{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2924", "width": "1724", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "A\\no-", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "-V k Jen *t\\nV V V\\nA Ch", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "I). H. CHURCH.", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "THE EVOLUTION\\nAUTOMATIC MACHINERY\\nAS APPLIED TO\\nTHE MANlirftCTURE OF WATCH IIS\\nAT WALTHAM, MASS., BY\\nTHE RMEBICflN WALTHAN WATCH COMPANY\\nftY E! A. MARSH\\nWITH HALE-TONE ILLUSTBATIorLS.\\nCHICAGO:\\nGeo. K. Ha/.litt Co., Publishers.\\n1896.\\nV.", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "TWO COPIES RECEIVED,\\nOffice o f th\u00c2\u00ab\\nJAN? 6 1900\\nRegister of Copyright*.\\n54224\\nCopyrighted by\\nGeo. K. Hazlitt Co.\\nI S. i.\\nSECOND COPY,", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "PREEACE.\\nAn apology, to possess its highest value to all parties\\nconcerned, ought to be both prompt and unsolicited.\\nThe writer of the following pages desires, therefore, to\\napologize in advance for the short-comings and imperfec-\\ntions which may be found in this briel review of some oj\\nthe steps of mechanical progress in the manufacture oi\\nwatches on the American System. The work of prepar-\\ning this brief history was performed in connection with\\nthe every-day factory duties of the writer and. therefore,\\nsubject to frequent interruptions and delays. It was not\\nexpected that it would be embodied in any more perma-\\nnent form than in the columns of the monthly trade jour-\\nnal for which it was written.\\nE. A. MARSH.\\nWaltham, Ma February, iSgb.", "height": "2819", "width": "1724", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION.\\nAs mankind develop in intelligence and culture, their\\nwants become more numerous and varied and their\\nrequirements more exacting. The supply of one want\\nbut briefly anticipates the creation of a new one. which\\nin turn demands satisfaction, so that the great and grow-\\ning business of the world seems to be to supply its vari-\\nous wants. To a certain extent this supplv business pos-\\nsesses the nature of a barter, in that it is an exchange of\\ncommodities, not always a direct exchange, indeed, it\\nseldom is so simple a matter as that, yet in an indirect\\nway all business as such is simplv a channel through\\nwhich the multitudinous wants of mankind find their sup-\\nply. As the great majority of people have certain wants\\nin common, the matter of providing an adequate supplv\\nbecomes very important, and calls for special means or\\nagencies through which to work, so that it follows that\\nthe better the means of supplv the cheaper can be the\\nsupply obtained and the want satisfied. So that it is by\\nno means an indication of laziness or indolence in an\\nindividual if he uses his brains in devising an easier, or\\n7", "height": "2819", "width": "1724", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "b INTRODUCTION.\\nquicker, or cheaper, or better method of performing his\\nwork. On the contrary, it will in many or in most cases\\nprove quite the contrary fact.\\nIt is one of the inherent conditions of human nature,\\nespecially of physical nature, that it is susceptible to\\nfatigue. It is also a fact that a condition of weariness is\\nnot conducive to the attainment of the highest results,\\neither in quantity or quality of work produced. If one\\nof the qualities demanded in any certain kind of work\\nbe the highest attainable degree of uniformity, it will be\\nreadily admitted that the individual workmen, with the\\ncertainty of constantly recurring periods of fatigue,\\nwhich make imperative corresponding periods of rest, is\\nat a great disadvantage when in competition with an\\nimpersonal and tireless machine which is capable of pro-\\nducing work of a like kind. The man gets tired, or\\nnervous, or is not feeling well, or is inattentive, or care-\\nless and indifferent. The machine has no such weak-\\nnesses, and though its work is not held up to the stand-\\nard quality by any domination of its own conscience, yet\\nits mechanical functions are so invariably exercised that\\nits product of work will surpass that of its human\\ncompetitor, not alone in quantity, but in exact uni-\\nformity as well. How much better then is a man than a\\nmachine? Within certain limits the machine is the", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION.\\nbetter, for the reasons already stated. Still, the powers\\nor capabilities of the machine are limited to a very nar-\\nrow compass, i. e.. it can perform the particular duty\\nfor which it was made, whereas the man. the human\\nmachine, is capable of adaptation to the performance of\\nof a great variety of duties. But within the field of its\\ncapacity the properly designed and zvell made machine will\\noutstrip the man. Especially will this fact be apparent\\nin the production of articles which from their nature\\ndemand the exercise of special skill and unremitting care\\nand attention in their fabrication. Work of such nature\\ncalls for a great degree of nervous strain on the individ-\\nual engaged in producing it. The expenditure of nerv-\\nous energy entails fatigue, which in turn reduces the\\nability to exercise the needful skill or to concentrate the\\noperator s attention, and a lessened quantity and inferior\\nquality of product results.\\nIf it is desired to produce large numbers of articles\\nwhich shall be substantially alike, and which are com-\\nposed of a variety of parts, it is evident that economy in\\nproduction will be best secured by a subdivision of the\\nlabor, by which large numbers of similar parts shall be\\nproduced bv the same workman. It is also evident that\\nif the large number of required pieces whose function is\\nthe same, can be made with dimensions exactlv uniform.", "height": "2819", "width": "1724", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "IO INTRODUCTION.\\nthere will result a great reduction in cost of manufacture\\nbecause of the avoidance of any individual or special fit-\\nting of the various parts.\\nSuch a system of manufacture has within the last fifty\\nyears come into very general adoption in all extensive\\nconcerns, and from what has been said, it will be evident\\nthat its success must depend upon the adoption of\\nmachines, and the comparatively small amount of individ-\\nual skill demanded. So far as is known to the writer,\\nthe most complete and comprehensive system of manu-\\nfacturing on the interchangeable system, in its earlier\\nyears, was introduced by the United States Government\\nfor the manufacture of army muskets, at the United\\nStates Armory at Springfield, Mass. Credit for a large\\nshare of the mechanical excellence of that system, and\\nfor the invention of many of the ingenious machines then\\nand still in use for that work, belongs to the then master\\nmechanic at the armory, Cyrus Buckland. One of the\\ninterested students and great admirers of that ingenious\\nmechanism in those early days was a young Boston\\nwatchmaker named Dennison. who was convinced that\\nby the construction of suitable machines it would be not\\nonly possible but entirely practicable to manufacture the\\ndelicate mechanism of the pocket watch on the inter-\\nchangeable system; and feeling that such a scheme was", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION. 1 1\\nfeasible and might be made to yield a good manufactur-\\ning profit, he endeavored to establish a watch factory, to\\nbe conducted on that system of manufacturing After\\nyears of delay he succeeded in organizing a company\\nand in beginning the work of preparation. As his plan\\nwas to substitute machinery for skilled labor to a large\\ndegree, it was of course needful to design and build the\\nspecial machines required. The field was new: experi-\\nence could afford little assistance; money was by no\\nmeans plentiful, and it was therefore needful to proceed\\nwith caution, so that expensive mistakes might be\\navoided. It was. moreover, an uncertain matter as to\\nthe magnitude of the business to be done, assuming that\\nthe new manufacturing system should prove successful.\\nIt is no detraction from the ability or the ingenuity of\\nthe original mechanics of the watch factory that they did\\nnot at that early date attempt the use of elaborate and\\ncomplicated machines, such as we now have in use.\\nSuch an attempt at that time might indeed have given\\nevidence of inventive or mechanical ability, but it would\\nalso have been an indication of poor business judgment,\\nand would have been a waste of the little money then\\navailable. Large capital is an absolute necessity in the\\nmanufacture and employment of automatic watch\\nmachinery to any general extent, and in this branch of", "height": "2819", "width": "1724", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "12 INTRODUCTION.\\nbusiness, as well as in almost all others, the larger con-\\ncerns possess this great advantage over their smaller\\ncompetitors.\\nIf it were possible, it would be interesting to review\\nthe various forms of machines which have successively\\nbeen used in watch making on the American svstem;\\nwhich system, as has been suggested, consists in making-\\nlarge numbers of pieces of exactly uniform dimensions,\\nso that they may be used interchangeably. As the onlv\\npractical means of such manufacture, the system pro-\\nposed and demanded special machines for the perform-\\nance of the work, not only for the sake of economy, but\\nalso to do away with necessity for special skill in the\\nindividual workman. Such a review is. however,\\nimpossible. Most of the discarded or displaced machines\\nhave been destroyed. But of those which remain we\\nmay make a brief study, sufficient we trust to note the\\ndirection and path of progress in the evolution of the\\nmore complicated and costly machines now in use.", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION Or AUTOMATIC MACHINEPV.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nIn the review of machinery employed in watch mak-\\ning, it will be both natural and proper to consider, in the\\nfirst place, the machines employed in the production of\\nthe plates. Of course the great bulk of the work on\\nthe plates is in the nature of turning, which involves the\\nuse of special chucks, and to a certain extent, of special\\nlathes also. By the death of the late Ambrose Webster.\\nthe writer is deprived of an authority in certain matters\\nof historical nature, for Mr. Webster was, during some\\nof the early years of the Waltham factory, immediately\\nengaged in the making of tools and machinery, and was\\nwell informed as to the origin of some of the foundation\\ndevices which have been universally adopted in Amer-\\nican watch factories, and which by their evident value\\nhave also commended themselves to the attention of\\nmanufacturers in other lines. One of those primary\\ndevices, and perhaps the most important, is that of the\\ndraw-in chuck. so called from the method of its", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "H\\nEVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\noperation, it being caused to grasp the enclosed object\\nby being drawn into the tapering mouth of the lathe\\nspindle. It is also known as the split chuck, from\\nthe form of its construction. Probably the oldest form\\nof such chuck is found in the Aiken s awl, (Fig. i)\\nwhich is still in use in the\\nhollow awl handle, rilled\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^b WB with an assortment of awls\\nm y\\n^k if- and other simple tools. This\\nawl handle is constructed\\nwith a sleeve or socket, the\\nmouth of which is bevelled\\nor tapered, and the inner\\nend tapped with a screw\\nthread. The chuck, at its\\ninner end, is threaded, while\\nits outer end is bevelled to\\ncorrespond with the socket which receives it. The\\nprojecting part is made square, to fit an accompanying\\nwrench, and the chuck being split nearly to the inner\\nend, forms two jaws which grasp the tool as the chuck\\nis screwed in. It is not now known whether in origin-\\nally adapting this chuck to watchmaking lathes, the\\nprojecting squared portion was retained, though it is\\nbelieved that it was so retained for a time, but was\\nFig. i.", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY. 1 5\\nsucceeded by a solid rod or screw which extended\\nthrough the axis of the lathe spindle and was operated\\nby some sort of wrench applied to its outer end. This\\nform of construction naturally suggested the use of a\\npermanent handle, i. e.. the hand wheel which is\\nnow in universal use. Still later the solid rod was suc-\\nceeded by a hollow one. and the form of the closing\\nchuck modified, until there was evolved the spring-\\nchuck and draw-in spindle, as now used in all watch-\\nmaker s lathes. Credit for the latter stage of improve-\\nment doubtless belongs to Mr. C. S. Moseley, who intro-\\nduced it while the original of the Waltham watch\\nfactory was located in Roxbury, Mass.\\nWithout doubt the early form of this split (or spring\\nchuck was used for holding wire, or small pieces of\\ncylindrical form, but later the outer end of the chuck\\nwas enlarged, so as to hold the round discs of brass used\\nfor plates and wheels. But for holding work to be\\nturned on its face, and which it was desired to duplicate\\nor multiply in large numbers, and of exact and uniform\\nthickness, the draw-in chuck possessed an inherent\\nimperfection. If. in operating upon a succession of\\npieces, which it was desired to have of uniform thick-\\nness, one piece should be a little larger than another,\\nthe chuck could not be drawn into the taper mouth of", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "1 6 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nthe spindle to the extent which the smaller pieces\\nwould allow, consequently the larger pieces would be\\nturned thinner than the smaller ones. A similar effect\\nwould be produced by unduly straining the draw-in\\nspindle. To overcome this inherent fault, some one\\n(probably Moseley). very ingeniously modified the\\nconstruction of the lathe so that the chuck should be held\\nstationary, as to any lengthwise motion, and the clos-\\ning of the chuck be effected by the endwise movement\\nof the outside spindle. This form of construction,\\nalthough varied in some particulars, has been in\\nalmost universal use in all watch factories for about\\nthirty years or more, and w r ill doubtless continue. This\\nform of lathe is known as the three bearing, or more\\nproperly, the slide spindle lathe. (Fig. 2.)\\nIn 1873. Mr. C. V. Woerd designed and patented a\\nmodified form of slide spindle lathe. which was\\nnominally a two-bearing lathe, the third bearing being\\nobtained by making a long telescope fit of the draw-in\\nspindle in the rear end of the running spindle. With\\nvery nice fitting, such a lathe would run fairly well for a\\ntime, but it never was a satisfactory form of construc-\\ntion, and was abandoned. In the view of this lathe, as\\nshown (Fig. 3), it will be observed that it is made to\\nclose the chuck without the use of the hand-wheel,", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY\\n17", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "i8\\nEVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nthe closing being performed by the action of a stiff\\nspiral spring, mounted on the draw-in spindle, while the\\nopening was done by means of a foot lever connected\\nFig. j. WoercVs Two-Bearing Slide Spindle Lathe,\\nwith] the forked bell crank lever attached to the lathe\\nhead. While this was not the original form of self-clos-\\ning lathe, (as springs had for many years been used to\\noperatt^the draw-in spindle of small lathes for very light", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY. 19\\nwork yet it was an advance toward a better form of\\nself-closing lathe (Fig. 4). which has. by successive\\nsteps, reached a form of construction so useful as to be\\nextensively employed, largely for the reason of its\\nadaptability to automatic operation, and. from that fact,\\nbeing peculiarly fitted to be incorporated in the more\\nFig. 4. Self-Closing, Three-Beating Slide Swindle Lathe.\\ncomplex forms of machinery which are made automatic\\nthroughout.\\nHaving thus briefly sketched the growth of the chuck\\nand the lathe, we reach the point of their joint operation\\nin the manufacture of watch plates. It was the early\\nmethod in this factory to employ the slide spindle lathe,\\nabove described, with hand wheel for closing and open-\\ning the chuck for holding the plates, in conjunction with\\nthe common form of slide rest with the two slides, each", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "20 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nmovable by screws turned by the two hands of the\\noperator. Later the hand wheel was succeeded by\\nthe self-closing form of lathe, the opening of the chuck\\nbeing performed by a combination of levers operated\\nby foot. Then came the substitution of levers in place\\nof the feed screws for manipulating the slide rest.\\nStill later came an attachment to the lathe head for\\noperating another tool, which served to round or bevel\\nthe edge of the plate after being faced by the slide rest\\ntools.\\nA story is told of a young musical student who\\nclaimed that he could write a musical composition which\\nshould be correct, and yet be beyond the ability of his\\nteacher to play. As his teacher expressed doubts as to\\nthe young student s ability in that direction, he was\\nrequested to submit his composition for trial. On lay-\\ning it before his teacher for him to plav on the piano-\\nforte, there seemed to be nothing unusually difficult,\\nuntil he came to a passage which demanded the use of\\nthe two hands at near the extremities of the kevboard,\\nwhile there was call for a note to be struck on one of\\nthe keys near the center. Of course the professor\\nstopped, with the exclamation that such a passage\\ncould not possibly be played by any one. But the\\nyouth assured the master that it was not only possible", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY\\n21", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "2 2 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nof execution, but was by no means difficult, and seat-\\ning himself at the instrument, he began the composition,\\nand when he reached the peculiar passage he bowed\\nhis head and struck the required key with his nose.\\nIn the case of this plate-turning lathe, the operator s\\ntwo hands are engaged in manipulating the slide rest,\\nand his two feet in stopping and starting the lathe, and\\nopening the chuck. As a means of operating the cor-\\nnering stool above mentioned, the knee of the operator is\\nbrought into service with perfect success.\\nIt is obvious that a person could attend to but one\\nlathe of the kind described, and that the watch plate\\nwould require a large succession of turnings, each of\\nwhich would require a special chuck, consequently a\\nvery large number of lathes would be demanded, beside\\nthe consumption of much time in changing chucks and\\nadjusting the tools.\\nWithin two years, however, Mr. D. H. Church has\\nconstructed two machines for plate turning, which mark\\na new departure in that direction, the novelty being in\\ntheir adaptation to the performance of a number of turn-\\nings, equivalent to a number of machines and operators.\\nThe first of these machines is designed for turning the\\nrecesses in pillar plates, such as are shown in the accom-\\npanying illustration (Fig. 6), which shows the train side", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY\\n2 1\\nof a 16-size plate, with recesses turned for the barrel,\\nthe escape wheel, the pallets, the balance, and the bear-\\ning for the intermediate setting wheel, also a small\\nrecess for the center pinion. The blank plates, having\\nbeen faced on both sides, and having the diameter\\nturned, and the dial feet holes made, are placed in a\\ntube at the left hand end of the machine, whence, they\\nare taken, one at a time,\\nby a swinging carrier arm,\\nand are placed in the chuck\\nof the first running spindle.\\nBy the action of a cam on\\na shaft below and parallel\\nwith the running spindle,\\nwhich is at rest, one of the\\nslides of the compound tool\\ncarriage is moved toward\\nthe work, which carries the\\nturning tool into operative position, and the chuck spindle\\nbeing at the same time set in motion, the tool com-\\nmences its work of cutting the recess, beginning at its\\nouter edge. When the tool has cut to the proper\\ndepth, another cam comes into action, and the tool is\\nmoved across the work, turning toward the center of\\nrevolution. If a slight boss is desired at the center of\\nFig 6. Sixteen size Pillar Plate,\\nshowing six recesses made by\\nAutomatic Machine.", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "24 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nthe recess, the tool is withdrawn at the proper time and\\ndistance, and when the recess is complete the turning\\ntool is automatically drawn back and returned to its\\noriginal position, which allows room for a second car-\\nrier to swing over into position to receive the recessed\\nplate. By this time the revolution of the chuck spindle\\nhas ceased, and this second carrier moves up into con-\\ntact with the plate, and as it recedes again it carries the\\nplate with it, and swinging over, it moves up and\\ndeposits it in the chuck of the second spindle, but in\\nsuch position that the succeeding recess will be made in\\nits proper location on the watch plate. Another and\\nsuitable tool is now brought into action in a similar\\nmanner to the first, and when its work is completed it\\nretires, and a third carrier takes the plate and places it\\nin another chuck. In the meantime the two preceeding\\nchucks have received new plates, and so the work\\nprogresses simultaneously, six recesess being made suc-\\ncessively in as many plates, each unlike all the others in\\nsize, position and form.\\nThe last carrier in the series deposits the recessed\\nplate in a tube at the extreme right hand end of the\\nthe machine, By a change in chucks, etc., the turnings\\non the dial side of the plate can be made in a similar\\nmanner. The boldness in the conception of this", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY\\n25", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "26 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nmachine. (Fig. 7) will be appreciated when it is\\nrealized that the watch plate must be placed in each\\nsucceeding chuck in a different position, and that it is\\nrequired to be placed on three pins which fit in the\\nthree dial feet holes.\\nAnother form of plate turning machine is designed for\\nturning recesses in top plates, which are held in self-\\nclosing chucks, instead of being placed on pins as is the\\ncase with pillar plates. This machine, which is shown\\nin the accompanying view, (Fig. 8) is exceedingly novel\\nin its movements, especially in the action of the transfer\\ncarriers, which instead of swinging over, like those on\\nthe pillar plate machine, are made to swing around.\\nThis form of motion involves the necessity for an addi-\\ntional movement in a vertical direction to clear the tool\\ncarriage. In this case, as in the other, the blank plates\\nare taken from a tube, where they have been placed by\\nthe attendant, and placed in the chuck, and are also\\ndelivered in another tube when completed. Another\\ndifference in action consists in the movement of the\\nwork toward the tool, instead of the tool toward the\\nwork. But the most novel and curious action is that\\nof the transfer carrier. As this arm swings around,\\nits ordinary effect would be to reverse the watch plate\\nso that it would be placed in the succeeding chuck with", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION* OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY\\n*i", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "2\u00c2\u00a9 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nthe opposite face presented to the cutting tool. In some\\ncases that change would be desired, but where it is\\ndesired to make the successive recesses on the same\\nside, the carrier reverses the plate during its transfer,\\nso that it is placed in the second chuck with the same\\nFig. Q. Showing Recessing and Facing of Top Plates.\\nside out, but with the center of revolution at what\\never point desired. The accompanying illustration,\\n(Fig. 9) shows the several recesses and the facing of\\nboth sides of plates.", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\\nIt should be understood that this work is not intended\\nto describe the manufacture of watches, for that would\\nrequire volumes, but to briefly note some of the steps in\\nthe evolution of special machines, which characterize the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0080\u00a2American system of watchmaking. It must be\\nunderstood that only a few of the more prominent\\nmachines can be considered, and that only a general\\ndescription of those can be given.\\nHaving briefly considerd the turning of the plates, we\\nwill defer, for a time, anv mention of other operations on\\nthat part of the watch movement, and review the suc-\\ncessive forms of the machines for turning the various\\narbors, staffs and pinions, which constitute some of the\\nmoving parts of the watch.\\nThe history of the American Waltham Watch Factory\\ndoes not extend back to that indefinite period when\\npower was obtained by means of the foot wheel, and the\\nturning tool was simply a graver held in the hand of the\\noperator; but only to the time of the lathe and slide-rest,\\nwhose feed-screw was operated by hand. For a time,\\nthe turning of all staffs and arbors was performed in this\\n29", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "30 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nway. But this method was succeeded by a form of\\nsemi automatic turning lathe, the exact form of which\\nthe writer is unable to learn. Succeeding this, came\\nan improved form of lathe, in which the tool was caused\\nto move with a uniform speed and to a desired distance\\nFig. 10. Moseley- Webster Staff Turning Lathe.\\nand then automatically withdrawn from contact with\\nthe work and returned to the point of starting. The\\naccompanying illustration, (Fig. 10), shows one of the\\noldest form of lathes used in this factory, which can be\\nfound (and unfortunately minus one of its spindles).\\nIt will be observed that at the left hand end of the", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY. 3 1\\nmachine there is a combination of levers, designed to\\nprovide for turnings of various lengths without neces-\\nsitating a change of feed cams. It is the understanding\\nof the writer that the combination levers were designed\\nby Mr. Ambrose Webster, while the invention of the\\nlathe should be credited to Mr. Chas. S. Moseley.\\nThe next illustration (Fig. n). shows a later form of\\nautomatic staff turning lathe, which embodies substanti-\\nFig. 11.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Staff Turning Lathe (Vander Woerd Pattern.)\\nally the same principle of mechanism as the earlier\\nmachine, but differently arranged, and of much heavier\\nconstruction. The cam shaft, at the back of the\\nmachine, is driven bv a worm and worm-gear, not", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "32 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nshown. At the extreme left hand end of this shaft is\\nshown the feed cam, the acting face of which gives\\nmotion to a rack lever, which indirectly communicates\\nmotion (endwise) to the tool carrying spindle, one end\\nof which is seen projecting through the end of the\\nmachine. The opposite end of this spindle enters the\\nprojecting cylinder at the right hand side of the\\nmachine, which cylinder contains a spiral spring, which\\nserves to carry the spindle in the reverse direction to\\nthat imparted by the feed cam. About midway of the\\nlength of this spindle is attached the tool holder,\\nwhich is compound in its construction, to allow for the\\ndesired elevation of the turning tool, and also to provide\\na means of moving the tool at a right angle to the axis\\nof the staff or arbor to be turned, this latter motion\\nserving to withdraw the tool from contact with the work,\\nor. when so desired, to enable the tool to perform a\\nsquaring out or facing cut. To effect this motion\\nan arm of the tool carriage extends back underneath the\\ncam shaft and is acted upon by a suitable cam. which\\ndepresses the arm, and thereby slightly turns the feed or\\ntool carrying spindle, thus moving the tool away from\\nthe work, and, while thus held back, the action of the\\nfeed cam allows the tool to return to its starting point, in\\nreadiness to act upon the next piece of work. Devices", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY. 33\\nfor so governing the action of the tool as to turn tapering-\\nstaffs are also provided, but cannot be seen in a general\\nview. In staff turning it is sometimes desired to have\\none of the spindles in which the work runs fixed and the\\nopposite one movable, to allow of the reception and\\nremoval of the work, and at other times it is needful to\\nmake the opposite spindle the tixed one. Readv pro-\\nvision is made for these requirements by means of suit-\\nable binders, or clamps provided with milled nuts, shown\\non the front of the spindle heads. When one of these\\nnuts is screwed down so as to clamp the spindle firmly in\\nplace, the opposite one is turned back so as to leave the\\nspindle on that side free to slide. When the staff to be\\nturned is inserted in position, the free spindle is moved\\nup into proper contact with it, and as the lathe is put in\\nmotion, a suitable cam on the rear shaft acts through an\\nadjustable lever, and binds the slide spindle in place until\\nthe turning tool has completed its work and has returned\\nto its starting point, when the spindle is released and can\\nbe slid back, and the completed arbor removed.\\nThis brief, and perhaps not very clear explanation of\\nthe action of this staff turning lathe, is given for the\\nbenefit only of those readers who have had no oppor-\\ntunity of visiting a watch factory. As has already been\\nsaid, this is substantially the form of staff turning lathe", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "34\\nEVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nin use in American watch factories, and probably to\\nsome exent may have found its way into some European\\nfactory also.\\nSome years ago the writer designed another form of\\nstaff lathe, which, while in many respects similar to the\\nFig. 12. Marsh Staff Turning Lathi\\nforegoing, yet possessed several features of novelty and\\nspecial advantage. The accompanying illustration, (Fig.\\n12), will serve to give a general idea of its appearance.\\nIt was much more heavy and solid, and consequently\\nassured a greater accuracy. It also had superior devices\\nfor taper turning in either direction, and in connection\\nwith such turning, it provided for facing either, hollow,", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY. 35\\ncrowning, or at a right angle to the axis. It was also\\narranged to turn special pieces in which a part of the\\nturning was to be straight and when a certain point was\\nreached the turning continued at any desired angle.\\nMachines of all the above forms are to a large degree\\nbecoming obsolete in the American Waltham Watch\\nfactory, they having been largely displaced by the radi-\\ncal improvements designed by Mr. D. II. Church. It\\nshould be said in connection with all the forms of staff\\nturning lathes above described, that they are but semi-\\nautomatic. Each piece to be turned, required to be\\ndogged as a means of driving; the dog engaging\\nwith a suitable linger, or horn, on the driving whirl.\\nThe applying and removing of the dogs giving con-\\nstant and lively employment to the attendant, and mak-\\ning impossible the running of more than a single lathe\\nby one operator.\\nIn the earlier days of American watchmaking the pin-\\nions were to a great extent made from drawn pinion\\nwire. but in later years the use of such special wire was\\ndiscontinued, and the use of plain round steel wire was\\nadopted. For years it was customary to cut the plain\\nwire into short pieces, making suitable allowance in\\nlength for finish. The common way was to chop off\\nthe wire by means of an ordinary wire cutter or by a", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "36 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nspecial chopping machine. These short pieces were\\nthen placed one by one in a spring chuck in a lathe, and\\none end carefully pointed. After the entire lot had been\\npointed on one end, they were placed in another chuck,\\nprovided with a suitable interior stop, against which the\\npointed ends of the blank should bear, in order to insure\\nexactness in the length of the blanks. Subsequent\\nrough turning of these blanks, which were still held\\nin spring chucks, removed a large portion of the surplus\\nmetal, bringing them into a suitable condition to be\\nturned in the automatic staff lathes. When acted upon\\nin the staff lathes the blanks were held and revolved on\\ndead centers, each piece as has been said, requiring\\nto be dogged by the operator.\\nSome of the smaller staff blanks, like pallet arbors,\\nwere cut off in a lathe and one end pointed at the same\\ntime, but all blanks, whether large or small, required to\\nbe dogged at each individual turning. And, owing to\\nthe minuteness, and consequent weakness of most of the\\npieces, only a small amount of metal could be removed at\\nany single turning, consequently the required turnings on\\nsome staffs were quite numerous, and in pieces such as\\nthe balance staff, which contains numerous sizes and\\nshoulders, the number of individual turnings would be\\nten or twelve, and in order to avoid injurious springing", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY. 37\\nof the staffs it was needful to alternate the turnings, so\\nthat the reduction in size should be gradual and uniform\\non both ends.", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III.\\nIn the preliminary, or rough turnings of the various\\nstaffs, a radical improvement was initiated by Mr. C. V.\\nWoerd. about fifteen years ago. consisting of an auto-\\nmatic roughing out machine, which was so designed as\\nto receive a rod of steel wire about twenty inches long,\\nwhich was held by the ordinary self-closing chuck, whose\\nevolution has been described. In suitable relation to the\\nmouth or face of this chuck, was a turning and pointing\\ntool, mounted on a movable carriage or frame which was\\nactuated by a suitable cam. so that as the wire rod.\\nwhich projected the proper distance out of the chuck,\\nrevolved, this tool was gradually moved forward into\\ncontact with it. and cut away a portion of the metal and\\ncarefully pointed the end. When this operation was\\ncompleted the cutting tool quickly retired, the revolution\\nof the running spindle was arrested, the chuck loosened\\nits grasp on the rod, which was then automatically fed\\nforward a proper distance, and again grasped by the\\nchuck, the spindle again started, and a second cutting-\\ntool moved forward, which immediately commenced its\\nwork of cutting off the steel rod; the severed piece to be\\n39", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": ".jO EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nof proper length to form a desired pinion or arbor. But\\njust before the completion of the severing operation, a\\ntubular carrier was moved over into axial line with the\\nrevolving rod and then moved back so as to enclose the\\nsevered piece, which, when entirely detached from the\\nrod, was left in the carrier, which immediately moved\\nforward and out of the way. The running spindle was\\nagain stopped and the chuck released its hold, and the\\nrod was fed forward again, and the first tool was again\\nbrought into action, and so this part of the work pro-\\nceeded. In the meantime, the above mentioned carrier\\nwas moved over into axial coincidence with the second\\nspindle whose chuck was in readiness to receive the\\nsevered blank contained in the carrier. Immediately the\\ncarrier reached its position in front of this second chuck,\\na push rod moved forward and entered the rear end of\\nthe carrier tube and forced the enclosed blank into the\\nmouth of the second chuck, which at once closed upon\\nit. The carrier then retreated a short distance, the push\\nrod was withdrawn and the carrier moved to an inter-\\nmediate position to await its proper time to secure a\\nsecond blank from the first chuck. As soon as the\\ncarrier was out of the way, the second spindle was\\nrevolved, and a cutting and pointing tool began its work\\nof forming the second end of the blank, and when its", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY. 4 1", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "42 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nwork was completed the spindle was stopped, the chuck\\nopened and the completed blank ejected and fell into\\na chute, which deposited it in a receptacle entirely\\nseparate from the cuttings, so that the work of separat-\\ning blanks from chips was entirely avoided. This\\nmachine was so arranged that when the wire rod had\\nbeen entirely converted into blanks, the machine would\\nstop itself, and. unlike some human machines, it would\\nnot go through the motions unless it was actually doing\\nwork. Inasmuch as these machines were so completely\\nautomatic in action, and the wire rods were of a length\\ncapable of being cut into a large number of pieces, a\\nsingle attendant could care for the running of six or\\neight machines. The establishment of these automatic\\nroughing machines (Fig. 13) served to greatly reduce\\nthe cost of staff turning, but there still remained the\\nnumerous finish turnings to complete the pinions\\nor staffs; and, as has been said, each individual turning\\nrequired the application of a driving dog. To supple-\\nment the work of this machine a radical improvement\\nhas been made by Mr. D. H. Church, who has invented\\nand patented an automatic turning machine, which is\\nreally a complete battery of staff turning lathes which\\nare located on a single bed or table, and all of whose\\noperative mechanism is driven by a single belt.", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY. 43\\nA detailed description of any of these complicated\\nmachines would be somewhat difficult, and would be\\nuninteresting to the general reader, and will not be\\nattempted. It may be briefly said that at one end of a\\nlong bed or table is located a suitable frame, provided\\nwith a vertical shaft which at its upper end, carries a\\ndisk or plate. On the face of this plate, and near its\\nedge, are turned suitable concentric grooves which are\\ncrossed by radial V shaped grooves of proper size and\\nequally spaced. In these grooves are uniformally placed\\nthe roughed out blanks, from which are to be formed\\narbors or staffs. Adjoining this blank holding device is\\nlocated an automatic staff turning machine, and at\\nuniform distances beyond it are similar machines, suf-\\nficient in number to perform all the required turnings on\\nany given staff. Alternating with these machines are\\nupright stands or columns, through whose centers project\\nspindles or shafts. From near the top of these upright\\nshafts extend arms, from which, at their outer ends\\ndepend suitable clips or fingers. These shafts have\\nreciprocating motions in both rotary and vertical direc-\\ntions. The foundation device, that which makes this\\nmachine entirely automatic, is the one for grasping the\\nblanks while being turned, so that the applying of a\\nseparate dog is rendered unnecessary. A very", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "44 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nimportant gain is also obtained by this method of driv-\\ning, viz. the ability to remove a much larger amount\\nof metal at a single turning than could be done with\\nthe ordinary method of dogging, so that a single\\nattendant is able to produce as many finished pieces as\\nwould six, or more, people under the old system. We\\nhave mentioned, above, that this machine was arranged\\nto do the finish turnings on staffs or arbors which had\\nbeen roughed out on another machine, but by the sub-\\nstitution of a cutting off head for the above mentioned\\nblank holding plate, a class of work which requires the\\nremoval of a smaller amount of metal can be turned\\ndirect from the wire rod. which may be of considerable\\nlength, say five feet. The accompanying illustration\\nshows the machine arranged in the latter form. (Fig. 14.)\\nIn operation, a long piece of suitable steel wire is\\nplaced in the tube, extending to the left of the machine,\\nwith the inner end of the wire projecting slightly from\\nits holding chuck. The machine is then started, and\\na suitable cutting tool advances and carefully turns the\\nprojecting wire to a suitable point. Then by suitable\\nmechanism the revolution of the spindle is stopped, the\\ntailstock spindle is moved toward the chuck to a definite\\npoint, the chuck is opened and the pointed wire fed for-\\nward till it comes in contact with a suitable center in the", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY. 45", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "46 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\ntailstock spindle, the chuck is then closed, the tailstock\\nspindle is clamped firmly in place, the spindle is revolved,\\nand the cutting tool moves forward and begins its work\\nof severing the wire^/ Just before the piece is completely\\nsevered, the arm of the upright shaft swings around so\\nas to bring the clip directly over the piece. It then\\nmoves down, and the fingers grasp the then severed\\nblank, the tailstock spindle recedes so as to clear the\\nblank, which is then lifted clear of all obstructions and\\ncarried around exactly 180 degrees, and then again low-\\nered to a position exactly between the centers of the next\\nmachine, which centers then advance and close upon the\\nblank. The fingers are then lifted out of the way. a\\ndriving clamp closes upon the blank, the spindle is\\nstarted, and a suitable cutting tool moves up and com-\\nmences its work of turning. When this turning opera-\\ntion is completed the tool is withdrawn, the spindle is\\nstopped, the driving clamp is loosened, and the partly\\nturned blank left clear of all obstruction, when a second\\narm is swung over and another set of fingers descend\\nand grasp the blank, and, lifting it. gets it out of the way\\njust in season to allow a second blank to be inserted,\\nwhich is then treated in the same manner as the first one.\\nIt will be understood that in carrying the blank from\\none machine to another, the blank is reversed as to its", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY. 47\\nrelation to the head and tail stocks and the cutting tools,\\nthe second carrier placing the blank in the third machine\\nso that its opposite end is to be acted upon by the cut-\\nting tool. When the work in the third machine is com-\\npleted, the blank is in the same manner passed along\\nto the fourth machine, and then the fifth, which com-\\npletes the turnings, and the next carrier drops the com-\\npleted blank in a proper receptacle. It must be under-\\nstood that the completion of the turnings in four\\nmachines is made possible by the fact that the machines\\nare so arranged that more than one turning is performed\\nin a single machine. It will also be understood that all\\nthe machines are in operation simultaneously, each on\\nits own blank, so that after the first blank has reached\\nthe receptacle the procession is constant until the rod of\\nwire is completely gone; so that a completed blank is\\ndropped into the dish at the last machine as often as\\nanother one is severed from the wire rod at the first\\none time about fifteen seconds.\\nWe have already explained that the operation of this\\nmachine is made possible by the invention of the auto-\\nmatic dogging or driving device. This device was, how-\\never, first applied to ordinary or isolated staff turning\\nlathes, which were modified to adapt them to this\\nimprovement. In the first form of such adapted lathes.", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "4*\\nEVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nthe blanks were placed in a suitable hopper, from which\\nthey were taken, one at a time, automatically. This\\nform of machine is in quite extended use also.\\nIn all the foregoing forms of turning lathes, the appli-\\ncation of some form of dog or driving device is an indis-\\npensable feature; but within a year Mr. Church has per-\\nFig. /j. Progressive Steps in Alaking a Balance Staff.\\nfected a new form of machine in which that feature is\\nrendered needless, and in demonstrating that fact he\\nadopted the most difficult, delicate and complicated staff\\nin the whole watch movement, viz., the balance staff.\\nThese are now made complete, every turning on the\\nentire staff, including both pivots, being done at the rate\\nper machine of 400 per day, or one staff each 90 sec-\\nonds. We believe that nothing in the way of turning\\nhas heretofore been done which could at all compare", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY. 49\\nwith the work of these machines in delicacy, complexity\\nand accuracy. (Fig. 15.)\\nThe illustration will serve to indicate some of the pro-\\ngressive steps in the production of this complicated staff,\\nand will also furnish an excellent specimen of micro-\\nphotography, credit for which belongs to Mr. H. E.\\nDuncan, who is known to many watchmakers.\\nTo better indicate the extreme delicacy of this work,\\na No. 9 or No. 10 sewing needle is photographed in the\\nsame group, and serves to show the relative size of the\\ntwo articles. Unlike the previously described machine,\\nthis machine operates only upon a single blank at a time,\\ncompleting one blank before beginning upon another,\\nwhereas the former carried on all the successive turnings\\nsimultaneously, there being as many blanks in progress\\nas there are separate heads to the machine. (Fig. 16.\\nThe accompanying illustration shows the appearance\\nof two of these balance staff-making machines, but the\\nlarge number and complication of the different move-\\nments required, render it difficult of description; we will\\ntherefore make no attempt in that direction.", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "50 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "CHARLES S. NOSELEY", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nTo a person who is familiar with the machines now in\\ncommon use for the cutting of the teeth of wheels and\\npinions, the means for the performance of such work\\nwhich were in early use would seem exceedingly crude\\nand unsatisfactory. Possibly they may have been so\\nregarded at that time, but it must be bornein mind that\\nthe crude appliances which were first used did serve to\\nproduce material sufficient in quantity, and of enough\\nexcellence in quality to demonstrate that American\\nwatchmaking was possible. Improvement in quality and\\nfacility in manufacturing were but matters of time and\\nmoney.\\nMention has been made of the fact that pinions were\\nmade from specially drawn wire, in which the number\\nand approximate form of the teeth, or leaves was\\ngiven by the drawing dies. This wire was imported,\\nand was received at the factory in pieces about twelve\\ninches long. These were cut into lengths desired for\\nthe various pinions, the ends pointed, and the staffs\\nturned. Then came the cutting of the leaves. The\\nform of machine first employed for this work is", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "54\\nEVOLUTION OK AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nunknown to the writer, but he recalls the fact that\\none of the first jobs of work which he did at the\\nWaltham factory was to make drawings for the\\nremodelling of two of these pinion cutters. But as\\nFig. 17 -Old Style Pinion Cutters\\nthe work had already been commenced, he is ignorant\\nof the original form of the machines. We have, how-\\never, preserved these machines in their improved\\nforms, which are shown in the two accompanying views,\\nand are so placed as to show the mechanism which was\\nlargely automatic in action (Fig. 17.)\\nIt will be observed that this machine has no index for\\nthe spacing of the leaves, so that it is a matter of", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY. 55\\nsurprise that a safe degree of accuracy could have been\\nattained, but we believe there was seldom any serious\\ntrouble from that source. Aside from the fact of these\\nmachines being very ingenuous as will be evident from\\nexamination of the illustrations), they afford very good\\nexamples of the relative size of machines of those earlier\\ndates, as compared with machines now constructed.\\nThese machines occupy a space of considerably less\\nthan six inches each way, while machines for similar\\nuse as now made, would occupy at least four times as\\nmuch space, and be proportionately heavy. Just here it\\nmay be proper to say that examination of a variety of the\\nearlier forms of the American watch machinery makes\\nit very evident that the idea then obtained that delicate\\nmachines were necessary for the manufacture of the\\ndelicate mechanism of the watch. This idea was. after\\nthe experience of a few years, found to be a greatly\\nmistaken one. But the writer recalls that very early in\\nhis connection with the Waltham factory, as he had made\\na drawing of some new machine. Mr. Ambrose Webster,\\nthen master mechanic, said to him. You are running us\\nto cast iron. But certainly there has been since that\\ntime no tendency to return to the practice of building\\nlight machinery. At the time of which we are writing\\nthe Waltham factory was run under two almost distinct", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "56 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\ndepartments, the Full Plate Department, under the\\ngeneral charge of Mr. A. T. Bacon, with Mr. A. Web-\\nster, at the head of the mechanical department; while\\nthe three-quarter plate movements were under the super-\\nvision of Mr. Chas. W. Fogg, with Mr. Chas. Vander\\nWoerd in charge of the mechanical work. This arrange-\\nment resulted in the establishment of a branch machine\\nshop in connection with the three-quarter plate depart-\\nment, and gave Mr. Woerd the opportunity to exercise\\nhis inventive ability in designing and building some\\nspecial machines, of which mention will be made at\\nappropriate times. One of his earlier machines was\\nan automatic pinion cutter, which was quite ingenious,\\nand also somewhat complicated in action. It used to be\\nremarked that one who was not familiar with this\\nmachine could get it into a snarl quicker than any\\nmachine known. But. when understood, those machines\\nwere capable of doing good work and in good quant-\\nities. These machines were provided with three cutter\\nspindles, mounted in a revolving head, which were suc-\\ncessively brought into action, so as to form the pinion\\nleaves from plain round wire instead of the English\\npinion wire. We are unable to present an illustration of\\nthose machines, for the reason they have all been some-\\nwhat remodelled within a few years so as to make", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY\\nD/\\nthem entirely automatic in action. We will therefore\\ndefer further mention of them at this point, but will\\nspeak of them hereafter. Shortly after the introduction\\nof the three -spindle machine above mentioned, Mr.\\nFig. 18\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Improved Pinion Cutter.\\nWebster suggested the plan of making a pinion cutter\\nin which the three cutters, instead of being on separate\\nspindles, should be mounted on a single running spindle\\nwhich should have an endwise movement so as to brin", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "58 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nthe several cutters successively into operative position.\\nSuch machines were made, and subsequent alterations\\nand improvements brought them into the form shown\\nin the next view (Fig. 18.)\\nThese have proved to be very serviceable machines,\\nand especiallv adapted to cutting a certain class of\\npinions which are more difficult to cut than others. In\\nthe original Woerd machine there was no provision for\\nadjusting the individual cutters to depth, other than could\\nbe made by variation in the relative diameters of the cut-\\nters themselves, which rendered the desired accuracv an\\nattainment of a good deal of difficulty. But the single\\nspindle machine was provided with means for adjusting\\neach cutter in two positions, so that although the cutters\\nare fixed in their relation to each other on the running\\nspindle, yet in operation they are entirely independent.\\nThe single spindle machine has proven to be most\\nexcellent in plan, and has been adopted in subsequent\\nforms of pinion cutters, and has to a certain extent been\\ncopied by builders of machinery for use in other\\nfactories.\\nIt is generally a fact that an individual who is to any\\nconsiderable extent, engaged in the production of\\narticles of any given nature, will naturally have some\\nfavorite form of construction. Particularly is this true", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\n59", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "60 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nin the designing of machinery- It has for many years\\nbeen a theory of the writer that in the production of\\nlarge numbers of pieces, or articles of uniform dimen-\\nsions, the economical method of manufacturing is to\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2maintain a procession, and a procession to be end-\\nless must of necessity proceed in a circle. Circular\\nmachines have therefore been a favorite form. The\\nmost serious objection to such a form of construction\\nlies in the essential fact, that a great degree of accuracy\\nof workmanship is required. But if such accuracy can\\nbe secured there can be no question of superior\\nefficiency.\\nThe next illustration (Fig. 19) shows a machine of\\nthis nature which was used for several years in cutting\\ncannon pinions. In this machine there was a plurality\\nof spindles for the holding of the pinions. Each of\\nthese spindles was provided with an index, and, as they\\nwere arranged around a common center, the entire\\nnumber were operated simultaneously. After the\\nindices had completed a revolution, the spindle-carry-\\ning-head was caused to automatically make a partial\\nrevolution, which brought each spindle into operative\\nrelation to another tooth-forming-cutter. These cutters,\\nto the number of three or more, were mounted on\\ndouble slides, and were moved in unison, the cutters", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY. 6 1\\nperforming their work, then being withdrawn and\\nreturned to their former position, and then moved for-\\nward, and, the index having in the mean time moved\\none space, the cutter advanced and cut a second tooth.\\nAfter all the teeth in the pinion had been cut. or blocked\\nout. bv the first cutter, it was presented to the action of\\nthe second cutter, as has been said, and then to the third,\\nand. if desired, to a fourth also. As this machine had\\none more work spindle than it had cutters, there was\\nalwavs a vacant spindle into which the operator could\\ninsert a new blank. And as fast as one cutter could\\nperform its work on the pinion presented to it, just so\\nfast would a pinion be completed and removed, and its\\nplace be filled with a fresh blank. The objectionable\\nfeature in this form of machine has already been stated,\\nviz. the difficulty of obtaining sufficient accuracy in\\nconstruction to secure the absolute \u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0080\u00a2tracking of the\\nseveral cutters. To overcome this difficulty, and at the\\nsame time produce a machine of great productive\\ncapacity, the machine shown in the next view was made.\\n(Fig. 20 In this machine another advanced step was\\ntaken, by the incorporation of the self-feeding feature.\\nThis machine is practically the combining of eight\\nmachines in one, and is capable of cutting pinions\\nhaving 7 to 12 leaves; indeed, several kinds may be", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "62 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\ncut at the same time. A brief description will serve\\nto explain the operation of the machine, which as is\\nshown in (Fig. 20) is circular in form, and consists of a\\ncentral column supporting a circular bed. on which is\\nplaced a corresponding carriage, on the upper surface\\nof which are eight radial dovetailed grooves in which\\nmove a like number of slides each of which carries a\\ncomplete head and tail stock, the tail stocks being\\nlocated on the inner end of the slides. At one side of\\neach of these slides is mounted a frame carrying a\\nrunning cutter spindle. These frames are capable of\\na sidewise motion, so as to bring successivelv into\\noperative relation to the pinion blank each of the three\\ncutters on the cutter spindle. Suitable stops are pro-\\nvided for the accurate adjustment of each of these cut-\\nters; both as to depth and position of cut Directly\\nover each of the slides which carry the head and tail\\nstocks, is located a suitable magazine, or pinion blank\\nholder, open at the bottom, where are arranged suitable\\nelastic fingers designed to grasp a single pinion blank.\\nAn upright shaft, located in the center of the machine,\\ngives motion to the entire mechanism. The operation\\nof the machine may be described briefly, as follows:\\nThe various cutters being properly adjusted, and the\\nmagazines loaded with blanks, the shaft is started, and,", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY. 63\\nFig. 20. Marsh s Continuous Self-Feeding Pinion Cutter.", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "64 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nthrough the several belts running from the multi-\\ngrooved pulley at the top of the machine to the several\\ncutter-spindles, they are put in motion. The circular\\ntable begins to travel, carrying all the radial slides\\nabove mentioned. When a certain point in its orbit is\\nreached, one of the magazines descends until the axis of\\nthe pinion blank, which is grasped in the ringers at its\\nlower end, comes in exact line with the centers of the\\nhead and tail stock of that slide. Both the head and\\ntail stock spindles advance toward each other until they\\nclose upon the waiting blank, the taper staff of which is\\nforced into a suitable socket in the head stock spindle.\\nThe magazine now rises, and as it loses its hold of the\\npinion blank, it receives into its grasp a second blank\\nwhich it continues to hold until it shall arrive at the\\nplace of deposit, as before.\\nImmediately the magazine has taken itself out of the\\nway, the slide begins to move in a radial direction in\\nrelation to the revolving, thus carrying the pinion blank\\nback and forth over the revolving cutter. As the slide\\nreaches its limit of outward motion, the index on the\\nhead spindle is revolved one division, and during the\\nreturn motion a second tooth is cut. When all the\\nteeth in the blank have been blocked out by the first\\ncutter, the frame which carries the cutter spindle is", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY. 65\\nmoved sideways, so as to bring a second cutter into\\nacting position, which proceeds with its work, and then\\ngives place to a third and final cutter, which completes\\nits work just a little before the revolving table has\\nreached its starting point. The tail stock spindle is\\nnow withdrawn, and a little lever on the side of the\\nstationary bed of the machine springs forward just as\\nthe outer end of the head spindle is passing it. and\\nquickly drives the completed pinion from the socket,\\nwhich is then ready to receive a second one. The\\nmagazine now descends and the second blank is taken,\\nas before.\\nIt will be understood that while we have been follow-\\ning this first blank in its travel and progress, each of the\\nseven other slides has received its blank, and those are\\nalso in all stages of progress, from the first cut of the\\nfirst tooth to the finishing cut of the tast tooth. The\\nprocession is uniform and continuous, and when each of\\nthe eight radial slides, in its continuous travel, reaches\\na certain point in its orbit, it delivers a completed pinion,\\nand immediately receives another blank and continues on\\nits way. Unlike the previously mentioned machines,\\nthese blanks do not pass from one part of the machine\\nto another to be acted upon by local cutters, but the\\ngroup of three cutters accompanies the blank on its", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "66 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\ntravel. This arrangement permits the cutting of differ-\\nent kinds of pinions to be performed simultaneously. In\\nthis machine the work of the operator is reduced to the\\noccasional examination of the completed pinions, and\\nthe supplying of the magazines with blanks. Simple\\ndevices are provided for rendering each of the slides\\ninoperative whenever so desired, without in any way\\naffecting the action of the others.\\nThe success of the automatic feeding of the blanks\\nand discharging of the finished pinions led to the adop-\\ntion of equivalent devices on machines formerly in use.\\nThe next illustration (Fig. 21) shows a long row of\\nremodelled machines of the Woerd type previously men-\\ntioned. As these machines are in a row, the attendant,\\nwho is able to care for six or seven machines, is obliged\\nto pass from one to another. To permit such move-\\nment and. at the same time, to avoid the fatigue\\nincident to long hours of standing, a track is laid on the\\nfloor in front of the machines, and chairs are provided\\nwith grooved rolls which follow the track, allowing\\nthe attendant to glide easily and quickly the entire\\nlength of the group of machines under her care. In\\ncontrast to this method the previously mentioned\\nmachines regularly presented themselves to the attendant\\nwhose seat was stationary. Since the inauguration of", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "6S EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nthe foregoing machines, another form of machine has\\nbeen also put in use, which embodies some of the\\nfeatures already noted, but which substitutes a different\\nand improved form of automatic blank feed. These\\nmachines, bv the employment of a large amount of oil.\\nare able of working more rapidly than any heretofore\\nused, and are also adapted to the cutting of wheels of\\nall kinds, and will be considered in a subsequent chapter.", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "CHARLES YANDER WOEM).", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V.\\nIn the last chapter we remarked upon the apparent\\ncrudity of many of the machines in early use in the\\noriginal American watch factory. They were primi-\\ntive, certainly; but the conditions under which they\\nwere made were of the same character, and the fact\\nof such tools being made and used is not to be taken\\nas evidence of a lack of inventive ability on the part of\\nthose who used them, but rather as showing an ability\\nto accomplish desired results by the simple means to\\nwhich a lack of capital restricted them.\\nThe limited market for the early product of American\\nwatches, would of necessity forbid the expense of build-\\ning special machines of restricted character or capa-\\nbilities, and compel the use of appliances of limited cost.\\nand of a nature adapting them to a variety of uses.\\nIn this paper we will consider some of the numerous\\nand successive forms of machines for the cutting of\\nteeth in watch wheels of brass. The earliest of these,\\nwithin the knowledge of the writer, was a machine for\\ncutting train wheels, and was simply a small iron planer\\nsuch as is used in machine shops, or by model makers.\\n71", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "72 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nIt had the ordinary reciprocating bed, or table, which\\nwas moved back and forth by means of a hand crank.\\nthe connection probably being by the old-fashioned\\nchain, such as was formerly used in the feeding of the\\nFig.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Webster Train Wheel Cutter, /mf oved.\\ncarriages of engine lathes. On the cross head of this\\nlittle planer was mounted a suitable frame which carried\\nthe fly cutter spindle, which was driven from above by\\nbelt in the ordinary manner. On the movable table was\\nplaced the head stock, whose index w r as operated bv", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY. 73\\nhand. While this arrangement was somewhat crude,\\nit served its purpose, and had its day. But in 1865\\nMr. Ambrose Webster designed a new and excellent\\nmachine for train wheel cutting, with mechanism for\\nautomatically moving the carriage, and also for operat-\\ning the index. (Fig. 22) which, in an improved condi-\\ntion, is shown in the accompanying view. The most\\nserious fault in this machine was the manner of adjust-\\ning cutters for depth, which adjustment was effected\\nbv means of an eccentric quill, in which the cutter\\nspindle was journaled. It would probablv be a true\\nstatement of fact to assert that this machine has cut\\nmore millions of watch wheels than any other machine\\nin the world, it having been in almost constant use for\\nthirty years. Following this, and possessing several\\nadvantages over it. was one designed bv the writer\\nabout 1872. which is shown in the next view. I Fig.\\n23. 1 As this machine was. at a later date, modified so\\nas to adapt it to the cutting of steel wheels, we will\\ndefer further mention of it at this time, and consider\\nsome of the earlier forms of machines for brass wheel\\ncutting.\\nThe next illustration shows a machine with a his-\\ntory; more of history than will ever be written. It is\\ndoubtful if there is a person living who knows the", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "74 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.", "height": "2854", "width": "1794", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nO\\noriginal form of this machine (Fig. 24,) or one who\\ncould accurately narrate the numerous changes, addi-\\ntions, and improvements which were made in it.\\nWithin the knowledge and recollection of the writer,\\nthis machine was used for cutting the teeth of minute\\n1\\nIII ^^fl l\\nfe. 24..\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Old Minute Pinion and Hour Wheel Tooth Cutter.\\npinions and hour wheels, and it would probably be\\nsafe to assume that it was originally designed for such\\nuse. The work was placed on an arbor at the top of\\nthe vertical quill spindle, shown in front, and held in\\nplace by a yoke which served as a sort of tail stock.\\nThe flv cutter was mounted in a short arbor or spindle,\\nwhich revolved on centers, and also carried the belt", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "76 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\npulley. Reciprocal motion of the cutter was obtained\\nby the vibration of a frame, which was mounted in\\nsuit ible bearings on an adjustable carriage, which could\\nbe moved toward or from the stationary quill, for the\\npurpose of adjustment to size. On this vibrating cutter-\\nframe was mounted an adjustable arm which extended\\nbevond its axis and terminated in a sort of toe, against\\nwhich pressed a cam. which was mounted on a driving\\nshaft; on one end of which shaft was a loose running\\nclutch pulley, while on the opposite end was another\\ncam. which, through a system of levers, slides, springs,\\nand catches, performed the operations of unlatching and\\nturning the index. It will be observed that the path of\\nthe cutter through the work, instead of being in a\\nstraight line, described a short arc of a circle. Of course\\nsuch a motion involved a theoretical imperfection in\\nwork produced, but inasmuch as only a single thin\\nwheel or pinion was cut at a time, the error was indis-\\ntinguishable. This machine just failed of being auto-\\nmatic in action, for the mechanism always stopped before\\nthe last tooth was cut, but as the driving of the fly cutter\\nwas independent of the other movements, the operator\\nwas able to depress the swinging arm for the cutting of\\nthe last tooth. When in operation, this little machine\\nproduced an impression that something was being done.", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nfor the combination of noises caused by the operation of\\nthe various slides, clicks and latches, mingling with the\\nhum of the fly cutter, was quite unlike any other com-\\nbination in the factory. But it accomplished a good\\ndeal of work, and if it were human we would give it a\\nFig. 25. Improved Minute Pinion and Hour Wheel Tooth Cutter.\\nmost respectful salute. The foregoing machine was some\\nyears since displaced by the machine shown in the next\\nview (Fig, 25), which, while resembling its predecessor\\nin the matter of the vertical index spindle, possesses\\nno other similar feature. But it has one mechanical\\nfeature which, we believe, is novel in machines of this\\ncharacter, namely, the absence of all springs in the", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "78\\nEVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nmechanism for operating the index. These machines,\\nof which several were used (and some of them are still\\nin use), were very satisfactory in operation.\\nThe cutting of minute pinions is now performed in\\nFig. 2b. The Church Automatic Minute Pinion Cutter.\\ndirect connection with the turning, and thereby insures\\naxial truth. For this work an automatic machine was\\ndesigned by Mr. D. H. Church, which is shown in the\\nnext view (Fig. 26). In this machine is placed a long\\nrod of wire, which is acted upon by turning tools until a\\nblank is formed in proper shape for cutting the teeth, the", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\n79\\nturning tools then retire and a suitable fly cutter comes\\ninto action, the blank is indexed step by step, and when\\nall the teeth are formed, the fly cutter moves away and a\\ncutting-off tool moves forward and severs the completed\\nFirst Cut.\\nCutting Off and Pointing.\\nFig. 27.\\nTeeth.\\npinion. The accompanving diagrams will serve to indi-\\ncate some of the successive operations (Fig. 27).\\nThe proper cutting of the teeth of escape wheels is\\ncertainly a matter of great importance und of no little\\ndifficulty; the peculiar form of the teeth demanding the\\nutmost accuracy in workmanship, and requiring a succes-\\nsion of cuts by as many different shaped cutters. It is\\nprobable that quite early in the experience of the Wal-\\ntham factory it was found practicable to mount these", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "8o\\nEVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\ndifferent cutter spindles in a single rotatable block or\\nhead, so that the several cutters could be brought into\\noperative position as required. The writer is not pos-\\nFig. 28\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Old Escape Wheel Cutter.\\nitive as to the form of the machine first used for this\\npurpose, but it is quite likely that the machine shown\\nin the next view was at one time employed in that work\\n(Fig. 28).", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "F-VOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY. 8 1\\nThe late Ambrose Webster used to take considerable\\npride in saving that he made the first wheel tooth-cutting-\\nmachine with automatic motions which was ever used in\\nAmerican watchmaking. But that machine was only\\nFig. 2q. Webster Escape Wheel Tooth Cutter.\\nclaimed to be semi-automatic. It was the machine\\nshown in the accompanying illustration (Fig. 29), and\\nwas made for cutting the teeth of escape wheels, and\\nwas automatic to the extent of moving the carriage and\\noperating the index, and also stopping itself on the", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "82\\nEVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\ncompletion of the work of each of the six cutters\\nrequired. The operator had then to bring the succeed-\\ning cutter into operative position and again start the\\nmachine. Some years later Mr. Vander Woerd con-\\nstructed a machine of a different form for performing\\nFig. 30. Woerd Escape Wheel Tooth Cutter.\\nthe same kind of work. This machine was automatic\\nto about the same extent, and in the same features, as\\nthe Webster machine, but it omitted one motion which\\nthe Webster machine obtained, viz.. the lifting of the\\ncutter to avoid contact with the work during its return", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY\\n\u00c2\u00ab3\\nmovement. Mr. Woerd s machine is shown in the pre-\\nvious illustration. (Fig. 30.) To meet the requirements\\nof the increasing product of the factory, and at the\\nsame time to reduce the cost of the work, the writer.\\nFig. 31. Marsh Escape Wheel Tooth Cutter.\\nabout eleven years ago. designed another form of\\nescape wheel cutting machine which extended the auto-\\nmatic features, so as to embrace all the movements of\\nthe machine, viz.. the reciprocating movements of the", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "84 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\ncarriage, the lifting of the cutters during the return\\nmovement, the step by step motion of the index, the\\nsuccessive changes of cutters, and the stopping of the\\nmachine at the conclusion of the ninetv cuts required.\\nThis machine is illustrated by Fig. 31.", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI.\\nAll forms of machines for the cutting of the teeth oi\\nwatch wheels doubtless possess certain features in com-\\nmon; but while this is true it is also true that there can\\nbe. and indeed is. a great variety in forms of construc-\\ntion, and a diversity of ways in producing the various\\nmechanical movements required. In the simpler or more\\nrudimentary forms of such machines only the driving ol\\nthe cutting tool would be accomplished by power, leaving\\nthe movement of the work into contact with the cutter,\\nand the shifting of the index wheel, to be performed by\\nthe hands of the individual operator. Such a form of\\nconstruction, of course, restricts the attention and labor\\nof the operator to a single machine; and the capacity or\\nthe faithfulness of the individual largely determines the\\nproductiveness of the machine. So long as a very lim-\\nited product is desired a machine of the simple form\\nabove mentioned would not only answer the desired pur-\\npose, but would, doubtless, be the most economical form\\nto use. With increased demands, however, the cheap\\nmachine would prove to be expensive to use. It is also\\ntrue that up to a certain point it is good economy to", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "S6\\nEVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nconstruct machines in such form as renders them capa-\\nble of a variety of uses, thereby avoiding the expense\\nof building a multiplicity of special machines which\\nFig. 32. The Woerd Stem Wind Wheel Cutter.\\nmight remain idle during quite a portion of the time.\\nThe adoption of stem-winding mechanism in watches\\nmade needful the employment of steel wheels and pin-\\nions, many of them being of other than the ordinal}", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY. Sy\\nform of construction, and therefore complicating the\\nmatter of cutting the teeth. Experience, also, long ago\\ndemonstrated that it is not economical to attempt to\\nremove with a single cutter all of the metal required to\\nform finished wheel teeth. Saws are much cheaper to\\nfurnish than epicycloidal cutters, and will remove metal\\nquite as easily. Therefore, in cutting steel wheels, a\\nsaw is used to remove a large portion of the metal, and\\nthis is followed bv a forming cutter. The steel ratchet\\nwheels, used on key-wind watches, whose shallow teeth\\ncould be formed without the removal of very much\\nmetal, were cut with a single mill or cutter, and that\\nwork could, therefore, be done with a simple machine,\\nbut when the American Watch Company commenced\\nthe manufacture of stem-winding watches, Mr. Vander\\nWoerd constructed the form of machine shown in the\\naccompanying illustration. (Fig 32.) This form of\\nmachine embodied two features which were of great\\nconvenience. They were, first, the incorporation of a\\nplurality of cutters, the illustration shows three spindles,\\neach carrying a cutter. The rear end of each of these\\nspindles carried one member of a toothed clutch, which,\\nwhen the spindle was brought into operative position,\\nwould engage the corresponding member which was\\ncarried by a running spindle or shaft. The disengaging", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "88 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERV.\\nof the clutch and partial revolution of the spindle-carry-\\ning drum were performed by means of two hand levers\\n(one of which is shown). A second feature which was\\nof very great convenience, was the provision for holding\\nthe work at any desired angle relative to the line of\\ncutting, so that any of the bevel wheels and pinions\\nrequired for stem-winding watches could be cut. This\\nform of machine, however, was in no sense automatic in\\nany of its movements, but has proved to be a very con-\\nvenient machine to have in the factory, because of its\\nready adaptability.\\nThe first automatic machine for steel wheel cutting\\nwas designed by the writer, and. by some modifications\\nhas been adapted to a variety of other uses. In a sim-\\nplified form it has been used for a number of years as a\\ntrain wheel cutter, and was alluded to in the last chapter.\\nIn the form shown in the accompanying view (Fig. 33\\nwhich shows a group of three, arranged to be attended\\nby a single operator, they are arranged to employ two\\ncutters, the change from one to the other being auto-\\nmatic, as is also the movement of the work, the turning\\nof the index, the lifting of the cutters during the return\\nmovement of the carriage, and the stopping of the\\nmachine on the completion of the work. For some\\nclasses of work it is desired, or required, to have the", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "90 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nadditional support of a tail stock, and one of these\\nmachines is shown as so provided. Thev. however,\\ncome short of being entirely automatic, in that they\\nrequire the services of an attendant to supply the blanks\\nand remove the completed work. Prominent in the\\nstem-winding mechanism of the watch is the duplex\\nor crown wheel, which wheel is in many cases provided\\nwith two sets of teeth, one of which is on the periphery\\nand the other on the face, the latter meshing with the\\nteeth of the winding pinion, and the former with the\\nwinding wheel. Sometimes the face teeth are located\\nnear the outer edge of the wheel so that the teeth are\\npractically continuous with those on the periphery. It is\\nnot only possible but practicable in cutting the edge\\nteeth of these wheels, to hold them in stacks on a\\nsuitable arbor, but of course in cutting the face teeth,\\nonly a single blank can be cut at a time; and great care\\nis required to insure exact coincidence of the teeth on\\nthe face with those previously cut on the edge. The\\nmachines shown in the last two illustrations are adapted\\nto the two classes of cutting required on crown wheels.\\nBut some years since the writer designed a machine in\\nwhich both series of cutting should be performed simul-\\ntaneously. The next illustration will indicate the nature\\nand appearance of the machine (Fig. 34), which, it will", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\n9 1", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "C/2 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nbe seen, is in the favorite circular or continuous form.\\nand may be briefly described as provided with four\\ncutting spindles, each of which is adjustable in two\\ndirections. The first two of these are for cutting the face\\nteeth, and the other two for the edge teeth. The first\\nof each set carrying a saw. and the other two the form-\\ning or finishing cutters. These four spindles are\\nmounted on double slides, and are suitably disposed\\naround a central carriage or turret, which turret carries\\nrive vertical quills, in which are the work-carrying\\nspindles; the wheel blanks to be cut being held by suita-\\nble chucks at the top. while the lower end of each\\nspindle is provided with an index, which is accompanied\\nwith a holding latch and a suitable arm and pawl for the\\nstep by step movement of the index. It will be observed\\nthat while there are but four culler spindles, there are\\nfive work holding spindles. This fact allows the operator\\nto place a blank in the chuck of the fifth spindle while\\nthe work of cutting is progressing on the other four, so\\nthat the work of the machine is continuous. After the\\nblank has been secured in place, the turret turns one-\\nfifth of a revolution, which carries the blank into posi-\\ntion to be acted upon by the first cutter, which is in the\\nform of a saw. and as the index is operated step by step,\\nthe saw passes down and out at the proper angle to the", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY. 93\\nface of the wheel, each movement removing a portion\\nof metal, therebv blocking out the face teeth. In the\\nmeantime the operator places a blank on the second\\nspindle. When all the face teeth in the first blank have\\nbeen blocked out, the turret again makes a partial revo-\\nlution, which carries the tirst blank to position to be\\nacted upon bv the finishing cutter, and the second blank\\nto the position just vacated by the first. The third posi-\\ntion is for the saw for the edge teeth, and the fourth is\\nfor the finish of the edge teeth. The next movement of\\nthe turret brings the finished wheel to its starting place,\\nwhen it is removed and another blank put in its place.\\nAll the operations proceed simultaneously, so that a\\ncompleted wheel which requires the four milling cuts, is\\nproduced during the time occupied by one operation,\\nand inasmuch as the somewhat large number of teeth in\\nthe wheel necessitates a corresponding length of time for\\ncutting, the operator is able to attend another machine\\nalso. The latest form of wheel cutter, which is shown\\nin the next view (Fig, 35), is the invention of Mr. D. H.\\nChurch, and, by a suitable arrangement or combination\\nof cams, can be adapted to the cutting of stacks of\\nwheels (as shown in the cut), or to the cutting of single\\nwheels on the face. This machine, by reason of its\\nautomatic feeding mechanism, requires no individual", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "94\\nEVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\noperator, but allows him or her to attend to a large\\ngroup of similar machines, which may be employed on\\nFig. 35 The Church Automatic Wheel Cutter.\\na great variety of cutting. The use of a liberal amount\\nof oil allows these machines to produce an unsurpassed\\namount of work.", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII.\\nIt will be understood that in this work it is not\\nintended to describe, nor even mention, all of the various\\nmachines used in the manufacture of watches, but rather\\nto select a few tvpes. and note the progress in their\\nproductiveness, which the growth of the business has\\ndemanded, and which has been a large factor in the\\nreduction in manufacturing cost, and of which the great\\npublic has reaped the larger benefit.\\nNext to the plates, and the wheels and pinions, the\\nnumerous screws required may be regarded as promi-\\nnent. We will, therefore, devote a short chapter to the\\nconsideration of some of the various forms of screw-\\nmaking machines which have been in use in the Ameri-\\ncan Waltham Watch Factory. The original threads, or\\nrather, the threads used in the early Waltham watches\\nare said to bave been obtained from Swiss jam plates,\\nand when, in later years, definite pitches for all the sizes\\nof screws were determined upon, they were established\\non the inch measurement, which system was in use in\\nthe factory previous to the adoption of the metric sys-\\ntem which is now used. So that while the various", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "96 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nnumbers of threads per inch were somewhat systematic\\n(varying from no to 240 per inch) yet their equivalents\\nin metric measurements seem not to be so systematic.\\nThe early method of screw-making, consisted of\\nthe use of a small bench lathe, with the ordinary split\\nchuck for holding the wire rods, which chucks were\\nclosed by means of the regular draw-in-spindle and hand\\nwheel. On the lathe bed was a double slide rest with\\none tool for turning down the wire to form the body of\\nthe screw, and another tool for -cutting off. The\\nlathe was also provided with a swing, or \u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0080\u00a2tumble tail\\nstock containing two or more spindles, one of which\\nserved as a stop to regulate the length of the screw,\\nanother spindle carried the threading die. For turning\\nthe lathe during the threading process, the hand of the\\noperator was employed, so that care was required in\\nrunning on the die to avoid twisting off the slender\\nscrew when the die came in contact with the shoulder\\nwhich formed the under side of the head. After the\\nthreading operation the cutting off tool was brought into\\naction, and the wire rod partially severed, enough metal\\nbeing left to sustain the screw. At this point the oper-\\nator would pick up a slotting plate, and holding it to\\nthe nearly severed screw, turn the lathe and run the\\nscrew into a tapped hole in the plate until it came in", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY\\n97\\ncontact with the head, when the severing process was\\ncompleted by twisting it off. This method of screw-\\nmaking in the Waltham factory was so long ago dis-\\ncarded, as to make it a matter of some difficulty to\\nFig- 3t Early Form of Screw Cutting Lathe.\\ngather the material required for an illustration, but the\\naccompanying view will serve to show what was at one\\ntime in use, (Fig. 36). Mention has been made of the\\nslotting plate; in this view such a plate is shown lean-\\ning against the bed of the lathe. When all of the two\\nrows of holes in the slotting plate had been tilled with", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "9 8\\nEVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nscrews in the manner above mentioned, it was fastened\\nto the carriage of the slotting machine, which, on being\\nstarted, would steadily carry one row of screw heads\\ninto contact with the running saw. the workman in the\\nmeantime taking another plate and continuing his work\\nof turning, threading and cutting off. When the first\\nrow of screws were slotted, the carriage was drawn\\nFit\\n-Early Form of Screw Head Slotting Machine.\\nback to its former position, the plate removed and\\nreversed, and the other row slotted as before. The\\nplates were then taken by a boy who removed the\\nslotted screws, and returned the plate to the workman\\nfor another rilling. The next figure shows one of\\nthe above mentioned slotting machines (Fig. 37).\\nThe brass screws to be used in the rims of balances,\\nwhile made in a similar, but not identical manner as that", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\n99\\njust described, were taken off in a sort of block instead\\nof the above mentioned slotting plate. The reason for\\nthis method being the readiness of releasing the slotted\\nscrews from the slotting block, or holder, which was\\ndesirable from the fact that the threads of balance\\nscrews are very line and delicate, and therefore liable to\\n\u00c2\u00a7Uta*a\\nA Old Balanct Screw Slotting Machine.\\ninjury. This slotting block was circular in form, and\\nconsisted of two plates held together by a screw nut.\\nThe joint between the two plates was drilled with a row\\nof radial holes, tapped to fit the balance screws, which\\nwere inserted, as made, in a manner similar to that\\nalready described When this block was tilled it was\\nplaced on the arbor or spindle of the special slotting\\nmachine shown in the next view. (Fig. 38). which also", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "IOO EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nshows the slotting block. On starting the machine\\nthe block was slowly revolved, carrying the heads of\\nthe radiating screws into contact with the slotting\\nsaw. When completed the block was removed from\\nthe machine, the clamping nut turned back to allow the\\ntwo halves of the block to separate, when the screws\\nwould readily drop out.\\nThe large number of screws required in watchmak-\\ning, when carried on to the extent which it had been\\nfor years at the Waltham factory, led to the attempt to\\nimprove upon the above described methods, and to\\nMr. C. V. Woerd belongs the credit of taking the first\\nstep in that direction. The next view (Fig. 39) shows\\nthe first Automatic Screw-making Machine. This was\\nmade in 187 1, and has been in constant use ever since\\nthat time. This particular machine was designed for\\nmaking Jewel Screws, this screw doubtless being\\nselected for two reasons; first, because of the large\\nnumber used, and second, because being so very small,\\nit would be more easily made by a machine. About\\nfour years of successful use of this machine led to the\\ndesigning of a larger machine, substantially the same in\\nprinciple, but adapted to the production of the larger\\nwatch screws. This heavier machine is shown in Fig.\\n40. Examination of this picture will show that a", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY. IOI", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0096\u00a0s", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY. 103\\nmachine of this kind must of necessity be expensive to\\nbuild; and this fact led to the designing of a machine\\nmore compact in form as well as more simple, and\\ntherefore of cheaper construction. This latter form,\\nwhich was designed by Mr. D. H. Church, possesses\\nsome features, besides cheapness, which are not found\\nin the Woerd machine, and which enable it to perform\\nsome kinds of work which it would be difficult, if not\\nimpossible, to do on the older machines. The Church\\nmachine is shown in the next view (Fig. 41.)\\nIn all the foregoing machines the various and\\nrequisite operations of loosening the chuck, feeding\\nforward the wire rod, tightening the chuck, turning the\\nbodv of the screw, cutting the thread, and severing\\nthe blank from the rod, are performed successively.\\nwhile the slotting of the head could proceed during the\\ntime occupied by one or more of the other operations.\\nIt was the conviction of the writer that a great econ-\\nomv would be secured by the adoption of a machine so\\ndesigned that all of the above operations could proceed\\nsimultaneously. Such a machine was made, and has for\\nten vears been employed in making the largest screws\\nused in full plate watches, making pillar screws at the\\nrate of twelve per minute. In a slightly modified form\\nthese machines are used for making balance screws.", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "104 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nIn\\ntJSikiv\\ni**\u00c2\u00bb^M\\nHf\\n.far .**3\\ntnh Y^ w\\nIB\\nF M\\\\M7\\nP\u00c2\u00bb J/ If\\nw", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY. IO5\\nwhich, being of brass, are capable of more rapid pro-\\nduction, so that twenty screws per minute are made on\\na single machine. (Fig. 42).\\nBut a single operative can readily attend to six or\\nmore of any of the above mentioned forms of automatic\\nmachines, so that while by the older method a man\\nmight make 1,200 to 1.500 screws per day with a little\\naid from a boy. it is possible for one man alone with\\nthese machines to easily make 50.000 to 60.000 per\\nday. This result is attained bv the adoption of the auto-\\nmatic features, by which it is made possible for one per-\\nson to attend to a number of machines, and also the\\narrangement of the machine which provides that all the\\nsuccessive operations involved in making the screws are\\ncarried on simultaneously. This latter fact is accom-\\nplished by the use of a multiplicity of spindles, each of\\nwhich carries a rod of wire, and which successively pre-\\nsent themselves to the various tools, in the favorite\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2procession, which continues until the rods of wire\\nare exhausted, when the machine will stop until replen-\\nished.\\nBut the turning, threading, cutting off and slotting of\\nthe screw does not complete it. for there remain the fin-\\nishing operations, which involve much more of expense\\nthan attends the making operations. Formerly, it was", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nI07\\nneedful to handle each individual screw as many times\\nas there were distinct operations involved in the finish-\\ning process. But improved processes and machines\\nhave reduced the expense of finishing the heads to\\nquite an extent.\\nThe next view shows a lathe once used for finishing\\nscrew heads, (Fig. 43). The running spindle carried a\\nchuck, whose center was\\nthreaded to receive the screw,\\nwhich was held in the fingers\\nof the operative, and when\\nproperly presented to the re-\\nvolving chuck, it would be\\ndrawn in, till the screw head\\ncame in contact with the end\\nFig. 43--OUI Screw Head Finish- Q f t le c huck. The Opera-\\ning Lathe.\\ntive then applied the surface\\nof a tine oil stone to the head of the revolving screw,\\nand moved it back and forth until the surface of the\\nscrew head was carefully ground; following this came\\na stick of boxwood whose surface was charged with\\nVienna lime and alcohol, a similar manipulation of\\nthis stick would produce the desired glossy surface.\\nThe operator then applied a suitable screw-driver to\\nthe slot of the screw head, and, bv the left hand, turned", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "io8\\nEVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nthe lathe spindle backward, unscrewing the finished\\nscrew from the chuck. To insure the proper position\\nof the above mentioned oil stone and stick, when in\\noperation, a suitable rest was provided.\\nIn the case of the brass balance screws, which must of\\nnecessity be entirely uniform, to insure poising, a double\\nFig. 44.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Balance Screw Head Finishing Lathe\\nrest was provided, and a file was also employed to\\nbring the heads to the requisite length. In this machine\\n(Fig. 44) an attachment was used for polishing the sides\\nof the head as well as the end. The later practice is to\\ngrind and polish the ends in large numbers at a time, and\\nfor finishing the sides of the head, the machine shown in\\nthe next view was designed (Fig. 45 This will be\\nrecognized as one of the continuous running type of", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY. IO9", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "IIO EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nmachines previously mentioned. This machine has a\\nrevolving head, containing eight spindles, each of which\\nis provided with an interior threaded chuck. The head\\nrevolves by a step by step movement, and the spindles,\\nwhen they successively reach certain positions, are put\\nin rapid -motion.\\nWhen in one of these positions the operator presents\\nthe point of a screw to the chuck, and it is at once\\nscrewed in. That spindle then moves to another posi-\\ntion, and in its progress passes under the action of a tine\\nhie. which removes any burr which may have been\\nmade by the slotting saw. At a later period the screw\\nreaches a position to be acted upon by a swiftly revolv-\\ning wood lap, which also has a vibrating motion.\\nAnother step or two carries the screw head to the\\naction of a buff wheel, which gives additional gloss to\\nthe surface of the metal. At the next step the screw\\ndisappears, so that when the spindle reaches its first\\nposition the chuck is empty and ready for another\\nscrew; and so on. Another form of screw head finish-\\ning machine was originally made for finishing the\\nminute screws used in holding jewel settings. Some\\ngirls acquire such skill in handling these screws that\\nthey could readily put them into the chucks of the\\nrunning spindles, but it was entirely a matter of feeling.", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OP AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nIll\\nA later form of machine has made this skill unneces-\\nsary, as each spindle, when it reaches the proper posi-\\ntion, receives its screws automaticallv. or if it fails to\\nit a.\\nFig. jt The Wood Machine for Finishing the Heads of Jewel Setting Screws\\ndo so. that failure stops the machine, and so avoids\\ninjury to the empty chuck by the action of the grinding\\nand polishing mechanism. This machine (Fig. 46) is\\nthe invention of Mr. Gleason Wood. Other forms of", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "112 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nmachines have been made for finishing round -topped\\nheads, but this chapter is quite long enough, and we\\nwill not attempt any description of them.", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIII.\\nIn the last chapter we very briefly described the\\nmachines for the making and finishing of the balance\\nrim screws.\\nIn this chapter we will review some of the machines\\nwhich have been, or are now employed in the produc-\\ntion of the balance itself. The making of the balance\\ninvolves a larger number of successive operations than\\nany other single piece of the watch movement. It also\\ndemands the utmost care in manufacture, to insure its\\nabsolute truth and reliability of action under the varying\\nconditions to which it is subject when in the performance\\nof its important and delicate work.\\nIt is to be understood that we refer to the bi-metallic\\nor expansion balance, which is the only form of balance\\nused by the American Watch Company) and that from\\nthe nature of its structure it is absolutely essential that it\\nbe as near perfect as possible in every particular. We\\nare however to consider, not the balance itself, but the\\nmachines used in its production; we will begin with the\\noperations required after the brass portion has been\\nunited to the steel body of the balance blank.\\n[13", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "114 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nFor the satisfactory action of the completed balance\\nunder varying temperatures, it is desired that the more\\nexpansive brass be made as dense as possible. This\\ndensity is ordinarily secured by some sort of a com-\\npression process. Quite possibly this may at some time\\nFig. 4j. Early Machine for Hammering Balance Brass.\\nhave been accomplished by a long succession of blows\\nby a hand hammer, if so. the operation must have been\\na tedious one. and probably not entirely satisfactory in\\nits results.\\nThe first mechanical means known to the writer for\\nperforming this work was in the form of a small trip\\nhammer designed for this special use (Fig. 47.)", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY. 115\\nThis machine was provided with two grooved rolls\\nmounted on and near one end of two parallel shafts.\\nwhich near their other extremities carried rolls of differ-\\nFig. 48. Another Early Machine for Compressing Balance\\nent form. By means of two little belts one of these\\nshafts was made to drive the other, the rirst one receiv-\\ning its motion through a belt from a countershaft.", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "Il6 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nA count wheel was so arranged as to receive a step\\nby step movement by means of an arm and pawl attached\\nto the axis of the trip hammer.\\nThe balance blank to be operated upon was held in\\nposition by a detached arbor which at one end was made\\nslightly tapering and of such size as to fit the center hole\\nof the balance. The other extremity of this arbor car-\\nried a role or disc of substantially the same diameter as\\nthe balance blank.\\nWhen in position the blank rested on the periphery\\nof the two grooved rolls, and the disc rested in a\\nsimilar manner on the two belted rolls at the other\\nend of the parallel shafts; a suitable spring was\\narranged to maintain sufficient pressure to compel the\\nmotion of the two drive rolls to rotate the balance\\narbor. The balance blank being in position, the\\nmachine was put in motion and the feed rolls would\\nslowly revolve the blank.\\nAt every stroke of the hammer the pawl would move\\nthe count wheel a single tooth, and by means of a\\nsuitable stud attached to the wheel it would at a proper\\ntime lift a latch and release a shipper lever and stop the\\nmachine.\\nThe object of this counting mechanism was to insure\\nuniformity in the hammering of the rim, so that the", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY. 117\\nFig. 4Q\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Self-Feeding Automatic Compressor for Balance Brass.", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "Il8 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nmetal on the entire periphery of the balance blank\\nshould be of uniform density.\\nThis form of machine was succeeded by the one\\nshown in (Fig. 48) which, while more efficient in every\\nway than the hammering machine, was displaced by\\nthe self-feeding and automatic acting machine shown\\nin t Fi g- 49-)\\nIn this machine the blanks to be compressed are\\nplaced in the feed tube whence they are taken one by\\none from the bottom of the pile and carried forward\\nand deposited on a suitable lifter which elevates the\\nblank to a position where it can be grasped by the\\ngrooved rolls which gradually but relentlessly close in\\nupon it. not to squeeze the life out of it, but to give\\nit a greater life. When the blank has been compressed\\nto a definite size the rolls retreat and allow the com-\\npressed blank to drop, when it is pushed out of the way\\nby a suitable arm, just in season to make way for\\nanother victim, which is put through the mill in the\\nsame manner.\\nThis machine has only to be kept loaded with blanks\\nand itself does the rest.\\nThe facing and recessing of the blanks then follow;\\nand these operations were formerly done in ordinary\\nbench lathes, each of which required an operative", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nII 9\\n(Fig. 50.) The later practice is to employ an automatic\\nlathe, which takes the blanks from a loaded tube and\\nautomatically places them in the chuck, when the cut-\\nting tool advances and does its work and then retires,\\nFig. jo.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Early Balance Facing and Recessing Machine.\\nwhen the chuck opens, the turned blank is ejected, and\\na new one received, and so on. The attendant, who\\ncan care for a number of machines, has for his principal\\nwork the sharpening and renewing of the cutting tools\\n(Fig- 5*0", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "I20 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nFig. 51. The Church Automatic Facing and Recessing Machine.", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY\\n121\\nThe blanks being turned and recessed, there follows\\nthe removal of two sections of the thin web of steel,\\nleaving a transverse bar of metal, forming the arms of\\nthe wheel. As this bar is widest at the middle, tapering\\nFig. 52.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Balance Webb Cutter.\\non both sides towards the rim, the removal of the two\\nsections of web is not so simple as it would otherwise\\nbe. Years ago it was the practice to make four cuts\\nthrough the web with a suitable shaped mill which was\\nsunk into one side.", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "122 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nThe next operation was performed in a lathe, the\\nspindle of which was given a reciprocating motion, and\\nin connection with it a special crossing tool was made to\\ncut through the web near the rim, thus completing the\\nrim. (Fig. 52.)\\nThe modern practice is to remove both sections of\\nthe web by means of a specially constructed punch and\\ndie.\\nThe drilling and tapping of the numerous holes in the\\nbalance rim, for the reception of the adjustment screws,\\nis unavoidably an operation of considerable extent, inas-\\nmuch as from fourteen to eighteen holes in each balance\\nmust be accurately located and carefully drilled and\\ntapped at the proper stage of the work, and retapped\\nwhen the balance is finished.\\nThe earliest form of machine known to the writer for\\nthis drilling, consisted of a bench lathe with a swing tail\\nstock containing a number of spindles, each carrying a\\nspecial form of tool. In the running spindle of the head\\nstock was a chuck, in which the balance was mounted,\\nand provided with a transverse spindle, the outer end of\\nwhich carried an index, graduated to correspond to the\\ndesired number and position of the holes in the balance.\\nThe inner end of this little spindle carried a face plate\\nto which the balance was clamped, and in such position", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\n123\\nas to bring the desired location for a hole in the axial\\nline of the lathe spindle. By having the chuck care-\\nfully counterbalanced it could be safely revolved at suffi-\\ncientlv high speed to drill the holes, etc. This lathe is\\nshown in (Fig. 53.)\\nThe transition from the slow and somewhat expensive\\nFig 53.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Early Balance Rim Drilling Machine.\\nmethod of drilling just described, to a method both rapid\\nand correspondingly cheap, was in this case a radical one,\\nomitting the steps of gradual progress which has marked\\nimprovements in most directions. Yet there was at least\\none preliminary step in a direction allied to these opera-\\ntions. The operation of tapping the numerous holes was", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "124\\nEVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY\\none of some delicacy and yet demanding rapidity in order\\nto avoid undue expense; the speed was secured by mount-\\ning the tap in a small running spindle driven by power,\\nbut great watchfulness was demanded to avoid running\\nthe threading tap in too far, before reversing the direc-\\ntion of revolution.\\nThe form of tapping machine shown in the next view\\nFig. 34. Eany Balance Tapping Machine.\\n(Fig. 54). was therefore designed, wmich insured both\\nspeed and safety, inasmuch as it was arranged to give the\\ntap a yielding pressure when entering the hole, and also\\nallowed only a definite number of forward revolutions.\\nThis tapping device was incorporated by Mr. C. V.\\nWoerd into an automatic drilling machine, in the form\\nshown in the next view (Fig. 55), and being automatic,", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY. 1 25\\nFig-j5- WoercPs Automatic Balance Drilling Machine.", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "126\\nEVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nsave only in the supplying and removing of the balance,\\ntwo persons are able to attend to twelve machines or\\nmore, which are arranged in close order.\\nmfr msm^M\\nf $i~~ 2 1\\niPfpIV\\nII\\n1 ff| 1]\\n1 4 PI\\n;ij\\nl\\n\\\\j^\\nMSBIfSfr\\ng^\\nFig. j6. Marsh Modern Balance Tapping Machine\\nFor the final tapping of the holes, the machine shown\\nin the next view has proved to be most excellent, as the\\nentire number of holes are tapped simultaneously (Fig.", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\n127\\n56). The finish turning and glossing of the balance rim\\nis an operation demanding special care and accuracy,\\nabsolute truth and accuracy in diameter being required.\\nThe earlier practice was to bed the balance in cement on\\nFig. sj.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Finish Turning and Glossing Machine.\\nchuck, which was provided with true running arbor or\\npin. As the cement required to be softened by heat,\\nboth when securing the balance to the chuck, and when\\nremoving it after being turned, considerable time was\\nnecessarily consumed in securing the balance and getting\\nit in readiness for the turning operations. At one time", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "128\\nEVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nthe turning tools were in removable holders, which were\\ntaken in succession by the workman, and laid on a hard-\\nened tool-rest, in front of the work, and carefully passed\\nover the running balance, each tool removing a small\\nFig. 58\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Marsh Modern Finish Turning and Glossing Machine.\\nportion of the metal. A later form of machine, or rather\\na modification of the foregoing machine, is shown in the\\nnext view (Fig. 57). This shows the turning tools\\nmounted in a holder which is arranged to swing on an\\narbor, and also to slide on the same arbor, the holder", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY. 1 29\\nresting on a suitable guide; the movement of the slide\\nbeing imparted through a suitable hand lever.\\nThe illustration also shows the revolving polishing\\ndisc, for giving the finishing gloss to the rim.\\nThis form of machine has been superceded by the\\none shown in the next view (Fig. 58), which is another\\napplication of the procession idea.\\nThis machine is arranged with a turret carrying four\\nrunning spindles, each of which at its upper end carries\\na specially made chuck for holding the balances to be\\nturned. Suitably disposed around this turret are three\\ntool rests, two of which are provided with turning tools,\\nwhile the third carries a revolving polishing disc. This\\narrangement allows of the simultaneous performance of\\nthe two turning operations, and also of the polishing,\\nwhile the fourth spindle is receiving a fresh balance,\\nwhich will duly follow the others step by step around\\nthe circle, each spindle when arriving at the starting\\nposition bringing with it a completed balance; which the\\nattendant will remove and supply its place with a fresh\\none. This arrangement enables one man to accomplish\\nat least two and one-half times as much as by the previ-\\nous method.", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "C. A. i x IAI^H.", "height": "2819", "width": "1689", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IX.\\nIn the last chapter we reviewed some of the special\\nmachines used in the manufacture of balances; and it\\nmay not be inappropriate at this time to consider the\\ncompanion of the balance the hairspring, and its stud\\nand pins.\\nIt is probable that hairsprings are made in the same\\ngeneral way, by all makers, while the tools and machines\\nemployed in any one factory may be, and doubtless are,\\nentirely dissimilar in form to those used for a like pur-\\npose in other factories. Of these various tools we can\\nmake mention of but few, and of them it will not be\\npossible to illustrate the successive forms or steps in the\\nlong process of evolution.\\nWe believe that there was a period in the history of\\nthis factory when hairsprings were purchased, instead of\\nbeing manufactured. At a later period the finished\\nwire was purchased, from which the springs were made.\\nBut about twenty-five years ago a machine for form-\\ning the wire was built. Subsequent modifications and\\nimprovements have resulted in the production of the\\nmachines shown in Fig. 59. These machines are so far\\n133", "height": "2842", "width": "1759", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "x 9HHHHHH HH^B\\n[T*\u00c2\u00ab*. M\\nJm-te^ll\\nj w\\n^^-SFH\\nSr s", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY. 1 35\\nautomatic in operation that one man only is required to\\nkeep them busy. The character of the work done\\nby the several machines is modified by the successive\\nrequirements of the wire, and include the drawing of the\\nround wire to the exact diameter desired, then flattening\\nof the wire by repeated rollings, and lastly by repeated\\nand careful drawings through the finishing dies, by which\\nthe exact dimensions desired are obtained, together with\\nthe smooth and glossy surface which is indispensable to\\nthe production of a highly finished and bright colored\\nspring.\\nThe coiling of hairsprings seems to belong among the\\nclass of mechanical operations, or manipulations, which\\nare not susceptible of marked improvement. There may\\nbe obtained a measure of superiority in the quality of the\\ntools employed, but the processes of production admit of\\nlittle variation. One exception may be made to the fore-\\ngoing statement, it being the method of forming the\\novercoil of Breguet springs, which method was devised\\nby the late John Logan, and by which it is possible to so\\nform and confine the over-coil that it can be tempered\\ncomplete, not requiring the careful and somewhat tedi-\\nous manipulation otherwise demanded. The round hair-\\nspring stud is one of the small parts of a watch move-\\nment, and quite simple in form as compared with the", "height": "2842", "width": "1759", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "136 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nolder pattern, which was a long wedge-like X piece of\\nsteel which was attached to the watch plate by a screw\\nand two steady pins, and projected toward the spring\\nlike a balance cock. But, although quite simple in form,\\nthe diminutive size of the round stud makes it an incon-\\nFig. bo.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Form and Relative Dimensions of Hair Spring Stud. About Twenty-\\nfive Times Actual Size.\\nvenient piece to manufacture at least this was true\\nduring the early years of its production. The accom-\\npanying diagram (Fig. 60) will serve to indicate the\\nform and relative dimensions of the studs, the largest of\\nwhich are less than 4-100 of an inch in diameter, by\\nabout 9-100 of an inch in length, and at one end is flat-\\ntened on two sides so as to form a sort of tongue, near", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY. 1 37\\none corner of which is drilled a hole to receive the outer\\nend of the hairspring. The opposite end of the stud is\\nprovided with a slit to receive a screwdriver. At one\\ntime it was the practice to cut off from a rod of wire,\\npieces of suitable length for one stud each. Then fol-\\nlowed the operation of milling one of the ends, and fin-\\nishing the other to the proper length. Next came the\\ndrilling of the hole for the spring. It is essential that\\nthis hole should be at an exact right angle to the axis of\\nthe stud, but with so little of total length, as compared\\nto its diameter, it proved a very difficult piece to hold\\nduring the drilling operation, so that when inspected a\\nlarge number were discarded for imperfections. But all\\nthat is a thing of the past. A special form of continuous\\nrunning automatic machine, shown in Fig. 61, now does\\nthe work of milling the two sides, drilling and broaching\\nthe hole, and cutting to exact length, and producing a\\nstud every six seconds. This is another instance of the\\nefficiencv of the procession, or continuous running\\nsystem.\\nThe writer was once told by Mr. Chas. W. Fogg, the\\nPatentee of the Safety Pinion, that when in his youth he\\nwas an apprentice to learn the watchmaking trade; on\\none occasion the boss was to be absent the whole day;\\nhe therefore told the young apprentice that he might", "height": "2842", "width": "1759", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "i38\\nEVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nemploy himself making hairspring pins. Well, how\\nmany shall I make? O, make about a pint. Hair-\\nspring pins are not bulky articles, and filing them by\\nFig. bl. Marsh Automatic Hair Spring Stud Machine.\\nhand on wire held in a pin vise, twirled by thumb and\\nfinger, is not rapid work, but that was the old way. An\\nimprovement was made when the wire was held in a", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY. 1 39\\nspring chuck which was in a spindle removably con-\\nnected with a spindle driven by a belt. With this was\\nalso employed a rotary tile, as a substitute for. and\\nimprovement upon, the common hand rile. This method,\\nwhile probably producing better and more uniform pins\\nthan the primitive method, was by no means rapid, inas-\\nmuch as it was required to remove the inner spindle\\nfrom the outer driving spindle, and after cutting off the\\ncompleted pin. to loosen the chuck and pull out the wire\\nto a distance required for another pin. Only a few\\ninches in length of wire could be handled in this\\nmachine. But for several years past automatic machines\\nof the form shown in Fig. 62 have been used. These\\ntake pieces of wire about 30 feet long, and produce pins\\nat the rate of 20 to 35 per minute, according to the\\nmaterial used.\\nThe proper adaptation of the hairsprings to the bal-\\nances of watches is an indispensable requisite in the\\nobtaining of a correct time rate. It is a matter of abso-\\nlute exactness, and therefore one demanding special care\\nand accurate tests. Until within comparatively a few\\nyears this work was done by the cut and try method,\\nthat is. by repeated trials of different springs, until one\\nwas found which would meet the requirements of each\\nindividual balance. The testing or trial could not be an", "height": "2842", "width": "1759", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINKKV\\nI 4 I\\ninstantaneous matter, and often involved many changes;\\nbut in the case of the ordinary flat hair springs admitted\\nof such latitude as could be corrected by taking up* 1\\nor letting out the spring.\\nExtended and careful tests have demonstrated that the\\ncorrect action of a Breguet hair spring demands that the\\nFig\\\\ 63.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Device for Testing Balances an l Springs.\\nstud be applied at a certain point in the overcoil. and\\nthat only a very slight deviation from this position can be\\nallowed without destroying the proper action of the\\nspring.\\nThe late John Logan, who was extensively known as\\na maker of hair springs, was for several years employed\\nas a watch springer. and gave a great deal of thought\\nto the problem of cheapening the cost of his work. As", "height": "2842", "width": "1759", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "I 4 2\\nEVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\na result of his thought and stud} he invented a system\\nof testing all hair springs by a standard balance, and all\\nbalances by a standard spring, and grading the springs\\naccording to their relative strength, and, by means of a\\nlong studied and carefully prepared schedule, or table,\\nFig. 64. Logan Device for Testing Balances and Springs.\\nselecting the springs adapted to the various balances.\\nThis scheme was the occasion of a long and expensive\\nlawsuit, resulting in favor of Mr. Logan. Some -of the\\nvarious devices for testing balances and springs are\\nshown in the accompanying illustrations. Figs. 63 and 64.\\nMr. E.J. Hall devised and patented the little compara-\\ntors shown in Figs. 65 and 66, which are of value to a", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY\\nH3\\ncertain extent, but their use demands an amount of keen\\nand accurate perception which not every workman\\npossesses.\\nFig. 67 shows a special form of balances, or weighing\\nFig. 6j. The Hall Patent Comparato\\nscales, by which the avoirdupois of the complete\\nwatch balance could be determined. This was devised\\nby Mr. Thomas Gill, who also designed the very ingen-\\nious and useful gauge shown in Fig. 6S for weighing the", "height": "2842", "width": "1759", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "i 4 4\\nEVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nrelative strength of springs. By the use of these two\\ndevices, an approximate selection of springs, as to their\\nadaption to balances could be made. This system, while\\nhelpful to a limited extent, was far from perfect, as it was\\nmanifest that while the total mass of each of a large num-\\nber of balances might be exactly equal in weight to that\\nFig. bb. Another Hall Patent Comparator.\\nof each of the others, yet the metal might be so disposed\\nas to give vibrational weight in some cases much greater\\nthan in others. So that the only accurate means for\\nascertaining the effective weight of balances is by vibra-\\ntion. The same method is also required to measure the\\nstrength of hair springs with the accuracy required.\\nSuch careful and minute gauging of necessity demands", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY. 1 45\\nthat the determining vibrations shall be continued through\\nan interval sufficiently prolonged to disclose or reveal the\\npeculiar condition of each individual balance or spring.\\nTo do this work thoroughly without entailing a large\\nFig. 67. The Gill Scale for Weighing Balances.\\nadditional expense, a form of special machine was\\ndevised, which has proved to be very efficient and relia-\\nble. Fig. 69 shows a number of these machines as\\narranged for use, some of them fitted for vibrating bal-\\nances, others for springs, and still others for testing. By", "height": "2842", "width": "1759", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "146\\nEVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nmeans of this system the springs and balances are\\nselected entirely independent of the movements to which\\nthey have been assigned, so that they do not come\\ntogether until they reach the hands of the finisher.\\nIn closing this series of papers, which have extended\\nfar beyond the original intention of the writer, it is\\nFig. 68 The Gill Gauge jor Determining the Relative Strength of Hair Springs.\\nproper to say once more that it is impossible to convey\\nmore than a general idea of the direction and nature of\\nimprovement in machinery for watchmaking, and to\\nindicate some of the steps in which progress has been\\nmade. The list of improved machines is by no means\\ncomplete. No mention whatever has been made of", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2842", "width": "1759", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY. 1 49\\nsome of the most recent changes. At no time in the\\nhistory of this company have changes been so numerous\\nnor so radical as within the past two years. Enough,\\nhowever, has been written to show that very great\\nchanges in manufacturing methods have been in progress\\nduring almost the entire existence of this factory. Many\\nof the earlier methods and machines now seem crude;\\npossibly they were known to be such at that time, but it\\nis difficult for us at this day and in the light of recent\\nmechanical achievements to realize the primitive condi-\\ntions of forty years ago.\\nPerhaps no one of the past two score years has failed\\nto witness some degree of improvement in machinery.\\nDoubtless succeeding years will also bring additional\\nchanges, but it is not probable that the future student of\\nthe history of watchmaking will be able to discern in any\\nlike period as much of progress as will mark the last\\ndecade of the present century.\\nWe have aimed to write of methods and machines, and\\nnot of men. But it seems proper in these closing words\\nto make mention of two who are deservedly prominent;\\nthe first as being to a certain extent a pioneer in the field\\nof designing and building watchmaking machinery, and\\nthe second who has by his fertility and originality in the\\nfield of invention, achieved so much in the embodiment", "height": "2842", "width": "1759", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "l50 EVOLUTION OF AUTOMATIC MACHINERY.\\nof automatic features as render his recent machines won-\\nders of mechanism. We refer to Mr. C. S. Moseley and\\nMr. D. H. Church.", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2842", "width": "1759", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "237 90", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2842", "width": "1759", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "V,\\nt s*.\\nVo\\nv\\nv V o\\nft* v\u00c2\u00bbcr\\n.0\\nr\\\\\\nj\u00c2\u00a3_*\\n\u00c2\u00a39*\\nt", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "v-tf 5\\noV\\nHECKMAN\\nBINDERY INC.\\nfc MAY 9C\\nW^W^ N. MANCHESTER,\\nINDIANA 46962", "height": "2842", "width": "1759", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2843", "width": "1829", "jp2-path": "evolutionofautom00mars_0160.jp2"}}