DT933 .MM DT 933 .M64 Copy 1 SOUTH AFRICA # Copyrighted by Geo. W. Bond, Chicago 1900 enieAGO Stereopticon 3c Film Exchange 1900 -N 4 /\) ^ TWO COPIES RECEIVED. SECOND COPY, Library cf Congpo«% 56635 fcn S1900 -1s.^-\*5-.\^c.d. ocfc'lster of Copyright* SOUTH AFRICA. An Illustrated Lecture by James Martin Miller. Ladies and Gentlemen: It need not be told an American audience that there is no teacher of geography, history and kindred subjects, equal to war. What each one here this evening knew about the Philippine Islands before the war with Spain began was not very much. Now you read and study with intense interest everything about these far-off islands. The new relations in which the United States found herself so suddenly involved with the West and East Indies, lead many of our citizens to face the general history of colonization, and especially to investigate the extraordinary place which colonization has occupied in the development of British commerce and influence throughout the whole world during the last hundred years. It is not too much to say that a large number of Americans have come to understand the growth of the British Empire more sympathet- ically since they see in their own case how a great people can be im- pelled on in her historic development by circumstances and forces seem- ingly beyond her resistance. The shallow notion that Great Britain has conquered territory all over the world, merely through greed, and cruelty and oppression, is rapidly being relegated to the limbo already so well occupied of popular prejudices and international misunderstanding. *In 1620 two ships belonging to and English trading company hoisted the British flag where Cape Town is now located, and took formal possession. When the action was reported to the British government, it disapproved and no further steps were taken to carry out the policy of the trading company in annexing the territory, In 1652 the first permanent settlement was made by the Dutch East India Company, with the full consent of their government. The crew of the ship which had been wrecked had spent some months on the very spot where Cape Town now stands; they had planted a few seeds, had found the climate pleasant, the soil productive, and soon reported their happy experience to the authorities in the homeland, Holland. *They were not considered as colonists in the ordinary sense; they were all servants of the East India Company, living there in order to facilitate the movements of their great merchant fleets. It was found necessary, however, at a later date, to have the land in the immediate neighborhood of the fort, parcelled out into farms, and to give these over to colonists of another type. Toward the end of the seventeenth century, the number of the colon - . ists were very largely reinforced by the arrival of French and Swiss Pro- *If the lecture is too long, this may be omitt j:1. 2 SOUTH AFRICA. testants, who, having fled from persecution in their own countries to Holland, were sent out, with their own consent, to the Cape. These new arrivals added elements of the greatest value to the little Dutch community. To them is traced the beginning of the grape culture, fo r which Cape Town has since become so famous. The French families became gradually absorbed, and soon lost all direct relationship with their own country. *At first these European settlers came into contact with the natives of South Africa in the trading of cattle and sheep. As their numbers increased, they gradually occupied lands which the natives had used for the pasture of their cattle, and over this land question the first quarrel arose. To begin with the Dutch sought to buy the lands, At a later date, they gave up this formality and formed the habit of seizing what they wanted for their farms. At a still later date they even employed the former owners of the soil as their slaves in its cultivation. The slave movement was most unfortunately stimulated by the introduction of negro slaves from the west coast. The life which these distant settlers lived was by no means unenjoy- able. The climate was extremely healthy. Their habits of life were simple and regular. No. i. A Traveller's Difficulty, Oxteams. They performed their journeys, drawn slowly at the rate of fifteen or twenty miles a day, by long teams of oxen. They persevered and encountering many difficulties on the way as shown in the picture built their little house, tilled their patch of land, looked after their ever-increasing herds, fought any of the natives who threatened to be troublesome, and paid their rare visits — once or twice a year — to the nearest church for the celebration of the "nachtmaal" or holy communion. Nevertheless, the life was by no means elevating, for as they spread northward they became less and less an agricultural, and more and more a pastoral people. Their farms became larger until no one was con- tented with less than three miles square; they came to relish manual labor less and less and depended wholly upon the inefficient service of ignorant natives. They formed no large towns where they could con- gregate, and plan for their advancement and higher civilization. They learned to love hunting and wandering about, and took pleasure in the mere independence of their isolated life. *Towards the end of the eighteenth century, three or four European countries were engaged in a mighty struggle for the control and development of large portions of the world. It was being determined whether France, or Holland, or England should lead the destinies of vast regions through the nineteenth century. It was impossible that the importance of the Cape should remain unnoticed by these fierce contestants. When, after open revolution, France seized Holland and drove the Prince of Orange into exile in England, the British government took possession of the Cape and held it in trust for the Dutch prince, restoring it in 1802, In 1806 Great Britain bought several colonies from Holland, for which she paid about fifty million cash. One of these was Cape Colony. *If the lecture is considered too long, this may be omitted. SOUTH AFRICA. 3 No. 2. Map. The Boer farmers, who in large numbers were moving northward, met with many strange and dreadful experiences, but large numbers of them settled down in regions where they enjoyed comparative peace and prosperity. Amongst these were the settlers in what is known as the Orange Free State. This region, lying north of the Great River — now invariably called the Orange River — and south of the Vaal River, has for its eastern base the remarkable highlands of Basutoland, and the range known as Drackenberg. The country itself consists, for the most part, of rolling prairies intersected with many streams. It is a rich farming country. Mr. W. T. Stead, editor of the Review of Reviews says, "The South African Republic was in the position of the inverted pyramid; the major- ity of the population, possessing more than half the land and nine-tenths of the wealth, and paying nineteen-twentieths of the taxes, had prac- tically no share in its administration and no voice in its legislature." No. 3. Kruger. When the pressure upon the government by this majority, the outlanders, became severe, President Kruger was always able to use one argument which he appears to have found convincing and effective. He warned his followers that if the foreigners had the franchise they would wrest the government from the Boers and hand over the country to Great Britain. It is here, that, as it would seem, President Kruger's far-famed shrewdness absolutely deserted him. Nothing can be more certain than that, if the foreigners had received the franchise, even with safe-guards intended to preserve the pre-eminence of the Dutch element in the country, the republic as then constituted would have been as strongly anti-British as President Kruger himself. There were others, however, who were not blind and who were pre- pared to give another turn to the course of events in the Transvaal than that contemplated either by Kruger or by the invading host against whom he fought. In the year 1895 the citizens of Johannesburg decided that their wrongs had reached a point which made a revolution necessary. Accordingly, a number of the leading spirits of the city resolved to pre- pare for such an event. They felt, however, their incompetence to con- quer the armed Boer citizens who would immediately be brought against them. Accordingly they looked around to discover some helper from the outside. No. 4. Cecil J. Rhodes. They appealed to the Right Honorable Cecil Rhodes, who was at that time the most composite political per- sonage on the wide earth. He was a member of the privy Council of Queen Victoria; he was Prime Minister of Cape Colony with his seat of authority in the south at Cape Town; he was also managing director of he British South African Chartered Company, which means that he 4 SOUTH AFRICA. was practically the administrator of the vast territory ruled by that com- pany to the north of the Transvaal; he was also chairman of the De Beers Diamond Mining Company at Kimberly, which means that he was at the head of the largest money producing industry in Cape Colony; he was at the same time one of the leading capitalists of the gold mining industry in the Transvaal. As a capitalist he was personally interested in the development of Johannesburg; as administrator of Rhodesia he had military forces under his control; as Prime Minister of Cape Colony he had the ear of the High Commissioner of South Africa and of the British government in London. He knew personally and intimately many of the men engaged in the conspiracy at Johannesburg. He saw that if their insurrection placed them in power they would form a stronger independent state than Britain had to deal with in the present Boer government. Accordingly,, it seemed to him not only in the interest of the revolution, but in the interests also of the parties ruling in South Africa, that he, as represent- ative of the British, should place the new government of the Transvaal under deep and permanent obligations to himself. Mr. Rhodes made the momentous resolution to help the revolution. His action may be judged from different points of view. If the proposed insurrection was wrong, his action was wrong. If it was right the Tight- ness of his action depends partly upon the relative strength of the motives which led to his decision, and partly on the question of his fidelity to other authorities under whom he was placed. As to his motives, no man can judge; as to his integrity as an occupant of a num- ber of public offices, much may be said. Mr. Rhodes endeavored to put himself in the right in this direction by communicating at once with the Colonial office in London. No. 5. Mr. Chamberlain. Now in London the Colonial Secretary- was Mr. Joseph Chamberlain, one of the most striking figures in the history of British politics during the last twenty years. Mr Chamber- lain, a former Radical of the most advanced type, is a member of a Con- servative government. He holds his position as leader of that portion of the Liberal party which revolted from Gladstone on the question of Irish Home Rule. It is largely through the influence of himself, and of his companions in this revolt, that the conservative party has held sway so long in Great Britain. He has used his position of extraordinary influence with consummate skill and with inscrutable modifications of his Radical conscience. Presumably one of the chief ambitions of Mr. Chamberlain's life as Colonial Minister has been to distinguish his period of office by some great striking deed of imperial splendor. It was his duty, of course, SOUTH AFRICA. 5 to keep himself thoroughly aware of everything that occurred which might effect in any way the prosperity of any British Colony. *Hence, it was his simple duty to welcome any information that might be given to him concerning prospective revolutions in the Transvaal. Nor was he bound by any con- sideration to make this information known outside his office. If he were informed that this revolution was inevitable and that it might be turned to a profitable account for the other colonies of South Africa, and for South Africa as a whole he was not bound to pub- lish his knowledge. But it is strongly suspected, indeed, Mr. Stead's pamphlets have made it practically certain, that Mr. Chamberlain took another step of a more serious nature. When Mr. Rhodes proposed to him, through a trusted messenger, that assistance from a British territory should be given the revolutionists at Johannesburg, Mr. Chamberlain seems to have acquiesced in the proposal, or, at least, to have agreed not to prevent it. Of course the forces directly under the control of the British govern- ment, of the War Office in London, could not be so employed. But Mr. Rhodes, as administrator of Rhodesia, was also master of a large force of efficient volunteers in that region, whose skill and valor had already been amply proved. It ought, in all fairness, to be observed that the Transvaal govern- ment's transactions, especially those leading to the development of the Republic's military resources and efficiency, were not interfered with by the British government even although it was only against her or her colonies that this military force could be exerted. It is perfectly safe to say that there is no other country in the world, except perhaps the United States, which would have allowed this development to go unchecked. Neither Russia, nor Germany, nor France, would have patiently endured these circumstances for a single year. *On March 28, 1897, when Sir Alfred Milner was about to leave for his position as High Commissioner for South Africa and Governor of Cape Colony, Mr. Chamberlain used the following language. "The problem before us and before him is not an insoluble problem. For what is it? It is to reconcile and persuade to live together in peace and good will two races whose common interests are immeasurably greater than any differences which may unfortunately exist " The outlanders could not long avoid the utterances of protest against the treatment they received. During the winter of 1898-99 affairs became rapidly complicated and ■embittered. A small event will in such circumstances create great excitement. Such an event was the murder of a man named Edgar in December 1898. In itself, this was not sufficient in ordinary times to create any public feeling of a political nature, but it was like a spark of fire in a mass of the most combustible material. It led to the holding of a demonstration, and the arrest of Messrs. Webb and Dodd, two of the leading protestors. This Mr. Dodd is one of two brothers from the north of England, men of the lower middle class, not capitalists, not firebrands, but intelligent and earnest men who have been accustomed to the political freedom of their home land, and who by public work and preaching of the Gospel, seek at home or abroad to help their fellow-citizens. *If the lecture is considered too long, this may be omitted. 6 SOUTH AFRICA. *In January, 1899, a large open meeting of the Outlanders was held in the amphitheater, at which speeches were being delivered when the police force interfered and dispersed the gathering. The excitement grew and took shape at last in the forwarding of a petition to the Queen, signed by 21,684 British subjects, which was forwarded through Sir Alfred Milner. President Kruger at this time made several public addresses, none of which indicated any serious desire to solve the problems at issue, but he welcomed a counter petition which he presented signed by 9,000 Outlanders. The union of the Orange Free State with the Transvaal Republic for the purpose of carrying on this war increased the difficulties of the British, not only by adding thousands of soldiers to the Boer army, but by vastly extending the frontier which must be attacked or defended. If we consider these two states as one, (show slide No. 2) a glance at the map wiil show how many hundreds of miles comprise the boundary line between them and the British possessions. Along the western border we have first Bechuanaland in the north and the Cape Colony from Mafeking down to the Orange Free State. For the southern border we have from near the point where the Kim- berly railroad crosses the Orange River right across to Basutoland. From the northeastern border of Basutoland the boundary line extends northward to the tip of the Natal triangle at Majuba Hill, then eastward and northward until the Portugese territory is reached, a little south of Lorenzo Marquez, near Delagoa Bay. Along the western and northern borders the country may be described in general as consisting of what in America we call prairie lands, which may either be perfectly flat for many long miles or change into a roll- ing country. This is true of a good part of the southern border of the Orange Free State, but as one goes eastward toward Colesberg and Aliwal North, the country becomes more hilly. Here and there on these prairie lands are scattered strange and characteristic eminences, which often rise quite solitary and steep from the level plain and which are known in South Africa as "Kopjes". These afford, of course, most valuable shelter for troops, are easily fort- ified and not easily captured. North of Basutoland there stretches between Natal and the Boer States a long and magnificient range of mountains. These are rugged and steep, some of the peeks rising to many thousands of feet in height. These are crossed at certain points by passes, through which the main roads of communication have been made. Obviously, a border like the one last described can be easily fortified and rendered almost impregnable against many thousands of the best trained troops. One of the first questions, therefore, which the world *If the lecture is considered too long, this may be omitted. SOUTH AFRICA. 7 asked when the war was announced by the sending of the Boer ultima- tum to London, was at what point or points in this very extensive border will the invasion, or invasions, be likely to occur? *Closely connected with this and wilh the general problem was the inquiry as to the number of soldiers whom the Boers could muster for their desperate struggle. Estimates varied according to the basis of calculation which was adopted. Some maintained that they could not reach more than 30,000, while a few other extremists put in a number as high as 100,000 men. The latter estimate was avowedly based upon the presumption that the Dutch farmers of Cape Colony could be counted upon to rise in a mass and join their brethren of the north. The safest and most accurate calculation based itself upon the fact that Kruger told Sir Alfred Milner at Bloemfontein that he had only 30,000 Burghers exercising the vote. As the total Dutch population of the Transvaal is about 80,000, and the total white popu- lation of the Orange Free State is about the same, viz , 80,000, it is safe to calculate that the Free Staters would not put into the field more than the same number of men, namely, 30,000. This total of 60,000 must undoubtedly be increased by the addition of several thous- and foreign volunteers in the Transvaal, and of the Boer volunteers from the colonies, which would bring up the total nominal force of the Boers to something near 70,000. But from that must be subtracted all those whom official duty, old age, sickness and other events must have prevented from entering upon active warfare. Further there must be subtracted at least a few thousand of the Free Staters who must be retained on their eastern border to watch all movements in Basutoland, prepared to meet a possible invasion by the fierce native Highlanders whom the Dutch have so much cause to dread. If from these and other causes we subtract 15,000 men, we are left with 55,000 as the utmost pos- sible number of soldiers whom the Boers can obtain to send into the field for actual fighting. These 55,000 men are, of course, almost all of them, citizen soldiers; men, whose ages vary from sixteen to sixty or more, and who have left their farms and the firesides to fight for what they feel to be the cause of liberty and justice. Already signs, not a few, have appeared, that many of them have entered upon the war with very little idea either as to the merits of the cause they are defending, or the character of the enemy against whom they are going. Their appearance on the battle field is pathetic, and has stirred the blood and brought forth the sympathy of innumerable citizens of other lands, not even excluding England, against whom they fight. Whether their cause in the main be right or wrong, these Boers, as individuals, have attracted the deepest interest of open-minded and intelligent men and women throughout the world. The plan adopted by the Boers very soon showed itself to consist of simultaneous advance on the British territory at three or four different points. The first and most important attack, which absorbed by far the largest part of their forces, was made upon Natal. Another small force, estimated at various numbers from 3,000 to 5,000, was directed against Mafeking, the northernmost town in Cape Colony. Another large force at least 5,000 was sent to invade the very impor- tant town of Kimberly. Several other commandos crossed the border at several points between Kimberly and Basutoland, their object being to occupy some of the northern colonial towns, to reach and interfere *If the lecture is considered too long, this may be omitted. 8 SOUTH AFRICA. with railway communications from the south, and to destroy the bridges across the rivers. *Even before the war began, it was known that the Boers were arranging their forces for the prompt and vigorous invasion of Natal. Accordingly the British authorities had been most earnestly urged to hasten sufficient troops to that colony to resist such an invasion. The Boers had three reasons, very probably, for concentrating their most powerful attack upon this region. In the first place Natal is rich, its farm lands are prosperous, and an enemy who should suddenly descend upon it would find it comparatively easy to support his soldiers by looting among the inhabitants. In the second place, Natal has a very small proportion of Boers among its inhabitants; accordingly the invading army would not feel that they were fighting against kinsmen or robbing fellow Afrikanders for the support of the troops. In the third case Natal is on the sea-coast, and if the final victory, as many of the Boers expected, should be theirs, they would be able to make a very strong claim for an extension of their territory to the sea-coast, This long cherished and deep-felt ambition would give them at once a status among the nations which they never can possibly reach while they exist even as an independent and self-governing community surrounded on every side by British territory. The British authorities who had not been idle although they had not- entered with any conspicuous vigor upon the task of gathering troops in South Africa, had sent a few regiments in response to the appeal of the Natal government to Durban, and these, under the command of a bril- liant Indian soldier, Sir George Stewart White, had been massed for the most part at the town of Ladysmith which is about 135 miles from the sea-port of Durban. The importance of Ladysmith arises from the fact that at this point two main roads from the Orange Free State and the Transvaal, meet and become one road to Pietermaritzburg and Durban. If the General decided to prevent the junction of the Free Staters and the Transvaal it must be at this point. In order to do this he sent forward about 4,000 men to occupy the town of Dundee, about thirteen miles farther north. This section of his force was placed under General Sir William Penn Symons; who made a camp for it between Dundee and the railway junction at Glencoe. These were the men who first felt the full brunt of the force which the Trans- vaalers sent to Natal. The Boer's plan of campaign was very wisely conceived, and if only it had been as thoroughly carried out, the small British force might very speedily have been destroyed. The general plan arranged for was an invasion of Natal by three columns. The western column was to go from the Orange Free State, passing through Van Reenas Pass and the Tintwa Pass. This column consisted of Free State and Transvaal soldiers inter- *If the lecture is considered too long, this may be omitted. SOUTH AFRICA. 9 mixed. The main center column was commanded by General Joubert himself, assisted by General Erasmus. It came through the pass known as Laing's Nek, almost under the shadow of sad Majuba Hill and through Mt. Prospect, where Sir George Colley had his camp before the fatal battle in which he fell, eighteen years ago. Another force under General Lucas Meyer invaded the Transvaal by a road crossing the border farther east. The two last columns were first concentrated on the town of New- castle, which they occupied, then they moved southward upon Glencoe. Their movements were rapid but not well timed, the result being that at the critical moment when their leading force came in contact with the garrison at Glencoe, it had not met with, and was unsupported by the larger force on which its movements depended for success. On October 20, 1899, General Yule announced from Dundee that the first battle of the war had been fought and won by the British. Close to a road east of the town of Dundee, there rises a steep hill at a dis- tance of more than 5,000 yards. The hill is variously named Dundee Hill, Smith's Hill and Talana Hill, and is nearly 1,000 feet in height irom the level of the camp. It was evidently the purpose of General Joubert to have one portion of his force approach on this side and occupy the hill, while he, coming on a straight road from the north, should attack the left flank of the British force. On Thursday afternoon and evening, October 19th, the British became aware that actual fighting had begun. Their pickets, thrown out at some distance from the town, discovered the movements of stealthy Boer skirmishers in the valley, and from time to time through the night, shots were interchanged. This began the war which will desolate so many homes in Africa and England, and which might so •easily have been avoided if the principles of the Peace Conference had been followed. No. 6. A Boer Scout. The Boer is trained to a mode of warfare in which scouting on swift horses is a prominent feature. He carries his belt of cartridges and a water bottle over his shoulder and wears his wide brimmed hat. The rope around the horse's neck is used for knee- haltering, which allows the horse to move slowly about, browsing on the grass during a time of rest. No. 7. Wounded Boer Prisoners. The pathos of this picture appears not only in the stooping figure of the man who is faint with pain and loss of blood, nor in the defiant look of one or two other Boers walking straight and scanning the distance, but in the contrast between their disheveled appearance and the martial dress and commanding bearing of the cavalry soldiers who have them in charge. io SOUTH AFRICA. No. 8. Armored Train Making a Reconnaissance. Armored trains have been used with more or less success quite extensively in South Africa. The train shown in the picture consists of a powerful engine, tender and two cars. The sides are over six feet high, fitted with loop holes for firing through; each car will carry sixty-four men. The train is covered with 24 -inch steel armor plate over double iron rails. No. 9. Wrecking an Armored Train. After Ladysmith was in- vested by the Boers, several attempts were made to keep up communica- tion with General George White. This scene represents the thrilling incident when an armored train attempting to run from Colenso to Ladysmith was attacked by the Boers. A shell from one of the large guns overturned one of the cars and brought the journey to a standstill. The British soldiers immediately leaped out, and under the courage- ous insipiration of Mr. Winston Churchill, a newspaper correspondent, proceeded to clear away the wreckage and allow the engine to proceed. This was done under a continuous hail of bullets from the Boers. A few. managed to jump on the engine and were carried safely to Colenso; the rest were either killed or taken prisoners. No. 10. The Charge of the Lancers. The battle of Elandslaagte ended in the gloom of settling night with the charge of the Lancers upon the routed Boers. The horrible scene is here depicted. The Bugler boy, who shot several Boers with his revolver, is shown in the midst. No. 11. British Attempt to Save the Guns at Battle of Tugela. During the battle of Tugela the shells of the English guns fell short, and in order to get within range they were run up closer to the Boers. The fire of the enemy was so severe that they were compelled to leave their guns. The picture represents the brave but unsuccessful attempt to save the guns. No. 12. A Sortie from Ladysmith. On November 8th and gth the Boers attacked Ladysmith in great force and a fierce battle was fought. This scene pictures to us the bursting of shells and the falling of brave men. The horror of war! Many such scenes have been enacted during the long siege of Lady- smith. No. 13. Death of Native Dispatch Carriers. The dispatches from Ladysmith and Kimberley were sent by the native carriers. Here one of them has been overtaken and brought down by the bullets of the mounted Boers. This is war, and as Gen. Sherman said, "War is hell." We will all doubtless be glad to turn from the subject of war to a more pleasant one. No. 14. Zulu Ladies' Reception. Zulu ladies love ornament and their ideas vary as to the style which suits individual tastes and features. SOUTH AFRICA. n They eat from one dish, which is the pot in which the food has been cooked. They use wooden spoons which they dip into the substantial porridge-like food prepared for them. The most common grain used since the beginning of this century is the American corn, which in South Africa is called "mealies." No. 15. General View of Johannesburg from Hospital Hill. No less remarkable than the buildings of Johannesburg are the num- bers of trees which in ten years have all been planted, and reached their present growth, on the formerly barren hillside. Most of the trees are what the South Africans call the "Blue Gums." This tree is the Eucalyptus and was brought originally from Australia. It has proved itself an incalculable blessing to many parts of South Africa. No. 16. Gold Mines at Johannesburg. On the bare veldt of prairie, where hardly even grass would grow, these mines have been opened to reach the marvelous deposits beneath the surface. It runs for about thirty miles, and will take about fifty years ere it is exhausted. The mines from the first have needed much capital, high intelligence and great organization for their successful working. No. 17. Native Compound at Kimberley Diamond Mines. To prevent the stealing of diamonds and the lawless degradation of the native miners who come in thousands to Kimberley from all over South Africa, the Compound system has been established. Each native con- tracts to serve the company for a definite period at a certain rate of wages. During his engagement he lives within the Compound, where he has stores, a hospital, a school, a church, plenty of room for exercise, and above all no opportunity to buy drink. The entire space is covered with wire netting to prevent the workers from escaping and from throw- ing diamonds out of the Compound into the hands of accomplices outside. No. 18. Old Workings, Kimberley Diamond Mines. The dia- monds are found in a grayish soil called blue clay. Originally each miner dug at his own little claim, the deeper they dug the more claims fell in upon one another, necessitating at last the amalgamation of many claims into a few large mines. The wires stretching from the edge carry little buckets which run backwards and forwards from the bottom of the mine to the top. In these were carried the precious blue clay, which was exposed to the air and sun before being conveyed to the sifting rooms. No. 19. A Zulu Militarv Review. Zulu regiments keep up their courage and their esprit de corps by frequent war dances and military reviews. On these occasions, to the sound of low voices, sometimes a thundering chant, they stamp with their feet in rythmic movement on 12 SOUTH AFRICA. the ground. At intervals individual soldiers leap out into the front and proceed to go through a mimic fight, displaying their own courage and portraying the movements and feints and thrusts by means of which they put their enemies to death. A sudden scream will announce that the enemy is dead. The dancers in their frenzy sometimes foam at the mouth, their features become distorted, their voices hoarse and un- earthly. The scene is weird, savage, terrific. No. 20. Native Wizard. This may be the most powerful man in his tribe, whom even the chief may fear. He knows too much; he knows the meanings of his bones and the secret spells by which disease and disaster may be hurled against the foe. He can "smell out" criminals who are generally enemies of the chief or himself and who are done to death at his word. He deals in drugs and poisons. In some tribes the wizard and doctor is allowed to wear the skin of certain animals. No. 2:. Soldiers' Graves. This lonely little graveyard marks the resting place of soldiers who fell in the terrible war against the Macebele under the Chief Lobengula in July and August, 1894. This war was waged by the British South Africa Chartered Company, and resulted in the destruction of the most bloody-thirsty organization in - South Africa. No. 22. Native Kraal. The cattle wander freely about the village, the fowls are at home inside and outside the house. The ground is bare, the entire scenery at such a spot as this is unlovely and -depressing. No. 23. Building a Zulu Homestead. This picture gives an animated idea of the process of building a Zulu hut. The strong young branches of trees are bent in a semi circle and intertwined with others crossing them transversely. This will be covered very probably with clay and grass mixed, and the whole at last thatched over with grass brought in large bundles on the women's backs. No. 24. Waiting for the Vultures. Native warfare has three -customs which civilized nations now abjure. They give no quarter, •they make captives and slaves of the young, and they leave the dead unburied. This gruesome picture shows one portion of a native battle- field after the battle. No. 25. Chief's Kraal Near Rorke's Drift, Zululand. The Kraal of a village or an individual is strictly the cattle pen, but the -word is often applied to a little settlement or group of native huts. Each race fashions its huts in a peculiar way; the Zulu huts are round, as in this picture, which represents the little village gathered around its kraal on the side of a hill which is without verdure or foliage of any kind. A sparse, stubby grass grows here and there, the only nourish- ment of the cattle, which therefore have to be taken by herds daily to SOUTH AFRICA. i S greener pastures. Rorke's Drift is a ford near which one of the worst, battles took place in the war against the Zulus. No. 26. A Family Group. The Zulu hut has a door so low that adults only enter it by going on their knees and crouching very low. The women carry the water in an earthen vessel on their heads, and carry their babies on their backs in a loose skin tied around their shoulders. The commonest ornaments of young and old are beads worn around the neck and ankles. No. 27. Inside the House. This is an interior of a hut of unusual size. Its roof is upheld by strong beams, the fireplace is in the center,, without a chimney, the smoke issuing simply through a hole in the roof. The furniture consists of two or three skins, earthenware pots, jars, sacks of corn, and weapons of war. The native knows and understands little else till the missionary and trader arrive. No. 28. Going to Work. The diamond miners are here running on the trolley through the air. This mode of descent is now only employed in what they call the open working mines. No. 29. Going Home from the Mines. These two Bechuanas have been working at Kimberley or Johannesburg, have received their pay in the golden coin of the British realm, and are traveling on their road from 100 to 400 miles to their distant home. They carry a few trophies purchased in the great city, and reckon themselves as they approach their own town among the heroes and wise men of their tribe. No. 30. Zulus Defying the Lightning. Among the curious superstitions of South African natives we must place that of making the rain and the one depicted in this scene of defying the lightning. Primitive men think of nature as standing in a closer relation to human beings than we can conceive. When an eclipse occurs they beat their drums and raise their war shouts to frighten the evil spirit away; so here, when the lightning flashes and the thunder roars, the warriors take their shields and spears and defy the powers that threaten them. No. 31. Sifting the Gravel for Diamonds — Kimberley Mines. The work of separating the diamonds from the gravel in which they are found requires an experienced eye and a quick hand. The large gravel is first taken out by a screen, the remaining portion spread evenly and thinly by a dextrous motion of the hand and the diamonds are picked out one by one, all under the keen eye of the foreman. Woe unto the man who fails to get every gem, however small, from the portion placed before him. No. 32. De Beer's Compound at Kimberley. The De Beer's Company is the one which has swallowed up all the other diamond mining companies and whose directors control the diamond markets of the world. This compound is large and well appointed. It has a i 4 SOUTH AFRICA. bathing pool in the center. The hospital is on the left. The outlook tower enables watchmen to scan the whole compound and detect some of the attempts at diamond stealing which are being constantly made. No. 33. Cape Town. Cape Town is famous for the beauty of its situation. In the distance is Table Mountain, on which frequently a mist settles, locally called the Table Cloth. The suburbs of the city • surround the base of the mountain. The city, being in a hollow, is apt in the hot season to be very hot. On the whole the climate is good. This is one of the richest spots in the world for grape culture. No. 34. The Home of Cecil Rhodes. Groote Schuur is the name of Mr. Rhodes' house at Rondebosch, near Cape Town. It is a beautiful spot, on which he has spent much money. In the grounds he has a menagerie of wild animals which is much visited by the people of Cape Town. The house is in the old Dutch style. No. 35. Mr. Rhodes' Library at Groote Schuur. Passing inside we have a view in the Library Room. Here among the many volumes collected one might spend many a pleasant and profitable hour. No. 36. Mr. Rhodes' Fapm. Mr. Rhodes' second home in Africa is about 1,400 miles from Cape Town. The picture represents the house which he has built on his farm among the Matoppe Hills. He has adapted the native hut style to the European requirements by connect- ing the huts with one another. No. 37. Olive Schreiner. This is the maiden name of the most famous South African author. She is extremely short in stature, a woman of very warm heart, impulsive, with great power of literary expression and noble moral instincts. She has espoused the cause of the Boers with the utmost passion, mainly because she believes that the capitalists, with Mr. Rhodes at their head, have been the cause of the troubles which led to the war. She married a Mr. Cronwright. They are now known as Mr. and Mrs. Cronwright Schreiner. No. 38. Street in Johannesburg. The gold city of Johannesburg with surprising rapidity became a city of stately buildings and complete civic organization. This was due to the high standing and intelligence of the majority of men who settled in it and built it up. No city in South Africa has a higher class of Europeans among its population. No. 39. Going to Market. In South Africa the historic mode of traveling has been by ox wagon. The large wagon on four wheels is dragged slowly at the rate of ten to twenty miles a day by a team of from ten to fourteen oxen. This mode of traveling is being rapidly dis- placed in many parts by railways and by Cape carts drawn by horses or mules. SOUTH AFRICA. 15 No. 40. Native Miners and White Overseer. These men are -working in connection with what is called the "tipping ground" at the diamond mines, Kimberley. No. 41. A South African Pineapple Field. The northern end of the country is within the tropics, the tropic of Capricorn running across it. The semi-tropical climate is healthy and agreeable. We have here a fine view of a Pineapple field. No. 42. Chief Teteluki — Natal. Not a bird of Paradise — a Zulu Warrior — the professional rapine and slaughter maker of South Africa. No. 43. Soldiers' Monument. This monument was erected at Pietermaritzburg in Natal, in memory of the Natal colonial soldiers who fell in the horrible massacre of Isandhlwana during the Zulu war. No. 44. Dutch Boers Outspanned. The span of oxen has been taken out and placed within the enclosure for the night. The Boer travelers have lit their fire and are cooking their evening meal. They are tall, straight, powerful men, accustomed to life in the open air, to physical exposure; some will sleep within the wagon, and some on the ground beneath it with their guns always within reach. No. 45. Zulu Kraal. This picture shows a circle of Zulu huts placed around the Kraal, or cattle pen. The pen is made of the smaller branches of trees trimmed, stuck in the ground, and bound together near the top, forming a strong hedge. Cattle are, of course, the princi- pal farm wealth amongst the Zulus. No. 46. Diamond Field Claims on De Beer's Farm in 1869. Best view now possible of the scene where Cecil J. Rhodes, as a youth of twenty, began work on his claim. The spot is now occupied by extensive buildings and operations of the De Beers Mining Co. No. 47. Scene on an Ostrich Farm. Ostriches are here kept for the sake of obtaining their feathers for European and American markets. No. 48. Durban — Road to the Berea. The beautiful city of Durban is celebrated especially for the fashionable district called Berea. No. 49. House of Parliament — Cape Town. The House of Parlia- ment at Cape Town will compare favorably in beauty, architecture, artistic surroundings and utility, with the capitols of many states. Magnificent paved driveways are lined with shrubbery and flowers. Monuments of noted Englishmen, and especially those who have been prominent in local affairs, are numerous and beautiful. No. 50. A Bridge on the Road at Mombray. On the road to Mombray, a pretty suburb of Cape Town, we pass over the bridge shown in the picture. There are many of these beautiful spots of natural scenery in and around Cape Town. 16 SOUTH AFRICA. No. 51. Zulu Warriors, Uncivilized. Zulus as a people have learned to live for war. Their chief, Chaka, was the first to drill his soldiers in a systematic way, and thus made them practically invincible. They use either the "isighi, " which is a spear consisting of a long wooden handle with an armored lancet-shaped point at one end; or the "knobkeerie," a weapon held in the right hand. In addition each man carries a shield. In actual battle the shield is larger than those in this picture, so large as to hide a man as he crouches behind it on the ground. The shield is made of dried skin stretched around a frame of wood. The picture shows part of a Zulu Regiment with its strange headgear and shields and spears, crouching on the ground with only their commander standing in front. No. 52. Zulu Warriors, Civilized. The second shows the same class of men after they have come under the training of British officers. They are armed with rifles and bayonets, and wear the light and useful clothing of the native volunteers. No. 53. The Tugela River in Zululand. This river, before it enters Zululand, flows near Colenso, and has been the scene of the fierce struggle between General Buller and the Boer Army. No. 54. Mica Deposits in a Donga. An enormous deposit of Mica is made here by the continuous flow of water which has gradually worn the rocks and formed this donga or narrow chasm. No. 55. Mr. Chamberlain and President Kruger with the English and Boer Flags. Joseph Chamberlain, the British colonial secretary, and Oom Paul, president of the Transvaal Republic, are the two persons who are responsible for putting to the arbitratment of the sword a question that might have been settled by diplomacy. Some people would call the president of the Transvaal Republic a religious fanatic. Be that as it may~he makes constant use of scriptural quota- tion in dealing with his own people and with his enemies as well. He most certainly has a strong personality and has united and cemented his people for powerful and effective action. Standing full six feet and one inch in heighth, with broad back and shoulders, he tips the scales at two hundred and twenty pounds. He is in his 75th year, but still full of vigor both mental and physical. Let us hope that the great contest now raging in South Africa will be settled in the way that will be best for the onward progress of the world. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 019 920 718 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 019 920" 718