{"1": {"fulltext": "THE\\nITISH AND DUTCH\\nSOUTH AFRICA\\nA PAPER\\nREAD BEFORE THE TRINITY CLUB OF TRINITY CHURCH, AND THE\\nDORCHESTER HISTORICAL SOCIETY, AND THE VICTORIAN\\nCLUB OF BOSTON\\nBY\\nJAMES H. STARK\\nBEING A COLLECTION OF FACTS OBTAINED FROM THE MOST\\nAUTHENTIC SOUKCES, GIVINO A TRUE ACCOUNT OF\\nWHAT CAUSED THE PRESENT WAR IN SOUTH\\nAFRICA AND WHAT ITS EFFECT WILL\\nBE ON THE FUTURE OF THE\\nBRITISH EMPIRE\\nPRICE FIVE CENTS\\nEnglish East Ina\\nHED AT THE REQUEST OF THE VICTORIAN CLUB BY\\nrefreshment.\\nIni 602 a charter JAMES H. STARK\\nIndia Company. Tht 3, ^ilk Street\\nsurprising successes ove. boston\\n1900", "height": "4785", "width": "3061", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTORY^\\nIt was my good fortune to visit Holland and England during\\nthe months of September and October, at the time of the out-\\nbreak of hostilities in South Africa. As this was the principal\\ntopic under discussion at that time, I had an excellent opportu-\\nnity of hearing both sides of the question. On my return to\\nBoston I was requested by several societies to give them my views\\nor opinions concerning the rights of the questions involved in the\\nterrible drama now being enacted in South Africa.\\nI was surprised to learn how little was known concerning the\\nreal merits of the case. The sympathy of many swayed towards\\nthe Boer side, on account of an ancient prejudice resulting from\\nthe Revolutionary war, they taking it for granted that England\\nintended to oppress the Boer who was fighting for the freedom\\nof his country.\\nAnother class, which is represented by the Fenian element, in\\nits blind and unreasonable hatred of England, attempted to\\ninfluence public opinion against Great Britain by false and mali-\\ncious statements. To this class I would recommend the reading of\\nthe Roman Catholic Bishop of Kimberley s letter contained in\\nthis pamphlet. A large majority of the intelligent and educated\\nclasses were in favor of England, but even here there were excep-\\ntions, such as Senator Hoar, Edwin Mead, and that old-time cham-\\npion of the negro. Col. T. W. Higginson. In addition to the\\ninformation I obtained abroad I am also indebted to writers who\\nhave made a study of this question, such as Alleyne Ireland, Mr.\\nFitzpatrick, Mr. Hillegas, and to several able editorials in the\\nBoston Herald. At the time of writing this paper I had no\\nthought of pubhshing it, but at the special request of the Vic-\\ntorian Club of Boston I have issued it in pamphlet form for the\\npurpose of enlightening the public on this momentous question.\\nJames\\nCopyrighted, 1900, by James H. St", "height": "4623", "width": "3049", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "TVSro COPIES RECEIVE]\\nLibrary cf CoSB?et%\\nSiic- Office cf tfco X^\\nFEB 1-1900\\nTHE BRITISH AND DUTCH IN SOUTH\\nVio X^ AFRICA.\\nDiscovery of tlie Cape of Good Hope by the Portuguese^\\nIn i486 six years before Columbus discovered America\\ntwo little vessels under command of Bartholomew Dias sailed\\nfrom Portugal with the same object in view to discover a new\\nocean road to India. Pushing his way down the west coast of\\nAfrica, Dias passed onward beyond the farthest point previously\\nknown and reached a bold headland which he called the Cape of\\nStorms, but which was renamed by King John the Second the\\nCape of Good Hope. Ten years later Vasco da Gama, with\\nfour small vessels, again visited the coast. On the 20th of No-\\nvember, 1497, he doubled the Cape of Good Hope. Keeping\\nwithin sight of the shore, on the 2Sth of December Da Gama\\npassed by a beautiful land to which he gave the name Natal, in\\nmemory of the day when Christian men first saw it. On the 6th\\nof January the fleet reached Delagoa Bay, where the Portuguese\\nlanded and traded with the natives.\\nSailing again. Da Gama next touched at Quilimane, where he\\nfound people that had dealings with the Arabs, and thence he\\ncontinued his voyage to India. The highway to the East being\\nnow open, every year fleets sailed to and from Portugal. In a\\nshort time the Indian seas fell entirely under Portuguese domin-\\nion, and an immense trade was opened up. After a long interval\\nEnglish, Dutch, and French ships followed the Portuguese to\\nIndia. In 1591, the English flag was seen at the Cape for the\\nfirst time. Three ships the pioneers of the vast fleets that\\nhave since followed the same course, then put into Table Bay, on\\ntheir way to India. Their crews were suffering from the scurvy.\\nHere they obtained good refreshments, for, in addition to wild\\nfowl, shell-fish, and plants of various kinds, they bartered for some\\noxen and sheep with the Hottentots. For many years after the\\nEnglish East India Company made Table Bay a port of call and\\nrefreshment.\\nIn 1602 a charter was issued at the Hague to the Dutch East\\nIndia Company. The fleets sent out by this Company gained\\nsurprising successes over the Portuguese, in India, and the profits\\n0. c,", "height": "4738", "width": "2930", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "2 BRITISH AND DUTCH IN SOUTH AFRICA,\\nmade by this Company during the early years of its existence\\nwere enormous. The Portuguese ships, factories, and possessions\\nof all kinds in India were fair prize of war, and the most valuable\\nwere shortly in the hands of the Dutch. Its fleets usually put\\ninto Table Bay for the purpose of taking in fresh water, giving\\nthe crews a run on land, catching fish, and getting the latest in-\\ntelligence from the places to where they were bound. Letters\\nwere buried on shore, and notices of the places where they were\\ndeposited were marked on conspicuous stones.\\nSettled by the Dutch^ x. 4\\nSix months was considered a quick passage Derween Holland\\nand Batavia, and it was no uncommon thing for one-third of the\\ncrew to have perished and another third to be helpless with\\nscurvy when the ships arrived there. Table Bay was regarded as\\ntwo-thirds of the distance from Amsterdam to Batavia, and the\\nCompany thought that by establishing a settlement on its shores\\nmany lives could be saved and much suffering be avoided. It\\nwas not their intention to found a colony, but merely to make\\na large garden and raise vegetables for the supply of the fleet and\\nto barter oxen and sheep from the Hottentots and to build a great\\nhospital in which sick men could be left to recover their health.\\nIn April, 1652, Jan Van Riebeek and a party of about 150\\nwere landed at Table Bay, and in this manner South Africa\\nbecame settled by the Dutch.\\nIn 1658 the great mistake of introducing negro slaves was made\\na mistake from which the country has suffered much, and is the\\nfirst and principal cause of the present trouble. There was no\\nnecessity for the introduction of slavery, for the climate for nine\\nmonths in the year is to Europeans the pleasantest in the world,\\nand white men can work in the open air without discomfort.\\nA few years later many permanent colonists came out from\\nHolland. The Company also sent out many young women from\\nthe orphan asylum in Amsterdam and Rotterdam, who were care-\\nfully protected and provided for until they found husbands in the\\ncolony. The revocation of the Edict of Nantes drove many\\nthousands of Protestant refugees from France into Holland.\\nSeveral hundred of these people came to the Cape and proved to\\nbe good colonists. General Joubert, the present Boer commander,\\nis a descendant of these colonists. The Hfe led by these pioneers\\nof civilization was rough and wild, but had its own peculiar charm.\\nCattle breeding was found to pay fairly well they enjoyed good\\nhealth and perfect freedom. The children of Dutch gardeners,\\nGerman mechanics, and Huguenot tradesmen by force of circum-", "height": "4692", "width": "3051", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "BRITISH AND DUTCH IN SOUTH AFRICA. 3\\nstances reverted in habits and in thought to the condition of semi-\\nciviUzation. In their migration from place to place, with their\\nherds, the family slept in a great tent-wagon and passed the day\\nin the open air, usually selecting a patch of trees on the bank of\\na stream for a camping-place. A distaste for town life, with its\\nrestraints and all the nameless annoyances to which simple\\npeople are exposed when in contact with men of sharper intellect,\\nsoon became part of the nature of a cattle-breeder, and grew\\nstronger with each succeeding generation, which at last culminated\\nin their hate and contempt for the Outlander, or foreigner.\\nIn 1793 Western Europe was in the throes of the mightiest\\nconvulsion of modern times. France had become a republic,\\nthe people of the Netherlands were divided into two parties, one\\nof which was in sympathy with the French, and the other favored\\nWilliam, Prince of Orange, and an alliance with England. A\\ndeclaration of war with England and the Orange party was issued\\nat Paris. The Prince escaped to England, and issued an order\\nto the authorities at Cape Town to admit English troops into the\\ncastle and forts. Admiral Elphinstone and Major- General Craig,\\nwho were in command of the sea and land forces, presented the\\nmandate to the Governor and Council.\\nCeded to Great Britain*\\nThe colony capitulated on Jan. 10, 1806. The British occu-\\npation was made permanent by a Convention, signed in 18 14,\\nbetween Great Britain and the Netherlands, by the terms of\\nwhich England paid thirty million dollars for the cession of the\\nCape Colony and of the Dutch colonies of Demerara, Berbice,\\nand Essequibo, which now form the colony of British Guiana.\\nIt w^as hoped that the Dutch and the English in the Cape Col-\\nony would live together in friendly intercourse, and that eventu-\\nally, by intermarriage, a fusion of the two races would be effected.\\nThis hope was doomed to disappointment, for an antagonism\\ngradually developed between the old and the new colonists which\\nled to the establishment of two republics beyond the border of the\\nColony. The first step toward the formation of these republics\\nwas the emigration during 1836 and 1837 of about eight thou-\\nsand Dutch farmers from the Cape Colony a movement which\\nis generally referred to as the Great Trek. These men went out\\nof the Colony and estabHshed themselves in the vast hinterland.\\nEmancipation of the Slaves*\\nThe principal cause that led to the Great Trek was the pas-\\nsage of the Emancipation Act in May, 1833, when it was enacted", "height": "4738", "width": "2930", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "4 BRITISH AND DUTCH IN SOUTH AFRICA.\\nthat on and after the first of August, 1834, all slaves should be\\nfree throughout the British dominion. A compensation of Sioo,-\\n000,000 was granted to the slave-holders, the grandest and noblest\\nact done by any nation in the history of the world.\\nThe number of slaves freed here at this time was about\\n40,000, mostly in the hands of the Dutch. The value of these\\nslaves was three milHon pounds sterling, but the Imperial Govern-\\nment awarded only a million and a quarter as compensation. In\\nthis respect the Dutch slaveholders were no worse off than the\\nWest Indian slaveholders, but they undoubtedly had a grievance\\nin the fact that the compensation was made payable in London.\\nGeorge McCall Theal, the historian of South Africa, says: **It is\\nnot easy to bring home to the mind the widespread misery that\\nwas occasioned by the confiscation of two millions worth of prop-\\nerty in a small and poor community like that of the Cape in\\n1835. There were to be seen families reduced from affluence to\\nwant, widows and orphans made destitute, poverty and anxiety\\nbrought into the hundreds of homes.\\nSlagter^s Neck Affair*\\nAnother important cause of discontent lay in the policy of pro-\\ntection of native interests, which was vigorously enforced by the\\nBritish authorities. As early as 18 15 the ill-treatment of the\\nnatives by the Dutch produced great friction. In that year a\\ncomplaint was laid before a magistrate against one Frederik\\nBezuidenhout, for assault on a native sen^ant. A summons to\\nappear was disregarded, and a warrant was issued for the man s\\narrest. Every efibrt was made to effect the arrest peaceably but\\nthe man surrounded himself with a band of his friends, and fired\\non the party detailed to make the arrest. A fight ensued in which\\nBezuidenhout w^as killed and thirty-nine of his comrades were\\narrested. They were tried by jury before the High Court, and\\nfive of them were condemned to death. This affair is constantly\\nrecited by the Boers at pubhc meetings in order to inflame the\\npeople against the English, and is known as the Slagter s Neck\\nmassacre. An entirely new light is thrown on the matter by\\nCanon Knox Little in his Sketches and Studies in South Africa.\\nHe asserts that the Dutch Field Cornet, under whose immediate\\norders the execution was carried out, had in his pocket, at the\\ntime of the execution, the Governor s order for the pardon of the\\nprisoners that he suppressed it from motives of personal spite\\nand that afterwards, fearing detection, he committed suicide.\\nIn 1835 th^ Boers shook the dust of Cape Colony from their\\nfeet and trekked northwards. They issued a manifesto de-", "height": "4692", "width": "3051", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "BRITISH AND DUTCH IIST SOUTH AFRICA. 5\\nnouncing the vexatious laws passed in the interests of the\\nslaves, and complaining of the losses thereby inflicted on the Boers.\\nThey also cried out against the continual system of plunder which\\nwe have endured from the Kaffirs and other colored classes,\\nand the unjustifiable odium cast on them by interested and\\ndishonest persons under the cloak of religion {i,e,, the mission-\\naries). The last clause read thus: We quit this colony under\\nthe full assurance that the English Government has nothing more\\nto require of us, and will allow us to govern ourselves without\\ninterference in the future.\\nThey moved up to Natal, and fought, and finally conquered,\\nthe natives. They set up a republic, but in a few years they had\\nso incensed the natives that the peace of the Cape was menaced,\\nand the British Government had to intervene.\\nIn 1843 short struggle resulted in the defeat of the Boers,\\nand Natal was annexed by Great Britain on May 12, 1843, for\\nthe peace, protection, and salutary control of all classes of men\\nsettled at and surrounding this important portion of South Africa.\\nFor similar reasons the country lying between the Orange and\\nVaal rivers immediately below the present Transvaal Republic,\\nwhich had been seized by the Boers, was also taken possession\\nof by the British in 1848. There was a stout resistance, but it\\nwas subdued, and the country was re-annexed to Great Britain\\nunder the title of the Orange River Sovereignty.\\nThe Sand River Convention^\\nIn 1852 the Little England policy being in the ascendant at\\nhome, the government of the day, sick of the duty of protecting\\nthe natives, decided on a policy of scuttle. The British author-\\nity theoretically extended up to the twenty-fifth degree of lati-\\ntude, which included the territory north of the Vaal, of which\\nanother division of the Boers had taken forcible possession,\\ndriving the natives before them and parcelling out the land into\\nfarms. Under an agreement known as the Sand River Conven-\\ntion, Great Britain formally renounced all rights over the Trans-\\nvaal. The raiding of the natives and the seizure of their children\\nas slaves, led, however, to the following article being embodied\\nin the Convention It is agreed that no slavery is or shall be\\npermitted or practised in the country to the north of the Vaal\\nriver by the emigrant farmers.\\nIn 1854, by another Convention, Great Britain relinquished\\nauthority over the Orange River Sovereignty, which is now known\\nas the Orange Free State, and owes so much of its prosperity to\\nthe wise administration of the late Sir Henry Brand.", "height": "4738", "width": "2930", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "6 BRITISH AND DUTCH IN SOUTH AFRICA,\\nOne of the first uses the Boers of the Transvaal made of their\\nindependence was to get rid of the missionaries, who preached\\npestilent doctrines of equality. Dr. Livingstone states, in his\\nMissionary Travels, that it was the attempt to drive him out\\nwhich brought him to a determination to make his famous jour-\\nney across Africa. The missionaries were constant witnesses of\\nthe capture of native children by Boer commandos and angered\\nthe Boers by their protests.\\nRevolt of the Natives and Collapse of the Republic*\\nIn i860 Paul Kruger makes his first appearance as a leader at\\nthe head of a troop against the Acting President (one Schoeman)\\nin one of the numerous faction fights that occurred between the\\nrival candidates for power. These and the incessant raids on\\nthe natives kept the Republic in a state of constant turmoil.\\nThe Boers refused to pay their taxes, and the finances fell into\\na serious condition. The truth was the Republic had no sort of\\ncontrol over its scattered and arrogant flock. The Boer farmers\\nhunted the natives, whom they called black ivory, burned\\ntheir kraals, appropriated their best land, and carried off their\\nchildren to work on Boer farms, notwithstanding the slavery\\nclause of the Sand River Convention.\\nIn 187 1, after a long tussle between rival leaders, Mr. Bur-\\ngers was appointed President. He was in some respects an\\nable and conscientious man, but he was powerless to establish\\ndiscipline over an ignorant and lawless race, and it was in his\\ntime that the worst crisis came. He obtained a loan from the\\nCape to replenish the empty exchequer he endeavored to es-\\ntablish a system of education and he spent his private fortune\\nin an abortive attempt to construct a railway to Delagoa Bay.\\nBut while Burgers was striving to civihze his barbarians they were\\ncarrying on with greater vigor than ever their favorite sport of\\nplundering the native tribes. The successive maps of the Trans-\\nvaal show how the State was expanded by these means how\\nlittle by little the boundaries were extended by force, fraud, or\\nfair means, at the expense of the less warlike of the tribes. A\\nsudden check, however, came from the powerful chief Secocoeni,\\nwho became the champion of a section of the long-suffering\\nBechuanas, upon a large slice of whose territory the Boers had\\ncast covetous eyes. After some preliminary successes, in which\\nthey had used a friendly tribe as cat s-paws, the Boers assailed\\nSecocoeni in his stronghold. They were driven back with great\\nloss, and they fled ignominiously.", "height": "4692", "width": "3051", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "BRITISH AND DUTCH IN SOUTH AFRICA,\\nEngland Saves the Boers from Cetewayo by Annexation.\\nThe result of this reverse was to throw all the native tribes who\\nhad suffered from Boer oppression into a fever of warlike excite-\\nment. For the first time they saw a chance of settling accounts.\\nThe borders of the Transvaal and Natal seethed with native\\nardor for revenge, and at the Natal angle Cetewayo stood forth\\nat the head of his savage and blood-thirsty impis panting to take\\nthe lead in eating up the white tyrants. The prospect was\\ndark for the Boers. They cowered under the danger. But it\\nwas just as grave for the British territories. A general native ris-\\ning would involve Natal and probably Cape Colony in danger.\\nThe Government anxiously considered the situation, and re-\\nsolved to send out Sir Theophilus Shepstone with power to\\nexamine the position on the spot, and, if he deemed it necessary,\\nto formally annex the country and march in a British garrison.\\nHe was accompanied by twenty-five mounted police, the only\\nforce he had within a month s march of him during the whole\\nperiod of his stay, and at the time he issued the proclamation an-\\nnexing the country. To assert that the Transvaal was forcibly\\nannexed is, in the face of these facts, absurd. It is certain that\\na large proportion of the Boers themselves desired this measure,\\nif only as a means of escape. Sir Theophilus Shepstone reported\\nto Lord Carnarvon that he received memorials signed by 2,500\\nBoers out of a total adult male population of 8,000\\nIt was patent to every observer that the Government was\\npowerless to control either its white citizens or its native subjects;\\nthat it was incapable of enforcing its laws or of collecting its\\ntaxes j and the Treasury was empty that sums payable for\\nthe ordinary and necessary expenditure of government cannot be\\nhad and that the powerful Zulu king, Cetewayo, is anx-\\nious to seize upon the first opportunity of attacking a country the\\nconduct of whose warriors at Sekkukuni s Mountain has convinced\\nhim that it can be easily conquered by his clamoring regiments.\\nHe added that the President himself was persuaded that\\nunder the present system of government the independence of the\\nState could not be maintained.\\nI am convinced, wrote Sir A. Cunynghame, June 12, 1877,\\nfrom Pretoria, that had this country not been annexed it would\\nhave been ravaged by native tribes. Forty square miles of the\\ncountry had been overrun by the natives and every house burned\\njust before annexation. And he wrote again July 6 Every\\nday convinces me that unless this country had been annexed it\\nwould have been a prey to plunder and rapine of the natives on", "height": "4738", "width": "2930", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "8 BRITISH AND HUTCH IN SOUTH AFRICA.\\nits border, joined by Secocoeni, Makok, and other tribes of the\\nTransvaal. Feeling the influence of the British Government, they\\nare now tranquil. Sir T. Shepstone also wrote concerning the\\nreality of the danger. Under date December 25 he says The\\nBoers are still flying, and I think by this time there must be a belt\\na hundred miles long and thirty broad in which with three insig-\\nnificant exceptions there is nothing but absolute desolation. This\\nwill give your Excellency some idea of the mischief which Cete-\\nwayo s conduct has caused.\\nThese were briefly the circumstances under which Sir The-\\nophilus Shepstone acted upon the instructions given to him and\\nproclaimed the restoration of British authority in the Transvaal.\\nIt was not done until the Volksraad had been convened and de-\\nclined the President s appeal to it to confer power on the Execu-\\ntive to carry out an alternative scheme. The proclamation was\\ntherefore made on April 12, 1877.\\nSo much for the annexation which we are told was such a\\nmonstrous blot upon the honor of Lord Beaconfield s Govern-\\nment that England was bound to undo it three years later. Par-\\nliament received the intelligence with tranquillity, and even with\\nsatisfaction, and scarcely a protest was heard among responsible\\npoliticians.\\nThe effect of annexation was an era of prosperity. The\\ncountry s debts were paid, and the wells of plenty bubbled with\\nBritish gold. In the Zulu War that followed the power of the\\nZulus had been broken, for they were a menace to the Transvaal.\\nIt, however, cost the British Government dearly in men and\\nmoney. It was in this war that the Prince Imperial of France\\nlost his life. It is noteworthy that with the splendid exception\\nof the lion-hearted Piet Uys and his son, who died, father and\\none son in the Zulu war side by side with the Britishers, whom he\\nkeenly opposed on the annexation question, none of the Boers\\ncame forward to help in the Secocoeni or Zulu wars, although\\nthese wars were undertaken on their account.\\n^British Territory as Long as the Stin Shone**^\\nVery little was heard from the Boers in the way of protest\\nagainst the new order of things until they saw that the Zulu\\npower, which had so terrified them, had been finally broken by the\\nBritish army. That was done in the early part of 1879, and then\\nthey began to pose as martyrs and to agitate for the retrocession\\nof the country. Sir Garnet Wolseley was appointed High Com-\\nmissioner, and went straight from Zululand to the Transvaal in\\nSeptember, 1879. He at once began to destroy any illusion", "height": "4692", "width": "3051", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "BRITISH AND DUTCH IN SOUTH AFRICA. 9\\nwhich the Boers might have about retrocession. On his way up\\nhe made the emphatic statement at a public dinner at Wakkers-\\ntroom that the Transvaal would remain British territory as long\\nas the sun shone. A few days later, finding two of the Boer\\nleaders inquiring for a reply to a memorial on the subject, Sir\\nGarnet issued a formal proclamation, of which the following was\\nthe essential clause\\nNow, therefore, I do hereby proclaim and make known, in the\\nname and on behalf of Her Majesty the Queen, that it is the will\\nand determination of Her Majesty s Government that this Trans-\\nvaal territory shall be, and shall continue to be forever, an\\nintegral portion of Her Majesty s dominions in South Africa.*\\nAlas the Boers knew Mr. Gladstone better than Sir Garnet\\nWolseley. But what was the effect of these out-and-out assur-\\nances on English traders in South Africa Secure in the pledged\\nword of the representative of the Queen and the Government,\\nthey flocked into the Transvaal by hundreds, invested their money\\nin its industries and trade, and prepared to settle down with their\\nfamilies. How much consideration they got for their faith in\\nBritish statesmen we shall see later on.\\nMr\u00c2\u00bb Gladstone s Incitements to Revolt and their Effects.\\nAs we have said, these formal, precise, and emphatic declara-\\ntions by Sir Garnet Wolseley were made in the autumn of 1879.\\nWhat followed Within a couple of months in November,\\n1879 Gladstone went down to Mid-Lothian. It was his\\nfirst pilgrimage of passion against Lord Beaconsfield, and he\\nmade the annexation of the Transvaal one of the chief counts in\\nhis indictment, although neither he nor any other leading Liberal\\nhad made any distinct complaint before. Let it be borne in\\nmind that it was just at this moment that the defeat of Cetewayo\\nand the pacification of the country were stimulating the Boers to\\nagitation for the retrocession. England had established security and\\norder and a healthy finance, and then Messrs. Kruger, Pretorius,\\nJoubert Co. said Lo the enemy hath done all our dirty\\nwork. He has settled our accounts with Cetewayo and Secocoeni,\\nand paid our bills. Come, let us reassert our claim to indepen-\\ndence. At such a moment what an ally was Mr. Gladstone\\nWhat was the value of Sir Garnet Wolseley s stern refusals if Mr.\\nGladstone two months afterwards was found treating the annexa-\\ntion as an outrage and a matter for review? This was Mr. Glad-\\nstone s mischievous reference to the Transvaal\\nWhat is the meaning of adding places like Cyprus and places\\nlike the country of the Boers in South Africa to the British Em-", "height": "4738", "width": "2930", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "Id BRITISH AND DUTCH IN SOUTH AFRICA,\\npire And, moreover, I would say this that if those acquisi-\\ntions were as valuable as they are valueless, I would repudiate\\nthem, because they are obtained by means dishonorable to the\\ncharacter of our country.\\nThe blind folly of speeches like this at such a moment is\\nalmost appalling, especially when we see, as we shall directly, that\\nMr. Gladstone never intended to give back the country. Mr.\\nGladstone s speeches were received with enthusiasm in the Trans-\\nvaal. They were distributed among the Boers by the Dutch\\npapers on small slips. On March i8, 1880, at a meeting of the\\nBoer Committee, held on a farm nearWonderfontein, a letter was\\ndrawn up thanking Mr. Gladstone for his sympathy. A week\\nlater the British Parliament was dissolved. The friend of the\\nBoers was returned to power with a large majority. The Boers\\nwere elated beyond all precedent. They almost saw themselves\\nin possession again and Sir Garnet Wolseley in disgrace.\\nMf. Gladstone s Qiange of Front*\\nAs soon as Mr. Gladstone had become Prime Minister, Messrs.\\nKruger and Joubert wrote to him (May 10), recalling his speeches\\nand formally calling upon him to annul the annexation. But Mr.\\nGladstone in opposition and Mr. Gladstone in office were two\\ndifferent persons. Before the letter arrived the new Government\\nhad laid down their policy with respect to the Transvaal. In the\\nQueen s Speech on the 20th May occurred this passage\\nIn maintaining my supremacy over the Transvaal, with its\\ndiversified population, I desire both to make provision for the\\nsecurity of the indigenous races and to extend to the European\\nsettlers institutions based on large and liberal principles of self-\\ngovernment.\\nMr. Gladstone defended this change of front by saying that it\\nis quite possible to accept the consequences of a poUcy and yet\\nto retain the original difference of opinion with regard to the\\ncharacter of that policy. But there was no original difference\\nof opinion. In 1877 the House of Commons indorsed the an-\\nnexation without any show of hostility. Mr. Leonard Courtney,\\nthen, as now, almost the only English champion of the Boers,\\nrose and made a bitterly sarcastic speech on Mr, Gladstone s\\ndesertion. Analyzing the Premier s fine-spun distinctions, he\\nsaid The Boers would not be able to understand all that.\\nThey were too simple. They would ask why their wTongs,\\nwhich were made so much of a few weeks ago, were not even\\nrecognized now.\\nThe decision of the Government was communicated to South", "height": "4692", "width": "3051", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "BRITISH AND DUTCH IN SOUTH AFRICA, I I\\nAfrica by telegram, as follows Under no circumstances can\\nthe Queen s authority in the Transvaal be relinquished.\\nNow came the delicate matter of Mr. Gladstone s reply to the\\nletter of Messrs. Kruger and Joubert. It was written in his best\\nstyle of political casuistry. The substance of it is here\\nIt is undoubtedly matter for much regret that it should, since\\nthe annexation, have appeared that so large a number of the\\npopulation of Dutch origin in the Transvaal are opposed to the\\nannexation of that territory but it is impossible to consider that\\nquestion as if it were presented for the first time. We have to deal\\nwith a state of things which has existed for a considerable period,\\nduring which obligations have been contracted, especially, thoicgh not\\nexclusively, towards the native population, which cannot be set aside,\\n^Looking to all the circumstances, both of the Transvaal and\\nthe rest of South Africa, and to the necessity of preventing a\\nrenewal of disorders which might lead to disastrous consequences,\\nnot only to the Transvaal, but to the whole of South Africa, our\\njudgment is that the Queen cannot be advised to relinquish her\\nsovereignty over the Transvaal.\\nExasperation and Revolt of tlie Boers*\\nThis reply naturally astonished and exasperated the Boers.\\nThey respected the firm and resolute attitude of Lord Beacons-\\nfield s Government. They were disgusted by the in-and-out\\ntactics of the leader of the Liberal party, and set it down to in-\\nfirmity of purpose. It gave them the idea that though England\\nunder Beaconsfield was unshakable, England under Gladstone\\nmight be made to do anything. All over the country a simmer\\nof violence broke out. In the course of a month or two it mani-\\nfested itself in a determination to refuse to pay taxes. Towards\\nthe end of the year this became an organized policy. The British\\nauthorities selected a case for enforcement at Potchefstroom.\\nThis rallied the Boers to a focus. A mass meeting was held at\\nPaarde Kraal. It lasted from December 8 to 13, and resulted in\\na determination to rise in arms. A triumvirate, consisting of\\nKruger, Joubert, and Pretorius, was appointed to administer the\\ngovernment three commandos were organized and despatched\\nto take possession of various towns, and on December 16 the flag\\nof revolt was hoisted. One of the commandos succeeded in in-\\ntercepting a detachment of the ninety-fourth Regiment at a spot\\nknown as Bronker s Spruit. The first intimation our troops re-\\nceived of what was afoot was a storm of bullets. Then Colonel\\nAnstruther was summoned to surrender. He refused, and then\\nthere followed a terrific onslaught, almost amounting to a massacre.", "height": "4738", "width": "2930", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "12 BRITISH AND DUTCH IN SOUTH AFRICA.\\nThe Decimation of the British Forces^\\nOn January 28 Sir George Colley was repulsed in his attempt\\nto storm Laing s Nek, a narrow and steep pass across the\\nDrakensburg Mountains, which separate the Transvaal from\\nNatal. He had only 1,000 men, while the Boers were strongly\\nposted with about 4,000, all picked shots. Colley was urged\\nto wait for reenforcements, but he thought the garrisons needed\\nhelp, and pushed madly on. A still more miserable exhibition\\nof rashness was the next engagement on the Ingogo river,\\nwhere our troops were caught in the open, and riddled by the\\nBoers from the rock cover. Under cover of night Colley crept\\nback and so escaped annihilation. His small British force was\\nnow reenforced by some troops under the command of Sir Evelyn\\nWood, whom he sent back to Natal, intending to make a bold\\nand rapid effort to retrieve his disasters. This took the form of\\nthe wild climb up Majuba Hill, a mountain 6,000 feet high and\\n3,000 feet above the camp level. What his idea was in gaining\\nthis worthless position will never be known, but if he thought he\\nwould be at least secure he proved to be fatally wrong. The\\nBoers were plainly startled to find him there. It is almost a\\nfortress in itself, owing to its steep and nigged slopes, but the\\nBoers knew it better than anybody, and being strongly reenforced,\\nmade the famous rush that overwhelmed General Colley. They\\nmade their attack on three sides, and so dispersed the attention\\nof the British force.\\nMr* Gladstone s Surrender of the Queen s Authority*\\nMajuba was fought and lost on February 27. But two or\\nthree weeks prior to that, and soon after Laing s Nek, the wires\\nwere carrying messages designed to stop the vindication of the\\nQueen s authority. President Brand, of the Orange Free State,\\nbegan the overtures, and the Government offered a settlement\\non the Boers ceasing armed opposition. That message arrived\\nwhile Ingogo was in progress, on February 8. On the 13th Gen-\\neral Colley received a cool communication from Kruger re-\\nquiring a cancellation of the annexation, and offering thereupon\\nto allow the British troops to retire. Lord Kimberley telegraphed\\non the 1 6th offering to submit a scheme to a Royal Commission\\non the Boers laying down their arms then no progress was made\\ntill the Majuba disaster brought Mr. Gladstone to his knees. He\\ndid so far respond to public feeling as to allow Sir Frederick\\nRoberts to be sent out from England with large reenforcements,\\nbut while they were on the sea he took care their services should", "height": "4692", "width": "3051", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "BRITISH AND DUTCH IN SOUTH AFRICA. 13\\nnot be required. An armistice was arranged, and Sir Evelyn\\nWood was instructed on March 12 to promise complete internal\\nself-government under British suzerainty. These were the terms\\nthe Boers accepted and signed at O Neill s Farm, under the\\nshadow of Majuba, on March 28. They had won all their\\nbattles, and they had achieved the full aims with which they\\nrevolted.\\nMr. Gladstone is dead, and I harbor no kind of personal dis=\\nrespect towards his memory as a philanthropist he may have\\nbeen a great and good man, but as a statesman he has cost his\\ncountry more than any other man in his generation. He left\\nGordon to his fate, and it has taken ten years to reconquer the\\nSoudan and has cost Britain thousands of lives and millions of\\nmoney. His scuttling out of the Transvaal has been the cause\\nof the present war. If he had not been defeated in his Irish\\nHome Rule scheme it probably would have disrupted the Empire,\\nfor, as John Bright said to him, I see no difference between\\ndisunion in the United States and disunion in the United\\nKingdom.\\nThe Pretoria Convention of \\\\ZU and J884\u00c2\u00bb\\nThe formal instrument restoring the Transvaal to the Boers\\nwas the Pretoria Convention, signed and published on Aug. 3,\\nt88i. The articles of this Convention were amended and\\naltered by the London Convention of Feb. 27, 1884. The Con-\\nvention of 1 88 1 consisted of a Preamble and a number of\\nArticles, The Preamble grants self-government to the inhab-\\nitants of the Transvaal in these words Complete self-govern-\\nment, subject to the suzerainty of Her Majesty, to the inhabitants\\nof the Transvaal territory, upon certain terms and conditions,\\nand subject to certain reservations and limitations.\\nAs there can be no question as to the assertion of the suzer-\\nainty in the Convention of 188 1, there remains only one point to\\nbe dealt with whether the suzerainty persists in the Conven-\\ntion of 1884.\\nAny doubt as to the existence of the suzerainty would at once\\nbe removed by an examination of the circumstances under\\nwhich the Convention of 1884 was signed. The Transvaal dele-\\ngates requested the British Government to do away with the\\nsuzerainty by making the proposed Convention a treaty between\\ntwo powers. This the Government refused to do on the ground\\nthat the Transvaal was not in fact an independent power, nor\\nwas it intended that it should be represented as such. So the\\nissue was definitely raised before the Convention was signed,", "height": "4738", "width": "2930", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "14 BRITISH AND DUTCH IN SOUTH AFRICA.\\nand the Transvaal delegates signed the Convention knowing the\\nfeelings of Her Majesty s Government on the matter.\\nThe South African Republic presented the curious anomaly of\\nthe largest body in the State, the Kaffirs, being deprived by con-\\nquest of all rights, the Boers regarding the negro as not belong-\\ning to the human race, and is having no soul.\\nThe Outlanders, comprising the wealth, the education, and\\nknowledge of aifairs of the white population, of having been ex-\\ncluded by law from the enjoyment of the rights of citizenship,\\nwhile a small minority, possessing neither education nor wealth,\\nnor knowledge of affairs, claims a divine right to govern all\\nothers.\\nFrom the date of the signing of the London Convention has\\ngradually been accumulating that mass of grievances of British\\nsubjects in the Transvaal which forms the backbone of the present\\ndifficulties between Great Britain and the South African Republic.\\nThe Grievances of the Outlanders*\\nThe question is often asked why the Uitlanders went to the Trans-\\nvaal if the laws were unsatisfactory. The answer is that they were\\ninvited to go by the Boer Government, and notably by Mr. Kruger\\nhimself; and that when they immigrated the existing laws were\\nvery favorable to the Uitlanders. It was only after their capital\\nand labor had rescued the Transvaal from imminent bankruptcy\\nthat the liberal laws were superseded by the present adverse laws.*\\nIn 1884 Paul Kruger was in London. He was so poor that he\\ncould not pay his hotel bill and it was paid for him by a generous\\nEngHshman. He then expressly and publicly invited English-\\nmen and Americans to settle in the Transvaal and to conduct\\nmining there.\\nMr. Kruger afterward sold one of his own farms to English-\\nmen for $500,000, paid in gold. His friends and neighbors sold\\nother farms at even greater prices, receiving altogether, from\\nforeign settlers (principally English, although including a con-\\nsiderable number of Germans, Frenchmen, and Americans), many\\nmillions of dollars.\\nThese foreign settlers produce every dollar s worth of wealth\\nwhich can be exported from the Transvaal, and every dollar in\\nexcess of what will suffice for a very bare existence to the old\\n1 Those who desire to find chapter and verse, as authority for the statements con-\\ntained in the following- grievances of the Outlanders, can do so by reading two books,\\nFitzpatrick s Transvaal, written by an Irishman, on the anti-Boer side, and Com\\nPaul s People, written by Howard C. Hillegas, exclusively in favor of the Boers and\\navowedly suppressing all statement of any wrongful acts done by the Boers; never-\\ntheless, the worst points against the Boers will be found in Mr. Hillegas book.", "height": "4652", "width": "3051", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "BRITISH AND DUTCH HV SOUTH AFRICA, 15\\nresidents. Every dollar of the wealth now possessed by Mr.\\nKmger, his sons-in-law, his officials, and indeed any part of the\\nTransvaal population, has been produced by these settlers.\\nThe taxes levied annually in the Transvaal have exceeded\\n;?2o,ooo,ooo. Nine-tenths of this amount have been collected\\nfrom the foreign settlers whom Mr. Kruger invited into the\\ncountry.\\nNo appreciable part of these taxes is expended for the benefit\\nof the foreign settlers. If this sum were equally divided among\\nall the Boers it would furnish an annual income of about \u00c2\u00a72,000\\nfor each family, which would pay three times over all their living\\nexpenses.\\nNo such equal division is made, but half these taxes have been\\nspent in making preparation for war, and the other half devoted\\nto the payment of enormous salaries to and jobs for Mr. Kruger,\\nhis sons-in-law, friends, and political supporters. Mr. Kruger\\nhimself has avowedly received \u00c2\u00a735,000 a year salary, while on\\nrepeated occasions sums of \u00c2\u00a715,000 and \u00c2\u00a725,000 have been\\npaid out of taxes for his direct and exclusive benefit, as appears\\nby public records. How much more has been spent without\\npublic record can only be gussed. His son-in-law and private\\nsecretary possesses (so says Mr. Hillegas) a single house costing\\n\u00c2\u00a7259,000, and rolls in wealth besides, as he must, to support such\\na house.\\nThe official records in a Transvaal lawsuit, arising upon a\\nquarrel between two sets of Boer plunderers, show that every Boer\\nofficial worth bribing, including Kruger s son-in-law, received\\nbribes from a Boer railroad company. The amount of each bribe\\nwas set forth in a bill of particulars filed in open court. Not\\none of these men ever denied the receipt of these bribes.\\nThe foreign settlers, exclusively, built Johannesburg a fine\\ntown, with 50,000 inhabitants. They were not merely denied\\nany right to govern that city they were denied any municipal\\ngovernment whatever. This is proved, not only by the explicit\\nstatements of Mr. Hillegas, the American representative of the\\nBoers, but also by a proclamation of Paul Kruger himself dated\\nin January, 1896. Mr. Kruger states that not \u00c2\u00a75 could be ex-\\npended in repairing a road or a bridge without first receiving\\nexpress authority from Pretoria.\\nAs a consequence of this total lack of good government, the\\ndeath rate in Johannesburg has been constantly three or four\\ntimes as great as even in New York. There is no use in com-\\nparing it with ordinary mining camps, because Johannesburg is\\na fine city, built by intelligent and educated men.", "height": "4738", "width": "2930", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "16 BRITISH AND DUTCH IN SOUTH AFRICA,\\nThe foreign settlers in the Transvaal were denied the right to bear\\nany arms, while every male Boer, from sixteen years old upwards,\\nis heavily armed and drilled, at the expense of the foreigners.\\nBy a press law, passed for the avowed object of crushing the\\nforeign settlers, all newspapers were placed at the mercy of\\nPresident Kruger, who can suppress them at his pleasure.\\nBy another law, passed for the same purpose, all meetings of\\nmore than seven persons in the open air are absolutely prohibited,\\nwhile all other meetings can be dissolved in an instant, at the\\ndiscretion of any policeman.\\nAnother law was passed, absolutely prohibiting the presentation\\nby any foreigner of even so much as a petition for redress.\\nWhen Mr. Kruger invited foreigners to settle in the Transvaal\\nfull naturalization could be obtained within two years. After\\nforeigners had^ accepted his invitation he repealed all naturaliza-\\ntion laws, absolutely. Then, under pressure, he restored the laws,\\nbut made the term fourteen years; but any foreigner desiring\\nnaturalization must renounce all protection, even from his own\\nGovernment or the Boer Governmient, for fourteen years, during\\nwhich time he would be a citizen of no country whatever, and\\nhave no rights which any Boer would be bound to respect.\\nDuring these fourteen years he must be ready to serve in the\\nBoer army on twelve hours notice, and he would be frequently\\ncalled upon to serve, without pay, clothing, or even food, which\\nhe must provide for himself. At the end of these fourteen years\\nof degrading humiliation he would not be allowed to vote for any\\noffice worth voting for, unless his bumble petition was approved\\nby two-thirds of his Boer neighbors, by the military chief of his\\ndistrict, and finally by Mr. Kruger himself. Neither would he be\\nallowed to vote, even then, unless he were forty years of age.\\nWhile nearly two-thirds of all persons residing in the Transvaal\\nspoke only the English language, and less than one-third either\\nspoke or could understand the barbarous Boer Dutch, the Boers\\ninsisted that all English-speaking children must take their educa-\\ntion exclusively in Dutch.\\nPresident Kruger resisted the introduction of railroads for\\nyears in order to compel the miners to hire his private ox teams\\nat enormous prices. When finally he did permit railways to be\\nbuilt he granted the privilege exclusively to persons who would\\nagree to give to his relatives a big share of the profits. He\\ngranted monopolies of several indispensable articles of supply to\\nthe mines, with the result of doubling the price at which they\\ncould otherwise have been obtained.\\nNo Roman Catholic or Jew can become naturalized or hold", "height": "4652", "width": "3051", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "BRITISH AND DUTCH IN SOUTH AFRICA, ly\\noffice in the Transvaal, for Law No. 3 of 1894 distinctly provides\\nthat the naturalized citizen, before being admitted to full burgher\\nrights, shall first have been qualified to sit in the second Volksraad,\\none of the conditions of which is that he must be 30 years of age\\nand a member of the Protestant church. It is also hedged about\\nby other provisions, which we need not here specify. Several\\ntimes last summer the Raad was asked to remove these disabilities\\nfrom Catholics and Jews, and it refused to do so.\\nThe whole Transvaal Government was corrupt from top to\\nbottom. No business could be done with them without bribing\\nthe President s sons-in-law and hangers-on.\\nAttempt at Revolution.\\nIn 189s a petition praying for redress, signed by thirty- eight\\nthousand Uitlanders, was presented to the Volksraad, and was\\nrejected with insult and ridicule, one member saying that if the\\nUitlanders wanted any rights they had better fight for them.\\nMany years before, the late Mr. W. Y. Campbell, as spokesman\\nof a deputation from Johannesburg, addressing President Kruger,\\nstated in the course of his remarks that the people of Johannes-\\nburg protested against a certain measure. The President\\njumped up in one of his characteristic moods and said Protest\\nprotest 1 What is the good of protesting? You have not got the\\nguns I have. And Mr. Campbell, in repeating this in Johannes-\\nburg, said You can take my name off any other deputation,\\nfor we ll get nothing for asking. It was such brutal sayings as\\nthis that led to the attempt at revolution by the Outlanders.\\nOn Dec. 26, 1895, a manifesto was issued by the Transvaal\\nNational Union, in which the demands of the Outlanders were\\nstated. The principal demands were The establishment of the\\nRepublic as a true republic a constitution framed by the repre-\\nsentatives of the whole people, which should be safeguarded against\\nhasty alteration an equitable franchise law and the indepen-\\ndence of the courts of justice.\\nHaving remonstrated for many years in vain, and having re-\\nceived frequent promises of reform, which were never kept and\\nwere never meant to be kept, a number of foreign residents, includ-\\ning more Americans, in proportion to their total number, than of\\nany other nationality except British, conspired together to compel\\nthese reforms to be granted, by force of arms. They collected\\nrifles, gunpowder, etc., but never made any use of them and never\\ncommitted any overt act, for, owing to misunderstandings. Dr.\\nJameson, of the British South Africa Company, who with a body\\nof men was on the frontier ready to give aid if fighting were", "height": "4738", "width": "2930", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "1 8 BRITISH AND DUTCH IN SOUTH AFRICA.\\nresorted to, entered the Transvaal with his force before the time\\nappointed, and thus entirely destroyed the plans of the National\\nUnion. The story of the Jameson raid is too long to enter into\\nbut it may be remarked that every effort was made by the High\\nCommissioner and by Cecil Rhodes to recall Jameson before he\\nmet the Boers that the raid was promptly condemned by the\\nBritish authorities and that Dr. Jameson and his officers were\\nsubsequently tried, convicted, and imprisoned by a British court\\nof justice, for violation of the Foreign Enlistments Act.\\nCompare this with the punishment meted out by the United\\nStates against the Fenians captured on their return from the inva-\\nsion of Canada in 1866. Or the annexation of Texas after our\\ncitizens had gone in and dispossessed the Mexicans, and lately\\nalso the annexation of Hawaii after a little handful of American\\ncapitalists had seized the control of that former island kingdom.\\nWe have done with the general national approval more than once\\nwhat we have accused England of doing in the Transvaal.\\nPunishment of the Revolutionists*\\nThe conspiracy being discovered before the conspirators car-\\nried it out, sixty of them, including six Americans, were arrested,\\ncast into an indescribably filthy jail, and informed that unless they\\npleaded guilty they would be all hanged, but that if they did\\nplead guilty they would be let off with fines.\\nBeing brought into court, they were charged with an offence\\nwhich by the express statute law of Boerdom was punishable with\\nnothing more than a short term of imprisonment. Being assured\\nby the Boer prosecuting officers that they would receive no\\ngreater sentence than this, and would be allowed to escape with\\nfines, if they pleaded guilty, they did so plead although, as to\\nmany of them, the offence could never have been legally proved.\\nNo judge then on the bench being quite unscrupulous enough\\nto serve Mr. Kruger s turn, he imported an utterly unscrupulous\\njudge named Gregorowiski. This judge publicly stated that he\\ncame for the express purpose of making it hot for the Outlanders.\\nAfter the prisoners had all pleaded guilty this judge announced\\nthat, as to the four leaders, he should not sentence them under\\nthe statute law, but would resort to the unwritten law of the\\nTransvaal, which prescribed death for such an offence. Accord-\\ningly he sentenced these four (one of whom was a distinguished\\nAmerican, and probably the ablest mining engineer in the world)\\nto death, and all the others to various terms of imprisonment and\\nheavy fines. Their offences were such as could not have been\\npunished in the United States by more than a short term of im-", "height": "4652", "width": "3051", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "BRITISH AISFD DUTCH IN SOUTH AFRICA, 19\\nprisonment or fines not exceeding ^1,000. They neither planned\\nnor desired to become a British colony.\\nEven the Dutch settlers of South Africa being horrified at this\\nsentence, and pouring by hundreds into Pretoria to remonstrate\\nagainst it, Mr. Kruger graciously took the matter into considera-\\ntion, but announced that his religious scruples forbade that he\\nshould commute the death sentence into fines, because such fines\\nwould be the price of blood, and his reverence for his dear\\nLord forbade that he should be less scrupulous than the priests of\\nJerusalem.\\nThe pious Boers therefore informed the prisoners that they\\ncould not be released on the payment of any fines, but that if the\\nprisoners would of their own accord offer to subscribe for\\ncharities sums varying from ^25,000 to 100,000 each, for the\\nleading men, and not less than ^10,000 for anybody, the merciful\\nPresident might be induced to pardon them, without any fines or\\nimprisonment.\\nBoth the British and the American Governments being at that\\ntime too chicken-hearted to intervene in these proceedings, this\\noffer had to be accepted. The American citizens all made heavy\\ncontributions to charity, Mr. John Hays Hammond paying\\n^100,000. No such penalties were ever exacted in the whole\\nhistory of the United States, nor during the last century, in any\\nother civilized country.\\nThese charitable contributions, amounting to about ;?i,ooo,-\\n000 in all, were duly paid over to his Highness Paul Kruger or\\nhis son-in-law. It is needness to say that the charities have\\nnever turned up, although four years have now elapsed since the\\n^1,000,000 was safely deposited under the control of the pious\\nPaul Kruger.\\nBoth the British and the American Governments meekly sub-\\nmitted to these outrages upon their citizens more shame for\\nthem both No wonder that Kruger described both Englishmen\\nand Americans as dogs, who, if they were good, would lick his\\nboots.\\nThe advocates of the Boers in this country assert that these\\nacts have occurred only since the Jameson raid of December,\\n1895. In this there is not one word of truth, except, of course,\\nas to the trial and sentences of the Outlanders. All the other\\nacts of oppression above narrated, and many, many more, were\\ncommitted and persisted in before the Jameson raid occurred or\\nwas ever thought of. In fact, the condition of the Outlanders has\\nbeen distinctly better since the Jameson raid occurred. Although\\nthe raiders were defeated and captured, Mr. Kruger was not", "height": "4738", "width": "2930", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "20 BRITISH AND DUTCH IN SOUTH AFRICA.\\nthereafter quite so confident that the Outlanders would never\\nfight as he had been before. After that raid, and not before, he\\npermitted Johannesburg to have some kind of local government,\\ninsisting, of course, that this government should be absolutely\\nunder the control of his own creatures. Still, it was much better\\nto have a local government of his nomination than to have none\\nat all.\\nThe Outlanders Petition the Queen*\\nAt length, on March 24, 1899, a petition signed by 21,648\\nUitlanders was forwarded by the High Commissioner to Her\\nMajesty, praying that she would intervene to secure just treat-\\nment for the Uitlanders.\\nAfter some correspondence between the two governments, and\\na friendly suggestion from the President of the Orange Free\\nState, a conference was arranged between Sir Alfred Milner, the\\nHigh Commissioner of South Africa, and President Kruger. The\\nconference took place at Bloomfontein, the capital of the Orange\\nFree State, and lasted from May 31 to June 5.\\nSir Alfred Milner then proposed that the franchise should be\\ngranted to every white man who had been five years in the country,\\nand was prepared to take oath to obey the laws, to undertake all\\nthe obligations of citizenship, and to defend the independence of\\nthe country it being understood that by taking such an oath he\\nrenounced his citizenship of any other country. A property\\nqualification and good character were to be conditions. The\\nassertion has been frequently made that Sir Alfred Milner wished\\nto secure the citizenship of the Transvaal for British subjects under\\nconditions which would still allow them to remain British subjects\\nbut there is no foundation for this statement.\\nIn reply to this proposal. President Kruger urged that the\\nUitlanders did not want the franchise, and would not take it on\\nany terms and also, that if he granted Sir Alfred Milner s request\\nthe country would be controlled by foreigners, and all power taken\\nfrom the old burghers, propositions which are mutually de-\\nstructive. But on the third day of the conference President\\nKruger himself presented a new franchise proposal. This was\\npassed by the Volksraad at once, before the British authorities\\nhad any time to examine it. After it was published it appeared\\non its very face so full of intricacies that its effect as a measure\\nof reform was a matter of serious doubt. Under its terms an alien\\ncould apparently secure the franchise in seven years, but the con-\\nditions were so complicated that to fulfill them was impossible.\\nTo give only one example A man who desired the franchise", "height": "4652", "width": "3051", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "BRITISH AND DUTCH IN SOUTH AFRICA. 21\\nmust first signify his intention in writing to tne Field Comet, the\\nLanddrost, and the State Secretary. Two years later he might\\nbecome naturalized (without receiving full burgher rights), pro-\\nvided he produced a certificate, signed by the Field Cornet, the\\nLanddrost, and the Commandant of the district, to the effect that\\nhe had never broken any of the laws of the Republic. If these\\nofficials were not sufficiently well acquainted with the private life\\nof the applicant to grant such a certificate, then a sworn statement\\nto the same effect, signed by two-thirds of his neighbors, must be\\nmade it is then handed to the State Attorney, who should return\\nit with a legal opinion to the State Secretary. If the opinion were\\nfavorable the man might be granted the full franchise if not, the\\nmatter was to be referred to the Executive Council.\\nIn view of the opinion expressed by Sir Alfred Milner and\\nprominent Uitlanders that on the face of it the law appeared\\nalmost unworkable, Mr. Chamberlain telegraphed, asking for the\\nappointment of delegates from the Transvaal and from the British\\nside to discuss the new law, to see if it would as a matter of fact\\neffect the needed reforms. To Mr. Chamberlain s request for a\\njoint inquiry the Transvaal Government sent a reply in which\\nnothing was said about the joint inquiry, but in which a proposal\\nwas made for a new franchise law. The basis of the new proposal\\nwas a five years retrospective franchise. The following condi-\\ntions, which are taken verbatim from the Transvaal Government s\\nofficial translation of its note, were attached The proposals of\\nthis Government regarding questions of franchise and representa-\\ntion must be regarded as expressly conditional on Her Majesty s\\nGovernment consenting to the points set forth in paragraph 5 of\\nthat despatch namely: (a.) In future not to interfere in internal\\naffairs of the South African Republic. Not to insist further\\non its assertion of existence of suzerainty. To agree to\\narbitration. Further, it was explicitly stated by the State Attor-\\nney that these offers could only be understood to stand if Eng-\\nland decided not to press her request for a joint inquiry into the\\npolitical representation of the Uitlanders. There can be no doubt\\nabout this rejection of the joint inquiry, for the draft of the\\ntelegram in which the British agent conveyed the suggestions to\\nSir Alfred Milner was initialled by the State Attorney himself.\\nDeclaration of War against Great Britain*\\nThis was the ultimatum presented to Great Britain by the\\nTransvaal, the non-acceptance of which produced the present\\nwar with the Transvaal and the Orange Free State, who joined the\\nlatter in the declaration of war against Great Britain. The ulti-", "height": "4738", "width": "2930", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "22 BRITISH AND DUTCH IN SOUTH AFRICA,\\nmatum contained also a peremptory demand for Great Britain to\\nwithdraw her troops from South Africa, and recall all those en\\nroute, and to give assurance that no more troops should be landed\\nthere. It was not likely that Great Britain should take this delib-\\nerate insult from President Kruger, and take a back seat among\\nthe nations of the world. England showed a great deal of pa-\\ntience and forbearance, and has resorted to all possible means of\\ndiplomacy during the past few years to avert war, for it was well\\nknown what the consequence would be.\\nIn an address made in the House of Commons on May 8,\\n1896, Mr. Joseph Chamberlain said: A war in South Africa\\nwould be one of the most serious wars that could possibly be\\nwaged. It would be in the nature of a civil war. It would be a\\nlong war, a bitter war, and a costly war.\\nThose in authority at London have foreseen from the first that\\nthe work cut out for them to do was one of tremendous difficulty.\\nThey were aware that for years past the Government of the\\nSouth African Republic had been in the enjoyment of an immense\\nrevenue, and that it had spent this freely in the purchase of\\nmilitary supplies of all kinds. They were aware that, small as\\nthe population of the South African Republic and the Orange\\nFree State might seem to be, the male population from sixteen to\\nseventy years of age could be called upon to a man to take an\\nactive part in the struggle, and that these soldiers were many of\\nthem, through daily experience, the best equipped fighters that\\ncould be found.\\nDisloyalty of the Cape Dutch*\\nThe half-hearted loyalty of the Cape Dutch led by President\\nSchreiner also caused much concern in England, for there has\\nbeen no question of the feeling of the Dutch. On that point an\\nold South African resident said recently The stories of Dutch\\ndisaffection are in no way exaggerated. The Dutch are bitterly\\nhostile to the imperial authority. They are a sullen, silent,\\nsecret people, who have been plotting for twenty or thirty years\\nagainst the British. It has been the dream of the Afrikanders\\nto turn the whole of South Africa into a Dutch repubUc, in\\nwhich all of British nationaHty would be reduced to the position\\nof political helots, like the Outlanders of the Transvaal. The\\nonly question has been whether matters of policy and awe of\\nthe British would not hold them in check. That seems to be\\nin a fair way to be answered by the people themselves, for the\\nburghers of the Cape appear to be sending their young men\\ninto the field, while the old men craftily stay at home with a pre-", "height": "4652", "width": "3051", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "BRITISH AND DUTCH lAT SOUTH AFRICA, 23\\ntence of loyalty, designed to stave off confiscation of property in\\nthe event of British success.\\nThe Future Existence of the Eqipire at Stake*\\nIt will be asked, if this is the case, if the English Government\\nwas aware that it would have to sacrifice the lives of so many of\\nits soldiers, and go to such an expense, why it did not make\\nsome satisfactory compromise. The reply to this would be that\\nthe Government realized that the future of the British Empire was\\nweighing in the Boer balance. The Transvaal was a country\\nover which England exercised, by treaty, suzerain powers. The\\nPretoria Convention and the subsequent London Convention gave\\nto the English the right to live, travel, trade, and possess prop-\\nerty in the Republic, and when the anomalous condition presented\\nitself of a community, chiefly of Englishmen, living in the Trans-\\nvaal, larger in numbers than the Boers themselves, but deprived,\\nthrough the political instrumentality of the latter, of civil rights\\nand social opportunities that are ordinarily accorded, while at\\nthe same time called upon to pay more than nine-tenths of all\\nthe taxes, when these conditions were presented and an appeal\\nmade for aid to the Imperial Government, and that Government\\nfound itself helpless to secure results through peaceful measures,\\nthen it became a question whether in any part of the world the\\ntreaty rights of an Englishman would be worth anything if the\\nGovernment failed to enforce them in this instance.\\nThe British Empire rests, as the Roman Empire did, upon pre-\\nrogatives of citizenship, and if the English Government is not\\nwiUing to support these, no matter what the cost may be, then it\\nonly becomes a question of time, and that a relatively brief time,\\nwhen the prestige of the Empire will suffer a fatal eclipse. The\\nprice to be paid in this instance may be a high one, but it is one\\nwhich had to be paid.\\nThe Conunencement of the W^ar*\\nIt was, furthermore, recognized that the war would at the outset\\ngive advantages to the Boers. They have been quietly preparing\\nfor it for months past, and when the short term laid down in the\\nultimatum of President Krager ended they were ready to send\\nan overwhelming force across the border. Probably the rela-\\ntively small English force that was opposed to them held its own\\nquite as well as could have been expected. There was, naturally,\\ngreat impatience among the English people at the seeming delay\\nin beginning active and aggressive operations after a large force\\nof English soldiers had been landed in South Africa. It was this", "height": "4738", "width": "2930", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "24 BRITISH AND DUTCH IN SOUTH AFRICA.\\nfeeling that induced the British generals to advance against the\\nimpregnable Boer positions, and led to the late disastrous re-\\nverses to the British troops.\\nThe preliminary stages of the war, those in which the Boers\\nwere at their best, have now practically come to an end. From\\nthis time forward there is to be hard, desperate fighting. It\\nmay be that England has fresh reverses to meet, for the Boers,\\noperating upon interior lines, have, strategically considered, many\\nadvantages which the English do not possess, and they can, more-\\nover, mass their troops at this point or that with a celerity which\\nthe English cannot hope to equal. But the final result is no\\nmore in doubt now than it was when the war was declared. Even\\nif it requires the despatch of another, or still another force to South\\nAfrica equal to that which has been already sent, the sacrifice\\nmust be made. The imperial system of England is at stake, and\\nshe cannot afford on this question to lower her standard.\\nForeign Intervention*\\nThe suggestion has been made by several newspapers of con-\\ntinental Europe that the time is approaching when it may be\\nnecessary for one or more of the great powers to intervene in the\\nwar now going on in South Africa, for the purpose of putting an\\nend to this exceedingly bloody contest. Unfortunately, this war\\nis one which does not lend itself to this form of arrest. It par-\\ntakes in certain features of the nature of a civil war, an effort on\\nthe part of a semi-independent State to throw off the political\\nconnections which bind it to another. In certain respects it\\nresembles the contest carried on by the Federal Government\\nagainst the Southern Confederacy, a contest in which, if interfer\\nence had been attempted, we should have looked upon the power\\npresuming to interfere as an enemy, and would have had no hesi-\\ntancy in making such action the occasion [far a declaration of\\nwar. The reason for such action on our part would not have\\nbeen our desire to fight, or to needlessly prolong a struggle,\\nbut a keen realization that, if we did not carry the war to a\\nthoroughly successful conclusion, it meant the dismemberment\\nof the United States and the impairment of our standing in the\\nworld as a great, growing, and prosperous nation.\\nGreat Britain is, however, now embarked in this contest, and\\nfor her own future standing as a nation must not only carry it to\\nan end, but must end it in a way that leaves her unquestionably\\nin entire control of the situation.\\nShe cannot afford, any more than we could, to tolerate or\\npermit of interference. The nation or nations that took it upon", "height": "4652", "width": "3051", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "BRITISH AND DUTCH IJV SOUTH AFRICA, 25\\nthemselves to thus act would need to be held by her as enemies,\\nand to be proceeded against as such.\\nWhat the Success of the Boers would Mean to Great Britain.\\nThe only outcome of intervention would be an enforced\\nacknowledgment that the Boers were to be independent, and\\nthat they were to have the dominant power in South Africa,\\nseparating the British possessions at the Cape of Good Hope\\ncompletely from those the English hold in central and northern\\nAfrica. This, so far as England is concerned, would be but the\\nbeginning of the end.\\nFollowing on such an enforced peace would be an uprising in\\nIndia, artfully encouraged by Russian influences, and affording\\nRussia an opportunity to come in as the apparent friend and\\nsympathizer of the Indian people. Besides this, an inroad would\\nbe instantly made by covetous European nations upon Egypt and\\nsuch other colonial possessions as England has which are not\\nheld by a self-governing people. With these latter, such, for\\nexample, as Canada and Australia, independence would probably\\nprove necessar} in order to avoid the complications which might\\nfollow the downfall of the imperial strength of Great Britain.\\nAgainst such an outcome the EngHsh are compelled to offer\\nthe most strenuous resistance, and unquestionably this is what\\nthey will do. So seriously would our trade interests all over the\\nworld suffer by a reversal which deprived Great Britain of the\\nposition she now holds that we could well afford not only to pro-\\ntest against such intervention, but to offer our assistance in pre-\\nventing it. The downfall of England would not only mean to\\nthe United States the loss of hundreds of millions of dollars of\\nannual trade, but it would mean the closing up, once and forever,\\nof those opportunities for an enormous enlargement of our\\ntrade which at present appear so alluring and promising. What-\\never may be our sentiments and prejudices, so far as our foreign\\ntrade is concerned, we are indissolubly bound up with the well-\\nbeing of the United Kingdom and the development through all\\ndistant parts of the world of English trade policy. It would be\\ngreatly to our advantage if the war now going on could be\\nbrought to a prompt conclusion by the success of England. This\\nmay not be possible, that is, it may drag on for months to come,\\nbut it ought to be realized, particularly in this country, that it\\ncan have but one end, and hence the longer it is continued, the\\ngreater the waste of human life on both sides, with the more\\ncomplete destruction of the Boers, whose bravery and military skill\\nentitle them to a happier fate. than that of dying in the last ditch.", "height": "4738", "width": "2930", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "26 BRITISH AND DUTCH lAT SOUTH AFRICA,\\nGreat Britain will not Tolerate any Interference*\\nThere are, without doubt, many people in this country who are\\nheartily in accord with Senator Mason s views on the war in South\\nAfrica, and such views are not unnatural. It should be remem-\\nbered, however, that how legitimate soever private sympathy may\\nbe, a public expression of such sentiments by the legislative\\nbranch of the United States Government would be a grave breach\\nof international courtesy and a disavowal of the strict neutrality\\nwhich it has been announced this country would maintain.\\nWith our army engaged in suppressing the FiHpinos, and with\\nPorto Rico in the process of benevolent assimilation, advice to\\nGreat Britain with respect to her treatment of the Boers comes\\nwith very bad grace. To assume to denounce Great Britain s\\naction in South Africa would be a grave and uncalled-for bit of\\nimpertinence on our part. England would have had just as much\\nright to find fault with our making war on Spain because Spain\\nwas a monarchy as we have to find fault with England for making\\nwar on the Transvaal because that country is a republic.\\nWe went to war with Mexico fifty years ago to assist the Texas\\nOutlanders in their war of independence against Mexico.\\nWe went to war with Spain because she was harassing her own\\npeople.\\nSam Adams said that taxation without representation was\\ntyranny. The British are fighting that the Outlanders may have\\nequal rights and equal representation, which is denied them by the\\nBoers.\\nHow Holland Lost Belgium,\\nHistory is repeating itself again. The Dutch are doing pre-\\ncisely the same thing in South Africa that they did in Belgium,\\nand which lost them that country. The population of Belgium in\\n1830 was 4,000,000, that of Holland, 2,500,000. The debt of\\nBelgium was 4,000,000 florins, that of Holland, 1,200,000,000\\nflorins. Holland would not allow Belgium equal representation\\nand obliged her to pay one-half of the debt, and would not allow the\\nuse of the French language in the courts. Government offices, and\\nschools, Belgium being one-half French-speaking. The result\\nwas the Revolution of 1834, in which Holland lost Belgium. This\\nis the same spirit that is shown by the Dutch in the Transvaal\\nagainst the Outlanders.\\nConsequences of the Boer War,\\nWith regard to the other and more probable issue of the war,\\ni.e., that the English are victorious all along the line, that the", "height": "4652", "width": "3051", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "BRITISH AND DUTCH TAT SOUTH AFRICA. 27\\npretensions of the ^Afrikander nation* are abated, the first\\nconsequence in order of importance, though not in sequence of\\ntime, will be the federation of the South African States under the\\nBritish flag. For at least three years after the conclusion of the\\nwar the Transvaal and the Orange Free State will probably be\\ngoverned as an absolute crown colony under military occupation,\\nwith an elective sanitary, municipal, and educational system for\\nJohannesburg and the Rand. The passions aroused by the pres-\\nent contest are too violent to be subdued until the Boers have\\nexperienced for a few years the effect of British justice and integ-\\nrity in dealing with a brave but conquered people. After Pre-\\ntoria and Johannesburg are occupied, and equal rights for all\\nwhite men south of the Zambesi have been won by British arms,\\na period for healing will be necessary before constitutional gov-\\nernment can be safely intrusted to an Outlander and Boer popu-\\nlation, whose position will have become reversed after the de-\\nstruction of the forts at Pretoria and the Rand and the disarma-\\nment of the Boer levies. British statesmen recognize that if the\\nfight with the Boers is fought to a finish that Boers and British\\nwill be compelled to live side by side for all time, and that there-\\nfore the settlement must be one that is strictly just to the Dutch\\npopulation.\\nThe fundamental conditions, therefore, that will govern the\\npermanent settlement of South Africa by the English Cabinet are,\\nfirstly, that British and Boers must live side by side and secondly,\\nthat the disarmament of the Boer inhabitants of the two republics\\nmust be so complete and effective that there shall be no risk of\\nrebelHon after the retirement of the British troops.\\nG)nfedefation of South Africa*\\nConfederation under the British flag will immensely simplify\\nthe political and economic problems of South Africa. Firstly,\\nits foreign poHcy will become the policy of the British Empire.\\nThe new African Federation has as neighbors two foreign States,\\nPortugal and Germany, and the extinction of the Boer diplomat.\\nDr. Leyds, and his mischievous activity in Lisbon and Berlin,\\nwill not be the smallest of the many benefits that will accrue to\\nthe world from the federation of the African States.\\nThe federation of South Africa will settle many questions long\\noutstanding, as well as bring others, now dormant, upon the stage\\nof practical politics. Among the advantages of the open door in\\nAfrica will be the administrative economies that will follow the\\nunion of the various members of the African State. The removal\\nof the customs control from five separate and competitive sys-", "height": "4738", "width": "2930", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "28 BRITISH AND DUTCH IIV SOUTH AFRICA.\\ntems, and their concentration under one head, will lighten taxa-\\ntion, increase revenue, and improve trade, in which Americans\\nwill largely participate. Railway administration, under one board\\nof control, honestly and skilfully conducted, will revolutionize the\\nconditions under which commerce is now carried on, and the de-\\nvelopment of the country will receive a much-needed stimulus.\\nDevelopment of the Country,\\nThe absence of navigable rivers, and of mountains with a snow-\\nline, renders the formation of an irrigation department in South\\nAfrica, on Anglo- Egyptian lines, highly desirable, if not absolutely\\nnecessary. The Transvaal has 22,000 farms, but imports most of\\nthe food consumed. Facihties for food production exist. Catch-\\nment areas abound throughout the Cape and the republics, where\\nrainfall can be stored. The passing of a scab act, universal and\\ncompulsory, will bear fruit in the improved quality of merino wool\\nand in the prosperity of the Dutch farming population. The\\nestablishment of regulations for dealing with phylloxera in the\\nwine districts will effect a revolution in the manufacture and\\nquality of the wine now grown at the Cape. The enactment of\\nan excise law throughout South Africa will redeem the Cape\\nColony from the stigma of being the only civilized Government\\nin the world that debauches its population by untaxed brandy and\\nimpoverishes it by dear bread. The appointment of one post-\\nmaster-general for the whole of South Africa will add to domestic\\nhappiness and business prosperity. One system of internal de-\\nfence against the blacks is a measure that has long been required\\nin the interests of both races of white men.\\nGreat Immigration and Prosperity,\\nThese measures, while leaving to each member of the federation\\ncomplete control over all matters not specifically entrusted to the\\nfederal executive, would be followed by such a period of prosperity\\nthat tens and even hundreds of thousands of immigrants from\\nGreat Britain and Ireland, and the United States, would find\\nlucrative occupation and happy homes. The natural wealth of\\nthe Transvaal is not yet scratched. Coal and iron measures of the\\nfinest quahty exist in close proximity to Johannesburg. After\\nthe seventy or eighty years of Hfe for the gold mines, which is\\nadmitted by experts to be the probable limit of the present mines,\\nthe manufacturing potentialities of Southern Africa are almost\\nboundless. The climate is magnificent, and when race politics\\nare killed with the war, there is little reason to doubt that Cape\\nTown will rival Melbourne in wealth and population.", "height": "4652", "width": "3051", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "BRITISH AND DUTCH IN SOUTH AFRICA, 29\\nOpinions of Prominent Clergymen^\\nExtracts from a sermon delivered by Mtnot J, Savage at the\\nChurch of the Messiah, New York, Dec. 22, i8gg\\nFirst let me address myself for a moment to a certain natural\\nfeeling of irritation and hostility on the part of Americans as\\nagainst the average Englishmen for it certainly does exist. I\\nmeet it everywhere. We look back and remember the great\\nstruggle of 1776; and we are apt to think that England is our\\nhereditary foe, because of the strife, so bitter and so prolonged,\\nat that time.\\nWas it England fighting America in such a sense that we ought\\nto lay up any slightest feeling of enmity from that far-away time\\nDid you ever think if you have not, I beg to impress it upon\\nyou, so you will never forget it again that the thing we fought\\nfor in 1776 was an outright gift to us on the part of England?\\nDid the Puritans, the Pilgrims, the Cavaliers, and their descend-\\nants, originate one single idea of liberty for which we fought\\nagainst King George No. Englishmen originated them\\nevery one. From the days of King John, the barons, and Magna\\nCharta, down to the magnificent history of the men who stood for\\nmanhood rights against kingly prerogative, Cromwell, Milton, every\\none of them, fought and wrought out at the cost of their lives the\\nliberty for which we fought in Boston, for which Washington gave\\nhis noblest and highest devotion. It was not a warfare between\\nthe colonists and England Pitt and his compeers represented\\nthe heart of England. We fought kingly prerogative such as\\nCromwell fought. It was the last pretence of the divine right of\\nkings in Lord North and George III. It was these things that\\nwere fighting liberty, not only in the colonies, but at home and\\nevery particle of liberty which we started with as a young nation,\\nand which we have developed and enriched and enlarged, is the\\ngift of magnificent England. Never forget that. But for Eng-\\nland we should not have had these ideas of liberty that have been\\nthe glory of our own land.\\nEngland to-day has no single advantage over any other\\ncountry on the face of the earth in any one of her colonies except\\nthat which is based on kinship and mutual consideration and the\\nskill of England in the matters of trade. The ports of these\\ncolonies are as free to us, as free to France, as free to Russia, as\\nfree to Turkey, as they are to the mother-country itself.\\nWhat is the poHcy of England in India to-day The old\\nrajahs, the petty kings, robbed the people, ground them down to\\nthe very last limit of the possibility of life. Why To build", "height": "4738", "width": "2930", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "30 BRITISH AND DUTCH IN SOUTH AFRICA.\\npalaces and monuments and expensive harems which they decor-\\nated and kept for their own pleasure. What has England done\\nin India She has not taken a dollar from India for her own\\nbehoof. The taxes of India are used in India and for the benefit\\nof India and it has been unspeakably blessed and benefited in\\nevery conceivable way by English occupation.\\nI do not care what led England there in the first place. I\\nhave neither time nor inclination to raise the question, or try\\nto answer it, as to what has taken England to any part of the\\nglobe but I challenge contradiction to this statement There is\\nnot a spot on earth to-day where England s foot is placed that\\nwould not be unspeakably worse to-morrow if that foot were lifted\\nand taken away. Not one step has England taken around the\\nworld that has not meant the uplift of humanity, finer and higher\\nreligion, education, industrial advance, opportunity for liberty,\\njust as fast as the people were fit for it, unspeakable blessing\\nto all the people involved.\\nWhere, then, should our sympathies be At the very outset,\\nwhatever the problem that comes up, should they not be with\\nEngland\\nLet us now for a moment glance at the condition of things\\nin South Africa. We are sometimes told that England is simply\\ngrabbing for new possessions there, for mines and money and\\npower, as she has done in other parts of the world.\\nI do not claim to know the ins and outs of the problems in\\nSouth Africa, but I understand the situation to be something like\\nthis The Boers had possession of this country, supposed to be\\nsimply an agricultural country and they were leading the lives\\nof farming people. It was discovered to be immensely rich in\\nmines and wealth of every kind and, naturally, people from all\\nover the world flocked in there. Have the Boers a right to keep\\neverybody else out a right, if it be one, that no nation on the\\nface of the earth ever conceded even if claimed? We made no\\nsuch claim in regard to California or to any of our possessions.\\nWhat is the result EngHshmen went in every day, until there\\nwere more Outlanders than there were Boers. And the Boer\\nGovernment promised them certain rights and privileges which\\nthey did not concede. They made promises which they never\\nkept. One of their rules was that an EngUshman must be a\\nresident fifteen years before he could vote. He might be taxed\\nand harried and hampered the first year he is there. He must\\nget out a paper, or a pass, I think it is every six months, or\\nvery frequently, before he can travel from one part of the\\ncountry to another. In other words, he is hampered, harried,", "height": "4652", "width": "3051", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "BRITISH AND DUTCH lAT SOUTH AFRICA, 31\\nand taxed at every turn, and has no voice whatever in the Gov-\\nernment that claims thus to dominate and rule.\\nWould we bear it? I trow not. Out of this condition of\\nthings has come the irritation that has burst forth into war. And\\nnaturally it seems to me, I believe inevitably and I believe that\\nat every point the English have been right. That is, every point\\nof importance. I do not say there have not been individual\\nwrongs, grievances, irritations. But the contention of England\\nthe main contention I believe to be righteous contention.\\nAnd when England wins, as she will, it will mean not oppression\\nto the Boers, not even the kind of oppression they have exercised\\nover the English. It will mean liberty, education, enlightenment.\\nIt will mean every good thing for the people concerned, whether\\nthey be British or Boers.\\nThis is my view, the most intelligent one I have been able to\\ngain of the English situation in South Africa.\\nI believe, friends, that a disaster to England would be the\\ngreatest world calamity that could be conceived, next to the\\ndestruction of our own republic. England is fighting as against\\nRussia in China for what For English advantages No. For\\nthe advantage of civilization. She is fighting for open ports,\\nfor liberty. She is fighting to keep the Czar from absorbing\\nChina and for the sake of the world. She is not taking a single\\nadvantage in any Chinese port that is not open to us after her on\\nthe same terms, while she perhaps has paid the bills in blood\\nand pounds for the achievement.\\nI believe that, if worst came to worst, and there was a war\\nbetween Russia and England in the East for the two world ideals\\nwhich they represent, I believe America would owe it as the\\nhighest duty to God and man to place every ship, every gun,\\nevery dollar she possessed, at the back of and beside England\\n[applause] not for the advantage of America, not for the advan-\\ntage of England, but for God and for man and duty. I will\\nsay nothing as to our debt to England for her silent but no less\\npotent friendship a year ago. I speak of higher interests and of\\nworld-wide obligations.\\nGod forefend, God grant that there may be no meddling on\\nthe part of France or Russia until England settles the problem\\nwhich she has on her hands to-day But did I wield the power\\nof this nation, and such meddling came, I would say, Hands off 1\\nto any DOwer on the globe.\\nEngland and America are one at heart, one in religion, one\\nin interest, one in ideals, one in hopes and we must be one in\\neither defeat or triumph.", "height": "4738", "width": "2930", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "32 BRITISH AXD DUTCH IN SOUTH AFRICA.\\nLetter from a Son of tlie Rev. H\u00c2\u00ab ?L EKigmore, a well-known\\nMinister in South Africa*\\nWe are now paying the penalty of the huge blunder of 1881.\\nWe earnestly hope that this time the eyes of our friends in Eng-\\nland have been opened, and they will see clearly that one of two\\nthings must be either the whole country from Cape Town to\\nthe Zambesi must come under the British flag, or that flag must\\nforever cease to be, in this southern land, the emblem of freedom,\\ntruth, and honor, and the guarantee for equal rights, liberty, and\\njustice to all. We all owe a debt of everlasting gratitude to Sir\\nAlfred Milner, whose keen insight and clear judgment so quickly\\nenabled him to grasp the true fact5 of the situation, and whose\\nstrong will has enabled him to bring about now what would in-\\nevitably have come the moment England had become involved in\\nany difficulty in some other quarter.\\nFor years it has been Paul Elruger s dream that the South\\nAfrican Republic (mark the significance of the name) should\\nabsorb the other States and colonies, and South Africa be the\\nbirthplace of the Afrikander nation. The millions poured into\\nhis treasur} brought him the means of furthering his object, and\\nmoney has been lavishly spent on armaments on a scale to arm not\\nonly his own burghers, but ever} Dutchman in South Africa who\\ncould be seduced from his lawful allegiance and got to join in\\nthe anibi^i ous schemes of this would-be dictator.\\nYou \\\\A not wonder that the reading of the speeches in the\\npapers now being received here, delivered a fortnight or three\\nweeks ago by liberal leaders like Sir William Harcourt and others,\\nshould make loyal colonists curse the very name of Liberal were\\nthe scale not more than turned by the utterances of other Liberals\\nlike Lord Rosebery and Sir Edward Grey. The Boers have\\ntranslated and are circulating Sir William Harcourt s speeches\\namong the colonial Dutch in order to induce them to rebel against\\nthe Queen and join them.\\nI have lived all my life in this colony, and have many friends\\namongst the colonial Dutch, many of whom have during the last two\\nweeks come to me for advice as to what they should do if the\\nFree State commandos came and commandeered them. I have\\nbeen closely watching the course of events for years, and I fully\\nindorse the opinion expressed by Theo. Schreiner, that this war was\\ninevitable, and that the aims of Paul Kruger, Reitz, Steyn, and\\nothers were to oust the British flag, and establish an Afrikander\\nnation in South Africa. Thank God their hands have been forced\\nand the struggle has been precipitated before it was too late.", "height": "4652", "width": "3051", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4738", "width": "2930", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\n019 920 584 5", "height": "4652", "width": "3051", "jp2-path": "britishdutchinso00star_0036.jp2"}}