358.\\nClinton, Dewitt, 220.\\nClinton, George, 158, 195.\\nClinton, Sir Henry, 130, 142, 146.\\nCobden, Richatrd. 279.\\nCold Harbor. 294.\\nColorado, 317.\\nColumbia, the, 239.\\nColumbia River. 194. 239.\\nColumbus, Christopher. 14-18. 3S4.\\nComanches. lo.\\nCompromise tariff, 22c\\nComptroller of the Currency, -\u00e2\u0080\u00a2J7.\\nConcord, battle of, 12S.\\nConccrd, the, 370.\\nConfederate States, 209, 278.\\nConfederation of the United St-ates. 152.\\n55-\\nConfederation. Articles of, 153.\\nConfederation of New England, 64.\\nCongress. Continental, 126, 130, 153, too,\\n174. 224-\\nCongress, U. S., 156, 200, 244. 249.\\nCongress, Stamp Act. n8.\\nConnecticut, 64.\\nCiyHstellatioH. the, 1S6.\\nCc HStituticn, the. 202, 203.\\nConstitution, the United States, 156. 159,\\n219, 271. 305, 310. 318, 3S9.\\nContract labor laws. 339.\\nContraband of war. 2S6.\\nConvention, the Federal (1787). 157.\\nConventions, national. 225, 33?. 26;.\\n329- 350-\\nCensus, the, 170.\\nContinental Congress. 125-160. 173.\\nConvention, the Hartford, 206.\\nConwav Cibal.* 142.\\nCooper, James Fenimore. 230.\\nCooper, Peter. 317.\\nCorinth, 282.", "height": "2990", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0442.jp2"}, "443": {"fulltext": "INOEX\\n4\\nCornwullis, l.oixl Charles. i_;ji, 141-\\nCorv nado. Kram-isiv de, .\\\\x\\nCortoical. JO,\\nCone/, Hernauilo, iv).\\nCotton, iP4, 170, u)S, ^n, -\u00e2\u0080\u00a214. 2\\nCotton e.vpiviitions. ^.-o.\\nCouncil tor New Knglund. 47, 51,\\nCowpvns. 147.\\nCoxey, J. S.. 3SO.\\nCnwvforil, William H.. .-i^.\\nCreeks, i S. .-04, ;i j, jip, 355.\\nCn.^mw\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00bbll. Oliver. ^6, 57, 65.\\nCrown Pt int. lo;. n.xj, ijso.\\nCuba. 10. 00, in.\\\\ SP. 300. 353i 3\\nCurtis, Ceor4;e William, sti.\\nCuster, George A., 316.\\nCuttyhunk Island, 41.\\nUakot-.ui, lo.\\nDakota, North, 338.\\nOakota. South, 338,\\nl ale. Sir Vhomas, 31.\\nDallas, Alexander, 207.\\nDana. Charles jX.. 259.\\nDare, Virginia. J5.\\nDavenport, John, 5S.\\nDavis, Jefterson, ^41, isi-s ^69, 3 .v\\\\\\nDeane, Silas. 145.\\nDearborn, Henry, xa.\\nDecatur. Stephen. 191.\\nDecimal system. i!x.\\nDeclaration of Independence, 1 ;4\\nDeertield, 99.\\nDelaware, 87, 277.\\nDelaware, Lord, 31.\\nDelfshaven. 45.\\nDemocratic party. 223-356.\\nDemocratic-Kepuhlican party. 171, iSi.\\nDetroit, gi.\\nDewey, (.leorge, 369.\\nDieskau, 107.\\nl^iuiiley taritt, 301.\\nDinwiddle. Robert, 104,\\nDirectory, French. iS 1^5.\\nDorchester. 56.\\nDouglas. Stephen .A,. i^8, 263. 66.\\nDoNV. Neal. 3J3.\\nDrake. Sir Frimcis. J3.\\nDreuillettes. Father.\\nDred Scott decision, .-oj.\\nDuquesne, Marc,i;is, 104.\\n.Dutch settlements, 62.\\nDutch West India Company, 62.\\nE.ist Jersey. 75. 87.\\nF.arly. Jubal, .-So.\\nKaton, Theophilus, 58.\\nF.dison. Thomas A., 345.\\nEducation. 58.\\nKl Caney. 373.\\nFlection of president. iO\u00c2\u00ab.\\\\ 189.\\nElectoral commission. 318.\\nElectoral college. ick\\nElectoral Count bdl, 318.\\nElectricity, application of. 243, 308, 315,\\nKliot, John, 77, 90.\\nElizabeth, Queen, 23, 43.\\nEmancipation of slaves, 286, 288.\\nKmbar\u00c2\u00bb;o Act, loS.\\nEmerson, Kalph Waldo, 262.\\nEiulicott, John, 52.\\nEnjilish, William H.,323.\\nEpiscopal churches. 53,\\nI- ricsson, jk lin. .\u00e2\u0080\u00a22v), 283.\\nEricsson, l.eil, l^.\\nEra t s; v d feejing, j\\\\\\\\8,\\nF.rie Canal, the, 219.\\nEskiniivs. p.\\nAVjt-.i. the. 2v 2.\\nEvarts. William M.. 3J5.\\nEverett, Edwarvl. 257.\\n:;8\\nFair Oaks, 284.\\nFaneuil Hall, 123, 134,\\nFederal courts. 15P. 103.\\nFarrasvit, David. 285.\\nFederal Hall. New York City, ipi.\\nFederalist party. 157.\\nFederalist, the, 150\\nFerdinand and Isabella, 15-18.\\nFerviusou. Patrick, 146.\\nField. Cyrus W.. 3^^.\\nField. Stephen J.. 301.\\nFifteenth amendment, 310.\\nFilibusterins;, 250, 301), 353-255.\\nFillmore, Millard, 247. 251-255, 30i.\\nFive Nations, g, gi, 94.\\nFlag, .-Vnverican, 132, 139, 270. 275, 301V\\nFletcher. Heujamin, 95,\\nFlorida, 20, no. 115, 183, 212, 238,\\nFlt rt\\\\itt, the, 207.\\nFlying Siiuadron, the, 308.\\nFoote, .Vndrew H., 282.\\nForbes, J i seph, nx).\\nFoit t. rown roint, 103, 130.\\nFort Donelson, 282.\\nFort Dunuesne, 105, log.\\nFort Edwaril, 140.\\nFort Erie, 202.\\nFort Fisher. JoS.\\nFort Henry. 282.\\nFort l.elnvuf. 104.\\nFort Lee. 13P.\\nFort Mc Henry, 205.\\nFort Meigs, 203.\\nFort Monroe, 300,\\nFort Moultrie, 135.\\nFort Necessity, 105.\\nFort Niagara, 103, io\u00c2\u00ab.).\\nFort I inckney, 269.\\nFort Pitt. K^\\nFort Stanwi.x, 140.\\nFort Sumter, jt\\\\), 274, 301\\nFort Ticonderoga, 109.\\nFort Sullivan. 135.\\nFort Venango, 104.\\nFort VVastitMs;ton, 1 ;0.\\nFort iliiam Henry, 108, 130,\\nFountain of Youth, i\\\\g, 384.\\nFourteenth anuMulment, 4.\\nFox, George. 85.\\nFoxes, 232.\\nFrance, 20, 04, 103-111, 142, 180, 197, J05.\\nFrancis L 18.\\nFranklin, Benininin. 78, 105. 118, 113, 145,\\ni4g.\\nFreedmen s buieau, 305.\\nFree-soil party, 246. 255.\\nFree trade, 220, p}, 329, ^1^ 344.\\nFremont, John C., 242, 262, 298.\\nFrench discoveries, |8.\\nFteiich Meet in Revolutionai v war, 142, 148.\\nFrench revolnluin. i8i\\nFrobisher, Sir Martin, ^i,.\\nFfolir, the, 202.\\nFrontenac, Count de, 94.\\nFugitive slave law, 250,", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0443.jp2"}, "444": {"fulltext": "41 8\\nINDEX\\nl-uUei, Melville \\\\V., 361.\\nFulton Rubcrt, 211.\\nGadsden Purchase, the, 245.\\nGag rule, the, 228.\\nGage, Lyman J., 359.\\nGage, Thomas, 122.\\nGallatin, Albert, 171.\\nGarcia, Calixto, 373.\\nGarfield, James A., 323, 324.\\nGarrison, William Lloyd, 227.\\nGary, James A.. 359.\\nGns/ i t the, 123.\\nGates, Horatio, 141, 146.\\nGeneral Court of Mass., 53.\\nGeneral Court of N. E., 64.\\nGenet, Citizen, 182.\\nGeneva award, the, 309.\\nGeneva, 14.\\nGeograpliical Congress, 328.\\nGeorge II, 103.\\nGeorge III, ti6, 117, 132.\\nGeorge Washing/on, the, 191.\\nGeorgia, 88, 146, 159, 269.\\nGeorgia, the, 297.\\nGerry, FUbridge, 185.\\nGettysburg, 289,\\nGhent, treaty of, 206.\\nGilbert, Sir Humphrey, 23.\\nGist, Christopher, 104.\\nGoffe, William, 75.\\nGold in Mexico and Pennsylvania, 19; in\\nthe Black Hills, 316: in California, 247;\\nin Alaska, 306.\\nGomez, Maximo, 35-\\nGorges, Sir Ferdinando, 64.\\nGosnold, Bartholomew, 41.\\nGoiugues, Dominic, 21.\\nGovernment of the United States, 156.\\nGrangers, the, 319.\\nGrant, Ulysses S., 241, 306-319, 331.\\nGrasse, Count de, 148.\\nGray, Horace, 361.\\nGray, Robert, 239.\\nGreat Eastern, the, 308.\\nGreece, 217.\\nGreeley, Horace, 259, 265, 311.\\nGreely, Lieutenant Adolphus W., 328.\\nGreenbacks, 287, 312, 317.\\nGreen, Nathaniel, 147.\\nGuadalupe, treaty of, 244.\\nGuam, 371.\\nGiicrri ire, the, 202.\\nGuilford courthouse, 147.\\nHail Columbia, 161, 186.\\nHaiti, 16. 18, 192.\\nHale, John Parker, 254.\\nHale. Nathan, 136.\\nHalle, k. Henry W., 280.\\nHalsti-ad, Murat, 311.\\nHamilton, Alexander, 160, 164, 195.\\nHampden, John, 57.\\nHampton Court, 43.\\nHancock, John, 128, 134.\\nHancock, Winfield S., 322.\\nHarper s Ferry, 264, 279.\\nHarrison, I cnjamin, 336-344.\\nHarrison. iHi:im Henry, 195, 2cx 235\\nHarlan, John M., 361.\\nHartford. 50, 58, 81.\\nHartford Con\\\\ention, the, 206.\\nHarvard Clollege, 60.\\nHavana, 364.\\nHawaii, 340, 351, 377.\\nHawthorne, Nathaniel, 230.\\nHayes, Rutherford li., 317 323.\\nHayne, Robert, 224, 226.\\nHenrietta Maria, 82.\\nHenry, Patrick, 117, 123, 126, 144, 158.\\nHenry the Navigator, 8.\\nHessians, 138, 148.\\nHiacoomes, 77.\\nHiawatha, :i.\\nHigginson, I homas, 52.\\nHobart, Garret A., 356.\\nHobson, Richmond 1 372.\\nHolland, Pilgrims in, 44.\\nHoly Alliance, 215.\\nHomestead bills, 307, 338.\\nHood, John P 295\\nHooker, Joseph, 286.\\nHooker, Thomas, 56.\\nHouse of Burgesses, 34, 72.\\nHouse of Representatives, 156, 188, 217. 223,\\n359-\\nHouston, Samuel, 237. 250.\\nHoward, Oliver O., 296.\\nHowe, Admiral Lord. 35.\\nHowe, Sir illiam, 130, 140.\\nHudson, Henry, 22.\\nHugo, Victor, 249.\\nHull, Isaac, 202.\\nHull, William, 202.\\nHunt, Thomas, 41, 42.\\nHunt, Walter, 229.\\nHunter, David, 293.\\nHutchinson, Anne, 56.\\nIceland, 15.\\nIdaho, 338.\\nIllinois, 209.\\nImmigration, 252, 355.\\nImpeachment of President Johnson, 305.\\nImpressment of .American sailors, 180, igi.\\nIndependence Hall, 134, 270.\\nIndenture, 32, 72.\\nIndiana, 211.\\nfiiiiiaiia, the, 374.\\nIndian Territory, 232, 316.\\nIndians, 9, 16, 57. 63, 78, 91, 106.\\nInsurgeaiite, 186.\\nInternal improvements, 212.\\nInternational yacht race, 253.\\nInterstate Commerce Act, 335.\\nIowa, 238.\\nhnihi, the, 274.\\nIronclad ()ath, 304.\\nIroquois, 9, 91, 94, 107, 144.\\nIrving, Washington, 230, 262.\\nluka, 282.\\nJackson, -Andrew, 178, 196, 205, 218, 222.\\nJackson, Thomas J., 284.\\nJanus 1. js. 43.\\nJames H, 81, 94.\\nJamestown, 26, 39.\\nJasper, William, 135.\\nya7 a, the, 203.\\nJay, John, 126, 149, 160, 163, 180.\\nJay Treaty. 183.\\nJefferson, Thomas, 34, 117, j 33, 164, 188-109\\nJohn II, S, 15.\\nJoin or Die, 105.\\nJesuit missionaries, 6 go.\\nJohnson, .Vndrew, 282, 298, 301-306.\\nJohnson. Sir William, 107.\\nJohnston, .Vlbert Sidney, 282.\\nJohnston, Joseph E., 279, 332.\\nI", "height": "2990", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0444.jp2"}, "445": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\n419\\nJoliet, Louis, 90.\\nJones, John Paul, 145.\\nKalb, John de, 139.\\nKansas, 259.\\nKansas-Nebraska bill, 258.\\nKearney, Stephen \\\\V., 242.\\nKcarsargc, the, 297.\\nKelley, H. J., 240.\\nKenesaw Mountain, 295.\\nKennebec River, 41.\\nKent, James, 232.\\nKentucky, 176, 214, 277.\\nKey, Francis Scott, 205.\\nKidd, Captain William, 98.\\nKing George s War, 103.\\nKing Philip s War, 78.\\nKingston, battle of, 7c.\\nKing, Rufus, 171.\\nKing William s War, 94.\\nKing s Mountain, 146.\\nKnow Nothing party, 260.\\nKnoxville, 178.\\nKnox, Henry, 164.\\nKosciusko, i3p.\\nKossuth, Louis, 254.\\nKu Klux Klan, 310\\nLabor Reform party, 312.\\nLabor troubles, 320, 349.\\nLabor enactments, 333, 336.\\nLafayette, Marquis Gilbert Motier de, 139,\\n217.\\nLake Erie, battle of, 204.\\nLake George, 108.\\nLaud, Archbishop, 56, 65.\\nLanier, Sidney, 314.\\nLaramie, Fort, 248.\\nLa Salle, Robert de, 90.\\nLaudonniere, 21.\\nLawrence, Captain James, 203.\\nLaiurence, the, 204.\\nLecompton constitution, the, 260, 263.\\nLee, Charles, 136, 143.\\nLee, Richard Henry, 126^ 133.\\nLee, Fitzhugh, 364.\\nLee, Robert E., 243, 265, 269, 284, 310.\\nLeon, Juan Ponce de, 19, 384.\\nLeopard, the, 197.\\nLeverett, Governor, 74, 80.\\nLewis and Clark, 193, 239.\\nLexington, 128.\\nLeyden, 44.\\nLiberty party, 237-238, 246.\\nLiberty Trees, 122.\\nLincoln, Abraham, 243, 263, 265-301.\\nLivingston, William, 126,\\nLivingston, Robert R., 133, i6i.\\nL Insurgciinte, i\u00c2\u00bb6.\\nLocke, John, 84, 201.\\nLogan, John A., 295, 329.\\nLogstown, 104.\\nLome, Seiior de, 365.\\nLondon Company, 25, 45.\\nLongfellow, Henry W., 262,\\nLong Island, battle of, 135.\\nLong, John D., 359.\\nLong Parliament, 35, 65.\\nLookout Mountain, 291.\\nLopez, Narcisso, 256.\\nLouis XIV, 86, gi, 94.\\nLouis XV, 103.\\nLouis XVL 142, 180.\\nLoiiislnirg, 103.\\nLouisiana, 91, 192.\\nLovejoy, Elijah P., 238.\\nMaceo, Antonio, 352.\\nJMaccdonian the, 202.\\nMacon bill, the, 199.\\nMadison, James, 156, 199-207.\\nMagellan, 19.\\nMaine, 64, 214.\\nMaine, the, 364.\\nMalays, 340, 388.\\nMalietoa, 362.\\nManhattan Island, 22.\\nManila, 369.\\nManufactories, American, 114, 210, 252\\nMarietta, O., 175.\\n-Maria Christina. 364.\\nMarion, Francis, 146.\\nMarquette, Pierre, 90.\\nMarshall, John, 185, 190, 217.\\nMarti, Jose, 352.\\nMartha s Vineyard, 41, 47,\\nMary II, Queen, 93.\\nMaryland, 82, 277.\\nMason, James M.. 280.\\nMason and Dixon s line, 275.\\nMason, John, 64.\\nMassachusetts, 95.\\nMassachusetts bay, 42.\\nMassachusetts Bay Company, 52.\\nMassasoit, 78.\\nMatthews, Stanley, 311.\\nMaximilian in Mexico, 305.\\nMayflirwer, the, 45.\\nMayhew, Thomas, 77.\\n-Mc Clellan, George B., 279, 298.\\nMc Cormick, Cyrus H., 229.\\nMcDowell, Irwin, 279.\\nMc Kenna, Joseph, 359.\\n.\\\\Ic Kinley tariff, 339, 350.\\nMc Kinley, William, 356-385.\\nMc Pherson, James B., 295.\\nMeade, George G 289.\\nMediterranean Sea, 7.\\nMedicine men, 11.\\nMemphis, 289.\\nMenendez, Pedro de, 20.\\nMerritt, Wesley, 373.\\nMerrymount, 49.\\nMerrimac, the, 283.\\nMerriniac, the collier, 372.\\nMestizos, 384.\\nMexico, 19, 215, 241, 305.\\nMexican war, 241-245.\\nMianiis, the, 200.\\nMichigan, 209, 232.\\nMiles, Nelson A., 368.\\n.Milton, John, 201.\\nMinnesota, 265.\\nMint, the U. S., 179.\\nMissionary Ridge, 291.\\nMississippi, 149, 183, 195, 214, 269, 305.\\nMississippi River, 20, 90, 103, 174.\\nMississippi Territory, 183.\\nMissouri, 214, 277.\\nMissouri Compromise, the, 215, 258, 263,\\n270.\\nModocs, 315.\\nMohegans, 63.\\nMohawks, 78.\\nMoiiifor, the, 283.\\n.Monnioulli, N. J., battle of, 142.\\n.Monometallism, 356. I 335. 359-\\nMonroe doctrine, the, 216, 241, 254, 257,", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0445.jp2"}, "446": {"fulltext": "420\\nINDEX\\nMonroe, J limes, 171, 207, 213-219.\\nMontana, 338.\\nMontcalm, .Slarqnis de, 108.\\nMonti-icy, liattle of, 241.\\nMontsomciy, Richard, 132.\\nMoiito io, Admiral, 371.\\nMfnitreal, 22.\\nMonts, Sieur de, 22.\\nMcirgan, Daniel, 147.\\nMormiins, 248.\\nMorris, Robert, 153.\\nMorristown, N.J., 138.\\nMorse, S. F. B., 238.\\nMorton, Levi P., 336.\\nMorton, Thomas, 49.\\nMott, Lucretia, 254.\\nMoultrie, William, 135.\\nMound builders, 11.\\nMount Vernon, 102, 150, 186.\\nMuskohfjees, 10.\\nMurfreesboro, 291.\\nMugwumps, 331.\\nNantucket, 77.\\nNapoleon I, 186, 192, 199, 205.\\nNapoleon III, 305\\nNarragansetts, 63, 78.\\nNarvaez, Pamfilo de, 19.\\nNashville, 178.\\nNast, Thomas, 311.\\nNatick, 77.\\nNational liunk, the, 179, 224, 226, 236.\\nNational Republican party, 220, 227.\\nNative American party, 260.\\nNatural Pike Road, the 212.\\nNational Republicans, 220.\\nNaturalization, 187.\\nNavigation Acts, 80.\\nNavy, the U. S., 186, 354.\\nNebraska, 306.\\nNegroes, 32.\\nNew Amsterdam, 62.\\nNew England, 41, 59.\\nNewfoundland, 18.\\nNew Prance, 18, 89.\\nNew Hampshire, 64.\\nNew Haven, 58.\\nNewjersey, 45, 75, 81.\\nNew Mexico, 20, 242,\\nNew Netherlands, 62.\\nNew Orleans, J03, no, 193.\\nNew Orleans, battle of, 206.\\nNew South, 326.\\nNewton, Sir Isaac, 201.\\nNewport, Christopher, 26.\\nNew York City, 75, 81, 166, 168, 256.\\nNeiv (\u00c2\u00bbk, the, 274,\\nNiagara, the, 204.\\nNicaragua Canal, 335.\\nNina, the, 16, 347.\\nNipmucks, 78.\\nNon-importation Act, 197.\\nNon-intercourse Act, 198.\\nNorth Atlantic fleet at Santiago, 274.\\nNorth Carolina, 8;.\\nNorth Castle, 136.\\nNorth Ford, 122, 149.\\nNorth Virginia, 25, 40,\\nNorth. Lord, 122 149.\\nNorthwest Territory, 174.\\nNova Scotia, 89, 95, 99.\\nNueces River, 241.\\nNullification theory, 188, 224, 226.\\nO Conor, Charles, 312.\\nOglethorpe, James, 87, 103.\\nOhio, 195.\\nOhio Company, 104.\\nOklahoma, 337.\\nOld Ironsides.\\nOld Dnminion, 36.\\nOlyvipia. the, 369.\\nOmaha Trans-Mississippi Exposition,\\n361.\\nOmnibus bill, Clay s, 250.\\nOrdinance of 1787, 173, 214.\\nOrdinance of Secession, 267.\\nOregon, 239, 265.\\n(Oregon, the, 371, 374.\\nOsceola, 232.\\nOstend manifesto, 257.\\nOttawas, no.\\nOswego, 108, 140.\\nOtis, Elwell S., 378.\\nOtis, James, 115, 161.\\nPakenham, Sir Edward, 206.\\nPalmer, John M., 357.\\nPalo .Alto, 241.\\nPalos, 16.\\nPanama Canal, 335.\\nPau-.\\\\merican Congress, 339.\\nPanic of 1837,233; 1873,312: 1893.348.\\nPaper money, 154, 287.\\nParis, treaty of, 149, 379.\\nParty platform, the, 225.\\nPatent office, 170, 230.\\nPatterson, Robert, 279,\\nPati oons, 62.\\nPeckham, Rufus W., 361.\\nPenn, Sir William, 85.\\nPemberton, John C, 289.\\nPenn, William, 85.\\nPensacola, Fla. 212\\nPennsylvania, 86.\\nFennsyk ania Gazette, the, 105.\\nPepperill, Sir William, 103.\\nPequod War, 57.\\nPerry, Oliver H., 204.\\nPenn, 19.\\nPetersburg, 294.\\nPiti el. the, 370.\\nPhiladelphia, 87, 126, 136, 139, 142, 148, 155,\\n168, 179, 270.\\nPhilippine Islands, no, 369.\\nPhillips, Wendell, 238.\\nPhips, Sir William, 95.\\nPierce, Franklin, 255, 256-262.\\nI ike s Peak, 307.\\nPike, Zebulon, 194.\\nI ilgrims, 44-50.\\nt inta, 16, 347.\\nPinckney, Charles C, 185, 188,\\nPinckney, Thom.is, 183, 217.\\nPirates, 07.\\nPitt, William, Karl of Chatham, 108.\\nPittsburg Landing, 282,\\nPizarro, 19.\\nPlains of Abraham, no.\\nPlymouth, 41, 47.\\nPlymouth Colony, 45.\\nPlymciuth Company, 25, 40, 46.\\nPoi:ahontas, 20, 32, 76.\\nPoe, Kdgar .Allan, 230.\\nPolitical parties, 157, 171, 184, 220, 227, 246,\\n26t, 3n. 323, 343.\\nPolk, James K., 237-247.\\nPonce de Leon, Juan, 19.\\nPontiac, 1 10.\\nl\\\\ioy Ritliarii s Aliiiaiiiu 155.\\nPcijie, John, 285.\\nI opham, Sir John, 41.", "height": "2990", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0446.jp2"}, "447": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\n421\\nPopulation, center of, 178, 341.\\nPopulist party, 343.\\nPorter, David, 202.\\nPorter, David D., 290, 298.\\nPort Gibson, 290.\\nPort Hudson, 290.\\nPorto Rico, 364.\\nPortusai, 15, 19.\\nPort Royal, Carolina, 21.\\nPort Royal, Nova Scotia, 22, 95, 99.\\nPostage, 253, 327.\\nPottawattomies,\\nPowhatan, 20, 32.\\nPrescott, William H., 230.\\nPresident, the, 156.\\nPresidential succession, 333.\\nPresquc Isle, 104.\\nPrivateering, 98.\\nProhibition party, 312, 323.\\nProctor, Redfield, 365.\\nProprietary colonies, 83-89.\\nProtocol, peace, 376.\\nProvidence, R. I., 56.\\nPulaski, Count, 139.\\nPuritans, 35, 43, 51.\\nPutnam, Israel, 108, 130.\\nQuakers, 85.\\nQuakers in Boston, 73.\\nQuebec, 22, 89, 109.\\nQuebec bill, the, 125.\\nQueen Anne s War, 99.\\nRailroads, 229, 252, 334.\\nRaisin River, 203.\\nRaleigh, Sir Walter, 24.\\nRaleigh, the, 370.\\nRandolph, Edward, 80.\\nRandolph, John, 171, 196, 201, 326.\\nRebellion, Bacon s, 38.\\nReconstruction plan, the, 303.\\nRed River, 194.\\nRed River expedition, 296.\\nReed, Thomas B,, 359.\\nRegatta, international, 253.\\nRepresentatives, House of, 156, 1S8, 217.\\nRepublican party, 261-356.\\nResaca, 295.\\nResaca de la Palma, 241.\\nRestoration plan, the, 303.\\nResumption of Specie Payment Act, 313,\\n322.\\nReturning Boards, 317.\\nRevels, Hiram R., 310.\\nRevere, Paul, 128, 158.\\nRhode Island, 56, 64, 74, 81, 155, 165.\\nRibaut, John, 20.\\nRichmond, Va., 277, 299.\\nRoanoke Island, 24.\\nRochambeau, Count de, 148.\\nRolfe, John, 32.\\nRoosevelt, Theodore, 368.\\nRosecrans, W. S., 282.\\nRoundheads, 35.\\nRussia, 240.\\nRutledge, Edward, 126.\\nRutledge, John, 176.\\nRyswick, treaty of, 97.\\nSacs, 232.\\nSagasta, Seiior, 364.\\nSewall, .Vrthur, 357.\\nShoshones, 10.\\nSpotswood, Sir Alc.xan ler, 101.\\nSt. Augustine, 20, 99.\\nSt. Clair, 175.\\nSt. Leger, Colonel, 140.\\nSt Marks, 212.\\nSalem, Mass., 52, 97.\\nSalt Lake City, 248.\\nSampson, W. T., 371.\\nSandwich Islands, the, 340.\\nSan Francisco, 249.\\nSan Jacinto, 237.\\nSan Juan, Cuba, 373.\\nSan Juan, Porto Rico, 371, 377, 384.\\nSanta Anna, 236.\\nSanta Fe, 194, 242.\\nSanta Maria, the, 16, 347.\\nSantiago de Cuba, 371.\\nSanto Domingo, 192, 309.\\nSaratoga, battle of, 141.\\nSarrannati, 88, 296.\\nSaybrook, 56, 76.\\nSchenectady, 94.\\nSchley, Winfield S., 375.\\nSchofield, John M., 294.\\nSchurz, Carl, 311.\\nSchuyler, Philip, 140.\\nScotch-Irish, 100.\\nScott, Dred, decision, 262.\\nScott, Winfield, 204, 242, 254, 270, 279.\\nScrooby, 44.\\nSea to Sea charters, 31, 47, 51, 91.\\nSecession of .States, 267-277\\nSedition Act, 187.\\nSeminary Ridge, 289.\\nSeminoles, 212, 232, 316.\\nSenate, U. S., 156, 217, 309, 359.\\nSeparatists, 44.\\nSci apis, the, 145.\\nSeven Years War, 108-111.\\nSeven Days battles, 285.\\nSeville, 19.\\nSevier. John, 178.\\nSeward, William H., 227, 250, 265, 301.\\nSewing machine, 229.\\nShafter, Wni. R., 372.\\nShakespeare, 201.\\nShannon, the, 203.\\nShay s Rebellion, 154.\\nShenandoah Valley, 294.\\nSheridan, Philip, 291.\\nSherman Act, 349.\\nSherman, John, 359.\\nSherman, Roger, 126, 133.\\nSherman, William T., 291.\\nShiloh, 282.\\nShirley, William, 103.\\nShiras, George, 361.\\nSigel, Franz, 293.\\nSiboney, 373.\\nSiou.v, 338.\\nSix Nations, 85.\\nSlavery, 32, 156, 170, 214, 227, 243, 249-303\\nSlavery in the Territories, 262-274.\\nSlidell, John, z8o.\\nSmith, Green Clay, 317.\\nSmith, John, 28, 41.\\nSmith, Kirby, 280.\\nSmugglers, 114.\\nSocial life fn New England, 71, 114, 167.\\nSocial life in irginia, 39, 167.\\nSons of Liberty, 116.\\nSoto, Hernando de, 20.\\nSouth -Vnierica, 215.\\nSouth Virginia, 25.\\nSouth Carolina, 85, 99, 226, 267.\\nSouthampton, 45.\\nI Spanisli colonies, 14-20.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0447.jp2"}, "448": {"fulltext": "422\\nINDEX\\nSpanish fleet at Santiago, 375.\\nSpciuhut ll, the, 45.\\nSpoils system, 224.\\nSpotswood, Sir Alexander, loi, 102.\\nSpottsylvania, 294.\\nStalwarts, 331.\\nStamp Act, 1 16.\\nStamp Congress, 118.\\nStandaid time-tables, 327.\\nStandish, Miles, 46, 49.\\nStanley. Henry M., 329.\\nStanton. Edwin M., 276.\\nStanton, Elizabeth Jady, 254.\\nStark, John, 108, 129, 140.\\nStar Spangled Banner, the, 205, 275.\\nStars and Stripes, 139.\\nState Banks, 224, 227.\\nState debts assumed by Congress, 165.\\nState House in Philadelphia, 134.\\nStates rights, 171, 188, 225.\\nSteamboats, 211.\\nStephens, Alexander H., 250, 268.\\nStephens, William, 70\\nSteuben, Baron von, 142.\\nStillwater, battle of, 141.\\nSt. John, John P., 329.\\nStockton, Robert F., 242.\\nStoney Point, battle of, 143.\\nStory, Joseph, 230.\\nStowe, Hairiet B., 261.\\nStuart, Cilbert, 230.\\nStuyvesant, Peter, 63, 75.\\nSubmarine table, 308.\\nSubtreasury system, 234.\\nSuffrage, Woman s, 317, 338, 354.\\nSullivan s Island, 1776, 135.\\nSullivan, John, 145.\\nSumner, Charles, 258.\\nSumter, Thomas, 146.\\nSupreme Court, 163, 217, 224, 318.\\nSwanzey, 78.\\nSwedes, 62.\\nTagals, the, 384.\\nTaney, Roger B. 262.\\nTariffs, 164, 2ti, 221, 226, 267, 280, 339, 350.\\nTarleton, Pannastre, 146.\\nTarlac, 381,\\nTarratines, 63.\\nTaxes, 114, 115.\\nTaylor, Bayard, 315.\\nTaylor, Zachary, 241, 247-251.\\nTea ships, 124.\\nTecumseh, 200, 204.\\nTelegraph, the, 214, 243, 277.\\nTennessee, 178.\\nTerry, Alfred S., 298.\\nTesla, Nikola, 340.\\nTexas, 236, 240, 269, 305, 310.\\nTexas, the, 274.\\nThames, battle of the, 204.\\nThirteentli amendment, 303.\\nThomas, Ceorge H 281, 291.\\nThurman, Allen (1., 336.\\nThurston, John M., 365.\\nTiconderoga, Fort, 109, 130, 140,\\nTilden, Samuel J 317.\\nTippecanoe, battle of, 200.\\nTobacco, 31, 82.\\nTonti, Henri de, 91.\\nToombs, Robert, 274.\\nTopeka Constitution, the, 260.\\nToral, General, 274.\\nTories, 123, 141, 144, 146, 150.\\nToscancUi, 15.\\nTown-meetings, 66.\\nTreat, Roljert 81.\\nTraining da\\\\ 69, 105.\\nTownshend. Cliarles. 121.\\nTownshend .Acts, 121.\\nTreasury, U. S.. 164.\\nTreaty, Aix la Chapelle, 103 the Webster-\\nAshburton, 236: with China, 306; tJhent,\\n206; Guadalupe. 244; Paris (1763), no:\\n378 Ryswirk, 97\\n230.\\n1783, 149; I\\nUtrecht, 99.\\nTrenton, 138.\\nTrent, William, 104.\\nTrent, the, 280.\\nTripoli. 190.\\nTrumbull, John, 217,\\nTunis, 191.\\nTurkey, 217.\\nTurner, Nat, 227.\\nTuscaroras. 84.\\nTyler, John, 235-238\\nUncle Tom s Cabin, 261.\\nUnderground Railroad, 264.\\nUnion Pacific Railmad, 308.\\nUnited Colonies of N. E., 61-65.\\nUnited States, the, 186, 202.\\nUtah, 354.\\nValley Forge, 139.\\nVane, Harry, 58, 69, 73.\\nVan Buren, Martin, 225, 233-235.\\nVan Ren.sselaer, Kiliaen, 62.\\nVan Rensselaer, Stephen, 202.\\nVenezuela, 354, 371.\\nVenice, 7.\\nVera Cruz, 242.\\nVermont, 112, 176.\\nVerrazzano, 18.\\nVespucius, Americus.\\nVictoria, Queen, 253.\\nVicksburg, 290.\\nViking ship, 347.\\nVincennes, Ind., 144, 174.\\nVirginia, 24-40, 277.\\nVirginia Resolves, 117.\\nVirginhts, the, 309.\\nViscayans, 384.\\nVizcayu, the, 364.\\nWadsworth, Joseph, 81, 95.\\nWallace, Lew, 282.\\nWampanoags, 63, 78.\\nWampum. 71.\\nWar of 1S12, 201-207.\\nWar of the Rebellion, 274-301.\\nWar of the Revolution, 128-151.\\nWar with Mexico, 240-245.\\nWar with Spain, 363 385.\\nWars, colonial, 94-1 11.\\nWars, Indian, 57, 78, 212, 232, 315.\\nWashington. State of, 338.\\nWashington, George, 83, 104, 117, 131, 155,\\n161-184, 186.\\nWashington, John, 83.\\nWashington, Lawrence, to2.\\nWashington, T), C, 189, 205.\\nWashington Elm, 132,\\n]l as/ the, 202.\\nWatson, Thomas E., 357.\\nWayne, .\\\\nthony, 143, 176.\\nWeather bureau, 308.", "height": "2990", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0448.jp2"}, "449": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\n423\\nWeaver, James R., 323, 343.\\nWebster, Daniel, 217, 224, 236, 249, 255.\\nWebster, Noah, 230.\\nWeed, Thurlow, 259.\\nWest, Benjamin, 230.\\nWest Jersey, 75. 86.\\nWest Point, 143.\\nWest Point, military school at, 201\\nWest Virginia, 101, 277, 306.\\nWethersfield, 56.\\nW eylcr, General, 363.\\nWeymouth, 48.\\nWhalley, Edward, 75.\\nWheeler, Joseph, 574.\\nWhigs, 123, 153, 227, 235, 244, 254.\\nWhite, Edward D., 361.\\nWhite, John, 25.\\nWhite Plains, 136.\\nWhitman, Marcus, 240.\\nWhitney, Eli, 170\\nWhittier, John G., 203.\\nWildcat banks, 233.\\nWilderness, battle of the, 294.\\nWilkes, Captain Charles, 240, 280, 328.\\nWilliam 111, 93-^g.\\nWilliamsburg, \\\\a., 39, 101.\\nWilliams, Roger, 54-56, 64.\\nWilmington, N. C, 296, 298.\\nWilmot proviso, 245.\\nWilson, James, 359.\\nWilson Tariff, 350.\\nWinchester, 295.\\nWinslow, Edward, 49.\\nWindsor, Conn., 56.\\nWinnebagoes, 232.\\nWinlhrop, John, 52,77.\\nWinthruji, Jr., JoFin, 56, 74.\\nWirt, Wdliam, 196. 216.\\nWisconsin, 239.\\nWitchcraft, 94 97.\\nWolfe, James, log.\\nWoman s Rights, 254.\\nWood, Leonard, 368.\\nWoodford, Stuart L., 368.\\nWorld s Eair at London, 253 at New York,\\n256; Philadelphia, 314; Chicago, 342 348.\\nWrits of assistance, 115.\\nWyoming, 338.\\nWyoming, Pa massacres, 144.\\nX. V. letters, 185.\\nYeardley, Governor, 33.\\nYachting, international, 253.\\nYork, the Duke of, 75, 87.\\nYorktown, 147.\\nYoung, Hrigham, 248.", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0449.jp2"}, "450": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2990", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0450.jp2"}, "451": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0451.jp2"}, "452": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2990", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0452.jp2"}, "453": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0453.jp2"}, "454": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2990", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0454.jp2"}, "455": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0455.jp2"}, "456": {"fulltext": "I\\nI", "height": "2990", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0456.jp2"}, "457": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0457.jp2"}, "458": {"fulltext": "DEC ^9 lbc,j", "height": "2990", "width": "2022", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0458.jp2"}, "459": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3011", "width": "2042", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0459.jp2"}, "460": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3116", "width": "1980", "jp2-path": "historyofuniteds01burt_0460.jp2"}}