{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3569", "width": "2378", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.\\nChap.f.l^^ Copyright No.\\nShelf.__iMii\\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA.", "height": "3486", "width": "2154", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3428", "width": "2237", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3486", "width": "2154", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3408", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3486", "width": "2154", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3408", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3486", "width": "2154", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF TENNESSEE\\nFrom 1663 to 1900\\nFOR USE IN SCHOOLS\\nBY\\nG. R. McGEE\\nPRINCIPAL OF COLLEGE STREET SCHOOL, JACKSON, TENN.\\nTEACHER OF HISTORY IN PEABODY STATE INSTITUTE\\nFORMERLY PRINCIPAL OF PEABODY HIGH SCHOOL, TRENTON, TENN.\\n3^\u00c2\u00ab C\\nNEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO\\nAMERICAN BOOK COMPANY", "height": "3408", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "TWO COPIES RECEIVE.:\\nOfflaa of tkw\\nM ^R2O1900\\nl*\u00c2\u00abgl\u00c2\u00abttf of Copyrlgfct^\\n56743\\nCopyright, 1899, by\\nG. R. McGEE.\\nTENN. HIST.\\nE-P1\\nSECOND COPY,", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "PREFACE\\nThis book has been written because the teachers of the\\nstate have asked for it. How well it will meet their\\ndemands remains to be seen. It is the result, in book\\nform, of the author s long observation and experience as\\nprincipal of a large graded school and as an instructor in\\nhistory in the state institutes.\\nThe material has been accumulated through many years\\nand from many sources. In the few instances where\\nthere are conflicting statements I have followed my own\\njudgment in reaching conclusions. Whenever possible, I\\nhave consulted persons, places, or original records. The\\ngreatest difficulty has been what to omit, as it is impossible\\nto embrace all in the limits of a schoolbook.\\nThe book has been written for children of the fifth to\\nthe seventh grade of our public schools, and in language\\nthat they can understand. No effort has been made to do\\nanything more than to tell the story of a great state in\\na manner that will interest the readers for whom it is\\nintended. As the work progressed the test of scJioolroom\\nuse has been applied unsparingly, and with satisfactory\\nresults.\\nWhile intended for children, it is hoped that the book\\nmay prove interesting to older readers. Some usually\\naccepted statements in the general history of our country\\nhave been flatly contradicted. This has been done delib-\\nerately and after careful investigation. Not to have done", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "4 PREFACE\\nSO would have been to leave the whole people of Tennessee\\nmisrepresented with regard to the Civil War, and would\\nhave been especially unjust to the Union men of the state.\\nHistory virtually presents them in the attitude of Yankee\\nsympathizers. The truth is they were simply Union\\nmen, without sectional consideration, and were as hostile\\nto northern disunionists as they were to southern ones.\\nOn the other hand, nine tenths of the Confederate soldiers\\nof Tennessee were never secessionists. Justice and our\\nown self-respect demand that our children shall know the\\ntruth about these matters.\\nThe appendix, containing the Constitution of Tennessee\\nand a number of reference tables, will be found valuable\\nto readers of every class.\\nMy thanks are due to Professor S. G. Gilbreath of Pea-\\nbody Normal College, Superintendent C. S. Douglas of\\nGallatin, the officials of the State Library and of the Ten-\\nnessee Historical Society, for special information on local\\nhistory to Colonel John AlHson of Nashville for permis-\\nsion to use freely his Dropped Stitches in Tennessee\\nHistory to Hon. John R. Walker of Trenton for aid in\\npreparing the tables of the judiciary and to Superintend-\\nent S. A. Mynders of Jackson for assistance in reading\\nthe proofsheets. None of these gentlemen, however, are\\nresponsible for any error that may be found in the book.\\nI am especially indebted to my daughter, Miss Ora\\nMcGee, for her valuable services in preparing the manu-\\nscript for the press, and to the publishers for the trste\\nand skill shown in the completed book.\\nG. R. McGEE.\\nJackson, Tenn.,\\nFebruary 12, 1900.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS\\nPERIOD I. 1663-1769\\nPAGE\\nI. Introduction n\\nII. Indians 17\\nIII. Explorers 23\\nIV. Adventurers 29\\nPERIOD II. 1 769-1 796\\nV. The Revolutionary War 34\\nVI. The Pioneers 44\\nVII. Watauga Association -53\\nVIII. Robertson and Sevier 62\\nIX. Kings Mountain 67\\nX. Indian Wars 73\\nXL State of Frankhn 78\\nXII. The Cumberland Settlements 84\\nXIIT. Davidson County .91\\nXIV. The Spaniards 95\\nXV. The Territory 100\\nXVI. Domestic and Social Life 107\\nPERIOD IIL 1 796-1\\n861\\nXVII.\\nStarting the New Government ii/f\\nXVIIL\\nAdministrations of WilUe Blount\\n122\\nXIX.\\nAdministrations of Joseph McMinn\\n131\\nXX.\\nCarroll, Houston, and Hall\\n140\\nXXI.\\nAdministrations of William Carroll\\n145\\nXXIL\\nCannon s and Polk s Administrations\\n150\\nXXIIL\\nJames C. Jones s Administrations\\n159\\nXXIV.\\nFour Administrations\\n165\\nXXV.\\nJohnson and Harris\\n17s", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "TABLE OF CONTENTS\\nPERIOD IV. 1861-1865\\nPAGE\\nXXVI. Nullification and Secession 184\\nXXVII. Causes of the Civil War 191\\nXXVIII. The Battle Ground 201\\nXXIX. Famous Tennesseeans 208\\nPERIOD V. 1865-1900\\nXXX. Domestic Reconstruction\\nXXXI. Political Reconstruction\\nXXXII. Senter s Administration\\nXXXIII. Administrations of John C. Brown\\nXXXIV. Administrations of Porter and Marks\\nXXXV. Hawkins s and Bate s Administrations\\nXXXVI. Administrations of Taylor and Buchanan\\nXXXVII. Administrations of Turney and Taylor\\nXXXVIII. McMillin s Administration\\nXXXIX. Schools\\nXL. Conclusion\\n215\\n219\\n225\\n231\\n236\\n241\\n246\\n253\\n259\\n262\\n275\\nAPPENDIX\\nConstitution of Tennessee\\nGovernors of Tennessee\\nSecretaries of State\\nComptrollers\\nTreasurers\\nSuperintendents of Public Instruction\\nState Board of Education\\nCommissioners of Agriculture\\nAttorneys General\\nJudges of the Supreme Court\\nState Librarians\\n1\\nXXV\\nXXV\\nXXV i\\nXXV i\\nxxvii\\nXXV ii\\nxxviii\\nxxix\\nxxix\\nxxxi\\nLegal Holidays xxxi\\nFor list of counties, with date of formation, population, and county\\nseat of each, see pages 42, 43.)", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "TO THE TEACHER\\nGood maps and good books used under the direction of\\nan earnest and conscientious teacher will almost invariably\\ninsure interest and enthusiasm in a history class.\\nTo teach history successfully you must have a fair\\nknowledge of the general subject, the broader the cul-\\nture, the better for all concerned. Perfect famiHarity with\\nthe text-book used is indispensable. Not the mere famil-\\niarity of knowing its words, but a clear view of its facts,\\ngeography, scope and purpose, references, and allusions.\\nA good teacher seeks to interest, instruct, and inform\\nhis pupils a poor one, to prepare them for an examination.\\nFor the convenience of those who may use this book it\\nhas been divided into Peidods, as follows\\nPeriod I. extends from 1663, the date of Charles II. s\\ngrant of Carolina to the Earl of Clarendon and his asso-\\nciates, to 1769, the date of the first known settlement\\nof English-speaking people in Tennessee. The subjects\\ntreated in this period are Indians, Explorers, and Adven-\\nturers. This period should be thoroughly mastered in its\\nfacts and geographical details, and its references clearly\\nexplained before the succeeding period is taken up.\\nPeriod II. extends from 1769, the date of the first set-\\ntlement, to 1796, the date of Tennessee s admission into\\n7", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "8 TO THE TEACHER\\nthe American Union. The subjects treated, under several\\nminor headings, are the Settlement and Orgajiization of\\nthe State. These twenty-seven years embrace the Heroic\\nAge of Tennessee. The period is the most eventful,\\nromantic, and glorious in the annals of the state, with the,\\npossible exception of the era of civil war. Judiciously\\nhandled, it will be of absorbing interest and incalculable\\nbenefit to those who study it.\\nPeriod III. extends from 1796, the date of Tennessee s\\nadmission into the Union, to 1861, the beginning of the\\nCivil War. The subject treated is The State before the\\nCivil War. It is the period of development in constitu-\\ntional, legislative, and judicial affairs and of growth from\\npioneer communities into a great and powerful common-\\nwealth. It is notable for the number of distinguished\\nmen it produced, and the prominent parts they took in the\\narena of both state and national politics.\\nPeriod IV. extends from 1861 to 1865, and embraces the\\nblood-stained years of TJie War betivecn the States. It\\nshould be closely studied in order that our young people,\\nwho are now so far from the din of that strife, may clearly\\nunderstand the motives of the men of Tennessee who took\\npart in that memorable struggle on either the Confederate\\nor the Federal side. This is due the memory of the heroic\\ndead, and to the spirit of true patriotism which has ever\\ncharacterized Tennesseeans.\\nPeriod V. extends from 1865, the close of the Civil War,\\nto 1900, the last year of the nineteenth century. The sub-", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "TO THE TEACHER 9\\nject is The State since the Civil War. The whole period\\nis within the memory of all persons over forty years of\\nage. It is marked by great political turmoil, the ad-\\njustment of a whole people to a new order of living,\\nand remarkable educational, commercial, and industrial\\ndevelopment.\\nThe topics under the heading, What have we learned.?\\nare not intended to be exhaustive, but only suggestive.\\nNo one can prescribe exact questions for the use of a\\ncompetent teacher, and no effort has here been made to\\ndo so. Neither is any special method of instruction\\nrecommended. A clear ideal of what is desired and a\\nfixed purpose to work up to that ideal will usually suggest\\nreasonably good methods in any school work.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "Period I. 1663- 1769\\nINDIANS, EXPLORERS, AND ADVENTURERS\\nCHAPTER I\\nINTRODUCTION\\nTo THE Girls and Boys of Tennessee\\nWe cannot properly begin to study the history of Ten-\\nnessee until we have taken a brief view of some parts of\\nthe history of America and of the United States, therefore\\nI give you this introduction.\\nThe people who live in Tennessee, who have made it a\\ncivilized country, and who have made its history, are the\\nchildren, grandchildren, etc., of people who came from\\nEurope and settled in America. Before the days of\\nColumbus the people of Europe knew nothing of Amer-\\nica. They had never heard of such a country.\\nIn 1492 Columbus sailed from Spain across the Atlantic\\nOcean and discovered some, of the islands of the West\\nIndies. He afterward discovered South America, but he\\nnever saw North America. No people except savages,\\nthat Columbus called Indians, then lived in America.\\nFor more than a hundred years after Columbus s discov-\\nery, people from Europe, especially from Spain, France,\\nand England, were busy sailing along the coasts, paddling\\nboats up and down the rivers and lakes, and tramping through", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "12 INDIANS, EXPLORERS, AND ADVENTURERS\\nthe woods and prairies of the new country. Each party of\\nexplorers claimed for their own nation all the lands they\\nsaw.\\nNow look at the map of North America, and I will explain\\nto you how some of these claims became so confused as to\\nLanding of Columbus\\ncause a great deal of trouble to the people who moved into\\nthe country, and a great deal of quarrehng and fighting\\namong the nations that made the claims.\\nThe Spaniards claimed that, as Columbus was in the\\nservice of Spain when he made his discoveries, the whole\\nWestern Continent should belong to them. As they made\\ntheir first settlements along the Gulf of Mexico they claimed\\neverything from the Gulf of Mexico northward to the Arctic\\nOcean, besides the lands which they actually occupied on\\nthe Gulf and to the south of it.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION\\n13\\nThe English said that Columbus never saw North Amer-\\nica, but that it was first seen by John Cabot, in 1497, while\\nhe was in the English service. On Cabot s discovery the\\nEnglish claimed all the country from the Atlantic coast to\\nthe Pacific Ocean.\\nThe French claimed everything from the St. Lawrence\\nRiver and the Great Lakes southward to the Gulf of Mexico,\\nbecause Champlain, La\\nSalle, and some other\\nFrenchmen had been the\\nfirst to explore the inte-\\nrior of the country by\\nway of the St. Lawrence,\\nthe Great Lakes, and the\\nMississippi River.\\nNow look again at\\nyour map and you can\\nplainly see that the three\\nnations were claiming\\nthe same land, and that\\nwhat is now the State of\\nTennessee is part of that\\nvery land.\\nNone of the nations\\nseemed to pay any attention to the rights of the Indians\\nwho lived over the whole country and were the real\\nowners of the soil. The Indians of course did not like\\nthis, and while the English, French, and Spaniards quar-\\nreled and fought over their claims to the new lands,\\nthe Indians, at one time or another, hated and fought\\nthem all.\\nThis will show you the real cause of some of the wars on\\nTennessee soil that must be mentioned in the early history\\nIndian", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "14\\nINDIANS, EXPLORERS, AND ADVENTURERS\\nof the state, and will explain why Tennessee has been at\\ndifferent times occupied by French, Spanish, and English\\nsoldiers and traders.\\nIn 1660 Charles II. became King of England. His\\nfather had been executed about twenty years before, and\\nCharleston\\nTHE\\nV UNITED STATES\\nUtine March 4, 1789\\niO Lonjitude West\\nfrom Greenwich 80\\nhe himself had been driven out of England. Until he was\\nmade king, he had lived as best he could in other countries\\nof Europe by the aid of some faithful friends. He was a\\ndissipated, frolicking, worthless sort of monarch, but he\\nseems to have been grateful to the friends who were kind", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTION 1 5\\nto him in his exile, and to some of those who had helped to\\nmake him king. To reward the Earl of Clarendon and\\na few others of these friends he gave them, in 1663, all\\nthat purt of North America lying between 31 degrees\\nand 36 degrees of north latitude, extending from the At-\\nlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and called this grant Caro-\\nlina. The Clarendon Grant was enlarged, in 1665, by-\\nhalf a degree on the north, and by two degrees on the\\nsouth.\\nAfter white people had come from Europe and Virginia\\nto live in the country, this grant was divided into North\\nCarolina and South Carolina and the boundary lines were\\nconsiderably changed. The Mississippi River was made\\nthe western boundary line, and the parallel of 36^ degrees\\nthe northern boundary line of North Carolina. The other\\nboundaries were fixed somewhat as you now see them on\\nyour maps, except that there was no dividing line between\\nNorth Carolina and Tennessee. There was no Tennessee\\nin name. North Carolina extended from the Atlantic\\nOcean to the Mississippi River, and what is now Ten-\\nnessee was then the western half of North Carolina.\\nThus you see that the early history of our state is the\\nhistory of a part of North Carolina.\\nBe sure that you have the map well in mind before you\\ntry to go farther in this book. A good history of the\\nUnited States and one of England will explain to you fully\\nsome things that are very briefly mentioned in this and in\\nother chapters.\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?\\n1. Date of the discovery of America by Europeans.\\n2. From what country Columbus sailed and what part of America he\\ndiscovered.\\n3. The first hundred years after Columbus s discovery.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "1 6 INDIANS, EXPLORERS, AND ADVENTURERS\\n4. Claims of the Spanish, of the EngHsh, of the French.\\n5. How the Indians rights were treated.\\n6. Result of the conflicting claims.\\n7. How these disputes have affected Tennessee.\\n8. Sketch of Charles H. of England.\\n9. Grant of American land to his friends.\\nID. Division of this grant and change of boundaries.\\n11. Tennessee about the year 1700. Give present boundaries.\\n12. Other sources of information needed.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II\\nINDIANS\\nAs our ancestors saw them, the Indians were tall, straight,\\nwell-formed people, and were active, hardy, and strong.\\nIndians at Home\\nThey had brownish red skins, some of them being much\\ndarker than others. They had black eyes, and coarse,\\nstraight, black hair; and the men had no beard. They\\nvery rarely had handsome faces or even pleasant-looking\\n17", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "1 8 INDIANS, EXPLORERS, AND ADVENTURERS\\nones. They had some noble traits of character, and some\\nof their chiefs were great and wise men for savages but\\nusually they were ferocious and untamable.\\nThey were brave and cunning, cruel and revengeful,\\nvery fond of gay colors and trinkets, very lazy and dirty,\\nand were great Hars and rogues. Indeed, they did not seem\\nto think that there was much wrong in lying, stealing, and\\nmurder. They were ignorant savages, and many of the\\nwhite men who first came among them to trade taught\\nthem to gamble and to love strong drink. The evil things\\nthey learned from the white traders, added to the vices\\nthey already had, made the Indians a very bad people.\\nThey had no houses but a sort of huts called wigwams.\\nThey lived, as most savages do, chiefly by hunting and\\nfishing, though some of them had patches of corn and\\nbeans and pumpkins. The women did nearly all of the\\nwork, while the men hunted, fought, and lounged about\\nthe camp. They traded the skins and furs of the wild\\nanimals they killed for earrings and beads, knives and\\nhatchets, red paint and bright-colored cloth, and such other\\nthings as they fancied.\\nThe people of Europe in the seventeenth century did\\nnot know how to make such soft, warm woolen goods as\\nthey do to-day, so furs were more valuable then than now.\\nThis made the EngUsh, French, and Spanish traders\\nvery active in the fur trade and each very anxious to get it\\nall. Each nation tried to make the Indians hate the other\\ntwo and not trade with them. This caused a great deal of\\ntrouble. There was another set of traders who wanted\\nthe Indians land, and they caused more trouble. Nearly\\nall of them cheated and wronged the Indians shamefully,\\nand the Indians in turn killed many settlers and burned\\ntheir houses, and roasted the women and children in the", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "INDIANS\\n19\\nfire, and in many other ways treated the white people\\nshamefully. So much for cheating and wrongdoing in\\ngeneral.\\nThe Indians of North America were not all exactly\\nalike in appearance and habits of life, nor did they all\\nspeak the same language. Those who lived in the same\\nregion and spoke the same language were called a tribe\\nIndian Massacre\\nas, the tribe of Cherokees, the tribe of Chickasaws, etc.\\nEach tribe was governed by its chiefs or head men, and\\ndifferent tribes were very often at war with each other.\\nIndeed, hunting and fighting seemed to be about the whole\\nbusiness of an Indian s life.\\nWhen white people first settled on Tennessee soil, the\\nCherokee Indians lived in the mountains and valleys of\\nwhat is now East Tennessee, and in the adjoining parts\\nof North and South Carolina and Georgia. They had", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "20\\nINDIANS, EXPLORERS, AND ADVENTURERS\\ncattle and horses, and raised considerable crops of corn.\\nThey were rich Indians. The Chickamaugas lived along\\nthe little river or creek that now bears their name, and\\nin the mountains about where Chattanooga now stands.\\nThese Chickamaugas were kinsmen of the Cherokees,\\nthough they lived as a separate tribe.\\nThe Creeks lived along the Tennessee River, in what\\nis now North Alabama, and perhaps in a little of the\\nsouthern part of Middle Tennessee.\\nn (.INI a:.\\nThe Chickasaws lived in North Mississippi and on the\\nhigh hills or bluffs along the Mississippi River in West\\nTennessee, where Memphis and Randolph now stand.\\nThe Choctaws lived in Mississippi, south of the Chicka-\\nsaws, and sometimes came into Tennessee. There were\\nvery few if any other Indians in what is now Tennessee,\\nbesides those we have named.\\nNow carefully locate each tribe on the map, and you\\nwill see that no Indians lived in Middle Tennessee except\\nalong the extreme southern border, and none in West\\nTennessee except along the Mississippi River.\\nThe Chickasaws claimed all of West Tennessee as their", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "INDIANS\\n21\\nhunting ground, and there seems to have been no serious\\ndispute with other tribes about this claim. While they\\ndid not Hve all over that part of Tennessee lying between\\nthe Tennessee and the Mississippi rivers, they owned the\\ncountry, and hunted over it, and sometimes crossed over\\ninto Middle Tennessee.\\nThe Indians said that the Shawnees once lived along\\nthe Cumberland River in Middle Tennessee, but were\\ndriven out by the Cherokees,\\nCreeks, and Chickasaws The\\nA^\\nElk and Buffalo\\nUchees once lived\\nin the country around\\nNashville, but the tribe\\nwas killed out by the Cher-\\nokees. Other tribes may have\\nlived in Middle Tennessee in the long-gone years, but none\\nlived there when the white man first came west of the Alle-\\nghany Mountains.\\nAt that time all of the country bounded by the Cum-\\nberland Mountains, the Tennessee River, and the Ohio\\nRiver was a vast hunting ground claimed by the Chero-\\nkees, the Chickamaugas, the Creeks, the Chickasaws, the\\nShawnees of Indiana, and the Iroquois of New York.\\nA part of this region was Middle Tennessee, and none\\nof the Indian tribes dared live there for fear of the attacks\\nof all the others who claimed the country as their hunting\\nlENN. HIST. 2", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "22 INDIANS, EXPLORERS, AND ADVENTURERS\\nground. So many and so fierce had been the battles in\\nthis region that the part of it which Hes between the Cum-\\nberland and the Ohio rivers was called The Dark and\\nBloody Qround, or, in the Indian tongue, Kentucky.\\nAs no one lived in all of this beautiful country, and only\\noccasional parties of Indian hunters passed through it, the\\nwild animals had it almost to themselves. Deer, buffalo,\\nbears, elk, swans, geese, ducks, turkeys, and many other\\nkinds of wild game were abundant. This made it a fine\\nplace for hunters, and when the white hunters heard of it,\\nsome of them ventured into the dangerous and disputed\\ngame preserves, as you shall read in another chapter.\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED\\n1 Personal appearance of the Indians.\\n2. Their tastes and dispositions.\\n3. Their homes and manner of living.\\n4. Value of the fur trade in the seventeenth century.\\n5. On what day did the seventeenth century begin On what day\\ndid it end\\n6. Rivalry of the English. French, and Spaniards.\\n7. Conduct of the traders and of the Indians.\\n8. An Indian tribe.\\n9. Tribes living in Tennessee, and home of each.\\n10. Tribes claiming Middle Tennessee West Tennessee.\\n11. The Dark and Bloody Ground.\\n12. A Game Preserve.\\n13. Wild animals in Tennessee.\\n14. The white hunters.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III\\nEXPLORERS\\nVery soon after the discovery of America the Spaniards\\nbegan to explore the country around the Gulf of Mexico\\nDe Soto discovers the Mississippi\\nand to make settlements there. You must remember that\\nthe Spaniards claimed all the land in North America.\\nIn 1537 a Spanish general named De Soto landed in\\nFlorida with a party of soldiers and began to march\\nthrough the country northward and westward to see what\\nhe could find. He found very little of anything except\\nwoods and swamps and Indians and graves for many of\\nhis men. For five years he wandered over what is now\\n23", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "24 INDIANS, EXPLORERS, AND ADVENTURERS\\nFlorida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and perhaps Ten-\\nnessee, crossing the Mississippi River into Arkansas about\\nwhere the city of Memphis now stands.\\nIn 1542 De Soto died in Arkansas or Louisiana and\\nwas buried in the Mississippi River, which he had dis-\\ncovered in 1 54 1. This was the only important discovery\\nhe made in all his wanderings. He is mentioned here\\nbecause he and his party were probably the first white\\nmen that ever saw Tennessee. We do not knoiv this, but\\nthink it is probably true.\\nIn 1607 the English made their first permanent Ameri-\\ncan settlement, at Jamestown, in Virginia, and for more\\nthan a hundred years they were busy making settlements\\nalong the Atlantic coast. Remember that they claimed\\nfrom the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.\\nIn 1605 the French, who claimed all from the St.\\nLawrence and the Great Lakes southward, made their\\nfirst settlement at Port Royal, Nova Scotia; and in 1608\\na Frenchman named Champlain founded Quebec in\\nCanada. In 1681 another Frenchman, named La Salle,\\nwent west from Quebec to Lake Michigan and thence to\\nthe Mississippi River. He floated down this river to its\\nmouth, and named the whole Mississippi Valley Louisiana,\\nin honor of King Louis XIV. of France. In 1682 he\\nwent back up the river, stopped at the present site of\\nMemphis or near it, built a fort called Prudhomme, and\\nleft some French soldiers to hold it until he should go to\\nFrance and return. This is the first that we know of the\\nFrench in Tennessee. They afterward built another fort\\nin Tennessee at a place called French Lick on the Cum-\\nberland River, at or very near the site of Nashville.\\nThis was one of an irregular line of forts extending\\nfrom Quebec to the mouth of the Mississippi River. With", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "EXPLORERS\\n25\\nsoldiers in all this line of forts the French intended to\\nkeep the English on the east side of the Alleghany Moun-\\ntains. But the English would not stay there. They\\nwanted the game and the furs and the rich land on the\\nwest side, and said they meant to have them whether the\\nFrench were willing or not.\\nLa Salle on the Mississippi\\nMuch of the time from 1690 to 1763 the Enghsh and\\nFrench were fighting desperately, in what are called the\\nIntercolonial Wars, to drive each other out of North\\nAmerica. The Spaniards took part in some of the wars,\\nand most of the Indians helped the French.\\nThe result of these wars was that the French were\\ndriven out of North America. The English then held\\nCanada and all of the country east of the Mississippi\\nRiver (except New Orleans) but they gave Florida back\\nto Spain, its previous owner, in 1783. The Spanish had", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "26 INDIANS, EXPLORERS, AND ADVENTURERS\\nFlorida and New Orleans and all the land west of the\\nMississippi.\\nFlorida at that time extended from the Atlantic Ocean\\nto the Mississippi River; but after all the fighting and\\nsurrendering and treaty making, the northern boundary of\\nFlorida had never been fixed to the satisfaction of all\\nparties. Years afterward the Spanish governor general\\nat New Orleans thought he might be able to hold for his\\nroyal master, the King of Spain, all the territory explored\\nby De Soto. So he went up the Mississippi to the mouth\\nof Wolf River and built Fort Barancas, on the site of\\nMemphis, and claimed all south from there as Spanish\\nterritory. Tennessee, or a part of it, was then claimed\\nby the Spaniards on account of Columbus s discovery,\\nDe Soto s exploration, and the Fort Barancas occupation.\\nWe shall learn more about the Spanish claims further on.\\nAll of the forts that have been mentioned were miHtary\\ntrading posts where French, Spanish, and a few English\\nfur traders dealt with the Indians or kept goods for that\\npurpose. As these traders were always wandering over\\nthe country from one fort to another, or from the forts to\\nthe Indian towns, they were among the very first white\\npeople to explore the land we now call Tennessee.\\nDuring the period of French and Spanish exploration\\nthe EngHsh colonists east of the mountains had not been\\nidle. In 1748 Dr. Thomas Walker and a party of hunters\\ncame from Virginia into Powells Valley in East Tennessee,\\ncrossed the mountain at Cumberland Gap, and hunted\\nalong the Cumberland River. The mountains, the gap,\\nand the river were probably named by this party in honor\\nof the Duke of Cumberland, the prime minister of Eng-\\nland. After them came hunters and trappers from North\\nCarolina and South Carolina as well as Virginia, and some", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "EXPLORERS\\n27\\nof these gave names to Walden Ridge, Powells Valley,\\nand many other places in East Tennessee.\\nIn 1756 or 1757 the English built Fort Loudon on the\\nTennessee River, about thirty miles from the present city\\nof Knoxville, to keep the Cherokee Indians peaceable.\\nThe French were trying to get them to make war on the\\nEnglish settlers in North Carolina. Fort Loudon is the\\nplace where English people first lived in Tennessee. But\\nit was not really a home it was only a fort in which\\nsoldiers and traders,\\nwith possibly a few\\nof their families,\\nlived for a short\\ntime. It was taken\\nand destroyed by\\nthe Indians three or\\nfour years after it\\nwas built.\\nAlthough the In-\\ndians destroyed the\\nfort and killed the\\npeople there, we\\nknow that white\\nmen still ventured\\ninto Tennessee, for\\non the bark of a\\nbeech tree in the valley of Boons Creek, has been found\\nthe following inscription\\nD. Boon CillED A BAR On Tree in ThE yEAR 1760.\\nDaniel Boone and other hunters were in Tennessee\\nabout this time, and this inscription is very probably the\\nwork of Boone or some of his friends.\\nDaniel Boone", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "28 INDIANS, EXPLORERS, AND ADVENTURERS\\nAfter the treaty of peace was made between England\\nand France in 1763, many hunters and explorers besides\\nBoone and his companions poured over the mountains\\nfrom Virginia and North Carolina and South Carolina,\\nthough the country was still dangerous for white men.\\nOn their return home, these hunters told such fine\\nstories of the beautiful rich country they had seen, that\\nmany people in Virginia and the Carolinas were anxious\\nto move west of the mountains, buy good land for very\\nlittle money, or take it from the Indians for nothing, and\\nestablish pioneer homes in Tennessee.\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED\\n1. Spanish claims in North America.\\n2. De Soto and his wanderings.\\n3. His important discovery. Date.\\n4. His connection with Tennessee history.\\n5. English claims in North America.\\n6. English settlements. Date of first.\\n7. French claims in North America.\\n8. French settlements.\\n9. La Salle and Louisiana.\\n10. Fort Pmdhomme. Date.\\n1 1 French Lick.\\n12. Line of forts their pvu-pose.\\n13. The Intercolonial Wars and the Indians.\\n14. The three nations after 1763.\\n15. Limits of Florida in 1783.\\n16. Fort Barancas. Spanish claims.\\n17. First explorers of Tennessee.\\n18. Explorers from the English colonies.\\n19. Fort Loudon. Date. Its character.\\n20. Daniel Boone.\\n21. Effect of the treaty of 1763.\\n22. Effect of the hunters reports.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV\\nADVENTURERS\\nWhen the English destroyed the French power in\\nAmerica there were no states here as there are now, but\\nwhat are now the states of New Hampshire, Massachu-\\nsetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey,\\nPennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Caro-\\nHna, South Carolina, and Georgia were then thirteen English\\ncolonies. From Virginia southward each of them extended\\nfrom the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River.\\nThe King of England appointed the governors in some\\nof the colonies, and in some of them the governors were\\nelected according to the provisions of a charter granted\\nby the king. But all of the governors and all of the peo-\\nple were subjects of the King of England.\\nWhen England and France made their treaty of peace,\\nin 1763, nothing was said about the Indians right to the\\nland west of the Alleghanies, which the P^ench had been\\nforced to give up to the English. While the Intercolonial\\nWars were going on, the French told the Indians that if\\nthe English were successful they would take all of the\\nIndians land from them. This made most of the Indians\\nhelp the French.\\nThe English were victorious, and after peace was made\\nthe Indians were very much alarmed when they heard of\\nthe hunters and explorers, mentioned in Chapter III., com-\\ning from the EngHsh colonies into their hunting grounds-\\n29", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "30 INDIANS, EXPLORERS, AND ADVENTURERS\\nThey believed the EngUsh were about to do what the\\nFrench had said they would do. This was one of the\\nchief causes of a general Indian attack upon the English\\ncolonies, called in the history of the United States Pon-\\ntiac s War. The Indians were badly defeated in battle,\\nPontiac was murdered by another Indian, and the war soon\\ncame to an end.\\nKing George III. of England did not wish his colonies\\nin America to be disturbed by any more Indian wars so\\nhe ordered the governors of the colonies not to allow any\\nof his subjects in America to trespass on the Indian lands\\nwest of the Alleghany Mountains. But the governors\\neither would not or could not keep them from it. The\\nking then made treaties with the Indians and appointed a\\nset of officers called Indian Commissioners, who were to\\ngo among the Indians, be friendly with them, hear their\\ncomplaints against white men who had wrpnged them, see\\nthat the Indians had justice done them, and keep them\\nloyal to the king and government of Great Britain as\\nagreed in the treaties.\\nThe king also issued an order that no one should settle\\nupon land belonging to the Indians, and that no one except\\nhis agents should buy land from the Indians west of the\\nAlleghany Mountains. This order also provided that if\\nany white man did buy land from Indians and the Indians\\nmoved away and gave it up to him, the white man should\\nnot have a title to it, but it should become public land\\nbelonging to the government of the king.\\nThis order seemed to make the Indian reasonably safe\\nin the possession of his land but the people in the colo-\\nnies paid Httle attention to the king s order. They said\\nthe Indians were very bad neighbors, that they had helped\\nthe French in the French and Indian War, that in", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "ADVENTURERS 3 1\\nPontiac s War they had tried to kill all the English,\\nthat they were heathens and lazy barbarians who would\\nnot work the land, and besides, that they had three or four\\ntimes as much as they needed if they would work it.\\nThus, with one argument and another, some colonists\\nconvinced themselves that they ought to cross the Alle-\\nghanies and settle on the Indians land, or at least see\\nwhere they would like to settle, in spite of the king and\\nhis governors and Indian Commissioners .r,\\nand all the redskins in North\\nAmerica. So over the\\nmountains the adven-\\nturers came, and\\nroved through\\nthe Indians\\nhunting grounds,\\nkilling his deer\\nand buffalo, and\\noccasionally an In-\\ndian himself; and some-\\ntimes the Indians killed\\nthem.\\nParties of hunters came into the\\nnew regions and lived very much as\\nthe Indians did, roaming about and a Long Hunter\\nhunting for a year or more before returning home. These\\nwere called long hunters. Land companies sometimes\\nemployed these long hunters as guides for their sur-\\nveying parties which were laying out the land intended\\nfor settlement or for sale to speculators.\\nOfficers and soldiers who had fought in the French and\\nIndian War were sometimes paid in land warrants. A\\nland warrant is a written or printed paper, signed by the", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "32 INDIANS, EXPLORERS, AND ADVENTURERS\\nproper officers, and giving to the person to whom it is\\nissued the right to take and keep as his own property a\\ncertain number of acres of the public land belonging to\\nthe state or nation that issues the warrant. North Caro-\\nlina had issued some of these warrants, and the soldiers\\nwho had received them wanted land in that part of North\\nCarolina which is now Tennessee.\\nPoor men with large families wished to improve their\\nfortunes by going west, where they could get good land\\nto give their children when they grew to be men and\\nwomen.\\nRowdies and rogues and rascals of many kinds, who in\\nthe older settled parts of the colonies were in great dan-\\nger of being sent to jail or the whipping post, thought that\\nthe wild woods west of the mountains would be a good\\nplace for them to hide from the officers of the law.\\nBesides all these there were no doubt many people of\\nrestless, daring spirit who wished to go west solely for the\\nsake of adventure and to see something new.\\nWe do not positively know that any of these people\\nactually built houses and made themselves homes in Ten-\\nnessee before the year 1769. But we do know that for\\nsix or more years before that date they were coming and\\ngoing across the mountains.\\nIn 1767 the Iroquois complained that the white people\\nwere taking their land and killing or driving away their\\ngame. The Indian Commissioner for the northern tribes\\nthen called a great Indian council at Fort Stanwix near\\nthe site of Rome, New York, and bought from the Iro-\\nquois and other northern tribes their title to all the lands\\nbetween the Ohio and Tennessee rivers. The Commis-\\nsioner for the southern tribes called a council at Hard\\nLabor, South CaroHna, and bought the title to the same", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "ADVENTURERS 33\\nland, except a few reservations, from the Cherokees. The\\nCherokees had chiefs in both councils.\\nThese treaties were finished in December, 1768. Early\\nin 1769 we find William Bean living in his log cabin on\\nBoons Creek, near where it empties into the Watauga\\nRiver.\\nBefore this time we have seen French, Spanish, and\\nEnglish soldiers, traders, hunters, and explorers wander-\\ning over the country and living at military posts in the\\nvast wilderness now we see a family and a home of Eng-\\nlish-speaking people estabHshed in Tennessee, and here\\nthe real history of the state begins.\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?\\n1 Difference between a colony and a state.\\n2. The thirteen English colonies, in the order given.\\n3. Extent of the four southern colonies.\\n4. Colonial governors. Charters.\\n5. Why the Indians helped the French in war.\\n6. Cause of Pontiac s War.\\n7. Order of King George III. to colonial governors.\\n8. Indian Commissioners.\\n9. Orders of the king concerning Indian lands.\\n10. How the colonists treated the king s orders.\\n1 1 Land companies.\\n12. Long hunters.\\n13. Owners of land warrants.\\n14. Other adventurers.\\n15. Treaty of Fort Stanwix.\\n16. Treaty of Hard Labor.\\n17. First real home of white people in Tennessee. Date.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "Period II. 1 769-1 796\\nSETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF\\nTHE STATE\\nCHAPTER V\\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR\\nLet us leave Captain William Bean in his Watauga\\nhome while we learn a chapter of United States history.\\nWe must learn this well in order that we may understand\\nthe condition of affairs in the Thirteen Colonies men-\\ntioned in Chapter IV., and how this affected the settlement\\nin Tennessee. Remember that all of these colonies were\\nunder the government of the King of England.\\nThe laws of England are made by a body of men called\\nthe Parliament. Part of the members are appointed or\\nborn to the office and compose the House of Lords part\\nare elected by the people of Great Britain, and these\\nelected members compose the House of Commons.\\nThe American colonists had forms of government that\\nresembled the government of their old home in England.\\nEach colony had a governor, who in general was the king s\\nrepresentative, and a colonial legislature or general assem-\\nbly, instead of a parliament. Part of the members of this\\nlegislature were appointed by the royal governor and were\\ncalled the council and part were elected by the people of\\nthe colony and were called the assembly.\\nIt is one of the rights of every freeborn Englishman\\n34", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 35\\nthat he must not be taxed except by the parliament in\\nwhich he has representatives. The American colonists\\nclaimed all the rights of Englishmen and said that they\\nshould not be taxed except by the colonial legislatures in\\nwhich they had representatives. The colonists claimed\\nthat the people in England and in America had the same\\nking, but not the same legislative body.\\nBefore the French and EngHsh began the Intercolonial\\nWars the EngHsh Parliament had never tried to lay taxes\\non the Americans or make any local laws for them. The\\nking, and the governors he appointed, and the colonial\\nlegislatures did all the governing in the colonies.\\nThese wars had been very expensive, and at their close\\nEngland was in great need of money. The Parliament\\nthought the American colonies would be a good place to\\nget some of the money they needed, and they said the\\nwars had been partly for the Americans benefit, so they\\nbegan to pass laws laying taxes on the Americans.\\nThe Americans said they had no representatives in the\\nBritish Parliament, and that, therefore, the Parhament had\\nno right to tax them and that they would not pay a penny\\nof the taxes. The Parliament said they did have the right,\\nand they meant to use it, as the money was to be raised\\nonly for colonial expenses, and that the Americans should\\npay the taxes.\\nThe Americans then petitioned the king to keep the\\nParliament from taxing them, but the king took sides with\\nthe Parliament, and the royal governors of course followed\\nthe king s example, and most of the minor officers in the\\ncolonies followed the governors. The king, the Parlia-\\nment, the royal officials, and a few other people were on\\none side of the dispute the colonial assemblies and most\\nof the American people on the other.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "36 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OP^ THE STATE\\nThe Parliament also passed laws to make the Americans\\nship their goods in certain vessels, and to prevent them\\nfrom manufacturing certain articles, and in many ways\\nseemed to treat them as if they were not as good as the\\npeople in England.\\nThe Americans resented all of these things and said\\nthey were loyal subjects of the king and entitled to all the\\nrights of freeborn Enghshmen, and that they intended to\\nhave these rights if they had to fight for them.\\nEach year from 1765 to 1775 the quarrel grew worse,\\nand finally the king sent an army to force the Americans\\nto obey. Instead of obeying they deter-\\nmined to fight the king s soldiers, and\\norganized bodies of men to do this, call-\\ning them Sons of Liberty or Minutemen\\nor Regulators.\\nIn 1775 the fighting began, and it con-\\ntinued nearly eight years. This war is\\ncalled the American Revolutionary War.\\nThose in America who took the side of\\nthe king and Parliament were called\\nTories. Those who favored the Amer-\\nican cause were called Whigs.\\nAs Tennessee was a part of North\\nMinuteman\\nCarolina, and as more of the first set-\\ntlers of Tennessee came from the eastern part of North\\nCarolina than from any other colony, we are interested\\nmost in what happened there in the Revolutionary days.\\nPeople in this country now think that any one who is\\nhonest, industrious, and moral, who obeys the laws of his\\ncountry and observes the rules of good manners, is entitled\\nto respect for his personal worth. Our ancestors in North\\nCarolina and in other colonies did not think exactly as we", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 37\\ndo on this subject. They came mostly from England,\\nwhere people were divided into classes or grades of soci-\\nety and were respected very much according to the class\\nto which they belonged. Living in America had modified\\nthese English notions, but they still existed. Many people\\nleft the older colonies and came to Tennessee to be rid\\nof these class distinctions. They wished to be free men\\nrespected for their own worth.\\nThe class idea made the royal governors and tax col-\\nlectors and other officers of the king think it a great show\\nof rudeness that the American common people should be\\nclaiming rights, and talking about liberties, and refusing\\nto obey the British Parliament. Many of the officials said\\nthat these common people ought all to be killed for their\\nimpudence, and robbed them and abused them until the\\npeople thought that most of the king s officers ought to be\\nkilled for their meanness. When people get into such a\\ntemper as this it takes but little to start them fighting.\\nIn North Carolina the royal officials were among the\\nmost tyrannical and rascally in America, and Governor\\nTryon and all of the petty scamps who held office under\\nhim became so insolent and overbearing that the people\\norganized parties of men called Regulators to resist the\\noppression of these officials.\\nIn May, 1771, Governor Tryon, with a party of the\\nking s soldiers, fought a battle with a band of regulators\\nat Alamance Creek, about forty miles northwest of Raleigh.\\nThe regulators were defeated, many of them were killed,\\na few were captured and hanged, and many of those who\\nescaped crossed the mountains into Tennessee.\\nThis battle made the people more angry than ever.\\nThey wished to be loyal subjects of King George III. of\\nEngland, but if his officers were to treat them wrongly and\\nTENN. HIST. 3", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "38\\nSETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE\\nthen kill them because they resisted, they began to think\\nit would be better to have no king at all. As matters\\ngrew worse and the country more disturbed each year,\\nmany more of the liberty-loving people fled to Tennessee.\\nIn April, 1775, the colonial legislature of North Caro-\\nlina met at Newbern. The royal governor knew, from\\nthe speeches of John Ashe and some others, that the\\nmembers of the assembly were not friendly to him or the\\nking s cause so he ordered the legislature to adjourn and\\nBattle of Alamance\\nthe members to go about their own business and said he\\nwould attend to the king s business without any of their\\nhelp.\\nThis was the last royal legislature that ever met in North\\nCarolina. As soon as the assembly adjourned, the same\\nmembers reassembled without the governor s leave, de-\\nclared themselves representatives elected by the people\\nto secure the rights of free men, and said they meant to\\nattend to that business without any of the governor s help.\\nWhile they were in session the battle of Lexington was", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR\\n39\\nfought, in Massachusetts, and the Revolutionary War had\\nbegun.\\nMay 19, 1775, the Mecklenburg County Convention met\\nat Charlotte, elected Abraham Alexander chairman and\\nJohn Alexander secretary, and the next day adopted the\\nfamous Mecklenburg Resolutions. These consti-\\nWKL*^^^bI^^B a^ii iKtMKS^\\n^t^\\nI\\nj^\\nv^^\\nMecklenbure Convention\\ntuted the first Declaration of Independence in America,\\nbeing more than a year older than the declaration adopted\\nby the Continental Congress at Philadelphia July 4, 1776.\\nIn their most important parts the two documents are very\\nmuch alike.\\nWhile the strife between Great Britain and the colonies\\nwas going on, many people, not only from North Carolina\\nbut also from Virginia, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "40 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE\\nother places moved into the wilds of Tennessee, where there\\nwere no king s officers and petty tyrants to trouble them.\\nNow keep in mind the following facts\\n1. The dispute between Great Britain and her colonies\\nin America began in 1765 about the rights of freemen and\\nbrought on the Revolutionary War, which ended 1783.\\nThe settlement of Tennessee began within these years,\\nin 1769.\\n2. Many people in the older colonies, disgusted with\\nclass distinctions brought over from Europe, moved into\\nTennessee, where no such notions existed.\\n3. The people of North CaroHna were among the first\\nand most active to resist British tyranny, and fought the\\nfirst battle against British authority at the Alamance in\\nMay, 1 77 1. Immediately after this battle many of the\\ndefeated regulators moved into Tennessee.\\n4. Our North Carolina ancestors, in the famous Meck-\\nlenburg Resolutions, published the first Declaration of\\nAmerican Independence, May 20, 1775. The historian,\\nBancroft, says of these people Any government but one\\nof their own institution was oppressive to them. North Car-\\nolina was settled by the freest of the free. These were\\nthe patriots that made their homes beyond the mountains,\\nalong the Holston, the Watauga, and the Nollichucky.\\nThis chapter is intended not only to show you the con-\\nnection between the Revolutionary struggle and the early\\nsettlement of our state, but also to give you some idea of\\nthe bold, liberty-loving, independent people who founded\\nthe early homes in Tennessee.\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED\\n1. The thirteen colonies.\\n2. British Parliament. Lords and Commons.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 4I\\n3. Colonial legislatures.\\n4. Rights of Englishmen.\\n5. Rights of American colonists.\\n6. Connection in government between England and America.\\n7. Laws before the Intercolonial Wars. After.\\n8. American view of parliamentary tax. British view.\\n9. Petition of the Americans to the king. Result.\\n10. Impositions in addition to taxes.\\n11. War begins. Date.\\n12. Whigs and Tories.\\n13. Why we are interested in North Carolina.\\n14. Real respectability. Classes of society.\\n15. Effect in North Carolina of class distinctions.\\n16. ElTect on settlement of Tennessee.\\n17. The Regulators.\\n18. Battle of the Alamance. Effect on Tennessee.\\n19. Effect on the people of North Carolina.\\n20. Last royal legislature in North Carolina.\\n21. Battle of Lexington.\\n22. Mecklenburg Convention. Date. Declaration of Independence.\\n23. Effect on Tennessee of the Revolutionary struggle.\\n24. The four facts to be remembered.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "CO\\nUNTIES OF EAST TENNESSEE\\nName\\nWhen\\nformed\\nPop.,\\n1890\\nCounty Seat\\nName\\nWhen\\nformed\\nPop.,\\n1890\\nCounty Seat\\nAnderson\\n180I\\n15,128\\nClinton\\nKnox\\n1792\\n59.557\\nKnoxville\\nBledsoe\\n1807\\n6.134\\nPikeville\\nLoudon\\n1870\\n9.273\\nLoudon\\nBlount\\n1795\\n17.589\\nMaryville\\nMarion\\n1817\\n15.411\\nJasper\\nBradley-\\n1835\\n13,607\\nCleveland\\nMcMinn\\n1819\\n17.890\\nAthens\\nCampbell\\n1806\\n13,486\\njacksboro\\nMeigs\\n1835\\n6,930\\nDecatur\\nCarter\\n1796\\n13.389\\nElizabethton\\nMonroe\\n1819\\n15.329\\nMadisonville\\nClaiborne\\n1 801\\n15.103\\nTazewell\\nMorgan\\n1817\\n7.639\\nWartburg\\nCocke\\n1797\\n16,523\\nNewport\\nPolk\\n1839\\n8,361\\nBenton\\nGrainger\\n1796\\n13.196\\nRutledge\\nRhea\\n1807\\n12,647\\nDayton\\nGreene\\n1783\\n26,614\\nGreeneville\\nRoane\\n1801\\n17.418\\nKingston\\nHamblen\\n1870\\n11,418\\nMorristown\\nScott\\n1849\\n9.794\\nHuntsville\\nHamilton\\n1819\\n53.482\\nChattanooga\\nSequatchie\\n1857\\n3.027\\nDunlap\\nHancock\\n1844\\n10,342\\nSneedville\\nSevier\\n1794\\n18,761\\nSevierville\\nHawkins\\n1786\\n22,246\\nRogersville\\nSullivan\\n1779\\n20,879\\nBlountville\\nJames\\n187I\\n4.903\\nOoltewah\\nUnicoi\\n1875\\n4,619\\nErwin\\njefterson\\n1792\\n16,478\\nDandridge\\nUnion\\ni8so\\n11.459\\nMaynardville\\nJohnson\\n1835\\n8,858\\nMountain City\\nWashington\\n1777\\n20,354\\nJonesboro\\nCOUNTIES OF MH\\nDDLE TENNESSEE\\nBedford\\n1807\\n24.739\\nShelbyville\\nDeKalb\\n1837\\n15.650\\nSmithville\\nCannon\\n1835\\n12,197\\nWoodbury\\nDickson\\n1803\\n13.645\\nCharlotte\\nCheatham\\n1856\\n8,845\\nAshland City\\nFentress\\n1823\\n5,226\\nJamestown\\nClay\\n1870\\n7,260\\nCelina\\nFranklin\\n1807\\n18,929\\nWinchester\\nCoffee\\n183s\\n13,827\\nManchester\\nGiles\\n1809\\n34.957\\nPulaski\\nCumberland\\n1855\\n5.376\\nCrossville\\nGrundy\\n1844\\n6.345\\nAltamont\\nDavidson\\n1783\\n108,174\\nNashville\\nHickman\\n1807\\n14.499\\nCenterville\\n42", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "Name\\nHouston\\nHumphreys\\nJackson\\nLawrence\\nLewis\\nLincoln\\nMacon\\nMarshall\\nMaury\\nMontgomery\\nMoore\\nOverton\\nPerry\\nPickett\\nBenton\\nCarroll\\nChester\\nCrockett\\nDecatur\\nDyer\\nFayette\\nGibson\\nHardeman\\nHardin\\nHaywood\\nWhen\\nformed\\n1871\\n1809\\n1801\\n1817\\n1843\\n1809\\n1842\\n1835\\n1807\\n1796\\n1872\\n1806\\n1819\\n1879\\n1835\\n1821\\n1879\\n1870\\n1845\\n1823\\n1824\\n1823\\n1823\\n1819\\n1823\\nPop.,\\n1890\\n5.390\\n11,720\\n13.325\\n12,286\\n2.555\\n27.382\\n10,878\\n18,906\\n38,112\\n29,697\\n5.975\\n12,039\\n7.785\\n4.736\\nCounty Seat\\nErin\\nWaverly\\nGainesboro\\nLawrenceburg\\nHohenwald\\nFayetteville\\nLafayette\\nLewisburg\\nColumbia\\nClarksville\\nLynchburg\\nLivingston\\nLinden\\nBvrdstown\\nName\\nPutnam\\nRobertson\\nRutherford\\nSmith\\nStewart\\nSumner\\nTrousdale\\nVan Buren\\nWarren\\nWavne\\nWhite\\nWilliamson\\nWilson\\nWhen\\nformed\\n1842\\n1796\\n1803\\n1799\\n1803\\n1786\\n1870\\n1840\\n1807\\n1817\\n1806\\n1799\\n1799\\nPop.,\\n1890\\n13.683\\n20,078\\n35.097\\n18,404\\n12,193\\n23,668\\n5.850\\n2,863\\n14.413\\n11,471\\n12,348\\n26,321\\n27,148\\nCOUNTIES OF WEST TENNESSEE\\n11,230 Camden\\nHenderson\\n23,630 Huntingdon\\nHenrv\\n9,069 Henderson\\nLake\\n15,146 Alamo\\nLauderdale\\n8,995 Decaturville\\nMadison\\n19,878 Dyersburg\\nMcXairy\\n28,878 Somerville\\nObion\\n35,859 Trenton\\nShelbv\\n21,029 Bolivar\\nTipton\\n17,698 Savannah\\nWeakley\\n23,558 Brownsville\\nI82I 16,336\\nI82I 21,070\\n1870 5,304\\n1835 18,756\\nI82I 30,497\\n1823 15,510\\n1823 27,273\\nI8I9 112,740\\n1823 24,271\\n1823 28,955\\nCounty Seat\\nCookeville\\nSpringfield\\nIvlurfreesboro\\nCarthage\\nDover\\nGallatin\\nHartsville\\nSpencer\\nMcMinnville\\nWaynesboro\\nSparta\\nFranklin\\nLebanon\\nLexington\\nParis\\nTiptonville\\nRipley\\nJackson\\nSelmer\\nUnion City\\nMemphis\\nCovington\\nDresden\\n43", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI\\nTHE PIONEERS\\nWhen an army moves from one place to another it can-\\nnot always travel along public roads, but sometimes must\\nmake its own roads. The soldiers who go in front to cut\\ntrees, clear roads, and do other necessary work are called\\npioneers. The pioneers are those who lead the march\\nand prepare the way for the army to come after them.\\nThe people who come first into a new country, build the\\nfirst houses, raise the first crops, etc., are called the pio-\\nneers of that country, because they go before the others\\nand prepare the country for civilized life.\\nVirginia was next to North Carolina in the number of\\npioneers she sent into Tennessee. William Bean, of Vir-\\nginia, made the first settlement on Watauga River in 1 769,\\nand his son Russell Bean, was the first white child known\\nto have been born in Tennessee. Very soon Bean had\\nneighbors around him, and this section was called The\\nWatauga Settlement.\\nAbout the year 1771 Parker and Carter, wishing to\\ntrade with the Indians, set up a store near the present\\ntown of Rogersville. People from near Abingdon, Vir-\\nginia, which was then called Wolfs Hill, and some others\\nsoon settled about this store. This community was called\\n**The Carters Valley Settlement.\\nAbout the year 1772 Jacob Brown opened a store for\\nIndian trade on the NoUichucky River. Pioneers soon\\n44", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "THE PIONEERS 45\\ngathered around this store, and the settlement was called\\nBrown s Store, or The Nollichucky Settlement.\\nNow find Holston River on your map fix in mind its\\nlocation, and the direction it runs in Tennessee. Then\\nlocate Watauga River, Nollichucky River, and Rogers-\\nville, and you will know just about where the first three\\ngroups of pioneer cabins stood in Tennessee.\\nThe first settlers were not troubled by Indians for sev-\\neral years. The Cherokees were the only tribe very\\nnear them, and they had enough of fighting just then.\\nThese Cherokees were fond of war, in fact, said they\\ncould not live without it. A little while before Bean set-\\ntled on the Watauga the Cherokees decided, as they had\\nno neighbors worth fighting, that they would go over and\\nfight the Chickasaws. The Chickasaws beat them terribly\\nin battle, plundered their camps, killed numbers of their\\nwarriors, and chased the remainder of them back home.\\nAfter this sore defeat they were not in condition to pro-\\nvoke a war with the white men, and therefore left the\\nsettlers in peace for several years.\\nThe first settlers of Tennessee thought they were in\\nVirginia, but when the boundary line between Virginia\\nand North Carolina was estabhshed west of the mountains,\\nthey found themselves in that part of North Carolina which\\nhad been reserved by treaty for the Cherokee Indians.\\nAs soon as the settlers learned this they secured from\\nthe Indians a ten years lease of the lands they claimed.\\nAfterward they bought the land from the Indians, giving\\nwhat the red men thought was a big price, and what the\\nwhite men knew was a very small one. At that time a\\ntract of land about as large as the present county of Wash-\\nington or Rutherford or Gibson could be bought for about\\nten or fifteen dollars.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "46 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE\\nOne of the greatest troubles about the sales and treaties\\nof these early days was that neither white men nor Indians\\nhonestly observed boundary Hnes. The Indians were a\\nsort of grown-up children, who knew very little about\\nmoral law or duty, and the wisest and best chiefs among\\nthem could not keep their young men from trespassing on\\nthe land they had sold to the white people. Some of the\\nwhite men were more greedy than ignorant, and would\\nnot do what they knew to be right in keeping off the\\nIndians land. This was one cause of Indian wars.\\nThe pioneers were a hardy, resolute, fearless class of\\npeople. They had come into a wilderness to make homes,\\nto better their fortunes, and to enjoy the liberty they did\\nnot have in the older colonies. They expected to face\\ndangers and endure hardships, and they did both with\\nthe courage and fortitude that belong to the Anglo-Saxon\\nrace.\\nLet us see if we can picture to ourselves how these pio-\\nneers looked, how they lived, what they did.\\nMost of them wore moccasins instead of shoes. The\\nmen and boys wore short pantaloons and leather leggings\\nreaching from the foot to above the knee. They had no\\ncoats, but wore hunting shirts. These were sometimes of\\nheavy cloth, but usually of dressed deerskin, and were worn\\nover the other clothing just as we wear coats. They were\\ncut and made very much like an ordinary shirt, except that\\nthey were open the entire length of the front, and had a\\nbelt at the waist. In this belt the pioneer carried a small\\nhatchet, or tomahawk, and a long, sharp hunting knife.\\nHe wore a cap of mink skin, or of the skin of some other\\nsmall animal, very often with the tail for a tassel. He\\nhad a long, muzzle-loading, flintlock rifle, and a leather\\npouch suspended by a strap over his shoulder. In this", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "THE PIONEERS\\n47\\npouch he carried his gun wipers, tow, patching, bullets,\\nand flints, and fastened to the strap was a horn in which\\nhe carried his powder. Now, can you see how the pioneer\\nlooked\\nThe women and girls wore bonnets, dresses, shawls, etc.,\\nvery much as they do to-day, except that grown people s\\nskirts were a little\\nshorter and girls a little\\nlonger than now, and all\\nwere very plainly made.\\nThere were no sewing\\nmachines in that day,\\nand our great grand-\\nmothers had so much of\\nother work to do that\\nthey spent but little of\\ntheir time on tucks and\\nruffles.\\nCotton was little\\nknown then the people\\nraised hemp, flax, and\\nwool, spun them into\\nthread with a hand\\nwheel, wove the thread\\ninto cloth on a hand\\nloom, and cut out and made up all their garments at\\nhome.\\nThere was no other way to get clothing. There was no\\nplace to buy anything, except at the stores of Indian traders,\\nand they kept very few things that white people wanted.\\nThere were no roads and no bridges, so wagons and\\ncarts could not be used. The pioneer moved into the\\ncountry on foot or on horseback and brought his household\\nPioneer Girl", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "48 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE\\ngoods on pack horses. These household goods would now\\nbe considered a very scant outfit. They were about as\\nfollows the clothes of\\nthe family, some blank-\\nets and a few other bed-\\nPack Horses\\nclothes, with bedticks to be filled with grass, hair, or other\\nsuitable material a large pot, a pair of pothooks, an oven,\\na skillet, and a frying pan a hand mill to grind grain, a\\nwooden trencher to make bread in, a few pewter plates,\\ncups, and other dishes some axes and hoes, the iron parts\\nof plows, a broadax and a froe, a saw, and an auger.\\nAdded to these were supplies of seed of field crops, gar-\\nden vegetables, and fruit trees. The pioneer who had all\\nthese things was thought to be very well furnished indeed.\\nMany pioneers did not have half so much.\\nWhen the family reached the place they wished to make\\ntheir home, the men and boys cut trees and built a log\\nhouse, split boards with the froe and made a roof, which", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "THE PIONEERS\\n49\\nwas held on by weight poles, since the pioneers had no\\nnails and no place to get them. They split logs and\\nhewed the sides flat and smooth to make a floor and door-\\nshutters, built the chimney of logs and split sticks, cov-\\nering the inside with a heavy coat of clay to keep the\\nwood parts from taking fire. They finished the house\\nby filling the spaces between the logs of the walls with\\nclay mortar to keep out the cold wind. The cabin was\\nrather rough and not very handsome, but it was strong\\nand warm.\\nCarpets, mirrors, rocking chairs, and many other things\\nwith which we furnish our houses were unknown to the\\npioneer. He made some rough, strong bedsteads and\\ntables, benches and three-legged stools, and drove some\\npegs into the walls, or fastened up some deer horns, to be\\nLog House\\nused as racks for clothing, guns, and other articles. Then\\nhe employed the best mechanic he could find to make a\\nspinning wheel and a hand loom for his wife and daughters\\nto use.\\nThe family is now settled and all that are old enough go", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "50\\nSETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE\\nto work. The horses and cattle are turned into the woods\\nto eat grass in summer and cane in winter, and they need\\nHttle or no feeding, but are taught to come home at night\\nto get salt and a little grain.\\nThe father and sons cut the small trees and bushes from\\na piece of land and chop girdles around the large trees to\\nkill them. They make rails and build a fence around this\\npiece of land, pile the brush and burn it, and they have a\\nfield ready to plow and plant. After the first crop has\\nbeen raised there is usually plenty in the settler s cabin,\\nfor his land is new and very rich.\\nThe mother and daughters spun, wove, knit, cooked,\\nwashed, dressed skins, and made clothing for the family.\\nWild game fur-\\nnished all their\\nmeat, and maple\\nsap their sugar;\\nthey got water\\nfrom natural\\nsprings, and all\\nthe cooking was\\ndone on the fire-\\nplace.\\nThere were no\\nschools, no\\nchurches, no\\ntowns, no rail-\\nroads, not even a\\nwagon road,\\nnothing but the\\nvast wilderness filled with wild animals and wild Indians,\\nwith here and there a few white settlers. Do you not\\nthink it required brave hearts to live there", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "THE PIONEERS 5 I\\nThat was one hundred and thirty years ago. The people\\nof that day never saw a cooking stove nor a sewing machine,\\na cotton gin nor a wheat thresher, a grass mower nor a\\nhorse rake, a steamboat nor a railroad, a telegraph nor a\\ntelephone, a roller mill nor a street car, a barbed wire fence\\nnor a can of vegetables, a brkss cartridge nor a breech-\\nloading gun, nor a hundred other things that are very com-\\nmon with us.\\nYou must not think that these pioneers were stupid and\\nignorant. Many of them lived grand and noble lives.\\nThey loved liberty more than luxury, and, sacrificing ease\\nfor independence, they laid for us the foundation of a great\\ncommonwealth. It should be an important part of the\\nbusiness of every boy and girl in Tennessee to take good\\ncare of this precious inheritance.\\nAt the pioneers social parties that followed logrolHngs,\\ncornshuckings, and quiltings, young men and maidens\\nenjoyed, in their simple way, the same pleasures that have\\never been dear to all young hearts. The boys and girls\\nhad games and sports as boys and girls have to-day. They\\nworked and played beneath skies as fair as those of Italy,\\nunder the shadow of mountains grand in their beauty as\\nthe Alps, and beside streams more sparkling and musical\\nthan the classic Arno.\\nOld people, young people, and children, all had brave\\nhearts and wilhng hands, and at Watauga, Carters Val-\\nley, and Nollichucky they were preparing the way for civi-\\nlization.\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?\\n1. Military pioneers.\\n2. Civil pioneers.\\n3. Pioneers of Tennessee.\\n4. First settler. Date.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE\\n5. First three groups of settlements. Locate carefully.\\n6. First settlers not troubled by Indians.\\n7. Settlers iind they are in North Carolina. Action.\\n8. Price paid to Indians for land.\\n9. One cause of some Indian wars.\\n10. Character of pioneer people.\\n11. Dress of pioneers. H-ow obtained.\\n12. Outfit and method of moving.\\n13. Houses and furniture.\\n14. Work of the family.\\n15. Some things pioneers of Tennessee never saw. Why\\n16. What the pioneers loved most.\\n17. What the pioneers have done for us.\\n18. Pleasures of young people and children,\\niq. The three settlements.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII\\nWATAUGA ASSOCIATION\\nAfter the pioneers had Uved quietly a Uttle while in\\ntheir new homes in Tennessee they began to feel the need\\nof something else besides log cabins, rich land, and plenty\\nof game.\\nThey had come to the new country to enjoy liberty and\\nthey had it in full. In fact, there was a little too much of\\nit for a community where all were not good people. Some\\nbad men came among the good ones and used their liberty\\nto do wrong. There were no sheriffs, nor magistrates,\\nnor judges in the new settlements to make disorderly char-\\nacters behave themselves or to punish them for misbehav-\\ning. There was no place for the settlers to record the\\ndeeds to their land, no court to act upon the wills of people\\nwho died or to appoint guardians for their children, no\\nofficer authorized to issue a marriage license in fact, the\\npioneers were without any government. It is true they\\nwere in North Carolina, but at first they did not know this,\\nthinking instead that they were in Virginia and if they\\nhad known all about their situation, it would have been\\nof little value to them, for at that time, 1772, they hated\\nthe royal government in North Carolina, as many of them\\nhad fled from its oppression. Besides all this, a journey\\nfrom Watauga to the capital of either North Carolina or\\nVirginia would then have required more time and would\\n53", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "54 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE\\nhave been more difficult than a trip would now be from\\nRogersville to the capital of California.\\nSomething had to be done to secure orderly and decent\\nHfe for a civilized people. The pioneers promptly settled\\nthe question by forming a free government of their own.\\nThis government was the Watauga Association, organized\\nin 1772.\\nAt the beginning the association included only the\\nWatauga and the Carters Valley settlements, but in 1775\\nit was known that some people of the Nollichucky Settle-\\nment were Tories. Men from Wolfs Hill, Carters Val-\\nley, and Watauga went down to Brown s Store and made\\nthe Nollichucky people, and all other disaffected people,\\ntake the oath of fidelity to the common cause of\\nAmerican liberty. Nollichucky became part of the Wa-\\ntauga Association, and there was very little more of Tory-\\nism in Tennessee.\\nThe original paper, called Articles of Association,\\nthat these people all signed and agreed to live by, has\\nbeen lost but from some other old documents we have\\nlearned a good deal about this simple and original form of\\ngovernment.\\nThe people met in general convention and elected a\\ncommittee of thirteen men who were to take the laws of\\nVirginia as a guide and make laws suited to the needs of\\nthe new settlements. This committee was the legislative-\\nbody. The Committee of Thirteen elected from their own\\nnumber five commissioners who were to elect one of their\\nown number chairman, settle all disputes, punish offenders,\\nand discharge other duties similar to those performed by\\nour county and circuit courts. This was the judicial body,\\nbut seems also to have had some executive powers.\\nThe clerk of the court was elected by the Committee", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "WATAUGA ASSOCIATION 55\\nof Thirteen. There was a sheriff and a prosecuting attor-\\nney, but we do not know by whom they were chosen.\\nThese were the executive officers, so far as we know.\\nIt is not probable that the same men served all the time\\nin any of these offices, but we know nothing of changes\\nexcept in the office of clerk. Felix Walker, Thomas Gom-\\nley, William Tatham, and John Sevier were clerks at dif-\\nferent times.\\nHere is a list of the officials as their names appear in a\\npetition, without date, sent to North Carolina in 1776\\nCommittee of Thirteen.\\nJohn Carter, Chairinan. Charles Robertson. Zach Isbell.\\nJas. Robertson. James Smith. Jacob Womac.\\nJohn Sevier. John Jones. Robert Lucas.\\nWilHam Bean. George Russell. William Tatham.\\nJacob Brown.\\nThe Five Commissioners. Other Officers.\\nJohn Carter, Chairinan. William Tatham, Clerk.\\nCharles Robertson. Lewis Bowyer, Attorney.\\nJames Robertson. (The name of the sheriff is\\nJohn Sevier. unknown.)\\nZach Isbell.\\nAs a model of government the Watauga Association\\nwould not please a modern lawyer or politician, but under\\nit the new settlements grew rapidly in numbers and thrift,\\nand all seemed prosperous and happy.\\nThe people had an absolutely free government, one that\\nwas wholly of their own making, one that had been estab-\\nlished by the consent of every individual. The stanch\\npatriots who managed affairs thought that such a govern-\\nment ought to be respected and obeyed, and it was. The\\ncommissioners held their sessions at regular times, recorded\\ndeeds, probated wills, issued marriage licenses, fined those", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "56 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE\\nwho were disorderly, sent rascals to the whipping post for\\nsmall offenses and hanged them for greater ones, with the\\nenergy and promptness of men who were thoroughly in\\nearnest about the discharge of public duties.\\nWhen the Revolution began, the Watauga Association\\nnamed their country Washington District, in honor of Gen-\\neral George Washington, and voted themselves indebted\\nto the United Colonies for their share of the general ex-\\npenses of the Revolutionary War.\\nThis action made the British try to destroy the settle-\\nments. Alexander Cameron was Indian Commissioner\\nfor the British government among the Cherokees. He\\nfurnished guns and ammunition for the Indians and per-\\nsuaded them to make war on the settlers.\\nIn the spring of 1776, a friendly Indian woman, named\\nNancy Ward, told the white people that seven hundred\\nCherokee warriors, in two divisions, intended to attack the\\nsettlements. The chief, Dragging Canoe, was to com-\\nmand one division, and a chief named Old Abraham,\\nthe other.\\nDragging Canoe was to capture Heaton s Station, a fort\\nbetween the two branches of Holston River, about six miles\\nfrom their junction, and then destroy all the settlements\\nin that region. Old Abraham was to capture the Watauga\\nFort and destroy everything in that region. After destroy-\\ning the Tennessee settlements both divisions were to go\\ninto Virginia and there continue the robbing, burning, and\\nkilling. In the Virginia raid they were to be joined by\\nThe Raven, a chief who was to lead a third band of\\nwarriors.\\nWhen the settlers heard of this, they were very much\\nalarmed. They sent the news to their Virginia friends\\nand asked them to send men and ammunition to help in", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "WATAUGA ASSOCIATION\\n57\\nthe defense. The Virginians sent both. The Tennes-\\nseeans made their forts stronger, gathered the women and\\nchildren into them, and provided plenty for all to eat.\\nThere were forty fighting men at Fort Watauga, and\\none hundred and seventy, including the Virginians, at\\nHeaton s Station.\\nA pioneer fort or station was made by building at each\\ncorner of a square piece of ground a strong log house,\\nwith others be-\\ntween these if\\nneeded, all hav-\\ning their doors\\nfacing the inside\\nof the square.\\nThick posts eight\\nor ten feet high\\nwere then set side by side\\nbetween the houses so as\\nto make a solid wall all around\\nthe square. A gate was made\\nof heavy timber and fastened\\non the inside with a strong chain or bar. Small open-\\nings were made in the walls for the men in the fort to\\nshoot through. These openings were called portholes\\nor loopholes. Sometimes the houses at the corners had\\na second story so much larger than the lower one that it\\nprojected two or three feet beyond the wall of the fort.\\nFrom the loopholes of these blockhouses, as they were\\ncalled, an enemy might be shot if he had succeeded in\\ngetting up to the wall of the fort to cut or burn it. Such\\na fort as this was a very good protection against Indians,\\nas they had no cannon and the guns they used could not\\nsend a bullet through a thick log.\\nTENN. HIST. 4\\n-^v-y\\nFort", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "58 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE\\nIn July, 1776, the Indians came. The men at Heaton s\\nStation, following the advice of Captain William Cocke\\nand Isaac Shelby, marched out of the fort, met Dragging\\nCanoe at Island Flats, killed many of his best warriors,\\nwounded him, and totally routed his whole band. The\\nwhite people did not have a man killed and had only five\\nwounded.\\nThe Watauga men were too few to march out and fight\\nopenly, but these forty good riflemen defeated Old Abra-\\nham s three hundred and fifty warriors when the fort was\\nattacked, though the Indians tried for more than a week\\nto capture it.\\nJames Robertson was captain and John Sevier Heuten-\\nant of those forty brave pioneers. These are the two\\ngreatest men in the early history of Tennessee, but every\\nman in that fort was a hero whose memory deserves to be\\nhonored whether his name is known or not.\\nAfter these battles a part of the Indians prowled about\\nthe settlements in parties of two or three, stealing cattle\\nand horses, burning houses, and killing people whom they\\nfound alone, until the settlers killed most of them, or drove\\nthem off. The people therefore decided that the best way\\nto protect themselves from the Indian raids would be to\\nattract the Indians attention to their own homes and make\\nthem afraid of the white man s raids.\\nVirginia and North Carolina sent soldiers to take part\\nin the expedition against the Indians. The Watauga men\\njoined them, and they marched into the Cherokee country,\\nkilled all the Indians they could find, burned their towns,\\ndestroyed their crops, killed or drove away their horses\\nand cattle, and tried to make them understand that attack-\\ning the Watauga settlements was a dangerous business.\\nThis Indian war made all of the settlers determined", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "WATAUGA ASSOCIATION 59\\nWhigs. Those who had been disposed to be Tories and\\nhad to be forced to take the oath, now hated the British\\nfor having set the Indians against them.\\nThe Watauga settlements had grown rapidly under\\ntheir simple form of government, and the people had\\nhoped to establish a colonial government of their own\\nsimilar to those of other American colonies. But the\\nRevolutionary War had begun, and they thought them-\\nselves too few to fight all the Indians and British and\\nTories that might be sent against them, so they considered\\nit best to join some other colony.\\nIn August, 1776, they asked to be annexed to North\\nCarolina. One hundred and thirteen men signed the\\npetition for annexation, each with his own hand except\\ntwo, who made their mark. There were not more than\\nsix or seven hundred people in all the settlements, so these\\nsigners must have been about all of the men. From this\\nwe see that less than two per cent of the pioneers were\\nunable to write. Our ancestors were not illiterate back-\\nwoodsmen.\\nIn November, 1776, the Provincial Congress of North\\nCarolina met at HaUfax to draw up a bill of rights and\\nform a constitution for the state. Among the delegates\\nwere John Carter, John Sevier, Charles Robertson, and\\nJohn Haile from Washington District, so we may safely\\nconclude that Watauga had been annexed, and we learn\\nthat three of the men who had helped to found the\\nWatauga Association helped to frame the first free con-\\nstitution of the State of North CaroHna.\\nThe Watauga Association, though annexed to North\\nCarolina, seems to have continued its government until\\nFebruary, 1778. In November, 1777, Washington District\\nbecame Washington County, with boundaries including", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "6o\\nSETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE\\nthe whole of the present State of Tennessee. What a\\nhuge county that was Can you give the boundaries\\nFollowing is a list of the first justices of the peace in\\nWashington County. These magistrates, who took the\\noath of office in February, 1778, composed the first county\\ncourt that was ever organized in Tennessee.\\nWilliam Bean.\\nJohn Carter.\\nZach Isbell.\\nRobert Lucas.\\nJames Robertson.\\nCharles Robertson.\\nGeorge Russell.\\nJohn Sevier.\\nJacob Womac.\\nJ. Chisholm.\\nWilliam Clarke.\\nWilliam Cobb.\\nBenjamin Gist.\\nAndr. Greer.\\nThos. Houghton.\\nJ no. McMaihen.\\nJno. McNabb.\\nWilliam McNabb.\\nThos. Price.\\nValentine Sevier.\\nJohn Shelby, Jr.\\nJames Stuart.\\nJesse Walton.\\nRichM White.\\nBenjamin Wilson.\\nJoseph Wilson.\\nMich l Woods.\\nCompare the first nine names with the names of the\\nCommittee of Thirteen, and you will see that, although\\nthe Watauga Association had ceased to exist, the manage-\\nment of the public affairs of Washington County was\\nlargely directed by the same men that had helped to found\\nand administer the first entirely free government in\\nAmerica.\\nThe germ of Tennessee was the Watauga Association\\nthe first government established on this continent abso-\\nlutely free of religious tests, class distinctions, kingly\\ndictation, or proprietary interference. It was a govern-\\nment of the people, by the people, and for the people\\nit served its purpose and has passed to its place of honor\\nin the temple of history. Let us honor the memory of the\\npioneers who had the wisdom to found it and the courage\\nto administer its difficult affairs through six years of toil\\nand hardship on a remote and dangerous frontier.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "WATAUGA ASSOCIATION 6t\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?\\n1. Need of the pioneers. Why?\\n2. Distance from civilization.\\n3. Watauga Association.\\n4. Articles of Association.\\n5. The legislative body.\\n6. The judicial.\\n7. The executive.\\n8. Changes in office.\\n9. The list of names.\\n10. Character of the government.\\n1 1 Prompt administration of law.\\n12. Washington District. Patriotism.\\n13. Conduct of the British.\\n14. Nancy Ward.\\n15. British and Indian plan.\\n16. Preparations of the Watauga Association.\\n17. A station or fort.\\n18. The battles at Heaton s Station and Watauga.\\n19. The two greatest men.\\n20. Indian methods after the battle.\\n21. Invasion of the Cherokee country.\\n22. Effect of the Indian war on Toryism.\\n23. Petition for annexation to North Carolina.\\n24. The signers of the petition. A mark.\\n25. The annexation, and end of Watauga Association.\\n26. First county court in Tennessee. Date.\\n27. Names of men connected with Watauga Association, first constitu-\\ntion of North Carolina, and first county court in Tennessee.\\n28. The first free jrovernment in America and its founders.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIII\\nROBERTSON AND SEVIER\\nJames Robertson. Colonel Richard Henderson of North\\nCarolina bought from the Cherokee Indians a very large\\ntract of land, lying partly in\\nwhat is now Tennessee, and\\npartly in what is now Kentucky,\\nand called it Transylvania. Be-\\nfore making the trade with the\\nIndians he employed Daniel\\nBoone and several other hunt-\\ners to go out and examine the\\nland for him.\\nThis party of hunters left\\nWake County, North Carohna,\\nin the spring of 1769, and with\\nthem went a young man who\\nwished to find for himself better\\nland than the sandy pine ridges\\nof North Carolina. This young man was James Robertson.\\nHe was born in Brunswick County, Virginia, in 1742, and\\nwhile he was a small boy his parents moved to North\\nCarolina, where he grew to manhood.\\nHe married Miss Charlotte Reeves and was living with\\nhis wife and one child, in Wake County, when Boone and\\nhis party of hunters started over the mountains. He\\ntraveled with Boone and his companions as far as Watauga\\n62\\nJames Robertson", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "ROBERTSON AND SEVIER 63\\nand there stopped with William Bean and another settler\\nnamed Honeycut.\\nRobertson was so pleased with the Watauga country,\\nthat he built a house and raised a crop there and then went\\nback to North Carolina for his wife and child. In 1770 or\\n1 77 1 he moved his family to their new home, and, as we\\nalready know, became one of the leading men in the\\nWatauga Association. He was not related to his friend\\nand associate, Charles Robertson, who was from South\\nCarolina.\\nLate in the year 1778 James Robertson left Watauga\\nand went to a new home deeper in the wilderness. He\\nsettled near where Nashville now is, and soon helped to\\norganize a government there somewhat like the Watauga\\nAssociation. He became chairman of the Committee of\\nNotables, and was the real leader of the new settlement\\nin all of its struggles.\\nHe was colonel and afterward brigadier general of his\\ndistrict, Indian Commissioner to the Cherokees, a member\\nof the North Carolina Legislature, and, in 1 796, a member\\nof the convention that framed the first constitution of the\\nState of Tennessee. He died at the Chickasaw Agency\\nnear Memphis, in 18 14, while on a mission from President\\nMadison to the Chickasaw Indians. His body was removed\\nto Nashville in 1825.\\nHe has very justly been called The Father of Middle\\nTennessee. His long life was one of continual activity\\nand usefulness. He was not a great scholar, but his letters\\nindicate fair education. He was a cool, prudent, fearless,\\nfirm man, of keen judgment, good manners, and great\\nkindness. His personal appearance is described by his\\ngranddaughter, Mrs. Cheatham, as follows\\nHe was about five feet nine inches in height, heavy", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "64 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE\\nbuilt, but not fat. His head inclined slightly forward, so\\nthat his light blue eyes were usually shaded by his heavy\\neyebrows. His hair was very dark, like a mole in color,\\nand his complexion, though naturally very fair, was dark-\\nened and reddened by exposure. I remember him as\\nbeing uncommonly quiet and thoughtful and full of the\\ncares of business. We all loved and venerated him.\\nJohn Scvic7\\\\ The Huguenots of France were a reli-\\ngious denomination somewhat like American Presbyte-\\nrians, and were so cruelly perse-\\ncuted that many of them fled to\\nEngland and America. Among\\nthe refugees who came first to\\nEngland and then to America,\\nwas a family named Xavier. In\\nEngland this name became Se-\\nvier. These Seviers were the\\nancestors of John Sevier, who\\nwas born in Rockingham\\nCounty, Virginia, in 1745. He\\nseems to have been reasonably\\nJohn Sevier\\nwell educated for the age in\\nwhich he lived. He was mar-\\nried at seventeen years of age, and at twenty-eight was a\\nwidower with three sons.\\nIn 1772 he visited Watauga and met James Robertson.\\nSoon after this he moved to Watauga, and some time after\\nthe defeat of Old Abraham he married Miss Katherine\\nSherrill, who has been called his Bonnie Kate.\\nHe was a member of the Committee of Thirteen,\\nRobertson s lieutenant at the battle of Watauga, com-\\nmander of the Tennesseeans at the battle of Kings\\nMountain and in many Indian wars, governor of the short-", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "ROBERTSON AND SEVIER 65\\nlived State of Franklin, member of Congress from North\\nCarolina and from Tennessee, and first governor of the\\nState of Tennessee, and held many other important public\\npositions. While on a mission from President Madison to\\nthe Creek Indians, in 181 5, he died at the agency in Ala-\\nbama. His remains were removed to Knoxville in June,\\n1889.\\nSevier was five feet eleven inches high, weighed about\\none hundred and fifty pounds, had light hair, fair skin, blue\\neyes, was strikingly handsome in form and features, and\\nremarkably kind and generous. His manners were grace-\\nfnl, winning, and exceedingly popular. He was a more\\ndashing and briUiant man than Robertson and was his\\nequal in courage, firmness, and self-reliance. He had no\\nmore solid qualities of character than Robertson, but was\\na man of broader views and greater statesmanship.\\nNo history of Tennessee could be written without say-\\ning a great deal about Robertson and Sevier. As their\\nnames must be mentioned so often, it is best that you\\nshould be familiar with the lives of these greatest of all\\nthe pioneers of Tennessee. This sketch of them is very\\nshort, and you should read some larger books.\\nThese two great men were lifelong friends. Both came\\nto Tennessee in the early years of its settlement, both\\nshared the perils and enjoyed the love and esteem of their\\nfellow-pioneers, both devoted the whole of their long lives\\nto the service of the state, both died far from home while\\non Indian missions for the United States government,\\nand within a year of each other. The bodies of both were\\nremoved, long years after death, to be buried in the soil\\nof the state they had loved and served so well. Truly,\\nthey were very lovely in their lives, and in death they\\nwere not divided.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "66 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?\\nOf James Robertson? Of John Sevier?\\n1. Birth, time and place.\\n2. Education.\\n3. Marriage.\\n4. Settlement in Tennessee.\\n5. Public services.\\n6. Qualities.\\n7. Personal appearance.\\n8. Comparison.\\n9. Death and burial.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IX\\nKINGS MOUNTAIN\\nWhen the Watauga settlements became Washington\\nCounty, in 1778, a wagon road was opened across the\\nmountains into the settled parts of North Carolina, and\\ntravel became much easier. Many more people then\\nmoved into Tennessee, and in 1779 the huge County of\\nWashington was divided, part of its territory being cut\\noff to form Sullivan County, the\\nsecond county organized in Tennes-\\nsee. Isaac Shelby was appointed\\ncolonel of the new county, and, after\\na short time, John Sevier was made\\ncolonel of Washington County. In\\nthe same year Jonesboro, the oldest\\ntown in Tennessee, was laid out and\\nmade the county seat of Washington\\nCounty.\\nThe Tennesseeans were known to\\nbe thorough Whigs, and as they increased in numbers they\\nbecame more able to aid the Revolutionary cause, and they\\ndid this to their utmost. To their enemies they were a very\\ntroublesome sort of soldiers. They had no baggage to\\nlook after. All were mounted on fleet horses that had been\\nraised to make their own living in the woods. Each man\\ncarried a small sack of parched corn which he ate instead\\nof bread, and killed wild game for his meat. A blanket and\\n67\\nsaac Shelby", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "68 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE\\na long Deckhard rifle, with the usual hunting knife and\\ntomahawk, completed his equipment. They came suddenly\\nupon their enemies, fought with deadly effect, as every\\nman was a sure marksman, and moved away so swiftly as\\nto defy pursuit.\\nWhen Alexander Cameron set the Indians to making war\\non the Tennessee settlements, as related in Chapter VII.,\\nhe was obeying the orders of Captain Stuart, the British\\nIndian agent for all of the southern tribes. This was\\ncarrying out a general plan of the British government\\nfor the Indians to attack the Americans on the west while\\nthe British soldiers were attacking them on the east. We\\nhave learned how the Indians were defeated at Watauga\\nand Island Flats. Colonel William Moultrie shot the Brit-\\nish war ships to pieces at Sullivans Island so that the\\nBritish army could not be landed at Charleston to make\\nthe attack on the east, and the whole plan of i yy6 was a\\nfailure.\\nA similar plan was laid out by the British for the year\\n1780, and Governor Rutherford of South Carolina asked\\nColonel Sevier and Colonel Shelby to send him all the\\nmen they could spare to help defend Charleston. Two\\nhundred men started, but the British had captured Charles-\\nton before they had gone halfway on their journey. They\\nthen joined General McDowell of North Carolina and won\\na battle at the Enoree River.\\nNext the British took Savannah, and then Cornwallis\\ndefeated Gates at Camden, and the British and Tories\\nheld nearly all the important places in Georgia, South\\nCarolina, and North CaroUna. The American cause\\nseemed lost. McDowell s forces disbanded and crossed\\nthe mountains.\\nAmong the British officers Colonel Patrick Ferguson,", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "KINGS MOUNTAIN 69\\nwho commanded the left wing of Cornwallis s army in\\nNorth Carolina, was one of the most active and energetic\\nin punishing Whigs and gathering Tories into the army\\nto go with Corn-wallis into Virginia to finish the war there.\\nFerguson sent word to the Tennesseans, or over-moun-\\ntain men, as he called them, that he intended to make\\nthem a visit and burn their houses and destroy their settle-\\nments unless they returned to their allegiance to the King\\nof England. As they had no idea of returning to alle-\\ngiance to any king, they decided to pay Colonel Ferguson\\na visit instead of waiting for him to call on them.\\nSevier and Shelby got Colonel WiUiam Campbell of\\nVirginia, Colonel Cleveland of North Carolina, and some\\nother leaders who had small bodies of soldiers, to join\\nthem, and made Colonel Campbell commander of their\\nwhole force of about fifteen hundred men. Ferguson was\\nat Gilbert-town, on his way to Watauga, when he heard\\nthat the over-mountain men, with their Deckhard rifles,\\nwere coming to call on him.\\nThis was not what Colonel Ferguson expected, nor was it\\nat all to his Hking. He decided that Gilbert-town was not\\na good place to receive company especially visitors that\\nwere very handy in the use of Deckhard rifles. He there-\\nfore retreated to Cowpens and sent to CornwalHs for more\\nmen, though he had about two thousand, partly British\\nregulars and partly Tories. Some of his messengers were\\ncaptured by the Whigs, and none reached Cornwallis until\\nabout the time of the battle of Kings Mountain. No help\\ncame, and his Tories deserted him until he had only about\\nfifteen hundred men.\\nFrom Cowpens he marched to the boundary line be\\ntween North Carolina and South Carolina, and posted his\\nmen on the top of a very high, steep hill, which he named", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "70\\nSKrn.KMKNT AND ORr.AM/A riON OV llIK STATb:\\nKings Mountain, and doclared that all the cnor-niountain\\nmen and all the other rebels in America eould never drive\\nhim from his position.\\nCampbell and the hardv pioneers followed him steadily\\nand rapidly, making the last part of their march all day\\nand all night in a drenching rain. Many of the men could\\nnot keep up with the rapid march, and only Libout eleven\\nBattle of Kings Mountain\\nhundred took part in the battle, more than half of them\\nbeing Tennesseeans.\\nOn Saturday, October 7, 1780, the pioneers surrounded\\nthe mountain and began the battle. Ferguson was a\\nbrave and skillful otTicer, but the pioneers were better\\nmarksmen than his men, and his soldiers fell thick and\\nfast around him. De Peyster, his second in command,\\nbegged him to surrender, but he refused, cut down the\\nwhite tlag that was twice raised, sounded his silver whistle", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "KIN(;S MOUNTAIN ^i\\nto rally his men, and stul)bornly continued the battle until\\nhe was shot dead. This was the end of ]^^erguson s vain\\nthreat to burn the houses and destroy the settlements of\\nthe over-mountain men. The over-mountain men had\\nkilled him and destroyed his army to protect their own\\nhomes. Not only had they done this; they had cut off the\\nleft win of Cornwallis s army, and he was forced to re-\\ntreat from North Carolina.\\nWhen Ferguson fell, De Peyster surrendered at once.\\nThe actual fighting lasted a little more than one hour.\\nTwo hundred and twenty-five British and thirty Americans\\nwere killed. One hundred and eighty British and sixty\\nAmericans were wounded. Eight hundred prisoners, fif-\\nteen hundred guns, many wagons and horses, and a large\\namount of plunder of various kinds were surrendered.\\nThe prisoners were sent into Virginia, and the wagons\\nand other property that could not be carried away were\\nburned. After hanging nine Tories, who had been guilty\\nof desperate crimes, the over-mountain men went quickly\\nback to their homes, as they feared an Indian raid might\\noccur while they were absent.\\nThe battle of Kings Mountain marks the turning point\\nin the Revolutionary War. It was won chiefly by the\\nskill and energy of Sevier and Shelby and the heroic\\ncourage and endurance of their patriotic soldiers. These\\nmen were pure patriots who served their country because\\nthey loved their country, not because they expected or\\nreceived any pay. The early settlers of Tennessee richly\\ndeserved the high honor of being called The Rear Guard\\nOF THE Revolution. This is the title of a very charming\\nbook, by James R. Gilmore, in which is told much about\\nJohn Sevier and James Robertson and the Watauga settle-\\nment.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "JZ SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?\\n1. First county of Tennessee. Size.\\n2. Second county. Why organized. Date.\\n3. Military commanders of each county.\\n4. Importance of county colonel at that time.\\n5. Oldest town in Tennessee.\\n6. Tennessee soldiers of the Revolutionary period.\\n7. War plans of the British for 1776. Result.\\n8. The call for Tennesseeans in 1780.\\n9. American disasters.\\n10. Colonel Ferguson and his message to the over-mountain men.\\n11. Plan and arrangements of the Tennesseeans.\\n12. Ferguson s preparations to receive his expected visitors.\\n13. The march and number of men in the battle.\\n14. Battle of Kings Mountain.\\n15. After the battle.\\n16. Importance of the victory.\\n17. The Rear Guard of the Revolution.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER X\\nINDIAN WARS\\nThe war that began with the Indian attack upon the\\nWatauga settlements has been described in Chapter VII.\\nThis was not the first nor the last Indian war in which\\nthe Watauga people were engaged. The others of most\\nimportance to the Watauga settlers will be described in\\nthis chapter.\\nPoint Pleasant. In 1774 Lord Dunmore, Governor of\\nVirginia, sent some surveyors into Kentucky to lay out\\nland which had been bought from the Indians by the\\ntreaty of Fort Stanwix. The Indians killed the surveyors\\nand began a war on the Virginia settlers. The governor\\nordered General Lewis to raise an army and kill the\\nIndians or drive them out of Kentucky.\\nAt that time the Watauga settlements were claimed\\nby Virginia. Captain Evan Shelby, the father of Isaac\\nShelby, raised a company of fifty men at Watauga and\\njoined General Lewis s army. Isaac Shelby was lieuten-\\nant, and James Robertson and Valentine Sevier, a brother\\nof John Sevier, were sergeants in that company.\\nOctober 6, 1774, the army camped on the banks of the\\nOhio River, where Point Pleasant now is, and sent out\\nhunters each day to supply the camp with game. A little\\nbefore daylight, on the morning of October 10, James\\nRoberston and Valentine Sevier started out hunting and\\nmet an army of Indians coming to attack the camp. They\\nTENN. HIST. 5 73", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "74 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE\\nfired on the Indians and ran back to the camp. Soon the\\nbattle began.* It lasted all day and was one of the fiercest\\never fought by the Indians. They were thoroughly beaten\\nin the end, and fled across the Ohio River. This was\\nWatauga s first experience in Indian wars.\\nCJiickaniaiiga. The Chickamaugas were the most fero-\\ncious and lawless of all the Indians, and they had been\\njoined by a number of white outlaws worse than themselves.\\nIn 1779, the British Indian agents were collecting in the\\nChickamauga towns, just below where Chattanooga now\\nstands, the guns and amxmunition to be used by the Indians\\nin the campaign of 1780, already explained in Chapter IX.\\nThe settlers did not know this, but they did know that\\nthe Chickamaugas were prowling about, steaHng and kill-\\ning, and that they seemed to have plenty of guns and\\nammunition. The settlers suspected where these came\\nfrom and determined to destroy the Chickamauga towns.\\nCaptain Evan Shelby was chosen by North Carolina\\nand Virginia to command the expedition against the\\nChickamaugas. He knew all about Indians and their\\nhabits, and was himself as silent and sly as an Indian.\\nHis force floated down the Tennessee River in boats and\\ncame upon the Chickamaugas so unexpectedly that they\\nwere able to offer little resistance. He killed their braves,\\ndestroyed the British guns and ammunition, burned their\\ntowns and their corn, and left them scattered in the woods\\nand too busy getting enough to eat to trouble the white\\npeople for at least a year after his visit.\\nBoyds Creek. When Sevier and his men returned from\\nKings Mountain, they found that they had not reached\\nhome a day too early. The Indians were preparing to\\nattack the settlements. Sevier determined to treat them\\nas he had treated Ferguson, go to them instead of wait-", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "INDIAN WARS 75\\ning for them to come to him. He gathered his trusty-\\nriflemen, met the Indians at Boyds Creek, and slaugh-\\ntered them without mercy.\\nEchota. After the battle at Boyds Creek, Sevier pushed\\nforward to the Little Tennessee River and defeated another\\nbody of Indians at Echota. As this was the home of\\nNancy Ward, the friendly Indian woman, it was not\\ndestroyed. All the other towns of that region were\\nburned.\\nTellico. The towns along the Tellico, Hiawassee, and\\nChickamauga were laid in ashes, and Sevier pushed on\\nto the Coosa River in Georgia. Everything that could\\nbe of any use to the Indians was burned, broken, killed,\\nor carried away. Sevier took only prisoners enough to\\nexchange for white people that had been carried off by\\nthe Indians. Behind him he left only dead Indians and\\ncattle, smoke-blackened ruins, and ravaged fields. This\\nwhole expedition lasted sixty-three days, and Sevier had\\nonly one man killed.\\nTiickasege. In 1781 the Cherokees living high up in\\nthe mountains, about the head waters of Little Tennessee\\nRiver, began stealing horses and cattle and killing settlers.\\nThey thought their country was too wild and rough for\\nSevier to reach them, but he and his bold riflemen cHmbed\\nover the wild, high mountains and carried slaughter and\\nfire and destruction to the Tuckasege towns as they had\\ndone to the valley towns the year before.\\nTo go into the details of all of Sevier s Indian wars\\nwould make this chapter too long. Enough has been\\ntold for you to understand his methods. Sevier was a\\nreally kind and generous man, but he was a fearless and\\nresolute one. He knew the Indians well, and knew that\\nthey would continue to plunder and kill white people", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "76\\nSETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE\\nunless they were made afraid to do it. For this reason\\nhe adopted measures that made the name of NolHchucky\\nJack, as the Indians called him, a dread and a terror to\\nthe Cherokees.\\nThe Indians were treated very unjustly in many ways,\\nand wicked white men often led them into trouble. We\\nhave seen how the British brought ruin upon them by\\nIndian Battle\\nstarting them into war with the Watauga or East Tennessee\\nsettlers. Further on in this history we shall see how the\\nSpaniards led them into trouble with the Cumberland, or\\nMiddle Tennessee, settlers. The Indian s greatest mis-\\ntake was that he would not try to become civilized. A\\ncivilized and a savage people can never live peaceably\\ntogether. The white men knew this and, as the Indians\\nwould not be civilized, the white people tried to extermi-\\nnate them as they did wolves or bears or other dangerous\\nanimals.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "INDIAN WARS 77\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED\\n1. Formation of General Lewis s army.\\n2. The Watauga company.\\n3. Battle at Point Pleasant.\\n4. Character of the Chickamaugas.\\n5. British arrangements among them.\\n6. Captain Evan Shelby s expedition.\\n7. Boyds Creek.\\n8. Eciiota.\\n9. Tellicoj Hiawassee, Chickamauga, and Coosa Rivers.\\n10. Length of Seviers campaign. Results.\\n11. Tuckasege.\\n12. Sevier s methods.\\n13. Conduct of white men toward the Indians.\\n14. The Indian s greatest mistake.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XI\\nSTATE OF FRANKLIN\\nIn 1783 another section of territory was cut off from\\nWashington County and formed into Greene County.\\nThere were then three counties in what is now Tennessee,\\nWashington, SulHvan, and Greene. The people of Ten-\\nnessee, in spite of all difficulties and dangers, had steadily\\nincreased in numbers and wealth and were beginning to\\nfeel strong enough to form a new state of their own.\\nThe Revolutionary War was over and the Congress and\\nall the states were very much in debt for war expenses.\\nCongress had proposed that the states should give their\\nwestern lands to the general government and that Congress\\nshould sell these lands and pay all of the debts.\\nThe states agreed to this plan, and in 1784 North\\nCarolina ceded to the United States what is now the State\\nof Tennessee and gave Congress two years in which to\\naccept or reject the grant. This seemed at first to be all\\ngood enough, but very soon facts were discovered that\\nalarmed the people of Tennessee very much.\\nThere had been no suitable arrangement for a govern-\\nment during the two years that Congress might delay\\naccepting.\\nThere had been no brigadier general appointed for the\\nthree counties, and no one else could lawfully call out the\\nsoldiers. The Indians might attack the settlers at any time\\nand kill and plunder as they pleased.\\n78", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "STATE OF FRANKLIN\\n79\\nNo judge of the superior court had been provided, and\\nno one else could legally try criminal cases. As soon as\\nthis should become known, the horse thieves and murderers\\nand bandits of all classes would crowd into the settlements,\\nwhere they would be safe from law and do as they pleased.\\nThe people had no desire to live through two years of\\nIndian butchery and lawlessness. They abused North\\nCarolina roundly, said that she cared nothing for her\\nchildren west of the mountains, and had never been any-\\nthing more than a stepmother to them at best. After\\nsaying as many bad things of their stepmother as they\\ncould think of, they determined to take care of themselves\\nin their own way, without leave or license from the State\\nof North Carolina or any one else.\\nEach miUtary company elected two representatives, and\\nthese representatives formed the County Committee. The\\nCounty Committees called a general convention which\\nmet at Jonesboro in August, 1784, and elected John Sevier\\npresident and Landon Carter secretary. This convention\\nresolved to form a new state and provided for another\\nconvention to form a constitution and start the new govern-\\nment. Soon a very strange constitution, providing that\\nlawyers, doctors, and preachers should never be members\\nof the legislature, was presented. It also contained sev-\\neral other things so new and strange that the people\\nwould not have it. Then the constitution of North Caro-\\nlina, with a few changes, was adopted, and the new state\\nwas named Franklin. Frankland was first proposed, but\\nit was changed to Franklin in honor of Dr. Benjamin\\nFranklin.\\nJohn Sevier was elected governor of the new state, and\\nDavid Campbell judge of the superior court. Greeneville\\nwas made the capital of the state. The first legislature", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "80 SEITLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE\\nmet early in 1785 Landon Carter was speaker of the Sen-\\nate, and Thomas Talbot was clerk. William Cage was\\nspeaker of the House, and Thomas Chapman was clerk.\\nThe new government went at once into the discharge of\\nall the duties of a regularly formed state. It made treaties\\nwith the Indians, opened courts, organized new counties,\\nand fixed taxes and officers salaries to be paid in money,\\ncorn, tobacco, whisky, deer skins, mink skins, beeswax,\\ntallow, hemp, flax, linsey, wool, bacon, and in fact almost\\nanything in common use among the people. What a time\\nthe tax collectors must have had\\nWhen the Governor of North Carolina heard what was\\ngoing on over the mountains he sent an address to the\\npeople of the. new state, ordering them to disband their\\ngovernment and return at once to their allegiance to the\\nState of North Carolina. The Legislature of North Caro-\\nlina repealed the act of cession to the United States, John\\nSevier was appointed brigadier general of the militia, and\\nDavid Campbell was appointed judge of the superior court\\nof the district.\\nJohn Sevier at once advised the people to drop the\\nFranklin movement, as North Carolina had provided all\\nthat was necessary for their proper government and pro-\\ntection. They would not listen to his advice, but said they\\nwould have a new state and that he must be their governor.\\nAs he could not make them follow his advice he deter-\\nmined to serve them, and for more than two years he put\\nforth every effort of his splendid talents to establish and\\nmaintain the State of Franklin.\\nTwo parties grew up in the country, the Franklin party\\nand the North Carohna party. John Sevier was the leader\\nof the Franklin party, and a man named John Tipton, of\\nthe North Carolina party. Tipton was at first strongly in", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "STATE OF FRANKLIN 8 1\\nfavor of the Franklin movement, but when he savv^ that\\nthe people preferred Sevier for governor, he changed to\\nthe other side. He hated Sevier more than he loved any\\nparty or principles. Most historians seem to consider him\\na very high-tempered, narrow-minded man.\\nThe Legislature of North Carolina passed acts of pardon\\nfor all those who would return to their allegiance, and\\nGovernor Caswell issued proclamations in a kind and gen-\\nerous spirit, and these acts led many people to think better\\nof North Carolina than they had done a year before. Be-\\nsides this, a great many people began to be afraid that if\\nthey did not return to their allegiance their stepmother\\nmight conclude to give them a little of the persuasion that\\nmothers sometimes give when their children are naughty\\nand unruly. For these and other reasons the North Caro-\\nlina party became stronger every day. After a while a\\nset of North Carolina officers were elected and there were\\ntwo governments in force in the same country.\\nThe rival officers quarreled and fought over their sup-\\nposed rights the stronger party often turned the weaker\\none out of doors and took possession of the courthouses,\\njails, and public records the people did not know to which\\nofficers they ought to pay taxes, and therefore paid no taxes\\nat all marriage licenses, guardian bonds, mortgages, deeds,\\nand all public papers recorded by one party were not rec-\\nognized as lawful by the other, and everything was getting\\ninto such a tangle that many of the people heartily wished\\nthat they had never heard of the State of Franklin.\\nSevier tried with all his might to persuade North Caro-\\nUna to agree to the independence of the State of Franklin,\\nbut North Carolina would not do it. He then tried to get\\nthe United States Congress to recognize the state, but\\nCongress would not listen to the proposition. Finally he", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "82 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE\\ntried to get the help of the State of Georgia, but Georgia\\nsaid it was none of her affairs and that North CaroHna\\nand Frankhn must settle it between themselves.\\nDay by day the Franklin party became weaker, and\\nwhen Sevier s term as governor expired, in March, 1788,\\nthe State of Franklin was dead and North Carolina was\\nin full control. Sevier went on an expedition against the\\nCherokees, and on his return was arrested and handcuffed\\nby order of Tipton, who held office under North Carolina.\\nSevier was sent over the mountains to be tried for trea-\\nson that is, attempting to form a separate government\\nwithin the territory of a state and refusing to obey the\\ngovernor when ordered to return to his allegiance to North\\nCarohna. He was rescued by his friends, neither the judge\\nnor the sheriff seeming to care, and was never tried. Really,\\nnobody except Tipton was very anxious to have him tried.\\nHe was soon elected to the Senate of North Carolina, was\\nrestored by act of the legislature to all his former privileges,\\nand was made brigadier general of the Washington Dis-\\ntrict. In 1789 he was elected a member of the United\\nStates Congress from the western district of North Caro-\\nlina, and was the first congressman from the Mississippi\\nValley. Year after year his fame increased until the end\\nof his long life, and he is, perhaps, the grandest figure in\\nTennessee history.\\nIt is not at all probable that the Franklin movement was\\na willful rebellion or an ambitious revolution. John Tipton\\nand a few others Hke him were very anxious to have the\\nState of Franklin until they found that they could not get\\nthe offices they wanted, and then they turned against it.\\nPerhaps some men of the Frankhn party were influenced by\\nbad motives, but the great majority were not. Sevier, Cocke,\\nDoak, Ramsey, Campbell, Carter, Houston, and many others,", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "STATE OF FRANKLIN\\nwho held the high offices of the FrankHn government, had\\nall the offices they wanted before the State of Franklin\\nwas formed and also after it ceased to exist. They were\\nall great and good men who had the unbounded confidence\\nof the people and had nothing personal to gain by the for-\\nmation of a new state.\\nThe State of Franklin was organized because the people\\ndemanded it. They knew that the formation of a new\\nstate had been provided for in the annexation of Watauga\\nto North Carolina. They were beginning to feel strong\\nenough for the change, and when they considered them-\\nselves abandoned by North Carolina without law or pro-\\ntection they thought the time had come to form the new\\nstate.\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?\\n1. Counties in 1783.\\n2. Increase in numbers and wealth.\\n3. Plan for paying the Revolutionary war debts.\\n4. Cession of Tennessee to the United States.\\n5. Cause of alarm among the settlers.\\n6. Opinions of North Carolina.\\n7. Organization of the State of Franklin.\\n8. Chief officers and capital.\\n9. Acts of the new government.\\n10. Action of the governor and legislature of North Carolina.\\n11. John Sevier s advice. Result.\\n12. The two parties and their leaders.\\n13. Action of Governor Caswell and its effect.\\n14. The two sets of officers. Resulting confusion.\\n15. Sevier s efforts to establish the new state.\\n16. End of the State of Franklin.\\n17. Sevier s arrest and result.\\n18. Sevier restored to citizenship and office.\\n19. Was the formation of Franklin a rebellion\\n20. Character of the prominent men of Franklin.\\n21. Real cause of the Franklin movement.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XII\\nTHE CUMBERLAND SETTLEMENTS\\nDo you remember anything of Colonel Richard Hender-\\nson and his Transylvania purchase mentioned in Chap-\\nter VIII. He had a number of partners, and they were\\nall together called The Transylvania Company.\\nAll the fine land he bought from the Indians was worth\\nnothing unless he and his partners could get settlers, to\\nlive on it. Land that produces no crops or other wealth\\nis of no real value.\\nMany of the Indian chiefs were in favor of this sale of\\nland because they thought that white settlers along the\\nCumberland and Kentucky rivers would keep northern\\nIndians off their southern hunting grounds. Oconostota,\\na famous Cherokee chief, opposed the sale and predicted\\nthat the white people would have a great deal of trouble\\nin settling the country they had bought. His prediction\\nwas correct, as we shall see in the course of this story.\\nThe Transylvania Company offered large tracts of good\\nland for a very small price to any one who would settle on\\ntheir purchase. In 1778 Thomas Sharpe Spencer and a\\nparty of hunters came from Kentucky to settle in Middle\\nTennessee near where Nashville now stands. The place\\nwas then called Big Salt Lick or French Lick, and was a\\nwild, lonely, dangerous country. After clearing a piece of\\nground, near Castalian Springs, in what is now Sumner\\nCounty, planting corn, and learning the dangers of living\\nthere, all of the party except Spencer said they would rather\\n84", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "THE CUMBERLAND SETTLEMENTS\\n85\\nkeep the hair on their heads and not have quite so much\\nrich land and fat game. They went back to Kentucky,\\nleaving Spencer by himself in the wilderness. He said he\\nwould risk the Indians getting\\nhis scalp, so he watched his clear-\\ning, raised his crop of corn, and\\nlived all the following winter in a\\nhollow sycamore tree. This\\nlan was the first actual settler in\\nMiddle Tennes-\\nsee.\\nSpencer did\\nnot know that\\nthere was a\\nwhite man with-\\nin a hundred\\nmiles of him,\\nbut there were\\nalong the Cum-\\nberland River\\na few hunters\\nand trappers in\\nthe service of\\nCaptain De Mumbreun, or Montbreun, a French fur trader\\nwho afterward lived at Nashville.\\nSpencer was a man of gigantic size. One day he passed\\nnear the hut of one of these trappers soon afterward, it\\nis said, the trapper saw his tracks and ran away to the\\nFrench settlements on the Wabash River and reported\\nthat the Cumberland country was inhabited by such big\\ngiants that he was afraid to stay there. This story may\\nbe true or it may be a joke that some one made on the\\ngreat size of Spencer s feet.\\nSpencer at Home", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "86 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE\\nWe do not know what promises the Transylvania Com-\\npany made to James Robertson and some of his Watauga\\nfriends, but they must have been very Uberal. Late in the\\nyear 1778, Robertson, seven other white men, and one\\nnegro left Watauga and traveled through the wbods to the\\nplace where Spencer had raised his crop of corn during the\\nsummer of that year. They at once selected land near\\nFrench Lick, built cabins and forts, cleared fields, and\\nplanted corn the following spring. Soon after the arrival\\nof Robertson s party they were joined by another under the\\nlead of a trapper named Casper Mansker.\\nRobertson went to see General George Rogers Clark at\\nKaskaskia, about the title to their lands, and on this trip\\nmet John Raines and a party of pioneers on their way to\\nKentucky. He persuaded them to go with him to French\\nLick. Soon after Raines came a party of settlers from\\nSouth Carolina moved in, and, for a little while, there was\\nalmost a steady stream of immigrants coming into the\\nCumberland country.\\nRobertson and his companions had left their wives and\\nchildren at Watauga. December 22, 1779, a flatboat called\\nthe Adventure, and a number of small craft, left Fort\\nPatrick Henry, on the Holston River, to float down the\\nHolston into the Tennessee, and down the Tennessee to\\nthe Ohio, then to be poled and paddled up the Ohio to the\\nCumberland, then up the Cumberland to French Lick.\\nThis fleet of boats was under the command of John Don-\\nelson, and carried the families of Robertson and his associ-\\nates, in company with many other immigrants, to the\\nCumberland country. They did not reach Nashville, or\\nFrench Lick, until April 24, 1780.\\nJohn Donelson kept a daily journal of this long voyage.\\nIt is one of the most interesting old documents of Tennes-", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "THE CUMBERLAND SETTLEMENTS 8/\\nsee history, but is too long to be given here. You can\\nfind the whole of it in Ramsey s Annals of Tennessee and\\nin some other large histories.\\nDonelson s journal tells how these brave adventurers\\nsuffered from hunger and cold, and storms and wrecks,\\nand sickness and Indian attacks, and how they succeeded\\nin passing through all of these, and many other perils,\\nand finally landing at the Big Salt Lick to take posses-\\nsion of the log-cabin homes that loving hands had built\\nfor them.\\nAll of the immigrants that have been mentioned did not\\nsettle at Nashville. In May, 1780, there were eight regu-\\nlar stations, or forts, and some scattered settlements. The\\nstations were Nashborough, the present Nashville Free-\\nland s, north of Nashville Gasper s, farther north at\\nGoodlettsville Fort Union, about six miles up the river\\nfrom Nashville Eaton s, on the east side of the Cumber-\\nland about two or three miles below Nashville Stones\\nRiver, west of the Hermitage Asher s, very near Galla-\\ntin and Bledsoe s at Sulphur Springs, or Castalian Springs,\\nin what is now Sumner County. Can you describe a\\npioneer fort or station If you cannot, turn back and\\nread Chapter VII.\\nAs soon as the pioneers had established homes in the\\nwilderness they set about organizing a government that\\nwould insure decency and good order in the new settle-\\nments. Each station sent representatives to Nashborough,\\nand they drew up a Compact of Government which\\nwas signed, May 13, 1780, by two hundred and fifty-six\\npersons, only one man making his mark.\\nThe Compact of Government is a long document\\nthat may be found in Putnam s History of Middle Tennes-\\nsee. It provided a government suited to the needs of the", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "SS SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE\\ntime and place for which it was made. The judicial and\\nexecutive powers were placed in the hands of twelve\\nNotables or General Arbitrators. James Robertson\\nwas made the chairman of this body and was therefore\\nthe real governor of the colony and the commander of the\\nmilitia,\\nRobertson and his associates in office went to the dis-\\ncharge of their public duties in much the same manner as\\ndid the Committee of Thirteen at Watauga, except that\\nthey never hanged any one. The Compact of Govern-\\nment did not give them that power.\\nUntil the summer of 1780 the Cumberland settlers were\\nnot troubled by Indians. There were three reasons for\\nthis. I. John Sevier had given the Cherokees enough of\\nwar to keep them quiet for a little while. 2. One of the\\nboats in Donelson s fleet carried a family that had small-\\npox. This boat was kept behind the others. The Indians\\ncaptured it, killed the people, plundered the boat, took\\nsmallpox themselves, and died by hundreds. 3. The win-\\nter of 1779-80 was so severe that the Cumberland River\\nwas frozen deeply enough for cattle to be driven across it\\non the ice.^ This severe weather made game very scarce\\nand kept the Indians busy making fires and getting enough\\nto eat.\\nIn the summer of 1780 the Indians began to kill the\\nsettlers and hunters that they found alone or in small\\nparties, and this was kept up all the season. There was\\nOnly twice, if at all, in the history of Tennessee has the weather been so\\ncold as in 1780. On Cold Friday, February 5, 1835, cattle and hogs were\\nfrozen to death. On the night of February 12, 1899, the official record shows\\n29 degrees below zero at Trenton, 28 at Union City, and 27 at Dresden.\\nThese are the lowest records in the state. We have no official record for\\n1780 and 1835.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "THE CUMBERLAND SETTLEMENTS\\n89\\nno open attack upon the settlements, but if a man went\\nout to gather corn, to hunt, to feed his stock, or to visit a\\nneighbor he was in constant danger of being shot by an\\nIndian hidden away in a thicket or canebrake.\\nIndian Warriors\\nIn spite of this constant danger and loss of life, the\\nCumberland settlements were growing stronger and better\\nprepared to resist the fierce Indian war which came upon\\nthem the next year.\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?\\n1. The Transylvania Purchase.\\n2. Indian views of the treaty and sale.\\n3. Inducements to settle in the Cumberland country.\\n4. The first settler in Middle Tennessee.\\n5. Spencer and the Frenchman.\\nTENN. HIST. 6", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "90 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE\\n6. James Robertson and his party.\\n7. Other settlers.\\n8. The voyage of the Adventure.\\n9. John Donelson s journal.\\n10. The eight stations or forts.\\n11. The Compact of Government.\\n12. No Indian troubles until the summer of 1780.\\n13. First Indian warfare on the Cumberland.\\n14. Progress of the settlements.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIII\\nDAVIDSON COUNTY\\nIn the spring of 1781 the Indians determined to destroy\\nthe Cumberland settlements, and Cherokees, Creeks, Chick-\\namaugas, and some others united for this purpose. They\\nDefense of Nashborough\\nattacked the fort at Nashborough, April 2, 1781, and were\\ntotally defeated by the heroic settlers in a savage fight\\ncalled the battle of the Bluffs. At a critical time in the\\nbattle, Mrs. Robertson, it is said, turned out of the fort\\nabout fifty fierce dogs and set them on the Indians.\\n91", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "92 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE\\nAfter their defeat the Indians divided into small parties,\\nstole horses and cattle, burned houses, and killed people\\nwho were at work or out hunting. They could quack Uke\\nducks or gobble like turkeys or imitate the cries of nearly\\nall wild beasts and thus lead hunters up to their hiding\\nplaces and shoot them. The white men soon learned this\\ntrick and turned it against the Indians. Mansker, Spen-\\ncer, Castleman, and many others became even more expert\\nat gobbling up Indians than the Indians were in deceiv-\\ning them.\\nFor years every man in the Cumberland settlements\\nslept with a loaded rifle within reach. If one plowed or\\nchopped, others stood guard for him with loaded guns ready\\nfor use. Some one was constantly on watch at the gates\\nof the forts, and scouts ranged the woods in all directions.\\nNo one outside of a fort was safe for a single moment.\\nJames Robertson is said to have slept with one eye open\\nevery night that is, he was constantly watchful and care-\\nful for the safety of the settlement. He was a wonderful\\nman, a man of iron when necessary, but withal so\\nkind and true that he was the friend, the guide, the coun-\\nselor and commander of all the people, and the real Father\\nof Middle Tennessee.\\nIn 1783 the Cumberland settlements were organized into\\nDavidson County, embracing in its territory all of Middle\\nTennessee north of Duck River. A Court of Pleas and\\nQuarter Sessions (county court) was estabHshed by North\\nCarolina and the Compact of Government came to an\\nend. A log courthouse eighteen feet square, and a jail of\\nsmaller size and Hke material, were built. Nashborough\\nwas made the county seat, and its name was changed to\\nNashville in 1784. James Robertson was elected represen-\\ntative to the North CaroHna Legislature, and attended the", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "DAVIDSON COUNTY 93\\nsessions regularly, though he had to go and come more\\nthan six hundred miles, and half of the way at the constant\\nrisk of his life. What a brave, true-hearted man he must\\nhave been\\nThe newly formed county court seems to have been\\nabout the nearest approach to an omnipotent body that\\never existed in North America. It levied and collected\\ntaxes, cleared roads, laid out towns, sent gffenders to jail\\nand the whipping post, opened and operated a land office,\\nregulated the currency, made and enforced sumptuary\\nlaws, raised and equipped armies, declared war and made\\ntreaties, tried to negotiate with a foreign nation, Spain,\\nfor the navigation of the Mississippi in fact, did a\\nlittle of everything within the power of a governor, legis-\\nlature, and courts of a state, besides several things that\\nwere not. There seems to have been only one thing that\\nit could not do that was to draw money from the North\\nCarolina treasury. Not a penny would North Carolina\\never spend for the benefit of her western settlers.\\nStrange as the proceedings of Davidson County Court\\nmay now appear, it was necessary that those magistrates\\nshould act as they did. Immigrants were constantly com-\\ning in and were a welcome addition to the strength of the\\nsettlements. They had to buy corn until they could raise\\na crop. Now, if some one who had corn to sell wished to\\nship it down the Cumberland River and sell it to a Ken-\\ntucky distiller, the court would issue an order forbidding\\nit. This looks like taking a man s personal rights from\\nhim. We should call such an order a sumptuary law.\\nBut it was a necessity the corn was needed to make\\nbread for the incoming settlers until they could raise a\\ncrop.\\nIt seems to us very absurd that a county court should", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "94 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE\\nkeep a standing army. But the Cumberland people were\\nsix hundred miles from the capital of their state they\\nwere in the midst of savage enemies and had to take care\\nof themselves. They looked to their county court for\\neverything pertaining to the public safety, as it was the\\nonly legal authority within reach of them. The men who\\ncomposed this court were true patriots. While they took\\nthe responsibility of some very strange and arbitrary\\nacts, they seem always to have tried to serve their people\\nfaithfully.\\nUnder the rule of this all-powerful county court the\\nCumberland settlements grew and spread over the coun-\\ntry, though some one was killed almost every day by the\\nIndians. Robertson and all of the wise men tried to make\\npeace with the savages, but could not do it In another\\nchapter I will explain to you why they could not.\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?\\n1. Indian plans for 1781.\\n2. Battle of the Bluffs.\\n3. Indian warfare after the battle.\\n4. Conditions under which settlers lived and worked.\\n5. The Father of Middle Tennessee.\\n6. Davidson County.\\n7. The county seat, courthouse, and jail.\\n8. Representative in the legislature.\\n9. Remarkable proceedings of the county court. Reasons.\\n10. Who now exercise the powers then exercised by that county court\\n1 1 Prosperity of the county.\\n12. Efforts to make peace with the Indians.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIV\\nTHE SPANIARDS\\nNow let us learn a chapter of Spanish American history\\nso that we may better understand the condition of the\\nCumberland people. It looks a little strange that we\\nshould study Spanish affairs in order to understand about\\nTennessee, but we must do it, and the lesson must be well\\nlearned.\\nIn 1762, while the Intercolonial Wars were going\\non, England took Cuba from Spain. The next year, you\\nremember, England and France made their treaty of peace,\\nand France surrendered all of her territory east of the Mis-\\nsissippi River (except New Orleans) to England about the\\nsame time, also, France gave New Orleans and all her land\\nwest of the Mississippi to Spain. England thus owned all\\nof the country east of the Mississippi, except New Orleans\\nand Florida; but by the same treaty of 1763, she gave\\nCuba back to Spain in exchange for Florida, so as to have\\nall of her American possessions together. Study carefully\\nthe map of North America in connection with this para-\\ngraph, do not try to understand it without the map\\nbefore you.\\nIn 1783 the Revolutionary War closed, the thirteen\\nEnglish colonies in North America became independent\\nstates, and thus England lost all of her territory east of\\nthe Mississippi except Canada and Florida. England then\\ngave Florida back to Spain in exchange for the Bahama\\nIslands, and left Spain and the United States to quarrel\\n95", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "96 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE\\nover the northern boundary Hne of Florida, which had\\nnever been definitely established.\\nAs the United States was not at that time a strong\\nnation, Spain at once put soldiers into the forts at Pensa-\\ncola, Mobile, New Orleans, and Natchez and the Spanish\\ngovernor general, who Hved at New Orleans, claimed\\nwhat is now Alabama, Mississippi, much of Tennessee,\\nand a small part of Kentucky as Spanish territory. In 1794\\nhe built Fort Barancas where Memphis now is.\\nNearly all of the Indians in this territory, except the\\nChickasaws, hated the Americans. The Spaniards told\\nthe Indians that the King of Spain was their friend, and\\nthat he would keep the Americans from taking their land\\nfrom them. Then they sent out their agents and traders,\\nwho furnished the Indians with guns and ammunition and\\ntold them to kill out all of the white settlers west of the\\nmountains in Tennessee.\\nTo make still more trouble for all of the people of the\\nUnited States, west of the mountains, the Spaniards would\\nnot allow them to use the Mississippi River. In those\\ndays there were no railroads nor good wagon roads across\\nthe mountains. The western settlers had no way to carry\\ntheir produce to market except by the rivers, and all of\\nthese rivers finally ran into the Mississippi. The settlers\\ncould not buy tea nor coffee nor sugar nor anything else\\nunless they could get to a market to sell their crops and\\nthus get money to buy what they needed.\\nYou are probably thinking that it seems very foolish\\nand wicked for the Spaniards to have encouraged the In-\\ndians to kill white people, and to have kept the western\\nsettlers from buying and selling in Natchez and New\\nOrleans, where many Spanish merchants were anxious to\\ntrade with them.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "THE SPANIARDS 97\\nThe Spanish officials thought they had good reasons for\\nacting as they did. Count Aranda, the Prime Minister of\\nSpain, had told the Spanish king that the United States,\\nif left to themselves, would soon become a great power\\nand drive the Spanish out of North America. A Creek\\nIndian chief, Alexander McGillivray, had made a very simi-\\nlar prediction to the governor general at New Orleans.\\nThe object of the Spanish authorities, therefore, was to\\nkeep the United States from becoming a great power.\\nThey determined to prevent the use of the Mississippi\\nRiver for trade, and thus discourage western settlement\\nto get the Indians to destroy the settlements that were\\nalready in Tennessee and Kentucky then to claim that\\nthe northern boundary of their Florida possessions was\\nsomewhere near the mouth of the Ohio River. If this\\nplan could be carried out, they knew that the United\\nStates would be much weaker and Spain much stronger in\\nAmerica.\\nAs one means of carrying out their purposes, the Span-\\niards made a treaty with McGillivray, and promised him\\nthe regular pay of a Spanish general if he would keep the\\nIndians at war with the Cumberland settlers. The Span-\\nish traders furnished plenty of guns and ammunition, and\\nthe business was exactly to the taste of McGillivray and\\nthe Indians.\\nNow you can understand why Robertson and the Cum-\\nberland settlers could not make peace with the Indians.\\nThe chiefs were paid to keep the war going on. McGilli-\\nvray did not care how many white people nor how many\\nIndians were killed, nor whether Spain or the western\\nsettlers were ruined by the war. He stayed in his Alabama\\nhome and pretended to be a friend to both parties while\\ndrawing his pay and keeping up the war.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "98 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE\\nMcGillivray was only one fourth Indian. His father\\nwas a Scotchman of good family, his mother a half-blood\\nIndian. Her father was a Spaniard who held office in the\\nFrench army. From Pickett s History of Alabama, and\\nother sources, we learn that McGillivray was tall, slender,\\nvery handsome, a fine scholar, a poHshed gentleman in\\nmanners, having the cool judgment and shrewdness of a\\nScotchman, the self-conceit and duplicity of a Spaniard,\\nand the treachery and ferocity of an Indian. Perhaps he\\nwas altogether the most remarkable combination of scholar,\\nsavage, gentleman, ruffian, diplomat, knave, and scoundrel\\nthat ever lived in America.\\nThis man, who seems to have had no more conscience\\nthan a wildcat, ruled the Creeks and Seminoles, and had\\ngreat influence among other tribes. He made fair prom-\\nises to James Robertson and to the Spanish governor,\\naccepted presents from both, though he cared nothing for\\neither of them, and never had the shghtest regard for his\\nown promises. He kept the Indians making war on the\\nsettlers only because he was paid to do so, and kept mak-\\ning fair promises to the Cumberland people because he\\nhoped thereby to get more pay.\\nRobertson finally learned McGillivray s character, and\\nsaw that it was useless to have any dealings with him.\\nHe then turned his attention to the Spanish governor at\\nNew Orleans in order to secure peace for the Cumberland\\nsettlements.\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED\\n1. Conquest and transfers of American territory in 1762 and 1763.\\n2. Other transfers in 1783.\\n3. Spanish claims east of the Mississippi in 1783.\\n4. Spanish dealings with the Indians.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "THE SPANIARDS 99\\n5. Spanish markets of Natchez and New Orleans necessary to western\\nsettlers.\\n6. Predictions of Count Aranda and of Alexander McGillivray.\\n7. Spanish plans and purposes in preventing the use of the Mississippi.\\n8. The treaty with INlcGillivray.\\n9. Why Robertson could not make peace with the Indians\\nID. Family history of Alexander McGillivray.\\n11. Personal appearance and general character.\\n12. Dealings with Robertson and the Spaniards.\\n13. Lesson learned by Robertson.\\n14. Next efforts for peace on the Cumberland.\\nd\\nJ", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XV\\nTHE TERRITORY\\nIn all of their struggles with Indians, and hardships of\\nevery kind, the Cumberland people never received any\\nreal help from North Carolina. The legislature passed\\nacts that amounted to nothing more than giving them\\nleave to take care of themselves. This they knew they\\ncould do, and had done without any acts of the North\\nCarolina Legislature, and therefore they did not feel very\\ngrateful to North Carolina, or very much in love with her\\nways.\\nJames Robertson wanted for his people two things,\\nwhich he saw he would never get through the aid of\\nNorth Carolina. One was a real treaty of peace with\\nthe Indians, and the other was the free navigation of the\\nMississippi River.\\nThe Spaniards wanted the Tennessee and Kentucky\\nsettlements entirely destroyed, or they wanted them to\\nform new governments, and become part of the Spanish\\nempire in America.\\nDon Estevan Miro was the Spanish governor at New\\nOrleans. Robertson wrote him a very nice letter, and he\\nsent Robertson a very pretty reply. A number of letters\\npassed between them, in which they did a great deal of\\nbowing and smiHng and handshaking and passing of com-\\npliments, all on paper, of course, and I am afraid\\nnone of it was sincere. This sort of dickering in fine", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "THE TERRITORY lOI\\nphrases between politicians is called diplomacy. Each\\ntries to get as much and give as little as he possibly can,\\nand be so polite and smiling and agreeable about it that it\\nshall appear to be just the other way.\\nRobertson had the North Carolina Legislature name\\nMiddle Tennessee Miro District, and Governor Miro\\ndeclared that he felt himself highly honored, and promised\\nto do great things for the Cumberland settlers but he did\\nvery little, as far as the settlers could see. The Indians\\nkept kilHng them, and they were allowed only a very\\nrestricted use of the Mississippi River.\\nSome things that Robertson wrote to Miro have made\\nsome people beheve that he wished the western settlements\\nto join the Spanish colonies. No one who has carefully\\nstudied the Hfe and character of Robertson ought to be-\\nlieve this. He was too good a man, too stanch a patriot,\\ntoo great a lover of liberty, to wish himself and family and\\nfriends to be subjects of the King of Spain.\\nWhile Robertson was using all of his art and skill with\\nthe Spanish governor, while Bledsoe and Raines and\\nCastleman and others were fighting the Indians, while\\nmen, women, and children were daily being killed within\\nsight of their own doors, North Carolina again ceded Ten-\\nnessee to the United States government. This cession was\\nmade in February, 1790, and was accepted by Congress\\nin April and in May a bill was passed for the govern-\\nment of The Territory of the United States South of the\\nOhio River.\\nWilliam Blount was appointed governor of the newly\\nformed territory, and David Campbell judge of the supe-\\nrior court. John Sevier was made Brigadier General of\\nWashington District, or East Tennessee, and James\\nRobertson of Miro District, or Middle Tennessee.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "I02 SETfLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE\\nRogersville was first made the capital of the territory,\\nbut in a Httle while the seat of government was moved\\nto Knoxville.\\nThe legislature of the territory was composed of a\\nlegislative council, elected by Congress, and a territorial\\nassembly elected by the peo-\\nple of the territory. The\\nLegislative Council was com-\\nposed of the following five\\n^?P members\\nGriffith Rutherford, President.\\nJohn Sevier.\\nJames Winchester.\\nStockley Donelson.\\nPanne nas Taylor.\\nThis council made George\\nRoulstone their clerk, and\\nWilliam Blount Christophcr Shoat their door-\\nkeeper.\\nThe Territorial Assembly was as follows\\nFrom Washington County, Leroy Taylor and John Tipton.\\nFrom Sullivan County, George Rutlage.\\nFrom Greene County, Joseph Hardin.\\nFrom Davidson County, James White.\\nFrom Sumner County, David Wilson.\\nFrom Hawkins County, William Cocke and Joseph McMinn.\\nFrom Tennessee County, James Ford.\\nFrom Jefferson County, George Doherty and Samuel Wear.\\nFrom Knox County, Alexander Kelly and John Baird.\\nDavid Wilson was elected speaker Hopkins Lacy was\\nmade clerk. The Assembly elected James White as dele-\\ngate of the territory to the United States Congress.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "THE TERRITORY IO3\\nThis legislature did some good service, educational,\\nmilitary, and political. The first session began on the\\nfourth Monday in February, 1794. Before this date the\\nlaws of the territory had been selected by the governor and\\njudges of the courts, from the laws of any of the states.\\nIn the list of representatives you see the name of James\\nFord from Tennessee County. There is now no such\\ncounty. It was west of Davidson and Sumner counties.\\nWhen the state took the name Tennessee, the county\\nwas abolished and its territory was divided into the two\\ncounties of Robertson and Montgomery.\\nDuring Governor Blount s administration two new\\ncounties, Sevier and Blount, were formed the population\\nwas greatly increased, and the Indian wars were brought\\nto an end. The ending of the wars, however, was not due\\nto Governor Blount, the Assembly, nor the United States\\nCongress, but chiefly to the bold acts of James Robertson\\nand the people of the Cumberland settlements.\\nWhen Tennessee became a territory of the United\\nStates, the President was trying to majce a treaty with\\nSpain for the free navigation of the Mississippi River.\\nThis was just what Robertson and his Middle Tennessee\\npeople wanted. Governor Blount was ordered to allow no\\nattack on the Indians, lest the Spaniards might be offended\\nand refuse to make the treaty.\\nThe people waited and waited, but no treaty came.\\nPlenty of Indians came, however, and they skulked about\\nthe settlements, burning houses, stealing horses, and kill-\\ning people until the settlers got out of patience waiting for\\nthe treaty with Spain. They begged to be allowed to\\nattack the Indians, but Governor Blount said, No, you\\nmust not; that might upset all the negotiations with\\nSpain.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "I04 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE\\nThe settlers waited awhile longer and learned that\\nSpanish traders were buying American scalps from the\\nIndians, in order to get them to kill more white people.\\nThen their anger knew no bounds. They threatened to\\nkill both Indians and Spaniards in spite of the governor,\\nthe President, or any one else. Robertson said, Be\\npatient. And they obeyed him.\\nRobertson s brother was killed, then his son was killed\\nmen, women, and little children were murdered almost\\nevery day. Buchanan s Station was attacked by five or\\nsix hundred Indians, but was successfully defended by\\nfifteen heroic men, with the aid of the brave women, who\\nmolded bullets and loaded the guns through all that stub-\\nborn fight. Finally the patience of Robertson and of\\nevery one else came to an end, and they determined to\\ndisobey their rulers and give the Creeks and Chickamaugas\\na taste of Sevier s methods with the Cherokees.\\nIn September, 1794, General Robertson ordered Major\\nOre to destroy the five lower towns of the Chickamauga-\\nCherokees. The most important of these were Nickojack\\nand Running Water. They were all on or near Tennessee\\nRiver, below Lookout Mountain, and so secure did the\\nIndians consider them that they said not even Nolli-\\nchucky Jack could reach them.\\nSeveral years before this time the Indians had killed a\\nman named Brown and all of his family except one little\\nboy. This boy grew up among the Indians of the lower\\ntowns and knew all about the places. The Indians had\\nbeen forced to exchange him for some prisoners Sevier\\nhad taken, and Robertson persuaded him to guide Major\\nOre and his five hundred men to the lower towns.\\nWith Brown as a guide, the soldiers came silently and\\nsuddenly upon the Indians and so completely surrounded", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "THE TERRITORY IO5\\nthem that very few escaped. The destruction was as\\nthorough as if Sevier had done the work. Every Indian\\nthat was seen, except a few women and children, was\\nkilled, every wigwam was burned, everything was taken\\naway or destroyed. Some Spanish traders were killed,\\nand Spanish goods, guns, ammunition, a military commis-\\nsion for an Indian chief, and property and scalps of Cum-\\nberland people were found in the Indian towns. This is\\ncalled the Nickojack Expedition or Ore s Expedition.\\nWhen the report of this expedition reached the ears of\\nthe officials, there was a great stir. The Secretary of War\\nwrote a severe letter to Governor Blount, and Governor\\nBlount wrote a stinging reproof to General Robertson,\\nand General Robertson wrote a sharp reply in which he\\nsaid, in effect, that he and the Cumberland people did not\\nintend to sit still and be scalped by the Indians while the\\nofficials were passing compliments with the Spaniards\\nand if they did not like his way of doing they might get\\nsome one else to serve as brigadier general. But he was\\ntoo valuable a man to dismiss from office, and here the\\nmatter ended. The Indian wars in Middle Tennessee also\\nended, except a few raids of little importance, though very\\nannoying.\\nIn 1795 there were found to be more than sixty thousand\\npeople in the territory. This was a population large\\nenough to make a state. A convention was therefore\\ncalled, which met at Knoxville in January, 1796, and\\nframed the first constitution of the State of Tennessee.\\nAndrew Jackson proposed the name of the state, though\\nit had been called the Tennessee country long before this\\ntime. In June, 1796, President Washington signed the\\nact of Congress that made Tennessee the sixteenth state\\nof the American Union.\\nTENN. HIST. 7", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "I06 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?\\n1. Aid of North Carolina to the Cumberland people.\\n2. Robertson s two important wants.\\n3. What the Spaniards wanted.\\n4. Correspondence between Robertson and Miro.\\n5. Diplomacy.\\n6. Miro District.\\n7. Charges against Robertson.\\n8. Second cession of Tennessee to the United States.\\n9. Organization of the territory.\\n10. The territorial legislature.\\n1 1 Tennessee County.\\n12. Important events of Governor Blounfs administration.\\n13. The treaty making with Spain.\\n14. Effects of waiting for the treaty.\\n15. Threats of the settlers.\\n16. Buchanan s Station.\\n17. The end of the waiting.\\n18. The five lower towns.\\n19. The Nickojack Expedition.\\n20. Effect among the officials.\\n21. Effect on Indian wars in Middle Tennessee.\\n22. How the territory became the State of Tennessee.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVI\\nDOMESTIC AND SOCIAL LIFE\\nDomestic life means the way families live in their own\\nhomes. The domestic life described in Chapter VI. may\\nbe taken as a fair picture of that in all early settlements\\nin Tennessee.\\nSocial life means how people of different families that\\nlive in the same community act in their mingling and inter-\\ncourse with each other. Much of social Hfe belongs to the\\nchurches and the schools, and much of this chapter will\\nbe devoted to them.\\nAmong the pioneers the ties of personal friendship were\\nmade very strong by common dangers and common hard-\\nships. Whenever necessary, they would share with one\\nanother their money, clothes, provisions, ammunition, tools,\\nlabor, or anything else that they might have. A settler s\\ncabin was open, without money and without price, for the\\nrelief or assistance of any worthy man. If a man had a\\nhouse to build or logs to roll in his newly cleared ground,\\nor any other work that was too heavy for one man, he\\ninvited his neighbors to help him. They always came\\ncheerfully and never thought of being paid for their work.\\nIndeed, they would have considered the offer of pay as an\\ninsult. The one who had been helped was expected to\\nhelp others. To fail to invite a worthy neighbor to such\\nworkings, or to refuse to go when invited, was considered\\nan evidence of very bad manners, not far removed from\\ndownright meanness.\\n107", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "I08 SETFLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE\\nIf a man was sick or unable from accident to care for\\nhis crop, his neighbors assembled and did the work for\\nhim in a single day, and went home thinking they had\\ndone only a neighborly act. Selfishness, dishonesty in\\nword or act, and cowardice were vices not to be endured\\nin a pioneer community. Persons guilty of these were\\npromptly driven out of the country.\\nThere were few disputes or lawsuits, therefore little\\nneed for lawyers except as counselors on legal forms of\\ndoing business. The people were hardy and strong, and\\nsickness was very rare. Hence there were few if any\\ndoctors. Young people usually had their social pleasures,\\ndancing, games, etc., at night after the labors of the log-\\nrollings, house raisings, and quiltings were over. The\\nboys and girls did not grow up in total ignorance, but it\\nwas a hard task for them to get the Httle education they\\nreceived. Books were few and costly and not at all suit-\\nable for children. Teachers were scarce and not very\\nexpert in their business. About two months of mid-\\nsummer and about the same length of time in midwinter\\nfurnished the only school days of the most fortunate. At\\nall other times of the year it was necessary for all that\\nwere old enough, to work at clearing ground, cultivating\\na crop, or making clothing.\\nUntil the Indian wars were ended there could be no\\nschools outside the forts. Teachers and pupils would have\\nbeen butchered and the houses burned in short order.\\nAfter the wars were over, log cabins were built to be used\\nas both schoolhouses and churches. In the forts, or outside\\nof them, those schools of early days were very different\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2from the schools that you attend. Many of the school-\\nhouses had no floor but the ground. There were no desks,\\nblackboards, globes, charts, etc. The seats were long", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC AND SOCIAL LIFE\\n109\\nbenches, without backs, made of hewed logs. The writ-\\ning bench was a hewed-log shelf, the proper height for\\nwriting, extending along the wall usually the entire length\\nof the house. The windows were openings, the whole\\nlength of the house, made by sawing out a log on each\\nBi\\nH^H^Se. ^^l^m^Sf j^ ^^^^^k\\n[Vf^\\nilA lEfflilllUL^^\\ny\\n:^\u00c2\u00ab*i\u00c2\u00bb\\nInterior of a Schoolhouse\\nside. There was no glass used, but wooden shutters were\\nsometimes provided.\\nThere were three divisions of the pupils, the big boys,\\nthe Httle boys, and the girls. The big boys brought their\\naxes to school as regularly as their books they felled trees\\nand cut them into firewood for the use of the school.\\nThe little boys carried in the wood and made fires the\\ngirls kept the house clean.\\nThere were no classes or grades as we have them now\\neach pupil usually stood close beside the master and recited\\nalone, except at the spelling hour, when all stood in line", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "no SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE\\nand spelled orally. All studied their lessons aloud, and\\nthe amazing din this created did not seem to disturb any one.\\nThe principal books used were Dilworth s Speller, Dayball s\\nAritJunctic, Pilgrim s Progress, and the Bible. Each pupil\\nmade his own copybook of foolscap paper and brought his\\nown bottle of ink made from oak balls or elder berries.\\nThe master made all of the pens out of goose quills, and\\nwrote all of the copies.\\nSchool opened about seven o clock in the morning and\\nclosed about five o clock in the afternoon. The noon\\nrecess was from one to two hours. The school was in\\nsession on Saturday and Sunday just as it was on any other\\nday of the week. Time was precious, and there were no\\nSunday schools, and rarely any church services, to attend.\\nWith all of the disadvantages of their surroundings,\\nmany of the boys and girls of pioneer days managed to\\nget a fairly good education.\\nDo you think you would have\\ndone so t\\nIn 1778 or 1779 Samuel\\nDoak, who was educated at\\nPrinceton College, New Jersey,\\ncame to Washington County,\\nand soon after his arrival\\nopened a good school in a log\\ncabin on his own farm. This\\nis said to have been the first\\nreal institution of learning in\\nthe Mississippi Valley. In\\n1788 Doak s school was incorporated by the North Carolina\\nLegislature as Martin Academy. In 1795 the territorial\\nlegislature chartered Martin Academy as Washington Col-\\nlege, located at Salem, and Doak was made its president\\nSamuel Doak", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC AND SOCIAL LIFE III\\nIn 1794 Blount College was founded near Knoxville.\\nSamuel Carrick was made president of this school, which\\nis now the University of Tennessee. This was probably\\nthe first nonsectarian college chartered in the United\\nStates. Greene College was founded at Greeneville by\\nits first president, Hezekiah Balch, in 1794. In 1785 the\\nLegislature of North Carolina incorporated Davidson\\nAcademy, near Nashville. Now take your map and\\nlocate Salem, Greeneville, Knoxville, and Nashville, and\\nyou will have in mind the only places in Tennessee where\\na liberal or high school education might be obtained when\\nthe state was admitted to the Union in 1796.\\nAbout the year 1772 Charles Cummins, a Presbyterian\\nminister of Abingdon, Virginia, was preaching occasion-\\nally to the Watauga settlers. He was probably the first\\nordained preacher that ever held religious services among\\nthe white settlers of the state. Long before this date,\\nhowever, priests of the Roman Catholic Church had held\\nrehgious services in what is now Tennessee, among the\\nFrench and Spanish explorers and soldiers.\\nTidence Lane, a Baptist minister, was the first known\\nregular pastor of a church in Tennessee. His church was\\nestablished at Buffalo Ridge, Washington County, in 1779.\\nSamuel Doak, who was a Presbyterian, was preaching at\\nvarious places among the Watauga settlers at about the\\nsame date. As preacher, teacher, and politician, his influ-\\nence in the state was immense, and its effects are still felt.\\nThe first Methodist preacher in Tennessee, that we\\nknow of, was Jeremiah Lambert, who came to the Holston\\nCircuit in 1783. Bishop Asbury held the first Methodist\\nConference in Tennessee in 1788. It was held at a private\\nhouse, lasted three days, and the bishop preached every\\nday. The three denominations mentioned were the princi-", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "112 SETTLEMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE\\npal ones, perhaps the only organized ones, in Tennessee\\nwhen it became a state. The Presbyterians were most\\nnumerous.\\nThe Bible, the hymn book, and the catechism came with\\nthe settler into Tennessee, and were the principal books,\\nvery often the only ones, in the early log-cabin homes.\\nWhether the pioneers were Presbyterians, Baptists, or\\nMethodists, those who professed to be religious were\\nthoroughly so according to the standards of their day.\\nThey were men of strong convictions, very independent\\nin thought and very decided in action. They had the\\ngreatest contempt for counterfeits or shams of any kind.\\nChurches were few and very rude in structure. The\\nlog schoolhouses, courthouses, and private dwellings were\\nused as places of worship. When it was known that there\\nwould be preaching at a certain house, nearly all the set-\\ntlers within fifteen miles of the place would assemble at\\nthe appointed hour. The congregation would look very\\nstrange to-day. The women and girls were clad in home-\\nspun dresses, with quilted or slat bonnets on their heads and\\nmoccasins on their feet. The men and boys wore hunting\\nshirts and leather leggings, coon-skin caps, and moccasins\\nand all carried their rifles as if going to war. They never\\nknew what moment the Indians might attack them.\\nThe congregation was quiet and orderly. There were\\nusually two sermons one in the forenoon and one in the\\nafternoon, but none at night, unless the services were held\\nin a fort. The minister read out the hymns, two lines at\\na time, and the whole congregation sang them from mem-\\nory. Sermons and prayers were usually long, and more\\nearnest and forcible than polished or elegant.\\nTry to imagine for yourself the appearance of every-\\nthing at one of these meetings the grand, wild forest", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC AND SOCIAL LIFE II3\\nthe rough log walls of the house the slab benches with\\nno backs the dht floors the severely simple and quaint\\nservice; the strange dress of the people and the preacher;\\nthe rifles standing around within easy reach the sun-burned,\\nwind-browned faces the stern, resolute expression of coun-\\ntenance, that comes from daily contact with danger and\\nhardship. When you see all this, remember that those\\nbroad-shouldered, strong -limbed, stern -faced men and\\nwomen were true in purpose, loving in heart, and heroic\\nin soul. They feared God, but nothing else. They went\\nto church for His service alone, and their worship was in\\nspirit and in truth.\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED\\n1. Domestic life.\\n2. Social life.\\n3. Domestic life described in Chapter VI.\\n4. Friendship among the pioneers-\\n5. Heavy work.\\n6. Bad manners.\\n7. Sick or disabled neighbors.\\n8. Intolerable vices.\\n9. Lawyers and doctors.\\n10. Difficulties of getting an education.\\n11. A pioneer schoolhouse, pupils, classes, books.\\n12. Samuel Doak s school.\\n13. Blount College.\\n14. Greene College.\\n15. Davidson Academy.\\n16. The four places to be located on the map.\\n17. First religious services in Tennessee.\\n18. First regular pastor in Tennessee.\\n19. Influence of Samuel Doak.\\n20. First of the Methodists.\\n21. Religious books and religion among the pioneers.\\n22. A pioneer meeting.\\n23. The imaginary picture and conclusion.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "Period III. 1 796-1861\\nTHE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR\\nCHAPTER XVII\\nSTARTING THE NEW GOVERNMENT\\nGrown people usually think that boys and girls know\\nvery little about politics, and that they have very little\\ntaste for learning the political history of their country.\\nThis idea may be correct, but I do not believe it, and in\\nthis chapter will be given, in connection with other things,\\nsome simple facts of poHtical history.\\nThe government of the United States, and of each\\nstate of our country, is intended to be a government of\\npublic opinion. That is, the laws must be made and exe-\\ncuted as the majority of the people wish these things to\\nbe done. An election is only a regularly established way\\nof finding out what public opinion is.\\nThe officers elected are not the people s masters they\\nare public servants chosen to carry out the will of the\\npeople. All of our officers should be treated with the\\ngreatest respect, and all of our laws should be carefully\\nobserved. It is a shame for any one in this free govern-\\nment to be disrespectful or disobedient to officers or to\\nviolate law. We are a free people therefore disrespect\\nto officials or disregard of law is an insult to the whole\\npeople. Try to understand this and remember it.\\n114", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "STARTING THE NEW GOVERNMENT II5\\nIn all free governments there will grow up two or more\\npolitical parties. People of equal patriotism have differ-\\nent opinions about the best way to conduct public affairs.\\nThose who hold the same or nearly the same opinions\\nwill unite to form one political party, while those who\\ndiffer from them will form another party.\\nWhen the Constitution of the United\\nStates was formed in 1787, there immedi-\\nately began to be two political parties\\nthe Federalists, who thought that very\\ngreat powers should be given to the\\ngeneral or federal government; and the\\nAnti-Federalists, or Democratic Republi-\\ncans, who thought that more powers\\nshould be held by the states and fewer Alexander Hamilton\\ngiven to the federal government.\\nAlexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury in\\nPresident Washington s Cabinet, was the leader of the\\nFederalists Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State in\\nPresident Washington s Cabinet, was the leader of the\\nDemocratic Republicans, or Democrats, as they were\\nafterwards called.\\nWhen Tennessee became a state, nearly all of her people\\nbelieved the political doctrines of Thomas Jefferson to be\\nthe right ones. As nearly all were of the same political\\nopinion, there was no party contest for any office and very\\nlittle trouble about electing officers.\\nFive members from each of the eleven counties were\\nelected to form the constitutional convention. This con-\\nvention met at Knoxville, January 11, 1796, and elected\\nWilHam Blount chairman William Maclin secretary\\nJohn Sevier, Jr., clerk.\\nA committee, of two members from each county, was", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "ii6\\nTHE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR\\nappointed to draw up a bill of rights and a constitution for\\nthe state. So well did they do the work, according to the\\nideas of that day, that Jefferson said it was the best and\\nmost republican constitu-\\ntion that had been made.\\nThe fathers of our state\\ngovernment had the two\\nvirtues of economy and in-\\ndustry. They charged the\\nstate ^1.50 a day for their\\nservices in the convention,\\nand 2)s cents a mile for\\ntraveling expenses they\\npaid the clerks $2.50 a\\nday, and the doorkeeper\\n$2.00 a day the entire in-\\ncidental expenses were only\\n$12.62; and the convention\\nreturned to the treasury the\\nunexpended remainder of\\nthe money that had been\\nThe whole session lasted only\\nThomas Jefferson\\nset apart for their use\\ntwenty-seven days.\\nAs soon as the convention adjourned. Governor Blount\\nissued an order for the election of a governor and members\\nof the legislature for the new state. The elections were\\nheld according to this order, and the Ji7^st Legislature of\\nthe State of Tennessee met at Knoxville, tJie first capital of\\nthe State of Tennessee, March 28, 1796.\\nThe Senate organized by electing James Winchester\\nspeaker, Francis A. Ramsey clerk, Nathaniel A. Bucking-\\nham assistant clerk, Thomas Bounds doorkeeper. The\\nHouse of Representatives organized by making James", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "STARTING THE NEW GOVERNMENT 11/\\nStuart speaker, Thomas H. Williams clerk, John Sevier,\\nJr., assistant clerk, John Rhea doorkeeper.\\nWhen organized, the legislature examined the election\\nreturns and decided that John Sevier was elected gov-\\nernor. He was sworn into office, in presence of both\\nhouses of the legislature, March 30, 1796, by Judge Joseph\\nAnderson.\\nThe legislature then elected the following officers\\nWilliam Maclin, Secretary of State Landon Carter, Treas-\\nurer of Washington and Hamilton Districts WiUiam Black,\\nTreasurer of Miro District John McNairy, Willie Blount,\\nand Archibald Roane, Judges of the Superior Court Hop-\\nkins Lacy, John Lowry, and Howell Tatum, Attorneys for\\nthe State Wilham Blount and William Cocke, Senators\\nin Congress. As the state was not admitted into the\\nUnion until June, the senators were reelected in August.\\nAndrew Jackson was elected by the people to be repre-\\nsentative in Congress.\\nPerhaps you wish to know why the people were so\\nanxious to have a state government. The territorial gov-\\nernment had been a good one, Governor Blount was an\\nable and popular man, and the territory was thriving and\\nprosperous under his administration. Why have all these\\nconventions and elections Why did the people put them-\\nselves to the trouble and expense of making a change t\\nWhile a territory, Tennessee could take no part in the\\ngovernment of the United States, as the people had no\\nsenators or representatives in Congress. The people were\\nbound to obey the laws passed by Congress and to live\\nunder the government of the President of the United\\nStates but they had no voice in making the laws and no\\nvote in electing the President. This was one reason for\\nmaking the change.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "Il8 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR\\nThe governor and the judges of the territory were\\nappointed by the President, and the Legislative Council\\nwas elected by Congress. This left the people very little\\nshare in their local or home government, and did not suit\\ntheir free and independent spirit nor serve their best\\ninterests. They wished to elect their own governor and\\ntheir own legislature and manage their own home affairs.\\nThis was another reason for making the change. Thus\\nwe see that the wish to take part in national affairs and\\nto enjoy the benefits of local self-government were the chief\\ncauses that led the people to form a state government.\\nThe constitution of the state provided that two years\\nshould be the term of office for the governor, and that no\\nman should be allowed to hold the office for more than\\nthree terms in succession. Governor Sevier was elected\\nthree times without opposition, and was followed, in 1801,\\nby Archibald Roane. In 1803 Sevier was again a candi-\\ndate, but Roane was a candidate against him.\\nSevier s enemies tried to defeat him by telHng the\\npeople that Sevier had been speculating in land warrants\\nwhile he was governor, and tried to make it appear that\\nhe had forged some of them. John Tipton and Andrew\\nJackson took part in circulating these reports. In 1798\\nSevier had appointed Jackson a judge of the superior or\\nsupreme court, the legislature had afterward elected him,\\nand he was still holding that office. Sevier denounced\\nhim very bitterly as being ungrateful and showing himself\\nunfit to be a judge. So fierce did the quarrel grow that\\nJackson challenged Sevier to fight a duel, but their friends\\ninterfered and put an end to the quarrel.\\nTipton got the legislature to investigate the charges\\nagainst Sevier s honesty, but nothing could be proved that\\ninjured him in the estimation of the people, as they again", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "STARTING THE NEW GOVERNMENT II9\\nelected him governor for three successive terms and then\\nsent him to Congress.\\nThe treaty of 1795, between the United States and Spain,\\ngave the western people a very restricted use of the Mis-\\nsissippi River. In 1797 it was charged against William\\nBlount in the United States Senate that he had entered\\ninto a conspiracy to take Louisiana and Florida away from\\nSpain and transfer them to England, as he thought Eng-\\nland would be a better neighbor than Spain.\\nOn this charge WilHam Blount was expelled from the\\nUnited States Senate July 8, 1797. A United States offi-\\ncer was sent to Knoxville to arrest him and take him to\\nPhiladelphia to be tried for high crimes. But the whole\\naffair was as bad a failure as the attempt to try Sevier for\\ntreason. Blount would not go the officer alone could not\\ntake him by force, and when he summoned men to help\\nhim they very politely refused to do so, and told him that\\nBlount had done nothing wrong and could not be carried\\nout of Tennessee for trial.\\nAfter investigation the United States Senate decided\\nthat they had no case against Blount. He was immedi-\\nately elected to the state senate and made speaker of that\\nbody. He died at Knoxville, March 21, 1800, and is\\nburied in the churchyard of the First Presbyterian Church.\\nNext to Sevier and Robertson he was the most popular\\nand beloved man in the state. The people never believed\\nthat he intended any wrong in the Louisiana affair. In\\n1800 Spain secretly gave the whole of Louisiana back to\\nFrance; and in 1803 President Jefferson bought it from\\nFrance for ^15,000,000, and thus put an end to all trouble\\nabout the Mississippi River. This purchase also put an\\nend to the very small FederaUst party that had existed\\nin Tennessee all went over to Jefferson.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "120 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR\\nFrom the organization of the state, in 1796, to the close\\nof Sevier s last term there had been but two governors.\\nSevier had served twelve years, Roane had served two.\\nThe growth and prosperity of the state had been wonderful.\\nTreaties had been made with the Indians, farms had been\\ncleared, roads opened, bridges made, churches and school-\\nhouses built, new counties formed, towns laid out and occu-\\npied, stores, shops, and post offices opened better buildings\\nthan pioneer cabins were beginning to appear and com-\\nmerce was beginning to feel the effects of free navigation.\\nLawyers, preachers, and other men of learning were com-\\ning into the country. The population had grown from a\\nlittle more than sixty thousand to two hundred and sixty\\nthousand people. Silk dresses, Leghorn bonnets, ruffled\\nshirt fronts, and beaver hats might have been seen on the\\nstreets of Knoxville. When Governor Sevier passed out\\nof office, in 1809, Tennessee was a thriving young state\\njust entering upon the brilliant career that was opening\\nbefore her, prosperity in all her wide domain, peace\\nwithin all her borders, and plenty in all her homes.\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?\\n1 The kind of government under which we live.\\n2. An election.\\n3. Duty of officers.\\n4. Duty of the people in a free government.\\n5. Cause of political parties.\\n6. Two parties that began in 1787.\\n7. Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson.\\n8. Political opinions and elections in Tennessee in 1796.\\n9. The constitutional convention. Place, date, number of members.\\nTO. The committee and their work.\\n1 1 Evidences of economy and industry.\\n12. First legislature and first capital of the state.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "STARTING THE NEW GOVERNMENT 121\\n13. First senators and first representative in Congress.\\n14. Why the people wished to have a state government.\\n15. First and second governors. How long did each serve\\n16. Charges against Sevier in 1803.\\n17. Quarrel between Sevier and Jackson.\\n18. The Tipton investigation and its result.\\n19. The expulsion of William Blount from the United States Senate.\\n20. The attempt to arrest and try him.\\n21. Close of Blounfs career.\\n22. End of the Mississippi River troubles.\\n23. General condition of the state in 1809.\\nTENN. HIST. 8", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVIII\\nADMINISTRATIONS OF WILLIE BLOUNT\\nIn 1809 Willie Blount, a brother of Senator William\\nBlount, was elected governor; he served three successive\\nterms, closing his last administration in 18 15. He was not\\na great or brilliant man like\\nSevier, nor was he the equal\\nof his brother William. He\\nwas an honest, patriotic, sen-\\nsible man he was a firm\\nfriend of Andrew Jackson,\\nwas popular with all parties,\\nand made a good governor.\\nThe first three years of\\nBlount s time in office were\\nsimilar to the last years of\\nSevier s administrations. The\\npeople were busy with all\\nthe occupations of a new and\\ngrowing state. They had open markets, free trade, and\\nrich land. They raised fine stock and big crops bought\\nand sold goods and land, and worked and played very\\nmuch as you see people doing now.\\nOne thing occurred during this administration that\\nslightly changed the physical geography of the western\\npart of the state.\\nIn 181 1 earthquakes were felt in the country near\\nthe Mississippi River, from the mouth of the Ohio to\\nWillie Blount", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "ADMINISTRATIONS OF WILLIE BLOUNT 123\\nVicksburg. In West Tennessee the shocks were very\\nsevere. Great cracks were opened in the ground, some\\nof them ten miles long, as wide as an ordinary street or\\npublic road, and deep enough to bury a two-story house\\nin. Every season has partly filled them with leaves,\\nbrush, etc., but traces of many of them may still be seen\\nin the counties of Lake, Obion, Dyer, and Lauderdale.\\nThe mouth of the Reelfoot River was Hfted up, and for\\nmiles along its course the land sank down far below the\\ncountry around it. The sunken places were afterward\\nfilled with water, and thus was formed the famous Reel-\\nfoot Lake, from which Lake County takes its name. No\\nwhite people had homes in West Tennessee at that time,\\nbut a few white hunters and traders were in the country.\\nSlight earthquakes have occasionally been felt in the same\\nregion ever since then.\\nAbout the time that Tennessee became a state. Napo-\\nleon Bonaparte was rising into power in France. In\\n1799 he made himself ruler of his country, and until 181 5\\nhe kept all Europe in a tumult of war. He conquered\\nall the nations of central and western Europe, except Eng-\\nland, but England held the mastery of the seas, and was\\ndetermined to hold it at any cost. To do this it was\\nnecessary to have a great many seamen.\\nThe war was so long, and so many sailors were killed\\nin the great sea fights, that the British government was\\nobliged to impress men, or force them to go into the navy.\\nNext, it claimed the right to search the ships of other\\ncountries to see if they had on board any British sailors\\nthat might be forced into the British Navy. The United\\nStates declared that England should not search American\\nships. England declared that she would do it, and she\\ndid search many of them. This, with some other disputes,", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "124\\nTHE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR\\nfinally brought on what is called the War of 1812, or the\\nSecond War with Great Britain.\\nAs soon as war was declared, in June, 181 2, the Ten-\\nnesseeans volun-\\nteered as soldiers\\nin great numbers.\\nGeneral Andrew\\nJackson was placed\\nin command of\\nthem, and they\\nstarted to New Or-\\nleans to defend that\\ncity and the south-\\nern country against\\nthe British. They\\nstopped at Natchez,\\nhowever, as it was\\nlearned that the\\nBritish were not on\\ntheir way to New\\nOrleans.\\nIn January, 181 3,\\nGeneral Jackson re-\\nceived orders from\\nthe Secretary of\\nWar to discharge\\nhis soldiers and turn\\nover all his wagons,\\nprovisions, etc., to\\nGeneral Wilkinson\\nof the regular army.\\nJackson replied that some of his soldiers were sick,\\nand the well ones not able to pay their own expenses\\nImpressing Seamen", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "ADMINISTRATIONS OF WILLIE BLOUNT\\n125\\nback home, and that he would not discharge them at\\nNatchez.\\nThis was a very bold stand for a volunteer army officer\\nto take, but it showed Jackson s courage and his love for\\nhis soldiers. He put his sick men into the wagons and\\nmarched his troops back to Tennessee, and then dis-\\ncharged them. When Congress met, the members said\\nJackson had done right, and they voted the money neces-\\nsary to pay the expenses of bringing the soldiers home.\\nTecumseh was a famous chief of the Shawnee Indians,\\nwho lived in the Northwest Territory. When the United\\nStates and Great Britain\\nwent to war, in 18 12,\\nTecumseh tried to unite\\nall the Indians against\\nthe Americans. He and\\nhis brother, the Prophet,\\nvisited the Chickasaws,\\nChoctaws, and Creeks,\\nand got William Weath-\\nersf ord, a half-breed\\nCreek chief, and most of\\nthe Creek Indians to\\nunite with them. The\\nChickasaws and Choc-\\ntaws would have nothing\\nto do with the plot.\\nIn August, 18 1 3, the\\nCreeks captured Fort\\nMimms, near Mobile, and butchered men, women, and\\nchildren, though they had surrendered under promise of\\nprotection. Some of these people were Tennesseeans,\\nand at once the Creek War became a Tennessee war.\\nTecumseh addressing the Indians", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "126 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR\\nThe men of Tennessee volunteered to fight both Indians\\nand British, and called for General Andrew Jackson to\\nlead them.\\nIn the early years of our state there existed a very fool-\\nish custom of fighting duels to settle difficulties. Jesse\\nBenton and William Carroll had fought a duel in which\\nJackson had acted as Carroll s second. When Jesse Ben-\\nton s brother, Thomas H. Benton, heard of this, he said a\\ngreat many ugly things about Jackson. Jackson threat-\\nened to horsewhip him as soon as they met. But that was\\na rash promise, as Benton was very much the same kind\\nof man as Jackson. They met in Nashville and had a\\ndesperate fight in which Jackson was badly wounded. He\\nwas in bed from the effects of this wound when he was\\ncalled to take command in the Creek War.\\nJackson s heroic soul did not hesitate a moment. The\\nsoldiers were enlisted. General John Coffee was sent with\\nthe cavalry to Huntsville, and the remainder of the army\\nassembled at Fayetteville, where Jackson took command.\\nHearing that Weathersford and his hostile Creeks were\\nmoving toward Tennessee to attack some friendly Indians,\\nJackson pushed forward into Alabama to protect the\\nfriendly Indians.\\nThe war raged over North Alabama, with Jackson suc-\\ncessful in all the battles though he was many times almost\\nruined by lack of supplies, failure of General Cocke to aid\\nhim at the right time, and mutinies among his hungry\\nsoldiers. It is said that a soldier one day complained to\\nthe general that he had not had enough to eat in several\\ndays. Neither have I, said the general, but I will\\ndivide what I have with my soldiers, and pulling a\\nhandful of acorns out of his pocket he offered them\\nto the soldier. The man told his comrades, and they", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "ADMINISTRATIONS OF WILLIE BLOUNT 12/\\ndecided that if the general could live on acorns they\\ncould too.\\nGovernor Blount came to Jackson s rescue when lazy or\\nrascally contractors were allowing him and his army to\\nsuffer. The governor, upon his own responsibility, fur-\\nnished nearly $400,000 to buy provisions and ammunition\\nfor the army. The money was afterward repaid from\\nthe public treasury.\\nAfter the Creeks had been defeated many times they\\ngathered in nearly full strength at a bend of the Talla-\\npoosa River called Tohopeka, or the Horseshoe. They\\nbuilt a strong breastwork of logs across the narrow part\\nof the bend, and considered their camp safe against all\\nattack.\\nThe country between the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers\\nwas called the Hickory Ground. The Indians prophets\\nhad taught the Indians that this country could not be con-\\nquered by the white man. Jackson cut a road through\\nthe Hickory Ground to Tohopeka, and captured the place\\nafter a desperate battle, in which\\nseven hundred Creek warriors were\\nkilled and three hundred women and\\nchildren were captured. This was in\\nMarch, 18 14, and afterward Jackson\\nwas called Old Hickory.\\nThis battle ended the Creek War\\nand destroyed the power of the Creek\\nnation. Weathersford surrendered\\nand lived peaceably in Alabama the\\n1 r 1 IT ^/r r 1 Weathersford\\nremamder of his life. Most of the\\nCreeks were moved to the Indian Territory in 1836, and\\nthe remainder of them joined the Seminoles in Florida.\\nWe shall hear no more of the Creek Indians, as a tribe, in", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "128 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR\\nthis history. Like most other Indian tribes they were\\nmuch abused and sadly wronged. British and Spanish\\nemissaries were continually getting them into war with the\\nAmericans, who in self-defense were obliged to kill them\\nor drive them from their lands.\\nIn the spring of 1814 Jackson was made a major gen-\\neral in the United States Army and was given command\\nof the southern country. In August Colonel Nicholls, of\\nthe British Army, made his headquarters at Pensacola and\\ntried to excite the Indians and the people of Louisiana\\nagainst the United States.\\nGeneral Jackson wrote the Spanish Governor of Florida\\nthat he must not allow the British to come into his terri-\\ntory to make war on the United States. The governor\\npaid no attention to this letter, and in November, 18 14,\\nJackson marched his army into Florida and captured and\\ndestroyed Pensacola and took possession of Mobile. He\\nthen notified the Spanish authorities that he would treat\\nthem all as enemies if they allowed any more harboring of\\nBritish in their territory.\\nFrom Pensacola Jackson moved to New Orleans, which\\nthe British threatened to attack. Here on January 8, 181 5,\\nhe fought one of the most remarkable battles recorded in\\nhistory. With an army of volunteers, inferior in numbers\\nand arms, he totally defeated an army of Wellington s\\nveteran soldiers, inflicting a loss of nearly three thousand\\nmen, while the Americans lost only twenty-seven.\\nThe battle of New Orleans was unnecessary, as peace\\nhad been made between the United States and Great Brit-\\nain, by their agents in Europe, December 24, 18 14. Does\\nit not seem strange that no one at New Orleans knew any-\\nthing of this on January 8, 1815 If a treaty were made\\nin Europe to day, it would be known in New Orleans the", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "ADMINISTRATIONS OF WILLIE BLOUNT\\n129\\nsame day that the papers were signed. Can you explain\\nthis great difference\\nThe war with the Indians and the British, and espe-\\ncially the battle of New\\nOrleans, made Andrew\\nJackson one of the great\\nmen of the United\\nStates. John Coffee,\\nWilliam Carroll, William\\nHall, and Sam Houston\\nhad also won fame in\\nthe wars, and Tennessee\\nhad become the Volun-\\nteer State of the Amer-\\nican Union.\\nGovernor Willie\\nBlount s administration\\nclosed with the people\\nglad and thankful for\\nthe return of peace, and proud of the fame of their\\nstate in war.\\nBattle of New Orleans\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?\\n1. Successor of Governor Sevier- Chari^cter.\\n2. First three years of Willie Blount s time in office.\\n3. Earthquakes of 181 1. Reelfoot Lake.\\n4. Napoleon Bonaparte and Great Britain.\\n5. Impressing seamen.\\n6. Right of Search.\\n7. War of 1812. Other name.\\n8. Tennessee volunteers and their first expedition.\\n9. The mustering out.\\n10. Tecumseh s plans.\\n1 1 Fort Mimms massacre.\\n12. Effect in Tennessee.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "I30 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR\\n13. Duel between Carroll and Jesse Benton.\\n14. Jackson and Thomas H. Benton.\\n15. Campaign against the Creeks.\\n16. Jackson s troubles in the war.\\n17. Governor Blount s aid.\\n18. Battle of the Horseshoe.\\n19. Result to the Creek Indians.\\n20. Jackson, Nicholls, and the Spanish governor.\\n21. Pensacola and Mobile.\\n22. Battle of New Orleans.\\n23. News in 181 5 and at the present time.\\n24. Effect of the wars on Jackson and on Tennessee\\n25. Other famous Tennessee soldiers.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIX\\nADMINISTRATIONS OF JOSEPH McMINN, 1815-1821\\nJoseph McMinn was elected Governor of Tennessee at\\nthe close of Willie Blount s third term in 181 5. Governor\\nMcMinn was a native of Pennsylvania, and had been a\\nsoldier in the Revolutionary War. After the close of the\\nwar he came to Tennessee and settled in Hawkins County.\\nHe was a plain farmer, and had been a member of the\\nTennessee Legislature, and speaker of the Senate in 1807.\\nMcMinn seems to have been a good, honest man more\\nof a politician than a statesman, and not very much of\\neither. His honesty, industry, and tact gave him the con-\\nfidence of the people, but he had not the ability to deal with\\nsome of the troublesome questions that came up during\\nhis administrations.\\nA bank, properly managed, always makes money for its\\nowners and is a great convenience to the people in trans-\\nacting their business. But if the management is bad, or\\nthe officers dishonest, a bank may do a great deal of mis-\\nchief. From 1807 to 1865 the State of Tennessee made\\nmany experiments in the banking business. The legisla-\\ntures that passed the various banking laws seem to have\\nthought, either that the state could make money by these\\nschemes and thus save the people from paying taxes to\\nsupport their state government, or that the state banks\\ncould lend the people money on better terms than other\\nbanks would lend it, and thus make business more active\\nin the state.\\n131", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "132 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR\\nFrom bad management, or political contrariness, or the\\ndishonesty of bank officers, or some great misfortune, like\\nthe Civil War, most of the banking plans turned out\\nbadly, and the state lost money and got into debt by these\\nventures.\\nGovernor McMinn favored some of the worst of these\\nbanking laws. He did not do this because he was dis-\\nhonest or intended to do wrong, but because he was not\\nstatesman enough to see the bad effects that would follow\\nthe bad laws. A majority of the members of the legisla-\\ntures that passed these acts were equally honest and\\npatriotic they intended no wrong, they simply made\\nmistakes.\\nA complete history of the connection of the state with\\nbanks would make this book a very large one, and the\\ngirls and boys of Tennessee would find that part of it very\\ndry reading. In fact, I believe they would not read it at\\nall, and what they would be able to learn from it would\\nbe of very little use to them if they did read it therefore\\nI shall not write it. When necessary, I shall refer to the\\nbanks and banking acts under the different administra-\\ntions, as many governors besides McMinn had to deal with\\nthem. That is all that this book will have to say about\\nbanks.\\nWhile McMinn was governor, the Seminole Indians in\\nFlorida were joined by some of the Creeks who had not\\nsurrendered after the battle of the Horseshoe. White\\noutlaws and negroes also joined them, and the whole band\\nof ruffians and savages began stealing, robbing, and mur-\\ndering along the borders of Alabama and Georgia. This\\nwas in 1818.\\nFlorida still belonged to Spain. President Monroe tried\\nto get the Spanish governor to stop the mischief, but noth-", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "ADMINISTRATIONS OF JOSEPH McMINN, 1815-1821 1 33\\ning was done. He then told General Jackson to stop it.\\nJackson gathered some Tennessee troops, got some more\\nfrom Georgia and Alabama, and marched into Florida.\\nHe captured and killed all the outlaws he could find, and\\nburned the Indian towns. He also took the Spanish\\ntowns of St. Marks and Pensacola, and drove the Spanish\\ngovernor out of the country.\\nAmong the prisoners were two British subjects, Arbuth-\\nnot and Ambrister. Jackson had Arbuthnot hung and\\nAmbrister shot because they had been furnishing guns\\nand ammunition to the Indians, buying stolen goods from\\nthem, and encouraging them to keep up their robberies\\nand murders.\\nThis trouble came near causing a war between Spain\\nand the United States, but the next year President Monroe\\nbought Florida from Spain, and all further trouble was\\navoided.\\nTo avoid any possible trouble with the friendly Chicka-\\nsaw Indians, General Jackson and General Shelby were\\ndirected, as soon as Jackson had ended the Seminole dif-\\nficulties in 1818, to buy all of the Chickasaws land east\\nof the Mississippi and north of the thirty-fifth parallel of\\nnorth latitude. This land consisted of West Tennessee and\\nWestern Kentucky.\\nThe most important event within the six years that\\nMcMinn was governor was the early settlement of West\\nTennessee. This settlement was unlike that of East\\nTennessee and Middle Tennessee for in West Tennessee\\nthe ax and the plow had far more to do with the advance\\nof civilization than did the rifle and the tomahawk. There\\nwere no wars connected with it.\\nRemember that all of Tennessee lying between the\\nTennessee and Mississippi rivers was the hunting ground", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "134 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR\\nof the Chickasaw Indians, and that these Indians had\\nalways been friendly with the English-speaking white\\npeople. The whole of West Tennessee was bought from\\nthese Indians in 1818, and opened for settlement in 18 19.\\nNow spend a few minutes studying the map of West\\nTennessee. Note the course of the Tennessee River, and\\nof the Big Sandy, which flows into it. Look at the Mis-\\nsissippi River and its tributaries, the Obion, the Forked\\nDeer, the Big Hatchie, and the Wolf. Imagine the con-\\ndition of the country as it was in 181 8, with not a county\\nlaid out, not a town or a railroad, not even a settlement of\\nwhite people nor a wagon road of any kind nothing but\\nforests of giant trees and dense canebrakes covering the\\nwhole land. No Indians lived in the country except at the\\nChickasaw Bluffs, on the Mississippi River. It was a vast\\nhunting ground that the Indians had sold to the white\\npeople, and was just opened for settlement.\\nNow suppose some people at Nashville, some at Knox-\\nville, and some at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, in the year 18 19,\\nthat wished to move into West Tennessee how would they\\ngo there The Knoxville people could float their flaiboats\\ndown the Tennessee River until they came to what is now\\nHardin County, or down to the mouth of Big Sandy, and\\nup that river into what is now Henry County, or might\\nstop anywhere between these counties, or might go\\nfarther on. The Nashville people could float down the\\nCumberland River into the Ohio, and join the Pittsburg\\nemigrants, and all go down the Ohio into the Mississippi.\\nThey might stop anywhere between what is now Tipton-\\nville, in Lake County, and the bluff where Memphis now\\nstands, or they might go up the Obion River, or the\\nForked Deer, or the Big Hatchie, or the Wolf.\\nWhat we have supposed on this subject is exactly what", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "ADMINISTRATIONS OF JOSEPH McMINN, 1815-1821 135\\noccurred. The first settlements were made along the\\nrivers, and the early settlers lived very much as the pio-\\nneers of East and Middle Tennessee had done, except\\nthat they built no forts and had no Indian wars. As the\\npeople could give all of their attention to the pursuits of\\npeace, they quickly opened roads, made bridges and ferries.\\nFiatboat\\nand got into direct communication with Middle Tennessee\\nand Kentucky.\\nThe country was settled rapidly, and between 18 19 and\\n1824 there were organized in West Tennessee the counties\\nof Obion, Weakley, Henry, Dyer, Gibson, Carroll, Tipton,\\nHaywood, Madison, Henderson, Shelby, Fayette, Harde-\\nman, McNairy, and Hardin. These are the older coun-\\nties of the western division of the state, all the others\\nhaving been formed by cutting off parts of these. No\\nother section of the great Southwest had ever grown so", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "136 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR\\nrapidly in population and wealth. See if you can tell why\\nthis was so.\\nWhich is the oldest settlement in West Tennessee is a\\ndisputed question. The temporary homes of hunters and\\ntraders have been called settlements, and actual settlements\\nhave been called camps, until the subject is very much\\nconfused. Perhaps Memphis is as old as any of them.\\nIt is certain that white people were permanently settled\\nthere in 1820, and perhaps a little earlier, and there could\\nhave been no legal settlement anywhere in West Tennes-\\nsee before 18 19.\\nThe counties and towns of our state have usually been\\nnamed in honor of some distinguished man as Monroe\\nCounty for President Monroe, Robertson Country for Gen-\\neral James Robertson, McNairy County for Judge McNairy,\\nKnoxville for General Knox, Nashville for Colonel Nash,\\nJackson for President Andrew Jackson. If you study\\nover the names, you will find this to be the general rule,\\nbut Memphis is one of the exceptions.\\nThere are two great rivers of the world that you will\\nfind very much alike in some respects, though very differ-\\nent in others. They are the Nile in Africa and the Mis-\\nsissippi in North America. Each rises in a region of lakes\\nand flows through a valley famed for its fertile lands and\\nabundant crops. Each empties into the sea by a delta\\nmouth that is, the mouth of each river is divided into\\nseveral branches.\\nLong, long before the Christian era, before the days\\nwhen Abraham went down into Egypt, there stood, on the\\nbanks of the Nile, a famous city called Memphis. It was\\nthe great ^commercial center of the valley of the Nile in\\nthe long, long ago. The people who settled on the Chick-\\nasaw Bluffs wished their new town to become the great", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "ADMINISTRATIONS OF JOSEPH McMINN, 1815-1821 137\\ncommercial city of the valley of the Mississippi, and they\\nnamed it Memphis.\\nThe spot upon which Memphis stands is historic ground,\\nand it is most probably the part of Tennessee that was\\nfirst known to white men. About it cluster memories\\nof the visionary ambition of De Soto the patience and\\ndevotion of Marquette the heroic enterprise of La Salle\\nLouis XIV. and the Crozat grant the disastrous battles\\nof the French with the Chickasaws the intrigues of Miro,\\nCarondelet, and Gayoso the forts Prudhomme, Assump-\\ntion, Barancas, and Pickering the daring schemes of\\nAaron Burr the long struggle with Randolph for com-\\nmercial supremacy the grotesque titles of Pinch and\\nSodom and the wise foresight and prudence of John\\nOverton.\\nIf the long line of Frenchmen, Spaniards, and English-\\nmen of soldiers, priests, and adventurers of Indians,\\nhunters, and traders of early settlers, land surveyors, and\\nflatboat men, could rise from their graves and tell us all\\nthat happened on that bluff from 1541 to 1821, it would\\nmake a story of far more wild and romantic interest than\\nany tale of the Arabian Nights.\\nThe voices of these men are silent, and all of the story\\ncan never be told, but I will give you a list of books from\\nwhich you can learn a great deal of it. When you have\\ntime or opportunity to do so read Ramsey s Amials of Ten-\\nnessee, Phelan s Larger History of Tennessee, Perkins s\\nAnnals of the West, Monette s History of the Mississippi\\nValley, Roosevelt s Winning of the West, Keating s His-\\ntory of Memphis, and a good history of the United States.\\nMemphis was never the center of settlement for West\\nTennessee as Nashville had been for Middle Tennessee.\\nThere was no necessity for such a center. The whole\\nlENN. HIST. 9", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "138 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR\\ncountry was peaceable and might be settled anywhere.\\nThe greatest danger was from bears, panthers, wolves,\\nand wildcats, and the greatest mischief they did was to\\nkill the settlers pigs, calves, and colts. To kill out these\\ntroublesome beasts of prey the Chickasaw Indians were\\nencouraged to hunt over the country after many white set-\\ntlements had been made.\\nThe Donkey and the Hunters\\nGeneral Tipton, for whom Tipton County was named,\\nwas raising good farm stock on the south side of Hatchie\\nRiver. He had several fine donkeys and hired out one of\\nthese, named Moses, to a Mr. Barnes on the north side\\nof Hatchie. Moses got away from Barnes and started\\nhome. In Hatchie bottom he was killed by some Chicka-\\nsaw hunters, who thought he was a new kind of wild beast.\\nThey sold his hide to a trader, and Barnes found it on\\na trading boat in Hatchie River. He called up the", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "ADMINISTRATIONS OP^ JOSEPH McMINN, 1815-1821 1 39\\nIndians and explained to them that the animal belonged\\nto General Tipton and was worth $500. The Indians\\nbrought up their horses, appointed three white men and\\ntwo Indians to value them, and gave Barnes enough of\\nthem to pay for Moses.\\nFrom the early settlement to the Civil War the growth\\nof West Tennessee was rapid and prosperous, with no very\\nstriking or tragic events in its history.\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED\\n1. Dates of Governor McMinn s administrations.\\n2. Character and public services of Joseph McMinn.\\n3. Advantages of a well-managed bank.\\n4. Ideas of Tennessee legislators about banks.\\n5. Mistakes of the governor and legislature.\\n6. History of Tennessee banks.\\n7. Outrages in Georgia and Alabama.\\n8. Government of Florida in 1818.\\n9. Jackson s method of stopping the trouble.\\n10. Execution of Arbuthnot and Ambrister.\\n1 1 Purchase from the Chickasaws.\\n12. Most important event while McMinn was governor.\\n13. Compare first settlements in West Tennessee with those of East\\nand Middle Tennessee.\\n14. Natural ways of travel in West Tennessee.\\n15. How the country was acquired and why it grew so rapidly.\\n16. Counties organized from 18 19 to 1824.\\n17. Oldest settlement in West Tennessee.\\n18. Names of our counties and towns.\\n19. The Nile and the Mississippi.\\n20. Ancient and modern Memphis.\\n21. Historic events connected with Memphis.\\n22. Books of reference.\\n23. Why Memphis was not a center of settlement.\\n24. Encouragement to Chickasaw hunters.\\n25. Story showing their honesty.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XX\\nCARROLL, HOUSTON, AND HALL, 1821-1835\\nUp to 1 82 1 the four governors who had served the state\\nhad been elected for their personal worth, without regard\\nto questions of public policy or, as we call it, politics.\\nThere was a change in 1821. The prominent candidates\\nfor governor then were Edward Ward and William\\nCarroll.\\nWard was a Virginia gentleman of learning and wealth,\\nbut of manners and habits not suited to the plain ways of\\na new state. He had aristocratic notions of government\\nand society, and was accused of having been a Federalist\\nin Virginia, and of having changed his politics after he\\ncame to Tennessee for the purpose of getting votes.\\nThese things made him unpopular.\\nWiUiam Carroll was a native of Pennsylvania, and had\\ncome to Nashville as a hardware merchant when quite a\\nyoung man. He was a successful business man, fond of\\nmilitary life, and had been one of Jackson s bravest and\\nbest officers in the Creek War. He was plain and sincere\\nin manners, social in disposition, and especially popular\\nwith his old soldiers.\\nThe constitution of 1796 made taxes upon large land\\nowners lighter, proportionally, than upon small ones.\\nUnder this constitution also the legislature elected all of\\nthe judges of courts and justices of the peace to hold office\\n140", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "CARROLL, HOUSTON, AND HALL, 1821-1835 I4I\\nfor life if they behaved well. The county courts elected\\nthe coroners, sheriffs, trustees, etc., for the counties.\\nThis left the people to elect only the governor and mem-\\nbers of the legislature.\\nCarroll advocated a change of the constitution to reform\\nthese and many other affairs in the government of the\\nstate. Ward wished the constitution and government of\\nthe state to remain as they were. This was the chief issue\\nbetween the two candidates. With this canvass began the\\nprominent parts that newspapers have since taken in the\\nelections of the state. Before that date the papers pub-\\nlished the news as they found it and said little about can-\\ndidates.\\nThe canvass was quite warm and exciting, and many\\nridiculous and amusing things were said and done on both\\nsides. The great mass of the people supported Carroll,\\nand he received more than three times as many votes as\\nWard. Carroll was governor for three successive terms,\\nor until 1827, when Sam Houston and William Hall filled\\nthe office for two years. After this Carroll was again\\nelected three times in succession. That is, Carroll was\\ngovernor from 1821 to 1835, except the two years from\\n1827 to 1829. John Sevier and William Carroll are the\\nonly men who have ever held the office of Governor of\\nTennessee for twelve years.\\nAs the administration of Houston and Hall has no\\nmarked or special features, these men will be considered\\nhere, and the long term of Carroll will be treated in an-\\nother chapter.\\nSam Houston was born in Rockbridge County, Virginia,\\nin 1793, and came to Tennessee in 1806. Hard work and\\nlittle schooling was the lot of his boyhood. When a large\\nboy he joined a band of Cherokee Indians and lived among", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "142\\nTHE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR\\n^mf^^^^m\\nthem nearly two years. He then joined the army and\\nmade himself famous at the battle* of the Horseshoe.\\nAfter peace was made he studied law and was elected\\ndistrict attorney at Nashville. In 1823, and again in\\n1825, he was elected to\\nCongress. In 1827 he\\nsucceeded William Carroll\\nas governor. In January,\\n1829, he married Miss\\nEliza Allen of Sumner\\nCounty. About the first\\nof April she left him and\\nreturned to her father s\\nhouse. Neither of them\\never accused the other of\\nanything wrong, or ever of-\\nfered a word of explanation\\nof this strange conduct.\\nImmediately after the separation from his wife, Houston\\nresigned the governorship and went to the Indian Terri-\\ntory, where he lived for some time with his old friends,\\nthe Cherokees. From there he went to Texas and became\\nthe leader of the Texans in their war with Mexico. He\\nwas commander of the Texan army in the famous battle\\nof San Jacinto which won the independence of Texas.\\nHe was made president of the new republic, and after it\\nwas annexed to the United States he was senator in Con-\\ngress, and afterward governor of the state. He reared\\nin Texas a family of two sons and four daughters, having\\nmarried Miss Margaret Lea, from Marion, Alabama. He\\ndied in 1863.\\nWhen Houston resigned the governorship, William Hall\\nwas speaker of the state Senate. By the provisions of the\\nSam Houston", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "CARROLL, HOUSTON, AND HALL, 1821-1835\\n143\\nconstitution he became governor, and served from April,\\n1829, till October, whenv Carroll succeeded him.\\nWilliam Hall was born in Virginia and came to Sumner\\nCounty, Tennessee, in his\\nyouth. He had become\\nsheriff of his county, and a\\nbrigadier general in the\\nCreek War, and was a de-\\nvoted friend of Andrew\\nJackson and William Car-\\nroll. As speaker of the\\nSenate he had shown him-\\nself an able and capable\\nofHcer. His term as gov-\\nernor was only about six\\nmonths, and was too short\\nfor the display of any great\\nstatesm.anship.\\nThe Houston-Hall administration contented itself with\\nmaintaining, as nearly as possible, the policy of Carroll,\\nwhich was perhaps the best it could have done. It was\\nremarkable for nothing except the sudden and dramatic\\nresignation of Houston, and the consequent display of van-\\nity and sensitiveness in the character of a really great man.\\nWilliam Hall\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED\\n1. Political questions before 1821.\\n2. Sketch of Edward Ward.\\n3. Sketch of William CarroU.\\n4. Provisions of the constitution of 1796.\\n5. The issue between the two candidates.\\n6. The newspapers.\\n7. The canvass.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "144 ^HE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR\\n8. Result of the election.\\n9. Length of CarrolPs governorship.\\n10. Successor of Carroll in 1827.\\n11. Sketch of Sam Houston in Tennessee^\\n12. After he left Tennessee.\\n13. What is meant by speaker of the Senate\\n14. When does he become governor of the state\\n15. Sketch of William Hall.\\n16. Noted events of the Houston-Hall administration.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXI\\nADMINISTRATIONS OF WILLIAM CARROLL, 1 821-1835\\nAmong the first acts of Governor Carroll was the giving\\nof some good advice to the people of the state. He told\\nthem that stay laws and replevin acts and loan offices and\\nstate banks, and all the other\\nfine things that politicians and\\noffice seekers had been talking\\nabout so nicely, could never put\\nany wisdom into their heads nor\\nany money into their pockets\\nthat if they wished to be wise\\nmen they must use their own\\ncommon sense and think and\\nstudy about how to manage\\ntheir own affairs that if they\\nwished to improve their for-\\ntunes it could be done by work-\\ning more and talking less about\\nhard times by spending less money for foreign goods and\\nsaving what they made by paying their debts and attend-\\ning to their own business, instead of waiting for luck or\\nProvidence or office holders to attend to it for them.\\nI suspect that this would be very good advice for people\\nof the present day even for girls and boys in school, who\\nare sometimes tempted to grumble about hard lessons and\\ntrust to luck or their teachers or some one else to help\\nthem, when they should go resolutely to work and help\\nH5\\nWilliam Carroll", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "146 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR\\nthemselves. But of course none of the girls and boys who\\nread this book ever act that way, and if you should see\\nany that do, you may just read them Governor Carroll s\\nadvice.\\nThe governor knew that if he could get the people to\\nthink and act as he advised, there would soon be money in\\nthe treasury to make the improvements in roads, buildings,\\netc., that the state needed very -much and that he would\\nbe able to secure changes in the government that would be\\nof real value to the whole people.\\nThe following were the principal things that Governor\\nCarroll earnestly advocated\\n1. A change in the constitution that would improve the\\nmethods of laying taxes and electing officers, and that\\nwould avoid conflicts between the different courts.\\n2. A good system of internal improvements.\\n3. A state penitentiary.\\n4. A hospital for insane people.\\n5. A state capitol.\\nThese were not the only measures that Governor Carroll\\nadvocated, but they were the principal ones, and he secured\\nall of them except the building of the capitol. That was\\nnot begun until 1845.\\nIn Chapter XX. the election of officers by the legisla-\\nture and the county courts has been explained. The con-\\nstitution of 1 796 did not establish any courts, but provided\\nthat the legislature might establish superior and inferior\\ncourts of law and equity. The legislature estabhshed\\ncounty, circuit, chancery, and supreme courts but failed\\nto specify the exact duties or jurisdiction of each court.\\nUnder this system a man might bring a suit before a\\njustice of the peace, and appeal to the county court, and\\nthen the other party might take it out of the county", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "ADMINISTRATIONS OF WILLIAM CARROLL, 1821-1835 147\\ncourt to the circuit court, and then appeal to the supreme\\ncourt. Before it could be decided there, the lawyers of\\neither side might file a bill in equity and take the case out\\nof the supreme court and have it all tried over again in\\nthe chancery court, and then appeal again, and so on.\\nThe poor men who had started the suit would then begin\\nto wish they had never heard of it, and their neighbors\\nwho were witnesses wished it more heartily still, and often\\nsaid so in very emphatic language. The witness fees,\\nclerks fees, lawyers fees, and court costs in a five-dollar\\nsuit would sometimes amount to ^500 or more.\\nGovernor Carroll said that the constitution ought to be\\nchanged so as to allow the people to elect their own\\nofficers to serve for a specified term and that it should\\nestabhsh courts and regulate or limit their jurisdiction.\\nIn 1834 he succeeded in having a convention held which\\nmade a new constitution that reformed these and many\\nother features of the state government.\\nNearly all of the governors from Sevier to Carroll had\\nasked the legislatures to vote money for internal improve-\\nments. Internal improvements mean just about this\\nto hire men to pull logs, brush, and other obstructions\\nout of the smaller rivers so that boats could sail freely in\\nthem to open and grade wagon roads and bridge the\\nstreams between the different towns and counties and\\nto do whatever else might be needed to make traveling\\nover the state, carrying crops to market, and bringing\\ngoods from market, easier and cheaper for the people.\\nGovernor Carroll got larger appropriations for these\\npurposes than other governors had received, and made\\nvery great improvements, especially in the smaller rivers.\\nLater in the history of the state internal improvements\\nincluded macadamized roads and railroads, but there was", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "148 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR\\nnot a railroad built in the state until 1851, when the Nash-\\nville and Chattanooga began to run the first train of cars\\nin Tennessee.\\nLong ago the punishments for violations of the law were\\noften cruel and brutal. The offender was branded with\\na red-hot iron, or was whipped until the blood ran down\\nto his heels, or his hands and neck and feet were made\\nfast in the stocks and kept there until he fainted from the\\nsummer heat, or was frost-bitten by the cold of winter.\\nVery often the juries would not convict a man that was\\nguilty, because they knew the punishment would be greater\\nthan was deserved. This had a bad effect. Lawbreakers\\nbecame more numerous, and Governor Carroll recom-\\nmended that many punishments be changed to hard labor\\nin the county workhouses and the penitentiary. His\\nrecommendation was followed, and in 1831 the peniten-\\ntiary was established where lawless characters are locked\\nup for a term of years, sometimes for hfe, and are made\\nto work every day at some useful employment.\\nAnother great event in the history of this administra-\\ntion was the founding at Nashville, in 1832, of a hospital\\nfor the insane. Before that date the unfortunate people\\nwho had lost their reason had to be kept in the county\\njails, or taken care of by their friends at great trouble and\\nexpense, and usually without proper arrangements for\\ntheir comfort or safety. From the small beginning at\\nNashville in 1832, the state has enlarged this grand charity\\nto three fine asylums one near Nashville, built in 1849 one\\nnear Knoxville, built in 1883 and one near Bolivar, built in\\n1887. When people spend their money for the relief of the\\nsuffering and unfortunate, it shows that they are becoming\\na kinder and better people, and the beginning of such\\ncharities is an important event in the history of a state.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "ADMINISTRATIONS OF WILLIAM CARROLL, 1821-1S35 1 49\\nYou must not think that Governor Carroll alone accom-\\nplished all the reforms mentioned in this chapter, or that\\nall that he did has been mentioned. He did many other\\ngood things and many good people helped him, but he\\nwas the leading spirit. When he believed a measure to\\nbe right he never cared v^hether it was popular or not\\nhe kept urging it until he convinced the people and the\\nlegislature that it ought to be carried out. With the\\npossible exception of John Sevier no other governor of\\nTennessee ever exercised as commanding an influence\\nover the people and the legislature, and Carroll s adminis-\\ntrations mark in the history of the state an epoch that\\nwas almost revolutionary in results.\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?\\n1. Governor CarrolPs good advice.\\n2. Application to girls and boys.\\n3. Probable result to the state of following the governor s advice.\\n4. Five principal measures advocated.\\n5. Were these five all\\n6. Reference to Chapter XX.\\n7. Courts under the Constitution of 1796.\\n8. A s^iall lawsuit under this old system.\\n9. Constitutional convention of 1834.\\n10. Explain internal improvements.\\n11. First railroad in Tennessee.\\n12. Legal punishment in the olden time.\\n13. Effect on juries and on crime.\\n14. Governor Carroll s ideas on this subject.\\n15. Date of establishing the penitentiary.\\n16. Insane people before 1832.\\n17. Location of asylums for the insane.\\n18. What is shown by the building of such institutions\\n19. William CarrolPs work as a governor.\\n20. His influence in the state.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXII\\nCANNON S AND POLK S ADMINISTRATIONS, 1835-1841\\nFrom 1830 to 1850, it might be said, Tennessee almost\\nruled the United States. Her senators and representatives\\nin Congress were shrewd and able men, her great states-\\nmen filled important places\\nin the Cabinet and in for-\\neign ministries, her lawyers\\nwere judges of federal, cir-\\ncuit, and supreme courts,\\nand Tennesseeans were\\nPresidents during twelve\\nyears in a period of twenty.\\nNo other state except Vir-\\nginia had ever held so\\ncommanding an influence\\nin national affairs.\\nIn this chapter will be\\ngiven short sketches of\\nsome of these distinguished\\nmen, and of some of their\\npolitical battles.\\nAndrew Jackson was born at Waxhaw, South Carohna,\\nin 1767. At fourteen years of age he was in the Ameri-\\ncan army fighting the British. His brother was killed in\\nthe war, and he himself was wounded and much abused by\\nthe British. He never forgot their injustice and cruelty.\\n150\\nAndrew Jackson", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "CANNON S AND POLK S ADMINISTRATIONS, 1835-1841 151\\nAt the close of the Revolution he studied law and came to\\nRogersville, Tennessee, in 1788 or 1789. Thence he\\nmoved to Nashville, where he made his home for the\\nremainder of his life.\\nHe was a soldier in the Nickojack Expedition, member\\nof the constitutional convention of 1796, representative\\nThe Hermitage\\nand senator in Congress, judge of the Superior Court of\\nTennessee, a general in the army, and President of the\\nUnited States from 1829 to 1837. He died at The\\nHermitage, his home near Nashville, June 8, 1845, and\\nhe and his wife are buried there. Rarely, if ever, has a\\nman lived who had such lofty patriotism, such bitter\\nprejudices, such dauntless courage, and such unbending\\nwill.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "152 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR\\nAfter the War of 1812 Jackson was one of the most\\nnoted men in the United States. In 1824 he was a candi-\\ndate for President, against John Quincy Adams of Massa-\\nchusetts, WiUiam H. Crawford of Georgia, and Henry\\nClay of Kentucky. Jackson received 99 electoral votes,\\nAdams 84, Crawford 41, and Clay 37. It required 131\\nvotes to elect, so no one was elected by this vote, and in\\naccordance with the Constitution of the United States the\\nHouse of Representatives had to elect a President. Clay\\ndisHked Jackson and persuaded his friends to vote for\\nAdams. Adams was elected and made Clay his Secretary\\nof State. Jackson and his friends charged Adams and\\nClay with having made a corrupt bargain, and this made\\nClay and Adams and their friends dislike Jackson even\\nmore than before.\\nSince the death of the Federalist party in 18 12, all the\\npeople had been Democratic Republicans, but after the\\ncontest between Jackson and Adams the Clay and Adams\\nparty began to be called National Republicans and the\\nJackson party. Democrats.\\nJackson and Adams were again candidates for President\\nin 1828, and Jackson was elected. He served eight years,\\nbeing reelected in 1832. He was firm and resolute in\\ncarrying out his ideas of duty, and very hostile to all who\\ndiffered from him and he made many bitter enemies and\\nmany warm friends. He was very anxious to have Martin\\nVan Buren of New York succeed him in 1837, and his\\nattempts to force his ideas on the people of Tennessee\\ndivided his party in the state.\\nHugh L. White was one of the distinguished Tennes-\\nseeans of this period. He was born in North Carolina in\\n1773, and came to Tennessee in 1786. He became a\\nmember of the legislature, judge of the supreme court of", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "CANNON S AND POLK S ADMINISTRATIONS, 1835-1841 1 53\\nthe state, and United States senator. He wished to be a\\ncandidate for President in 1836 to succeed Jackson in 1837.\\nAndrew Jackson, Felix Grundy, Aaron V. Brown, Cave\\nJohnson, James K. Polk, John Catron, and others were\\nagainst him. A newspaper, called TJic Nashville Unio7i,\\nwas established to oppose him.\\nSome of those who favored Hugh L. White were John\\nBell, Newton Cannon, Ephraim H. Foster, Allen A. Hall,\\nand David Crockett. The Whig and TJie Clarion were\\ntwo newspapers at Nashville that advocated White s cause.\\nTennessee voted for White, but Van Buren was elected\\nPresident in 1836.\\nWilliam Carroll was the Democratic, or Jackson, candi-\\ndate for governor in 1835, ^^d Newton Cannon the Na-\\ntional Republican, or White, candidate. From about this\\ndate the National Republicans were called Whigs. Cannon\\nwas elected, not because\\nthe people thought less of\\nCarroll, but because they\\nwere unwilling to submit\\nto Jackson s dictation. The\\npeople loved and honored\\nGeneral Jackson, but they\\nthought he had no right to\\ntry to make them vote for\\nMartin Van Buren for\\nPresident.\\nNewton Cannon was\\nborn in North Carolina in\\n1 78 1, and came to Tennes-\\nsee when he was a boy.\\nHe became a lawyer and was elected a member of the legis-\\nlature from Williamson County in 18 11. From the legis-\\nTENN. HIST. 10\\nNewton Cannon", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "154 I HE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR\\nlature he went to the Creek War and became a colonel of\\nvolunteers. In 1 8 14 he was elected to succeed Felix Grundy\\nin the United States Congress. He was Governor of Ten-\\nnessee four years, from 1835 to 1839. He was again the\\nWhig candidate in 1839, but was defeated by James K.\\nPolk, who served only one term, from 1839 to 1841.\\nThe administrations of Governor Cannon had no special\\ninfluence on the affairs of the state. The Seminole War\\nin Florida occurred in 1836, and Tennesseeans, according\\nto their custom, took an active part in the war. Pioneer\\nHfe had nearly passed away. Towns, cities, schools,\\nchurches, and well-cultivated farms were becoming numer-\\nous, and evidences of growing wealth and culture were\\nseen in all parts of the state. Carroll s vigorous adminis-\\ntrations and the constitutional convention of 1834 had\\nmade needed reforms in the state government, and this\\nwas a period of law and order.\\nThe last years of Carroll s rule and the first years of\\nCannon s saw the overthrow of the worst band of crimi-\\nnals that ever infested the Southwest. Before good wagon\\nroads and railroads were made, nearly all of the commer-\\ncial wealth of the country passed up and down the rivers.\\nThe very worst characters of the country assembled along\\nthe rivers for the purpose of steahng and robbing from\\nthe boats, and sometimes bands of them would take pos-\\nsession of a little river town and defy the authorities.\\nThey were called river pirates.\\nJohn A. Murrel was a Tennesseean of whom his coun-\\ntrymen have just cause to be ashamed. He was a man of\\ngood sense and could have been a useful citizen if he had\\nturned his attention to something besides meanness. He\\nmade himself famous, or rather infamous, as the great\\nland pirate. He lived in Madison County, and organized", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "CANNON S AND POLK S ADMINISTRATIONS, 1835-1841 1 55\\nall of the thieves, robbers, gamblers, cutthroats, and ruf-\\nfians that he could, from Kentucky to New Orleans, into\\none band of which he was the chief. They gambled in the\\ntowns, robbed boats on the rivers, stole horses and negroes\\nfrom farms, and killed people everywhere. They threat-\\nened to kill any person who reported one of their number\\nto the officers of the law.\\nIn 1834 Virgil Stewart discovered Murrel in the act of\\nstealing negroes from one of his neighbors. Murrel was\\nsent to the penitentiary for ten years, and was completely\\nbroken down in mind and health by the time his term\\nexpired. He lived but a short time after his release from\\nprison. Five gamblers and ruffians tried to take posses-\\nsion of Vicksburg, Mississippi, on the 4th of July, 1835.\\nThey were captured and hanged\\nby the citizens without trial. At\\nother places some were hanged,\\nsome shot, and some sent to\\nprison. This was the end of the\\nMurrel Clan and the river pirates.\\nJames K. Polk was born in\\nNorth Carolina November 2,\\n1795. He came to Tennessee in\\n1806, but was educated at the\\nUniversity of North Carolina,\\nwhere he graduated in i\\nJames K. Poik\\nHe studied law, but soon went\\ninto politics, and was a member of the legislature in 1823.\\nFrom 1825 to 1839 he was a representative in Congress\\nand speaker of the House of Representatives for the last\\nfour years of this period. He was Governor of Tennessee\\nfrom 1839 to 1 84 1, and President of the United States from\\n1845 to 1849. His term of office closed March 4, 1849,", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "1 56 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR\\nand he died the 15th of June following. His remains, with\\nthose of his wife, who lived until August, 1891, are buried\\nin the Capitol grounds at Nashville.\\nGovernor Polk s administration was a period of wild\\npolitical excitement in which the immediate affairs of the\\nstate had little or no part. Every one seemed to think\\nthat the state could get along well enough without any\\nspecial care, and each political party turned its whole\\nattention to national affairs and noisy campaigns.\\nIn 1840 the Whigs nominated William Henry Harrison\\nof Ohio for President, and the Democrats renominated\\nMartin Van Buren. As Tennessee was the home of\\nAndrew Jackson, who was ardently for Van Buren, the\\nWhigs determined that the vote of Tennessee should be\\ngiven to Harrison. The Democrats were just as deter-\\nmined that Van Buren should have it.\\nBefore that time no such political uproar had ever been\\ncreated in America. The men in public life in Tennessee\\nwere, as a body, by far the most able and brilliant in the\\nUnited States, and, as expressed by a writer of that day,\\nall went into the campaign with their coats off and their\\nsleeves rolled up. He meant that each one intended to\\nwork long and hard for the election of his candidate.\\nThere were conventions and barbecues and torchlight\\nprocessions and big speakings without number. There\\nwas a Whig convention at Nashville where Henry Clay is\\nsaid to have spoken to ten acres of people. The Whigs\\ncalled Van Buren a Dutch aristocrat and a poHtical\\nhuckster, and Jackson s heir apparent to the government,\\nand many other names not at all complimentary. The\\nDemocrats said Harrison was a frontier soldier who was\\nignorant of civil affairs; that he was an old Hoosier fit\\nonly to live in a log cabin in the backwoods of Ohio, drink", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "CANNON S AND POLK S ADMINISTRATIONS, 1835-1S41 1 57\\nhard cider, and skin coons. In fact, there is no teUing\\nhow many rough and dirty things were said. If any one\\nbelieved half of the ugly stories that were told, he would\\nthink that both candidates and most of their friends ought\\nto have been put into the state s prison or the lunatic\\nasylum.\\nThe newspapers went into the fight with all of the\\nhumor and sarcasm and bitterness that Jeremiah Harris\\nand William G. Brownlow could command, and that was\\nfar from being a little. What one party said would be\\ntwisted around to the use of the other. Log cabins, coons,\\nand cider became Whig emblems, while the Democrats\\nused roosters and spread-eagles. Nearly everybody seemed\\nto have gone mad, and only a few men kept their senses\\nand made grand speeches on pubUc questions.\\nAs the election day approached, the excitement grew\\nworse. All over the state there was a grand campaign-\\nclosing, with drums, fifes, brass horns, guns, firecrackers,\\nbanners, roosters, eagles, coons, cabins, hard cider, drunken\\nmen, fist fights, aching heads, and bloody noses. Harrison\\nwas elected, and the Whigs were jubilant. They imme-\\ndiately began making preparations to defeat Polk for\\ngovernor in 1841.\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED\\n1. Influence of Tennessee from 1830 to 1850. Why\\n2. Sketch of Andrew Jackson.\\n3. The presidential election of 1824.\\n4. Jackson s charge against Adams and Clay.\\n5. Political parties after 1824.\\n6. Jackson s term as President and conduct in office.\\n7. Attempt to have Martin Van Buren succeed him.\\n8. Sketch of Huo^h Lawson White.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "158 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR\\n9. Distinguished men opposed to White.\\n10. Those who wished him to be a candidate.\\n11. The newspapers.\\n12. Whig and Democratic candidates for governor in 1835.\\n13. Result of election and reasons for this result.\\n14. Sketch of Newton Cannon.\\n15. Conditions under Cannon s administration.\\n16. River pirates.\\n17. John A. Murrel.\\n18. Overthrow of the outlaws.\\n19. Sketch of James Knox Polk.\\n20. Conditions under Governor Polk s administration.\\n21. Candidates for President in 1840.\\n22. Reasons for a very active campaign in Tennessee.\\n23. Party abuse of rival candidates.\\n24. Newspapers and party emblems.\\n25. Close of the campaign, and the election.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXIII\\nJAMES C. JONES S ADMINISTRATIONS, 1841-1845\\nIn 1839 Newton Cannon and James K. Polk had can-\\nvassed the state in joint debate. This means that the two\\ncandidates for governor made appointments to speak on\\ncertain days at the principal towns in the state. At one\\ntown Cannon would speak first and Polk would answer\\nhim. At the next place Polk would speak first and Can-\\nnon would answer him, and so they went over the state.\\nCannon was a good lawyer and a strong man in debate,\\nbut was a slow, dignified speaker and was somewhat dull\\n.and tiresome to the crowds\\nthat attended the speakings.\\nPolk was a bright, ready man\\nwho made jokes at Cannon s\\nexpense, and told stories that\\nmade the people laugh, and\\nkept Cannon worried and\\nirritated all the time. Polk\\ncould also debate the ques-\\ntions thoroughly when he\\nchose to do so, as he was a\\nvery able and well-informed\\nman. As you already know,\\nPolk was elected.\\nIn 1 84 1 the Whigs put up against Polk a candidate who\\nwas very different from Cannon. This was James Cham-\\nberlain Jones, usually called Lean Jimmy because he\\n159\\nJames Chamberlain Jones", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "l6o THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR\\nwas six feet two inches high, and weighed only one hundred\\nand twenty-five pounds. He was born in Davidson County\\nin 1809, and was a farmer in Wilson County when he was\\nelected to the legislature in 1837 again in 1839. He\\nwas Governor of Tennessee from 1841 to 1845, and was the\\nfirst native of the state to hold that office. He moved to\\nMemphis in 1850 to become president of the Memphis and\\nCharleston Railroad. He was elected to the United States\\nSenate in 1852, and died in 1859.\\nPolk knew he was superior to Jones in serious debate,\\nand therefore wished to conduct the canvass in a serious\\nmanner, but Jones was too shrewd a politician to allow\\nthat.\\nPolk found himself in 1841 in much the same plight\\nthat Cannon had been in 1839. Jones was a natural\\nmimic and actor. He paid no attention to Polk s argu-\\nments except to turn them into ridicule, and to make a\\nlaughingstock of their author. He burlesqued Polk s\\nspeeches with the most outrageous and ridiculous anecdotes,\\nthat brought roars of laughter from the crowds. Polk\\nlost his temper Jones kept perfectly cool and, while\\nlooking as serious as a judge on the bench, told more jokes\\nand made them spicier than before. Polk was mortified\\nand disgusted Jones looked as solemn as the Sphinx the\\npeople shouted themselves hoarse and laughed until their\\nsides ached.\\nAll of the Whigs and a few of the Democrats said it\\nwas good enough for Polk that Jones was making him\\ntake some of his own medicine that he was being\\npaid back in his own coin for the way he had treated\\nCannon in 1839. Jones was elected, and again defeated\\nPolk in 1843, chiefly, but not entirely, by the same\\nmethods as in 1841. These two men have generally", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "JAMES C. JONES S ADMINISTRATIONS, 1841-1845 161\\nbeen regarded as the authors or originators of what has\\nbeen called the art of stump speaking. It is a great\\npity that any such art as these campaigns exhibit was\\never practiced. In a free government the merits of all\\npublic questions should be freely discussed, without politi-\\ncal trickery or campaign stage acting, and the people\\nought to vote according to their best judgment.\\nFor several years before Governor Jones came into\\noffice the state had been giving large sums of money for\\ninternal improvements. The Whigs accused the Demo-\\ncrats of giving the contracts for work in such manner as\\nto influence elections, and of using the state bank for the\\nsame purpose. The Democrats denied this, and said\\nthat the Whigs wished to get into office so that they might\\ndo the very things which they had accused the Democrats\\nof doing. Of course the honest men of both parties wished\\nno such unfair things to be done by any one.\\nIn the legislature of 1841 the Whigs had a very small\\nmajority in the House of Representatives. In the Senate\\nthere were twelve Democrats, twelve Whigs, and one inde-\\npendent member. There were two United States senators\\nto be elected. The independent, Samuel Turney, was\\nelected speaker of the Senate, and he and the twelve Demo-\\ncrats voted for H. L. Turney, Samuel s brother, for United\\nStates senator. The Whigs of the House would not\\naccept this, but invited the Senate to meet them in joint\\nsession. This the Democrats refused to do, and Ten-\\nnessee had no senators in Congress from 1841 to 1843.\\nSamuel Turney and the twelve Democrats have ever\\nsince been called the immortal thirteen. Andrew John-\\nson was one of them.\\nGovernor Jones nominated a new board of directors for\\nthe state bank, but the immortal thirteen voted against", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "l62 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR\\nthem and left the old Democratic directors in office. The\\ngovernor also recommended an investigation of the affairs\\nof the bank, but the immortal thirteen defeated this also.\\nPeople began to think that there might be some truth in the\\ncharges made against the Democrats, and Polk, though an\\nable and upright man, was badly defeated in 1843.\\nDuring Jones s administrations the state debt began\\nto appear as a political question. I shall not try to ex-\\nplain this to my young readers now. The banks, internal\\nimprovements, land grants, and the state debt are very\\nclosely interwoven in state affairs, and together they form\\na very complicated problem. Only our best lawyers,\\nablest statesmen, and wisest historians understand this\\nvery confused and intricate part of the history of the\\nstate. The state debt will be mentioned under the admin-\\nistrations of the governors who had most trouble with it.\\nThe Legislature of Tennessee held its sessions at Knox-\\nville until 18 12. Three sessions were then held at Nash-\\nville, and then one at Knoxville in 1817. From 18 19 to\\n1825 all sessions were held at Murfreesboro. After 1825\\nthey were held at Nashville. In 1843 the legislature\\nmade Nashville the permanent capital of the state, and\\nthe corner stone of the CajDitol was laid on the 4th of July,\\n1845. The legislature used the building in 1853, but it\\nwas not finished until 1856. Before 1853 the legislature\\nhad held its meetings in courthouses.\\nGovernor Jones and the legislators of 1843 made two\\nappropriations that are a lasting credit to them and an\\nhonor to the state. They gave the first money ever given\\nfor that purpose from the treasury, to establish at Nash-\\nville a school for the blind, and at Knoxville a school for\\ndeaf mutes. Before that time the Tennessee girls and\\nboys who were blind or deaf had to grow up without edu-", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "JAMES C. JONES S ADMINISTRATIONS, 1841-1845 1 63\\ncation, unless their parents were able to send them away to\\nthe schools in Europe or in some of the northeastern states.\\nThe founding of these schools shows that the people were\\nnot thinking entirely of political hubbub, but were growing\\nmore refined in feeling, and more wise and practical in\\ntheir methods of helping the needy and unfortunate.\\nThe Capitol, Nashville\\nIn 1844 James K. Polk was nominated by the Demo-\\ncrats for President of the United States. The Whigs\\nnominated Henry Clay of Kentucky. Both parties knew\\nthat the fight would be desperate, and both believed that\\nTennessee would be the center of the political battle.\\nThere was still almost the same grand array of able\\nstatesmen and brilliant orators in both parties that had\\nconducted the former campaign. All over the state the\\nscenes of 1840 were repeated. The Democrats had a", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "l64 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR\\nbetter candidate than then and fought harder for him.\\nThe Whigs won in Tennessee, but Polk was elected Presi-\\ndent. This was the first time that a candidate had ever\\nlost his own state and still been elected. The defeat of\\nClay was a great disappointment to the Whigs, as they\\nconsidered him the greatest man of the United States.\\nIn 1845 Governor Jones s second term of office expired,\\nand he declined to be a candidate again. The Whigs\\nnominated Ephraim H. Foster, and the Democrats Aaron\\nV. Brown. Brown was elected and served only one term.\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?\\n1. A canvass in joint debate.\\n2. Canvass of Polk and Cannon. Result.\\n3. Whig candidate for governor in 1841.\\n4. Sketch of James C. Jones.\\n5. Canvass of Jones and Polk.\\n6. How the people regarded Polk s humihation.\\n7. The art of stump speaking.\\n8. Best method of maintaining good government.\\n9. Charges of the Whigs against the Democrats.\\n10 Democratic denial.\\nII- The two parties in the legislature of 1841.\\n12. Tennessee without United States senators.\\n13. -The immortal thirteen.\\n14. New board of directors and investigation of the state bank.\\n15. Conclusions of many people. Result.\\n16. The state debt as a part of our history.\\n17. The three capitals of the state.\\n18. Permanent capital and the building of the Capitol.\\n19. Famous appropriations of 1843.\\n20. W^hat these appropriations show.\\n2T. Presidential campaign of 1844.\\n22. Peculiar condition of Polk s election.\\n23. Candidates for governor in 1845.\\n24. Result of the election.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXIV\\nFOUR ADMINISTRATIONS, 1845-1853\\n1. Aaron V. Brown, Democrat.\\n2. Neill S. Brown, Whig.\\n3. William Trousdale, Democrat.\\n4. William B. Campbell, Whig.\\nFrom 1840 to i860 questions of purely state policy\\nhad little or nothing to do with the choice of governors.\\nEvery state election was fiercely contested on some issue\\nof national or sectional politics. So nearly equal were\\nthe parties in Tennessee that, from the election of Polk in\\n1839 to the election of Andrew Johnson in 1853, the gov-\\nernors were alternately\\nDemocrats and Whigs,\\nand none except James C.\\nJones held the office more\\nthan one term.\\nAaron Vail Brown was\\nborn in Virginia in 1795.\\nHis parents moved to Giles\\nCounty, Tennessee, in\\n181 3, and had him edu-\\ncated at the University of\\nNorth Carolina. He stud-\\nied law at Nashville and\\nafter commencing practice\\nformed a partnership with James K. Polk. He was a\\nmember of the state Senate from 1821 to 1827, and rep-\\nresentative from Giles County in 1831. He was a member\\n165\\nAaron Vail Brown", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "1 66 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVTL WAR\\nof Congress from 1839 to 1845, when he was elected Gov-\\nernor of Tennessee. In 1857 he was appointed Postmaster\\nGeneral by President Buchanan, and died at Washington\\ncity in 1859. He was a fine lawyer, a fluent speaker, and\\na sagacious politician. He was a sturdy Democrat of the\\nJackson school.\\nThe Whig candidate for governor in 1845 was Ephraim\\nH. Foster. He was a native of Kentucky, but came to\\nDavidson County, Tennessee, in 1797, when only three\\nyears old. He was educated at the University of Nash-\\nville, and became a lawyer. He was General Jackson s\\nprivate secretary in the Creek War, and began public life\\nas a member of the legislature, where he served in 1827,\\n1829, and 1835. In 1837 he was elected to the United\\nStates Senate, but resigned in November, 1839, because\\nhe had been instructed by the legislature to vote for some\\nof Van Buren s measures. He was one of the candidates\\nfor the United States Senate defeated by the immortal\\nthirteen in 1841. In 1843 he was elected United States\\nsenator and served until 1845, when he became a candidate\\nfor governor and was defeated by Aaron V. Brown. He\\ndied in 1854. He was a talented man, a brilliant orator,\\nand was personally very popular, though he was considered\\ninconsistent in his political course.\\nIn Chapter XX. the war between Texas and Mexico\\nwas mentioned in connection with Sam Houston s life.\\nAfter Texas became an independent state it desired to be\\nadmitted to the American Union. Some of the people of\\nthe United States were in favor of this, and some were\\nopposed to it. Some said that it would bring on a war\\nbetween the United States and Mexico, and that they\\nwanted no war. The abolitionists, in the North, said that\\nit would add more slave territory to the country, and that", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS, 1845-1853 167\\nthey did not want any more. Those in favor of annexa-\\ntion said they would risk all of these things to help the\\nTexans, as nearly all of them were people from the United\\nStates.\\nWhen Polk was a candidate for President he boldly\\nadvocated annexing Texas, and in 1845 Texas became one\\nof the United States. The danger of war grew out of a\\ndispute between Texas and Mexico about a boundary line.\\nTexas claimed that the Rio Grande River was the dividing\\nline. Mexico claimed that the Nueces River was the line.\\nBetween these rivers was a strip of disputed territory.\\nIn the spring of 1846 President Polk ordered General\\nZachary Taylor to take his army into the disputed terri-\\ntory and hold it for Texas. The Mexicans resisted this,\\nand thus began the Mexican War, which closed with the\\nsurrender of the city of Mexico to a United States army\\nin September, 1847.\\nGovernor Aaron V. Brown called for twenty-six hun-\\ndred soldiers for the Mexican War. In answer to this call\\nthirty thousand volunteered. Tennessee was the Volun-\\nteer State. Among the famous men of Tennessee who\\ntook part in this war were Gideon J. Pillow, W. T. Has-\\nkell, William Trousdale, WilUam B. Campbell, B. F. Cheat-\\nham, and William B. Bate. The last two were very young\\nat the time of the Mexican War, and afterward became\\niamous in the Civil War.\\nThe readiness with which Tennesseeans volunteered for\\nthis war was caused in part by the treatment the Mexicans\\nhad given men from their own state in the Texan War of\\n1836. In a fort called the Alamo, at San Antonio, Texas,\\n4000 Mexicans besieged 140 men under Colonel William\\nTravis. After killing about ten times their own number\\nof Mexicans, the Texans surrendered under positive prom-", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "1 68\\nTHE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR\\nise to be treated as prisoners of war. Instead of keeping\\nhis promise, the Mexican general, Santa Anna, had these\\nmen murderpd. Among them was David Crockett from\\nTennessee, tth] rs? ct\\nDavid Crockett was born in the wilds of East Tennessee\\nin 1786. Early in life he removed to Middle Tennessee,\\nAt the Alamo\\nmarried, and settled in what is now Giles County. It was\\na wilderness then without definite county lines. He made\\na good soldier in the Creek War, was elected colonel of\\nthe militia of his county, and afterward a member of the\\nlegislature. From Giles he removed to Obion County,\\nand was again sent to the legislature in 1823. In 1825 he\\nwas defeated for Congress, but was elected in 1827. In\\n1829 he was defeated on account of his violent opposition\\nto Jackson. In 1833 he was again sent to Congress and", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS, 1845-1853\\n[69\\nwas one of Jackson s strongest political enemies. In the\\nelection of 1835 he was again defeated, and he then went\\nto Texas. He was killed in cold blood March 6, 1836,\\nafter the surrender of the Alamo.\\nMany absurd stories have been told of Colonel Crockett s\\nfondness for hunting, his whisky drinking, his ignorance,\\nand his boorishness. Born and reared as he was in the\\nforests of a new country,\\nhe was very naturally fond\\nof hunting and adventure,\\nand killed many bears,\\npanthers, and other wild\\nbeasts. But hunting was\\nnot his business it was\\nonly his amusement. He\\nwas never in any sense\\na drunkard. Instead of\\nbeing ignorant he was\\nreally very shrewd and in-\\ntelligent. His opportuni-\\nties at school had been\\nvery poor, but I have\\nseen letters, written with his own hand, that showed good\\nsense and great information, as well as good writing and\\nfine taste in composition. Instead of being a boor he was\\na very social and popular man of good manners according\\nto frontier standards.\\nThe Mexican War not only secured Texas for the\\nUnited States, but added what is now California, Nevada,\\nUtah, most of Arizona and New Mexico, and parts of\\nColorado. Wyoming, Kansas, and Oklahoma. This was\\nthe greatest addition ever made to the territory of the\\nUnited States except Jefferson s purchase of Louisiana.\\nTENN. HIST. 1 1\\nDavid Crockett", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "I/O\\nTHE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR\\nA Tennessee President had given to the United States a\\ndomain nearly equal in area to fifteen states as large as\\nTennessee.\\nThe whole of Governor Aaron V. Brown s administra-\\ntion was a period of political struggle and war excitement,\\nand the peaceful pursuits of the people are seldom men-\\ntioned in the newspapers, magazines, and books of that\\nday.\\nThe admission of Texas and the gain of the new terri-\\ntory increased the great strife about negro slavery. The\\npeople charged all of the trouble to the Democratic party.\\nPresident Polk was accused of being partial to Democrats\\nin making appointments in the army, and of treating Gen-\\neral Taylor unfairly because he was a Whig. Governor\\nAaron V. Brown had to answer these and many other\\ncharges against his party\\nwhen he became a candidate\\nfor reelection in 1847. He was\\ndefeated by Neill S. Brown,\\nthe Whig candidate for gov-\\nernor.\\nNeill S. Brown was born in\\nGiles County, Tennessee, in\\n1 8 10. He was a soldier in the\\nSeminole War, a member of\\nthe legislature, a presidential\\nelector, a candidate for Con-\\ngress, and from 1847 to 1849,\\nNeill S. Brown\\nGovernor 01 lennessee. He\\nwas the second governor who had been born and reared in\\nthe state. In 1850 he was minister to Russia, in 1855\\nspeaker of the state House of Representatives, and in\\n1870 a member of the constitutional convention of Ten-", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS, 1845-1853\\n171\\nnessee. He died at Nashville in 1886, loved and honored\\nas few public men have been.\\nProbably the most important state feature of Governor\\nNeill S. Brown s administration was his effort to estabhsh\\na system of public schools. He urged the legislature to\\npass a law that would allow the counties to levy a school\\ntax and establish schools of their own. An act was\\npassed, but not in the form he wished it, and it resulted\\nin no permanent school system.\\nIn the presidential campaign of 1848, Lewis Cass of\\nMichigan was the Democratic candidate, and the Whigs\\nnominated General Zachary Taylor of Mexican War fame.\\nThe speakings and torchlight processions and political\\nsongs and general uproar and tumult of the campaign were\\nvery little inferior to the stormy canvass of 1840. Taylor\\nwas elected, and the Whigs were wild with delight. In\\n1849 they nominated Neill S.\\nBrown for reelection as gov-\\nernor, but he was defeated\\nby the Democratic candidate,\\nWilliam Trousdale.\\nGeneral WilHam Trousdale\\nwas born in North Carolina in\\n1790, and came to Tennessee\\nwhen only six years old. He\\nleft school to become a soldier\\nin the Creek War, and was\\nunder Jackson at Pensacola\\nand New Orleans. In 1835\\nhe was a member of the state\\nSenate, in 1836 a colonel in the Seminole War, in 1847 a\\nbrigadier general in the Mexican War. So many and so\\nbrave had been his services in camp and battle that he\\nWilliam Trousdale", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "172 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR\\nwas called **The War Horse of Sumner County. In\\n1849 he was elected Governor of Tennessee and he held\\noffice one term. In 1852 President Pierce made him min-\\nister to Brazil. He died in 1872.\\nOne of the most important events in the period of Gov-\\nernor Trousdale s administration was the meeting of the\\nSouthern Convention at Nashville in 1850. This was\\nan assembly of men from the southern states to consider\\nthe compromise measures then before Congress, and to\\ngive their opinions about what the South had better do\\non the subject of negro slavery.\\nThis convention had been called chiefly by the efforts\\nof Andrew Jackson Donelson, a nephew of Andrew Jack-\\nson. Nearly all of the members were Democrats, and\\nthey made speeches and passed resolutions that led many\\npeople to think that they were either very rash and foolish,\\nor very disloyal to the Union. Others said they were wise\\nand good men, who wished nothing more than what was\\nplainly written in the Constitution of the United States.\\nAndrew J. Donelson said the proceedings of the conven-\\ntion were not what he desired or expected, and that he\\nwould not indorse its action. The Whigs denounced the\\nmeeting as a secession convention of Democrats. Aaron\\nV. Brown and A. O. P. Nicholson denied this, and claimed\\nthat the Democrats were as loyal to the Union as the\\nWhigs were. However this may have been, the people\\nof Tennessee became a little suspicious of the Democratic\\nparty, and in 185 1 Governor William Trousdale, renomi-\\nnated for governor, was defeated by the Whig candidate.\\nGeneral William B. Campbell.\\nWilliam B. Campbell was born in Davidson County in\\n1807. He was a nephew of Governor David Campbell, of\\nVirginia, under whom he studied law. He was state s", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "FOUR ADMINISTRATIONS, 1 845-1 853\\n173\\nWilliam B. Campbell\\nattorney in 1829, member of the legislature in 1835, a\\ncaptain in Trousdale s regiment in the Seminole War,\\nmember of Congress from 1837 to 1843, colonel of the\\nFirst Tennessee Regiment\\nin the Mexican War, a\\njudge of the circuit court,\\nand Governor of Tennes-\\nsee from 185 1 to 1853. In\\n1865 he was again sent to\\nCongress, and he died in\\n1867.\\nIn the Mexican War\\nCampbell s regiment was\\ncalled the Bloody First\\nAt the storming of Monte-\\nrey, instead of ordering his\\nregiment to charge, Camp-\\nbell shouted to his soldiers, Boys, follow me. The Whigs\\nmade this expression their campaign cry in the canvass of\\n185 1. This canvass, however, was conducted by Trous-\\ndale and Campbell in a manner that was very different\\nfrom many others. Both were great men they were fel-\\nlow-soldiers and gentlemen. In debate they are said to\\nhave been as courteous to each other as if they had been\\nspeaking in a parlor, with ladies for an audience.\\nWilliam B. Campbell was the last Whig Governor of\\nTennessee, and the third native of the state to hold its\\nhighest office. The presidential campaign of 1852 was\\nalmost as exciting in Tennessee as those that had pre-\\nceded it. The Whigs carried the state for their candidate,\\nGeneral Winfield Scott, but the Democratic candidate,\\nFranklin Pierce, was elected. This was the last election\\nthe Whigs ever carried in the state.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "174 T^HE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?\\n1. Elections in Tennessee from 1840 to i860.\\n2. The strength of the two political parties.\\n3. Sketch of Aaron V. Brown.\\n4. Sketch of Ephraim H. Foster.\\n5. Objections to the admission of Texas.\\n6. Position of President Polk and a majority of the people.\\n7. The disputed territory.\\n8. How the Mexican War began.\\n9. Response in Tennessee to the call for soldiers.\\n10. Famous Tennesseeans in the Mexican War.\\n1 1 Sketch of David Crockett.\\n12. Territory added to the United States.\\n13. Period of Governor Aaron V. Brown s administration.\\n14. Charges against the Democratic party in 1847. Result.\\n15. Sketch of Neill S. Brown.\\n16. Most important state feature of Neill Brown s administration.\\n17. The presidential campaign of 1848.\\n18. Sketch of William Trousdale.\\n19. The Southern Convention.\\n20. Opinions of Whigs and Democrats.\\n21. Effect on state election of 185 1.\\n22. Sketch of William B. Campbell.\\n23. Canvass between Trousdale and Campbell.\\n24. The last struggle of the Whigs in Tennessee.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXV\\nJOHNSON AND HARRIS, 1853-1861\\nAndrew Johnson was Governor of Tennessee from\\n1853 to 1857. I^ 1^53 he defeated Gustavus A. Henry, a\\nnative of Kentucky, born in 1804, and educated at Tran-\\nsylvania University. Henry came to Clarksville, Tennessee,\\nin 1833. He was once a member of the legislature, and\\na presidential elector in every election from 1840 to 1852.\\nWhen Tennessee seceded, he was elected to the Confederate\\nSenate. He died at his home in Clarksville in 1880. He\\nwas a remarkably handsome, graceful, and accomplished\\nman, and was called the Eagle Orator. This title was\\na distinguished honor for one in the midst of that proud\\narray of great and brilliant men who thronged the public\\narena of that time.\\nIn 1855 Andrew Johnson defeated Meredith P. Gentry.\\nGentry was born in North Carolina in 1809, and came to\\nWilliamson County in 181 3. From 1835 to 1839 he was a\\nmember of the legislature. He was a Whig member of\\nCongress from 1839 to 1853, and his speeches there gave\\nhim a national reputation as an orator and a statesman.\\nHis most famous speeches were one on a bill to prevent\\nFederal interference in local elections, and one against Gen-\\neral Winfield Scott as a candidate for President. He was\\nwinning in manner, strong in debate, a silver-tongued\\norator, great in the midst of great men. He was opposed\\nto secession, but followed the fortunes of his state and was\\n175", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "1/6\\nTHE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR\\nAndrew Johnson\\na member of the Confederate Congress. He died at\\nNashville in 1866.\\nAndrew Johnson was born in Raleigh, North Carolina,\\nDecember 29, 1808. When ten years old he was bound\\nto a tailor to learn his trade.\\nHis apprenticeship lasted seven\\nyears, and, with great labor and\\ndifficulty, he learned to read after\\nworking hours. He never went\\nto school a day in his life. In\\n1826 he went to Greeneville,\\nTennessee, and began business\\nas a tailor in his own shop.\\nHere he married, and his wife\\ntaught him writing, arithmetic,\\nand other simple elements of an\\neducation. After this his great\\nlearning was acquired by his own efforts.\\nHis first office was that of alderman of Greeneville, then\\nhe was made mayor, and then elected to the legislature,\\nwhere he was one of the immortal thirteen. In 1843 he\\nwas sent to Congress, where he remained, by reelections,\\nuntil 1853, when he was elected governor. After being\\ngovernor four years he was elected to the United States\\nSenate, where he remained until the Civil War. He took\\nthe strongest possible ground against secession, or any form\\nof disunion. In 1862 he was appointed Military Governor\\nof Tennessee. In 1864 he was elected Vice President by\\nthe Republicans, and in 1865, by the death of President\\nLincoln, he became the seventeenth President of the United\\nStates.\\nAs lohnson was a Democrat, he and the Republican\\nCongress could not agree about the Reconstruction Policy.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "JOHNSON AND HARRIS, 1853-1861 1 77\\nCongress impeached him and tried to turn him out of office,\\nbut failed. His long trial is one of the most dramatic chap-\\nters in the history of the United States. March 4, 1875,\\nhe again entered the United States Senate, but died at\\nCarters Station, Tennessee, on the last day of the following\\nJuly. His body was wrapped in the American flag and\\nburied at Greeneville. In the same cemetery are buried\\nhis wife, three sons, and one daughter. His only living\\nchild, Mrs. Martha Patterson, who was Lady of the White\\nHouse while he was President, lives at his old home in\\nGreeneville.\\nAndrew Johnson was one of the greatest men of the\\nstate, or of the nation. He would have been great in any\\nage or any land, in spite of many characteristics that were\\nanything but great. Having risen from poverty and\\nobscurity, he hated aristocracy and oppression but when\\nin power himself he was one of the most arbitrary and\\nmasterful of men. He possessed the great mind and broad\\nviews of a sagacious statesman, and a patriotism that would\\nhave dared the stake or the gibbet but some of his acts\\nseem to have been influenced by petty spites and bitter\\nprejudices. While one of the most courageous, independent,\\nand original of men in declaring his convictions and policy\\non public questions, he sometimes descended to the tricks\\nof a politician. Some of his public utterances contain the\\nstrong, dignified, far-sighted views of a sage and patriot,\\nand are among the valuable state papers of the nation\\nothers are filled with violent personalities unbecoming the\\ndignity of a public station. Perhaps we are too near him\\nin time to do the memory of this great man justice. As\\nwe are able to see his career to-day, it looms up a giant\\npillar of cloud and fire that towers in splendor through\\nobscuring mists of partisan bitterness.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "1/8 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR\\nBefore the administration of Governor Johnson the State\\nLibrary was composed ahiiost entirely of court reports,\\nCongressional documents, and a few other books of a purely\\npublic nature. In 1854 the legislature gave $5000 to buy\\nbooks for the library, and appointed R. J. Meigs to attend\\nto the purchase. Mr. Meigs was soon after this made libra-\\nrian and given a regular salary. Additions have been\\nmade, from time to time, until there is now in the Capitol\\na large library containing thousands of valuable books,\\npapers, and pictures. This collection belongs to the people\\nof Tennessee. If you go to the State Library, you will\\nfind there a polite librarian who will get for you almost any\\nbook you may call for, and you may read it in the room,\\nbut no one is allowed to carry the books away from the\\nlibrary.\\nThe Tennessee Historical Society was permanently\\norganized at Nashville in 1857, though it had been in\\nexistence a number of years before this date. This is a\\nvoluntary association of people for the purpose of collect-\\ning and preserving whatever is rare and valuable in his-\\ntory. They have books made hundreds of years ago,\\nIndian relics of many strange kinds, letters written by\\nJames Robertson and other famous men, the sword of John\\nSevier, the sash worn by Colonel Ferguson when he was\\nkilled at Kings Mountain, mummies from Egypt, coins\\nthat may have been carried in the purses of Roman\\nemperors. Confederate money, state banknotes, postage\\nstamps, old newspapers and magazines, quaint specimens\\nof furniture and tableware, and hundreds of other rare\\nand curious things. If you visit this institution, the custo-\\ndian will politely show you all of these curiosities, but you\\nmust keep your hands off everything.\\nIn 1853 the legislature appropriated ^30,000 to establish", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "JOHNSON AND HARRIS, 1853-1861 1 79\\nagricultural and mechanical fairs. At these fairs the\\nfarmers showed their fine horses, sheep, and cattle their\\nhuge pumpkins, turnips, and ears of corn their fat\\nchickens, turkeys, and geese and ever so many more\\nthings, to let the world know what fine farm products\\nTennessee could furnish for market. The mechanics\\nshowed their nice buggies, wagons, and plows their\\nbarrels, jugs, and churns their furniture, shoes, and cloth-\\ning and many other articles, to show the world what fine\\nwork Tennessee mechanics could do.\\nFor a time these fairs were very popular, and the State\\nFair at Nashville was once attended by thirty thousand\\npeople. In a few years the interest in them became so\\nsmall that the legislature aboHshed the State Fair and\\nstopped helping the county fairs. In their stead was\\nestablished the Bureau of Agriculture, Statistics, and\\nMines, which is in charge of a commissioner who gathers\\nand distributes information on industrial subjects.\\nNow let us review a little. In the administrations of\\nGovernor Carroll we find imprisonment for debt, the\\nstocks, and the whipping post abolished. This shows that\\nthe people were becoming more humane. In the admin-\\nistrations of Governor Jones we find schools established\\nfor the blind and the deaf. This shows that the people\\nwere becoming more kind and charitable in feeling. In\\nthe administrations of Governor Johnson and Governor\\nHarris we see the rise and growth of the State Library,\\nthe Historical Society, colleges and schools of many\\ngrades, and a state department of industries. This shows\\nthe advance in learning and intellectual life. The days of\\nstruggle for the necessities of physical life had passed\\naway, and the administrations of Johnson and Harris may\\nbe called the era of wealth and culture, and of the develop-", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "l8o THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR\\nment of a distinctly southern spirit among the people of\\nTennessee.\\nThe period of Johnson and Harris was a time of great\\npolitical excitement and change. The Whig party was\\ndying, the abolition party was- growing rapidly in the\\nNorth, and in the South the Democrats were sweeping\\neverything before them. In 1856 Tennessee gave her\\nelectoral votes to James Buchanan for President. This\\nwas the first time that the state had voted for a Democratic\\ncandidate for President since the election of Andrew Jack-\\nson in 1832.\\nIn 1857 Isham G. Harris was elected governor, defeat-\\ning Robert Hatton. In 1859 was again elected, defeat-\\ning John Netherland. In 1861 he was reelected, having\\npractically no opposition. He was the fourth governor\\nborn and reared in the state, and the first from West\\nTennessee.\\nRobert Hatton was born in Sumner County, Tennessee,\\nin 1827. He was an educated, accomplished young lawyer\\nwhen nominated for governor in 1857. He had been a\\nmember of the legislature and a candidate for presidential\\nelector. After his defeat for governor he was sent to\\nCongress, where he served until near the beginning of the\\nCivil War. He was made a brigadier general in the Con-\\nfederate Army and was killed at the battle of P air Oaks,\\nin. Virginia, in 1862.\\nJohn Netherland was born in Virginia in 1805, and came\\nto Tennessee in 18 14. He became one of the brilliant\\norators and popular public men of his day. He was three\\ntimes a Whig member of the legislature and twice a presi-\\ndential elector. He opposed secession, but took no part in\\nthe war that followed. After the Civil War President\\nJohnson appointed him minister to Brazil, but he declined", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "JOHNSON AND HARRIS, 1853-1861\\nthe appointment. His last service to the state was in the\\nconvention that formed the constitution of 1870. He died\\nat Rogersville in 1887.\\nIsham Greene Harris was born at Tullahoma, Ten-\\nnessee, February 10, 18 18. He moved to Paris in 1838,\\nstudied law, and began prac-\\ntice in 1 84 1. He was a\\nmember of the legislature in\\n1847, a candidate for presi-\\ndential elector in 1848, and\\nmember of Congress from\\n1849 to 1853. He opened\\na law office in Memphis in\\n1853, and was chosen a presi-\\ndential elector in 1856. He\\nwas elected Governor of Ten-\\nnessee in 1857, 1859, ^i^d\\n1 86 1. After the election of\\nLincoln he became a strong\\nadvocate of secession, and in\\ndeclaring Tennessee out of the American Union. During\\nthe greater part of the Civil War he served as a volunteer\\naid to the Confederate commanders. At the close of the\\nwar he went to Mexico, but returned to Memphis in 1867.\\nIn 1876 he was elected United States senator, and was\\ncontinued in office until his death, which occurred at\\nWashington city in July, 1897.\\nAmong the great men of Tennessee, Governor Harris\\ntakes very high rank. He was firm, fearless, and rigidly\\nhonest in the face of appalHng dangers and strong temp-\\ntations. His public career covers a period of fifty years,\\nand the greater part of that time was the stormiest in\\npolitical tumult and the bloodiest in war that the nation\\nIsham G. Harris\\n861 issued the proclamation", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "1 82 THE STATE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR\\nhas ever known. Through every conflict, whether m\\nCongress, in the governor s chair, or on the field of battle,\\nGovernor Harris bore himself as a leader of men, and a\\npublic servant worthy of confidence and respect. He had\\nfaults, and in his long public career made some bitter\\nenemies but none ever questioned the sincerity of his\\nprofessions or the integrity of his conduct.\\nThe most prominent feature of the administrations of\\nGovernor Harris was the intense political excitement that\\ncentered in the presidential contest of i860, which resulted\\nin the election of Abraham Lincoln and the secession of\\nthe southern states. Harris s last election as governor\\noccurred when secession was an accomplished fact, and\\nwhen, from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, the\\nblast of the bugle and the roll of the drum was marshaling\\nnearly three millions of men to the fiercest struggle, the\\nbloodiest war of the nineteenth century.\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?\\n1 Subject and date of Chapter XXV.\\n2. Gustavus A. Henry.\\n3. Meredith P. Gentry.\\n4. The youth of Andrew Johnson.\\n5. His education.\\n6. His public life before he became President.\\n7. Troubles with Congress.\\n8. His last public service and death.\\n9. His character as a great man.\\n10. The State Library.\\n11. The Tennessee Historical Society.\\n12. State and county fairs.\\n13. Department of Agriculture.\\n14. Evidences of progress in the time of Governor Carroll.\\n15. In the time of Governor Jones.\\n16. In the time of Governors Johnson and Harris.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "JOHNSON AND HARRIS, 1 853-1861 183\\n17. Political changes occurring in the Johnson-Harris time.\\n18. Presidential vote of Tennessee in 1856.\\n19. Governor of Tennessee from 1857 to 1861.\\n20. Robert Hatton.\\n21. John Netherland.\\n22. Isham G. Harris before he became governor.\\n23. His term as governor, and most important official act.\\n24. His career after the Civil War.\\n25. His character as a public man.\\n26. Presidential election of i860 and result.\\n27. Conditions when Harris was last elected governor.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "Period IV. 1861-1865\\nTHE CIVIL WAR\\nCHAPTER XXVI\\nNULLIFICATION AND SECESSION\\nYou have already been told that when the American\\nUnion of States was formed there sprang up two political\\nparties, the FederaHsts or centralizing party, and the Anti-\\nFederalists (Democratic Repubhcans)or state s rights party.\\nThe FederaHsts thought that the general or federal gov-\\nernment should be supreme in all things. The Anti-Fed-\\nerahst thought that a state should be supreme, within its\\nown limits, on all affairs that did not involve the rights of\\nother states or nations.\\nThis definition does not mark any details, but gives broad\\nor general principles that have guided one or another of\\nall the variously named political parties of our country.\\nThese two principles came into conflict on a number of\\npublic questions, but chiefly on the question of the tariff,\\nor taxes on foreign goods imported into this country, and\\non the question of negro slavery. The result was to bring\\nup the doctrines of nullification and secession.\\nNuUification means to set aside or to make void. As\\nused in United States government affairs it means about\\nthis the Congress might pass a law and the President\\napprove it; but if any state thought this law unjust or a\\n184", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "NULLIFICATION AND SECESSION\\n185\\nviolation of its rights under the Federal Constitution, that\\nstate might by act of its own legislature suspend or\\naboUsh, within its own Umits, the execution of the United\\nStates law. The\\nVirginia Resolu-\\ntions, written by\\nMadison, and the\\nKentucky Reso-\\nlutions by Jeffer-\\nson, declared this\\nright in 1 799.\\nIn 1832 South\\nCarolina passed\\nher celebrated\\nNulUfication Or-\\ndinance with\\nreference to the\\ntariff, and in 1833\\nPennsylvania\\npassed her famous\\nPersonal Liberty\\nBill in defiance\\nof the decision of\\nthe Supreme\\nCourt of the\\nUnited States about runaway slaves. Andrew Jackson\\nwas President when these things occurred. He appealed\\nto the people to observe the laws of their country, and\\nthreatened to hang those who refused to do so. Compro-\\nmises were made in Congress, in regard to the tariff, and\\nthe difficulties were settled for a time.\\nThere was no more nulHfication in any state of the\\nSouth, but after Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Law\\nTENN. HIST. 12\\nAbraham Lincoln", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "1 86\\nTHE CIVIL WAR\\nin 1850, several states of the North enacted laws very simi-\\nlar to the Pennsylvania Personal Liberty Bill. That is, they\\npractically nullified the act of Congress, though not avow-\\ning nullification as did South Carolina. The nullifiers did\\nnot advocate secession. They claimed to be Union men, but\\nsaid that every state had the right, under the Constitution\\nof the United States, to\\nprotect its own interests\\nin the Union.\\nThe secessionists\\nclaimed that whenever\\nthe Federal government\\ndid anything in viola-\\ntion of the provisions of\\nthe Constitution of the\\nUnited States, or of one\\nof the states, any state\\nhad the right to secede\\nor withdraw from the\\nUnion. They declared\\nthat the American Un-\\nion had no powers ex-\\ncept those given by the\\nstates, that its constitution was a compact or agreement of\\nsovereign and independent states, and that whenever the\\nFederal government violated the agreement, or acted in\\nsuch way as to make the Union oppressive or injurious\\nto any of its members, the states were no longer bound by\\nthe agreement.\\nI know that this is a difficult subject for my young\\nfriends to understand, but I have tried to make plain for\\nyou the difference between nullification, or the setting\\naside of the laws of Congress by a state in the Union, and\\nJefferson Davis", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "NULLIFICATION AND SECESSION 1 8/\\nsecession, or a state s going entirely out of the Union.\\nI have given you the two doctrines as stated by their advo-\\ncates, and have told you enough of the history of nullifica-\\ntion. It is necessary for us next to look into the history\\nof secession, as the use of this assumed right was the\\ndirect cause of the war between the states.\\nBefore we begin this, however, I wish to remind the\\ngirls and boys of Tennessee that the truth in history, as in\\nall other matters, is the only thing that is worth knowing.\\nNo difference whether it is for Tennessee or against Ten-\\nnessee, whether it suits our taste or does not suit it, we\\nshould seek to know the exact truth. There are many\\nbooks, especially story books and school histories of the\\nUnited States, that do not give us correct ideas about nulli-\\nfication, negro slavery, secession, and the Civil War.\\nThe books referred to do not state direct falsehoods, but\\nthey omit so much and cover up so much of the truth, and\\ngive the truth that they tell in such an unfair way, that\\nthey make false impressions or deceive people. Tennessee\\nis a southern state and is not willing to be falsely accused.\\nMost of the school histories give us the idea that slavery,\\nnullification, secession, rebellion, and all other bad things\\nof a social and political nature belong almost exclusively\\nto the South. This is not the truth.\\nThe tJiree southern states of Virginia, Kentucky, and\\nSouth CaroHna have passed nullification ordinances, or\\nlaws that amounted to the same thing. The eleven north-\\nern states of Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island,\\nConnecticut, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Wis-\\nconsin, and Kansas passed state laws to punish, with severe\\npenalties, any one who obeyed the laws of Congress with\\nreference to fugitive slaves.\\nThere was a time when all of the states then in exist-", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "1 88 THE CIVIL WAR\\nence, both north and south, allowed negro slavery, and no\\none seemed to think it was wrong. The first American\\nslave ship was built at Marblehead, Massachusetts, with\\nnorthern money, manned by northern seamen, and run for\\nnorthern profit. The South owned slaves, and so did the\\nNorth. The North brought negroes from their native\\nhome in Africa to sell them into slavery in America the\\nSouth did not, but both North and South bought them\\nfrom these northern kidnappers.\\nIn 1796 Thomas Jefferson was a candidate for Presi-\\ndent. In speaking of his probable election, Governor\\nWolcott of Connecticut said I sincerely declare that I\\nwish the northern states would separate from the southern\\nthe moment that event shall take place. That is, a Con-\\nnecticut governor wished his state to do, in 1796, precisely\\nwhat South Carolina did in i860, secede from the Union\\nbecause it was not pleased with the President elected.\\nGovernor Plumer of New Hampshire says that the\\navowed purpose of many New England leaders in 1805\\nwas to dissolve the Union, because they did not like the\\nprobable results of the purchase of Louisiana. In 18 11\\na bill was before Congress for the admission of the State\\nof Louisiana into the Union. Josiah Quincy, member of\\nCongress from Massachusetts, said I declare it as my\\ndeliberate opinion that, if this bill passes, the bonds of the\\nUnion are virtually dissolved and that as it will be the\\nright of all the states, so it will be the duty of some, to\\nprepare definitely for a separation, amicably if they can,\\nviolently if they must. This was the first open threat of\\ndisunion that was ever made in Congress.\\nIn 18 14, while the second war with England was going\\non, the famous Hartford Convention met at Hartford,\\nConnecticut. Governor Plumer says that James Hillhouse", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "NULLIFICATION AND SECESSION 1 89\\nand Roger Griswold, both members of the convention, told\\nhim that they were decidedly in favor of dissolving the\\nUnion and establishing a Northern Confederacy.\\nIn 1845 John Qiiincy Adams and a number of other\\nnorthern congressmen declared that the annexation of\\nTexas would be sufficient cause for the dissolution of the\\nUnion, and would lead to that result. The Legislature of\\nMassachusetts approved these declarations, and passed\\nresolutions that avowed the right of secession as a remedy\\nfor grievances.\\nWhat I have told you on these subjects, and much more\\nof similar kind, may be found in Cooper s AiJierican Poli-\\ntics, Jameson s Dictionary of American History^ Henry s\\nVoice of The People, Fiske s Critical Period of American\\nHistory, Hildreth s History of the United States, and other\\nbooks of like character. I have told you these things,\\nnot because you like them or I like them, but because they\\nare facts of history.\\nThe people of Tennessee were neither secessionists nor\\nnulhfiers. Before i860 it is very doubtful if there were\\nas many as one thousand secessionists in the state, though\\nthe population at that time was more than one million.\\nTennessee had ever been conservative, loyal, and patriotic.\\nShe never favored any nullification or disunion schemes of\\neither North or South. When the Civil War was forced\\nupon the state, the people were divided in their opinions\\nabout their duty. The greater part of them followed the\\nfortunes of the Confederacy, the smaller part adhered to\\nthe Union. Each followed his own convictions of duty.\\nTennessee never wished the war or helped to bring it on.\\nWarlike as her sons had ever been, she tried to maintain\\npeace, and took no part in the disturbances until war had\\nactually begun.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "190\\nTHE CIVIL WAR\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?\\n1. Difference between Federalists and Anti-federalists.\\n2. Chief questions upon which conflicts arose.\\n3. Explain nullification.\\n4. South Carolina and Pennsylvania acts.\\n5. President Jackson s course.\\n6. Claims of the nullifiers respecting the Union.\\n7. Explain the doctrine of secession.\\n8. Valuable part of history.\\n9. Books that give false ideas.\\n10. Representations of the South.\\n11. Southern states and northern states that have nullified.\\n1 2 Early African slavery\\n13. Part taken by the North and the South in slave trade.\\n14. Proposed Connecticut secession in 1796.\\n15. Proposed New England secession in 1805.\\n16. Josiah Ouincy s secession threat.\\n17. The Hartford Convention.\\n18. John Q. Adams and Massachusetts on secession.\\n19. Tennessee on nullification and secession.\\n20. Division of the people of the state in Civil War.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXVII\\nCAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR\\nIt is best for us now to take a brief view of the history\\nof African slavery. This is necessary because slavery was\\nthe cause of the secession of the southern states, and\\nsecession was the direct cause of the Civil War.\\nWhen the Spaniards began colonizing the West. Indies\\nthey made slaves of many of the Indians. The Indians\\nsoon died out, and then negroes were brought from Africa\\nto fill their places. It was quickly learned that the negroes\\nwere much easier civilized and made better servants than\\nthe Indians. The West Indies were soon stocked with\\nAfrican slaves.\\nThe Dutch took up the slave trade, or business of tak-\\ning negroes from Africa to other countries to sell them\\ninto slavery. A slave ship would land on the coast of\\nAfrica, and the captain would show some negro chief a\\ntempting display of red, yellow, and green cloth, some\\nbutcher knives, hatchets, and brass jewelry. The chief\\nwas a brutal savage who knew very little of the difference\\nbetween right and wrong, and cared less than he knew.\\nHe wanted the gaudy things that were before his eyes,\\nand would give fifty or a hundred of the people of his\\ntribe for fifty dollars worth of the slave trader s goods.\\nSometimes two African tribes would go to war. The\\nvictorious tribe would sell their prisoners to the traders,\\nwho would carry them away to other lands to be sold into", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "192\\nTHE CIVIL WAR\\nslavery. Not only the Spaniards and Dutch, but nearly\\nall the civilized nations of Europe engaged in this inhuman\\ntraffic. Many of the traders declared that it was right to\\ntake the necrroes from their heathen homes to civilized\\nNegroes Dancing\\ncountries where they would be taught morahty and religion.\\nThe negro did get the teaching from humane masters, and\\nif this had been the trader s purpose, his business would\\nhave been all right but his real purpose was not to bene-\\nfit the negro, but to make money for himself.\\nIn 1 6 19 a Dutch trader brought some Africans to\\nJamestown, Virginia, and sold them to the planters there.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR\\n193\\nThis was the beginning of negro slavery in our country.\\nIt was soon estabHshed in all the English colonies in\\nNorth America, and at that time was not considered\\nwrong. About seventy\\nyears later the German\\nMennonites, a religious\\nbody then living in Penn-\\nsylvania, began to declare\\nthat they thought it wrong\\nto buy and sell slaves.\\nThis was the first protest\\nagainst slavery in Amer-\\nica, and these people\\nseemed to think it no\\nwrong for persons to\\nkeep slaves they already\\nowned.\\nWithin the next hun-\\ndred years many people,\\nboth North and South,\\ndecided that slavery it-\\nself was wrong. But\\nthat generation of people\\nwas not responsible for\\nthe beginning of slavery,\\nand they were in some\\ndoubt as to what they\\nought to do. Slave labor\\nwas never as profitable\\nin the North as in the South, therefore more people\\nin the North were willing to free their negroes. The\\nwork of liberation went on in both sections without a halt\\nuntil Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1792. The people\\nWhitney at work on the Cotton Gin", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "194 THE CIVIL WAR\\nof the North had freed nearly all of their negroes or sold\\nthem in the South, and, after the gin was invented, they\\nestablished factories to spin and weave cotton. The peo-\\nple of the South saw fortunes in cotton raising. They\\nfreed fewer negroes, and raised more cotton for the north-\\nern factories. The gin and the spinning frame are prob-\\nably the real explanation of why slavery existed longer in\\nthe South than in the North.\\nThe Northwest Territory was given to the Federal gov-\\nernment chiefly by Virginia. The Ordinance of 1787,\\nadopted by the Continental Congress for the government\\nof that territory, was copied chiefly from a report which\\nThomas Jefferson had made a few years before. Jeffer-\\nson s report had proposed that slavery in all the western\\nterritory of the United States should be prohibited after\\nthe year 1800. The Ordinance of 1787 provided that\\nslavery should never exist in the Northwest Territory.\\nThis ordinance, based as we have seen on the work of a\\nsouthern statesman and slave owner, was adopted in Con-\\ngress by the vote of eight states, of which four, including\\nVirginia, were southern.\\nThe Constitution of the United States, which went into\\neffect in 1789, forbade Congress to stop the slave trade\\nbefore 1808 (when it was stopped by act of Congress) and\\ndistinctly recognized the right of each state to act as it\\nchose about slavery within its own limits. When Ten-\\nnessee became a state in 1796 many people wished slavery\\nprohibited after a certain number of years, but this was\\nnot put into the state constitution, and Tennessee became\\na slaveholding state in a union of partly free and partly\\nslaveholding states.\\nThe old records of the Tennessee legislature, and of the\\ncounty courts, show that from the organization of the", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR 1 95\\nstate until 1832, the work of freeing slaves and giving\\nthem legal privileges was continually going on. Early in\\nthe history of the state these affairs occupied so much of\\nthe time of the legislature that an act was passed, in 1801,\\ntransferring nearly all such business to the county courts.\\nThere was so much of it that the legislature could not\\nattend to it.\\nIn 1 8 19 or 1820 EHhu Embree began the publication of a\\nnewspaper, at Jonesboro, Tennessee, called The Emancipa-\\ntor. This was the first abolition paper ever pubUshed in\\nthe United States. The books that claim Benjamin Lundy\\nof Ohio as the first abolition editor are wrong. Lundy did\\nnot begin his paper until 1821, and Embree died in 1820.\\nThus we learn that the people of Tennessee were freeing\\ntheir own negroes and were advising others to do as they\\ndid. Tennessee, however, never proposed to interfere in\\nthe affairs of other states, or to attempt forcibly to free\\nother people s negroes.\\nNow it may be asked why freeing the slaves was almost\\nstopped after 1840. This was caused by a set of people\\nwho insisted that their ideas and ways were exactly right\\nand that those of every one else were wrong. One set of\\nthese extremists, who lived in the North and owned no\\nslaves, said that Congress and the President ought to free\\nall the negroes right off, without any consideration of time,\\ncondition, circumstances, or consequences. Congress and\\nthe President pointed out the fact that they were all under\\noath to support the Constitution of the United States, and\\nthat the plan of liberation would be in violation of the\\nConstitution they had been sworn to support and defend.\\nThese northern people then began denouncing Congress,\\nthe President, the laws, the Constitution, the Union, the\\nflag, and everything else that allowed or protected slavery.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "196 THE CIVIL WAR\\nThey held conventions, made speeches, published news-\\npapers, and printed books that declared that slavery was\\nthe sum of all villanies, that hell was too comfortable a\\nplace for a slaveholder, that the Constitution was a league\\nwith hell and a covenant with the devil, that the Union\\nwas an unholy alliance with evil that deserved the ven-\\ngeance of High Heaven, that the laws of Congress were\\nimpious and infernal and that it would be doing God s serv-\\nice to violate them, that the President of the United States\\nwas a slave trader and negro driver, that the flag of the\\nUnion was a dirty rag whose stripes represented nothing\\nbut negroes scars, and a great deal more of very ugly and\\nvery disloyal sentiments. The lovers of the Union tried\\nvery hard to silence these agitators, but could not do so.\\nOnly a few people of the North visited the South and\\nknew the real condition of affairs. A great many of them\\nfinally accepted as true the statements of the violent aboli-\\ntionists, and gradually there grew up in the North an\\nabolition political party. Demagogues and professional\\npoliticians then made use of the popular sentiment to get\\ninto office, and increased the excitement in order that they\\nmight stay in office. The extreme agitators circulated\\ndocuments among the free negroes in the South advising\\nthem to kill the white people and free the slaves. This\\nwas begun at Southampton, Virginia, in 1831, and fifty-\\nfive persons men, women, and children were killed\\nby negroes.\\nThe people of the South became alarmed. A slave-\\nholders convention met in AnnapoHs in 1842 and decided\\nthat if free negroes were to be made dangerous by the\\nabolitionists, freeing negroes must stop, and those already\\nfreed must be deprived of privileges and have legal restric-\\ntions put upon them. Laws were passed prohibiting", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR I97\\nowners from freeing their slaves unless they sent them en-\\ntirely out of the state. Few owners were able to set their\\nnegroes free and then pay their expenses to some other\\ncountry, therefore emancipation was practically ended by\\nthe overzealous abolitionists.\\nWhile the abolitionists were preaching their doctrines on\\nevery street corner, and advising murder as a remedy for\\nwrong, there grew up an extreme party in the South.\\nThey declared that they had, or ought to have, the right to\\ncarry their slaves into any state or territory of the Union\\nwhether the people living there wanted them or not that\\nnegroes were created to be made slaves that the African\\nslave trade ought to be reopened that the Union only pro-\\ntected abolition fanatics and robbed the South of her rights\\nthat any state had a right to secede, and the Union ought\\nto be dissolved that they wished all the abolitionists were\\ncollected in New England, and New England were in hell,\\nand ever so many more things that nobody ought to have\\nsaid.\\nThe extreme men met in Congress and quarreled and\\nfought over the slavery question, until Union men in every\\nsection of the country became seriously alarmed at the\\nturn affairs were taking. The whole question was thought\\nto have been settled by the Missouri Compromise in 1820,\\nbut the agitators paid no attention to this. There were\\nfurious debates and threats of secession over the admis-\\nsion of Texas in 1845, the admission of CaHfornia in 1850,\\nthe Kansas-Nebraska Bill in 1854. Then came the Dred\\nScott Decision in 1857 John Brown s Raid in 1859.\\nBy this time the people of the United States were excited\\nto a dangerous degree on the slavery question.\\nIn i860 there were four candidates for President:\\nStephen A. Douglas of Illinois and John C. Brecken-", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "198 THE CIVIL WAR\\nridge of Kentucky, both Democrats Abraham Lincoln\\nof Illinois, Republican; John Bell. of Tennessee, Constitu-\\ntional Union candidate. Tennessee voted for Bell, but\\nLincoln was elected. Some of the southern states decided\\nthat they would not be safe in the Union with a sectional\\nPresident. South Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida,\\nGeorgia, Louisiana, and Texas seceded, and organized the\\nConfederate States government at Montgomery, Alabama,\\nFebruary 4, 1861. This was exactly one month before\\nPresident Lincoln went into office.\\nFort Sumter\\nGovernor Harris called an extra session of the Tennes-\\nsee Legislature to meet January 7, 1861. This legislature\\npassed a resolution asking the people to vote, on the 9th\\nof February, for or against a convention to consider the\\nsecession of Tennessee from the Union. The people\\nvoted against the proposition, the majority being nearly\\nfour to one. When President Lincoln went into office,\\nMarch 4, 1861, he declared that he had no right to inter-\\nfere with slavery in the states, and no desire to do so.\\nThis made the people better pleased with their union\\nvote in February.\\nApril 12, 1 86 1, the South Carolina soldiers attacked\\nFort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, and forced the\\nUnited States garrison to surrender the fort. Three days", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR 1 99\\nlater President Lincoln called for seventy-five thousand\\nsoldiers to force the seceded states back under the author-\\nity of the Union. This action meant war, and in anger\\nand sorrow the people of Tennessee saw that they would\\nbe forced to take part in it.\\nPresident Lincoln called for soldiers from Tennessee.\\nGovernor Harris refused to send them, and said that if\\nTennessee must fight she would fight with the South.\\nThe legislature was called together April 25, passed an\\nordinance of secession May i, and submitted it to a vote\\nof the people June 8. So great had been the change of\\nopinion that at this election the majority in favor of seces-\\nsion was more than two to one. This settled the question,\\nand July 2, Tennessee joined the Confederacy. She was\\nthe last state to secede, and had clung to the Union as\\nlong as there was any hope of peace. A majority of the\\npeople of East Tennessee adhered to the Union to the\\nlast, and petitioned the legislature to allow them to form\\na separate state. The request was refused.\\nFor the Civil War the Federals enlisted 2,778,304 men\\nthe Confederates enlisted about 600,000 men. Tennessee\\nfurnished 30,000 soldiers for the Federal Army, and 100,000\\nfor the Confederate Army. This was nearly one ninth of\\nthe whole population of the state. True to the heroic\\ntraditions of their ancestors, the Tennesseeans bore them-\\nselves throughout the war as among the best and bravest\\nin that long and bloody struggle.\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?\\n1 Direct cause of the Civil War.\\n2. Slavery in the West India Islands.\\n3. Dutch slave traders.\\n4. Two ways of obtaining negroes in Africa.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "200 THE CIVIL WAR\\n5. Nations engaged in the slave trade.\\n6. Moral benefits in the slave trade.\\n7. What makes the difference between moral good and evil in an action\\n8. Introduction of slavery into the English colonies of America.\\n9. First protest against slavery in America.\\n10. Opinions on slavery about 1760.\\n11. More freeing of slaves in the North than in the South.\\n12. Effect of the cotton gin and spinning frame.\\n13. The Ordinance of 1787.\\n14. Provisions about slavery in the Constitution of the United States.\\n15. Tennessee s position in the American Union.\\n16. The old records of the legislature and the county courts.\\n17. The act of 1801.\\n18. The first abolition paper in the United States.\\n19. Principles and actions of the people in Tennessee about slavery.\\n20. What caused the suspension of freeing the negroes\\n21. Demands on the President and Congress. Reply.\\n22. Abuse from the extreme abolitionists.\\n23. Efforts of the lovers of the Union.\\n24. Growth of abolition political party.\\n25. The Southampton affair.\\n26. The slaveholders convention.\\n27. Laws passed in some states of the South.\\n28. The extreme agitators in the South.\\n29. The sectional quarrel in Congress.\\n30. On Missouri Compromise, Annexation of Texas, c., consult a his-\\ntory of the United States, and get explanations from your teacher.\\n31. The election of President in i860.\\n32. Action of certain southern states.\\n33. Extra session of the Tennessee Legislature, January 7, 1861.\\n34. What did the vote of February 9 show\\n35. President Lincoln s declaration about slavery.\\n36. The attack on Fort Sumter and its result.\\n37. Governor Harris s reply to President Lincoln s call for troops.\\n38. Extra session of the Tennessee Legislature, April 25, 1861.\\n39. What did the vote of June 8 show.?\\n40. Action of East Tennessee.\\n41. Federal and Confederate armies.\\n42. Tennessee s troops in each army.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXVIII\\nTHE BATTLE GROUND\\nFrom May, 1861, to May, 1865, little was done, talked\\nof, or thought of in Tennessee except war. Early in 1861\\nevery county seat\\nbecame a mili-\\ntary camp. The\\nlawyers and doc-\\ntors left their\\noffices, the mer-\\nchants and me-\\nchanics left their\\nstores and shops,\\nthe farmers and\\nlaborers left the\\nfields, the young\\nmen left the col-\\nleges, all that\\nwere fit for mili-\\ntary service\\njoined the army.\\nGuns, pistols, and\\nswords of all kinds were brought out and furbished up for\\nuse. Lead mines and saltpeter mines were opened and\\nworked. Mechanics who had enlisted in the army were\\ndetailed to make more weapons. Everywhere resounded\\nthe preparations for a fierce and bloody war.\\nTENN. HIST. 13 201\\nFederal Soldier\\nConfederate Soldier", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "202 THE CIVIL WAR\\nMajor General Gideon J. Pillow was appointed com-\\nmander of the army of the state, with headquarters at\\nMemphis. Brigadier General B. F. Cheatham was put in\\ncommand of the Department of West Tennessee, with\\nheadquarters at Union City Major General S. R. Ander-\\nson in command of the Department of Middle Tennessee,\\nwith headquarters at Nashville Brigadier General W. R.\\nCaswell in command of the Department of East Tennes-\\nsee, with headquarters at Knoxville. This arrangement\\ncontinued until the troops were organized and transferred\\nto the Confederate service. President Davis of the Con-\\nfederacy then appointed General Leonidas Polk to command\\nin Tennessee, and General Pillow was given command of\\na division in the Confederate Army.\\nAbout the middle of September, 1861, General Albert\\nSidney Johnston was placed in command of the Western\\nDepartment. He arranged a line of defenses to keep the\\nFederal troops out of Tennessee.\\n1. General Felix K. Zollicoffer was sent to Cumberland\\nGap and fortified a camp on Fishing Creek.\\n2. General William J. Hardee occupied Bowling Green,\\nKentucky, where General Johnston made his head-\\nquarters.\\n3. General Simon B. Buckner was sent from Bowling\\nGreen to Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River, near\\nDover, and a strong fort was built there.\\n4. Fort Henry was hurriedly and imperfectly con-\\nstructed on the Tennessee, about eleven or twelve miles\\nfrom Fort Donelson, and placed under command of Gen-\\neral Lloyd Tilghman.\\n5. Columbus, Kentucky, was seized and strongly forti-\\nfied by General Polk to guard the Mississippi River.\\n6. As an additional protection for the Mississippi, Fort", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "THE BATTLE GROUND 203\\nPillow was built at Randolph, and Island No. 10 was\\nfortified and garrisoned by General Mackall. The islands\\nin the Mississippi River are numbered from the mouth of\\nthe Ohio southward, and Number 10 is near the town of\\nNew Madrid, Missouri.\\nThere were some changes of commanders at these\\nplaces, but very early in the war this was the arrangement.\\nThese forts and camps formed a long\\nline extending from Cumberland Gap\\nto the Mississippi River at Columbus,\\nand down that river nearly to Mem-\\nphis. There were not men enough\\nnor cannon enough at any of these\\nplaces to hold them against a strong\\nforce. Many of the soldiers were\\nIll Confederate Flag\\nvery poorly armed, and the posts, ex-\\ncept Fort Donelson and Fort Henry, were too far apart to\\nhelp one another.\\nThe Federal forces were gathered at Cairo, Illinois, and\\nat Louisville, Kentucky, and prepared to break through\\nthe Confederate line. November 7, 1861, General Grant\\nof the Federal Army tried to capture a part of General\\nPolk s forces, which had crossed the river from Columbus to\\nBelmont. Grant was defeated and went back to Cairo.\\nJanuary 19, 1862, General Thomas of the Federal Army\\ndefeated General Zollicoffer s army at Mill Springs, near\\nCumberland Gap. Zollicoffer was killed, and Cumberland\\nGap was lost. February 6, Fort Henry was easily taken.\\nFebruary 16, after five days hard fighting, Fort Donelson\\nwas surrendered to General Grant with fifteen thousand\\nConfederate soldiers.\\nGeneral Johnston withdrew his forces from Bowling\\nGreen and Columbus to Corinth, Mississippi, and collected", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "204 THE CIVIL WAR\\nsome small commands from other places. Nearly all of\\nTennessee was at once occupied by Federal soldiers.\\nGeneral Grant moved his forces up the Tennessee River\\nto Pittsburg Landing, on the west side of the river, a short\\ndistance above Savannah, and waited for General Buel s\\nforce from Nashville to join him. April 6, 1862, Johnston\\nattacked him in his camp and routed his army. Johnston\\nwas killed in the afternoon, and his successor, Beauregard,\\nstopped the battle. That night Buel arrived, and next day\\nBeauregard s army was driven back to Corinth.\\nThis was one of the great battles fought on Tennessee\\nsoil, and is called the battle of Shiloh because it was fought\\naround Shiloh church. Island No. 10 was captured April\\n8, Fort Pillow was abandoned June i, and a week later the\\nConfederate gunboats at Memphis were destroyed by the\\nFederal fleet, and the city surrendered. The whole of\\nthe original line of Confederate defenses had been wiped\\nout, and the Federal Army was in possession of all of\\nTennessee except the southeastern part.\\nAfter March 5, 1862, Andrew Johnson was no longer a\\nUnited States senator. President Lincoln appointed him\\nMilitary Governor of Tennessee. He came to Nashville\\nand tried to get the people of the state to come back under\\nthe authority of the Union. Very few of them would have\\nanything to do with his plans, and about all that he accom-\\npHshed had to be done by force. This really served no\\ngood purpose at all.\\nIn the summer of 1862 General Beauregard was removed\\nfrom the command of the Western Confederate Army, and\\nGeneral Braxton Bragg took command. He moved the\\narmy from Mississippi to Chattanooga and marched into\\nKentucky. He captured Cumberland Gap, defeated the\\nFederal Army at Richmond, Kentucky, loaded a train of", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "THE BATTLE GROUND\\n205\\nwagons nearly thirty miles long with provisions and army\\nsupplies captured from the Federals, and fought a battle\\nat Perryville, Kentucky, in which he was worsted, but\\nwhich saved his wagon train. He then retreated into\\nTennessee and established winter quarters at Murfreesboro.\\nHere, December 31, 1862, and January 2, 1863, another\\ngreat battle was fought. The Confederates won the first\\nday, the Federals the second. Neither seemed to have\\ngained anything. The Confederates went leisurely to\\nShelbyville the Federals remained where they were.\\nLookout Mountain (as seen fronn Chattanooga)\\nIn June the Federals moved out to attack Bragg. He\\nslowly retreated to Chattanooga. September 19 and 20,\\n1863, a desperate battle was fought along Chickamauga\\nCreek. The Federals were defeated and driven back into\\nChattanooga. Bragg occupied Missionary Ridge and\\nLookout Mountain, and was about to starve the Feder-\\nals into surrender when Grant came to their relief with\\nreenforcements.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "206 THE CIVIL WAR\\nOctober 25, General Grant drove Bragg from the Moun-\\ntain and the Ridge after two bloody battles. The Con-\\nfederate Army retreated to Dalton, Georgia the Federals\\nremained at Chattanooga until the next spring. The\\narmies of Burnside and Longstreet fought two hard battles\\nat Knoxville, November 28 and 29, 1863, in which the\\nFederals were successful in holding the city against the\\nConfederate attack.\\nAfter many battles and skirmishes in Georgia, during\\nthe spring and summer of 1864, General Hood was put in\\ncommand of the Confederate Army. He marched the\\narmy back into Tennessee, and November 30 fought the\\ndesperate battle of Franklin. The Federals were defeated\\nand retreated to Nashville, but the victory had been won\\nat terrible cost. In proportion to the number engaged,\\nmore men were killed in this battle than in any other\\nfought in the state.\\nHood followed the Federals to Nashville, and December\\n15 and 16, 1864, the battle of Nashville was fought. The\\nfirst day the Confederates held their own, the next day\\nthey were totally defeated. This was the last great battle\\nfought in the state.\\nThe thirteen battles that have been mentioned were only\\nthe great contests in which large armies were engaged\\nthere were other smaller battles fought within or near the\\nborders of our state, and many of them were of great im-\\nportance in prolonging or deciding the war. The State of\\nTennessee was really a battle ground from 1861 to 1865.\\nOn April 9, 1865, General Lee surrendered in Virginia,\\nand the long Civil War was ended. The Confederate\\nArmy had been literally worn out by the superior power\\nof the Union in men, money, and war supplies of every\\nkind.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "THE BATTLE GROUND 207\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?\\n1. Forming an army in Tennessee in i86l.\\n2. Arming the soldiers.\\n3. State commanders.\\n4. Transfer to Confederate service.\\n5. The line of defenses.\\n6. The islands in the Mississippi.\\n7. Weakness of the line of defenses.\\n8. Battle of Belmont.\\n9. Mill Springs, and results.\\n10. Capture of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson. Result\\n11. Next move of General Johnston and of General Grant.\\n12. Battle of Shiloh.\\n13. Island No. 10, Fort Pillow, and Memphis.\\n14. Andrew Johnson as military governor.\\n15. Bragg s expedition into Kentucky.\\n16. Battle of Murfreesboro.\\n17. Battle of Chickamauga.\\n18. Condition and rescue of the Federal army.\\n19. Battles of Missionary Ridge and of Lookout Mountain.\\n20. Campaign in Georgia and new Confederate commander.\\n21 The battle of FrankUn.\\n22. The last great battle in the state.\\n23. The minor engagements.\\n24. The end of the fighting.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER. XXIX\\nFAMOUS TENNESSEEANS\\nThe Civil War and the exciting political conditions that\\npreceded it brought into public notice some Tennesseeans\\nwho were very able men though they took little or no part\\nin the politics of the state.\\nFilibusters is a name applied to citizens of a country\\nwho try to interfere by force of arms in the affairs of\\nanother country that is on\\nfriendly terms with their\\nown government. The\\nname is Spanish, and in the\\nsixteenth century meant\\nthe pirates or sea robbers\\nof the Gulf of Mexico and\\nthe, Caribbean Sea.\\nThe most famous filibus-\\nter of the United States\\nwas a Tennesseean,\\nWilliam Walker. He was\\nborn in Nashville in 1824.\\nHe studied law, then medi-\\ncine, then edited a newspaper in New Orleans and after-\\nward in San Francisco. He then practiced law for a while\\nin California, but it was too quiet and tame a business to\\nsuit his taste. In 1853 he organized an expedition against\\nSonora, Mexico, but failed and surrendered to the United\\nStates officers at San Diego. Nothing could be proved\\n20$\\nPI! liv^^\\nWilliam Walker\\nV y", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "FAMOUS TENNESSEEANS\\n209\\nagainst him, and he was released. Two years later he in-\\nvaded Nicaragua, conquered the country, and had himself\\nelected president. In a short time he was driven out by\\nan insurrection and returned to the United States. In 1857\\nand in 1858 he tried to go back to Nicaragua, but was pre-\\nvented by United States officials. In i860 he went with\\nan armed expedition against Honduras, but was captured\\nand, by order of the president of that state, was shot.\\nAs lawyer, doctor, editor, soldier, diplomat, and adven-\\nturer William Walker was one of the most remarkable\\nmen the state has produced. His career is not worthy of\\nimitation, but it shows wonderful courage and great versa-\\ntility of talent.\\nGideon Johnson Pillow was born in Williamson County,\\nTennessee, in 1806. He was educated at the University\\nof Nashville, studied law, and\\nbegan practice at Columbia.\\nHe was one of the delegates\\nto the Democratic convention\\nthat nominated James K. Polk\\nfor President in 1844. I^^\\n1846 he was appointed briga-\\ndier general of volunteers to\\nserve in the Mexican War.\\nFor gallant service he was\\npromoted to the rank of ma-\\njor general in 1847, ^.nd was\\nseverely wounded at Chapul-\\ntepec. At the close of the\\nMexican War he resumed the practice of law at Columbia.\\nIn 1852 he received twenty-five votes in the Democratic\\nconvention for the nomination to the office of Vice Presi-\\ndent. When the Civil War began he entered the Confed-\\nGideon Johnson Pillow", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "THE CIVIL WAR\\nerate Army and was made a biii;adier general and served\\nin the Western Department. After the close of the war he\\npracticed law in Memphis and managed an extensive cot-\\nton plantation in Arkansas. He died in 1878.\\nLeonidas Polk was born in Raleigh, North Carolina, in\\n1804. He was edncated at the United States Military\\nAcademy at West Point, gradnating in 1827. He re-\\nsigned his commission in the\\narmy, studied for holy orders,\\nand was ordained a minister in\\nthe Episcopal Church in 1831.\\nAfter a short period of seryice\\nin Richmond, Virginia, he trav-\\neled abroad and then moved\\nto Columbia, Tennessee. In\\n1838 he was made a bishop.\\nThree years later he moved to\\nLouisiana, and in 1856 began\\nthe greatest work of his life by\\ngiving his active aid in found-\\ning the University of the South\\nHis name will be associated with\\n1 his other services are forgotten.\\nWhen the Civil War began. Bishop Polk was made a\\nmajor general in the Confederate Army. In 1862 he was\\npromoted to be lieutenant general. He is said to have\\ndisobeyed orders at the battle of Chickamauga and was\\ntherefore relieved from command and transferred to an-\\nother department. After some distinguished services in\\nhis new held he was restored to his okl command, and\\ntook part in the canipaign between Chattanooga and\\nAtlanta. In June. 1864, he was killed by a cannon shot\\nwhile inspecting a fort near Marietta, Georgia.\\nLeonidas Polk\\nat Sewanee, Tennessee,\\nthis iireat school when a", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "FAMOUS TENNESSEEANS\\n21 I\\nBenjamin Franklin Cheatham was born at Nashville in\\n1820. At twenty-six years of age he entered the army for\\nservice in the Mexican War. As captain and colonel he\\nwon fame in this war and at its close was appointed major\\ni;eneral of Tennessee volunteers. In 1849 he went with\\nthe great throng of fortune _\\nhunters to the gold fields\\nof California, but soon re-\\nturned to Tennessee. At\\nthe beginning of the Civil\\nWar he was made a briga-\\ndier general in the Con-\\nfederate Army and served\\nwith distinguished honor\\nthroughout the war, rising\\nto the rank of major gen-\\neral. He was a stern, hard\\nfighter, but a kind man,\\nmuch l)eloved by his sol-\\ndiers, who affectionately called him Old Frank. Of\\ncourse they never used this title in speaking to their gen-\\neral, but around their camp fires they rarely gave him any\\nother. It is a custom among soldiers to nickname the\\ncommanders they love.\\nAfter the Civil War General Cheatham returned to\\nNashville. When General Grant became President he\\noffered General Cheatham an appointment in the civil\\nservice of the United States, but Cheatham did not accept\\nit. The two men were warm ])crsona] friends, though\\nthey had taken opposite sides in the war. In 1872 Gen-\\neral Cheatham, Andrew Johnson, and Horace Ma3mard\\nwere candidates for congressman at large. That is, Ten-\\nnessee was entitled to one more representative in Congress\\nBenjamin Franklin Cheatham", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "212\\nTHE CIVIL WAR\\nthan there were districts in the state, so one representative\\nhad to be elected by the votes of all the people of the\\nstate. Maynard was elected. In 1875 Cheatham was\\nmade Superintendent of State Prisons, and held the posi-\\ntion for four years. In 1885 he was appointed postmas-\\nter at Nashville, but died in September, 1886.\\nNathan Bedford Forrest was born in Bedford County,\\nTennessee, in 1821. Of his youth we know very little.\\nIn 1842 he moved to Her-\\nnando, Mississippi, and be-\\ncame a cotton planter. Ten\\nyears afterward he was liv-\\ning in Memphis. In 1861\\nhe joined the Confederate\\nArmy, and served through-\\nout the war, rising steadily\\nin rank until he became a\\nlieutenant general. He was\\na military genius, and per-\\nhaps the greatest soldier\\nthat Tennessee has ever pro-\\nduced. Without military\\neducation or training he be-\\ncame one of the greatest commanders of the war. He\\nnever lost a battle that he had planned himself, and never\\nallowed his army to be surprised and forced to fight at\\ndisadvantage. He failed a few times under orders of\\nother commanders. The story of all his daring and bril-\\nliant feats would be as thrilling as the wildest tales of the\\nScottish border.\\nAfter the Civil War General Forrest devoted himself to\\nbusiness in Memphis, and became president of the Mem-\\nphis and Selma Railroad. He died in October, 1877.\\n^xV\\nNathan Bedford Forrest", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "PAMOUS TENNESSEEANS\\n213\\nMatthew Fontaine Maury\\nMatthew Fontaine Maury was born in Virginia in 1806,\\nbut was reared and educated in Tennessee. In 1825 he\\nentered the United States navy. While other young offi-\\ncers were froUcking, Maury\\nwould be drawing chalk\\nfigures on cannon balls to\\nhelp him in learning the\\nproblems of navigation.\\nIn 1827 he made a cruise\\naround the world, and gained\\na personal knowledge of\\ncountries and people that\\nafterward made his geogra-\\nphies such charming books.\\nIn 1 83 1 he was made com-\\nmander of the ship Fal-\\nmoutJi, and ordered to the\\nPacific Ocean. In 1834 he published his book on navi-\\ngation, which was made the text for study at the Naval\\nAcademy. In 1837 he had a fall which broke his right\\nleg at the knee, and made him a cripple for life. After\\nthis accident he was assigned to shore duty at Washington.\\nMaury made important reforms in the navy, established\\nthe National Observatory, directed the soundings of the\\nsea that resulted in the laying of ocean cables, or subma-\\nrine telegraph hues, started the signal service and weather\\nbureau, wrote a physical geography of the sea, and a series\\nof geographies for use in schools. He has added more\\nto our scientific knowledge of the sea and the winds than\\nany other man that has ever lived. When the Civil War be-\\ngan he took part with the Confederacy. He died in 1877.\\nDavid Glascoe Farragut was born in Knox County, Ten-\\nnessee, in 1 80 1. When nine years old he was put into the", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "214\\nTHE CIVIL WAR\\nUnited States Navy to be trained for a naval officer. Like\\nMaury, he attended to his business, studied and worked\\nwell. As a boy he took part in the war with England in\\n1812, and afterward, as he rose in rank, saw much service\\nat many naval stations at\\nhome and abroad. In\\n1 86 1 he adhered to the\\nUnion, and was sent to\\nthe Gulf of Mexico to as-\\nsist in the blockade of the\\nsouthern ports. He soon\\nshowed himself to be the\\nablest officer in the navy.\\nIn April, 1862, he went\\nup the Mississippi River\\nand captured New Or-\\nleans, though it was well\\ndefended by forts, gun-\\nboats, and floating bat-\\nteries. In 1864 he fought\\nthe fiercest naval battle of the war except one, and cap-\\ntured the city of Mobile. In recognition of distinguished\\nservices Congress created for him the special rank of\\nvice admiral. Only the most prominent of his actions\\nhave been mentioned. He is considered the greatest of\\nall the American commanders on the ocean. He died\\nin 1870.\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?\\nMake a list of the seven Tennesseeans described in this chapter.\\nStudy each carefully, and see what you can learn of these famous\\nmen from other sources as well as from these short sketches.\\nDavid Glascoe Farragut", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "Period V. 1865- 1900\\nTHE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR\\nCHAPTER XXX\\nDOMESTIC RECONSTRUCTION\\nThe years that immediately followed the close of the\\nCivil War were years of strife and gloom. The Union\\nmen thought that they had been badly treated by the Con-\\nfederates, and the Confederates thought they had been\\nshamefully wronged by the Union men. Each party was\\nangry and defiant.\\nThe battles and raids and marches, to and fro, of both\\narmies had destroyed millions of dollars worth of prop-\\nerty. The horses and mules had been taken by the sol-\\ndiers for use in the army, hogs and cattle had been killed\\nfor meat, grain and hay had been wasted and hauled away,\\nstores and residences had been robbed and burned, wagons\\nand farming tools had been destroyed, the people had very\\nlittle money to buy anything and were almost without\\nclothing and food.\\nThe negroes had been told that they were going to be\\nset free and, in their childish way of thinking, they con-\\nsidered that freedom meant freedom from work. So most\\nof them, especially the young and thoughtless, quit work\\nand started out in quest of pleasure.\\n215", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "2l6 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVH. WAR\\nThe four years of war had broken up the courts and\\nalmost destroyed the whole force of civil law. Worthless\\nand vicious men had discovered that they could do almost\\nas they pleased if they kept themselves out of the hands\\nof army officers, and they were very careful to do that.\\nThey roamed over the country, insulting, abusing, and rob-\\nbing people, until no one felt safe even in his own house.\\nThousands of the bravest and best men of the state had\\nbeen killed in battle, and thousands more were maimed for\\nlife. Widows, orphans, and desolate homes were seen all\\nover the land. Churches and schoolhouses had been con-\\nverted into hospitals and many of them burned, when\\nabandoned, sometimes to prevent the spreading of dis-\\neases, sometimes out of genuine meanness. Everywhere\\nwere ashes, desolation, and grief.\\nThis is a dark picture of the conditions in Tennessee\\nin the spring of 1865, but it is a correct one for most of\\nthe state. The people, however, were not of a stock to\\nsit down and give themselves up to despair. They went\\nto work as best they could to reconstruct their fortunes.\\nMen with one arm or one leg hitched a little ox to the\\nplow, if they could not get a horse or a mule, and made a\\ncrop. Everybody went to work, cotton was at a very high\\nprice, and in the fall the people had some money mer-\\nchants began to bring in goods, mechanics opened shops,\\nand all branches of business began to revive. The negroes\\nsoon learned that they could not live on freedom and the\\ntalk of demagogues and carpetbaggers, and they went to\\nwork. Their labor aided materially in the return of\\nprosperity.\\nThese results were obtained slowly and in the midst of\\ndifficulties. The war left few people in the state with any\\nproperty except their land. The social and industrial", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "DOMESTIC RECONSTRUCTION 21/\\norganization of the country had to be reconstructed.\\nIn other words, the people had to begin life anew, very\\nmuch as their pioneer ancestors had done when they\\nentered the state, but under very different conditions.\\nBetween 1865 and 1870, in spite of financial ruin, ill-\\njudged national legislation, and the most perplexing and\\ncomplicated domestic problems, the men and women of\\nTennessee succeeded in starting the revival of the fallen\\nfortunes of their state. This was done, too, under politi-\\ncal conditions that were a strange compound of civil law,\\nanarchy, and military despotism.\\nIt is very hard for people who did not live in that period\\nto understand the conditions. We must remember that\\npart of the people of Tennessee had been for the Union\\nand part for the Confederacy. Where all, or very nearly\\nall, of the people had been for the Union, law and order\\nwere soon restored. The same was true where all had\\nbeen for the Confederacy. In sections where the people\\nwere divided in opinion the bitterness and rancor of party\\nfeeling caused trouble. Lawless characters took advan-\\ntage of this, and stirred up strife for their own selfish ends.\\nThere were some sections of this kind where only military\\nforce could have kept the peace. The military force, how-\\never, was not always wisely used, and in some instances\\nits presence produced only anger and defiance of law.\\nThus we see that in some parts of the state there was\\nquiet civil law in some, military authority and in some,\\nvery little government of any kind.\\nThe pioneers of Tennessee were a brave, patient, hardy\\nrace of whom their descendants are justly proud. The\\npresent generation of boys and girls in Tennessee have as\\njust cause for pride in their parents and grandparents of\\nthe war and the Reconstruction Period, They faced\\nTENN. HIST. 14", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "2l8 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVH. WAR\\ndangers that were as gr^eat and difficulties as serious as\\nany that ever tried the souls of the pioneers. They met\\nevery trial with a courage and fortitude worthy of their\\nheroic ancestors, and have left to their children an inheri-\\ntance of immortal fame.\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?\\n1 When did the Civil War begin and when did it end\\n2. Views of Confederates and Unionists.\\n3. Destruction of property by the war.\\n4. The negroes and freedom.\\n5. Effects of the war on civil government.\\n6. The killed and maimed.\\n7. Churches and schoolhouses.\\n8. The dark picture.\\n9. Spirit of the people.\\n10. Effects of the first crop.\\n11. Change in the negroes opinions.\\n12. Property after the war.\\n13. Domestic reconstruction.\\n14. Conditions between 1865 and 1870.\\n15. Division of the people in Tennessee.\\n16. Quiet sections of the country.\\n17. Disturbed sections.\\n18. The people of i860 to 1870 compared with the pioneers.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXI\\nPOLITICAL RECONSTRUCTION\\nFrom 1862 to March 4, 1865, Andrew Johnson was\\nMihtary Governor of Tennessee. In January, 1864, he\\ntried to restore civil government in the state under Federal\\nauthority. He ordered an election of county officers in all\\nof the counties that were under control of the Federal\\nArmy, but the people refused to vote or to take any part in\\nthis scheme, and the election was a total failure.\\nIn November, 1864, a President and a Vice President of\\nthe United States were to be elected. Lincoln and John-\\nson were the candidates of the Republican party, and\\nMcClellan and Pendleton of the Democratic party. In\\nSeptember, 1864, a Union convention met at Nashville\\nand nominated Lincoln and Johnson electors for the state.\\nThey prescribed an oath to be taken by all voters, and\\ncalled a mass meeting of the Union men of the state for\\nJanuary 9, 1865, to select delegates to a convention to\\nrevise the constitution of Tennessee.\\nThe Democratic electors objected to the oath prescribed\\nby the Nashville Convention and withdrew their names\\nfrom the contest. The Republican electors received all\\nthe votes that were cast, but the vote of Tennessee was not\\ncounted in the Presidential election of 1864, though a\\nTennesseean was elected Vice President.\\nThe revision convention met as provided, and adopted\\na number of amendments to the constitution of the state,\\n219", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "220\\nTHE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR\\namong them one forever abolishing slavery. These\\namendments were submitted to a vote of the people and\\nratified February 22, 1865. The thirteenth amendment to\\nthe Constitution of the United States, abolishing slavery,\\nwas not adopted until December 18, 1865, and President\\nLincoln s Emancipation Proclamation, of January i, 1863,\\ndid not include Tennessee. Tennessee freed her own\\nnegroes. Neither Lincoln s proclamation nor the thir-\\nteenth amendment had any part in it, and the real emanci-\\npation day in Tennessee is the anniversary of Washington s\\nbirthday.\\nAn election for state officers under the amended consti-\\ntution was provided for by the convention, and members\\nof the legislature were elected March 4, 1865, and Wilham\\nG. Brownlow was elected\\ngovernor.\\nWilliam Gannaway\\nBrownlow was born in Vir-\\nginia in 1805. He learned\\nthe trade of a house car-\\npenter, but abandoned it\\nearly in life and became a\\nMethodist minister. In\\n1828 he came to Tennes-\\nsee, and in 1839 became a\\nlocal preacher at Jonesboro\\nand editor of TJic WJiig.\\nHe moved to Knoxville,\\ntransferred TJie Whig to\\nthat city, and continued its publication until the begin-\\nning of the war. This paper had a very large circulation\\nand was one of the most independent, sarcastic, and abusive\\nnewspapers ever published in the state. Mr. Brownlow\\nWilliam Gannaway Brownlow", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "POLITICAL RECONSTRUCTION 221\\npreached many sermons, defended the institution of slavery\\nin debate, ran for Congress against Andrew Johnson in 1843\\nand was defeated, wrote several books, the most famous of\\nwhich is called Parson Brownlow s Book. In this he gives\\nhis unpleasant experiences with the Confederates and his\\nviews on secession and the war. He was in every fiber a\\nsouthern Union man, and regarded secession as both fool-\\nish and wicked. He was a member of the convention that\\nrevised the constitution of the state, was elected Governor\\nof Tennessee in 1865, and again in 1867. In 1869 he was\\nsent to the United States Senate, where he remained until\\n1875. He died at Knoxville in April, 1877.\\nThe four years from 1865 to 1869 have generally been\\ncalled the Brownlow Period. It was the time of Re-\\nconstruction, and exhibited in its details almost every\\nphase of the stormiest revolutionary tendencies, and the\\nvilest political and personal animosities. All persons who\\nhad either directly or indirectly taken any part in the war\\nagainst the Union, or who had in any way given aid or\\nsympathy to the Confederacy, were not allowed to vote at\\nany election. This placed the control of the state in the\\nhands of a minority of the people.\\nIn East Tennessee the voters were usually good and\\nrespectable citizens. In the other divisions of the state\\nthis was true to a limited extent, but a majority of those\\nallowed to vote in Middle and West Tennessee constituted\\nan unsavory lot. The legislature passed franchise\\nacts which gave the governor almost unlimited control\\nof elections, and authorized him to use the military power\\nof the state to enforce these acts. Those who were not\\nallowed to vote became indignant and defiant, and opposed\\nand embarrassed the state government in every possible\\nway.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "222\\nTHE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR\\nA part of the Union men advocated a more liberal policy\\nand were called Conservatives the others were called\\nRadicals. In 1867 the Radicals nominated Governor\\nBrownlow for reelection the Conservatives nominated\\nEmerson Etheridge. The Conservative nomination was\\nuseless. The legislature had given the governor all\\npower over elections, and he issued a proclamation which\\nplainly showed that he intended to use it for the purpose\\nof having himself reelected. After a short canvass, in\\nwhich there was more personal abuse, fighting, lynching,\\nand violence of every kind than was ever before known\\nin the state, Etheridge withdrew and Governor Brownlow\\nwas elected.\\nEmerson Etheridge was born in North Carolina in 1819,\\nand came to Tennessee when a boy. He began the prac-\\ntice of law in 1840. In\\n1845 he was elected mem-\\nber of the legislature from\\nWeakley County. He\\nwas a Whig member of\\nCongress from 1853 to\\n1857. Ii^ 1857 he was\\ndefeated by the Demo-\\ncratic candidate, J. D. C.\\nAtkins, but in 1859 de-\\nfeated Atkins. When\\nthe troubles arose be-\\ntween the states he was\\na decided Union man and\\ndid all in his power to\\nkeep Tennessee from seceding. From 1861 to 1863 he\\nwas clerk of the House of Representatives at Washington.\\nIn 1867 he was a candidate for governor, but withdrew\\nEmerson Etheridge", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "POLITICAL RECONSTRUCTION 223\\nbefore the election. In 1869 he was sent from Weakley\\nCounty to the state Senate. In 1878 he was offered the\\nRepublican nomination for the governorship, but declined\\nit. He is still living on his farm near Dresden, full of the\\npatriotic memories of the past which he enjoys rehears-\\ning to young people.\\nIn February, 1869, Governor Brownlow was chosen\\nUnited States senator. D. W. C. Senter, speaker of the\\nstate Senate, became governor by succession until the\\nelection in August of that year. In May, 1869, the Re-\\npublican convention disagreed, as they had done in 1867.\\nThe Conservatives nominated Senter for governor, and\\nthe Radicals William B. Stokes. Senter now had the\\nsame power that Brownlow had in 1867, and he used it\\nto have himself elected. He ordered the election com-\\nmissioners to issue certificates, or permits to vote, to all\\nactual citizens of the state. All the Democrats united\\nwith the Conservatives, and Senter was easily elected. A\\nDemocratic and Conservative legislature was also chosen,\\nand the state government was again in the hands of officers\\nelected by a majority of all the people.\\nDe Witt Clinton Senter was born in McMinn County,\\nTennessee, in 1834. He received only a common school\\neducation. From 1857 to 1861 he represented Grainger\\nCounty in the legislature. When the war began he took\\nsuch strong ground for the Union that he was for a time\\nimprisoned by the Confederate authorities. From 1865\\nto 1869 he was a member of the state Senate, and was\\nchosen speaker of the Senate in the year LS6y. When\\nBrownlow was made United States Senator in February,\\n1869, Senter became governor by succession, and was\\nelected governor in August of the same year. He died\\nin 1897.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "224 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVH. WAR\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?\\n1. Civil and military governors.\\n2. Johnson s effort to restore civil government.\\n3. Presidential candidates in 1864.\\n4. The Union Convention at Nashville.\\n5. The Democratic electors and presidential vote of Tennessee.\\n6. Revising the state constitution.\\n7. Emancipation in Tennessee.\\n8. State elections in 1865.\\n9. Sketch of Governor Brownlow.\\n10. Character of the Brownlow Period. Date.\\n1 1 The state in the hands of a minority.\\n12. Voters in the three divisions of the state.\\n13. The Franchise Acts.\\n14. Radicals and Conservatives.\\n15. Nominations for governor in 1867.\\n16. Character of canvass and result.\\n17. Sketch of Emerson Etheridge.\\n18. Governor by succession in 1869.\\n19. Convention of 1869, and nominations.\\n20. Result of elections in August.\\n21. Sketch of Governor Senter.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXII\\nSENTER S ADMINISTRATION, 1869-1871\\nBefore we take up Governor Senter s administration you\\nmust have some explanation of a few things that affected\\nother southern states more than they did Tennessee, but\\nstill had much influence in\\nour own state.\\nAt the close of the Civil\\nWar all of the seceding\\nstates were placed under\\nmilitary government. Con-\\ngress then began to discuss\\nplans of government for\\nthese states in the future.\\nPresident Johnson had his\\nplans, and Congress had\\nquite different ones. The\\nplans of Congress were\\nadopted. What were called\\nprovisional governments\\nwere organized under Federal authority in all of these\\nstates except Tennessee. This scheme was called Re-\\nconstruction.\\nThese provisional governments had the form of reg-\\nular state governments, but were really under control of\\nthe Federal army. In the states undergoing Recon-\\nstruction the actual citizens who had been in any way\\n225\\nDe Witt Clinton Senter", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "226 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVH. WAR\\nconnected with the Confederacy were not allowed to take\\nany part in the government. The negroes and a great\\nnumber of worthless men from the North, called carpet-\\nbaggers, did almost all the voting, and the carpetbaggers\\nheld nearly all of the offices. These men were called\\ncarpetbaggers because they did not have any interest in\\nthe state, and owned no more property in it than could be\\ncarried in a carpetbag. They never intended to remain in\\nthe state and become good citizens, but were a set of adven-\\nturers who meant to plunder the people and then leave the\\ncountry.\\nThese carpetbaggers wished to keep the negroes under\\ntheir own control so that they might be sure of their votes\\nat every election. To do this they organized a secret polit-\\nical society called the Loyal League and persuaded all\\nthe negroes to join it; promising them great things if they\\ndid so, and threatening disgrace and danger if they did not.\\nThis Loyal League did some deeds of violence and crime.\\nBad men who never belonged to it, as well as those who\\ndid, used its name as a cloak for villainies of every charac-\\nter, and the League became a nuisance and a terror. The\\ncourts afforded no protection, as the judges of the courts\\nwere usually members of the League.\\nCarpetbaggers never held power in Tennessee, as there\\nwere plenty of genuine Union citizens in the state to keep\\nthem out, and the people of the state did their own recon-\\nstructing. The Loyal League, however, was organized\\nin Tennessee, and in some places showed many of its worst\\nfeatures. It either encouraged idleness and crime or was\\nmade an excuse for these things.\\nIn opposition to the League there grew up another\\nsecret organization called the Ku Klux Klan. There is\\nno authentic history of the Klan. Its members would", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "SENTER S ADMINISTRATION, 1869-187]\\n227\\nnever say much about it, and would write nothing at all.\\nNo one else could give correct information. A committee\\nof Congress made extensive investigations, but their pub-\\nHshed report reveals only the fact that they learned in\\nreality very little about it.\\nAs good authority as we have says the order was organ-\\nized first at Pulaski, Tennessee, in the fall of 1866, by\\nsome young men whose object\\nwas amusement. They\\nadopted grotesque and\\noutlandish disguises,\\ny^ and went about fright-\\nening superstitious ne-\\ngroes. A member of\\nthis Klan would con-\\nceal a large rubber\\nbag under his black\\nrobe, with a tube ex-\\ntending from the\\nbag up under his\\ndisguise to about the\\nposition of his mouth.\\nThe whole party, in their\\nhideous uniforms, would\\nthen go to some negro s house\\nand ask for water. When the\\nwater was brought the leader\\nwould take the bucket, appar-\\nently drink the whole pailful, and then ask for more.\\nAfter seeming to drink two or three pails of water he\\nwould thank the amazed negro, and tell him that it was\\nthe first drink of water he had taken since the battle of\\nShiloh. This usually brought on the climax, the negro\\nKu KIux Klan", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "228 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR\\ndropped the bucket and took to his heels, supposing the\\nman to be the ghost of some soldier who had been killed\\nin battle.\\nThe young men soon learned that they could scare the\\nwits out of a Loyal League meeting, and turned their order\\ninto a band of regulators for the protection of society. It\\ngrew and spread rapidly until it extended over the whole\\nSouth, and almost entirely suppressed the Loyal League.\\nAfter the organization became powerful, bad men used it\\nfor improper purposes. Just as in the case of the Loyal\\nLeague, many outrages were committed in its name by\\nmen who were never members of the Ku Klux Klan.\\nThese bad acts caused the hostility of the state govern-\\nment, and the congressional investigation.\\nAs law and order became more firmly established in the\\nhands of all the people, the Ku Klux Klan died out. In\\nthe early part of Governor Senter s administration there\\nwere serious Ku Klux outrages, but public sentiment\\nagainst them was constantly growing stronger, and at the\\nclose of his term they had almost passed away. A new\\norder of affairs was beginning in the state, and new ques-\\ntions, that had little to do with the old grudges of the war,\\nwere claiming public attention.\\nIn the legislature which met in October, 1869, the Dem-\\nT)crats had a majority in both the House and the Senate.\\nThe business before the new legislature was about this\\n1. To provide for maintaining the public credit.\\n2. To limit or restrain the power of the governor.\\n3. To restore to all respectable citizens the right to vote.\\n4. To suppress the lawless acts of those supposed to\\nbelong to the Ku Klux Klan or the Loyal League.\\n5. To provide for a new constitution suited to the\\nchanged conditions of the state.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "SENTER S ADMINISTRATION, 1869-1871 229\\nThey passed a resolution to sustain the credit of the\\nstate, and appointed a committee to investigate the state\\ndebt and the railroads to which bonds had been issued.\\nThe laws which gave extraordinary powers to the governor\\nwere repealed, and a bill was passed restoring the right to\\nvote to all male citizens who had been living six months in\\nthe state. There was a severe Federal law against the Ku\\nKlux, and under it some of them had been sent to the peni-\\ntentiary. The part of Governor Senter s message relating\\nto the Ku Klux was therefore passed over without action.\\nThe most important work of this legislature was an act\\nproviding for a constitutional convention to be held at\\nNashville in January, 1870. This act was submitted to a\\nvote of the people on the third Saturday in December,\\n1869, and was approved by a very large majority. The\\nconvention met at the time appointed, made many changes\\nin the old constitution of the state, and added some new\\nfeatures. They submitted their work to a vote of the\\npeople in May, 1870, and it was ratified. This constitu-\\ntion is the one under which we now live, the one printed\\nin this book.\\nThe close of Governor Senter s administration marks the\\nend of Republican rule in Tennessee. There has been\\none Republican governor since that time, but only for one\\nterm, and so brief was that period that Democrats never\\nreally lost control of the affairs of the state. The Demo-\\ncratic convention of 1870 nominated John C. Brown for\\ngovernor. The Republicans nominated W. H. Wisener.\\nBrown was elected, receiving nearly twice as many votes\\nas his opponent.\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?\\n1 Condition of the seceding states at the close of the war.\\n2. President Johnson and Congress.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "230 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR\\n3. Reconstruction.\\n4. Provisional governments.\\n5. Carpetbaggers.\\n6. The Loyal League.\\n7. Abuses of the organization.\\n8. Carpetbaggers in Tennessee.\\n9. The Loyal League in Tennessee.\\n10. The Ku Klux Klan.\\n1 1 Difficulty of getting information about it.\\n12. Probable origin of Ku Klux, (The name is said to have been de-\\nrived from the Greek word, kuklos^ which means a circle.)\\n13. Amusing pranks of the early Ku Klux.\\n14. Change in the order.\\n1 5 Abuses of its power.\\n16. Dying out of the Klan.\\n17. New public issues.\\n18. Items of business before Governor Senter s legislature.\\n19. Forming the Constitution of 1870.\\n20. The end of Republican rule in Tennessee.\\n21. Nominees for governor in 1870. and result of election.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXIII\\nADMINISTRATIONS OF JOHN C. BROWN, 1871-1875\\nJohn C. Brown was born in Giles County, Tennessee,\\nin 1827. When only twenty-one years old he began the\\npractice of law at Pulaski. When the war began, in 1861,\\nhe was a successful lawyer\\nand prominent citizen of\\nhis county. He joined the\\nConfederate Army as a\\ncaptain of infantry, served\\ngallantly through the\\nwhole war, and rose by\\nsuccessive steps to the\\nrank of major general. At\\nthe close of the war he re-\\nsumed his law practice at\\nPulaski. He was president\\nof the constitutional con-\\nvention of 1870, and per-\\nformed his delicate and difficult duties as presiding officer\\nwith rare tact and ability. He was Governor of Tennessee\\nfrom 1 87 1 to 1875, defeating W. H. Wisener in 1870, and\\nAlfred A. Freeman in 1872. He was the third governor\\nwho bore the name of Brown, and was a brother of Gov-\\nernor Neill S. Brown. After the expiration of his second\\nterm as governor he became an official of the Texan Pacific\\nRailroad, and soon afterward its president. He died in\\nJohn C. Brown\\n231", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "232 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR\\nMany of the exciting and vexing questions that had\\nbeen prominent in the state since 1861 had practically\\npassed away when General Brown was made governor.\\nThere were two very important subjects to be considered\\nin the period of his administrations.\\n1. The settlement of the state debt.\\n2. The organization of a public school system.\\nThe state debt is a difficult subject to understand. The\\nbest short history of it is to be found in Governor Bate s\\nmessage to the legislature of 1883. It is not best to at-\\ntempt to give my young readers anything more than an\\noutline of what it is and how it was created.\\nFrom 1796 to 1833 there was no such thing as a state\\ndebt in Tennessee. Enough of taxes to pay the necessary\\nexpenses of the state government was levied, collected,\\nand paid out each year, and there was usually a little\\nmoney left in the treasury. In 1833 the state, very un-\\nwisely, issued $500,000 in interest-bearing bonds and used\\nthe money received for these bonds to establish a bank.\\nAfter this more bonds were issued to buy the Hermitage,\\nto build the Capitol, and for several other purposes, until\\nthe state s own debt was more than $3,000,000 in 1861.\\nThis is what has been called the state debt proper.\\nThe internal improvement mania caused another\\nimmense debt. The state lent its credit to turnpike com-\\npanies, plank-road companies, and railroads, until they\\ncreated a debt of nearly $14,000,000 by the time the war\\nbegan in 186 1. It was never intended or expected that\\nthe state would be called upon to pay these bonds. The\\nstate was only a surety the companies were expected to\\nearn the money necessary to pay the interest and to take\\nup the bonds. The war came, stopped the business of the\\ncompanies, destroyed their property, and broke them up.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "ADMINISTRATIONS OF JOHN C. BROWN, 1871-1875 233\\nThe debt fell upon the state. This has been called the\\nstate aid debt.\\nAt the close of the war the turnpikes, railroads, etc.,\\nwere in such ruin that more state aid was given to\\nrepair them and to put new ones into operation. Thus\\nanother debt of nearly $14,000,000 was created. There\\nhad been no interest paid on any of the bonds from 1861\\nto 1865, and more bonds were issued to pay off the interest\\nthat had accumulated during the war. These issues of\\nbonds made between 1865 and 1869 have been called the\\nBrownlow debt. All taken together, good, doubtful,\\nand fraudulent, the state debt amounted to more than\\n$35,000,000 when Governor Brown went into office in\\n1871.\\nThe governor s message to the legislature of 1871 and\\n1872 called special attention to this enormous debt, and\\nurged some settlement of it. The members of the legisla-\\nture in discussing the subject declared the state debt\\nproper to be just, and that all of it ought to be paid the\\nstate aid debt to be a hardship, and that the bond-\\nholders ought to bear part of the losses on that; the\\nBrownlow debt to have been created by doubtful and\\nperhaps illegal methods of a legislature that did not repre-\\nsent the taxpayers of the state, and that none of it ought\\nto be paid. They did a great deal of talking and speech-\\nmaking and political wrangling, and very little of any-\\nthing else on the subject before them.\\nThe elections of 1872 were especially exciting in Ten-\\nnessee. Governor Brown was a candidate for reelection,\\nand the Republicans were putting forth every effort to\\ndefeat him. Andrew Johnson, Horace Maynard, and B.\\nF. Cheatham were candidates for congressman in the state\\nat large. General Grant was a candidate for reelection to\\nTENN. HIST. 15", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "234 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR\\nthe Presidency and was opposed by Horace Greeley, an\\nable and distinguished Liberal Republican of New York.\\nIn the great political excitement and turmoil the state debt\\nreceived little consideration, and almost nothing was done\\nfor it in Governor Brown s administrations.\\nThe public school question fared better. The legislators\\nknew that the people needed schools whether the state\\ndebt was paid or not. That could wait, but the children\\nwere growing up, and they could not wait. The negroes\\nhad been made citizens and had no education. It was\\nconsidered both wise and humane to give them education\\nto fit them as quickly as possible for their new duties.\\nIn 1873 a school law was passed which provided for\\na State Superintendent of Public Instruction, a county\\nsuperintendent in each county, city superintendents where-\\never necessary, and a board of three school directors in\\neach school district. Schools for white children and those\\nfor colored children were to be organized and conducted\\nseparately.\\nThe legislature levied a state tax to pay the expenses of\\nthese schools, and authorized counties and cities to levy\\nadditional taxes for the same purpose. The tax was small,\\nbut the people had lost most of their property by the\\nravages of war, and a heavy debt was hanging over them.\\nA less heroic race would never have undertaken such a\\ntask under the conditions that then existed.\\nJohn M. Fleming, a scholarly and accomplished gentle-\\nman of Knoxville, was appointed state superintendent, and\\nthe school law of 1873 went into operation. It has been\\namended and considerably changed since its passage, but\\nin its important features it is the school law of to-day,\\nthe law under which the public schools of Tennessee are\\nnow conducted.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "ADMINISTRATIONS OF JOHN C. BROWN, 1 871-1875 235\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?\\n1. Sketch of Governor John C. Brown.\\n2. Troublesome questions from 1861 to 1869.\\n3. The two important subjects in Governor Brown s administrations.\\n4. State finances before 1833.\\n5. The state debt proper.\\n6. The state aid debt.\\n7. The Brownlow debt.\\n8. The entire debt in 1871.\\n9. The legislature of 187 1 and 1872, and the state debt.\\n10. The three exciting political contests in 1872.\\n1 1 Importance of public schools.\\n12. School officials according to the law of 1873.\\n13. How are our pubhc schools supported\\n14. Condition of the people when the school law was passed.\\n15. First state superintendent under the new law.\\n16. The school law of 1873 that of the present time.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXIV\\nADMINISTRATIONS OF PORTER AND MARKS, 1875-1881\\nIn the Democratic convention of 1874 there were not\\nless than a dozen men who wished to be nominated for\\ngovernor, and in the Repubhcan convention there were\\nnearly as many. The Democrats nominated James D.\\nPorter, and the Republicans Horace Maynard. Porter was\\nelected by a majority of more than forty-seven thousand\\nvotes. The next year Maynard was sent by President\\nGrant as United States min-\\nister to Turkey.\\nJames D. Porter was born\\nat Paris, Tennessee, in 1828.\\nHe was educated at the Uni-\\nversity of Nashville, and be-\\ngan the practice of law at\\nParis in 185 1. He was a\\nmember of the legislature\\nfrom 1859 to i86i,and took\\nan active part in the exciting\\nevents attending secession.\\nHe was General Pillow s ad-\\niutant s^eneral and assisted\\nJames D. Porter J\\nin organizing the troops.\\nAfterward he became General Cheatham s chief of staff\\nand served in that position through the war. In 1865\\nhe resumed the practice of law at Paris. He was a\\n236", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "PORTER AND MARKS, 1875-1881 237\\nmember of the constitutional convention of 1870, and\\njudge of the circuit court of his district from 1870 until he\\nwas nominated for governor in 1874. He was Governor\\nof Tennessee from 1875 to 1879. After the close of his\\nlast term as governor he became president of the Nashville,\\nChattanooga, and St. Louis Railroad and resigned after\\nfour years service. In 1885 President Cleveland appointed\\nhim Assistant Secretary of State. In 1887 he resigned\\nthis office and withdrew from political life. He lives as a\\nprivate citizen at Paris, Tennessee is one of the trustees\\nof the Peabody Educational Fund, and a member of the\\nBoard of Trustees of the University of Nashville, at which\\nhe was educated.\\nIn 1875 Andrew Johnson was elected United States\\nsenator from Tennessee, but died in July of the same year.\\nGovernor Porter appointed David M. Key of Chattanooga\\nto fill the unexpired term of Senator Johnson. In 1877\\nPresident Hayes appointed Mr. Key Postmaster General.\\nThis was a notable appointment, as Mr. Key was a Demo-\\ncrat, had been a Confederate soldier, and was with one\\nexception the first Cabinet officer appointed from a seced-\\ning state after the war.\\nThis appointment showed clearly that the President cf\\nthe United States wished the people to understand that the\\nold war grudges ought to be forgotten. Mr. Key resigned\\nhis Cabinet office in 1880 to accept the office of judge\\nof the federal court for the district of East Tennessee.\\nHorace Maynard was recalled from Turkey to be made\\nPostmaster General. Thus two distinguished Tennesseeans\\nheld this office during one presidential term.\\nIn 1878 the Democratic convention nominated Albert\\nS. Marks for governor the Republicans nominated Emer-\\nson Etheridge. Marks was elected.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "238\\nTHE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR\\nAlbert S. Marks\\nAlbert S. Marks was born in Kentucky in 1836. He\\ncame to Tennessee when a youth, and in 1858 began the\\npractice of law at Winches-\\nter. When secession was\\nfirst proposed he was a\\nUnion man, but when the\\nwar began he joined the\\nConfederate Army and be-\\ncame colonel of a regiment.\\nIn the battle of Murfrees-\\nboro he made a record for\\ngallantry that placed his\\nname on the Confederate\\nroll of honor, but received\\na wound that caused the\\nloss of one leg. After the\\nwar he resumed the practice of law. In 1870 he was\\nelected judge of the chancery court and remained in this\\nposition until nominated for governor in 1878. He was\\nGovernor of Tennessee from 1879 to 188 1. He died at\\nNashville in 1891.\\nThe administrations of Porter and Marks were noted for\\nthe wonderful advances made by the people of the state in\\nbuilding up what the war had destroyed. New churches,\\nnew schoolhouses, new residences, new stores, new factories,\\nnew industries of every kind, were springing up all over\\nthe state. It was a time of peace and growth. The towns\\nespecially moved forward in prosperity, and increased very\\nrapidly in wealth and population.\\nIn state politics the debt of Tennessee was the all-\\nabsorbing question, and it seemed as if almost every man\\nin the state had an idea of his own as to how it ought to\\nbe settled. Some wished to pay it all, some wished to pay", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "PORTER AND MARKS, 1875-1881 239\\na part of it, and some wished to pay none. You must\\nunderstand that a state cannot be sued in court and forced\\nto pay its debts as an individual can. The payment of a\\nstate debt is a matter of honor with the people of that state.\\nIf they refuse to pay it, the creditors have no way to help\\nthemselves.\\nIn the winter of 1876 the state s creditors proposed to\\nGovernor Porter to take three fifths, or sixty cents on the\\ndollar, with six per cent interest, as payment in full of all\\ntheir claims. The governor called the legislature together\\nand submitted the proposition to them, strongly recom-\\nmending that it be accepted. After carefully considering\\nthe question, seemingly with a view to getting the greatest\\nnumber of votes for themselves at the next election, the\\nlegislature adjourned and went home without having done\\nanything. This was the end of what was called the sixty\\nand six compromise.\\nGovernor Marks was as anxious for a settlement of the\\nstate debt as Governor Porter had been, and urged the\\nlegislature of 1879 to do something with the vexed ques-\\ntion. An act was passed settling the debt at fifty cents on\\nthe dollar with four per cent interest. Most of the credi-\\ntors were wiUing to accept this, but when the act was sub-\\nmitter to a vote of the people it was rejected. This was the\\nend of what was known as the fifty and four proposition.\\nBetween 1875 and 1880 there had grown up in the\\nUnited States a new political party called the Greenback\\nparty. One of their doctrines was that the government\\nshould issue more treasury notes so as to make money\\nmore plentiful. The backs of these notes were printed\\nwith green ink, -and the notes were therefore called green-\\nbacks. The party took its name from the money it advo-\\ncated.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "240 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR\\nIn 1880 the Democrats were divided on the state debt\\nquestion, and Governor Marks refused to be a candidate\\nfor reelection. The fifty and four or state-credit Dem-\\nocrats nominated John V. Wright for governor. The low-\\ntax Democrats nominated S. F. Wilson. The Greenback\\nparty nominated R. M. Edwards. The Republicans\\ndeclared themselves in favor of settling the state debt\\naccording to the wish or consent of the creditors, and\\nnominated Alvin Hawkins, who was easily elected on\\naccount of the strife and divisions among the Democrats.\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?\\n1. Nominations for governor, and election in 1874.\\n2. Sketch of Governor Porter.\\n3. The United States senator elected in 1875.\\n4. President Hayes s first Postmaster General.\\n5. Why this appointment was remarkable.\\n6. Hayes s second Postmaster General.\\n7. Nominations for governor and election in 1878.\\n8. Sketch of Governor Marks.\\n9. Progress of the state during Porter s and Marks s administrations.\\n10. The main issue in state politics.\\n11. Different ideas on the settlement of the state debt.\\n12. How could a state be brought into a court for trial\\n13. Proposition of the bond owners to Governor Porter.\\n14. Action of the legislature on the proposition.\\n15. What is meant by the sixty and six compromise\\n16. Governor Marks s feeling about the state debt.\\n17. Action of the legislature of 1879.\\n18. Vote of the people on the act.\\n19. What is meant by the fifty and four proposition\\n20. The Greenback party.\\n21. Governor Marks s refusal to be nominated for reelection.\\n22. Nominations of governor, and election of 1880.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXV\\nHAWKINS S AND BATE S ADMINISTRATIONS, 1881-1887\\nAlvin Hawkins was born in Kentucky in 1821, but\\ncame to Tennessee when only five years old. He received\\na good education and in his early manhood was a teacher.\\nIn 1843 he began the practice\\nof law at Huntingdon. In\\n1853 he was elected from Car-\\nroll County to a seat in the leg-\\nislature. When the troubles\\nhe was an\\nUnion man\\n1 his energy\\nsecession of\\n1862 he was\\nbegan\\nof 1861\\nuncompromismg\\nand put forth a\\nto prevent the\\nTennessee. In\\nAlvin Hawkins\\nelected to Congress, under\\nthe proclamation of Andrew\\nJohnson as military governor,\\nbut was not allowed to serve.\\nIn 1864 he was appointed Federal attorney for the western\\ndistrict of Tennessee. In 1865 he resigned this position\\nand was afterward appointed a judge of the supreme court\\nof the state. He held this position three years, resigning\\nin 1868, but in 1869 was elected to the same office.\\nThe constitution of 1870 displaced him, and he resumed\\nhis law practice. He was Governor of Tennessee from\\n1 88 1 to 1883. He is still living at his old home in Hunt-\\ningdon, Governor Hawkins s public career has been a\\n241", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "242 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR\\nlong one, and much of it in the midst of events and asso-\\nciations that besmirched many men. Through all of this\\nhe has passed with a clean record, and is a living example\\nof the fact that pubHc life does not corrupt a patriot.\\nGovernor Hawkins s message to the legislature of 1881,\\nlike those of preceding governors, urged the importance of\\nsettling the state debt. This was really the only important\\nquestion for consideration. An act was passed in April,\\n1 88 1, settling the state debt at dollar for dollar in full,\\nwith three per cent interest. This settlement was not sub-\\nmitted to a vote of the people, as the fifty and four prop-\\nosition had been. Henry J. Lynn, as representative of a\\nnumber of taxpayers, brought a suit in court to prevent\\nthe issue of the bonds. The Supreme Court of Tennessee\\ndecided the case in Lynn s favor and the hundred and\\nthree settlement was as dead as the fifty and four.\\nNevertheless the state debt was still very much alive,\\nand would not down at the bidding of either Democrats\\nor Republicans.\\nIn 1882 Governor Hawkins called an extra session of the\\nlegislature and told the members that they must try again\\nto settle this debt. They tried again by adopting what\\nhas been called the graded interest settlement. They\\npassed an act to settle the debt at sixty cents on the dollar\\nwith three per cent interest for the first two years, four\\nper cent for the next two years, five per cent for the next\\ntwo, and six per cent after that time. The creditors re-\\nfused this and the graded interest settlement went the\\nway of all previous attempts to down this mighty ghost of\\npast extravagance, war, and rascality.\\nIn 1882 the Democratic convention declared in favor of\\npaying the state debt proper in full, and the remainder\\nof the debt at fifty cents on the dollar with three per cent", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "HAWKINS AND BATE, 1881-1887\\n243\\ninterest, and nominated William B. Bate for governor. A\\npart of the Democrats, nicknamed Sky-Blues, objected\\nto this plan of settlement and nominated J. H. Fussell.\\nThe Republicans nominated Governor Hawkins for reelec-\\ntion. The Greenback party nominated John R. Beasley.\\nBate was elected.\\nWilliam B. Bate was born in Sumner County, Ten-\\nnessee, in 1826. By the time he was twenty-two years\\nold he had finished his aca-\\ndemic education, had been a\\nclerk on a steamboat, and had\\nserved as a soldier through\\nthe Mexican War. In 1849\\nhe was elected a member of\\nthe Tennessee Legislature.\\nIn 1852 he began the prac-\\ntice of law at Gallatin, having\\ngraduated from the law school\\nof Cumberland University.\\nIn 1854 he was elected at-\\ntorney general for his dis-\\ntrict, and while holding this\\noffice declined a nomination for Congress. In 1861 he\\njoined the Confederate Army and served with high honor\\nthrough the war. He was severely wounded three times\\nand rose through successive grades to the rank of a major\\ngeneral. At the close of the war he began the practice\\nof law at Nashville. He was Governor of Tennessee\\nfrom 1883 to 1887. At the close of his last term he was\\nelected to the United States Senate and, by reelection,\\nstill holds that position. He is a careful student of poli-\\ntics, a methodical, safe man, and his public services to the\\nstate have been of the greatest value.\\nWilliam B. Bate", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "244 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR\\nGovernor Bate s message to the legislature gave a brief\\nhistory and detailed statement of the debt of Tennessee,\\nand advised a prompt settlement on the terms announced\\nby the Democratic convention. The legislature followed\\nhis advice, and March 15, 1883, passed a bill that pro-\\nvided for taking up all of the old bonded debt and issuing\\nnew bonds that should be due in thirty years, but that\\nmight be called in and paid off at any time after 1888.\\nAll of the new bonds that were issued to take up the\\nstate debt proper were to bear the same interest as\\nbefore the war, and this part of the debt was to be paid\\nin full. In addition to the state debt proper, that has\\nalready been explained, a few other bonds were settled at\\nfull value. Among these were some bonds belonging to\\nschools, and some belonging to Mrs. Polk, the widow of\\nPresident James K. Polk.\\nThe remainder of the debt was to be cut down to fifty\\ncents on the dollar and the new bonds were to bear three\\nper cent interest.\\nThis is called the fifty and three settlement, and it\\nremoved from the politics of the state a question that for\\nfourteen years had been a sore subject for the people, and\\na rallying cry for demagogues of all political parties, or of\\nno party at all.\\nThe remainder of Governor Bate s administrations was\\na time of rapid growth in wealth and prosperity. With\\nthe state debt laid to rest, the people turned their atten-\\ntion to the development of the resources of the state and\\nthe improvement of their schools, which made remarkable\\nadvances under the supervision of Hon. Thomas H. Paine,\\nwho held the office of state superintendent from 1883\\nto 1887. But we shall learn of the schools in another\\nchapter.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "HAWKINS AND BATE, 1 881-1887 245\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?\\n1. Sketch of Governor Hawkins.\\n2. Act of 1 88 1 to settle the state debt.\\n3. Lynn s lawsuit.\\n4. Effort to settle the debt in 1882.\\n5. Democratic platform of 1882.\\n6. Candidates for governor in 1882, and result of the election.\\n7. Sketch of William B. Bate.\\n8. Governor Bate s first message to the legislature.\\n9. Date of the fifty and three settlement.\\n10. Terms of the settlement.\\n11. Benefit to the people.\\n12. Remainder of Governor Bate s administrations.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXVI\\nADMINISTRATIONS OF TAYLOR AND BUCHANAN, 1887- 1893\\nIn 1886 there was a political contest for the governor-\\nship of Tennessee that differed from all others that had\\never occurred in the state. Robert L. Taylor was nomi-\\nnated by the Democrats, and his brother, Alfred A. Taylor,\\nby the Republicans. The two candidates were natives of\\nEast Tennessee, sons of a distinguished father who had\\nbeen a Whig member of Congress before the war. They\\nwere as affectionate brothers as if they had not differed in\\npolitics, and every one knew there would be only good\\nhumor in the party strife between them.\\nSome one said that a contest of kinsmen reminded him\\nof the Wars of the Roses. At once the Democrats\\nadopted the white rose of York as their emblem, and the\\nRepublicans took the red rose of Lancaster. Republican\\nladies exchanged roses with Democratic ones so that each\\nmight have suitable colors to make into bouquets for their\\nrespective favorites. You could have told a man s politics\\nby noticing the color of the rose in his buttonhole as easily\\nas by noticing which candidate he cheered. Never since\\n1 861 had such crowds assembled to hear political speeches,\\nand never were crowds better entertained or more jolly\\nand good-humored.\\nThe brothers discussed the tariff and the navy and\\nnational aid to education, and several other subjects per-\\ntaining to United States affairs, far more than they did\\n246", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "ADMINISTRATIONS OF TAYLOR AND BUCHANAN 24/\\nany purely state questions. About the only state question\\nwas the penitentiary lease system. They were young men\\nwho had been boys while the war was in progress, and\\nnone of its old rancor and grudges affected them. They\\nspoke with grave dignity of important matters when they\\nchose to do so, and told anecdotes to make people laugh\\nwhen it suited them. The campaign of Bob and Alf,\\nas they were familiarly called, attracted more attention\\nthan that of any other two state candidates in America,\\nand ended in the triumph of the Democrats.\\nRobert L. Taylor was born July 31, 1850, in Carter\\nCounty, Tennessee. He was educated at Pennington, New\\nJersey, and at Athens, Ten-\\nnessee. He began the prac-\\ntice of law in 1878, but went\\ninto politics the same year\\nand was elected to Congress\\nas a Democrat from a Re-\\npublican district. He was a\\nDemocratic elector in the\\nPresidential contest of 1884,\\nand won fame as an orator\\nthroughout the state. He\\nreceived a Federal appoint-\\nment from President Cleve-\\nland, but resigned this office\\nin 1886 to become a candidate for governor. He was\\nGovernor of Tennessee from 1887 to 1891 and again held\\nthe same office from 1897 to 1899. He is the only man\\nsince William Carroll who has been the undisputed Gov-\\nernor of Tennessee for six years, though Governor Harris\\nwas elected three times. Since his retirement from office\\nGovernor Taylor has traveled and lectured extensively.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "24S THE STATE SINCE THE CIVH. WAR\\nHe is one of the most genial and lovable of men, and one\\nof the most popular orators now living.\\nWith one exception Governor Taylor s administrations\\nhave no special or marked features. They present an era\\nof peace and prosperity with, no strange events or starthng\\nfacts to record. The time of greatest contentment and\\nhappiness for the whole people of a country is usually the\\nmost barren period for the historian.\\nThe exception referred to in the preceding paragraph\\nwas one of the most exciting elections ever held in the\\nstate, though it had no political significance. This was\\nthe election in 1887 on the prohibition amendment to the\\nstate constitution. A strange fact about the people of the\\nUnited States is that they spend more money for intoxi-\\ncating liquors than they do for bread. In May, 1884, a\\nconvention of people who were opposed to the liquor trade\\nmet at Nashville and asked to have the constitution of\\nTennessee so amended as to abolish the manufacture and\\nsale of liquor in the state.\\nTo amend the state constitution it is necessary for one\\nlegislature to pass the amendment, for the next legislature\\nto approve it, and then for it to be adopted by a majority\\nof the votes of the people. The legislature of 1885 passed\\nthe prohibition amendment, the legislature of 1887 ap-\\nproved it, and ordered an election to be held the following\\nfall. Lawyers, doctors, preachers, teachers, politicians,\\nand private citizens of both political parties began mak-\\ning speeches for the amendment. The women of the state\\nworked earnestly for it, but some men worked more earn-\\nestly against it, and the prohibition amendment was lost.\\nIt received a large number of the votes cast, but not the\\nrequisite majority.\\nThroughout the administrations of Governor Bate and", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "ADMINISTRATIONS OF TAYLOR AND BUCHANAN 249\\nGovernor Taylor there had existed associations of farmers\\nsometimes called Grangers, sometimes Wheels, and finally\\nthe Farmers Alliance. Near the close of Taylor s last\\nterm the Alliance men expressed the belief that about all\\nof the affairs of government were conducted very much\\nin the interest of professional and commercial business,\\nand very little to the advantage of agricultural industries.\\nThey took an active part in the politics of 1890, and the\\nresult was the nomination of John P. Buchanan for gov-\\nernor by the Democratic convention. The Republicans\\nnominated Samuel Hawkins, a nephew of Governor Alvin\\nHawkins. Buchanan was elected.\\nJohn P. Buchanan was born in Williamson County,\\nTennessee, October 24, 1847. He belongs to a family\\nfamous in the history of the\\nstate. His paternal great-\\ngrandfather was Major John\\nBuchanan, the pioneer com-\\npanion of James Robertson in\\nthe settlement of Nashville in\\n1779, and the founder of the\\ncelebrated Buchanan s Station\\nin 1782.\\nJohn P. Buchanan received\\na good common school educa-\\ntion and became a prosperous\\nfarmer. He was elected a\\nmember of the Legislature of\\nTennessee in 1886 and again in\\nelected Governor of the State of Tennessee and served\\none term. He now lives in Rutherford County, and is\\nengaged in his favorite pursuit of farming and stock\\nraising.\\nTENN. HIST. 16\\nJohn p. Buchanan\\nIn 1890 he was", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "250 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR\\nGovernor Buchanan was a farmer, had been a leading\\nspirit in the AlHance, and the farmers of the state had\\nhigh hopes that his administration would somehow bring\\ngreat gain to them. In fact, they expected of him un-\\nreasonable and impossible changes in the management of\\nstate affairs. Of course they were disappointed.\\nThe most serious event in Governor Buchanan s admin-\\nistration was an insurrection among the coal miners, which\\ngrew out of the penitentiary lease system.\\nIn 1866 the prison inspectors reported to the legislature\\nthat the penitentiary had been costing the state an average\\nof $15,000 a year for the preceding thirty years, and that\\nsomething should be done to relieve the taxpayers of this\\nexpense. The legislature passed an act appointing a\\nboard of directors with authority to lease the prison or hire\\nout the convicts to the best bidder for their labor. That\\nis, the scamps who had gotten into prison by violating the\\nlaws were to be hired out and forced to earn their own\\nliving instead of being supported at the public expense.\\nThe first lease was made in 1867 to Ward Briggs at\\n40 cents per day for each convict. They established large\\nshops in the prison and set the convicts to hard work.\\nThe prisoners did not like the arrangement, and in June,\\n1867, succeeded in burning the east shops with all their\\ncontents. Ward Briggs then refused to pay for the\\nlabor, and claimed damages from the state for the machin-\\nery and material destroyed. The state paid the damages\\nand canceled the contract.\\nDecember i, 1871, Cherry, O Connor Co. leased the\\npenitentiary and continued their contract until January i,\\n1884, when the Tennessee Coal, Iron Railroad Company\\nbecame lessees. They left about one third of the convicts\\nin the prison at Nashville and subleased them to Cherry,", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "ADMINISTRATIONS OF TAYLOR AND BUCHANAN 2$ I\\nMorrow Co., a firm of wagon makers. About one third\\nwere transferred to the mines at Tracy City, where a strong\\nprison had been built. The remainder of the prisoners\\nwere sent to the Inman mines in Marion County, the Coal\\nCreek mines in Anderson County, and the marble quarries\\nin Knox County. The whole number of convicts at that\\ntime was about thirteen hundred.\\nUnder the lease system, instead of being an expense,\\nthe penitentiary brought to the state a revenue of more\\nthan $100,000 a year. But it created great discontent\\namong the miners. Proprietors would not hire free men\\nto work their mines when they could get convict labor\\nmuch cheaper. This left many men without work, and\\nthreatened their families with want. Besides this, the\\npeople who lived in the mining districts objected to having\\nlarge bodies of convicts so near their homes. At least,\\nthey claimed that they did, though their conduct afterward\\ndid not at all sustain this claim.\\nThe miners objected, protested, and threatened without\\neffect. In July, 1891, trouble began and continued at in-\\ntervals until late in the fall of 1892. The miners attacked\\nthe prisons and released the convicts. Governor Buchanan\\nsent some state troops to maintain order. They were gen-\\nerally, not in every instance, poorly trained or not trained\\nat all, badly armed, and supplied with very few cartridges.\\nThe miners openly defied the state authorities, overpowered\\nthe soldiers, released the prisoners, and burned the pris-\\nons at Tracy, Briceville, Coal Creek, Oliver Springs, and\\nInman. General Karns finally suppressed the insurrection\\nby military force.\\nMany people were in active sympathy with the miners,\\nand the authorities of the state did not seem to understand\\nthe serious nature of the trouble until many blunders had", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "252 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR\\nbeen committed that involved great expense and some loss\\nof life. The condition of the state guard was such as to\\ncall forth severe criticism, and should be a warning to all\\nlegislatures to provide the state guard with suitable equip-\\nment to protect the state from similar cost and humiliation.\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?\\n1. The candidates for governor in 1886.\\n2. Expected nature of the campaign.\\n3. The white and the red roses.\\n4. The crowds and the questions discussed at the speakings.\\n5. Unusual attention given to the canvass.\\n6. Sketch of Robert L. Taylor.\\n7. Character of Governor Taylor s administrations.\\n8. The prohibition amendment.\\n9. How the constitution may be amended.\\n10. Result of the election. Political significance.\\n11. The Farmers Alliance in politics.\\n12. Nominations for governor in 1890, and result of the election.\\n13. Sketch of John P. Buchanan.\\n14. What was expected of Governor Buchanan,\\n15. Report of the prison inspectors in 1866.\\n16. Action of the legislature.\\n17. First lease of the penitentiary, and results.\\n18. Second lease.\\n19. Third lease, and distribution of the convicts.\\n20. Advantage to the state of the lease system.\\n21. Discontent among the miners.\\n22. Beginning of troubles at the mines.\\n23. What the miners did.\\n24. Condition of the state guard.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXVII\\nADMINISTRATIONS OF TURNEY AND TAYLOR, 1 893-1 899\\nIn 1892 the Democrats nominated Judge Peter Turney\\nfor governor the Republicans nominated George W.\\nWinstead of Knoxville. Governor Buchanan was urged\\nto declare himself an independent candidate for the in-\\ndorsement of the people, but refused to do so. Turney\\nwas elected.\\nPeter Turney was born in Marion County, Tennessee,\\nin 1827. He is a son of Hopkins L. Turney, who was\\nselected for United States\\nsenator by the immortal\\nthirteen, and who years\\nafterward actually became a\\nsenator in defiance of a Dem-\\nocratic caucus against him.\\nGovernor Turney was edu-\\ncated at Winchester and at\\nNashville. He studied law\\nunder the tuition of his\\nfather, and began practice at\\nWinchester in 1848. He was\\none of the first and most out-\\nspoken secessionists in the\\nstate. In 1861 he joined the Confederate Army and became\\ncolonel of Turney s First Tennessee Regiment. He\\nserved gallantly throughout the war, was severely wounded\\n253\\nPeter Turney", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "254 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR\\nat Fredericksburg, declined promotion because he did not\\nwish to leave his regiment, and came back with his\\nboys to Winchester after the surrender. He was elected\\na judge of the supreme court of the state in 1870, 1878,\\nand 1886. From 1886 until he was made governor he\\nwas the chief justice of the state. His period of service,\\ntwenty-three years, was longer than that of any other\\njustice who has been on the supreme bench. He was\\nGovernor of Tennessee from 1893 to 1897. At the close\\nof his last term of office he resumed his law practice, but\\nhis feeble health has prevented frequent attendance at\\ncourt away from his home. He still lives at Winchester.\\nThree prominent incidents in the history of the state\\ndeserve record as belonging to the administrations of\\nGovernor Turney.\\n1. Abolition of the penitentiary lease system.\\n2. The contested election of 1894.\\n3. Preparation for the Tennessee Centennial.\\nAfter the troubles of 1891 and 1892 had subsided, it\\nwas thought best to find some profitable way of employing\\nconvicts without bringing them into competition with free\\nlaborers.\\nSome people advocated the purchase by the state of a\\nlarge tract of land containing coal or iron or building stone,\\nand working it entirely by convicts. Labor on the public\\nroads in all parts of the state was proposed by some, but\\nthis required too much expense for guards. A number of\\nother solutions of the problem were proposed, but it was\\nsoon discovered that any profitable labor must come into\\ncompetition with all other labor of the same kind.\\nThe legislature abolished the lease system, purchased a\\nlarge tract of land near the Cumberland River, about eight\\nmiles northwest of the Capitol, and built a new and very", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "ADMINISTRATIONS OF TURNEY AND TAYLOR 255\\nlarge, fine prison. The convicts are employed in various\\nmanufactures and handicrafts in the prison, and in raising\\non the farm field and garden crops for their own use. A\\nlarge tract of coal-producing land was also bought, and\\nconvicts mine all the coal used in the Capitol, the asylums,\\nand other public buildings.\\nIn 1894 Governor Turney was a candidate for reelec-\\ntion. The Republicans nominated H. Clay Evans of\\nChattanooga. At the close of the election both candidates\\nclaimed to have been elected. Mr. Evans took the oath\\nof office while the matter was in dispute, claiming that the\\nelection returns showed that he had received more votes\\nthan Governor Turney. The matter was carried before\\nthe legislature for investigation and settlement.\\nThere is a law in Tennessee that requires every citizen\\nbetween twenty-one and fifty years of age to pay his poll\\ntax every year. If he fails or refuses to do this, he forfeits\\nhis right to vote. The legislative investigation of the\\nTurney and Evans contest showed that many men had\\nvoted who had not paid their poll taxes, and that other\\nviolations of the election laws had occurred. It was\\nclaimed that most of the fraudulent votes were cast in\\ncounties where Evans received his largest majorities, and\\nthat he was therefore not legally elected. Governor Tur-\\nney was declared the lawful governor of the state, was\\ninaugurated, and served the full term.\\nIn 1893 many enterprising and patriotic people began\\nto talk of celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of\\nTennessee s admission into the American Union. The\\ndate would be June i, 1896. In 1894 an association was\\norganized for the purpose of preparing a grand exhibit of\\nthe arts, sciences, inventions, resources, industries, and\\nproducts of the state.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "256 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR\\nThe committees worked with all their might, secured a\\nbeautiful piece of ground on the western border of Nash-\\nville, raised immense sums of money to prepare the\\ngrounds and buildings, and enlisted the interest of people\\nnot only in Tennessee, but all over the United States, and\\nin some foreign lands. With all of their effort and indus-\\ntry, however, they could not get ready by June i, 1896,\\nand the Tennessee Centennial had to be deferred until\\n1897.\\nIn the fall of 1896 Robert L. Taylor was elected gov-\\nernor and began his third term in January, 1897. The\\nfirst day of May, 1897, the Tennessee Centennial Exposi-\\ntion was formally opened. Guns were fired, flags were\\nraised, bands of musicians led long processions of people.\\nGovernor Taylor and other distinguished orators made\\nspeeches, and everybody congratulated everybody else on\\nthe great exhibition that was opened for the instruction\\nand entertainment of all the people who chose to visit\\nNashville in the gala days between May i and November\\nI, 1897.\\nWithin the exposition grounds were long, winding,\\ngraveled roads bordered by beds of beautiful flowers.\\nHere and there were artistic fountains that emptied their\\nwaters into a clear lake on which pleasure boats were sail-\\ning all day and late into the night. The buildings were\\nof wood, but so finished with plaster as to represent very\\nlight gray stone. They were of almost all sizes and de-\\nsigns some of them very large and very beautiful.\\nIn these buildings was exhibited a marvelous array of\\nalmost everything to be found in a civilized country.\\nThere were specimens of timber, iron, coal, stone, minerals\\nof many other kinds, and all of the tools and machinery\\nwith which these things are worked into useful products.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "ADMINISTRATIONS OF TURNEY AND TAYLOR 257\\nThere were vehicles of every kind from wooden-wheeled\\nox carts to the most elegant and elaborate palace cars.\\nThere were textile fabrics from the coarsest heavy\\nblankets to the most delicate and costly laces work of\\npupils in schools from all over the state and from many\\nother states jewelry and toys of every conceivable design\\narms and ammunition battleships and lighthouses old\\nrelics and curiosities statues and pictures that cost\\nthousands of dollars and many, very many, more things\\nthat were parts of that grand exhibit of Tennessee s one\\nhundred years in the march of progress.\\nThere was one part of the exposition grounds called\\nVanity Fair. This was filled with the booths and tents\\nof the side-show men, who clamored all day for people\\nto come in and see the grandest show on earth. Those\\nwho went saw about what is usually seen in the trick\\nshows of jugglers and mountebanks in most of our large\\ncities. Nevertheless Vanity Fair was a favorite place\\nwith most of the children.\\nTwo nights in each week there were scenes of rare\\nbeauty on the exposition grounds. Cunningly contrived\\nfigures of elephants, swans, and many other beasts and\\nbirds, resplendent with the blaze of pyrotechnic light,\\nmarched through the grounds or glided over the lake.\\nRockets rose high in the air and exploded in starry\\nshowers of crimson and purple and gold. Jets of clear\\nwater rose from fountains illuminated by electric lights\\nand glowed with every hue and tint of the rainbow, and\\nsparkled and gleamed with every changeable grace of the\\naurora, until all seemed the work of enchantment, and\\nthe place a veritable fairyland.\\nWhen the first blasts of November winds were scatter-\\ning the fallen leaves the grand exposition closed. It had", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "258 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR\\nbeen one of the most successful and creditable ever under-\\ntaken and carried out by a single state. Every depart-\\nment had shown the wonderful progress of the state since\\nher pioneer days, and the creation and management of\\nthe great exhibit had shown the genius and energy of\\nthe men and women who had charge of its fortunes.\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED\\n1. Candidates for governor in 1892, and result of the election.\\n2. Sketch of Governor Turney.\\n3. Three prominent features of Governor Turney s administrations.\\n4. Different ideas about employing the convicts.\\n5. Competition in labor.\\n6. Present employment of convicts.\\n7. The election of 1894.\\n8. Appeal to the legislature.\\n9. Election laws.\\n10. Into what fund does the poll tax go?\\n11. What are fraudulent votes?\\n12. Decision of the legislature in the Turney and Evans case.\\n13. Preparations for the Tennessee centennial.\\n14. Objects of the exposition. Correct date.\\n15. Work of the committees, and result.\\n16. Election of 1890.\\n17. Formal opening of the Centennial Exposition.\\n18. The exposition grounds.\\n19. The buildings.\\n20. Articles on exhibition.\\n21. Vanity Fair.\\n22. The grounds at night.\\n23. Valuable lessons of the centennial exhibit.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXVIII\\nMcMILLIN S ADMINISTRATION, 1899-\\nIn 1898 the Democratic convention nominated Benton\\nMcMillin for governor. The Republicans nominated\\nJames A. Fowler. McMillin was easily elected, his long\\nand successful public service\\nhaving given him an influ-\\nence in the state that few\\nmen possessed.\\nBenton McMillin was\\nborn in Monroe County,\\nKentucky, September 11,\\n1845. He was educated at\\nKentucky University, and\\nafter preparing for the\\npractice of law came to\\nTennessee in 1869. In 1875\\nhe represented the counties\\nof Macon, Clay, and Jackson\\nin the Tennessee Legislature,\\ndential elector on the Tilden and Hendricks ticket, and\\nthe same year was elected from Smith County to the\\nlegislature. In 1878 he was elected to Congress, and\\nserved, by repeated reelections, until 1898, when he\\ndeclined further service in that position. For sixteen\\nyears out of the twenty he was elected on one nomina-\\nBenton McMillin\\nIn 1876 he was a Presi-\\ntion, no one beine: willin\\nto\\n259\\noppose him. He was a", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "260 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR\\nmember of the Committee on Ways and Means for four-\\nteen years, and of the Committee on Rules to the end of\\nhis term of service. He was the author of the famous\\nIncome Tax Bill, which was intended to make holders\\nof huge fortunes pay their just proportion of the public\\nexpenses. In his long service in Congress he was a fellow-\\nmember with three Presidents of the United States, and at\\nthe time of his retirement had a longer record of continuous\\nservice than any other Democratic member of the House\\nof Representatives. He is now (January, 1900) Governor\\nof Tennessee.\\nAfter the inauguration of Governor McMillin in Janu-\\nary, 1899, those who were traveling over the state heard\\nfrom the people such expressions as these The state\\nhas a governor, We may expect an administration,\\nThose who hold state appointments will be required to\\ndo something, and many others of like character, showing\\nconfidence in the abihty and intentions of the chief execu-\\ntive.\\nAs only one year of the present administration has yet\\npassed into history, we can say but little of it. Educa-\\ntional affairs have thus far been most prominent. The\\ngovernor s first message to the legislature advised that\\nsome measures be adopted to reduce the cost of books\\nused in the public schools. The legislature passed an act\\nrequiring that after September i, 1899, the same kind of\\nbooks shall be used in all the public schools of the state.\\nUnder this law all books proposed for use in the public\\nschools are first examined by a Sub Commission of five\\nskilled and experienced teachers appointed by the gov-\\nernor, who decide on their merits without knowing any-\\nthing of their prices. The Sub Commission reports the\\nmerits of the books to the Text-book Commission,", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "McMILLIN S ADMINISTRATION 261\\nwhich is composed of the governor, the state superinten-\\ndent, and three members of the State Board of Education.\\nThe books are adopted, and contracts are made with pub-\\nUshers by the Text-book Commission once in five years.\\nThis act is called the Uniform Text-book Law. It\\nis now in force, and gives to every child in the state school-\\nbooks at moderate and uniform prices, and if he moves\\nfrom one school to another it is not necessary to change\\nhis books. If other features of the bill prove as meritori-\\nous as these, the law will never be repealed.\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?\\nAs this chapter tells only of men and events of the year 1899, you\\nmay make up the list of topics for yourself. First read the whole chap-\\nter carefully. Then select what you think it is best for you to remem-\\nber. Then arrange these items in short, correct sentences.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXXIX\\nSCHOOLS\\nIn Chapter XVI. you have been told of the pioneer schools\\nand of the first academies and colleges in the state. Since\\nthat time many schools, both great and small, have grown\\nup in Tennessee. Among the great denominational insti-\\ntutions are the following University of the South, at\\nSewanee, an Episcopal school Vanderbilt University, at\\nNashville, a Methodist school South Western Presbyterian\\nUniversity, at Clarksville, a Presbyterian school Cum-\\nberland University, at Lebanon, a Cumberland Presbyterian\\nschool; South Western Baptist University, at Jackson, a\\nBaptist school Christian Brothers College, at Memphis,\\na Catholic school. Besides these there are many special\\nand technical schools and colleges, and many private insti-\\ntutions of every grade.\\nThe great schools for colored people are Plsk University,\\nCentral Tennessee College, and Roger Williams Univer-\\nsity, all at Nashville. These are not all of their schools\\nfor higher education, but are the leading ones in endow-\\nment, equipment, and numbers attending them.\\nThe great state institutions are as follows\\n1. School for Deaf Mutes, at Knoxville.\\n2. School for the Blind, at Nashville.\\n3. Tennessee Industrial School, at Nashville.\\n4. University of Tennessee, at Knoxville.\\n5. Peabody Normal College, at Nashville.\\n6. The Tennessee public schools, all over the state.\\n262", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "SCHOOLS\\n263\\nThe School for Deaf Mutes and the School for the Blind\\nhave been mentioned in Chapter XXIII. Their names\\nshow the class of people they are intended to educate.\\nThey are among the greatest and noblest institutions of the\\nstate, and open the way to pleasure and usefulness to boys\\nFisk University\\nand girls who would otherwise become ignorant and depend-\\nent men and women.\\nThe Tennessee Industrial School was founded in 1887,\\nchiefly by the generosity of Colonel E. W. Cole, who gave\\na good farm of about one hundred acres, with good\\nbuildings, and $5000 to establish the school. Mr. W. C.\\nKilvington was made superintendent of this institution,\\nand, from the beginning to the present, it has flourished\\nunder his wise and able management. It is a school for", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "264 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR\\nchildren who have no parents and no homes, though some\\nothers who pay for their tuition are admitted. The state\\nmakes annual appropriations for the support of the school,\\nand each county is entitled to send a certain number of\\npupils. It has a reformatory division distinct from the main\\nschool. The boys and girls are in separate departments.\\nThey spend half days in school, and half days at work on the\\nfarm, in the gardens, in the shops, or at domestic duties.\\nThe founding of Blount College, in 1794, has been men-\\ntioned in Chapter XVI. There are no written records of\\nthe college until 1804. A little after this date we find\\namong the pupils names Barbara Blount, Polly McClung,\\nJennie Armstrong, and several others which show that\\ngirls in college is no new departure in Tennessee.\\nIn 1 806 Congress appropriated large grants of land for a\\nstate college or colleges. In 1807 this appropriation was\\ncombined with the funds of Blount College, forming a state\\ninstitution., The school was located at Poplar Spring, near\\nKnoxville, and the name was changed to East Tennessee\\nCollege. In 1826 the college was removed from Poplar\\nSpring to its present site, Barbara Hill, a piece of\\nground named in honor of Miss Barbara Blount, daughter\\nof Governor William Blount. In 1840 the name was\\nchanged to East Tennessee University.\\nThe school had varying fortunes, usually not very good\\nones, until the Civil War, when the school suspended.\\nEach army used the buildings at several different times in\\nthe course of the war. After the war the P ederal govern-\\nment paid the trustees $15,000 for damages done the build-\\nings, grounds, etc. In 1869 the fund appropriated by\\nCongress for establishing an Agricultural and Mechanical\\nCollege was given to the University, and the Agricultural\\nand Mechanical College was organized as one of its depart-", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "SCHOOLS\\n265\\nments. From small beginnings, after the war, the Univer-\\nsity has grown to be one of the strongest and best of the\\nSouth. In 1879 its name was once more changed, and it\\nbecame the University of Tennessee.\\nUniversity of Tennessee\\nGeorge Peabody was born in Danvers, Massachusetts,,\\nin 1795. In 18 12 he went to Georgetown, Maryland, and\\nbecame a clerk in a store. In 1815 he went into business\\nfor himself in Baltimore. In 1829 he went to London and\\nengaged in the iron trade. In 1837 he became a London\\nbanker and soon acquired an immense fortune. In his\\nyouth he had little opportunity for schooling, and he\\nresolved that the boys and girls who wished to learn should\\nhave better privileges than had fallen to his lot. In 1867\\nhe appointed a board of trustees and gave them $3,500,000,\\nTENN. HIST, 17", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "266 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR\\nwith instructions to use the interest on this money for the\\neducation of the children in the southern states. This is\\nthe Peabody Educational Fund.\\nPeabody died in 1869, and his body was brought from\\nLondon to his native land in a British ship of war escorted\\nby an American war vessel as if he had been a president\\nor a king. He deserved this high honor, as he was one\\nof the greatest and best men that ever lived. He made\\nmillions upon millions of dollars, and gave the money\\naway to benefit the poor and the needy, and to make peo-\\nple wiser and better. The Peabody Educational Fund\\nwas only one of his great gifts. He made many others\\nboth in England and America.\\nFrom 1872 to 1875 the demand for competent teachers\\nwas greater than could be supplied. The trustees of the\\nPeabody Fund had been helping schools all over the state,\\nbut had concluded that the best way to help the schools\\nwould be to establish a normal college for the training of\\nteachers. In March, 1875, the legislature created the\\nState Board of Education, but gave them no money to\\nestabhsh a normal school. The University of Nashville\\noffered the use of its grounds and buildings, and the Pea-\\nbody Trustees furnished $12,000. December i, 1875,\\nPeabody Normal College was opened, with Dr. Eben S.\\nStearns as its president. At the first session there were\\nonly sixty pupils, but the school has grown steadily in\\nfavor and usefulness, and is to-day one of the great educa-\\ntional institutions of the South. The first state appropri-\\nation was $10,000, made in April, 1881. Since that time\\nthe appropriations have been doubled.\\nThe public schools of Tennessee really began in 1873,\\nthough there were many school acts before that time.\\nThe first school tax levied in the state was in 18 16, and", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "SCHOOLS\\n267\\nfrom that date until i860 there was almost continuous\\nlegislation upon the school question. The legislatures\\ndevised elaborate school systems that contained many-\\ngood features, but always embracing some inefficient or\\nfoolish provisions. In 1848 the president and directors of\\nthe state bank were made the State Board of Common\\nPeabody Normal College, University of Nashville\\nSchool Commissioners. At one time the state treasurer\\nwas made, ex officio, state superintendent and various\\nother acts of like character were passed. The result was\\nthat the census of i860 showed that about one fifth of the\\ngrown white people of the state had never seen the inside\\nof a schoolhouse.\\nAfter the war the condition was worse, as the many\\ngood private schools in the state had been forced to sus-", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "268 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR\\npend, and there had been absolutely no schools for four\\nyears. The negroes had been freed, and they were all\\nilliterate. The condition was alarming to all thoughtful\\npeople. The legislature of 1867 provided a good school\\nlaw, but the people were not prepared to make use of it,\\nand the plan failed for lack of popular favor.\\nFrom 1865 to 1873 the friends of education worked\\nearnestly for some solution of the difficult problem. Dr.\\nSears, agent of the Peabody Fund, aided many schools,\\nA. S. Barnes Co, and D. Appleton Co. and others\\ngave more than one hundred thousand volumes of school-\\nbooks, and the State Teachers Association, organized in\\nJuly, 1865, put forth its best efforts to advance the cause\\nof popular education.\\nSlowly the prejudice against negro schools and against\\npublic schools of all kinds gave way and slowly the peo-\\nple grew able to build schoolhouses and to spare their\\nchildren from the lields. In 1872 the State Teachers\\nAssociation prepared a bill and memorial to be submitted\\nto the next legislature. With slight changes and amend-\\nments this bill became the school law by act of the legis-\\nlature in March, 1873. It has been amended and modified,\\nbut is practically the school law of the present. Its prin-\\ncipal provisions have been given in Chapter XXXIII.\\nThe school law, however, did not at once make good\\nschools. There was an immense amount of work to be\\ndone in laying out school districts, building houses, elect-\\ning capable school officers, and preparing the minds of the\\npeople to receive and adopt a system which was new and\\nstrange to most of them, and against which many people\\nhad very bitter prejudices.\\nThere are still living many men and women who were\\nmembers of the State Teachers Association in the seventies", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "SCHOOLS\\n269\\nand were in the thick of the fight for establishing the\\npubUc schools. By the younger members of the Associa-\\ntion, these veterans are usually called the Old Guard.\\nYou would be much astonished to hear the Old Guard\\nrelate the amusing and provoking incidents of the early\\ndays of the public schools. The ignorance, the prejudice,\\nthe malice and sophistry, then arrayed against them would\\nnow be considered as good evidences of insanity.\\nThe state superintendents held teachers institutes\\nin all parts of the state. The name of these assemblies was\\nunderstood well enough\\nthen, but to the younger\\ngeneration it is decid-\\nedly misleading. They\\nwere not summer schools\\nfor the instruction of\\nteachers at all. They\\nwere really neighbor-\\nhood mass meetings at\\nwhich lawyers, doctors,\\npreachers, teachers, and\\npopular orators of all\\ncallings made speeches\\nupon educational subjects. They rarely, if ever, continued\\nlonger than two days, and were intended to instruct the\\npeople and arouse interest in education. They accom-\\nplished their purpose, justified the wisdom of their found-\\ners, and slowly passed away to be followed by the real\\nteachers institute in which systematic instruction is given\\nin the science and art of teaching.\\nOpposition to public schools gradually fell under the\\ntelling blows of the institute and the thorough work of the\\nteachers and superintendents. Log shanties and crude\\nA Davidson County Schoolhouse in 1 799", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "2/0\\nTHE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR\\nappliances have been almost wholly swept away by the\\nonward march of progress, and comfortable, convenient\\nschoolhoLises with modern means for instruction are to be\\nseen in every town and most country places. The public\\nschools rest upon the firm basis of popular favor, the\\nA Davidson County Schoolhouse in 1899\\nwhole people have better educational advantages than ever\\nbefore in the history of the state, and the Old Guard\\nfeel that their labor has not been in vain.\\nWithout in the slightest degree disparaging the services\\nof other gentlemen who have held the office, there are four\\nstate superintendents that deserve special mention in con-", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "SCHOOLS\\n271\\nLeon Trousdale\\nThomas H. Paine\\nnection with the rise and progress of the public schools.\\nThese are Leon Trousdale, Thomas H. Paine, Frank M.\\nSmith, and W. R. Garrett. They were so thoroughly\\nidentified with the public school movement from the be-\\nginning, so entirely familiar with all of its phases, that when\\ncalled to the office of state superintendent they were able\\nto accomplish what others probably could not have done.\\nThey have so impressed themselves upon the school sys-\\nFrank M. Snaith\\nW. R. Garrett", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "mB-% wj, I! if J mviii m mi .4;; m s iH mm\\nO V\\ns\\nO 4^\\nO 2\\n272", "height": "3338", "width": "2227", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "SCHOOLS 273\\ntern of the state that their influence must be felt to the\\nend of its history.\\nThe latest legislation affecting the public schools is\\nthe Uniform Text-book Law mentioned in Chapter\\nXXXVIII. Under its provisions the governor appointed,\\nas the first Sub Commission under the new law, the follow-\\ning gentlemen\\nProfessor Wharton S. Jones, Chairman.\\nSuperintendent F. M. Bowling, Vice Chairman.\\nProfessor Charles Mason, Secretary.\\nProfessor W. M. Billingsly.\\nSuperintendent J. G. Stinson.\\nThe Sub Commission began their work May 25, 1899,\\nand spent about one month examining books submitted for\\nuse in the public schools of the state. They then made\\ntheir report to the Text-book Commission, which is\\ncomposed of\\nGovernor Benton McMillin, President.\\nState Superintendent Morgan C. Fitzpatrick.\\nSuperintendent Thomas H. Paine.\\nSuperintendent Charles S. Douglas.\\nProfessor A. D. Wharton.\\nAfter examining the report of the Sub Commission a\\nselection of books for use in all public schools of the state\\nwas made by the Commission, and contracts were made\\nwith publishers to furnish these books to all schools in the\\nstate at a uniform price for a period of five years.\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?\\nSchools and colleges in 1796.\\nChurch schools now in Tennessee.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "2/4 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR\\n3. Other schools in the state.\\n4. Schools for negroes.\\n5. State schools.\\n6. School for the deaf and for the blind.\\n7. Tennessee Industrial School.\\n8. Girls in Blount College.\\n9. How did Blount College become a state school\\n10. Present location and second change of name.\\n11. Effects of the war on the university.\\n12. Agricultural and Mechanical College fund.\\n13. Present condition of the university.\\n14. Sketch of George Peabody until he became wealthy.\\n15. Why was he so highly honored at his funeral\\n16. What is the Peabody Educational Fund\\n17. What is a normal school\\n18. Founding of Peabody Normal College.\\n19. Present condition of the College.\\n20. Real beginning of the public schools of Tennessee.\\n21. First school tax.\\n22. School legislation from 181 5 to i860.\\n23. Educational condition in Tennessee in i860.\\n24. Conditions in 1865.\\n25. The law of 1867.\\n26. Work done before 1873.\\n27. The law of 1873. See Chapter XXXIII. for provisions.\\n28. The work to be done after the law was passed.\\n29. The Old Guard.\\n30. First teachers institutes.\\n31. Present condition of public schools.\\n32. Four famous state superintendents.\\n33. The -Uniform Text-book Law.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XL\\nCONCLUSION\\nA STATE under ordinary or natural conditions will be\\nwhat its people make it. The people compose the state,\\nand it will be good or bad, great or ignoble, according to\\nthe conduct of its citizens. The girls and boys who read\\nthis book will become the citizens of Tennessee, and the\\nfair fame of their state will be in their keeping. They will\\nbecome not only citizens of Tennessee, but of the great\\nAmerican Union of States. In this Union Tennessee has\\nborne a glorious part in the past, and her character in the\\nfuture will be whatever her sons and daughters make it.\\nIn order that we may know something of the grand part\\nthat Tennessee has taken in national affairs let us review\\nsome of the facts that have already been stated, and add to\\nthis review a few others not yet presented.\\nIn 1865 there were thirty-five states in the Union. Fif-\\nteen of them were older than Tennessee, thirteen of them\\nhad much more wealth and greater population, and five\\nothers were nearly her equals in these respects. So we\\nsee that in age, wealth, and population Tennessee was\\nabout an average state.\\nThere had been seventeen Presidents, or an average of\\nabout one President to two states. Tennessee had fur-\\nnished three of these, Andrew Jackson, 1829 to 1837;\\nJames K. Polk, 1845 to 1849; Andrew Johnson, 1865 to\\n1869. This was six times the number to which she would\\nhave been entitled in an equal distribution.\\n27s", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "2/6 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR\\nOf Cabinet officers Tennessee has had about three times\\nthe average share George W. Campbell was for a time\\nSecretary of the Treasury under Madison John H. Eaton\\nwas Jackson s first Secretary of War Felix Grundy was\\nAttorney General under Van Buren John Bell was W. H.\\nHarrison s Secretary of War Cave Johnson was Polk s\\nPostmaster General; Aaron V. Brown was Buchanan s\\nfirst Postmaster General David M. Key was Postmaster\\nGeneral under Hayes; and Horace Maynard held the same\\noffice.\\nTennessee has sent abroad more than twice the number\\nof United States ministers to which she was entitled, and,\\nconsidering her interior position and little connection with\\nforeign affairs, the number is far in excess of that of other\\nstates. John H. Eaton was minister to Spain in 1831,\\nWilliam H. Polk to Italy in 1845, Andrew J. Donelson to\\nGermany in 1848, Neill S. Brown to Russia in 1850, Wil-\\nliam Trousdale to Brazil in 1852, John L. Marling to Ven-\\nezuela in 1853, James Williams to Turkey in 1858, Allen A.\\nHall to Bolivia in 1863, Horace Maynard to Turkey in\\n1875. Besides these she has sent a great number of con-\\nsuls to foreign ports.\\nJohn Bell and James K. Polk were speakers of the\\nnational House of Representatives. Hugh L. White and\\nIsham G. Harris were presidents pro tcni. of the United\\nStates Senate. John Catron and Howell E. Jackson were\\njudges of the Supreme Court of the United States.\\nA Tennessee Postmaster General revolutionized the\\nmailing system of the United States by the introduc-\\ntion of postage stamps during President Polk s admin-\\nistration, and the first telegraphic news message ever\\nsent in America- announced the nomination of President\\nPolk.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "CONCLUSION 277\\nIn war Tennessee has been no less famed than in peace.\\nSevier and his soldiers turned the tide of the Revolution at\\nKings Mountain and helped to secure American indepen-\\ndence. The Creek War was fought and won by Tennes-\\nseeans with almost no aid from other states. In the southern\\ndepartment of the United States, Tennessee furnished\\nmost of the soldiers for the War of 18 12, and the only gen-\\neral who won national fame. For the Mexican War Ten-\\nnessee offered ten times her quota of soldiers. In the\\nCivil War there were no better or more earnest and patri-\\notic soldiers in the Federal Army than those from Tennes-\\nsee. There was never on earth a better assembly of\\nsoldiers than the Confederate Army. Tennessee furnished\\none hundred thousand of these General Cheatham was\\ncalled the bravest of the brave, and General Forrest\\nthe Marshal Ney of the Confederacy. In the war\\nwith Spain Tennesseeans cheerfully volunteered from every\\nsection of the state for service under the old flag, and in\\nthe West Indies and the far-off Philippine Islands gave\\nproof of their courage and patriotism.\\nIn every department of the Federal government and in\\nevery phase of our country s history Tennessee s service\\nhas been remarkably great, and her influence out of all\\nproportion to her population, wealth, or local advantages.\\nOnly Virginia and Massachusetts have exercised more\\ninfluence in national affairs.\\nWhat have been the causes of this The long lines of\\nbrilliant orators, of sagacious statesmen, of brave soldiers,\\nof wise jurists, of able officers for the army and the navy,\\nof scholarly men and noble women, have not made our\\nstate great by accident. They did it by their intellectual\\nforce and sterling honesty. They could be trusted because\\nthey studied their duties well, and had the courage and", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "278 THE STATE SINCE THE CIVIL WAR\\nhonesty to perform them faithfully. The conduct of her\\ngood citizens has made the state famous.\\nAll of this renown is no cause for vainglory or boasting\\non the part of young Tennesseeans. The fame of the past\\ncan do you no good unless you set its noble examples\\nbefore you as the ideals of your lives. As you close this\\nbrief history of a glorious commonwealth, do so with the\\nresolution to be worthy of your grand inheritance of honors\\nbravely won and nobly kept.\\nWHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?\\nIt is suggested that each pupil be encouraged to get out of this chap-\\nter all that he can without the aid of topics made by author or teacher.\\nLet him make his own topics. After this let the teacher point out what-\\never has escaped the pupiPs observation.\\nThe bare facts of any story may be taught by systematic drill. This\\nmethod, however,, would have little value in the teaching of patriotism*\\nhonor, courage, good manners, or personal and civic virtue.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX\\nCONSTITUTION OF TENNESSEE, 1870\\nThis constitution was framed by a convention which assembled at Nashville,\\nJanuary 10, 1870, and adjourned February 23, 1870 was adopted by a vote\\nof the people of 98,128 for to 33,872 against, on the twenty-sixth day of\\nMarch, 1870.\\nPreamble and Declaration.\\nWhereas, The people of the territory of the United States south of the\\nRiver Ohio, having the right of admission into the General Government as a\\nmember State thereof, consistent with the Constitution of the United States,\\nand the act of cession of the State of North Carolina, recognizing the ordi-\\nnance for the government of the territory of the United States north-west of\\nthe Ohio River, by their delegates and representatives in convention assem-\\nbled, did, on the sixth day of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand\\nseven hundred and ninety-six, ordain and establish a Constitution or form of\\ngovernment, and mutually agreed with each other to form themselves into a\\nfree and independent State, by the name of the State of Tennessee and,\\nWhereas, The General Assembly of the said State of Tennessee (pursuant\\nto the third section of the tenth article of the Constitution), by an act passed\\non the twenty-seventh day of November, in the year of our Lord one thousand\\neight hundred and thirty-three, entitled An act to provide for the calling of\\na convention, passed in obedience to the declared will of the voters of this\\nState, as expressed at the general election of August, in the year of our Lord\\none thousand eight hundred and thirty-three, did authorize and provide for\\nthe election, by the people, of delegates and representatives, to meet at Nash-\\nville, in Davidson County, on the third Monday in May, in the year of our\\nLord one thousand eight hundred and thirty-four, for the purpose of revising\\nand amending or changing the Constitution; and said convention did accord-\\ningly meet and form a Constitution, w^hich was submitted to the people, and\\nwas ratified by them, on the first Friday in March, in the year of our Lord one\\nthousand eight hundred and thirty-five; and,\\nWhereas, The General Assembly of said State of Tennessee, under and in\\nvirtue of the first section of the first article of the Declaration of Rights, con-", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "ii APPENDIX\\ntained in and forming a part of the existing Constitution of the State, by an\\nact passed on the Hfteenth day of November, in the year of our Lord one\\nthousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, did provide for the caUing of a con-\\nvention by the people of the State, to meet at Nashville on the second Mon-\\nday in January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and\\nseventy, and for the election of delegates for the purpose of amending or\\nrevising the present Constitution, or forming and making a new Constitution;\\nand,\\nWhereas, the people of the State, in the mode provided by said act, have\\ncalled said convention and elected delegates to represent them therein; now,\\ntherefore.\\nWe, the delegates and representatives of the people of the State of Tennes-\\nsee, duly elected, and in convention assembled^ in pursuance of said act of\\nAssembly, have ordained and established the following Constitution and form\\nof government for this State, which we recommend to the people of Tennessee\\nfor their ratification; that is to say\\nARTICLE I.\\nDeclaration of Rights.\\nSection i. That all power is inherent in the people, and all free govern-\\nments are founded on their authority and instituted for their peace, safety, and\\nhappiness; for the advancement of those ends they have, at all times, an\\ninalienable and indefeasible right to alter, reform, or abolish the government\\nin such manner as they may think proper.\\nSec. 2. I hat government being instituted for common benefit, the doctrine\\nof non-resistance against arbitrary power and oppression is absurd, slavish,\\nand destructive of the good and happiness of mankind.\\nSec. 3. That all men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship\\nAlmighty God according to the dictates of their own conscience; that no\\nman can of right be compelled to attend, erect, or support any place of wor-\\nship, or to maintain any minister against his consent; that no human authority\\ncan, in any case whatever, control or interfere with the rights of conscience;\\nand that no preference shall ever be given by law to any religious establish-\\nment or mode of worship.\\nSec. 4. That no political or religious test, other than an oath to support\\nthe Constitution of the United States and of this State, shall ever be required\\nas a qualification to any office or public trust under this State.\\nSec. 5. That elections shall be free and equal; and the right of suffrage,\\nas hereinafter declared, shall never be denied to any person entitled thereto,\\nexcept upon a conviction by a jury of some infamous crime, previously ascer-\\ntained and declared by law, and judgment thereon by a court of competent\\njurisdiction.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX iii\\nSec. 6. That the right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate, and no reli-\\ngious or political test shall ever be required as a qualification for jurors.\\nSec, 7. That the people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers,\\nand possessions from unreasonable searches and seizures; and that general\\nwarrants, whereby an officer may be commanded to search suspected places,\\nwithout evidence of the fact committed, or to seize any person or persons not\\nnamed, whose offenses are not particularly described and supported by evi-\\ndence, are dangerous to liberty, and ought not to be granted.\\nSec. 8. That no man shall be taken or imprisoned or disseized of his\\nfreehold, liberties, or privileges, or outlawed, or exiled, or in any manner\\ndestroyed or deprived of his life, hberty, or property, but by the judgment of\\nhis peers or the law of the land.\\nSec. 9. That in all criminal prosecutions the accused hath the right to be\\nheard by himself and his counsel; to demand the nature and cause of the\\naccusation against him, and to have a copy thereof; to meet the witnesses\\nface to face; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor;\\nand in prosecutions by indictment or presentment, a speedy public trial by an\\nimpartial jury of the county in which the crime shall have been committed,\\nand shall not be compelled to give evidence against himself.\\nSec. 10. That no person shall, for the same offense, be twice put in\\njeopardy of life or limb.\\nSec. II. That laws made for the punishment of acts committed previous to\\nthe existence of such laws, and by them only declared criminal, are contrary\\nto the principles of a free government; wherefore no ex post facto law shall be\\nmade.\\nSec. 12. That no conviction shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture\\nof estate. The estate of such persons as shall destroy their own lives shall\\ndescend or vest as in case of natural death. If any person be killed by casualty,\\nthere shall be no forfeiture in consequence thereof.\\nSec. 13. That no person arrested and confined in jail shall be treated with\\nunnecessary rigor.\\nSec. 14. That no person shall be put to answer any criminal charge but\\nby presentment; indictment, or impeachment.\\nSec. 15. That all prisoners shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, unless\\nfor capital offenses, when the proof is evident or the presumption great and\\nthe privileges of the writ oi habeas corpus shall not be suspended unless when,\\nin case of rebellion or invasion, the General Assembly shall declare the public\\nsafety requires it.\\nSec. 16. That excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines\\nimposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted.\\nSec. 17. That all courts shall be open, and every man, for an injury done\\nhim in his lands, goods, person, or reputation, shall have remedy by due\\ncourse of law, and right and justice administered without sale, denial, or delay.\\nSuits may be brought against the State in such manner and in such courts as\\nthe Legislature may by law direct.\\nTENN. HIST. 18", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "IV ArrENDIX\\nSec. 1 8. The Legislature shall pass no law authorizing imprisonment for\\ndebt in civil cases.\\nSec. 19. That the printing presses shall be free to every person to examine\\nthe proceedings of the Legislature, or of any branch or officer of the Govern-\\nment; and no law shall ever be made to restrain the right thereof. The free\\ncommunication of thoughts and opinions is one of the invaluable rights of\\nman, and every citizen may freely speak, write, and print on any subject,\\nbeing responsible for the abuse of that liberty. But in prosecutions for the\\npublication of papers investigating the official conduct of officers or men in\\nl^ublic capacity, the truth thereof may be given in evidence; and in all indict-\\nments for libel the jury shall have a right to determine the law and the facts,\\nunder the direction of the court, as in other criminal cases.\\nSec. 20. That no retrospective law, or law impairing the obligations of\\ncontracts, shall be made.\\nSec. 21. That no man s particular services shall be demanded, or property\\ntaken or applied to public use, without the consent of his representatives, or\\nwithout just compensation being made therefor.\\nSec. 22. That perpetuities and monopolies are contrary to the genius of\\na free State, and shall not be allowed.\\nSec. 23. That the citizens have a right, in a peaceable manner, to assemble\\ntogether for their common good, to instruct their representatives, and apply\\nto those invested with the powers of government for redress of grievances, or\\nother proper purposes, by address or remonstrance.\\nSec. 24. That the sure and certain defense of a free people is a well-regu-\\nlated militia; and, as standing armies in time of peace are dangerous to\\nfreedom, they ought to be avoided as far as the circumstances and safety of\\nthe community will admit; and that in all cases the military shall be kept in\\nstrict subordination to the civil authority.\\nSec. 25. That no citizen of this State, except such as are employed in the\\narmy of the United States or militia in actual service, shall be subjected to\\npunishment under the martial or military law. That martial law, in the sense\\nof the unrestricted power of military officers or others to dispose of the\\npersons, liberties, or pi-operty of the citizen, is inconsistent with the principles\\nof free government, and is not confided to any department of the government\\nof this State.\\nSec. 26. That the citizens of this State have a right to keep and to bear\\narms for their common defense but the Legislature shall have power, by law,\\nto regulate the wearing of arms with a view to prevent crime.\\nSec. 27. That no soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house\\nwithout the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner pre-\\nscribed by law.\\nSec. 28. That no citizen of this State shall he compelled to bear arms, pro-\\nvided he will pay an equivalent, to be ascertained by law.\\nSec. 29. That an equal participation in the free navigation of the Mississippi\\nis one of the inherent rights of the citizens of this State; it cannot, there-", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX V\\nfore, be conceded to any prince, potentate, power, person or persons\\nwhatever.\\nSec. 30. That no hereditary emoluments, privileges, or honors, shall be\\ngranted or conferred in this State.\\nSec. 31. That the hmits and boundaries of this State being ascertained, it\\nis declared they are as hereafter mentioned that is to say Beginning on\\nthe extreme height of the Stone Mountain, at the place where the line of\\nVirginia intersects it, in latitude thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes north;\\nrunning thence along the extreme height of the said mountain to the place\\nwhere the Watauga River breaks through it; thence a direct course to the\\ntop of the Yellow Mountain, where Bright s road crosses the same; thence\\nalong the ridge of said mountain, between the waters of Doe River and the\\nwaters of Rock Creek, to the place where the road crosses the Iron Mountain;\\nfrom thence along the extreme height of said mountain to the place where\\nNolichucky River runs through the same; thence to the top of the Bald\\nMountain; thence along the extreme height of said mountain to the Painted\\nRock, on French Broad River; thence along the highest ridge of said moun-\\ntain to the place where it is called the Great Iron or Smoky Mountain; thence\\nalong the extreme height of said mountain to the place where it is called the\\nUnicoi or Unaka Mountain, between the Indian towns of Cowee and Old\\nChota; thence along the main ridge of the said mountain to the southern\\nboundary of this State, as described in the act of cession of North Carolina\\nto the United States of America; and that all the territory, lands, and waters\\nlying west of the said line, as before mentioned, and contained within the\\nchartered limits of the State of North Carolina, are within the boundaries and\\nlimits of this State, over which the people have the right of exercising sov-\\nereignty, and the right of soil, so far as is consistent with the Constitution of\\nthe United States, recognizing the Articles of Confederation, the Bill of\\nRights, and Constitution of North Carolina, the cession act of the said State,\\nand the ordinance of Congress for the government of the territory north-west\\nof the Ohio; Provided, Nothing herein contained shall extend to affect the\\nclaim or claims of individuals to any part of the soil which is recognized to\\nthem by the aforesaid cession act; And provided also, That the limits and\\njurisdiction of this State shall extend to any other land and territory now\\nacquired, or that may hereafter be acquired, by compact or agreement with\\nother States or otherwise, although such land and territory are not included\\nwithin the boundaries hereinbefore designated.\\nSec. 32. That the erection of safe and comfortable prisons, and inspec-\\ntion of prisons, and the humane treatment of prisoners shall be provided\\nfor.\\nSec. t^T)- That slavery and involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for\\ncrime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, are forever prohibited\\nin this State.\\nSec. 34. The General Assembly shall make no law recognizing the right of\\nproperty in man.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "VI APPENDIX\\nARTICLE 11.\\nDistribution of Powers.\\nSection i. The powers of the Government shall be divided into three\\ndistinct departments: the legislative, executive, and judicial.\\nSec. 2. No person or persons belonging to one of these departments shall\\nexercise any of the powers properly belonging to either of the others, except\\nin the cases herein directed or permitted.\\nThe Legislative Department.\\nSec. 3. The legislative authority of this State shall be vested in a General\\nAssembly, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives, both\\ndependent on the people, who shall hold their offices for two years from the\\nday of the general election.\\nSec. 4. An enumeration of the qualified voters and an apportionment of\\nthe Representatives in the General Assembly shall be made in the year one\\nthousand eight hundred and seventy-one, and within every subsequent term of\\nten years.\\nSec. 5. The number of Representatives shall, at the several periods of mak-\\ning the enumeration, be apportioned among th e several counties or districts,\\naccording to the number of qualified voters in each, and shall not exceed\\nseventy-five until the population of the State shall be one million and a half,\\nand shall never exceed ninety-nine; Provided, That any county having two-\\nthirds of the ratio shall be entitled to one member.\\nSec. 6. The number of Senators shall, at the several periods of making the\\nenumeration, be apportioned among the several counties or districts, accord-\\ning to the number of qualified electors in each, and shall not exceed one-third\\nthe number of Representatives. In apportioning the Senators among the\\ndifferent counties the fraction that may be lost by any county or counties in\\napportionment of members to the House of Representatives shall be made up\\nto such county or counties in the Senate as near as may be practicable.\\nWhen a district is composed of two or more counties they shall be adjoining,\\nand no counties shall be divided in forming a district.\\nSec. 7. The first election for Senators and Representatives shall be held on\\nthe second Tuesday in November, one thousand eight hundred and seventy;\\nand forever thereafter elections for members of the General Assembly shall be\\nheld once in two years, on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in Novem-\\nber. Said elections shall terminate the same day.\\nSec. 8. The first session of the General Assembly shall commence on the\\nfirst Monday in October, 1871, at which time the term of service of the mem-\\nbers shall commence, and expire on the first Tuesday of November, 1872, at\\nwhich session the Governor elected on the second Tuesday in November,\\n1870, shall be inaugurated; and forever thereafter the General Assembly shall", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX Vll\\nmeet on the first Monday in January next ensuing the election, at which\\nsession thereof the Governor shall be inaugurated.\\nSec. 9. No person shall be a Representative unless he shall be a citizen of\\nthe United States, of the age of twenty-one years, and shall have been a citizen\\nof this State for three years and a resident in the county he represents one\\nyear immediately preceding the election.\\nSec. 10. No person shall be a Senator unless he shall be a citizen of the\\nUnited States, of the age of thirty years, and shall have resided three years\\nin this State and one year in the county or district immediately preceding the\\nelection. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he\\nwas elected, be eligible to any office or place of trust, the appointment to\\nwhich is vested in the Executive or General Assembly, except to the office of\\ntrustee of a literary institution.\\nSec. II. The Senate and House of Representatives, when assembled, shall\\neach choose a Speaker and its other officers; be judges of the qualifications\\nand election of its members, and sit upon its own adjournments from day to\\nday. Not less than two-thirds of all the members to which each House shall\\nbe entitled shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number\\nmay adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized by law to compel the\\nattendance of absent members.\\nSec. 12. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish\\nits members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds,\\nexpel a member, but not a second time for the same offense; and shall have\\nall other powers necessary for a branch of the Legislature of a free State.\\nSec. 13. Senators and Representatives shall, in all cases except treason,\\nfelony, or breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during the session\\nof the General Assembly, and in going to and returning from the same; and\\nfor any speech or debate in either House they shall not be questioned in any\\nother place.\\nSec. 14. Each House may punish by imprisonment, during its session, any\\nperson not a member, who shall be guilty of disrespect to the House by any\\ndisorderly or contemptuous behavior in its presence.\\nSec. 15. When vacancies happen in either House the Governor for the\\ntime being shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.\\nSec. 16. Neither House shall, during its session, adjourn without the con-\\nsent of the other for more than three days, nor to any other place than that\\nin which the two Houses shall be sitting.\\nSec. 17. Bills may originate in either House, but may be amended, altered,\\nor rejected by the other. No bill shall become a law which embraces more\\nthan one subject, that subject to be expressed in the title. All acts which\\nrepeal, revive, or amend former laws, shall recite in their caption, or other-\\nwise, the title or substance of the law repealed, revived, or amended.\\nSec. 18. Every bill shall be read once on three different days, and be\\npassed each time in the House where it originated before transmission to\\nthe other. No bill shall become a law until it shall have been read and", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "viii APPENDIX\\npassed, on three different days, in each House, and shall have received on its\\nfinal passage, in each House, the assent of a majority of all the members to\\nwhich that House shall be entitled under the Constitution; and shall have\\nbeen signed by the respective Speakers in open session the fact of such\\nsigning to be noted on the journal; and shall have received the approval of\\nthe Governor, or shall have been otherwise passed under the provisions of this\\nConstitution.\\nSec. 19. After a bill has been rejected, no bill containing the same sub-\\nstance shall be passed into a law during the same session.\\nSec. 20. The style of the laws of the State shall be \u00e2\u0096\u00a0^Bc it enacted by the\\nGeneral Assembly of the State of Tennessee^ No law of a general nature shall\\ntake effect until forty days after its passage, unless the same or the caption there-\\nof shall state that the public welfare requires that it should take effect sooner.\\nSec. 21. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and publish\\nit, except such parts as the welfare of the State may require to be kept secret;\\nthe ayes and noes shall be taken in each House upon the final passage of\\nevery bill of a general character, and bills making appropriations of public\\nmoneys; and the ayes and noes of the members on any question shall, at the\\nrequest of five of them, be entered on the journal.\\nSec. 22. The doors of each House and of committees of the whole shall be\\nkept open, unless when the business shall be such as ought to be kept secret.\\nSec. 23. The sum of four dollars per day, and four dollars for every twenty-\\nfive miles traveling to and from the seat of government, shall be allowed to\\neach member of the General Assembly elected after the ratification of this\\nConstitution, as a compensation for their services. But no member shall be\\npaid for more than seventy-five days of a regular session, or for more than\\ntwenty days of an extra or called session or for any day when absent from\\nhis seat in his Legislature, unless physically unable to attend. The Senators,\\nwhen sitting as a court of impeachment, shall each receive four dollars per\\nday of actual attendance.\\nSec. 24. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence\\nof appropriations made by law and an accurate statement of the receipts\\nand expenditures of the public money shall be attached to and published with\\nthe laws at the rise of each stated session of the General Assembly.\\nSec. 25, No person who heretofore hath been, or may hereafter be, a col-\\nlector or holder of pubHc moneys, shall have a seat in either House of the\\nGeneral Assembly, or hold any other office under the State government, until\\nsuch person shall have accounted for and paid into the treasury all sums for\\nwhich he may be accountable or liable.\\nSec. 26. No Judge of any court of law or equity, Secretary of State,\\nAttorney-general, Register, Clerk of any court of record, or person holding\\nany office under the authority of the United States, shall have a seat in the\\nGeneral Assembly, nor shall any person in this State hold more than one\\nlucrative office at the same time Provided, that no appointment in the\\nmilitia, or to the office of Justice of the Peace, shall be considered a lucrative", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX IX\\noffice, or operative as a disqualification to a seat in either House of the\\nGeneral Assembly,\\nSec. 27. Any member of either House of the General Assembly shall have\\nliberty to dissent from and protest against any act or resolve which he may\\nthink injurious to the public or to any individual, and to have the reason for\\nhis dissent entered on the journals.\\nSec, 28. All property, real, personal, or mixed, shall be taxed, but the\\nLegislature may except such as may be held by the State, by counties, cities,\\nor towns, and used exclusively for public or corporation purposes, and such as\\nmay be held and used for purposes purely religious, charitable, scientific,\\nliterary, or educational, and shall except one thousand dollars worth of per-\\nsonal property in the hands of each tax-payer, and the direct product of the\\nsoil in the hands of the producer and his immediate vendee. All property\\nshall be taxed according to its value, that value to be ascertained in such\\nmanner as the Legislature shall direct, so that taxes shall be equal and uni-\\nform throughout the State. No one species of property from which a tax\\nmay be collected shall be taxed higher than any other species of property of\\nthe same value. But the Legislature shall have power to tax merchants,\\npeddlers, and privileges in such manner as they may from time to time direct.\\nThe portion of a merchant s capital used in the purchase of merchandise sold\\nby him to non-residents and sent beyond the State, shall not be taxed at a rate\\nhigher than the ad valorem tax on property. The Legislature shall have the\\npower to levy a tax upon incomes derived from stocks and bonds that are not\\ntaxed ad valorem. All male citizens of this State over the age of twenty-one\\nyears, except such persons as may be exempted by law on account of age or\\nother infirmity, shall be liable to a poll-tax of not less than fifty cents nor\\nmore than one dollar per annum. Nor shall any county or corporation levy\\na poll-tax exceeding the amount levied by the State.\\nSec. 29, The General Assembly shall have power to authorize the several\\ncounties and incorporated towns in this State to impose taxes for county and\\ncorporation purposes respectively, in such manner as shall be prescribed by\\nlaw and all property shall be taxed according to its value, upon the princi-\\nples established in regard to State taxation. But the credit of no county, city,\\nor town shall be given or loaned to or in aid of any person, company, asso-\\nciation, or corporation, except upon an election to be first held by the qualified\\nvoters of such county, city, or town, and the assent of three-fourths of the\\nvotes cast at said election. Nor shall any county, city, or town become a\\nstockholder with others in any company, association, or corporation, except\\nupon a like election, and the assent of a like majority. But the counties of\\nGrainger, Hawkins, Hancock, Union, Campbell, Scott, Morgan, Grundy,\\nSumner, Smith, Fentress, Van Buren, and the new county herein authorized\\nto be established out of fractions of Sumner, Macon, and Smith Counties\\nWhite, Putnam, Overton, Jackson, Cumberland, Anderson, Henderson, Wayne,\\nCocke, Coffee, Macon, Marshall, and Roane shall be exempted out of the\\nprovisions of this section, so far that the assent of a majority of the qualified", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "X APPENDIX\\nvoters of either of said counties voting on the question shall be sufficient,\\nwhen the credit of such county is given or loaned to any person, association,\\nor corporation Provided, That the exception of the counties above named\\nshall not be in force beyond the year one thousand eight hundred and eighty,\\nand after that period they shall be subject to the three-fourths majority appli-\\ncable to the other counties of the State.\\nSec. 30. No article manufactured of the produce of this State shall be taxed\\notherwise than to pay inspection fees.\\nSec. 31. The credit of this State shall not be hereafter loaned or given to\\nor in aid of any person, association, company, corporation, or municipality;\\nnor shall the State become the owner, in whole or in part, of any bank,\\nor a stockholder with others in any association, company, corporation, or\\nmunicipality.\\nSec. 32. No convention or General Assembly of this State shall act upon\\nany amendment of the Constitution of the United States proposed by Congress\\nto the several States, unless such convention or General Assembly shall have\\nbeen elected after such amendment is submitted.\\nSec. 2,Z- No bonds of the State shall be issued to any railroad company\\nwhich at the time of its application for the same shall be in default in paying\\nthe interest upon the State bonds previously loaned to it, or that shall here-\\nafter and before such application, sell or absolutely dispose of any State bonds\\nloaned to it for less than par.\\nARTICLE III.\\nExecutive Department.\\nSection i. The supreme executive power of this State shall be vested in a\\nGovernor.\\nSec. 2. The Governor shall be chosen by the electors of the members of\\nthe General Assembly at the time and places where they shall respectively\\nvote for the members thereof. The returns of every election for Governor\\nshall be sealed up and transmitted to the seat of government by the returning\\nofficers, directed to the Speaker of the Senate, who shall open and publish\\nthem in the presence of a majority of the members of each House of the Gen-\\neral Assembly. The person having the highest number of votes shall be\\nGovernor; but if two or more shall be equal and highest in votes, one of them\\nshall be chosen Governor by joint vote of both Houses of the General Assem-\\nbly. Contested elections for Governor shall be determined by both houses of\\nthe General Assembly, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law.\\nSec. 3. He shall be at least thirty years of age, shall be a citizen of the\\nUnited States, and shall have been a citizen of this State seven years next\\nbefore his election.\\nSec. 4. The Governor shall hold his office for two years, and until his suc-\\ncessor shall be elected and qualified. He shall not be eligible more than six\\nyears in any term of eight.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX XI\\nSec. 5. He shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the State,\\nand of the militia, except when they shall be called into the service of the\\nUnited States; but the militia shall not be called into service except in case\\nof rebellion or invasion, and then only when the General Assembly shall\\ndeclare by law that the public safety requires it.\\nSec. 6. He shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons, after convic-\\ntion, except in cases of impeachment.\\nSec. 7. He shall, at stated times, receive a compensation for his services,\\nwhich shall not be increased or diminished during the period for which he\\nshall have been elected.\\nSec. 8. He may require information, in writing, from the officers in the\\nexecutive department upon any subject relating to the duties of their respec-\\ntive offices.\\nSec. 9. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the General Assem-\\nbly by proclamation, in which he shall state specifically the purposes for which\\nthey are to convene; but they shall enter on no legislative business except\\nthat for which they were specifically called together.\\nSec. 10. He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed.\\nSec. II. He shall, from time to time, give to the General Assembly infor-\\nmation of the state of the government, and recommend for their consider-\\nation such measures as he shall judge expedient.\\nSec. 12. In case of the removal of the Governor from office, or of his death\\nor resignation, the powers and duties of the office shall devolve on the Speaker\\nof the Senate; and in case of the death, removal from office, or resignation of\\nthe Speaker of the Senate, the powers and duties of the office shall devolve on\\nthe Speaker of the House of Representatives.\\nSec. 13. No member of Congress, or person holding any office under the\\nUnited States, or this State, shall execute the office of Governor.\\nSec. 14. When any officer, the right of whose appointment is by this Con-\\nstitution vested in the General Assembly, shall, during the recess, die, or the\\noffice, by the expiration of the term, or by other means, become vacant, the\\nGovernor shall have the power to fill such vacancy by granting a temporary com-\\nmission, which shall expire at the end of the next session of the Legislature.\\nSec. 15. There shall be a seal of this State, which shall be kept by the Gov-\\nernor and used by him officially, and shall be called the Great Seal of the\\nState of Tennessee.\\nSec. 16. All grants and commissions shall be in the name and by the\\nauthority of the State of Tennessee, be sealed with the State seal, and signed\\nby the Governor.\\nSec. 17. A Secretary of State shall be appointed by joint vote of the Gen-\\neral Assembly, and commissioned during the term of four years. He shall\\nkeep a fair register of all the official acts and proceedings of the Governor,\\nand shall, when required, lay the same, and all papers, minutes, and vouchers\\nrelative thereto, before the General Assembly; and shall perform such other\\nduties as shall be enjoined by law.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "xii APrENDIX\\nSec. 1 8. Every bill which may pass both Houses of the General Assembly\\nshall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the Governor for his signature.\\nIf he approve, he shall sign it, and the same shall become a law; but if he\\nrefuse to sign it, he shall return it, with his objections thereto in writing, to the\\nHouse in which it originated, and said House shall cause said objections to be\\nentered at large upon its journals, and proceed to reconsider the bill. If, after\\nsuch reconsideration, a majority of all the members elected to that House shall\\nagree to pass the bill notwithstanding the objections of the Executive, it shall\\nbe sent, with said objections, to the other House, by which it shall be likewise\\nreconsidered. If approved by a majority of the whole number elected to\\nthat House, it shall become a law. The votes of both Houses shall be deter-\\nmined by yeas and nays, and the names of all the members voting for or\\nagainst the bill shall be entered upon the journals of their respective Houses.\\nIf the Governor shall fail to return any bill with his objections, within five\\ndays (Sunday excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same\\nshall become a law without his signature, unless the General Assembly, by its\\nadjournment, prevents its return, in which case it shall not become a law.\\nEvery joint resolution or order, except on questions of adjournment, shall like-\\nwise be presented to the Governor for his signature, and before it shall take\\neffect shall receive his signature, and on being disapproved by him, shall in\\nlike manner be returned with his objections; and the same, before it shall take\\neffect, shall be repassed by a majority of all the members elected to both\\nHouses, in the manner and according to the rules prescribed in case of a bill.\\nARTICLE IV.\\nElections.\\nSection i. Every male person of the age of twenty-one years, being a citizen\\nof the United States, and a resident of this State for twelve months, and of the\\ncounty wherein he may offer his vote for six months next preceding the day of\\nelection, shall be entitled to vote for members of the General Assembly and\\nother civil ofificers for the county or district in which he resides; and there\\nshall be no qualification attached to the right of suffrage except that each\\nvoter shall give the judges of election where he offers to vote satisfactory evi-\\ndence that he has paid the poll-taxes assessed against him for such preceding\\nperiod as the Legislature shall prescribe, and at such time as maybe prescribed\\nby law, without which his vote cannot be received. And all male citizens of\\nthe State shall be subject to the payment of poll-taxes and the performance of\\nmilitary duty within such ages as may be prescribed by law. The General\\nAssembly shall have power to enact laws requiring voters to vote in the election\\nprecincts in which they may reside, and laws to secure the freedom of elec-\\ntions and the purity of the ballot-box.\\nSec. 2. Laws may be passed excluding from the right of suffrage persons\\nwho may be convicted of infamous crimes.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX xili\\nSec. 3. Electors shall, in all cases except treason, felony, or breach of the\\npeace, be privileged from arrest or summons during their attendance at elec-\\ntions, and in going to and returning from them.\\nSec. 4. In all elections to be made by the General Assembly the members\\nthereof shall vote viva voce, and their votes shall be entered on the journal.\\nAll other elections shall be by ballot.\\nARTICLE V.\\nImpeachment.\\nSection i. The House of Representatives shall have the sole power of\\nimpeachment.\\nSec. 2. All impeachments shall be tried by the Senate. When sitting for\\nthat purpose the Senators shall be upon oath or affirmation, and the Chief\\nJustice of the Supreme Court, or, if he be on trial, the senior Associate Judge,\\nshall preside over them. No person shall be convicted without the concur-\\nrence of two-thirds of the Senators sworn to try the officer impeached.\\nSec. 3. The House of Representatives shall elect from their own body\\nthree members whose duty it shall be to prosecute impeachments. No im-\\npeachment shall be tried until the Legislature shall have adjourned sine die,\\nwhen the Senate shall proceed to try such impeachment.\\nSec. 4. The Governor, Judges of the Supreme Court, Judges of the inferior\\ncourts, Chancellors, Attorneys for the State, Treasurer, Comptroller, and Sec-\\nretary of State shall be liable to impeachment whenever they may, in the\\nopinion of the House of Representatives, commit any crime in their official\\ncapacity which may require disqualification; but judgment shall only extend\\nto removal from office and disqualification to fill any office thereafter. The\\nparty shall, nevertheless, be liable to indictment, trial, judgment, and punish-\\nment according to law. The Legislature now has, and shall continue to have,\\npower to relieve from the penalties imposed any person disqualified from\\nholding office by the judgment of a court of impeachment.\\nSec. 5. Justices of the Peace, and other civil officers not hereinbefore men-\\ntioned, for crimes or misdemeanors in office, shall be liable to indictment in\\nsuch courts as the Legislature may direct; and, upon conviction, shall be\\nremoved from office by said court as if found guilty on impeachment, and\\nshall be subject to such other punishment as may be prescribed by law.\\nARTICLE VI.\\nJudicial Depart.ment.\\nSection i. The judicial power of this State shall be vested in one Supreme\\nCourt and in such circuit, chancery, and other inferior courts as the Legisla-\\nture shall from time to time ordain and establish in the Judges thereof and in", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "xiv APPENDIX\\nJustices of the Peace. The Legislature may also vest such jurisdiction in cor-\\nporation courts as may be deemed necessary. Courts to be holden by Justices\\nof the Peace may also be established.\\nSec. 2. The Supreme Court shall consist of tive Judges, of whom not more\\nthan two shall reside in any one of the grand divisions of the State. The\\nJudges shall designate one of their own number who shall preside as Chief\\nJustice. The concurrence of three of the Judges shall, in every case, be\\nnecessary to a decision. The jurisdiction of this court shall be appellate only,\\nunder such restrictions and regulations as may from time to time be prescribed\\nby law; but it may possess such other jurisdiction as is now conferred by law\\non the present Supreme Court. Said court shall be held at Knoxville, Nash-\\nville, and Jackson.\\nSec. 3. The Judges of the Supreme Court shall be elected by the qualified\\nvoters of the State. The Legislature shall have power to prescribe such rules\\nas may be necessary to carry out the provisions of Section 2 of this Article.\\nEvery Judge of the Supreme Court shall be thirty-five years of age, and shall,\\nbefore the election, have been a resident of the State for five years. His term\\nof service shall be eight years.\\nSec. 4. The Judges of the Circuit and Chancery Courts, and of other infe-\\nrior courts, shall be elected by the qualified voters of the district or circuit to\\nwhich they are to be assigned. Every Judge of such courts shall be thirty\\nyears of age, and shall, before his election, have been a resident of the State\\nfive years, and of the circuit or district one year. His term of service shall be\\neight years.\\nSec. 5. An Attorney-general and Reporter for the State shall be appointed\\nby the Judges of the Supreme Court, and shall hold his office for a term of\\neight years. An Attorney for the State for any circuit or district for which a\\nJudge having criminal jurisdiction shall be provided by law shall be elected\\nby the qualified voters of such circuit or district, and shall hold his office for a\\nterm of eight years, and shall have been a resident of the State five years, and\\nof the circuit or district one year. In all cases where the Attorney for any\\ndistrict fails or refuses to attend and prosecute according to law, the court shall\\nhave power to appoint an Attorney pro tempore.\\nSec. 6. Judges and Attorneys for the State may be removed from office by\\na concurrent vote of both Houses of the General Assembly, each House vot-\\ning separately; but two-thirds of the members to which each House may be\\nentitled must concur in such vote. The vote shall be determined by ayes and\\nnoes, and the names of the members voting for or against the Judge or Attor-\\nney for the State, together with the cause or causes of removal, shall be entered\\non the journal of each House respectively. The Judge or Attorney for the\\nState against whom the Legislature may be about to proceed, shall receive\\nnotice thereof, accompanied with a copy of the causes alleged for his removal,\\nat least ten days before the day on which either House of the General Assem-\\nbly shall act thereupon.\\nSec. 7. The Judges of the supreme or inferior courts shall, at stated times,", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX XV\\nreceive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by \\\\dLw, which\\nshall not be increased or diminished during the time for which they are\\nelected. They shall not be allowed any fees or perquisites of office, nor hold\\nany office of trust or profit under this State or the United States.\\nSec. 8. The jurisdiction of the circuit, chancery, and other inferior courts\\nshall be as now established by law until changed by the Legislature.\\nSec. 9. Judges shall not charge juries with respect to matters of fact, but\\nmay state the testimony and declare the law.\\nSec. 10. Judges or justices of the inferior courts of law and equity shall\\nhave power in all civil cases to issue writs of certiorari to remove any cause,\\nor the transcript of the record thereof, from any inferior jurisdiction into such\\ncourt of law, on sufficient cause, supported by oath or affirmation.\\nSec. II. No Judge of the supreme or inferior courts shall preside on the\\ntrial of any cause in the event of which he may be interested, or where either\\nof the parties shall be connected with him by affinity or consanguinity, within\\nsuch degrees as may be prescribed by law, or in which he may have been of\\ncounsel, or in which he may have presided in any inferior court, except by\\nconsent of all the parties. In case all or any of the Judges of the Supreme\\nCourt shall thus be disqualified from presiding on the trial of any cause or\\ncauses, the court, or the Judges thereof, shall certify the same to the Governor\\nof the State, and he shall forthwith specially commission the requisite number\\nof men of law knowledge for the trial and determination thereof. The Legis-\\nlature may, by general laws, make provision that special Judges may be\\nappointed to hold any court the Judge of which shall be unable or fail to\\nattend or sit, or to hear any cause in which the Judge may be incompetent.\\nSec. 12. All writs and other process shall run in the name of the State of\\nTennessee, and bear test and be signed by the respective Clerks. Indict-\\nments shall conclude Against the peace and dignity of the Stated\\nSec. 13. Judges of the Supreme Court shall appoint their Clerks, who shall\\nhold their offices for six years. Chancellors shall appoint their Clerks and\\nMasters, who shall hold their offices for six years. Clerks of the inferior\\ncourts, holden in the respective counties or districts, shall be elected by the\\nqualified voters thereof, for the term of four years. Any Clerk may be\\nremoved from office for malfeasance, incompetency, or neglect of duty, in\\nsuch manner as may be prescribed by law.\\nSb:c. 14. No fine shall be laid on any citizen of this State that shall exceed\\nfifty dollars, unless it shall be assessed by a jury of his peers, who shall assess\\nthe fine at the time they find the fact, if they think the fine should be more\\nthan fifty dollars.\\nSec. 15. The different counties of this State shall be laid off, as the General\\nAssembly may direct, into districts of convenient size, so that the whole\\nnumber in each county shall not be more than twenty-five, or four for every\\none hundred square miles. There shall be two Justices of the Peace and one\\nConstable elected in each district by the qualified voters therein, except dis-\\ntricts including county towns, which shall elect three Justices and two Con-", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "xvi APPENDIX\\nstables. The jurisdiction of said officers shall be co-extensive with the\\ncounty. Justices of the Peace shall be elected for the term of six and Con-\\nstables for the term of two years. Upon the removal of either of said officers\\nfrom the district in which he was elected his office shall become vacant from\\nthe time of such removal. Justices of the Peace shall be commissioned by\\nthe Governor. The Legislature shall have power to provide for the appoint-\\nment of an additional number of Justices of the Peace in incorporated towns.\\nARTICLE VII.\\nState and County Officers.\\nSection i. There shall be elected in each county, by the quahfied voters\\ntherein, one Sheriff, one Trustee, one Register the Sheriff and Trustee for\\ntwo years and the Register for four years; but no person shall be eligible to\\nthe office of Sheriff more than six years in any term of eight years. There\\nshall be elected for each county, by the Justices of the Peace, one Coroner,\\nand one Ranger, who shall hold their offices for two years. Said officers\\nshall be removed for malfeasance or neglect of duty, in such manner as may\\nbe prescribed by law.\\nSec. 2. Should a vacancy occur subsequent to an election in the office of\\nSheriff, Trustee, or Register, it shall be filled by the Justices; if in that of\\nthe Clerk to be elected by the people, it shall be filled by the courts; and\\nthe person so appointed shall continue in office until his successor shall be\\nelected and qualified and such office shall be filled by the qualified voters\\nat the first election for any of the county officers.\\nSec. 3. There shall be a Treasurer or Treasurers and a Comptroller of the\\nTreasury, appointed for the State by the joint vote of both Houses of the\\nGeneral Assembly, who shall hold their offices for two years.\\nSec. 4. The election of all officers and the filling of all vacancies not other-\\nwise directed or provided by this Constitution shall be made in such manner\\nas the Legislature shall direct.\\nSec. 5. Elections for judicial and other civil officers shall be held on the\\nfirst Thursday in August, one thousand eight hundred and seventy, and for-\\never thereafter on the first Thursday in August next preceding the expiration\\nof their respective terms of service. The term of each officer so elected shall\\nbe computed from the first day of September next succeeding his election.\\nThe term of office of the Governor and other executive officers shall be com-\\nputed from the fifteenth of January next after the election of the Governor.\\nNo appointment or election to fill a vacancy shall be made for a period\\nextending beyond the unexpired term. Every officer shall hold his office\\nuntil his successor is elected or appointed and qualified. No special election\\nshall be held to fill a vacancy in the office of Judge or District Attorney but\\nat the time her-ein fixed for the biennial term of civil officers; and such vacancy\\nshall be filled at the next biennial election recurring more than thirty days\\nafter the vacancy occurs.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX xvii\\nARTICLE VIII.\\nMilitia.\\nSection i. All militia officers shall be elected by persons subject to military\\nduty within the bounds of their several companies, battalions, regiments,\\nbrigades, and divisions, under such rules and regulations as the Eegislatur^\\nmay, from time to time, direct and establish.\\nSec. 2. The Governor shall appoint the Adjutant-general and his other\\nstaff officers; the Majors-general, Brigadiers-general, and commanding officers\\nof regiments, shall respectively appoint their staff officers.\\nSec. 3. The Legislature shall pass laws exempting citizens belonging to\\nany sect or denomination of religion, the tenets of which are known to be\\nopposed to the bearing of arms, from attending private and general musters.\\nARTICLE IX.\\nDisqualifications.\\nSection i. Whereas, ministers of the gospel are, by their profession,\\ndedicated to God and the care of souls, and ought not to be diverted from\\nthe great duties of their functions therefore, no minister of the gospel, or\\npriest of any denomination whatever, shall be eligible to a seat in either\\nHouse of the Legislature.\\nSec. 2. No person who denies the being of God, or a future state of\\nrewards and punishments, shall hold any office in the civil department of this\\nState.\\nSec. 3. Any person who shall, after the adoption of this Constitution, fight\\na duel, or knowingly be the bearer of a challenge to fight a duel, or send or\\naccept a challenge for that purpose, or be an aider or abettor in fighting a\\nduel, shall be deprived of the right to hold any office of honor or profit in this\\nState, and shall be punished otherwise, in such manner as the Legislature\\nmay prescribe.\\nARTICLE X.\\nOaths Bribery of Electors New Counties.\\nSection i. Every person who shall be chosen or appointed to any office\\nof trust or profit under this Constitution, or any law made in pursuance\\nthereof, shall, before entering upon the duties thereof, take an oath to sup-\\nport the Constitution of this State and of the United States, and an oath of\\noffice.\\nSec. 2. Each member of the Senate and House of Representatives shall,\\nbefore they proceed to business, take an oath or affirmation to support the\\nConstitution of this State and of the United States, and also the following", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "XVlll APPENDIX\\noath I, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that, as a member of this Gen-\\neral Assembly, I will, in all appointments, vote without favor, affection,\\npartiality, or prejudice and that 1 will not propose or assent to any bill,\\nvote, or resolution which shall appear to me injurious to the people, or con-\\nsent to any act or thing whatever that shall have a tendency to lessen or\\nabridge their rights and privileges as declared by the Constitution of this\\nState.\\nSec. 3. Any elector who shall receive any gift or reward for his vote, in\\nmeat, drink, money, or otherwise, shall suffer such punishment as the laws\\nshall direct; and any person who shall, directly or indirectly, give, promise,\\nor bestow any such reward to be elected, shall thereby be rendered incapable\\nfor six years to serve in the office for which he was elected, and be subject to\\nsuch further punishment as the Legislature shall direct.\\nSec. 4. New counties may be established by the Legislature, to consist of\\nnot less than two hundred and seventy-five square miles, and which shall con-\\ntain a population of seven hundred qualified voters. No line of such county\\nshall approach the court-house of any old county from which it may be taken\\nnearer than eleven miles, nor shall such old county be reduced to less than\\nfive hundred square miles but the following exceptions are made to the\\nforegoing provisions, viz. New counties may be established by the present\\nor any succeeding Legislature out of the following territory, to wit Out of\\nthat portion of Obion County which lies west of the low-water mark of Reel-\\nfoot Lake out of fractions of Sumner, Macon, and Smith Counties, but no\\nline of such new county shall approach the court-house of Sumner and Smith\\nCounties nearer than ten miles, nor include any part of Macon County lying\\nwithin nine and a half miles of the court-house of said county, nor shall more\\nthan twenty square miles of Macon County, nor any part of Sumner County\\nlying due west of the western boundary of Macon County, be taken in the\\nformation of said new county out of fractions of Grainger and Jefferson\\nCounties, but no line of such new county shall include any part of Grainger\\nCounty north of the Holston River, nor shall any line thereof approach the\\ncourt-house of Jefferson County nearer than eleven miles (such new county\\nmay include any other territory which is not excluded by any general provi-\\nsion of this Constitution) out of fractions of Jackson and Overton Counties,\\nbut no line of such new county shall approach the court-house of Jackson or\\nOverton Counties nearer than ten miles, nor shall such county contain less\\nthan four hundred qualified voters, nor shall the area of either of the old\\ncounties be reduced below four hundred and fifty square miles out of frac-\\ntions of Roane, Monroe, and Blount Counties, around the town of Loudon,\\nbut no line of such new county shall ever approach the towns of Maryvilie,\\nKingston, or Madisonville nearer than eleven miles, except that on the south\\nside of the Tennessee River said lines may approach as near as ten miles to\\nthe court-house of Roane County. The counties of Lewis, Cheatham, and\\nSequatchie, as now established by legislative enactments, are hereby declared\\nto be constitutional counties. No part of Bledsoe County shall be taken to", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX Xix\\nform a new county, or a part thereof, or be attached to any adjoining county.\\nThat portion of Marion County included within the following boundaries\\nBeginning on the Grundy and Marion County line at the Nick-a-jack Trace, and\\nrunning about six hundred yards west of Ben. Posey s to where the Tennessee\\nCoal Railroad crosses the line running thence southeast through the Pocket,\\nnear William Summers crossing the Battle Creek Gulf at the corner of\\nThomas Wooten s field thence running across the Little Gizzard Gulf to\\nRaven Point thence in a direct line to the bridge crossing the Big Fiery\\nGizzard thence in a direct line to the mouth of Holy Water Creek thence\\nup said creek to the Grundy County line, and thence with said line to the\\nbeginning, is hereby detached from Marion County and attached to the\\nCounty of Grundy. No part of a county shall be taken off to form a new\\ncounty, or a part thereof, without the consent of two-thirds of the qualified\\nvoters in such part taken off and where an old county is reduced for the\\npurpose of forming a new one, the seat of justice in said old county shall not\\nbe removed without the concurrence of two-thirds of both branches of the\\nLegislature nor shall the seat of justice of any county be removed without\\nthe concurrence of two-thirds of the qualified voters of the county. But the\\nforegoing provision requiring a two-thirds majority of the voters of a county\\nto remove its county seat, shall not apply to the counties of Obion and Cocke.\\nThe fractions taken from old counties to form new counties, or taken from\\none county and added to another, shall continue liable for their pro j-ata of\\nall debts contracted by their respective counties prior to the separation, and\\nbe entitled to their proportion of any stocks or credits belonging to such old\\ncounties.\\nSec. 5. The citizens who may be included in any new county shall vote\\nwith the county or counties from which they may have been stricken off for\\nmembers of Congress, for Governor, and for members of the General Assem-\\nbly, until the next apportionment of members of the General Assembly after\\nthe establishment of such new county.\\nARTICLE XI.\\nMiscellaneous Provisions.\\nSection i. All laws and ordinances now in force and use in this State, not\\ninconsistent with this Constitution, shall continue in force and use until they\\nshall expire, or be altered or repealed by the Legislature. But ordinances\\ncontained in any former Constitution or schedule thereto are hereby abrogated.\\nSec. 2. Nothing contained in this Constitution shall impair the validity of\\nany debts or contracts, or affect any rights of property, or any suits, actions,\\nrights of action, or other proceedings in courts of justice.\\nSec. 3. Any amendment or amendments to this Constitution may be\\nproposed in the Senate or House of Representatives; and if the same shall\\nbe agreed to by a majority of all the members elected to each of the two\\nTENN. HIST. 19", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "XX APPENDIX\\nHouses, such proposed amendment or amendments shall be entered on their\\njournals, with the yeas and nays thereon, and referred to the General Assem-\\nbly then next to be chosen, and shall be published six months previous to the\\ntime of making such choice; and if, in the General Assembly then next chosen\\nas aforesaid, such proposed amendment or amendments shall be agreed to by\\ntwo-thirds of all the members elected to each House, then it shall be the duty\\nof the General Assembly to submit such proposed amendment or amendments\\nto the people in such manner and at such times as the General Assembly shall\\nprescribe. And if the people shall approve and ratify such amendment or\\namendments by a majority of all the citizens of the State voting for Repre-\\nsentatives voting in their favor, such amendment or amendments shall become\\na part of this Constitution. When any amendment or amendments to the\\nConstitution shall be proposed in pursuance of the foregoing provisions, the\\nsame shall, at each of the said sessions, be read three tmies on three several\\ndays in each House. The Legislature shall not propose amendments to the\\nConstitution oftener than once in six years. The Legislature shall have the\\nright, at any time, by law, to submit to the people the question of calling\\na convention to alter, reform, or abolish this Constitution; and when, upon\\nsuch submission, a majority of all the votes cast shall be in favor of said propo-\\nsition, then delegates shall be chosen, and the convention shall assemble in\\nsuch mode and manner as shall be prescribed.\\nSec. 4. The Legislature shall have no power to grant divorces, but may\\nauthorize the courts of justice to grant them for such causes as may be speci-\\nfied by law; but such laws shall be general and uniform in their operation\\nthroughout the State.\\nSec. 5. The Legislature shall have no power to authorize lotteries for any\\npurpose, and shall pass laws to prohibit the sale of lottery tickets in this State.\\nSec. 6. The Legislature shall have no power to change the names of per-\\nsons, or to pass acts adopting or legitimatizing persons, but shall, by general\\nlaws, confer this power on the courts.\\nSec. 7. The Legislature shall fix the rate of interest, and the rate so\\nestablished shall be equal and uniform throughout the State but the Legisla-\\nture may provide for a conventional rate of interest, not to exceed ten per\\ncent, per annum.\\nSec. 8. The Legislature shall have no power to suspend any general law\\nfor the benefit of any particular individuals, nor to pass any law for the benefit\\nof individuals inconsistent with the general laws of the land; nor to pass any\\nlaw granting to any individual or individuals rights, privileges, immunities, or\\nexemptions other than such as may be by the same law extended to any mem-\\nber of the community who may be able to bring himself within the provisions\\nof such law. No corporation shall be created, or its powers increased or di-\\nminished by special laws, but the General Assembly shall provide by general\\nlaws for the organization of all corporations hereafter created, which laws may\\nat any time be altered or repealed; and no such alteration or repeal shall\\ninterfere with or divest rights which have become vested.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX XXI\\nSec. 9. The Legislature shall have the right to vest such powers in the\\ncourts of justice, with regard to private and local affairs, as may be expedient.\\nSec. 10. A well-regulated system of internal improvement is calculated\\nto develop the resources of the State and promote the happiness and pros-\\nperity of her citizens; therefore it ought to be encouraged by the General\\nAssembly.\\nSec. II. A homestead in the possession of each head of a family, and the\\nimprovements thereon to the value, in all, of one thousand dollars shall be\\nexempt from sale under legal process during the life of such head of a family,\\nto inure to the benefit of the widow, and shall be exempt during the minority\\nof their children occupying the same. Nor shall said property be alienated\\nwithout the joint consent of the husband and wife when that relation exists.\\nThis exemption shall not operate against public taxes, nor debts contracted\\nfor the purchase-money of such homestead or improvements thereon.\\nSec. 12. Knowledge, learning, and virtue being essential to the preservation\\nof republican institutions, and the diffusion of the opportunities and advantages\\nof education throughout the different portions of the State being highly con-\\nducive to the promotion of this end, it shall be the duty of the General Assem-\\nbly in all future periods of this Government, to cherish literature and science.\\nAnd the fund called the common school fund, and all the lands and proceeds\\nthereof, dividends, stocks, and other property of every description whatever,\\nheretofore by law appropriated by the General Assembly of this State for the\\nuse of common schools, and all such as shall hereafter be appropriated, shall\\nremain a perpetual fund, the principal of which shall never be diminished by\\nlegislative appropriation; and the interest thereof shall be inviolably appro-\\npriated to the support and encouragement of common schools throughout the\\nState, and for the equal benefit of all the people thereof; and no law shall be\\nmade authorizing said fund, or any part thereof, to be diverted to any other\\nuse than the support and encouragement of common schools. The State\\ntaxes derived hereafter from polls shall be appropriated to educational pur-\\nposes, in such manner as the General Assembly shall, from time to time, direct\\nby law. No school established or aided under this section shall allow white\\nand negro children to be received as scholars together in the same school.\\nThe above provisions shall not prevent the Legislature from carrying into effect\\nany laws that have been passed in favor of the colleges, universities, or acade-\\nmies, or from authorizing heirs or distributees to receive and enjoy escheated\\nproperty under such laws as may be passed from time to time.\\nSec. 13. The General Assembly shall have power to enact laws for the\\nprotection and preservation of game and fish within the State, and such laws\\nmay be enacted for and applied and enforced in particular counties or geo-\\ngraphical districts designated by the General Assembly.\\nSec. 14. The intermarriage of white persons with negroes, mulattoes, or\\npersons of mixed blood, descended from a negro to the third generation,\\ninclusive, or their living together as man and wife, in this State, is prohibited.\\nThe Legislature shall enforce this section by appropriate legislation.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "xxii APPENDIX\\nSec. 15. No person shall, in time of peace, be required to perform any\\nservice to the public on any day set apart by his religion as a day of rest.\\nSec. 16. The declaration of rights, hereto prefixed, is declared to be a part\\nof the Constitution of this State, and shall never be violated on any pretense\\nwhatever. And to guard against transgression of the high powers we have\\ndelegated, we declare that everything in the bill of rights contained is excepted\\nout of the general powers of the Government, and shall forever remain\\ninviolate.\\nSec, 17. No county office created by the Legislature shall be filled other-\\nwise than by the people or the County Court,\\nSchedule.\\nSection i. That no inconvenience may arise from a change of the Consti-\\ntution, it is declared that the Governor of the State, the members of the Gen-\\neral Assembly, and all officers elected at or after the general election of March,\\n1870, shall hold their offices for the terms prescribed in this Constitution.\\nOfficers appointed by the courts shall be filled by appointment, to be made\\nand to take effect during the first term of the court held by Judges elected\\nunder this Constitution.\\nAll other officers shall vacate their places thirty days after the day fixed for\\nthe election of their successors under this Constitution.\\nThe Secretary of State, Comptroller, and Treasurer shall hold their offices\\nuntil the first session of the present General Assembly occurring after the\\nratification of this Constitution, and until their successors are elected and\\nqualified.\\nThe officers then elected shall hold their offices until the fifteenth day of\\nJanuary, 1873.\\nSec, 2. At the first election of Judges under this Constitution there shall be\\nelected six Judges of the Supreme Court, two from each grand division of the\\nState, who shall hold their offices for the term herein prescribed.\\nIn the event any vacancy shall occur in the office of either of said Judges at\\nany time after the first day of January, 1873, it shall remain unfilled, and the\\ncourt shall from that time be constituted of five Judges.\\nWhile the court shall consist of six Judges they may sit in two sections, and\\nmay hear and determine causes in each at the same time, but not in different\\ngrand divisions at the same time. When so sitting the concurrence of two\\nJudges shall be necessary to a decision.\\nThe Attorney-general and Reporter for the State shall be appointed after\\nthe election and qualification of the Judges of the Supreme Court herein pro-\\nvided for.\\nSec, 3. Every Judge and every officer of the executive department of this\\nState, and every Sheriff holding over under this Constitution, shall, within\\ntwenty days after the ratification of this Constitution is proclaimed, take an\\noath to support the same; and the failure of any officer to take such oath shall\\nvacate his office.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX\\nxxm\\nSec. 4. The time which has elapsed since the sixth day of May, 1861, until\\nthe first day of January, 1867, shall not be computed in any cases affected by\\nthe statutes of limitation, nor shall any writ of error be affected by such lapse\\nof time.\\nDone in convention at Nashville, the twenty-third day of February, in the\\nyear of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy, and of the inde-\\npendence of the United States the ninety-fourth. In testimony whereof we\\nhave hereunto set our names.\\nThos.\\nW. S.\\nJohn Allen,\\nJesse Arledge,-\\nHumphrey Bate,\\nJno. Baxter,\\nA. Blizzard,\\nNathan Brandon,\\nJames Britton,\\nR. P. Brooks,\\nNeil S, Brown,\\nJames S. Brown,\\nT. M. Burkett,\\nJohn W. Burton,\\nWm. Byrne,\\nAlex. W. Campbell,\\nWm. Blount Carter,\\nZ. R. Chowning,\\nJames A. Coffin,\\nWarren Cummings,\\nRobert P. Cypert,\\nT, D. Davenport,\\nN. V. Deaderick,\\nG. G. Dibrell,\\nN. F. Doherty,\\nJ. E. Dromgoole,\\nJames Fentress,\\nA. T. Fielder,\\nP. G. Fulkerson,\\nJohn A. Gardner,\\nJohn E. Garner,\\nS. P. Gaut,\\nCharles A. Gibbs,\\nB. Gordon,\\nJ. B. Heiskell,\\nAttest: T.\\nW. Jones, Assistant Secretary.\\nKyle, Second Assistant Secretary.\\nJohn C. Brown, President.\\nR. Henderson,\\nH. L. W. Hill,\\nSp l Hill,\\nSam S. House,\\nJno. F. House,\\nT. B. Ivie,\\nThomas M. Jones,\\nDavid N. Kennedy,\\nD. M. Key,\\nSam J. Kirkpatrick,\\nA. A. Kyle,\\nJos. A. Mabry,\\nA. G. McDougal,\\nMalcom McNabb,\\nMatt. Martin,\\nJohn H. Meeks,\\nThos. C. Morris,\\nJ. Netherland,\\nA. O. P. Nicholson,\\nGeo. C. Porter,\\nJas. D. Porter, Jr.,\\nGeo. E. Seay,\\nSamuel G. Shepard,\\nE. H. Shelton,\\nWm. H. Stephens,\\nJohn M. Taylor,\\nJ. C. Thompson,\\nN. Vance Thompson,\\nJames J. Turner,\\nGeo. W. Walker,\\nRichard Warner, Jr.,\\nN. H. Williamson,\\nW. M. Wright.\\nE. S. RusswuRM, Secretary,", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "XXIV APPENDIX\\nOrdinance.\\nSection i. Be it ordained by the Convention, That it shall be the duty of\\nthe several officers of the State authorized by law to hold elections for mem-\\nbers of the General Assembly and other officers, to open and hold an election\\nat the place of holding said elections in their respective counties, on the fourth\\nSaturday m March, 1870, for the purpose of receiving the votes of such quali-\\nfied voters as may desire to vote for the ratification or rejection of the Consti-\\ntution recommended by the Convention, and the qualifications of voters in said\\nelection be the same as that required in the election of delegates to this\\nConvention.\\nSec. 2. It shall be the duty of said returning officers in each county in this\\nState to enroll the name of each voter on the poll-books prepared for said\\nelection, and shall deposit each ballot in the ballot-boxes respectively. Each\\nvoter who wishes to ratify the new Constitution shall have written or printed\\non his ticket the words Nev/ Constitution, or words of like import; and\\neach voter who wishes to vote against the ratification of the new Constitution\\nshall have written or printed on his ticket the words Old Constitution, or\\nwords of like import.\\nSec. 3. The election shall be held and the judges and clerks shall be\\nappointed as in the case of the election of the members of the General\\nAssembly; and the returning officers, in the presence of the judges or in-\\nspectors, shall count the votes given for the New Constitution, and of\\nthose given for the Old Constitution, of which they shall keep a correct\\nestimate in said poll-books. They shall deposit the original poll-books of\\nsaid election with the Clerks of the County Courts in the respective counties;\\nand shall, within five days after the election, make out accurate statements of\\nthe number of votes in their respective counties for or against the New\\nConstitution, and immediately forward by mail one copy of said certificates\\nto the Governor and one to the Speaker of the Senate. So soon as the poll-\\nbooks are deposited with the County Court Clerks, they shall certify to the\\nPresident of the Convention an accurate statement of the number of votes\\ncast for or against the New Constitution, as appears on said poll-books; and\\nif any of said returning officers shall fail to make the returns herein provided\\nfor within the time required, the Governor shall be authorized to send special\\nmessengers for the result of the vote in those counties whose officers have so\\nfailed to make returns.\\nSec. 4. Upon the receipt of said returns it shall be the duty of the Gov-\\nernor, Speaker of the Senate, and the President of this Convention, or any\\ntwo of them, to compare the votes cast in said election; and if it shall appear\\nthat a majority of all the votes cast for and against the new Constitution were\\nfor New Constitution, it shall be the duty of the Governor, Speaker of the\\nSenate, and President of this Convention, or any two of them, to append to\\nthis Constitution a certificate of the result of the votes, from which time the\\nConstitution shall be established as the Constitution of Tennessee, and the\\nGovernor shall make proclamation of the result.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX\\nXXV\\nSec. 5. The Governor of the State is required to issue his proclamation as\\nto the election on the fourth Saturday in March, 1870, hereto provided for.\\nJohn C. Brown, President.\\nAttest: T. E. S. Russwurm, Secretary.\\nGOVERNORS OF TENNESSEE FROM 1790.\\nWilliam Blount, Territorial Gov-\\nernor, 1790-96.\\nJohn Sevier, 1 796-1801.\\nArchibald Roane, 1801-03.\\nJohn Sevier, 1803-09.\\nWilUe Blount, 1809-15.\\nJoseph McMinn, 1815-21.\\nWilliam Carroll, 1821-27.\\nSamuel Houston, 1827 to April,\\n1829, when he resigned, and\\nWilham Hall, Speaker of the\\nSenate, became Governor, serv-\\ning to October, 1829.\\nWilliam Carroll, 1829-35.\\nNewton Cannon, 1835-39.\\nJames K. Polk, 1839-41.\\nJames C. Jones, 1841-45.\\nAaron V. Brown, 1845-47.\\nNeill S. Brown, 1847-49.\\nWilliam Trousdale, 1849-51.\\nWilliam B. Campbell, 1851-53.\\nAndrew Johnson, 1853-57.\\n18. Isham G. Harris, 1857-63. Robert\\nL. Caruthers was elected Gov-\\nernor in 1863, but on account\\nof Tennessee being in posses-\\nsion of Federal troops, was\\nunable to qualify. President\\nLincoln appointed Andrew\\nJohnson Military Governor of\\nTennessee, who served from\\n1862 to 1865.\\n19. William G. Brownlow, 1865-69.\\n20. D. W. C. Senter, 1869-71.\\n21. John C. Brown, 1871-75.\\n22. James D. Porter, 1875-79.\\n23. Albert S. Marks, 1879-81.\\n24. Alvin Hawkins, 1881-83.\\n25. William B. Bate, 1883-87.\\n26. Robert L. Taylor, 1887-91.\\n27. John P. Buchanan, 1891-93.\\n28. Peter Turney, 1893-97.\\nRobert L. Taylor, 1897-99.\\nBenton McMillin, 1899-.\\nSECRETARIES OF STATE FROM 1792.\\nDaniel Smith, Territorial Secretary,\\n1792-96.\\nWilliam Maclin, 1 796-1807.\\nRobert Houston, 1 807-11.\\nW. G. Blount, 1811-15.\\nWilUam Alexander, 181 5-1 8 (died).\\nDaniel Graham, appointed August,\\n1818, served till 1830 (resigned).\\nT. H. Fletcher, appointed September,\\n1830, served till 1832.\\nSamuel G. Smith, 1832-35.\\nLuke Lea, 1835-39.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "XXVI\\nAPPENDIX\\nJohn S. Young, 1839-47.\\nW. B. A. Ramsey, 1847-55.\\nF. N. W. Burton, 1855-59.\\nJ. E. R. Ray, 1859-65.\\nE. H. East, appointed in 1862 by An-\\ndrew Johnson, Mihtary Governor,\\nserved to 186:;.\\nA. J. Fletcher, 1865-70.\\nT. H. Butler, 1870-73.\\nCharles N. Gibbs, 1873-81.\\nDavid A. Nunn, 1881-85.\\nJohn Allison, Jr., 1885-89.\\nCharles A. Miller, 1889-93.\\nW. S. Morgan, 1893-.\\nCOMPTROLLERS OFFICE CREATED IN 1835.\\nDaniel Graham, 1836-43.\\nFelix K. Zollicoffer, 1843-49.\\nB. N. Sheppard, 1849-51.\\nArthur R. Crozier, 1851-55.\\nJames C. Luttrell, 1855-57.\\nJames T. Dunlap, 1857-62.\\nJoseph S. Foster, appointed by Andrew\\nJohnson, Military Governor, 1862-\\n65.\\nJ. R. Dillin, elected 1865, failed to\\nqualify, being a member of the\\nLegislature that elected him, and\\nineligible.\\nS. W. Hatchett, 1865-66.\\nG. W. Blackburn, 1866-70.\\nE. R. Pennebaker, 1870-73.\\nW. W. Hobb, January, 1873, to May,\\n1873.\\nJohn C. Burch, May, 1873-75.\\nJames L. Gaines, 1875-81.\\nJames N. Nolen, 1881-83.\\nP. P. Pickard, 1883-89.\\nJ. W. Allen, 1889-93.\\nJames A. Harris, 1893-99.\\nTheodore King, 1899-.\\nTREASURERS FROM 1796.\\nThe act of April 13, 1796, and territorial act of September, 1794, Chapter 9,\\nprovided for two District Treasurers, viz. District of Miro, and District of\\nWashington and Hamilton. Act of November i, 1827, created the offices\\nof Treasurer of Western District, at Jackson, Tennessee Treasurer of Wash-\\nington and Hamilton, or East Tennessee, at Knoxville and Treasurer of\\nMiro, at Nashville. The constitution of 1834 provided for one Treasurer for\\nthe state, to be elected by the legislature for two years.\\nDaniel Smith, Territorial Secretary,\\nacted as Treasurer from 1792 to\\n1794.\\nLandon Carter, Territorial Treasurer\\nof Washington and Hamilton, 1 794-\\n1800.\\nHowell Tatum, Territorial Treasurer\\nof Miro, 1794-96.\\nWilliam Black, Miro, 1796-97.\\nRobert Searcy, Miro, 1 797-1803.\\nJohn Maclin, Washington and Hamil-\\nton, 1800-03.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX\\nXXVll\\nThomas McCorry, Washington and\\nHamilton, 1803-13.\\nThomas Crutcher, Miro, 1803-13.\\nThomas McCorry, East Tennessee\\n(Washington and Hamilton), 1813-\\n15-\\nThomas Crutcher, Miro, 1813-36.\\nMatthew Nelson, East Tennessee,\\n1815-27.\\nMiller Francis, East Tennessee, 1827-\\n36.\\nJames Caruthers, Western District,\\n1827-36.\\nMiller Francis, State, 1836-43.\\nMatthew Nelson, State, 1843-45.\\nRobert B. Turner, 1845-47.\\nAnthony Dibbrell, 1847-55.\\nG. C. Torbett, 1855-57.\\nW. Z. McGregor, 1857-65.\\nR. L. Stanford, 1865-66.\\nJohn R. Henry, 1866-68.\\nW. H. StiUwell, 1868-69.\\nJ. E. Rust, 1869-71.\\nWilliam Morrow, 1 871-77.\\nM. T. Polk, 1877-83.\\nAtha Thomas, 1883-85.\\nJ. W. Thomas, 1885-86 (died).\\nAtha Thomas, 1886-89.\\nM. F. House, 1889-93.\\nE. B. Craig, 1893-.\\nSUPERINTENDENTS OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.\\nThis office was created in 1835, abolished in 1843, re-created in 1865, pro-\\nvided for in the constitution of 1870, and again created in 1873.\\nRobert H. McEwen, 1836-40.\\nRobert P. Currin, 1840-41.\\nScott Terry, 1841-43.\\nL. R. Stanford, 1865-67.\\nJohn Eaton, Jr., 1867-69.\\nA. J. Tipton, 1869-71.\\nJohn M. Fleming, 1873-75.\\nLeon Trousdale, 1875-81.\\nW. S. Doak, 1881-82.\\nG. S. W. Crawford, 1882-83.\\nThomas H. Paine, 1883-87.\\nFrank M. Smith, 1887-91.\\nW. R. Garrett, 1891-93.\\nFrank M. Smith, 1893-95.\\nS. G. Gilbreath, 1895-97.\\nPrice Thomas, 1897-99.\\nMorgan C. Fitzpatrick, 1899-.\\nSTATE BOARD OF EDUCATION.\\nThe State Board of Education was organized by Governor Porter under\\nauthority of an act of the General Assembly, passed March 23, 1875.\\nGovernor and the State Superintendent are ex officio members, the Governor\\nbeing President of the Board. There are five other members appointed by\\nthe Governor, each to serve for a period of six years. The Secretary is elected\\nby the Board.\\n1876, James D. Porter, President; Leon Trousdale, State Superintendent;\\nE. H. Ewing; J. J. Reese; J. W. Hoyte; R. W. Mitchel; J. B. Lindsley,\\nSecretary.\\n1877 and 1878. James D. Porter, President Leon Trousdale, State Superin-", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "xxviii APPENDIX\\ntendent; E. H. Ewing; H. Presnell; J. W. Hoyte; R. W. Mitchel; J. B.\\nLindsley, Secretary.\\n879 and 1880. Albert S. Marks, President; other members as above.\\n881. Alvin Hawkins, President; W. S. Doak, State Superintendent; E. H.\\nEwing Leon Trousdale J. W. Hoyte W. P.Jones J, B. Lindsley, Sec y.\\n882. Alvin Hawkins, President; G. S. W. Crawford, State Superintendent\\nE. S. Joynes; Leon Trousdale; J. W. Hoyte; W. P. Jones; J. B. Lindsley,\\nSecretary.\\n883 and 1884. W. B. Bate, President Thomas H. Paine, State Superin-\\ntendent; Frank Goodman; Leon Trousdale; J. W. Hoyte; W.P.Jones;\\nJ. B. Lindsley, Secretary.\\n885 and 1886. W. B. Bate, President; Thomas H. Paine, State Superin-\\ntendent Frank Goodman Leon Trousdale Frank M. Smith W. P.\\nJones; J. B. Lindsley, Secretary.\\n887 to 1890. Robert L. Taylor, President Frank M. Smith, State Super-\\nintendent; Thomas H. Paine; C.S.Douglass; John W. Bachman; W. P.\\nJones; Frank Goodman, Secretary.\\n891 and 1892. John P. Buchanan, President W. R. Garrett, State Super-\\nintendent Thomas H. Paine C. S. Douglass Frank M. Smith W. P.\\nJones; Frank Goodman, Secretary.\\n893 and 1894. Peter Turney, President Frank M. Smith, State Superin-\\ntendent; Thomas H. Paine; C. S. Douglass; H. D. Huffaker; W. P. Jones;\\nFrank Goodman, Secretary.\\n895 and 1896. Peter Turney, President S. G. Gilbreath, State Superin-\\ntendent Thomas H. Paine C. S. Douglass H. D. Huffaker A. D.\\nWharton; Frank Goodman, Secretary.\\n897 and 1898. Robert L.Taylor, President; Price Thomas, State Superin-\\ntendent Thomas H. Paine C. S. Douglass H. D. Huffaker A. D.\\nW^harton Frank Goodman, Secretary.\\n899. Benton McMillin, President; Morgan C. Fitzpatrick, State Superin-\\ntendent and Secretary Thomas H. Paine C. S. Douglass H. D. Huf-\\nfaker; A. D. Wharton; Frank Goodman.\\nCOMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE.\\nThe Bureau of Agriculture, Statistics, and Mines was established in 1854,\\nthe governor being ex officio president. E. G. Eastman was elected secretary\\nand served to the war. By act of March 4, 1875, ^he ofBce of Commissioner\\nwas created, and the department was established on its present basis.\\nJ. B. Killebrew, 1875-81.\\nA. W. Hawkins, 1881-83.\\nA.J. McWhirter, 1883-87.\\nB. M. Herd, 1887-91.\\nD. G. Godwin, 1891-93.\\nT. F. P. Allison, 1893-97.\\nJohn T. Esserry, 1897-99.\\nThomas H. Paine, 1899-.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX\\nXXIX\\nATTORNEYS GENERAL.\\nThe office of Attorney-General and Reporter for the State was created in\\nGeorge T. Yerger, 1831-39.\\nReturn J. Meigs, 1839 to November,\\n1839.\\nWest H. Humphreys, 1839-51.\\n\\\\V. G. Swan, 1851-54.\\nJohn L. T. Sneed, 1854-59.\\nJohn W. Head, 1859 to the war.\\nThomas H. Coldwell, 1865-70.\\nJoseph B. Heiskell, 1870-78.\\nBenjamin J. Lea, 1878-86.\\nGeorge W. Pickle, 1886-.\\nJUDGES OF TENNESSEE FROM 1792.\\n1792. William Blount, Governor, David Campbell, and Joseph Anderson\\ncomposed the Territorial Court to 1796.\\n1796. Act of April 9, 1796, established a Superior Court of Law and Equity,\\nand provided for three judges for the state.\\nJohn McNairy, Archibald Roane, and\\nWilUe Blount were commissioned,\\non April 11, 1796, Judges of the\\nSuperior Court of Law and Equity\\nfor the state,\\nHowell Tatum (vice McNairy, re-\\nsigned), 1797-98.\\nW. C. C. Claiborne (rice Willie Blount,\\ndeclined), 1796-97.\\nDavid Campbell, 1 797-1807.\\nAndrew Jackson, appointed Septem-\\nber, 1798, and elected December,\\n1798, served to 1804.\\nSamuel Powell, 1807-09.\\nJohn Overton (c^zV^ Jackson), 1804-09.\\nParry W. Humphreys, 1807-09.\\nHugh Lawson White (in place of A.\\nRoane), 1801-07,\\nThomas Emmerson (vice White),\\n1807-09.\\nJUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT OF ERRORS AND APPEALS.\\nBy the act of November 16, 1809, a Supreme Court of Errors and Appeals\\nwas created, Circuit Courts established, and five judicial circuits erected;\\njudges elected by the legislature to serve during good behavior. The follow-\\ning served as indicated\\nW. W. Cooke, 1815-16 (died),\\nArchibald Roane, added to the court\\nHugh L. White, 1809-15.\\nGeorge W. Campbell, 1809-11.\\nJohn Overton, 181 1- 1 6.\\nOctober 21, 1815, served to 1818.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "XXX\\nAPPENDIX\\nRobert Whyte (vice Overton), i8l6-\\n35-\\nJohn Haywood, 1816-26.\\nThomas Emmerson, 1819-22.\\nJacob Peck, 1822-35.\\nWilliam L. Brown, added to the court\\nin 1822, resigned July, 1824.\\nJohn Catron, 1824-35 (Chief Justice\\nfrom 1831).\\nHugh L. White was elected in 1824,\\nbut declined,\\nThomas L. Williams was appointed\\nvice White, but declined, and the\\nlegislature declined to fill the va-\\ncancy.\\nHenry Crabb, appointed, vice Hay-\\nwood, in 1827 (died same year).\\nNathan Green, 1831\\nSUPREME COURT UNDER CONSTITUTION OF 1834.\\nNathan Green, 1835-53 (resigned).\\nWilliam B. Reese, 1835-47.\\nWilliam B. Turley, 1835-50 (resigned).\\nRobert J. McKinney, 1847-63 (served\\ntill war discontinued courts).\\nRobert L. Caruthers, 1853-61.\\nW. F. Cooper, appointed in 1861\\n(served till war discontinued courts).\\nA. W. O. Totten {vice Turley), 1850-\\n55-\\nWilliam R. Harris, 1855-58 (died).\\nArchibald Wright, 1858-63 (served\\ntill war discontinued courts).\\nRussell Houston, from January 25,\\n1865, to August 24, 1865.\\nSamuel Milligan, from January 25,\\n1865, to January, 1867.\\nHenry G. Smith, from January 25,\\n1865, to January, 1867.\\nJames O. Shackelford, from August\\n24, 1865, to 1867 (resigned).\\nAndrew McClain, 1867-70.\\nAlvin Hawkins, from June, 1867, to\\n1870.\\nGeorge Andrews, from June, 1867, to\\n1870.\\nSUPREME COURT UNDER CONSTITUTION OF 1870.\\nT. A. R. Nelson, from 1870 to Decem-\\nber 5, 1871 (resigned).\\nA. O. P. Nicholson, Chief Justice, from\\n1870 to March 23, 1876 (died).\\nJ. W. Deaderick (Chief Justice, 1878-\\n84), 1870-84 (died).\\nRobert J. McFarland {vice Nelson),\\nfrom 1872 to 1884 (died).\\nPeter Turney (Chief Justice,\\n1870-93.\\nThomas J. Freeman, 1870-86.\\nJohn L. T. Sneed, 1870-78.\\nWilliam F. Cooper, 1878-86.\\nH. H. Lurton, 1886-93.\\nW. C. Fowlkes, 1886-90 (died)\\nB. J. Lea, 1890-94 (died).\\n1886),", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX\\nXXXI\\nPRESENT SUPREME COURT.\\nELECTED FOR EIGHT YEARS, i8Q4.\\n1. D. L. Snodgrass, Chief Justice,\\n1 886-.\\n2. W. C. Caldwell, Assistant Justice,\\n1886-.\\n3. W. D. Beard, 1894-.\\n4. John S. Wilkes, 1894-.\\n5. W. C. McAlister, 1894-\\nLIBRARIANS.\\nThe office of State Librarian was created in 1854. Prior to that time the\\nSecretary of State had been ex officio Librarian. See Chapter XXV.\\nReturn J. Meigs, 1854-61.\\nJohn E. Hatcher, 1861-65.\\nA. Gattinger, 1865-69.\\nWilliam H. Wharton, 1869-71.\\nMrs. Paralee Haskell, 1871-79.\\nMrs. S. P. Hatton, 1879-87.\\nMrs. Sue P. Lowe, 1887-91.\\nMrs. Linnie Williams, 1891-95.\\nMrs. Irene Ingram, 1895-97.\\nMiss Pauline L. Jones, 1897-99.\\nMiss Jennie E. Lauderdale, 1899-.\\nLEGAL HOLIDAYS IN TENNESSEE.\\n(See Acts of 1889, Chapter 63.)\\nJanuary i, New Year s Day.\\nFebruary 22, Washington s Birthday.\\nGood Friday.\\nApril 26, Memorial Day.\\nMay 30, Decoration Day.\\nJuly 4, Independence Day.\\nThanksgiving.\\nDecember 25, Christmas Day.\\nAll General Election Days.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\nAbolitionists. t8o, 195, 197.\\nAdams, John ^umcy, 152, 189.\\nAdmission of Tennessee, 105.\\nAdventurers, 29-33.\\nAgricultural and Mechanical College,\\nAlabama, Indian war in, 126.\\nAlamance Creek, 37, 40.\\nAlamo, 167.\\nAlexander, Abraham, 39,\\nAlexander, John, 39.\\nAllen, Eliza, 142.\\nAmbrister, 133.\\nAmendment, thirteenth, 220.\\nAnderson, Joseph, 117.\\nAnderson, S. R., 202.\\nAnnapolis, 196.\\nAnti-federalists, 115, 184.\\nAranda, Count, 97.\\nArbuthnot, 133.\\nArmstrong, Jennie, 264.\\nArticles of Association, 54.\\nAsbury, Bishop, in.\\nAshe, John, 38.\\nAsher s Station, 87.\\nAtkins, J. D. C, 222.\\nBahama Islands, cession of, 95.\\nBaird, John, 102.\\nBalch, Hezekiah, in.\\nBanks, 131, 132, 162, 232.\\nBarancas, Fort, 26, 96.\\nBarnes, Mr., 138.\\nBate, William B., 167, 232, 243, 244.\\nBean, Russell, 44.\\nBean, William, 33, 44, 55, 60, 63.\\nBeasley, John R., 243.\\nBeauregard, General, 204.\\nBell, John, 153, 198, 276.\\nBelmont, battle at, 203.\\nBenton, Jesse, 126.\\nBenton, Thomas H., 126.\\nBig Salt Lick, 84, 87.\\nBillingsly, W. M., 273.\\nBlack, William, 117.\\nBledsoe, loi.\\nBledsoe s Station, 87.\\nBlind, school for, 162,\\nBloody First, 173.\\nBlount, Barbara, 264.\\nBlount College, in, 264.\\nBlount, William, territorial governor, loi;\\nIndian troubles, 103-105; chairman consti-\\n264. tutional convention, 115, 116; senatoi, 117;\\ncharges against, 119.\\nBlount, Willie, 117, 122-129.\\nBluffs, battle of the, 91.\\nBonaparte, Napoleon, 123.\\nBoone, Daniel, 27, 62.\\nBoone Creek, 27, 33.\\nBounds, Thomas, 116.\\nBowling, F. M., 273.\\nBowling Green, 202.\\nBowyer, Lewis, 55.\\nBoyds Creek, 74.\\nBragg, Braxton, 204, 205.\\nBreckenridge, John C, 197.\\nBrown, Aaron Vail, opposes Hugh L. White,\\n153; administration of, 164-167; charges\\nagainst, 170; in southern convention, 172;\\nPostmaster General, 276.\\nBrown, Jacob, 44, 55.\\nBrown, John, 197.\\nBrown, John C, 229, 231-234.\\nBrown, Neill S., 170, 171, 231, 276.\\nBrown, Mr., 104.\\nBrownlow Debt, 233.\\nBrownlow, William G., 157, 220-223.\\nBrown s Store, 44, 45, 54.\\nBuchanan, James, 166, 180.\\nBuchanan, John P., 249-251, 253.\\nBuchanan s Station, 104.\\nBuckingham. Nathaniel A., 116.\\nBuckner, Simon B., 202.\\nBuel, General, 204.\\nBuffalo Ridge, in.\\nBureau of Agriculture, Statistics, and Mines,\\n179.\\nBurnside, General, 206.\\nCabot, John, 13.\\nCage, William, 80.\\nCairo, 203.\\nCalifornia, admission of, 197.\\nCamden, 68.\\nCameron, Alexander, 56, 68.\\nCampbell, David. 79, 80, 82, loi.\\nxxxiii", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "XXXIV\\nINDEX\\nCampbell, George W., 276.\\nCampbell, William B., 69, 70, 167, 172, 175.\\nCanada won by the English, 25.\\nCannon, Newton, 153, 154, 159.\\nCapital, state, 162.\\nCapitol, state, 146, 162.\\nCarolina. See North Carolina and South\\nCarolina.\\nCarpetbaggers, 226.\\nCarrick, Samuel, in.\\nCarroll, William, 126, 129, 140, 141, 145-149,\\n153-\\nCarter, John, 55, 59, 60.\\nCarter, Landon, 79, 80, 82, 117.\\nCarter, Mr., 44.\\nCarters Valley Settlement, 44, 54.\\nCass, Lewis, 171.\\nCastalian Springs, 84.\\nCastleman, 92, loi.\\nCaswell, Governor, 81.\\nCaswell, W. R., 202.\\nCatron, John, 153, 276.\\nCentennial. Tennessee, 255-258.\\nCentral Tennessee College, 262.\\nCession to United States, 78.\\nChamplain, 13, 24.\\nChapman, Thomas, 80.\\nCharles II., 14.\\nCharleston, 68, 198.\\nChattanooga, 205, 206.\\nCheatham, Benjamin Franklin, 167, 202, 211,\\n212, 233, 277.\\nCheatham, Mrs., 63.\\nCherokees, 19, 21, 33, 45, 56.\\nChickamauga Creek, 75, 205.\\nChickamaugas, 20, 21, 74.\\nChickasaw Bluffs, 134.\\nChickasaws, 20, 21, 45, 125, 133, 138.\\nChisholm. J., 60.\\nChoctaws, 20, 125.\\nChristian Brothers College, 262.\\nChurches, 112.\\nCivil War, 184-207, 277.\\nClarendon Grant, 10, 15.\\nClarion, The, 153.\\nClark, George Rogers, 86.\\nClirke, William, 60.\\nClay, Henry, 152, 156, 163, 164.\\nCleveland, Colonel, 69.\\nCobb, William, 60.\\nCocke, William, 58, 82, 102, 117, 126.\\nCoffee, John, 126, 129.\\nCole, E. W., 263.\\nColleges, no, in, 262. See Schools.\\nColonies, 29, 34, 35.\\nColumbus, Christopher, 11.\\nColumbus, Kentucky, 202.\\nCommittee of Notables, 63.\\nCommittee of Thirteen, 54, 60, 64.\\nCompact of Government, 87, 92.\\nConfederacy, 198, 226. See Civil War.\\nConfederate Army, 202-204, 277. See Civil\\nWar.\\nConservatives, 222.\\nConstitution, of North Carolina, 59.\\nof Tennessee, 105, 116, 118, 146, 229, i-xxv.\\nof United States, 194.\\nContinental Congress, 39.\\nConvention, Constitutional, 115, 147, 229.\\nHartford, 188.\\nMecklenburg, 39.\\nNashville, 219.\\nRevision, 219, 220.\\nSlaveholders 196.\\nSouthern, 172.\\nCoosa River, 75.\\nCorinth, Mississippi, 203.\\nCornwallis, 68, 69, 71.\\nCotton gin, 193.\\nCounties, 42, 43, 102, 103, 135, 136.\\nCourts reformed, 146, 147.\\nCowpens, 69.\\nCrawford, William H., 152.\\nCreek War, 125-127, 277.\\nCreeks, 20, 21, 125-128, 132.\\nCrockett, David, 153, 168, 169.\\nCuba, 95.\\nCumberland, Duke of, 26.\\nCumberland Gap, 202-204.\\nCumberland Settlements, 84-89 92, 97, 98.\\nCumberland University, 262.\\nCummins, Charles, in.\\nDalton, Georgia, 206.\\nDark and Bloody Ground, 22.\\nDavidson Academy, in.\\nDavidson County, 93-94.\\nDavis, President, 202.\\nDe Mumbreun, Captain, 85.\\nDe Pcyster, 70, 71.\\nDe Soto, 23, 24.\\nDeaf Mutes, School for, 162.\\nDeclaration of Independence, 39.\\nDemocratic Republicans, 115, 152, 184.\\nDemocrats, 152, 156, 161, 172, 180, 219, 229.\\nDoak, Samuel, no, in.\\nDoherty, George, 102.\\nDonelson, Andrew Jackson, 172, 276\\nDonelson, Fort, 202, 203.\\nDonelson, John, 86.\\nDonelson, Stockley, 102.\\nDouglas, Charles H., 273.\\nDouglas, Stephen A., 197.\\nDragging Canoe, 56, 58.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\nXXXV\\nDred Scott Decision, 197.\\nDunmore, Lord, 73.\\nDutch, 191, 192.\\nEagle Orator, 175.\\nEarthquakes, 122, 123.\\nEast Tennessee University, 264.\\nEaton, John H., 276.\\nEaton s Station, 87.\\nEchota, 75.\\nEdwards, R. M., 240.\\nEmancipation, 196, 197.\\nEmancipation Proclamation, 220.\\nEma7icipator, The, 195.\\nEmbree, Elihu, 195.\\nEnglish claims, 13.\\nEnglish Parliament, 35.\\nEnglish settlements, 24, 26, 27.\\nEnoree River, 68.\\nEtheridge, Emerson, 222, 237.\\nEvans, H. Clay, 255.\\nExplorers, 23-28.\\nFairs, 179.\\nFarmers Alliance, 249.\\nFarragut, David Glascoe, 213, 214.\\nFather of Middle Tennessee, 63, 92.\\nFayetteville, 226.\\nFederal Army, 203, 204, 225. See Civil War.\\nFederal government, 184-186.\\nFederalists, 115, 184.\\nFerguson, Patrick, 68-71.\\nFifty and four proposition, 239.\\nFifty and three settlement, 244.\\nFilibusters, 208.\\nFishing Creek, 202.\\nFisk University, 262.\\nFitzpatrick, Morgan C, 273.\\nFleming, John M., 234.\\nFlorida, 25, 95, 128, 132, 154.\\nFord, James, 102, 103.\\nForrest, Nathan Bedford, 212, 213, 277.\\nFoster, Ephraim H., 153, 164, 166.\\nFowler, James A., 259.\\nFranchise Acts, 221.\\nFranklin, battle of, 206.\\nFranklin, State of, 65, 78-83.\\nFreeland s Station, 87.\\nFreeman, Alfred A., 231.\\nFrench claims, 13.\\nFrench Lick, 24, 84, 86.\\nFrench settlements, 24.\\nFugitive Slave Law, 185.\\nFussell, J. H., 243.\\nGarrett, W, R., 271.\\nGasper s Station, 87.\\nGates, General, 68.\\nTENN.\\nGeneral Arbitrators, 88.\\nGentry, Meredith P., 175.\\nGeorge IIL, 30, 37.\\nGilmore, James R., 71.\\nGist, Benjamin, 60.\\nGomley, Thomas, 55.\\nGovernment, Federal, 184-186.\\nmilitary, 217, 219, 225.\\nof colonies, 29, 34, 35.\\nof pioneers, 54.\\nprovisional, 225.\\nstate, 115-118, 140, 141, 147, 217.\\nterritorial, loi, 102, 118.\\nGraded interest settlement, 242.\\nGrangers, 249.\\nGrant, General, 203-205, 211, 233.\\n(jreeley, Horace, 234.\\nGreenback party, 239.\\nGreene College, in.\\nGreeneville, 79, in.\\nGreer, Andrew, 60.\\nGriswold, Roger, 189.\\nGrundy, Felix, 153, 154, 276.\\nHaile, John, 59.\\nHalifax, 59.\\nHall, Allen A., 153, 276.\\nHall, William, 129, 141-143.\\nHamilton, Alexander, 115.\\nHard Labor, 32.\\nHardee, William J., 202.\\nHardin, Joseph, 102.\\nHarris, Isham Greene, 180-182, 198, 199 276\\nHarris, Jeremiah, 157.\\nHarrison, William Henry, 156, 157.\\nHartford Convention, 188.\\nHaskell, W. T., 167.\\nHatton, Robert, 180.\\nHawkins, Alvin, 240-243.\\nHawkins, Samuel, 249\\nHeaton s Station, 56, 57.\\nHenderson, Richard, 62, 84.\\nHenry, Fort, 202, 203.\\nHenry, Gustavus A. (Eagle Orator), 175.\\nHiawassee River, 75.\\nHickory Ground, 127.\\nHillhouse, James, 188.\\nHoneycut, Mr., 63.\\nHood. General, 206.\\nHorseshoe, battle of the, 127.\\nHoughton, Thomas, 60.\\nHouston, Sam, 82, 129, 141, 142.\\nHuguenots, 64.\\nHuntsville, 126.\\nImmortal Thirteen, 161, 166.\\nIncome Tax Bill, 260.\\nHIST. 20", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "XXXVl\\nINDEX\\nIndian Commissioners, 30.\\nIndian raids, 57, 58, 88, 132.\\nIndian wars, 46, 73-76; in Middle Tennessee,\\n103-105; Creek War, 125-127; Seminole\\nWar, 132, 133.\\nIndians, 17 22; rights of, 13, 30, 31; in Inter-\\ncolonial wars, 25, 29; destroy Fort Loudon,\\n27; land bought from, 45, 134; attack Cum-\\nberland Settlement, 91 Spaniards aid, 96,\\n97. ce.Cherokees,Chicka}tia7tgits,Chick-\\nasaws,Chocta2f. s, Creeks, Iroquois, Semi-\\nfioles, Shaivnees.\\nInsane, hospital for, 146, 148.\\nInsurrection among coal miners, 250, 251.\\nIntercolonial Wars, 25, 29, 35, 95.\\nInternal improvements, 146, 147, 161, 232.\\nIroquois, 21, 32.\\nIsbell, Zach, 55, 60.\\nIsland Hats, 58.\\nIsland No. 10, 203, 204.\\nJackson, Andrew, 150-153; names Tennessee,\\n105; representative in Congress, 117; judge\\nof the Superior Court, 118; in War of 1812,\\n124, 125; in Creek War, 126; Major General\\nUnited States Army, 128, 129; in Seminole\\nWar, 133; President, 185.\\nJackson, Howell E 276.\\nJamestown, 24, 192.\\nJefferson, Thomas, 115, iig, 185, 188, 194.\\nJohnson, Andrew, one of Immortal Thir-\\nteen, 161; Governor of Tennessee, 175-\\n177; Military Governor, 204, 219; President,\\n225; candidate for Congress, 233; United\\nStates senator, 237.\\nJohnson, Cave, 153, 276.\\nJohnston, Albert Sidney, 202-204.\\nJones, James Chamberlain, 159-164.\\nJones, John, 55.\\nJones, Wharton S., 273.\\nJonesboro, 67, 79.\\nKansas-Nebraska Bill, 197,\\nKelly, Alexander, 102.\\nKentucky, 73, 135.\\nKentucky Resolutions, 185.\\nKey, David M., 237, 276.\\nKilvington, W. C, 263.\\nKings Mountain, 64, 69-71, 277.\\nKnox, General, 136.\\nKnoxville, capital at, 102, 116; Constitu-\\ntional Convention at, 105, 115; Blount\\nCollege founded near, in; named for Gen-\\neral Knox. 136; legislature at, 162; army\\nheadquarters at, 202; battles of, 206.\\nKu Klux Klan, 226-229.\\nLa Salle, 13, 24.\\nLacy, Hopkins, 102.\\nLambert, Jeremiah, iii.\\nLand warrants, 31, 32.\\nLane, Tidence, 11 1.\\nLea, Margaret, 142.\\nLebanon, 262.\\nLee General, 206.\\nLegislature, territorial, 102; state, 116, 162.\\nLewis, General, 73.\\nLexington, 38.\\nLibrary, state, 178.\\nLincoln, President, 182, 198, 199, 219.\\nLongstreet, General, 206.\\nLookout Mountain, 205, 206.\\nLoudon, Fort, 27.\\nLouisiana, 24, 119, 169, 188.\\nLouisville, 203.\\nLowry, John, 117.\\nLoyal League, 226, 228.\\nLucas, Robert, 55, 60.\\nLundy, Benjamin, 195,\\nLynn, Henry J., 242.\\nMcClellan, General, 219.\\nMcClung, Polly, 264.\\nMcDowell, General, 68.\\nMcGillivray, Alexander, 97, 98.\\nMcMaihen, Jno. 60.\\nMcMillin, Benton, 259, 260, 273.\\nMcMinn, Joseph, 102, 131-139.\\nMcNabb, Jno 60.\\nMcNabb, William, 60.\\nMcNairy, John, 117.\\nMackall, General, 203.\\nMaclin, William, 115, 117.\\nMadison, James, 185.\\nMansker, Casper, 86, 92.\\nMarblehead, 188.\\nMarks, Albert S. 237-240.\\nMarling, John L., 276.\\nMartin Academy, no.\\nMason, Charles, 273.\\nMaury, Matthew Fontaine, 213.\\nMaynard, Horace, 211, 212, 233, 236, 237,\\n276.\\nMecklenburg Resolutions, 39, 40.\\nMeigs, R. J 178.\\nMemphis, 136, 137, 202, 204.\\nMennonites, 193.\\nMexican War, 142, 166-169, 277.\\nMiddle Tennessee settled, 84-89, 92, 97,\\n98.\\nMilitary government, 217, 219, 225.\\nMill Springs, battle of, 203.\\nMimms, Fort, 125.\\nMiners insurrection, 250, 251.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\nXXXVll\\nMinutemen, 36.\\nMiro District, loi.\\nMiro, Don Estevan, 100.\\nMissionary Ridge, 205.\\nMississippi River, Spanish control, 96, 97,\\n100, 103; Americans control, 119; in Civil\\nWar, 203.\\nMissouri Compromise, 197.\\nMobile, 12S, 214.\\nMonroe, President, 132, 133.\\nMontgomery, 198.\\nMoultrie, William, 68.\\nMurfreesboro, 162, 205.\\nMurrel, John A., 154.\\nNash, Colonel, 136.\\nNashborough, 87, 91.\\nNashville, 87; named for Colonel Nash, 136;\\nhospital for insane at, 148; legislature at,\\n162; State Fair at, 179; army headquarters\\nat, 202; battle of, 206; convention at, 219,\\ncentennial at, 255-258.\\nNashvitle Utu on, 153.\\nNational Observatory, 213.\\nNational Republicans, 152, 153.\\nNavy, reforms in, 213.\\nNegro schools, 234, 262, 268.\\nNegroes, 170, 184, 226. See Slavery.\\nNetherland, John, 180.\\nNew Orleans, 95, 128, 214.\\nNewspapers, 153, 157.\\nNicaragua, 209.\\nNicholls, Colonel. 128\\nNicholson, A. O P., 172.\\nNickojack Expedition, 104, 105.\\nNollichucky Jack, 76.\\nNollichucky Settlement, 45, 54.\\nNorth Carolina, Tennessee part of, 15, 45;\\nWatauga Association annexed to, 59; cedes\\nTennessee to U. S., 78; Franklin State\\nformed in, 79-83.\\nNorthwest Territory, 194.\\nNotables, 88.\\nNueces River, 167.\\nNullification, 184-189.\\nNullification Ordinance, 185.\\nOconostota, 84\\nOld Abraham, 56, 58,\\nOld Frank, 211.\\nOld Guard, 269.\\nOld Hickory, 127.\\nOrdinance of 1787, 194.\\nOrdinance of secession, 199.\\nOre, Major, 104, 105.\\nOver-mountain men, 69.\\nPaine, Thomas H., 244, 271, 273.\\nParker, Mr., 44.\\nParliament, English, 34, 35.\\nPatterson, Martha, 177.\\nPeabody Educational Fund, 266.\\nPeabody, George, 265.\\nPeabody Normal College, 262, 266.\\nPendleton, George H., 219.\\nPenitentiary lease system, 247, 250, 251,\\n254-\\nPenitentiary, state, 146, 148.\\nPennsylvania Personal Liberty Bill, 185, 186.\\nPensacola, 128, 133.\\nPerryville, 205.\\nPersonal Liberty Bill, 185, 186.\\nPierce, Franklin, 172, 173.\\nPillow, Fort, 202-204.\\nPillow, Gideon Johnson, 167, 202, 209.\\nPioneers, 44-51, 107-113.\\nPirates, river, 154, 155.\\nPittsburg Landing, 204.\\nPlumer, Governor, 188.\\nPoint Pleasant, 73.\\nPolitical Reconstruction, 219-223.\\nPolk, James K., Governor of Tennessee, 154-\\n156: stump-speaking of, 159, 160; in Mexi-\\ncan War, 167; President, 163-165, 275;\\nSpeaker of House, 276.\\nPolk, Mrs., 244.\\nPolk, Leonidas, 202, 210.\\nPolk, William H., 276.\\nPontiac s W ar, 30.\\nPort Royal, 24.\\nPorter, James D., 236, 237.\\nPostage stamps, 276.\\nPrice, Thomas, 60.\\nProhibition amendment, 248.\\nProphet, The, 125.\\nProvincial Congress of North Carolina, 59.\\nProvisional governments, 225.\\nPrudhomme, Fort, 24.\\nPublic schools, 234. See Schools.\\nQuebec, 24.\\nQuincy, Josiah, 188.\\nRadicals, 222.\\nRailroads, 148.\\nRaines, John, 86, 101.\\nRamsey, Francis A., 82, 116.\\nRaven, The, 56.\\nRear Guard of the Revolution, 71.\\nReconstruction, domestic, 215-218.\\npolitical, 219-223, 225.\\nReelfoot River, 123.\\nReeves, Charlotte, 62.\\nRegulators, 36, 37.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "XXXVlll\\nINDEX\\nReligion, iii, 112.\\nRepublicans, 219, 229.\\nDemocratic, 152, 184.\\nNational, 152, 153.\\nRevision Convention, 219, 220.\\nRevolutionary War, 34-40, 68-71.\\nRhea, John, 117.\\nRichmond, Kentucky, 204. 1\\nRight of search, 123.\\nRio Grande River, 167.\\nRiver pirates, 154, 155.\\nRoane, Archibald, 117, 118, 120.\\nRobertson, Charles, 55, 59, 60.\\nRobertson, James, 62-64; in Committee of\\nThirteen, 55; in Indian wars, 58, 73, 103-\\n105; justice of peace, 60; chairman of\\nNotables, 63, 88; at French Lick, 86;\\ncalled Father of Middle Tennessee, 92;\\nrepresentative in North Carolina legisla-\\nture, 92; brigadier general, loi and Span-\\nish Governor, 100, loi.\\nRobertson, Mrs., 91.\\nRoger Williams University, 262.\\nRogersville, 102.\\nRoulstone, George, 102.\\nRunning Water, 104.\\nRussell, George, 55, 60.\\nRutherford, Governor, 68.\\nRutherford, Griffith, 102.\\nRutlage, George, 102.\\nSalem, Tennessee, no.\\nSan Antonio, 167.\\nSan Diego, 208.\\nSan Jacinto, 142.\\nSanta Anna, 168.\\nSavannah, Georgia, 68.\\nSchools, 108-110, 171, 234, 244, 260-273.\\nSchools for Blind and Deaf Mutes, 162,262,263.\\nScott, Winfield, 173.\\nSears, Dr., 268.\\nSecession, 182, 184-189, 198, 199, 225.\\nSecession of Tennessee, 181, 199.\\nSeminole War, 132, 133, 154.\\nSeminoles, 127, 132.\\nSenter, D. W. C, 223, 225-229.\\nSettlement, of East Tennessee, 32, 33, 40, 44,\\n45, 53-60.\\nof Middle Tennessee (Cumberland), 84-89,\\n92, 97, 98.\\nof West Tennessee, 133-136.\\nSettlements, English, 24, 26, 27.\\nSettlements, French, 24.\\nSevier, John, 64, 65; in Watauga Association,\\n55; in Indian wars, 58, 74, 75; delegate to\\nProvincial Congress, 59; justice of peace, 60;\\nColonel Washington County, 67; in Revo-\\nlutionary War, 68, 69, 71, 277; Governorr\\nState of Franklin, 79, 80; tried for treason,\\n82 fame of, 82 Brigadier General East Ten-\\nnessee, loi member Legislative Council,\\n102; Governor of Tennessee, 117, 118, 120.\\nSevier, John, Jr., 115, 117.\\nSevier, Valentine, 60, 73.\\nSeWanee, 210.\\nShawnees, 21, 125.\\nShelby, Evan, 73, 74.\\nShelby, Isaac, Colonel Sullivan County, 67;\\nin Revolutionary War, 68, 69, 71; subdues\\nIndians, 73; purchases West Tennessee, 133.\\nShelby, John, Jr., 60.\\nShelbyville, 205.\\nSherrill, Katherine Bonnie Kate 64.\\nShiloh, 204.\\nShoat, Christopher, 102.\\nSignal service bureau, 2x3.\\nSixty and six compromise, 239.\\nSky-Blues, 243.\\nSlaveholders convention, 196.\\nSlavery, 191 strife over admission of Texas,\\n170; party conflict about, 184; abolished,\\n220. See Civil War.\\nSmith, Frank M., 271.\\nSmith, James, 55.\\nSonora, 208.\\nSons of Liberty, 36.\\nSouth. See Civil War.\\nSouth Carolina, 15, 185, 188.\\nSouth Western Baptist University, 262.\\nSouth Western Presbyterian University, 262.\\nSouthampton, 196.\\nSouthern convention, 172.\\nSpain, 95-98, 132, 133.\\nclaims of, 12, 26.\\nSpanish explorations, 23.\\nSpencer, Thomas Sharpe, 84, 85, 92.\\nSt. Marks, 133.\\nStanwix, Fort, 32, 73.\\nState Board of Education, 266.\\nState commanders, 202.\\nState debt, 162, 229, 232, 238, 242, 244.\\nState governrpent, 115-118, 140, 141, 147, 217.\\nState, growth of, 154.\\nState Guard, 252.\\nState Library, 178.\\nState s rights party, 184.\\nState Superintendent of Public Instruction,\\n234.\\nState Teachers Association, 268.\\nStearns, Dr. Eben S., 266.\\nStewart, Virgil, 155.\\nStinson, J. G., 273.\\nStokes, William B., 223.\\nStones River, 87.", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\nXXXIX\\nStuart, James, 60, 68, 117.\\nSub Commission, 260, 271,\\nSulfiVan County, 67.\\nSullivans Island, 68.\\nSumter, Fort, 198.\\nTalbot, Thomas, 80.\\nTallapoosa River, 127.\\nTariff, 184.\\nTatham, William, 55.\\nTatum, Howell, 117.\\nTaylor, Alfred A., 246.\\nTaylor, Leroy, 102.\\nTaylor, Parmenas, 102.\\nTaylor, Robert C, 246-249, 256.\\nTaylor, Zachary, 167, 170, 171.\\nTeachers Institute, 269.\\nTecumseh, 125.\\nTellico River, 75.\\nTennessee Centennial, 255-258.\\nTennessee County, 102, 103.\\nTennessee Historical Society, 178.\\nTennessee Industrial School, 262, 263.\\nTerritorial government, 101-103.\\nTerritory, 100-105.\\nTexas, 142, 166, 167, 189, 197.\\nThirteen English colonies, 29, 95.\\nThirteenth amendment, 220.\\nThomas, General, 203.\\nTilghman, Lloyd, 202.\\nTipton, John, 80, 82, 102, 118, 138.\\nTohopeka, 127.\\nTories, 36, 54, 59, 68.\\nTransylvania, 62.\\nTransylvania Company, 64.\\nTravis, Williim, 167.\\nTreaty, between England and France, 28, 29.\\nbetween United States and Spain, 119.\\nending War of 1812, 128.\\nwith Indians, 30, 33, 67.\\nTrousdale, Leon, 271.\\nTrousdale, William, 167, 171-173, 276.\\nTryon, Governor, 37.\\nTuckasege, 75.\\nTurney, H. L., 161.\\nTurney, Peter, 253-255.\\nTurney, Samuel, 161.\\nUniform Text-book Law, 260, 261, 271.\\nUnion City, 202.\\nUnion, Fort, 87.\\nUniversity of Nashville, 266.\\nUniversity of Tennessee, in, 262, 265.\\nUniversity of the South, 210, 262.\\nVan Buren, Martin, 152, 153, 156.\\nVanderbilt University, 262.\\nVicksburg, 155.\\nVirginia, 44.\\nVirginia Resolutions, 185.\\nVolunteer State. 129, 167.\\nWalker, Felix, 55.\\nWalker, Thomas, 26.\\nWalker, William, 208.\\nWalton, Jesse, 60.\\nWar Horse of Sumner County, 172.\\nWar, Civil, 184-207, 277.\\nIndian. See Indian Wars.\\nIntercolonial, 25, 29, 35, 95.\\nof 1812, 123-128, 277.\\nRevolutionary, 34-40, 68-71.\\nWard, Edward, 140.\\nWard, Nancy, 56, 75.\\nWashington College, no.\\nWashington County, 59, 60, 67, 78.\\nWashington District, 56, 59.\\nWatauga Association, 44, 53-60, 63, in\\nWatauga, Fort, 56, 57.\\nWear, Samuel, 102.\\nWeather bureau. 213.\\nWeathersford, William, 125-127.\\nWest Indies, 11, 191.\\nWest Tennessee, 133-136.\\nWharton, A. D., 273.\\nWheels, 249.\\nWhig, The, 153, 220.\\nWhigs, 36, 59, 153, 156, 161, 173, 180.\\nWhite, Hugh L., 152, 153, 276.\\nWhite, James, 102.\\nWhite, Richard, 60.\\nWhitney, Eli, 193.\\nWilkinson, General, 124.\\nWilliams, James, 276.\\nWilliams, Thomas H., 117.\\nWilson, Benjamin, 60.\\nWilson, David, 102.\\nWilson, Joseph, 60.\\nWilson, S. F., 240.\\nWinchester, James, 102, 116.\\nWinstead, George W., 253.\\nWisener, W. H 229, 231.\\nWolcott, Governor, 188.\\nWolf s Hill, 44, 54.\\nWomac, Jacob, 55, 60.\\nWoods, Michael, 60.\\nWright, John V., 240.\\nZollicoffer, Felix X., 202, 203.", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "^900", "height": "3338", "width": "2175", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3334", "width": "2133", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\n014 611 006 A", "height": "3566", "width": "2346", "jp2-path": "historyoftenness00mcge_0332.jp2"}}