{"1": {"fulltext": "DU623\\n.S834", "height": "4433", "width": "3085", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "DO 623\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0S834", "height": "4235", "width": "2932", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4300", "width": "2932", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4250", "width": "2932", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4186", "width": "2932", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "il0f\\nHON JOHN I.JC.WITT STEVENS was bom i\u00e2\u0080\u009e Mt. Vernon, Maine, in l8j o\\nHe was editor for man, years of the Kennebec foumal, a leading political new*\\nor ,.a,\u00e2\u0080\u009e, gg, he waa appo nted hv pres dent H:|r ..j ]i M nister\\nHawanan Islands, his title soon after being changed to that of .Minister Plen-\\nMr. Steven, had the degree ofU, D. conferred npon him byTnft sCol", "height": "3998", "width": "2517", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "RICHES AND MARVELS\\n...OF...\\nHAWAII\\nA CHARMING DESCRIPTION OF\\nHer Unique History, Strange People, Exquisite Climate,\\nWondrous Volcanoes, Luxurious Productions,\\nBeautiful Cities, Corrupt Monarchy, Rev-\\nolution, Provisional Government\\nand Annexation.\\n...BY...\\nHON. JOHN L. STEVENS, Ex-U. S. Minister,\\nJ ...AND...\\nPROF. W. B. OLESON, of Honolulu,\\n15 Years President of Kahemahema College.\\nProfusely Enriched with Rare and Beautiful Photographs,\\nILLUSTRATING EVERY PHASE OF LIFE AND SCENERY IN THOSE MARVELLOUS ISLANDS J WITH\\nPLANATIONS OF EACH PREPARED\\nBY MISS NELLIE; WL. STEVENS.\\nPHILADELPHIA, PA.:\\nEDGEWOOD PUBLISHING COMPANY, Publishers.\\nCopyrighted by the Edgf.wood Publishing Co., 1900.\\nL", "height": "4150", "width": "2509", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "TWO COPIES HASCBWBQ,\\nLJbrary of Congrtf%\\nOfflco o f the\\nAP* S 1900\\nKeglttor of Copyright*\\n56ii70\\ny SECOND COPY,\\nn WD", "height": "4112", "width": "2724", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "LIST OF SUBJECTS\\nHISTORICAL SKETCH.\\nDiscovery of the Islands.\\nAncient Canoe Journeys.\\nOrigin of Hawaiians.\\nAn Ancient Race.\\nThe Common People.\\nThe Priesthood.\\nSystem of Tabu.\\nSocial Customs.\\nFuture Life.\\nBones of the Chiefs.\\nSorcery.\\nDisastrous Wars.\\nCook s Discovery.\\nProximity to America.\\nSize of the Group.\\nCaptain Cook s Death.\\nWorshipped as a God.\\nVancouver s Visits.\\nBritish Protectorate.\\nKamehameha the Great.\\nHis Enterprise.\\nHis Personal Prowess.\\nHis Conquest of the Group.\\nCentralizing Policy.\\nDistilling Rum.\\nHis Death.\\nIdolatry Abolished.\\nComing of the Missionaries.\\nDestruction of Idols.\\nKapiolani s Heroism.\\nMissionary Success.\\nThe Hope of Hawaii.\\nTHE NATIVE HAWAIIAN.\\nThe Kanaka.\\nOccupation of Kanakas.\\nEase in Gaining a Livelihood.\\nPrincipal Food Staple.\\nValue and Productiveness of Taro.\\nNative Indolence.\\nLuxurious Kanakai.\\nPreparation of Poi.\\nThe Hawaiian not a Farmer.\\nMaster of Wind and Wave.\\nThe Sea His Schoolmaster.\\nRare Ingenuity.\\nSuperstitious but Brave.\\nKanakas as Cow-Boys.\\nHawaiian Horse Women.\\nHawaiian Visiting.\\nDwellings.\\nHospitality.\\nA Native Feast.\\nPreparation for a Feast.\\nAction, but Reaction.\\nFondness for Nature.\\nGuiding Principle in All Feasts.\\nCome, Let Us Eat.\\nEat, Drink and Be Merry.\\nHawaiian Swimmers.\\nSurf-Bathing.\\nLost Arts.\\nClothed, and in His Right Mind.\\nThe Flower Girls.\\nA Genuine Politician.\\nDecrease of Hawaiians.\\nHalf-Castes.\\nAmalgamation.\\nGrowth of Foreign Element.\\nCauses of Decrease.\\nAbility to Read and Write..\\nAmerican Sentiment.\\nReligion.\\nHawaiians and New Hawaii.\\nCLIMATE, SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS.\\nLiquid Sunshine. Foreign Enterprise.\\nEquable Climate. Beneficent Mission of American Capital.\\nHealthfulness. Labor Problems.\\nIndigenous Plants. Co-operative Cane Planting.\\nOwnership, of Land. Leasehold System.\\nLand* Awards. Cane Fields.\\nCrown Lands. Sugar Making.\\n(5)", "height": "4112", "width": "2724", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "6\\nLIST OF SUBJECTS.\\nRice Growing.\\nCoffee Gro\\nReciprocity Tre\\nBenefits to the United S\\n-ii.\\n:-n Unmixed Blessing.\\nCommercial Importance.\\nPolitical Importance.\\nHONOLULU AND OTHER PLACES OE INTEREST.\\nHonolulu, the Capital.\\nGlimpse of Honolulu.\\nBird s- Eye\\nHonolulu from the\\nGenius of the Foreigner.\\nSize of Honolulu.\\nPublic Buiii\\nPublic Works.\\nPopulation of Honolulu.\\nPortuguese Colony.\\nre Resorts.\\nChariu: e 1 -tions.\\nnistration of Justice.\\nEducation.\\nion.\\nHarbor of Honolulu.\\nStreet Scenes.\\nThe Garden Isle.\\nThe Leper Colony.\\nLiberal Treatment of Lepers.\\nThe Valley 1 ea\\nOff to V\\nLahaina and the Whale Trade\\ni-.vard Hav\\nBeautiful Hilo.\\nC: r.r.ut li .zwz.\\nVOLCANOES AND LAVA FLOWS.\\nVolcanic Origin,\\n:.:st.\\nDepth of Surrounding\\nArtesian B;\\nSudsidence and Upheaval\\nRelative Age of Islands.\\nWorld Building.\\nMokuaweoweo. the Terrible.\\nGreat Interior Plain.\\nThe Lava Flow of 1 5 f 5\\nThe Lava Flow of 1 S\\nThe Lava Flow of 1880.\\nThe Hilo Viaduct.\\nThe Forges of Vulcan.\\nFloe f the r-ter.\\nThe Lake c Fire.\\nThe Goddess Pele.\\nAt Closer Range.\\nRemarkable Disappearance of Fires,\\nSulphur De\\nFrom Chaos to Para I\\nEa:-.:.:u.-:-:es 1 868.\\nLegen 1 Ha ai\\nHe ..then Oblations.\\nTHE HAWAIIAN MONARCHY.\\nKamehameha s Arbitrary R:\\nReaction Sets In.\\nGrowth of Political Privilege.\\nBasi of Politic\\nThe First Constitution.\\nConstitution of 1\\nPerils from Without.\\nFrench Aggressions.\\nEnglish Aggressions.\\nReal Intent of Foreign Interference.\\nEffect of Foreign Interference.\\nReturn to Autocratic Rule.\\nConstitution of 1 x\\ntion of Lepers.\\nAnnexation Sentiment.\\nElective Kings.\\nana Unpopular.\\nPolitical Effect of Rec\\nHawaii for Hawaiians.\\nRevival of Heathenism.\\nDebasing the Electorate.\\nI\\nm Movement.\\n1887\\nQueen Liliuokalani.\\nSequence of Events.\\nEFFORT TO RESTORE LILIUOKALANI.\\nIgnominious Failure. Counter Revolution.\\nProvisional Governme", "height": "4112", "width": "2724", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4281", "width": "2932", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "C. B. WILSON.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Mr. C. B. Wilson was brought into prominence during the\\nrecent revolution in Hawaii from being chief marshal under the monarchial govern-\\nment, and the strong personal friend of the ex-Queen.", "height": "4112", "width": "2724", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS\\nA Group cf Natives Beating the Taro Plant into Flour .51\\nAlligator Pears 95\\nAlong the Wailuku River t 29\\nBoiling Crater of a Volcano k 183\\nBeautiful Palms 105\\nCaptain Gilbert C. Wiltse 271\\nCocoanut Palms .111\\nC. B. Wilson 7\\nDoomed to Death 2j\\nDoctor McGrew s Residence J39\\nEx-Queen Liliuokalani .281\\nGreat Rush of Boiling Lava into the Water 193\\nGathering of the Cane 117\\nGovernment Building 2S7\\nHawaiian Hotel 149\\nHon. John Leavitt Stevens 2\\nHawaiian Picnic 61\\nHula Girls 67\\nHon. Lorrin A. Thurston 315\\nIolani Palace 227\\nJudge Wideman s Residence -155\\nJ. A. Cummings 17\\nKauai, the River Waimea 265\\nKaneohe Valley 199\\nMausoleum of Lunalilo 39\\nMaking Poi 73\\nMangoes 127\\nNatives with their Surf Boards S3\\nNight-Blooming Cereus 133\\nPrincess Kaiulani 237\\nPicnic Grounds of Hilo 221\\nProf. W. B. Alexander 325\\nPapaia Tree 243\\nQueen Kapiolani 331\\n(9)", "height": "4297", "width": "2932", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "10\\nLIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nResidence of C. R. Bishop\\nResidence of Mr. Waterhouse\\nSteamer Australia\\nServices at Oahu Prison\\nSanford Ballard Dole\\nThe Provisional Government\\nThe Lava Bed of Hawaii\\nThe Hawaiian Woman in Pau\\nThe Flower Women of Honolulu\\nTroops Drilling in the Government\\nTree Ferns\\nThe Great Crater of Kilauea\\nThe Present Seat of Government\\nUmbrella Tree\\nSquare\\nI AGS\\nI69\\n171\\n337\\n45\\n293\\n3 r J\\n2C-5\\nS9\\n177\\n3\u00c2\u00b09\\n249\\n215\\n3-7\\n259", "height": "4112", "width": "2724", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL SKETCH.\\nDISCOVERY OF THE ISLANDS. The visit of Capt.\\nCook to the Hawaiian Islands in 1778, from which time\\ntheir discovery is commonly reckoned, was not by any\\nmeans the first appearance of white men on those Islands.\\nThere are well authenticated Spanish charts of the Pacific,\\non which appear a group of islands in the latitude of the\\nHawaiian group, although ten degrees of longitude too far\\neast. This discrepancy is accounted for by the dependence\\nof those early navigators on dead reckoning for their\\nlongitude, chronometers not having then been invented.\\nIt is well known that the Spaniards were the earliest navi-\\ngators of the Pacific, and there is a general agreement that\\nJuan Gaetano discovered the group as early as 1 jjj.\\nThere were many traditions among the natives of the\\nappearance among them of strange people previous to this\\ndate. Among them, very likely, were members of ship-\\nwrecked Spanish crews, driven out of their course, and\\npossibly stranded on those shores. It is a matter of\\nhistory that a Japanese junk with four men on board\\nreached the island of Oahu in 1823. Other similar arrivals\\nmay have preceded this. This fact, of the drifting of\\nsmall boats for long distances on the Pacific, abundantly\\n11", "height": "4301", "width": "2932", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "12 HISTORICAL SKETCH.\\nattested in recent years even, is suggestive of the way in\\nwhich the islands were originally peopled.\\nANCIENT CANOE JOURNEYS. Nothing is more\\npronounced in the traditions and meles, or historic songs,\\nof the Hawaiians than the intrepid canoe journeys to and\\nfrom Hawaii and other Pacific islands. Thus, these meles\\nspeak of lands from which Hawaii-loa, a famous fisher-\\nman and navigator, sailed to the east and discovered\\nHawaii and Maui, the two largest islands of the Hawaiian\\ngroup. These voyages were mainly between Hawaii and\\nKahiki, supposed to be Tahiti, a name which later came to\\nbe a general term for foreign lands. Alexander, in his\\nHistory of the Hawaiian People, says It is probable\\nthat those ancient navigators had large canoes, built up of\\nplanks sewed together, and decked over, in part at least,\\nwith capacity to hold live-stock and stores for a long\\nvoyage. They were bold and expert seamen, inured to\\nhardship, and had a respectable knowledge of the positions\\nof the principal stars, and of their rising and setting at\\ndifferent times c: -he year. The fact that they made those\\njourneys is indisputable.\\nORIGIN OF HAWAIIANS. The motive for these\\nvoyages from Hawaii to the westward was undoubtedly\\nlinked with the fact that it was from thence that the first\\nsettlers of Hawaii came. Fornander, in his Polynesian\\nRaces, abundantly demonstrates the racial affinities of the", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL SKETCH. 13\\naboriginal inhabitants of the Pacific islands from New\\nZealand to Hawaii. All these people speak dialects of\\nthe same language, have the same physical features, the\\nsame manners and customs, the same general system of\\ntabu, and similar traditions and religious rites. The names\\nof the principal gods, the stories told of the demigod\\nMaui, of the origin of fire, about the deluge, and many\\nothers, are common to all these islands. Men, like\\nFornander, who have made a special comparative study\\nof the physical appearance and language of the Pacific\\nislanders, and of the people of Madagascar, Philippine\\nIslands, and the Malayan Archipelago, conclude that all\\nthese allied races originally came from southwestern Asia.\\nAN ANCIENT RACE. Human bones have been\\nfound in the Hawaiian Islands underneath ancient coral\\nbeds and lava flows, and one authority has estimated that\\nthe group must have been inhabited as early as joo A. D.\\nHowever that may be, it is known that the islands were\\ndensely populated when first discovered by white men.\\nFor a barbarous race it was highly organized into orders,\\nwith a system of checks, and with laws and religious\\nceremonies, long anterior to the advent of foreigners. The\\ngovernment was a feudal one, each island having its high\\nchief, with subordinate chiefs in every district, who, in\\nturn, had inferior chiefs in every ha mlet. These chiefs\\nAlexander.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "i 4 HISTORICAL SKETCH.\\nwere the nobility, and in stature and bearing and prowess\\nwere tar removed from the common people.\\nTHE COMMON PEOPLE. The latter were sub-\\ndivided into castes, canoe-builders, and notably fisher-\\nmen, being accorded especial distinction among the\\nmakaainanas or common people, who were at best mere\\ntenants subject to the slightest whims of their chiefs.\\nThese people cultivated the land, and in great companies\\nand for set periods under command of the chiefs, built the\\ngreat fish walls along the coasts, and the immense heiaus\\nor temples, and the extensive paved roads, all of which\\ncan be seen, in a more or less preserved condition, in many\\nparts of the group. When the taro of the common people\\nwas nearly ripe, the chief would confiscate the larger part\\nand the best of the crop by causing a tabu stick to be\\nplaced in the loi or taro patch. Thereafter it would be\\ncertain death, even for the cultivator, to take a single taro\\nfor his own use. Certain kinds of taro, notably a pink-\\nvariety, were specially sacred to the use of the chiefs.\\nTHE PRIESTHOOD. Hardly inferior in rank to the\\nchiefs, and certainly no more merciful toward the common\\npeople, were the haughty and powerful priests whom even\\nhigh chiefs sometimes feared, and always cautiously\\nregarded, lest they should come under their dread sorcery.\\nThe ancient religion was a species of idolatry, with\\noppressive restrictions, and with human sacrifices- Ha-", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL SKETCH. 15\\nwaiians peopled the sea and the sky, and their dark\\nvalleys, and the volcanoes, with vindictive and malignant\\nspirits, who in the form of man-eating sharks and disas-\\ntrous volcanic upheavals, and the more dreaded form of\\ndisease, sought out their victims with a hatred that could be\\nplacated only by the most assiduous and subservient resort\\nto the arts of the kahuna or priest, whose incantations\\nserved quite as much to terrorize the poor native as all the\\nimaginary demi-gods in the air about him.\\nThe idols were hideous. When priests wanted victims\\nfor sacrifice they went into ambush, and, deceiving some\\npasser-by with piteous cries for help, killed him when he\\ncame to their relief. When a chief died, or a heiau was to\\nbe consecrated, or a canoe was to be built, victims must\\nbe sacrificed, and the common people in abject terror\\nwould flee to the woods for safety. To manifest\\nmourning for a dead chief, the people resorted to all\\nmanner of bodily disfigurement, knocking out their front\\nteeth, shaving one side of the face and head, and tattooing\\ntheir tongues and bodies. They threw off for the time\\nall clothing and all restraints of decency, and appeared\\nmore like demons than human beings. Houses were\\noften burned, property was plundered, revenge taken for\\nold forgotten injuries, and a state of anarchy prevailed,\\naccording to the testimony of eye-witnesses. Even as\\nlate as 1823, at Keopuolani s death, many natives fled to", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "16 HISTORICAL SKETCH.\\nthe mountains, while others carried their effects into the\\nmissionaries inclosures and begged permission to remain\\nthere, hoping to find a sanctuary within their premises\\namidst the general devastation which they expected would\\nfollow her decease.\\nSYSTEM OF TABU. The tabu system was a com-\\nplicated de\\\\ice for perpetuating the prestige and power of\\nthe priests. It has been well described as a vast net-\\nwork of regulations and penalties. These penalties were\\nsummary and extreme. For instance, two young girls of\\nhigh rank were seen eating a banana, which was forbidden\\nfruit to women. Thereupon their immediate guardian was\\nimmediately put to death. Some penalties were cruel in\\nthe extreme, as when, for instance, a little child had her eye\\nscooped out for daring to taste a banana. There was a\\ntragically grotesque side to some of the special tabus on\\nparticular occasions. Thus imagine a pall of absolute\\nnoiselessness over a village for twenty-four hours, under\\na penalty of instant death to any who uttered a sound;\\neven the dogs had to be muzzled, and the fowls were\\nshut up in calabashes or immense poi-bowls.\\nSOCIAL CUSTOMS. There were ceremonies in end-\\nless variety affecting every incident in life, except that of\\nmarriage. Alexander says, It is a significant fact that\\nwhile every other act in life was accompanied with pray-\\ners and sacrifices to the gods, there were no religious", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "J, A. CUM.VIINGS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 J. A. Cummings, a large sugar planter, is a perfect type of the\\nHawaiian half-white. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs during the latter part of the\\nreign of King Kalakaua, being dismissed with other members of the cabinet when\\nLiliuokalani became Queen.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL SKETCH. 19\\nceremonies connected with marriage. Not even the favor\\nof the aumakuas (spirits of departed ancestors) was in-\\nvoked. It was entered upon with less ceremony than\\nfishing or planting. A fisherman could not use a new\\nnet or fishing-rod without prayer and sacrifice to his\\npatron god. But the relation most vitally affecting, the\\nlife of any race, was so lightly regarded as to be more than\\nsuggestive of the cause of the loss of national virility.\\nThus the husband could dismiss his wife without any\\nceremony. Polygamy was allowed in all ranks, but prac-\\nticed mostly by the chiefs. The state of society will not\\nbear description. Infanticide was fearfully prevalent,\\nand there were few of the older women at the date of the\\nabolition of idolatry who had not been guilty of it. It was\\nthe opinion of those best informed that two-thirds of all\\nthe children born were destroyed in infancy by their\\nparents. They were generally buried alive, in many cases\\nin the very houses occupied by their unnatural parents.\\nOn all the islands the number of males was much greater\\nthan that of females, in consequence of the girls being\\nmore frequently destroyed than the boys. Among the\\ncommon people old age was despised. The sick and\\nthose who had become helpless from age were sometimes\\nabandoned to die or were put to death. Insane people\\nwere also sometimes stoned to death.\\nFUTURE LIFE. While a certain element of vagueness", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "2o HISTORICAL SKETCH.\\ncharacterized their conception of a future life, the\\nHawaiians recognized a distinction in the lot of the dead.\\nThus the lower world, into which the spirits of men were\\nsupposed to leap at death, was divided into distinct king-\\ndoms, the upper one ruled by Wakea, and the lower by\\nMilu. The region of Wakea, the ancestor of the race, was\\na quiet and peaceful realm of comparative comfort,\\nreserved for the select few. Wakea was possessed of\\nhigher tabus and greater power than Milu, and only ad-\\nmitted those who had been scrupulous in observing the\\nreligious rites and tabus during life. Milu was said to\\nhave been an ancient chief of Hamakua, Hawaii, notorious\\nfor his wickedness during life, who afterwards became\\nking of a realm of darkness and misery, below that of\\nWakea, to which the great majority of the dead were\\ndestined. Their food consisted of lizards and butterflies,\\nbut there were streams of water of which they could\\ndrink, and spreading kou trees beneath which they re-\\nclined. Milu s province was also said to be a noisy and\\ndisorderly place, where lawless akuas kept up wild games\\nall night.\\nWith a finer national spirit, like the poetic conceptions\\nof the North American Indians of the happy hunting\\ngrounds, some of the traditions allied the more heroic\\nspirit and feats of the race to the conditions of existence\\nafter death. Thus their noble chiefs were conducted bv", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL SKETCH. 2 r\\none of the gods to a heaven in or beyond the clouds.\\nSome said the souls of heroes went to the hidden land\\nof Kane, which seems to have been a sort of Fata\\nMorgana or fairy island in the west. It was said that\\nmariners sometimes saw in the distance a beautiful island\\nabounding in cocoanut trees, but it was all unsubstantial\\nand ghostly, and receded before them like the mirage of\\nthe desert.\\nBONES OF THE CHIEFS. The deified bones of\\nthe chiefs, writes Alexander, were generally carefully\\nconcealed in the most secret and inaccessible caves.\\nBefore death they made their most trusty attendants\\nswear to conceal their bones so that no one could ever find\\nthem. I do not wish/ said a dying chief, that my bones\\nshould be made into arrows to shoot mice with (a favorite\\npastime of the chiefs) or into fish-hooks.\\nThere is a legend that after the death of Pae, an ancient\\nchief in the famous Waipio valley, his devoted servants, in\\naccordance with his request, took his bones secretly to a\\nsmall cave in the perpendicular face of the precipice, and\\njust under the waters of the Hiilawe Falls, which leap\\nfrom this point 1700 feet into the valley below. There\\nthey felt that the precious bones were safe, as only two of\\nthem knew of the place. One day, while looking at\\nthe rushing waters, a famous magician suddenly turned to\\nthe King at his side, saying, I see two young men passing", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "22 HISTORICAL SKETCH.\\nand re-passing through the Hiilawe waters, and the rain-\\nbow above shows they are aliis. The King ridiculed the\\nidea, but some days after the same magician, standing\\nwith the King, said, There are the chiefs again in the\\nHiilawe waters. Then the King sent his most sure-\\nfooted mountaineers with ropes to examine the place, with\\nthe result that the cave was found, together with the\\nskeleton of Pae, wrapped in his feather cloak, and the\\nskeleton of one of his faithful attendants who had been\\nkilled, that his chief might have company to the other\\nworld.\\nOut of the thigh bone of Pae a large hook for deep\\nsea fishing was made, which is now in the Museum at\\nHonolulu. It was an extremely lucky hook, writes\\nMrs. Nakuina, an authority in Hawaiian folk lore, and\\nseemed to have a kind of power to attract fish. Battles\\nhave been fought, lost and gained for the possession of\\nthis hook.\\nSORCERY. Hawaiians were the victims of a most\\ncruel and depressing system of sorcery. It is doubt-\\nful whether all the evils connected with the tabu and\\nceremonial system combined were as pernicious and en-\\nslaving as the thraldom placed on the common people by\\nthe sorcerers. They were feared and hated, and were\\nsometimes stoned to death or beheaded by order of a\\nchief. The anaana sorcerer was able to pray a peison to", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "DOOMED TO DEATH. This picture illustrates a v,,v thrilling episode in Hawaiian\\nhistory. When the great Kamehameha was gaining by conquest and stratezv the\\ncontrol of all the smaller tribes and nations, he induced a brillianl yroung prince of\\nOahan to betray his people into surrender, upon discovery of which the voune\\nPrmce was sentenced to death, and the picture represents him giving his las, counsel\\nand instructions t his sister before his execution,", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL SKETCH. 25\\ndeatn. In order to effect his purpose, it was absolutely\\nessential for him to secure something connected with the\\nperson of the intended victim, as the parings of the nails,\\na lock of the hair, etc., which was termed the maunu or\\nbail. For this reason the chiefs always kept their most\\nfaithful servants around them, who carefully buried or\\nburned every thing of the kind or sunk it out at sea.\\nSecretly but subtly this anaana type of sorcery is still\\npracticed among Hawaiians. So great is the fear of the\\nKahuna, who is supposed to possess this power, that more\\nor less intelligent natives, while under the medical care of\\nthe best physicians of Honolulu, will surreptitiously call in\\nthe Kahuna and submit to his incantations to break the\\nspell that they imagine themselves to be under. The\\nmedical fraternity, who come constantly into contact with\\nthis survival of heathenish superstition, agree that the\\nKahunas are largely responsible for the high death rate\\namong Hawaiians. Speaking of the effect on the people,\\nAlexander says, The sorcerer sometimes used poison to\\naccomplish his ends, but the power of imagination and of\\nsuperstitious fear was often sufficient to make the victim\\ngive up all hope and to pine away till he died.\\nDISASTROUS WARS. For three hundred years pre-\\nvious to the coming of Capt. Cook, in the language of\\nJudge Fornander, a careful student of that period, there\\n11 was an era of strife, dynastic ambitions, internal and ex-", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "26 HISTORICAL SKETCH.\\nternal wars on each island, with all their deteriorating con-\\n::::r5 :\u00c2\u00bbf anarchy, depopulation, soda! and intellectual\\ndegradation, loss of liberty, loss of knowledge, loss of\\nThe forces that had been fostered by a cruel and\\nlicentious and degrading barbarism were sapping the\\nvitality of the race. The rapid decline in virility and\\nnumber had set in, and even the beneficent forces of a\\nChristian civilization, fifty years later, seemed almost\\nr erless to stay the momentum. This period closes\\nwith a burst of heroism that was at the same time a\\ndismal prophecy of the future of the race. The famous\\nbattle of the sand-hills near Wailuku, Maui, was like a\\nThermopylae to that proud and superior race who formed\\nthe real nobility of the land. When Kalaniopuu sent his\\npicked regiment of noble chiefs, the famous Map\\nwart, unflinching heroes every man of them, with spears\\nset, across the sand-hills to meet the chiefs of Maui in\\nopen combat, he unintentionally struck a death-blov\\nhis race. These men were the physical and intellectual\\ners of a nation that needed every one of them in its\\nstruggle to survive. Their brawn and brain and vitality\\ntypified the enduring forces in an otherwise shattered and\\nenfeebled race. As they march in perfc ;ipline over\\nthose fateful plains, the flower of the land, their enemies\\nrise about them in ambush in overpowering numbers, and\\nleave not a man alive to tell the tale of their heroic", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL SKETCH. 27\\nstruggle. It was a tine example of heroism, but at what\\nawful cost to the physical stamina and fioer of an already\\nstricken race.\\nCOOK S DISCOVERY. To Capt. Cook belongs the\\ncredit of the discovery of the islands in the sense that it\\nwas he who first made them known to the world. His\\ntragic death drew the attention of the English-speaking race.\\nBefore his arrival at the islands in 1778, this group was\\nthe loneliest bit of land in all the great oceans. It was out\\nof the course taken by navigators in the Pacific, and it was\\nby the merest accident that in setting sail from the Society\\nIslands, 2500 miles to the south of Hawaii, on his way to\\ndiscover a northern passage from the Pacific to the Atlantic\\nOcean, sailing almost due north, on January 18, 1778, he\\ndiscovered the island of Oahu. So far as proximity to\\nany other land in the North Pacific is concerned, Hawaii\\nwill always maintain its unique loneliness, for it is the\\nonly land between America and Asia north of latitude 20\\nand south of the Aleutian Islands, and is from 1200 to\\n1800 miles from the nearest groups to the south, and more\\nthan 2200 miles from the Samoan Islands, the nearest\\ngroup of importance.\\nPROXIMITY TO AMERICA. From San Francisco, as\\na centre, let a thread representing 2080 miles be swung on\\na map as in drawing a circle, and it will strike Honolulu,\\nthe capital of the Hawaiian Islands, on the south-west", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL SKETCH.\\nthe Alaska peninsula on the north-west; the Mississ\\nKiver on the east; the city of Houston, Texas, on\\nthe south-east; and the isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico,\\non the south. These fads reveal the proximity of\\nHawaii to the American coast, showing, as they do, that\\nChicago and the Nicaragua Canal that is to be, are more\\ndistant from San Francisco than Hawaii is. One can sail\\nijoo miles due west from Honolulu, three times the\\ndistance from Buffalo, X. Y., to Chicago, and the\\nfollowing a great circle sail due north and arrive at Uni\\nStates territory in Alaska. And in all that distance the:\\nno other land, but rather only a vast cean already teeming\\nwith a commerce that is only a prophecy v hat is to\\nThis comparative proximity to our own coast, in the cir-\\ncumstances, lends additional weight to the words of that\\nfar-seeing statesman, Wm. H. Seward, who in the Uni\\nStates Senate in i8p said, The Pacific Ocean, its shores,\\nits islands, and the vast region beyond will become the\\nchief theater of events in the world s great hereafter. In\\nthe furtherance and protection of commerce, contiguous\\nterritory is iess advantageous than land that is reasonably\\n.imate while yet out on the ocean s highways. That\\nHawaii would constitute a most important American out-\\nport in the growing commerce of the pad i not be\\ndoubted on geographical considerations alone.\\nSIZE OF THE GROUP. There are eight inhabited", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "ALONG THE WMLUKU RIVER.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 !t is difficult to imagine any scenery\\nmore lovely than that which bonders the Wailuku River on the island of\\nHawaii. Starting on the slopes of Mauna Kea, sometimes dashing in foam-\\ning cataracts over cliffs more than a hundred feet in height.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL SKETCH. 31\\nislands, viz., Hawaii, Maui, Kahoolawe, Lanai, Molokai,\\nOahu, Kauai, and Niihau, comprising an area of 6,700\\nsquare miles, or about 500 square miles greater than the\\ncombined areas of the States of Rhode Island and Con-\\nnecticut. They extend from northwest to southeast over\\na distance of about three hundred and eighty miles, or\\nabout the distance from Rochester to New York City.\\nThe largest island is Hawaii, which has given its name to\\nthe group. The various islands are separated by channels\\nvarying in width from six to sixty miles. Now there has\\ngrown up an extensive system of inter-island steamers\\nnumbering over twenty in 1891, fitted up with dynamos\\nfor electric lighting, and several of them having superior\\naccommodations for the growing passenger traffic. For-\\nmerly the only means of communication was by canoes, an\\nactual incident having occurred to illustrate this less than\\ntwo years ago when a member, elected to fill a vacancy in\\nthe legislature, not being content to wait for the steamer in\\nhis eagerness to take his seat, hired men to row him in a\\ncanoe from Hilo, Hawaii, to Honolulu, a distance of over\\n200 miles!\\nCAPT. COOK S DEATH. The verdict of the later\\nhistorians, being possessed of all the facts in the case,\\nseems to be that Cook courted his death by his abuse of\\nthe hospitality of the natives. They brought to him eveiy\\nday a liberal supply of hogs and vegetables, while several", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "32 HISTORICAL SKETCH.\\ncanoe-loads of provisions were daily sent to the ships, for\\nwhich no return was ever made/ Instead, the violations\\nof tabu and the abandoned conduct of their guests were\\nsuch as to disgust even heathens, while the lavish con-\\ntributions levied upon the people for their support began\\nto be felt as a heavy burden. The breach widened\\nwhen Cook, needing fuel, allowed his men to take the\\nfence around one of the heiaus, which was carried aboard\\ntogether with twelve idols from the temple, despite the\\nprotestations of the priests. The natives retaliated by\\nstealing a boat, and frequent collisions occurred, not only\\nembittering the natives, but resulting, finally, in the un-\\nprovoked killing of a chief, which so infuriated some of the\\nchiefs and their followers that an attack was immediately\\nmade on Cook and some of his men, who were on shore,\\ncausing Cook s death and that of four of his men, and the\\nloss of seventeen lives by the natives, five of whom were\\nchiefs.\\nWORSHIPPED AS A GOD. Whatever may be said\\nof Cook s record elsewhere, it is indisputable that he\\nknowingly accepted oblations and worship from the sim-\\nple natives of Kalakekua Bay, who deemed him to be\\nan incarnation of their god Lono. Writes Jarves He\\nmoved among them an earthly deity, observed, feared,\\nand worshipped. In mere courtesy even he seems to\\nhave been outdone by the untutored savage, for when,", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL SKETCH. 33\\nwith great formality, the king, on one occasion, placed\\nhis own magnificent feather cloak upon Cook s shoulders,\\nand a feather helmet on his head, and laid five or six\\nother beautiful cloaks at his feet, Cook, in response to\\nthis royal expression of regard and good-will, took the\\nking s party aboard his vessel, and presented the noble\\nchief with a linen shirt and a cutlass! To be sure,\\nCook left seeds of melons, and pumpkins, and onions\\nat Niihau, but his men left behind them diseases un-\\nknown before, which spread through the group, causing\\nmisery and death to the people.\\nVANCOUVER S VISITS. Of quite another stamp\\nwas the benevolent and judicious Vancouver, who visited\\nthe islands twelve years after the death of Cook. He\\nrefused to sell arms and ammunition to the natives, being\\nstruck with the evidence of the decrease in population,\\nand with the insatiable desire of the natives to obtain\\nfire-arms. He used his good offices in reconciling Kame-\\nhameha to his favorite queen, and sought to allay the\\nstrife between Kamehameha and Kahekili, king of Maui.\\nHe landed sheep and cattle and had a tabu laid on them\\nfor ten years, so as to promote their increase. He intro-\\nduced orange trees and grape vines and other useful\\nplants and seeds, and gave Kamehameha, so soon to be\\nthe head of the nation, much valuable advice in regard\\nto his intercourse with foreigners, the management of his", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "54 HISTORICAL SKETCH.\\nkingdom, the discipline of his troops, etc He also told\\nhim of the one true God, Creator and Governor of all the\\nworld, that their tabu system was wrong, and that he\\nwould ask the king of England to send him a teacher of\\nthe true religion.\\nBRITISH PROTECTORATE. As of current interest,\\nI quote from Alexander s History of the Hawaiian F_\\npie: On the 21st of February, 1794, a grand council of\\nthe chiefs was held on board of the Discovery, for the\\npurpose of placing Hawaii under the protection of Great\\nBritain. They reserved, however, the right to reg;.\\nall their own internal affairs. On the 25th Lieut. Puget\\nhoisted the British flag on shore, and took possession of\\nHawaii in the name of his Britannic Majesty. A salute\\nthen fired, and the natives shouted, Kanaka no Beritano\\nWe are men of Britain This cession was never rati-\\nfied by the Home Government, but the transaction w;\\nnoteworthy one, as indicating both a love for independ-\\nence, and a desire for the support of a strong nation.\\nKAMEHAMEHA THE GREAT. I: is doubtful, all\\nthings considered, whether any other ever\\nproduced a man of such prowess in war, and of such\\nstatesmanship and rare judgment in the art of govern-\\nment in time of peace. Kamehameha was the last of\\nthose ancient feudal chiefs who, by reason of physical\\nintellectual superiority, were born to lead their people.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL SKETCH. 35\\nBefore his conquest of the group was complete, there\\nwere left but a mere handful of those shrewd and power-\\nful chiefs whose deeds are the boast of Hawaiians and\\nbefore his death even these had passed away, and he was\\nleft alone, a fact in keeping with the native signification of\\nhis name, viz., The lone or solitary one. He was born\\nand bred amid the shouts of war, and is supposed to\\nhave been present at the death of Capt. Cook, and also to\\nhave been among the reserves when that fatal yet famous\\ncharge of the Alapa was made over the sand-hills of\\nWailuku.\\nHIS ENTERPRISE. Nothing commends this gre\u00c2\u00a3\\nman more than his spirit of enterprise in the arts of peace.\\nThus, before he actively entered on his career of conquest,\\nhe spent several years in quietly cultivating and improv-\\ning his lands, building canoes, and fishing. Several of his\\npublic works are still to be seen, such as a tunnel by\\nwhich a water-course is carried through a ridge of rock in\\nNiulii, besides a canoe landing in Halaula, a fishpond, etc. ,y\\nAfter his conquest of the other islands, he exerted him-\\nself to promote agriculture, to encourage industry, and thus\\nto repair the ravages of his wars. Later in his reign\\nthere was a famine in Hawaii, caused by the neglect of\\nagriculture while the people had been forced to spend\\ntheir time in cutting sandal-wood for the chiefs. Kame-\\nhameha set his retinue to work in planting the ground,", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "J\\n6 HISTORICAL SKETCH.\\nand also set an example of industry himself. The piece\\nof ground which he tilled is still pointed out. As an\\nillustration of his foresight, it is said that he forbade the\\ncutting of young sandal-wood, and instructed his bird-\\ncatchers not to strangle the birds from which they plucked\\nthe choice yellow feathers for royal cloaks, but to set them\\nfree, that other feathers might grow in their place.\\nHIS PERSONAL PROWESS. What Kamehameha\\nwas in actual conflict we never shall know, except that he\\nwas greatly feared in battle, and wherever he moved\\nrallied men to renewed attack. Vancouver relates that\\nin a sham fight he saw six spears cast at once at Kame-\\nhameha I., of which he caught three, parried two, and\\navoided the sixth by a quick movement of his body.\\nDoubtless this skill in warfare accounts for his survival\\nwhen so many who fought at his side fell victims to the\\nspears of the enemy.\\nHIS CONQUEST OF THE GROUP. Having sub-\\ndued his rivals on his own island of Hawaii, with a great\\narmada of war-canoes he easily subdued Maui and Molo-\\nkai, and thence proceeded to the subjugation of Oahu.\\nA tradition reports his army as numbering 16,000 men.\\nDuring the voyage to Oahu, Kaiana, a noted chief, through\\naffront at not being invited to a council of war, separated\\nhimself from Kamehameha s forces, landed on the opposite\\nside of the island, and joined the forces of Kalanikupule,", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL SKETCH. Z 7\\nthe king of Oahu. Kaiana was made the leader of the\\nOahu forces in the battle the next day, but when he was\\nkilled by a cannon-ball, his troops, though making a brave\\nresistance, retreated up the Nuuanu Valley. They were\\nhotly pursued, the howitzers that Kamehameha had se-\\ncured from foreign vessels making havoc among the re-\\ntreating forces. Some climbed up the ridges on either side\\nand escaped, while others were driven headlong over the\\nprecipice to the rocks, 1200 feet below. Kamehameha was\\nnot merciful in the day of battle. He was in all respects\\na genuine heathen to the day of his death. He gained\\ncontrol of his own island by a treacherous slaughter of a\\nrival chief who had been invited by Kamehameha to a\\nfriendly conference. In the sanguinary battle in Iao val-\\nley, five years before the conquest of Oahu, Kamehameha\\nshowed no quarter, and the Maui warriors, struck with ter-\\nror at the deadly fusillade of the two field-pieces managed\\nby white men in Kamehameha s army, were driven over\\nprecipices and chased to the high peaks and crags of the\\nmountain, where they were starved into surrender. It\\nwas said that the stream in the valley was choked with\\ncorpses of the slain, whence the battle was called, Ke-\\npaniwai (the damming of the waters).\\nCENTRALIZING POLICY. In subduing the kings of\\nthe various islands, Kamehameha confiscated all the lands,\\ndividing them among his friends as suited his whim. The", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "3 S HISTORICAL SKETCH.\\nking of Kauai, who sought peace with Kamehameha by\\nthe cession of his island, was permitted to retain his lands,\\nholding them in fief during his lifetime on condition that\\nKamehameha s son should inherit them.\\nDISTILLING RUM. The art of distilling rum was\\nintroduced by some Botany Bay convicts before the year\\n1800. The mascerated roots of the Ki plant were al-\\nlowed to ferment in water, and when distilled, the liquor\\ncalled Okolehao, was almost pure alcohol. The chiefs all\\nhad their stills, very primitive, to be sure, and drunkenness\\nbecame prevalent. Kamehameha at first drank to excess,\\nbut later abandoned it altogether. Near the end of his\\nlife he summoned all the leading men of Hawaii to a\\ngreat assembly at Kailua, at which he ordered all the stills\\nto be destroyed, and forbade the manufacture of any kind\\nof liquor.\\nHIS DEATH. When the priests wanted human sac-\\nrifices in his last illness, so that the gods would prolong\\nhis life, he refused his consent. He died at the age of\\neighty-two years, in 18 19. After his death, according to\\ncustom, all law was suspended, and all restraints taken\\naway. The conduct of the people forbids description/\\nIDOLATRY ABOLISHED. The turmoil and restless-\\nness induced by almost continuous warfare during a\\nperiod of three hundred years, had a demoralizing effect\\non the faith of the Hawaiians in their ancient institutions", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "MAUSOLEUM OF LUNALILO. Lunalilo was the last, who claimed descent from\\nthe ECamehamehas, to rule in Hawaii. He was called the Well Beloved bj his peo-\\nple. The Lunalilo Mausoleum stands near the entrance of the Kawaihao Church.\\nThe grounds are always tilled with exquisite Mowers, Lovingly cared for by the natives.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL SKETCH. 41\\nof idolatry and the tabu system. The turpitude of white\\nmen in their disregard of sacred things, and their appar-\\nent exemption from harm and penalty of any kind, shook\\nthe faith of natives in the existence and power of their\\ngods. The unfaltering allegiance of Kamehameha to the\\ngods of his fathers, united to his controlling will in. all\\nnational affairs, was probably all that kept the system\\nfrom crumbling sooner. Be that as it may, no sooner\\nwas his son Lilioliho well seated on the throne, than he\\nhimself in a drunken carousal violated the tabu, and the\\nsystem already tottering, crumbled to pieces with its own\\nweight. Excesses of all kinds followed as a natural result.\\nThe stern repressions and complicated ceremonies being\\nabolished, with nothing but the personal will of a dissi-\\npated King as a substitute, the people carried their liberty\\ninto license, and another element was set at work to\\nhasten the decrease of the race.\\nCOMING OF THE MISSIONARIES. The effect of\\nthe breaking down of the tabu system and the abandon-\\nment of the idols was to leave the people without any\\nreligion. Had not a new force come to the nation from\\noutside at this juncture it is altogether probable that there\\nwould have been a return to idolatry, but with larger lati-\\ntude to the individual in the very directions most harmful\\nto the longevity of the race. The missionaries from\\nAmerica arrived at this critical period and brought the", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "4 2 HISTORICAL SKETCH.\\ng spel f glad tidings for the salvation of the people. The\\nold religion ha\\\\ing come under the condemnation of the\\nmi, and been cast aside as worse than useless, the\\npro\\\\idence of God brings to the shores of the emancip.\\npeople, in the persons of the American missionaries, a\\nreligion of hope and life and spiritual power to take its\\nr. The same month of the year, C :tober, 1819, that\\nidolatry was abolished, the first missionaries, Messrs.\\nBingham and Thurston, set sail from Boston for the v\\nage around Cape Horn. Probably none of you will\\nlive to witness the downfall of idolatry, was one of the\\nlast words said to them pre\\\\ious to their embarking for\\nthe long journey. Imagine the startling effect on these\\nmen, five months later, as they anchored off Kailua Bay,\\nwhen Hopu, their Hawaiian companion, who had been\\ncarried away on a whaler, and been educated in New-\\nEngland, ar now to act as their interpreter, brought\\nthe tidings from shore, Hawaii s idols are no more.\\nThe first pupils of the missionaries, writes Ale\\nder, were the chiefs and their favorite attendants, and\\nthe wives and children (half castes) of foreigners. At\\nfirst their teaching was y in English, but by degrees\\nthey devoted their time and energies more and more to\\nthe task of mastering the Hawaiian language, and of\\n::ing it to writing, until they made it their chief me-\\ndium of instruction.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL SKETCH. 43\\nDESTRUCTION OF IDOLS. In 1822, Kaahumanu,\\nKamehameha s favorite queen, conducted a crusade against\\nthe old religion, from what motive, it would be difficult to\\nsay, and as a result Kamehameha s poison-god, Kalai-\\npahoa was burned at Hilo, and at Kailua, one hun-\\ndred and two idols, collected from various hiding places,\\nwere consumed in one bonfire. Feasting, dancing, and\\nrevelry went on together with the burning of idols. It\\nwas not until three years after this that Kaahumanu was\\nconverted to the Christian religion.\\nKAPIOLANI S HEROISM. Kapiolani, writes Alex-\\nander, was one of the noblest characters of her time.\\nThough at one time intemperate and dissolute, Kapiolani\\nbecame an example to her countrywomen of virtue and\\nrefinement, and excelled them all in the readiness with\\nwhich she adopted civilized habits and sentiments. In\\nDecember, 1824, she determined to break the spell of the\\nbelief in Pele, the dread goddess of the volcano. In spite\\nof the strenuous opposition of her friends, and even of\\nher husband, she made a journey of about one hundred\\nand fifty miles, mostly on foot, from Kealakekua to Hilo,\\nvisiting the great crater of Kilauea on her way, in order to\\ndefy the wrath of Pele, and to prove that no such being-\\nexisted. On approaching the volcano, she met the priest-\\ness of Pele, who warned her not to go near the crater,\\nand predicted her death if she violated the tabus of the", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "44 HISTORICAL SKETCH.\\nJess. Who are you? demanded Kapiolani. One in\\nwhom the goddess dwells, she replied. Then Kapiolani\\nquoted passages from the Scriptures, setting forth the char-\\nacter and power of the true God, until the priestess\\nsilenced, and confessed that the akua or deity had left her.\\nKapiolani then went forward to the crater, where, in full view\\nof the grand and terrific action of the inner crater, she\\nthe berries consecrated to Pele, and threw stones into the\\nburning lake, saying: Jehovah is my God. He kindleth\\nthese fires. I fear not Pele. If I perish by her anger,\\ntnen you may fear Pele but if I trust in Jehovah, and he\\n^rves me when breaking her tabus, then you must\\nfear and serve him alone. They then united in singing\\na hymn of praise to the true God, and knelt in adoration\\nto the Creator and Governor of the universe. This has\\ni well called one of the greatest acts of moral cour-\\n_ ever performed.\\nMISSIONARY SUCCESS. Eight years after their land-\\ning, the missionaries numbered thirty-two, ha\\\\ing 440\\nnative assistants, 12,000 church attendants, and 26,000\\npupils in the various schools. Some of the leading chiefs\\nwere the most efficient co-workers with the missionaries\\nin arousing a great national interest in Christian truth.\\nThe wanton and disgraceful conduct of officers and\\nmen of English and American vessels was the darkest\\nincident in this transition period of abandonment of", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "HISTORICAL SKETCH. 47\\nheathenism and acceptance of the Christian religion.\\nMaddened by the restraints put upon them by the au-\\nthorities, thus preventing the accomplishment of their\\nlusts, these infamous men resorted to threats and vio-\\nlence, and on several occasions the lives of missionaries\\nwere saved only by the opportune and forcible inter-\\nvention of the natives.\\nThe great revival of 1838-39 is memorable in the\\nannals of missionary effort, writes Dr. Bartlett of that\\nremarkable awakening: There were congregations of\\nfour, five and six thousand persons. The missionaries\\npreached from seven to twenty times a week, and a\\nsense of guilt in the hearers often broke forth in groans\\nand loud cries. Probably many indiscretions were com-\\nmitted, and there were many spurious conversions. But,\\nafter all allowances, time showed that a wonderful work\\nwas wrought. During the six years from 1838 to 1843\\ninclusive, twenty-seven thousand persons were admitted\\nto the churches. The next twenty years added more\\nthan 20,000 other members to the churches, making the\\nwhole number received up to 1863 some \u00c2\u00a30,000 souls.\\nMany of these had then been excommunicated, in some\\ninstances, it was thought, too hastily; many thousands\\nhad gone home to heaven; and in 1863, some 20,000\\nstill survived in connection with the churches. At length\\ncame the time when the islands were to be recognized", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "48 HISTORICAL SKETCH.\\nas nominally a Christian nation, and the responsibility\\nof their Christian institutions was to be rolled off upon\\nthemselves.\\nTHE HOPE OF HAWAII. When the missions were\\nwithdrawn, it was well that there was growing up in the\\nland a class of men wise enough and courageous enough\\nto undertake for Hawaii in its new development, a work\\nno less noble than that of the missionary fathers, a work\\ncalling for much of the same self-sacrificing devotion, and\\nthe same exposure to ridicule and malignant hatred, but\\ncharacterized by a genuine interest in the welfare of the\\nnative people, and by a purpose to secure for them in\\ncommon with all others the blessings of a progressive\\nrepublican government.\\nThe best and most honorable men among the native\\nHawaiians are allied in spirit and purpose, publicly an-\\nnounced, with the present leaders of Hawaiian affairs. In\\nthe New Hawaii the fruitage of the past is not to be lost.\\nThe forces of civilization and of Christianity are the domi-\\nnant forces in this period of tense political strain. Chris-\\ntianity saved the Hawaiian race from complete collapse\\nand disappearance from the earth, and the principles that\\nunderlie Christian civilization that are now battling against\\na drift back to barbarism and the supremacy of a rene-\\ngade white element, are the only ground of hope for the\\nHawaiian race in the future.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "THE NATIVE HAWAIIAN.\\nTHE KANAKA. The aborigine, or Kanaka, or, as he\\nis more properly called, the native Hawaiian, is the most\\ninteresting personage in Hawaii. The peculiar garb, and\\nthe dislocated jargon of the Chinese and Japanese are met\\nwith on every hand, but these can be seen and heard\\nelsewhere. The same can be said of the Portuguese\\nimmigrants, in some respects the most thrifty and promis-\\ning element in the peopling of New Hawaii.\\nBut the Kanaka, the original occupant of the country,\\nthe genuine son of the soil, is far and away the most\\ninteresting personage in that beautiful land of sunshine.\\nNo enterprise seems to be able to get along without him,\\nand you meet his familiar face at every turn. It is on the\\nwhole, an attractive face, and, except on the most unto-\\nward occasions, it lights up with rare kindliness, and wins\\nyou with its smile. It is this benignant approachableness\\nthat puts the Kanaka in touch with the stranger at first\\nsight.\\nTo be sure, civilization has taught him to put a com-\\nmercial value on this natural aptitude for good nature, and\\nhe puts it to good use in his laudable efforts to help you\\nashore, for a consideration, when the steamer comes up to\\n49", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "50 THE NATIVE HAWAIIAN.\\nthe wharf; or in his cheerful and confident expe\\nthat you will buy his wares when you pass his stand. As\\na consequence, Hawaiians uniformly make courteous and\\nobliging clerks, though their cleverness at the counter\\nrarely been followed by promotion to the counting-room.\\nThe native Hawaiian fails as a business man. He gets\\nalong fairly well with a fruit stand, or a fish stall, or a\\ndiminutive curio shop, but there have been few insta.\\nwhere he has successfully conducted any kind of busi-\\nness, requiring banking and a credit system. It is not to\\nbe expected of him. The mercantile spirit has been the\\nproduct of centuries of progress in dickering, and this\\nexperience has not fallen to the lot of the unsophistic.\\nHawaiian.\\nOCCUPATION OF KANAKAS. The- are, how.\\nfew occupations in which Hawaiians are not found. They\\nare painters, carper lacksmiths, machinists, er._\\nteamsters, sailors, clerks, book-keepers, editors, market-\\nmen, dairy-men, farmers, cattle-raisers, sugar plant\\nfishermen, school teachers, clergymen, and government\\nofficials. They are lawyers and judges; and th. g\\nmajority of compositors and pressmen in the half-a-dozen\\nprinting offices of Honolulu are Hawaiians. The he\\nwork in the foundries, and in lading and unlading\\nis largely done by Hawaiians. That most essential service\\nin inter-island traffic, viz., the manning of the boats to", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "THE NATIVE HAWAIIAN. 53\\nconvey passengers and freight to and from the steamers\\nand the various landings is altogether done by Hawaiians.\\nThis is a most hazardous employment, requiring strength,\\nskill, courage and hardihood. Sometimes these men will\\nbattle for hours, in wind and rain and an angry sea, to\\neffect a landing at a dangerous point. At certain seasons\\nof the year there is hardly a return trip of the inter-island\\nsteamers to Honolulu that does not bring one or more of\\nthese freighters or whale-boats more or less badly stove\\nup.\\nAll the deep-sea fishing is carried on by Hawaiians.\\nThey go in their apparently frail canoes out of sight of\\nHonolulu, but they rarely fail to return. This is quite\\nremarkable, for there are strong currents passing the islands\\nthat would easily bear them away beyond all hope of\\nrescue. These men swim like fish, and the capsizing of\\na canoe is an indifferent matter to them. This accounts\\nfor the comparatively small loss of life on the island coasts,\\nand how it is that boats are stove up but not lost. The\\nmen jump into the water, right the boat and row it to the\\nsteamer, even in a badly leaking condition. It requires\\nmen of nerve and agility to bear the brunt of such toil,\\nand the Hawaiians are nowhere put to a severer test with\\nsuch credit to themselves.\\nThe census of 1890 shows that there are 996 mechan-\\nics in a total Hawaiian male population over 1^ years oi", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "54 THE NATIVE HAWAIIAN.\\nage of 1 1, 1 35, or about one in every eleven. This certain^\\nis a good showing. It shows their capacity, under favor-\\nable conditions, to take their share of the work that must\\nbe done. It shows, not what is characteristic of the race,\\nbut the part the race might play in the material develop-\\nment of the land were all Hawaiians living under similar\\nconditions. The mechanic class are to be found mainly at\\nHonolulu and at the plantation centers, where they must\\ncompete with others and adjust themselves to the con-\\nditions in which they find themselves or go to the wall.\\nEASE IN GAINING A LIVELIHOOD. The sea has\\ndone more for the native, in developing skill and ingenuity,\\nthan the land. The comparative ease with which\\nHawaiians on their own land can secure their ordinary\\nfood supply has undoubtedly interfered with their social\\nand industrial advancement. Poi has proved the greatest\\nobstacle to the advancement of Hawaiians. The ease with\\nwhich taro, the vegetable from which poi is made, can be\\ngrown, relieves the native from any genuine struggle for\\nlife, and unfits him for sustained competition with men\\nfrom other lands, who know what hardship is, and who\\nhave learned how to get their own food in the face of\\nstrenuous competition in an overcrowded population.\\nPRINCIPAL FOOD STAPLE. The taro, or Colo-\\ncasia antiquonim, a water plant, is the chief food staple\\nimong the natives. It is generally grown in bis or taro", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "THE NATIVE HAWAIIAN. 55\\npatches, being land surrounded by turf sides into which\\nwater can be run from irrigating ditches. The taro is\\nplanted in hills, and grows in the water, care being exer-\\ncised as to the time of running the water on and the\\ndepth at which it is kept. In the moist climate of Hilo\\ntaro is successfully grown on the uplands. A taro crop\\nrequires about twelve or fourteen months to mature, but\\nbeing planted at odd times throughout the year, a native\\ncan always have food at hand in abundance. Thus an\\nacre of land is more than sufficient to grow the food\\nsupply for quite a family.\\nVALUE AND PRODUCTIVENESS OF TARO. The\\nvalue of taro as a food is only equaled by its productive-\\nness. Thus it has been carefully estimated, by men en-\\ngaged in the business of cultivating taro on a large scale,\\nthat an acre of land will yield on an average 28,000 pounds\\nof cooked and pounded taro per annum. At the liberal\\nallowance of four pounds per day per man, or three-\\nfourths of a ton per annum, that yield would sustain\\neighteen men for the twelve months. This simply cor-\\nroborates in figures the general statement that a small\\npiece of land will abundantly supply the wants of quite a\\nfamily, accustomed to taro as their main food supply.\\nNATIVE INDOLENCE This fact makes against the\\nnative, inasmuch as it largely takes away the motive for\\nthe acquisition of more land, and leads him to be content", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "5 6 THE NATIVE HAWAIIAN.\\nwith what he has. Moreover, his little plot of ground\\nfurnishes him with the major part of his food at a mini-\\nmum expenditure of toil. At most it only requires an\\noccasional hour or so to keep his taro patch free from\\nweeds and in a thrifty condition. Aside from an occasion-\\nal day of fishing, the ease with which he can secure the\\nnecessities of life naturally leaves him with much time on\\nhis hands. This he spends leisurely as suits his whim.\\nSometimes he jogs off to town on his $15 pony to get the\\nnuhou or news, or to loaf away the day at the boat-\\nlanding, or on the post-office steps. Sometimes, and more\\nfrequently, he passes away the balmy hours in innocuous\\ndesuetude, lying prone on the grass for hours in some\\nconvenient shade, indifferent to all but creature comfort.\\nThe happy thought that it is meal-time alone arouses him\\nfrom the delicious monotony of just comfortably breathing\\nand letting everything take care of itself. To be sure he\\nvaries his existence by an occasional incursion into the\\nwoods, returning bedecked with lets or wreaths of some\\nfragrant vine or flowers, and with his patient pony loaded\\ndown with bunches of bananas and a bag of luscious\\noranges found growing wild within a convenient distance\\nfrom his home.\\nLUXURIOUS KANAKA! One day to him is as\\nanother. The struggle for life does not fret his soul,\\nnor fill his thought with the winter of its discontent.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "THE NATIVE HAWAIIAN. 57\\nlb-day s food can be had for the picking, and to-morrow s\\nas well, and why should he not bask in the sunshine of\\nan almost perfect climate, and smile on nature as she\\nsmiles on him He obeys literally the injunction, Take\\nno thought for the morrow I To-day s comfort fills his\\nhorizon, and there is only one date in his almanac. He\\ncarries about with him a convenient history of the past\\nthat never ruffles his equanimity, and he accepts no re-\\nsponsibility for the future. He does not need to get in his\\nvegetables for winter or to calculate the cost of an ulster.\\nPREPARATION OF POI. However, freely as he may\\nregale himself on oranges, bananas, and cocoanuts just as\\nthey come to his hand, he can not eat his taro raw. He\\nmust cook it and scrape it and pound it, and, after allow-\\ning it to ferment slightly, he must mix it with water to the\\nproper consistency. Taro thus treated is called poi. It is\\nthe national dish, and indeed is a most wholesome article\\nof food. It is much more palatable than flour paste, to\\nwhich it is so often likened, and foreigners learn to like it\\nin one form or another. It is excellent in case of sick-\\nness, being easily digested and withal very nourishing.\\nAt Wailuku it is now manufactured into a flour that is\\nused for making puddings, cakes, muffins and a variety of\\nappetizing dishes. An effort is being made to introduce it\\ninto this country as a food for invalids. Without doubt,\\npoi in its various forms is an ideal food. Much as it has", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "58 THE NATIVE HAWAIIAN.\\noperated to retard the development of the Hawaiian race\\non account of the ease with which it can be obtained from\\na small plot of land, the Hawaiian, in turn, has much to\\nbe grateful for, that his staple article of food never pro-\\nduces indigestion or induces dyspepsia and kindred afflic-\\ntions. We may pity the man in whose sky is no light of\\nprogress, who is content with what is, and never seeks\\nfor something better, but such a man may much more and\\nfittingly pity the victim of all the latest refinements in\\nbread -making.\\nTHE HAWAIIAN NOT A FARMER. While the\\nKanaka s taro is growing, so also are his pigs and chickens.\\nIn one way or another they manage to get fat without any\\nforcing process or much expenditure of time or energy on\\nthe part of the proprietor. In fact, the Hawaiian is not\\na farmer. He puts himself down as such when the\\ncensus man comes around, and he certainly does know\\nhow to grow a crop of taro. But even in this respect, it is\\na question whether the Chinaman does not beat him, as\\nhe easily does beat him in all other farming. Thus the\\nChinaman is a fine market gardener. The Kanaka, on the\\nother hand, knows next to nothing about gardening. The\\nKanaka does not successfully compete with the Chinese\\nand Portuguese in growing bananas. The latter exported\\nbananas in the year 1890 to the value of $176,3 51. There\\nis a lack of persistence and of forethought in the Hawaiian", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "THE NATIVE HAWAIIAN. 59\\ncharacter, induced very likely by his easy conditions, that\\nmilitate against him when competing with the farmers of\\nother lands. This is to be regretted, and it is to be hoped\\nthat the competition he now begins to rub up against may\\narouse in him a new spirit.\\nMASTER OF WIND AND WAVE. The moment\\nhe decides he must go a-flshing, the Kanaka becomes\\na new being. Alertness and judgment and enthusiasm\\nmark his every movement. He makes his preparations\\nwith great patience and minuteness. He overlooks noth-\\ning that will contribute to his success. His canoe is put\\nin trim, his lines are all inspected, and his whole house-\\nhold is enlisted in the capture of crabs on the rocks and in\\ntheir hiding holes. He seems guided by instinct as well\\nas by skill in thus securing his bait.\\nIt is a fascinating sight to watch the Kanaka launch his\\ncanoe, and guide it with his paddle as he rides supreme\\non the threatening swell that breaks with revengeful roar\\nbehind him just as he slips gracefully from its crest. This\\nis his element. He laughs at the raging beach-combers\\nas he deftly turns between them, and races his canoe\\nthrough a strip of unbroken water out of reach of dan-\\nger and into deep water. It takes a moment only, and\\nyou are spell-bound at his prowess. No more to you is\\nhe the indolent native who lay so comfortably on the\\nvelvety manienie grass yonder by the grass-house. Now", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "60 THE NATIVE HAWAIIAN.\\nhe is a hero, with a manual skill little less than marvelous\\nin the face of those madly-rushing breakers.\\nTHE SEA HIS SCHOOLMASTER. This contest with\\nthe sea, necessitated by the craving for what the sea\\ncould supply, has, from early days, been the real stim-\\nulus in the natural development of Hawaiian character.\\nIt has called out skill and courage and sagacity and\\ningenuity, and the ability to endure hardship and not suc-\\ncumb. It has promoted a knowledge of navigation, and\\nled to a minute and accurate observation of winds and\\ncurrents and channels, and lent scope and fervor to the\\nimagination, and set aflame the poetic spirit of the race.\\nThe old meles or songs are replete with references to\\nthe sea, as are also some of the most cherished tradi-\\ntions. The sea is the Hawaiian s classic. Out of it have\\ncome the seven wonders of his legendary world, and off\\non it have gone, nevermore to return, the adventuresome\\nspirits of his race, aglow with the ardor of discovery and\\nconquest.\\nRARE INGENUITY. A fine collection of ancient Ha-\\nwaiian fishing tackle and appliances is to be seen in the\\ncelebrated Bishop Museum at Honolulu. The array would\\nhave warmed the soul of good old Isaac Walton could\\nhe have had access to it. It certainly entitles the Ha-\\nwaiian to high rank among the world s fishermen. Be-\\nfore the advent of the white man with his iron and", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "THE NATIVE HAWAIIAN. 6\\nj\\nthread, the native, put to his own resources, had found\\nmaterial for his lines and hooks and spears and nets.\\nFor his lines and nets, he used the fiber of the olona,\\na plant growing in the valleys; and for hooks, he used\\nbone and mother-of-pearl and tortoise shell. The latter\\nwere cut out with his stone implements, and made, of\\nmany styles as to size and shape, so as to suit the\\nwhim of the fisher, and to meet the needs of his trade.\\nThe spears were made of shark s teeth, and were used\\nby divers under water. The early Hawaiians were skill-\\nful also in the use of large nets, capturing great numbers\\nof fish by their skillful maneuvers.\\nSUPERSTITIOUS BUT BRAVE. Superstition played\\nno small part in the fishing of the early days. Human\\nbones were preferred for fish hooks, especially those of\\nhigh chiefs, to whom prayers were offered to bless the\\nfisher in attracting fish to his hook. Oblations were\\noffered to their fish gods for security and success in this\\nhazardous calling. It is not probable that superstition\\nplays any prominent part in the fishing of to-day, but\\nthe aptitude, and acquaintance with the sea, and with the\\nhabits and haunts of fish, that have descended from one\\ngeneration to another, have made the Kanaka a skillful and\\nintrepid man on the deep seas, where he is acknowledged\\nto be facile princeps.\\nKANAKAS AS COW-BOYS. In early days there", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "6 4 THE NATIVE HAWAIIAN.\\nwere no horses. They were introduced in 1803, by Capt.\\nCleveland on a voyage from California to China. They\\nhave since so increased in numbers that they run wild in\\ndroves on the slopes of Mauna Kea, and the native is an\\nexceedingly poor man who does not own some kind of a\\nhorse. He is more likely to have two or three than to be\\nwithout entirely. Naturally this has led him into an em-\\nployment in which he revels, viz., that of a cow-boy on\\nthe numerous cattle ranches on the various islands. In\\nthis work he is well nigh indispensable, manifesting great\\ndexterity and endurance in the saddle. He is exceedingly\\nvain of his accomplishments and calling, however, and his\\nbroad sombrero, and gigantic spurs that can be heard, as\\nhe rides, for an eighth of a mile, and his coiled lasso, the\\nend of which he swings from one side to another of his\\nhorse s flanks, and his air of bravado, these are the de-\\nlight of the boys of Honolulu, who like to imitate his\\nunique costume, and transform themselves into beings of\\nthe same order. Elsewhere boys always reach a point\\nwhere they want to go to sea. In Hawaii few of them\\ngrow to manhood without sooner or later catching the\\ncow-boy s contagious spirit, and learning to lass a bipi\\non the run.\\nHAWAIIAN HORSE WOMEN. The Hawaiian women\\nare famous riders. They uniformly ride astride, and on\\ngala days they dash through the streets in companies", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "THE NATIVE HAWAIIAN. 65\\nof eight or ten, with wreaths about their necks and hats,\\nand with their red and yellow pa-us streaming behind.\\nThese pa-us are breadths of brilliantly-colored cloth, made\\ninto long streamers, and securely fastened at the pommel\\nso as to trail freely on either side, as the riders gallop\\nalong. The picturesque and novel effect of these bright\\ncolors, together with the vivacity and rollicking good\\nhumor of the riders, and their easy gracefulness in the\\nsaddle, add not a little to the uniqueness of an Hawaiian\\nholiday. There is in these women of the tropics a physi-\\ncal self-possession, whether on land or on the sea, in\\nthe saddle or in the surf, in a common print holoku, or\\nMother Hubbard gown, or in costly silks, that is truly\\nremarkable.\\nHAWAIIAN VISITING. The Hawaiian is a veritable\\nCommunist at heart. Instead of grasping for all he can\\nget, he divides with his neighbor, and confidently expects\\nhis neighbor to divide with him. It is not an uncommon\\nthing for a whole houseful of his friends to drop down on\\nhim for entertainment and accommodation for a week or\\ntwo at a time, and he gives them royal welcome. When\\nthey are gone, he, in turn, takes his household with him,\\nand makes a similar descent, in the utmost good nature,\\non some one else.\\nDWELLINGS. In Honolulu the natives all live in\\nwooden houses, as, for the most part, they do in tne", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "66 THE NATIVE HAWAIIAN.\\ncountry districts. These houses are constructed so that\\nthe basement has large openings, and is high enough to\\nlive in. Here the owner lives, making his bed on native\\nmats spread on the ground, and cooking his food in an\\nimprovised stove made by cutting out the top and part of\\none side of a kerosene oil can. On the floor above are\\nhis parlor and bed-rooms. The latter are covered with\\nChinese matting, and are furnished with table, chairs, and\\nan immaculate bed, with an elaborately worked quilt, and\\na mosquito net. This bedroom is for display and for\\nguests.\\nHOSPITALITY. The natural hospitality of the Ha-\\nwaiians is gracious in the extreme. They can not do too\\nmuch to manifest their good-will and desire for your\\ncomfort. It is not surprising that this kindly spirit has\\nbeen imposed upon and been taken advantage of, so that\\nit is more cautiously extended than formerly. In this\\nmatter there has been in recent years a lamentable lack of\\nrecognition of favors thus bestowed free-handed. The\\nnatural impulse of Hawaiians, according to their ability, to\\nhospitably entertain strangers is highly creditable to their\\nrace. Anglo-Saxons must blush for the advantage taken\\nof this disposition by men of their own race. The effects\\nof such abuse have entailed disease and physical enfeeble-\\nment, and confused the moral sense, never any too strong,\\nand needing toning up rather than weakening.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "THE NATIVE HAWAIIAN. 69\\nA NATIVE FEAST. A luau or native feast is a no-\\ntable affair. I know of nothing to which it can be\\ncompared, and it is interesting in every detail from prep-\\naration to consummation. It is rarely under the au-\\nspices of a single individual but of several who combine\\nforces possibly to lend dignity to the occasion, but\\nprobably to give it a popular cast and to add to the\\nquantity and variety of edibles. Thus some become re-\\nsponsible for the supply of poi others for the beef and\\npork and fish; others for the Kulolo, a much esteemed\\npudding made of grated cocoanut and taro, and the milk\\nof the cocoanut, sweetened and baked others still\\nagree to furnish the poi-palau, a somewhat similar com-\\npound of poi and sweet potato; while still others engage\\nto supply ripe and luscious watermelons, and sometimes\\noranges, bananas and other fruits. One of the most pe-\\nculiar dishes is that of limu, a fresh-water moss, that is\\nin much esteem as a relish. I ought not to omit, also,\\nthe roasted and salted Kukui nuts, so prized as a condiment.\\nPREPARATION FOR A FEAST. The great event is\\nthe preparation and cooking of the food in the imu or\\noven. This imu is a round hole, dug in the ground,\\nand from two to three feet deep. Great care is selected\\nin getting stones to be heated in this oven, for the den-\\nser ones will explode in the great heat. Parties busy\\nthemselves in gathering these stones, and the necessary", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "7 o THE NATIVE HAWAIIAN.\\nwood, and in otherwise arranging for the successful\\ncooking of the food. Other parties attend to the prep-\\naration of the food for the oven. The beef and pork\\nare cut into convenient pieces and wrapped up together\\nwith fresh young taro leaves, and over all the tough ki\\nleaves are bound, and with a deft turn or twist fastened\\nsecurely. The taro leaves, when thus cooked, absorb\\nthe juices of the beef and pork, and constitute the chief\\ntid-bit of native culinary art. The fish are wrapped in\\nthe same way. While this part of the preparation is\\ngoing on, the fires have been lighted at the imu. Kind-\\nling is first put in the hole, and on top are piled the\\nwood and stones, and the fire is kept burning for seve-\\nral hours. Then, the wood being consumed, the stones\\nare taken out with a hoe, macerated trunks of banana\\nplants are put in to generate steam, and the bundles of\\nfood and the stones and banana plants are put into the\\nimu in layers, the whole being covered with banana\\nleaves to protect the food, and with dirt sufficient to\\nkeep the steam from escaping. The mass is then al-\\nlowed to steam for five or six hours, and when taken\\nout is put on the table piping hot; every person having\\na bundle of his own, or more if he wishes it. The most\\nfar-famed cuisine can not furnish more deliciously-cooked\\nmeats than those that come steaming from a well-man-\\naged Hawaiian imu.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "THE NATIVE HAWAIIAN. 71\\nACTION, BUT REACTION. It will be seen that a\\nluau entails a good deal of labor, but there is a certain eclat\\nabout such occasions that gives the requisite zest, and\\nnatives rarely spare themselves at such times. If such\\nindustrial spurts could be transformed into systematic and\\ncontinuous application it would be highly advantageous to\\nthe race. Ordinarily, however, the native lives on the\\nmemory of such a good time, instead of providing himself\\nwith more substantial food by the labor of his hands.\\nEvery such spurt involves a reaction that makes a native\\naverse to any further immediate attention to work, either\\nfor himself or for others. Employers of labor complain\\nabout these periodic distractions, seriously inconveniencing\\nthem at times, but they have to adjust themselves to the\\nfact that natives will have feasts, and that they will not\\nreport for work for days afterwards.\\nFONDNESS FOR NATURE. The native is a lover\\nof nature, and no matter how taxing the toil of a luau may\\nbe, he will go to the woods for maile, a fragrant vine, and\\nfor ferns and ki and other plants suitable for decoration.\\nHe is enthusiastic in making his tables, if ferns spread on\\nthe ground can be called such, just as attractive as pos-\\nsible, and he hangs festoons of ferns and maile all around\\nthe booth that keeps out the tropic sunshine.\\nGUIDING PRINCIPLE IN ALL FEASTS. The Ha-\\nwaiian is royal in his hospitality, and is generous even to", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "THE NATIVE HAWAIIAN.\\nthe sacrificing of his last chicken, when the tired traveler\\nstops for food and shelter. I certainly have never known\\nelsewhc prodigal and lavish hospitality as H Ji-\\nms accord their friends and guests at their famous\\nluaus. These feasts, so far as I have been able to ju\\nare entirely dependent, in each instance, on the disposition\\nof certain particular pigs to get fat Thus there can be no\\nfeast without them, but when they are ripe for it, as it w\\nis roily immaterial what day is selected to celebrate.\\nI or.:r t used two boys from school, at their mother s\\nrequest, that they might go home to a luau in aon\\nof the anniversary of their father s death, which oca\\none year previous. When they returned to school it\\nunnecessary for them to say, as however they did, wha:\\nso evident in every chubby wrinkle of satisfaction, viz., that\\nthey had had a good time. I do not know r that it had\\noccurred to them to be sufficient. _ :ul that their fat\\nhad so conveniently died the year before probably their\\nanalysis did not go so far. But the :n a\\nhigh state of ecstacy at their remarkable good fortune in\\ng any sort of occasion for the killing of the pig.\\nCOME, LET US EAT! Such an array of edit\\na luau brings together might well cause even Solomon s\\nt boards to bend in despair. This may be the reason\\na genuine, old-fashioned luau is always 3 on\\nfems and ki leaves on the ground. It thus comes about", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "tt~ d", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "THE NATIVE HAWAIIAN. 75\\nthat he who would eat on these festive occasions must\\nhave a stevedore s skill to stow away his legs, and forget\\nhe has a back. He must also eat with his fingers, for\\nreally, after all, one can not do anything with a fork at a\\nluau. You must untie your bundle of meat, and after\\nhaving got your fingers oily and sticky there is nothing\\nmore to do but to plunge them into the poi and eat like\\nyour neighbors. The whole world is kin when you\\nscooch on the grass and eat broiled fish with your fingers.\\nAll the viands are before you, and you eat according to the)\\nwhim of the moment, there being but one course, albeit\\na very comprehensive one, and you are expected to slight\\nno part of it.\\nEAT, DRINK AND BE MERRY. After all, the cnief\\nfeature of a luau is the people. Utmost jollity and good\\nnature prevail. Every one s face is aglow, and every\\none s mouth open, and the viands disappear like the\\ndew before the sun. Every one talks as he eats, and\\nwith a fingerful of poi in mid-air, here and there, a big\\nKanaka laughs and shakes his fat sides as he jabbers\\naway in the most irresistible style. In such scenes, eat,\\ndrink and be merry is philosophy enough, and the only\\nphilosophy that can be understood.\\nHAWAIIAN SWIMMERS. Every visitor to Honolulu\\nhas noted the ease and self-possession of Hawaiian boys\\nin the water near the wharves at the departure of ocean", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "76 THE NATIVE HAWAIIAN.\\nsteamers. It is the stereotyped thing for tourists to snap\\nten-cent pieces into the water, and watch the boys dive\\nfor the money. They never fail to get it, and on some\\noccasions a particular boy will have quite a mouthful of\\ndimes before the steamer gets fairly under way.\\nSometimes sharks come into Honolulu harbor, but\\nthe natives always manage to know when a shark is\\nabout, and they rarely get caught. When pursued by\\none, if brought to bay, the native will peer down into\\nthe water with his keen eyes intent on the tactics of his\\npursuer. The shark must turn before he can snap at\\nhis expected victim, and just as he turns, the native\\ndives, and the great jaws come together with nothing\\nbetween them This is repeated till relief comes, much\\nto the perplexity of the clumsy fish. When prepared\\nfor such an encounter, the native, as he dives, jabs his\\nknife into a vulnerable spot in the shark s anatomy, and\\nusually wins the day, either by killing his foe or by\\ndriving him off.\\nSURF-BATHING. Surf-bathing is heroic sport. It\\nwas formerly practiced in honor of kings and chiefs, but\\nis on its own account a right royal sport, in every sense of\\nthe word. It consists in riding a long plank, carefully\\nshaped, and with ends rounded, on the crest of great bil-\\nlows rolling shorewards. The skill consists in taking\\nthe wave at an opportune moment, and in keeping the", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "THE NATIVE HAWAIIAN.\\nsurf-board in such relation to the movement of the billow\\nthat the latter will propel the rider at a tremendous speed\\ntoward the shore. Expert surf-riders will rise as they\\nrush along, until they stand erect with folded arms, com-\\nplete masters of the waves, whom they seem to drive\\nbefore them like horses in a race. Surf-riding, though not\\nso frequently witnessed as formerly, is nevertheless yet to\\nbe seen on special occasions.\\nLOST ARTS. Many of the ancient games are lost arts\\nto the present generation, who have substituted instead\\nbase ball and foot ball and boating. In all these they are\\namong the best. This comparatively insignificant fact in-\\ndicates what is taking place in other and more important\\nmatters, viz., the evolving of a New Hawaii wholly allied\\nto modern thought and modern methods. One can but\\nfeel sad, however, when anything truly heroic passes out\\nof the ken of man.\\nCLOTHED, AND IN HIS RIGHT MIND. There is\\na more or less popular impression that Hawaiians are, to a\\nfault almost, economical as to the quantity of their wear-\\ning apparel, and not as discreet as they might be in its\\ndisposition on the person. This is a very natural mis-\\napprehension, inasmuch as the popular mind makes no\\ndiscrimination as to things way out in the Pacific, and\\nso classes all the inhabitants of the various South Pacific\\ngroups with the Hawaiians, and lays on the latter all the", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "THE NATIVE HAWAIIAN.\\nsins of the South Seas. The Hawaiian has his demerits,\\nbut semi-nudity is not one of them. So far as a certain\\ndoubtful class of photographs is concerned, it may be said\\nof the Hawaiian that he is clothed and in his right\\nmind. He does not always wear broadcloth or sport a\\nsilk hat, but he wears good honest clothes and so do his\\nwife and children. He does not fret himself about shoes,\\nthough he has them and wears them to church and\\nwhenever he thinks proper. His daughter, walking into\\ntown for shopping purposes, will carry her shoes and\\nst :kings under her arm till she nears the town, when she\\nwill stop by the roadside and put them where they belong.\\nHis wife, on occasion, will pay fifty cents for a ride in a\\nhack, without any sense of incongruity, albeit she does so\\nbarefooted.\\nProbably the best dressed ladies and gentlemen of\\nHonolulu are as likely to be on a given occasion Hawaiians\\nas foreigners. There is among the poorer natives the\\nsame love of color, and the same glaring innovations on\\ntaste, as characterize other nationalities. But among the\\nbetter educated Hawaiians there is a singular aptitude for\\nappropriate adorning of the person, and the style is\\nsedulously cultivated.\\nTHE FLOWER GIRLS. The flower-girls of Hono-\\nlulu are worthy of mention. They come early in the\\nmorning to one of the thoroughfares, spread their mats on", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "THE NATIVE HAWAIIAN. 79\\nthe side-walk, and string their flowers into leis or wreaths\\nfor sale to the passer-by. On steamer days the sale is\\nconsiderable, for one of the singular customs is to throw\\nleis around the necks of departing friends. Many of these\\nleis are beautiful, being made of plumeria blossoms, a\\ncreamy white flower of delicious perfume. Great inge-\\nnuity is shown in the combinations of flowers and parts of\\nflowers in the manufacture of these wreaths. Occasion-\\nally, to guy some young man, he is literally swathed in\\nleis, from his hat to his knees, and looks more like an\\nanimated conservatory than a human being.\\nA GENUINE POLITICIAN. The Hawaiian is a born\\npolitician. He likes to talk, and a discussion is the delight\\nof his heart. But what is more to the purpose, if he has\\nhad some advantages, he is able to play skillfully on the\\nsensibilities of his people, and in gaining his end good\\nnature counts for more than logic. He is shrewd and\\nknows every avenue to the hearts of his countrymen.\\nHe is politic in his approaches, and turns every incident\\nto his advantage, regardless of inconsistencies and with\\nno intelligent regard for the future. All Hawaiians love\\nthe excitement of an election, and there are few stay-at-\\nhomes. As a legislator the Hawaiian is deficient in origi-\\nnating legislation, but is sharp to see its bearing when some\\none else introduces it. Most of the pernicious measures\\nthat have been brought before various legislatures in re-", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "So THE NATIVE HAWAIIAN.\\ncent years were suggested and formulated by interested\\nforeigners. The Hawaiian is not constructive. He is a\\ngood debater, aside from defective logic, and a fluent\\ntalker, and is just the material to make a demagogue of\\nor to fall prey to demagogic arts.\\nDECREASE OF HAWAIIANS. The last official cen-\\nsus, taken in 1890, shows that the total population at that\\ntime was 89,990. If we group the half-castes, number-\\ning 6186, with the pure Hawaiians, numbering 34,436, we\\nhave a total of 40,622, or just 45 per cent, of the total\\npopulation of the country. In other words, 55 per cent,\\nof the population has come from abroad. Out of twenty\\nmen, therefore, representing the ratio of the races, nine\\nwould be Hawaiian, six would be Asiatics, and five would\\nrepresent Americans and various European nationalities.\\nWithout going back to the rough estimate made by\\nCapt. Cook at the time he visited the Islands, when he\\nplaced the population at 400,000, it is approximately cor-\\nrect to use for comparison the figures obtained in the\\nyear 1832, when the population was ascertained to be\\n130,313. Now the figures of the last census, including\\nhalf-castes among the natives, show a decrease since\\n1832 of 89,691 or an average annual decrease of 1546.\\nSince i860 the decrease has been 26,362, or about 40 per\\ncent, of the population thirty years ago. Notwithstanding\\nthe notable increase in the number of half-castes, accord-", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "THE NATIVE HAWAIIAN. 81\\ning to the census of 1890, the actual decrease of natives\\nand half-castes combined in the six years since 1884,\\namounted to 4366.\\nWhile this decrease has been steadily going on,\\nreceiving its impetus long before the discovery of the\\nislands by white men, although greatly accelerated be-\\ntween the years 1823-185^3, when it reached the alarm-\\ning total of 77,081, or an average annually of 3,854, the\\nforeign population since iS^, when it first appears in the\\ncensus, exclusive of Asiatics and Polynesians, increased,\\nas per census of 1890, to 19,418 or 916 per cent.\\nHALF-CASTES. It is questionable as to the justice\\nof classing the half-caste element with the native. There\\nare marked divergences, in spite of political affiliations,\\nwhich call for a distinct grouping of these two classes.\\nIn fact it is claimed, with a good degree of justice, that\\nthe half-caste element really belongs to the new order\\nin the social and physical regeneration that is transform-\\ning the Old Hawaii into the New. Thus, while the native\\nHawaiians decreased 5578 from 1884 to 1890, the half-\\ncastes in the same time increased 1968. Or to put it\\ninto percentages, the natives in those six years decreased\\n14 per cent, and the half-castes increased 47 per cent.\\nAMALGAMATION. The conclusion is irresistible that\\nthe vitality of the native race is at the ebb, and that its\\nfuture, like that of many other lands, lies in amalgamation", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "82 THE NATIVE HAWAIIAN.\\nwith other races. In this process it is a problem what\\nelements in native character will be perpetuated in the\\nnew order. Shall the heroism and hardihood and simple\\nfaith and intrepid stalwartness of the race, at its best,\\nsurvive and characterize the new order, or shall the easy\\nindolence, and the lack of systematic application and the\\nphysical exuberance of the race, color the new combina-\\ntion? This is a question that forces itself to the front\\nin face of the fact that while the natives numbered 34,436\\nin 1890, the half-castes numbered 6186, or ij per cent,\\nof the combined population of the two. Should the cen-\\nsus of 1896 maintain anything like the ratio of change\\nshown in the census of 1890, the half-caste element\\nwould then be approximately 10,000, and the native Ha-\\nwaiian barely 29,000.\\nGROWTH OF FOREIGN ELEMENT. These figures\\nassume increased interest when the rapid growth of the for-\\neign population is considered. An increase of this element\\nin thirty-seven years of over 900 per cent, is prophetic of\\na speedy supremacy of the foreign element, even in point\\nof numbers. Even in the six years from 1884 to 1890,\\nthe children of foreign parents, born in Hawaii, exclusive\\nof Asiatic, increased 184 per cent.\\nCAUSES OF DECREASE. The New Hawaii, politic-\\nally, socially and industrially, is rapidly emerging from the\\nconditions that have so hampered its progress and growth", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "THE NATIVE HAWAIIAN. 85\\nin the past. The sad element in it all is what seems\\n/ike the inevitable disappearance of the native race. It\\nseems like cruelty to undertake in these last days a diag-\\nnosis of the conditions that have induced such a pitiful\\ndecimation of the race. Undoubtedly the movement had\\nits source, and gathered tremendous momentum in the\\nconditions of life antecedent to the advent of foreigners.\\nContact with seamen, who bid good-by to God and self-\\nrestraint in rounding Cape Horn, accelerated the decrease\\nby the introduction of diseases that soon poisoned the\\nrace. The mere change of conditions, from barbarism to\\ncivilization, has had its blighting effect on the physical vi-\\ntality of this people, for such change requires readjustments\\nthat have not always been intelligently made. These\\nlargely depend on the individual, but the effect is vital to\\nthe race to which he belongs. The, contact of the race\\nwith the Chinese has been distinctly disadvantageous to\\nHawaiians. There are those who still are sanguine that\\nthe decrease will yet be stayed, and that new conditions\\nhelpful to the increase of the race are coming into exist-\\nence. Thus, in the district of Kona, on the island of\\nHawaii, the Board of Education has noted a remarkable\\nincrease in the number of native children, five and six to\\na family being not an uncommon thing. It is noted that\\nin this district the Hawaiians are more by themselves, and\\nless subjected to certain conditions connected with prox-", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "THE NATIVE HAWAIIAN.\\nimity to centres of mixed population. It is also argued\\nthat adverse conditions have in other respects largely\\nspent their force, and that a period of race recuperation\\nmay now be expected to se: in. No one who has lived\\namong H ans, and has learned to love them for their\\nmany good traits, can but hope that this interesting\\npeople may survive and make an honored place for\\nthemselves in the future of that land, as their fathers,\\nin so many instates, carved out an heroic career in\\nthe pas:.\\nABILITY TO READ AND WRITE. It is rarely the\\ncase that an Hawaiian can be found who does not know\\nhow to read and write. They have half a dozen n^\\nr^rers in their own language, which is still commonly\\nused among them, although the instruction in the schools\\nof all grades is almost wholly in the English language, and\\nfew natives under twenty years of age can be found who\\nare not able to understand and use English sufficient for\\nordinary purposes. The text-books in their schools are\\nand up to the times. The fces .ers are to a\\n_r extent Americans, this being ally true in the\\nmore advanced schools, where it is unusual to find in-\\nstructors of any other nationality. This has always been\\nthe case, and to this fact mus: :dited the ready adop-\\ntion of American ideas and sentiment and the kindly\\nfeeling of Hawaiians of all classes toward the United", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "THE NATIVE HAWAIIAN. 87\\nStates as Hawaii s nearest neighbor, and uniformly its\\nbest friend, in all its intercourse and contact with other\\nnations.\\nAMERICAN SENTIMENT. This Americanism of Ha-\\nwaiians manifests itself on the Fourth of July, which is\\nby far the most popular holiday of the year, being cele-\\nbrated with a gusto, as it is awaited with an interest that\\ncharacterizes none of the days commemorative of events\\nin their own history. Moreover, the schools, by the use\\nof American text-books, foster a knowledge of American\\nhistory, and supply a fund of general information pertain-\\ning to the growth and progress of the United States, that\\nhas stimulated an interest in everything American. The\\nexcitement over a Presidential election in the United States\\nlaps over into Hawaii, and it is doubtful whether the peo-\\nple in some of our territories manifest a more genuine\\ninterest or concern in the result than these sons of the\\ntropics.\\nRELIGION. The Hawaiian is not an indifferentist in\\nreligion. His religious instincts may carry him to ex-\\ntremes from modern Christianity to a resuscitated heath-\\nenism, and he may not be able himself to tell where he\\nbelongs at times. He needs a rudder to guide him in\\nthese respects, as in many others. He is not peculiar in\\nthis, as the world goes, and it simply indicates in Hawaii,\\nas eisewhere, the disposition to take up with what is", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "SS THE NATIVE HAWAIIAN.\\nnovel, with a nuhou, as the Hawaiian expresses it, with\\na fad as we Anglo-Saxons more concisely put it. The\\ngreat majority of Hawaiians, however, are adherents to\\nChristianity, either as Catholics or Protestants. It is in\\nthe sphere of religious life and effort that Hawaiians have\\ndisplayed the finest courage and steadfastness and win-\\nsomeness of character. The political and social changes\\nof the last twenty years have borne heavily on the work\\nof the churches, scattered as they are all over the group,\\nhardly the smallest hamlet being without its church build-\\ning and organization. Deprived as the native ministers\\nhave been in these later years of the sagacious counsel of\\nthe missionaries who have passed from the scene of their\\nformer labors, these Hawaiian pastors have nobly, and at\\ngreat sacrifice, labored for the spiritual advancement of\\ntheir people. There are, in many an humble pulpit in out-\\nof-the-way places on those islands, modern types of a\\nheroism akin to the brave deed of the immortal Kapiolani,\\nwho, in the trying days when Hawaiian heathenism ral-\\nlied for its final contest with Christianity, defied the god-\\ndess Pele, on the brink of the boiling lake of lava, and\\ncast her commanding influence against the priests and\\ntheir superstitions, and led her people to accept the new\\nfaith. Whatever the years may bring to Hawaii and her\\npeople, the world will never forget the strain of heroism\\nin her history.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "THE HAWAIIAN WOMAN IN PAIL\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Hawaiian woman is in her element\\non horseback; the flowing folds of the gorgeously colored Pan, draping the\\nhorse on both sides, her head and neck bedecked with (lowers, she makes a brilliant\\npicture on gala days. Sometimes thirty or forty at oner e,o dashing through the\\nstreets of the city, their horses at full gallop, up hill and down at breakneck pace,", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "THE NATIVE HAWAIIAN. 91\\nHAWAIIANS AND NEW HAWAII. The evolution\\nof political and industrial forces within her borders has\\nintroduced to the world a New Hawaii. What is to be\\nthe place of the aborigine in this new order Plainly, it\\nis to be just what the native Hawaiian will make for him-\\nself. It needs to be clearly understood that the native\\nHawaiian has been a full sharer in every constitutional\\ngain achieved under Anglo-Saxon leadership. There is\\nnot the slightest distinction in Hawaii on the ground of\\ncolor. There is the most cordial fellowship between Ha-\\nwaiians and foreigners, notwithstanding radical political\\ndifferences, especially in the city of Honolulu. There has\\nbeen for years vital political union between the present\\nrulers of Hawaii and the best of native Hawaiians, and in\\nthe present movement for annexation there are vigorous\\nnative annexation clubs representing at least twenty-five\\nper cent, uf the native voting population. Those who are\\nacquainted with Hawaiian indisposition to take sides on a\\nmatter of doubtful issue appreciate the meaning of these\\nfigures. It is likely that reasonable delay in the organiza-\\ntion of a permanent government will win over a majority\\nof Hawaiians whose rights are to be carefully guarded,\\nand whose privileges are to be enlarged rather than\\ndiminished.\\nBut what of the native aside from political privilege\\nAgain, he as every encouragement and help to maintain a", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "92 THE NATIVE HAWAIIAN.\\nplace for himself. He is offered singularly favorable op-\\nportunities for industrial training in the Kamehameha\\nManual Training Schools. These are privileges not yet\\naccorded to students of any other nationality. He has,\\nmoreover, every incentive in the perfect freedom afforded\\nhim in all his relations. He has none of the race obstacles\\nto overcome which in other lands prove such a hindrance\\nto individual freedom. The New Hawaii will emancipate\\nthe Hawaiian from a spirit of obsequiousness toward royal\\npersonages which has proved harmful to the freest de-\\nvelopment of political independence, and it will also com-\\npel him to look out for himself. The Hawaiian to-day\\nwould be a better man and citizen if he had learned the\\nlesson of taking care of himself.\\nUnder the rule of chiefs he had no option. He could\\nnot act for himself. So under the monarchy he did not\\noutgrow his feeling of dependence, which has been mis-\\ntakenly fostered by foreigners of benevolent intent, who\\nhave perpetuated in some degree the relationship of the\\nold chiefs and have helped the native to school his\\nchildren, and to bury his dead, and to furnish him means\\nto start a new enterprise. Competition now will put the\\nKanaka to his mettle. He will have a fair chance. He\\ncannot claim more. If he maintains his place, it will be\\nby putting his strength and skill to the test, and by per-\\nsistence and pluck winning success as others win it.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "CLIMATE, SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS.\\nLIQUID SUNSHINE. The Hawaiians have no word\\nfor weather, for they have nothing of the kind. The\\ndays are pretty much the same the year around. The sun\\nshines or the rain falls or the wind blows, but none of\\nthem in an uncomfortable way. In fact in Hilo, on the\\nlarge island of Hawaii, the sun shines through the rain,\\nmaking what people call liquid sunshine. It is rarely\\nthat the sun or the wind or the rain, or all combined,\\ninterfere with business or even with out-door work.\\nThere are storms of rain, to be sure, that last for several\\ndays, during which there is a heavy downfall, but these\\nstorms are not common, occurring seldom more than once\\nor twice in a year, and there are always great junks\\nof sunshine just before and after that make you feel\\nthat you have had a sort of celestial bath rather than a\\nspell of weather. Ordinarily, however, the rain and the\\nsunshine are on better and more intimate terms and run\\nalong together throughout the year, one keeping the air\\nwarm enough, and the other keeping it from getting too\\nwarm, so that the climate well-nigh reaches perfection.\\nSuch is the elevation of the interior of the Islands, that\\nit is possible, with a comparatively slight change of Ioca-\\n93", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "94 CLIMATE, SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS.\\ntion, to secure a decided change in temperature. Residents\\navail themselves of this advantage, and go to the hills\\nwhen they feel the need of a tonic. With the further\\ndevelopment of the Islands, in the matter of roads and\\nconvenient means of transportation, larger advantage still\\nwill be taken of this opportunity, close at hand, to break\\nthe monotony of continual summer by a few weeks in\\nthe bracing atmosphere of the mountain slopes.\\nAt sea-level the extremes of heat and cold are jj\u00c2\u00b0 and\\n89 Fahrenheit. The thermometer rarely touches either\\npoint. When it falls to \u00c2\u00a33\u00c2\u00b0 it is because of an exception-\\nally clear sky at night in January, permitting the cold winds\\nfrom the mountains to blow, unobstructed by the usual\\nbank of heavy clouds that hug the ridges. The ther-\\nmometer rises to 89 at mid-day only when people in\\nthe United States are suffering from the excessive heat\\nof the nineties and over. The mean daily temperature\\nfor January, for a series of years, has been 7 1 while for\\nJuly it has been only seven degrees higher, or 78\\nEQUABLE CLIMATE. The equableness of the cli-\\nmate is remarkable, but the comparatively low tempera-\\nture for a tropical country is still more remarkable. Thus\\nKey West, Florida, which is 3 16 farther north, has a\\nmean temperature throughout the year of 76 while that\\nof Honolulu is only 75\u00c2\u00b0. Havana, Cuba, although two\\ndegrees farther north, has a mean temperature of four", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "ALLIGATOR PEARS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Alligator, or as it is more usually called, the Avo-\\ncado Pear, is common in the West Indies and Mexico. When introduced into\\nthe Hawaiian Islands it was found that it couid be easily cultivated there. The\\ntrees grow to a large size, and are very prolific.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "CLIMATE, SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS. 97\\ndegrees warmer than that of Honolulu. The causes of\\nthis equable and comfortable climate are to be found\\nlargely in the isolated insular position of Hawaii. The\\nsurrounding ocean, both by evaporation and by means of\\ncold currents from the north, greatly modifies the tem-\\nperature of what might otherwise be an uncomfortably\\nhot climate. The lofty mountain structure of the Islands,\\ninducing, as it does, a liberal rain-fall in the higher re-\\ngions, also operates to reduce heat and to maintan an\\nequable temperature throughout the year. Another effect-\\nive element in securing this result is the trade-wind, cool\\nand moist for nine months of the year, bringing health\\nand refreshment to all that breathe. The land breezes at\\nnight are a considerable factor in producing a grateful\\nchange between day and night temperatures, so that the\\nhours of sleep are in a marked degree comfortable and\\nrefreshing.\\nThese various causes, always operating, produce a\\nuniform result, and, as a consequence, the Islands have\\na charming climate, suited to the residence of a population\\nfrom more temperate climes, with none of the disadvan-\\ntages which attend life in so many other tropical lands.\\nHEALTH FULNESS. Moreover, the climatic conditions\\nand the structure of the Islands are favorable to health.\\nThe soil is porous, the land slopes seaward on every hand,\\nand the numerous streams serve to cleanse the land of all", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "9 3 CLIMATE, SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS.\\noffensive matter productive of disease. The winds bear\\nseaward, also, deleterious matter, thus performing a double\\noffice in the interest of good health. Diseases of colder\\nclimates, not being accompanied in Hawaii by the same\\naggravating conditions, are not as contagious nor as viru-\\nlent, and some of them are practically unknown. Epi-\\ndemics are not of frequent occurrence, and the more fatal\\ndiseases are especially sporadic. It is comparatively easy\\nto maintain an effective quarantine, and the distance from\\nother land on every side is in itself not a small protection\\nagainst the introduction of disease.\\nThe mortality report for the city of Honolulu for the\\nyear 1892 shows a death rate of 30.60. These figures\\nalone would indicate that Honolulu was a decidedly un-\\nhealthful city. But it should be noted that this large\\npercentage is due to the alarming mortality among Ha-\\nwaiians, which for the two years, 189 1-2, amounted each\\nyear to 39 per cent, of the native population resident in\\nHonolulu. During the same years the mortality among\\nthe Americans and British residents varied from 14 per\\ncent, to 18 per cent. Among the Portuguese, and the\\nAsiatics, subjected to the same conditions as Hawaiians, as\\nto location and dwellings, the mortality in 1891 was only\\n18 per cent, and 19 per cent, respectively. So that, aside\\nfrom the excessive mortality among Hawaiians, due to\\ncauses not operative among other nationalities, and not", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "CLIMATE, SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS. 99\\nrelated to general health conditions, it will be seen that\\nHonolulu is a remarkably healthful city. What is true of\\nHonolulu, in this respect, is also true of all other localities.\\nIn this connection, it is well to note the disastrous\\ninroads made by the cholera in 180^, when one-half of\\nthe native population of Oahu died; by the measles in\\n1848, when it was estimated that one-tenth of the entire\\nnative population of the Islands died; and by the small-\\npox in 1 8 j j, which carried away about three thousand\\nnatives. The measles and small-pox have on several\\noccasions since been epidemic on the Islands, but because\\nof better quarantine regulations, and by reason of greater\\nintelligence among the people, there has been no repetition\\nof this first disastrous contact of the natives with imported\\ndiseases.\\nThese dismal records belong to the past. The present\\ndecrease of the race is painful to contemplate, but it has\\nlittle to do with the climate, and has no relation to the\\ndesirability of a residence in this land of apparent con-\\ntradictions. Hawaii has a climate unsurpassed, and is, in\\nevery respect, a desirable resort for those wishing to avoid\\nthe extreme heat and cold of more northern climes, and\\na veritable haven for invalids, where they may prolong\\ntheir lives and enjoy out-door exercise amid perpetual\\nbloom and loveliness.\\nINDIGENOUS PLANTS. The humid atmosphere of", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "ioo CLIMATE, SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS.\\nthe mountain ranges induces a most luxuriant growth of\\ntrees and vines, and an almost impenetrable thicket or\\njungle covers a large part of the interior of Hawaii,\\nespecially. Here are forests of magnificent trees whose\\nwood is beautifully marked and colored and takes a high\\npolish. Mammoth tree ferns thirty feet high lend added\\nbeauty to these tropical forests, but the ie ie vine is by far\\nthe most luxuriant and gorgeous plant of Hawaiian jungles.\\nThese are all indigenous plants, and it is in such places, wild\\nand well-nigh inaccessible, that one gets a glimpse of the\\nbeauty and reckless exuberance of tropical growth.\\nWrites Miss Sinclair, in her Indigenous Flowers of the\\nHawaiian Islands: The Hawaiian flora seems (like the\\nnative human inhabitant) to grow in an easy, careless way,\\nwhich, though pleasingly artistic, and well adapted to what\\nmay be termed the natural state of the Islands, will not\\nlong survive the invasion of foreign plants and changed\\nconditions. Forest fires, animals, and agriculture, have so\\nchanged the Islands, within the last fifty or sixty years,\\nthat one can now travel for miles, in some districts, with-\\nout finding a single indigenous plant; the ground being\\nwholly taken possession of by weeds, shrubs, and grasses,\\nimported from various countries. It is remarkable that\\nplants from both tropical and temperate regions seem to\\nthrive equally well on these Islands, many of them spread-\\ning as if by magic, and rapidly exterminating much of the", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "CLIMATE, SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS. 101\\nnative flora. While all this is true out in the open, and\\non the borders of the woodlands, it is in no sense true of\\nHawaiian forests, where indigenous trees and vines still\\nhold undisputed sway. The wonderful productiveness of\\nthe Hilo district is due not to its fertile soil but to the\\nunfailing water supply from the vast wooded swamp just\\nabove that district. Here is a vast belt of primitive forest\\nmassed below in a net-work of vines that can be passed\\nthrough only by cutting. Below is a deep, rich soil con-\\nstantly being borne by thousands of streams to the sloping\\nlands along the coast. This is the forest primeval, which\\nmust be seen to get any appreciable idea of the indigenous\\nplant growth of this group.\\nWrites Miss Sinclair: For many years the iliahi or\\nsandal-wood tree was one of the principal sources of\\nrevenue of the Hawaiian kings and chiefs. So vigorously\\ndid they prosecute the business of cutting and exporting\\nit, that they exhausted the supply, and to-day it is a very\\nrare tree, although frequently found as a shrub. It retains\\nits scent in a wonderful manner, even small pieces being\\nquite fragrant after a lapse of forty or fifty years.\\nBananas, yams, taro and other edible plants are found\\ngrowing wild in all the valleys of the wooded sections.\\nMany plants, formerly used by the natives for making fish-\\nnets, and kapa or native cloth and ropes, still are found in\\nthe valleys and on the slopes of wooded hills.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "102 CLIMATE, SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS.\\nOWNERSHIP OF LAND. Formerly all the lands\\nbelonged to the kings and chiefs. The common people,\\nhowever, had the privilege, hedged about by a system of\\ntabus and traditions, of going to the woods for what they\\nwanted. Great numbers of the inhabitants/ writes Miss\\nSinclair, went into the mountain districts annually, for\\nvarious purposes, such as canoe-making, bird-catching,\\nwood cutting, gathering medicinal herbs, and many other\\npursuits of pleasure or profit. This privilege was a small\\nreturn for what was at best practical serfdom. Ideas of\\nland ownership have been at best a slow growth in the\\nnative mind. After the abolition of the tabu-system, a\\ndependent relation still was recognized that has survived\\nin a measure even to the present time, so that natives\\ncontinue to live on land and claim privileges which they\\nnever have had any legal right to.\\nLAND AWARDS. So strong was the disposition of\\nthe common people to adhere to the old system of de-\\npendence on the pleasure of chiefs for land and its use,\\nthat many of them did not avail themselves of the oppor-\\ntunity granted in 1847 by Kamehameha III. to gain title,\\nthrough a land commission, to the lands at that time oc-\\ncupied by them. In a population of over 100,000, only\\nabout 1 1 ,000 claims were recorded. This indisposition to\\nbecome owners of land has in later days shown itself in\\na readiness to part with such lands rather than work", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "CLIMATE, SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS. 103\\nthem. This fact must be borne in mind in any compre-\\nhensive consideration of the drift of Hawaiians away\\nfrom the soil to an uncertain life and employment in the\\ncity. But it must also be borne in mind that 9 per cent,\\nof the entire native population, counting men, women\\nand children, are actual land-owners, according to the\\ncensus of 1890; or, excluding the women and children, 25\\nper cent, of the native male population over fifteen years\\nof age, representatives of the households of the race, are\\nland-owners, or one man in four, either owning the land\\nin his own name or in that of his wife or of some one of\\nhis children. Such a fact condemns at once the cheap\\nstatement that Hawaiians have been robbed of their land.\\nIn many instances they still own some of the very best\\nland in the country, and in some instances receive a prof-\\nitable revenue by leasing such lands to plantations and\\nrice planters.\\nCROWN LANDS. In the great maneie or division\\nof lands under Kamehameha III., those lands reserv-\\ned by the king for his own use and the use of his\\nheirs are known as Crown Lands. These lands are\\nvery extensive, capable of improvement that would\\ngreatly increase their value, and while hitherto the in-\\ncome has been one of the perquisites of royalty, it is\\nnow proposed, as rapidly as possible, to divide this vast\\nestate into homesteads for the encouragement of small", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "104 CLIMATE. SOIL AXD PRODUCTIONS.\\nfarming, preference being given in the assigment of lands\\nto native Hawaiians.\\nThere are three estates comprising a large part of the\\nland available for farming. The lands known as Crown\\nLands form one of these, the government lands or lands\\nheld by the government as a source of revenue and for\\nthe public good form another, and the Bishop estate forms\\nthe third. The government lands are already being sub-\\ndivided and leased or sold outright to intending settlers,\\nthe purpose being to stimulate ownership in the soil and\\nto aid the development of small industries. The Bishop\\nestate is the most valuable one of the three, probably, and\\nis being steadily enhanced in value by improvements.\\nThis estate is held in trust by trustees who manage the\\nestate and expend the income in sustaining the now\\nrenowned Kamehameha Schools. This estate was the\\nbequest of Princess Pauahi, the wife of Hon. C. R. Bishop,\\nto whose beneficence her husband has generously added\\na large sum in defraying the expense of erecting some of\\nthe handsome buildings on the school grounds. It is felt\\nby some that this estate should ultimately and gradually\\nbe broken up and sold, just as is being done with govern-\\nment lands, and as it is proposed to do with the Crown\\nLands.\\nFOREIGN ENTERPRISE. A very considerable por-\\ntion of the land now under cultivation was comparatively", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "mm\\nBEAUTIFUL PALMS, II is difficult to give any ideaoi the luxuriant growth and\\nbeauty of the trees and flowers thai border the streets of Honolulu. No photographer,\\nill colorless black and white, can do justice to the gardens of the tropics with their\\ngraceful palmsand the soft shading of the many varieties of foliage.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "CLIMATE, SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS. 107\\nvalueless until foreign enterprise and capital reclaimed it.\\nMuch of it was arid and so forbidding that in some cases\\nit had never come under cultivation until within a very\\nfew years. These lands were worthless for Hawaiian\\nfarming and would have remained an unproductive area\\nhad it not been for foreign capital and energy and grit.\\nThus the largest plantation at Spreckelsville, the two re-\\nmarkable plantations at Ewa and Makaweli, to say nothing\\nof others, show what American enterprise can accomplish\\nin the face of grave difficulties.\\nAt Spreckelsville, an immense area of sandy plain was\\nbrought under cultivation by the digging of an irrigating\\nditch conveying water from mountain streams seventeen\\nmiles away. The original ditch of this kind was con-\\nstructed for the Haiku lands in 1878 at a cost of $80,000.\\nIt was over thirteen miles long, the larger part being dug\\nthrough dense woods, provisions for the small army of\\nworkers being transported to the camps, as they moved\\nonward, by means of roads cut through the virgin forests.\\nTwo hundred men were employed on this ditch and it\\nrequired a year to build it, but, when finished, it brought\\nwater on to lands that now constitute one of the best\\nsugar estates on the Islands. An enterprise requiring a\\nlarger expenditure and encountering greater difficulties was\\nthe Makaweli ditch on the island of Kauai. The water for\\nthis ditch is taken from a large stream just below the", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "108 CLIMATE, SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS.\\nbeautiful Hanapepe falls. The ditch is thirteen and a half\\nmiles long. In the first seven miles from the point where\\nthe water is taken from the stream, there were 16,000 feet\\nof ditching, two miles of which was through the solid\\nrock; 12,000 feet of wooden fluming, requiring 600,000\\nfeet of redwood lumber 6,000 feet of steel piping, forty\\ninches in diameter, and from one-eighth to five-sixteenths\\nof an inch in thickness; and over one thousand feet of\\ntunneling through solid rock. Four substantial iron\\nbridges carry the pipe across the canyon, three with a\\nspan of 100 feet each, and one with a span of 140 feet.\\nSeveral inverted siphons were used, one being 400 feet\\ndeep and 1900 feet long.\\nThe entire cost was $152,013. The capacity of the\\nditch is 60 cubic feet per second, or 5,184,000 gallons per\\nday. An ancient crater was utilized as a storage reservoir,\\nhaving a capacity of 43,000,000 gallons, being 900 feet\\nacross at the top and 30 feet deep. The land made avail-\\nable for cultivation by the construction of this ditch is\\nabout 7000 acres in extent, making the cost for the original\\noutlay about $22 per acre. Nothing but dauntless energy\\ncould have undertaken and consummated such an enter-\\nprise. The man who did it is the originator of the Haiku\\nditch, a man who has individually done more for the\\nindustrial development of Hawaii than any other person,\\nalbeit the son of a missionary. Beginning as a poor man,", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "CLIMATE, SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS. 109\\nand more than once jeopardizing all his gains by daring\\nschemes, demanding large capital and indomitable energy,\\nit is doubtful whether he could have contributed, in any\\nother way, a larger permanent blessing to the land of his\\nbirth than he has by his phenomenal success in converting\\nlarge waste areas into waving fields of cane.\\nThe Ewa plantation is on land that was unsuitable\\neven for pasturage until American capital and enterprise\\nconceived the project of irrigating those barren plains by\\nmeans of artesian water, pumped into flumes, and borne\\nto the fields as wanted. Accordingly twenty-four artesian\\nwells were sunk, in close proximity, and enormous pumps\\nerected, and there is now a supply from this source with-\\nout any indications of a decrease in the flow, of 20,000,000\\ngallons per day.\\nBENEFICENT MISSION OF AMERICAN CAPITAL.\\nIt may truthfully be said that American capital and enter-\\nprise have largely exerted themselves in Hawaii in making\\nlands productive that were unproductive, and in doing this\\nnative land holdings have not been affected, except as\\nthey have appreciated in value due to their proximity to a\\nmarket for their products thus created almost at their door.\\nThe industrial development of Hawaii under American\\nleadership marks an epoch hardly less phenomenal than\\nthe great religious awakening under the devoted labors\\nof American missionaries. This development was rapid,", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "no CLIMATE. SOIL AND PRODUCT] 5.\\nunder the forcing stimulus of the Reciprocity Treaty\\nl the United States, and revolutionized the industrial\\n::ons of the country. So rar this development\\nthat it was not altogether in wise directions. Some vital\\n\\\\ems are yet unsettled, and othe still to be met,\\nincidental to this marvelous expansion of Ha _\\ncultural resources.\\nLABOR PROBLEMS. Cane growing by the planta-\\ntion system has meant to Hawaii what it has to other\\nsugar-growing countries, viz., the employment of an ig-\\nnorant class of laborers working at lo ges, and the\\nignoring and crippling of small industries so essential to\\nthe wholesome growth of agricultural communities. To\\nproperly man the plantations, Chinese. Japanese and Por-\\ntugese laborers have been imported into Hawaii, the I\\nsoon lea\\\\ing the plantations for other employment, nota-\\nbly small farming. The J se have returned in large\\nnumbers to their own country 7 and yet counted in 1891\\nabout 17,000, the Chinese population at that time being\\nabout i), 000, although in 1889 they numbered over 19,000.\\nSo long as the Chinese and Japanese remained on the\\nsugar and rice plantations there was no labor agitation in\\nvaiL But when, in 1885, the Chinese began to invade\\nother occupations, followed later by a like invasion, on a\\nsma :he Japanese, the Asiatic question be-\\ncame the leading political issue. It was not whether", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "COCOANUT PALMS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Cocoanut Palms are natives of all the Islands In\\nthe Pacific. They are found where nothing else can grow, fringing the shores\\nof the smallest coral reefs that rise above the ocean. The long slender trunks\\noften reach the height of a hundred feet.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "CLIMATE, SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS. 113\\nAsiatics should be tolerated, but whether Anglo-Saxon\\ncivilization should protect itself against threatened sub-\\nmergence. Restrictive legislation was the immediate out-\\ncome, but the real problem remains yet for solution. A\\nvigorous, intelligent and influential element in the foreign\\npopulation of Hawaii are convinced that the true policy in\\nthat land is to build up a thrifty, law-abiding community\\nof small farmers. Hon. S. B. Dole, the President of the\\nProvisional Government, indicated this conviction in re-\\nmarks made by him before the Advisory Council in May,\\n1893. It is easy to understand, he says, that certain\\nradical changes in the land policy of the Hawaiian Islands\\nwould cause havoc in important established enterprises,\\nespecially if abruptly made. On the other hand, it is a\\nmatter of rapidly growing sentiment in the Hawaiian com-\\nmunity that a liberal policy of opening for settlement suit-\\nable portions of the public lands by actual occupiers, has\\nbecome a necessity to the social and industrial progress\\nof our varied population. This sentiment is emphasized\\nby a rapidly increasing demand for land in small parcels\\nfor cultivation and residence. It is the desire of the\\nexecutive, if circumstances permit, to inaugurate a\\ncomprehensive policy of opening public land for settle-\\nment and cultivation in answer to this public demand,\\nwhich, without interfering with established industrial\\nenterprises, may lay the foundation for individual wvl-", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "n 4 CLIMATE, SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS.\\nfare and contentment, and therefore of enhanced public\\nprosperity.\\nCO-OPERATIVE CANE PLANTING. In line with\\nthis sentiment, successful experiments have been under-\\ntaken by sugar planters to modify even the plantation\\nsystem, so as to relieve the country from the necessity of\\nimporting cheap labor under the contract system. The\\nco-operative system of cane-growing as managed at Ewa\\nplantation for the past two years is likely to be extended.\\nThe individual receives thus a larger income than when\\nworking for wages, and the owners have lost nothing by\\nthe change. The system in brief consists in the assign-\\nment to each individual of a piece of land for cultivation,\\nthe plantation owner furnishing lodging for the man and\\nhis family, medicine and medical attendance, first equip-\\nment of tools, water for irrigating, seed cane, and the\\nprivilege of procuring fuel by the tenant for himself.\\nThe employer, likewise, clears, plows, harrows, and fur-\\nrows the land preparatory to planting. The tenant, on his\\npart, plants, cultivates, cuts, and delivers the cane on the\\ncars for transportation to the mill. All the work is under\\nthe supervision of the manager, in the sense that,\\nirrespective of the hours of labor, the work done must be\\nsatisfactory to the interests of the plantation. One-fourth\\nof the gross receipts from the land thus assigned goes to\\nthe laborer, after deducting advances made to him. Else-", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "CLIMATE, SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS. 115\\nwhere than at Ewa, co-operative cane-planting has been\\nexperimented with and with uniform success.\\nThis presages a radical change in the labor system of\\nHawaiian plantations. The great advantage of the co-\\noperative plan lies in stimulating an individual interest in\\nthis important industry and in attaching to the soil a\\npermanent class of farmers. Successfully adapted to all\\nplantations it would obviate the necessity of importing\\nlaborers from abroad, and would conserve the interests of\\nAnglo-Saxon civilization.\\nLEASEHOLD SYSTEM. The location on the land of\\na class of farmers, identified with the industrial interests\\nof the owners of such land, means ultimately the acqui-\\nsition by lease of lands thus worked, and perhaps their\\nownership in due course in fee simple. One scheme that\\nhas been broached aims at a complete reorganization of\\nthe plantation system. It provides for the gradual dis-\\nmemberment of the large sugar estates into leaseholds of\\nfrom five to twenty or thirty acres each, according to\\nlocality. These leaseholds are to be taken up by respon-\\nsible laborers who wish to make the getting of such a\\nhome dependent on their industry, frugality and enter-\\nprise. Such leaseholds could be leased for a term of\\nyears, with proper conditions that would secure the inter-\\nests of the mill-owners, and not operate against the in-\\nterests of the industrious planter. Eventually, the planter", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "u6 CLIMATE, SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS.\\nbecoming attached to the land, and the mill-owner rec-\\nognizing the reliability of the tenant, the land could be\\ndeeded over to the tenant. This would hardly prove too\\nexpensive an inducement for the mill-owners to offer to\\nplanters, considering the value of permanent settlers on\\nthe land, engaged in cane-growing. The urgent reforms\\nneeded in Hawaii, and likely soon to be accomplished, are\\n(i) the placing of more of its people on land of their\\nown, thus encouraging thrift and contentment and social\\nprogress, and (2) the management of the chief industry\\nso as to contribute toward the same general result.\\nThese are popular reforms in Hawaii. There is a natural\\nhesitancy as to the method of accomplishing what there\\nis general unanimity in agreeing to be Hawaii s ultimate\\nsocial and industrial constitution. This little country is at\\nwork on serious problems, affecting the social and indus-\\ntrial status of its population, but it is at work on right\\nlines, and its intelligent and influential citizens may be\\ncounted on to serve their adopted land in these directions\\nas ably as they have in others.\\nCANE FIELDS. Sugar is king in Hawaii much as\\nwheat is in the Northwest. It is not the only crop that\\ncan be raised, or that is raised, but it is at present the most\\navailable and profitable one, and therefore engages the\\ncapital of the country and furnishes work to the largest\\nnumber. Thus, in 1890, there were 18,959 laborers em-", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "V ro 3\\nf o\\no\\no j-j 0\\n5 bo o\\nM Tj 1)\\nC +J ffl\\nO 5 O\\nu o o\\nfcftS\\nrt 3\\nc 3\\n-J a -J\\nE o\\nV\\n*7 o\\no\\n3 t\\n2\\n.a ts\\no\\n8\\na ft\\n?3\\nbo-2\\no\\ni-i en\\no ,o\\nS to V\\nft\\ni- 1 rt\\n5 ft", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "CLIMATE, SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS. 119\\nployed on the plantations. This does not include skilled\\nlaborers or those dependent for wages or salary on the\\nprosperity of this industry, not directly connected with\\nplantation work. The land under cane cultivation in 1890\\namounted to 64,149 acres, located on the four islands of\\nHawaii, Maui, Oahu, and Kauai. This land is divided into\\nabout sixty plantations, producing each from 300 to 13,000\\ntons of sugar per annum, the total product in 1893 amount-\\ning to 152,621 tons.\\nWhen we go out into the country, however, we forget\\nabout figures and rather marvel at the extensive fields of\\ngrowing cane, at the steam plows and steam cultivators, at\\nthe complicated system of irrigation, at the steam cars and\\nportable railways, at the magnificent flow of artesian water,\\nat the costly flumes, and well appointed mills equipped\\nwith the latest improved machinery, and the novel expe-\\ndients for shipping sugar on a dangerous coast, and the\\nwhole atmosphere of doing things on a large scale in a\\nland of otherwise small things. Think of passing through\\ncane that yields ten tons of sugar per acre 1 That means\\nnot less than one hundred tons of plant growth to the\\nacre, for at the rate of eight and a half tons of cane, as\\ncarried to the mill, per ton of sugar, as generally estimated,\\nwe should have eighty-five tons, and the tops and stools\\nleft in the field would certainly make fifteen tons more.\\nSuch a yield, however, is exceptional, occurring only on", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "120 CLIMATE, SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS.\\nspecially rich alluvial soil, the ordinary yield being only\\nabout three tons per acre. As it requires from eighteen to\\ntwenty months for a crop to mature, it will be understood\\nwhy the annual output as stated in the census of 1890 is\\nonly about two tons per acre.\\nIt is an inspiring experience to ride through a cane-field\\na thousand or more acres in extent. In such a trip, at the\\nbusiest season, one can see the cane in all stages of\\ngrowth, and note all the varied work of planting, cultivat-\\ning, irrigating, stripping, cutting, transporting to the mill,\\nand clearing for the new crop. Here is a gang of China-\\nmen, slashing right and left as they cut the cane for the\\nmill. Yonder a long train of cars is being backed by a\\nlocomotive through the tall cane to be loaded for the mill.\\nHere is a field dotted with Japanese in their airy garb,\\nplanting the seed cane. Yonder some noisy Hawaiians\\nare driving bullock carts with bags of plant cane. This\\nmay be a plantation and these may be coolies, but man\\nwho works by the sweat of his brow has nowhere an\\neasier lot or is better paid for his labor at its true value\\nthan right here on these cane-fields of Hawaii. With a\\nproper adjustment of conditions favorable to a permanent\\nresidence, the same work now done by Chinese and\\nJapanese could be profitably done by many American\\nfarmers at greater advantage to their pockets and peace of\\nmind than by continued toiling in the homeland in an", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "CLIMATE, SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS. 121\\nuphill struggle with winter and mortgage and a failure of\\ncrops.\\nSUGAR-MAKING. The heaviest investment of capi-\\ntal in the sugar business is in the mill. The progress in\\nmill methods and machinery has been marvellous in the\\nhistory of sugar-making in Hawaii. From the crude\\nwooden affair run by mules, to the elaborate and per-\\nfected maceration or diffusion plants, now installed in all\\nthe mills, is a notable advance. The diffusion process is\\nin highest favor, though there are strong advocates of the\\nmaceration system. The latter consists in grinding to ex-\\ntract the bulk of the juice, and then, after having subjected\\nthe crushed cane to a thorough saturation with steam, in\\nregrinding the mass to secure all the additional juice pos-\\nsible. The diffusion process consists in cutting the cane\\nby means of revolving knives into thin slices, which in\\nturn are submitted to hydraulic and steam pressure, prac-\\ntically expelling about 97 per cent, of the sugar. After\\nthe juice is thus extracted it passes through filters into\\nclarifiers, where it is heated and skimmed, passing thence\\ninto the quadruple effect from large connected boilers.\\nThese boilers ordinarily hold four thousand gallons, and\\nthe amount boiled every twenty-four hours is not far from\\n38^,000 gallons. From these boilers the syrup passes into\\ncooling tanks thence into vacuum pans, where it is boiled\\nuntil it granulates, passing finally into large containers.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "I 2:\\nCLIMATE. SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS.\\nFrom these containers it passes into centrifugals, which free\\nit of all molasses or syrup, and the sugar, all ready r\\nbagging, drops into the bin below. Day and night in\\ngrinding-time the work goes steadily on. Each mill has\\nits electric plant, and every convenience for the econom-\\nical manufacture of this great staple. The fitting climax\\nof the work in the field and in the mill is in the pe\\nof the comfortable Kanaka teamster who, perched on his\\nload of sugar just bagged, regales himself with a juicy stick\\nof car.e. What a contrast between our labored p:\\nof procuring our sweetening, and his getting at once to\\nthe marrow of things!\\nRICE GROWING. The rice fields are all in the hands\\nof the Chinese. They do not own the land, to be sure,\\nbut they do monopolize the business. This is not because\\nthey have crowded out others by competition, but bee;\\nthey are the only ones who understand rice-growing,\\nwho :are to have amthing to do with it. It is not an un-\\nprofitable crop, but an exacting one in ways not altogether\\nagreeable. Thus, after the necessary plowing and har-\\nrowing, the rice fields are submerged, and all the work\\nthereafter must be done in the water. Chinamen take\\nto this work like ducks, though ordinarily they hav\\n:er.\\nIt is interesting to compare the methods of cultivation\\nand the means employed on a rice swamp with the", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "CLIMATE, SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS. 123\\nmethods and means used on a sugar plantation. On the\\nlatter, advantage is taken of every labor-saving device,\\nand the methods are modern and in keeping with agri-\\ncultural progress. On, or rather in, a rice swamp, the\\ntools and appliances are crude and primitive, and the\\nmethods are those followed probably a thousand years\\nago in conservative China. Chinese buffaloes, a sort of\\nhalf-cow and half-pig, who never have known in any\\npreceding generation what it was to do anything else,\\nleisurely toil along with the crudest kind of a wooden\\nplow turning the rich soil to the air. One small field\\nis thickly sown with rice seed, so that the plants are\\nabout six inches high when the time for planting arrives,\\nmaking a solid carpet of green, so peculiar that it reminds\\none of the old hymn\\nSweet fields beyond *ie swelling flood\\nStand dressed in living green.\\nThese plants are carried in great bales on the backs\\nof Chinamen to the fields where the planting is going\\non. Here the bales are broken up, each man taking\\nenough for a row and planting with one hand by stoop-\\ning and pushing a half-dozen plants, root down, into the\\nmud below the surface of the water. Chinese exactness\\nshows itself here in the accuracy with which these rows\\nare kept straight and at equal distances apart. All the culti-", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "i2 4 CLIMATE, SOIL AXD PRODUCTIONS.\\nvating is done by hand without tools of any kind. Finally,\\nafter the rice matures, and the water has been drained off\\nfor the ripening of the straw, the Chinamen harvest their\\ncrop with little hand-sickles, an infantile operation that\\nmakes one dream of Eden. After a day of drying in the\\nsun, the rice is bundled up by hand, a bale hung on each\\nend of a stick, which is lifted to the shoulders of a China-\\nman, and a procession of twenty or more thus ladened,\\nmove in a dog-trot to the threshing floor, a quarter of a\\nmile away. The operations on a rice field are engrossing\\nbecause so unique, but one always comes away with a\\nsensation of tiredness and a new conception of the an-\\ntiquity of man.\\nCOFFEE GROWING. The soil in a great many parts\\nof Hawaii, which is unfitted for sugar or rice growing, is\\nadmirably adapted to the growth of coffee. As a result of\\nthe investigations conducted by experts from other coffee\\ncountries, renewed stimulus has been given to the coffee\\nindustry. At last reports over two thousand acres had\\nbeen planted in accordance with improved methods, and\\nthis industry bids fair in the near future to become second\\nonly to that of sugar. The excellent feature about coffee\\nplanting is that it can be successfully carried on by small\\nfarmers, thus encouraging the settlement of that class on\\nlands now lying fallow but capable under cultivation of\\nsustaining a large population. This industry has for many", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "CLIMATE, SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS. 125\\nyears furnished the main support of large numbers of\\nnatives in Kona, Hawaii. The coffee from that district is\\ncelebrated for its fine flavor, and commands a high price in\\nHonolulu.\\nDIVERSIFIED INDUSTRIES. Thoughtful men in\\nHawaii have for many years agitated the subject of divers-\\nifying the industries of the country. So long as capital\\ncould be advantageously invested in sugar growing, little\\nmore came of the discussion than attempts to ascertain\\nwhat productive plants were suited to the climate, and\\nwhat ones could probably be cultivated profitably. Now\\nthat capital finds less remunerative returns in cane grow-\\ning, it is more inclined to test the merits of other enter-\\nprises. This accounts, in part, for th: renewed interest in\\ncoffee culture. A law recently establishing a Bureau of\\nAgriculture and Forestry, provides for free public lectures\\nand the distribution of information useful to agriculturists,\\nstock-raisers and others also the securing from abroad of\\nsuch knowledge, seeds, and plants as may be beneficial to\\nthe agricultural and commercial interests of the Islands, the\\ncollection and dissemination of knowledge on textile fibers,\\nthe utility of island woods, or other products, and to aid\\nforest conservation. It also provides for experimental cul-\\ntivation for public benefit, the offering of premiums for\\nencouragement of new agricultural enterprises, the utiliza-\\ntion of waste products, and the eradication of injurious", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "i26 CLIMATE, SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS.\\ninsects and weeds. Thus at various points hopeful ex-\\nperiments are now being conducted in the cultivation of\\nsisal, the chocolate tree, nutmeg, rubber and camphor\\nThe ramie plant grows luxuriantly.\\nHawaii is without question on the threshold of a new-\\nindustrial development fraught with most encouraging and\\nfar-seeing results to the political and social prosperity of\\nthat land. When the country is no longer dependent on a\\nsingL staple, and a larger proportion of its people are on\\nland of their own, raising profitable crops that can be\\nexported to the common advantage, Hawaii will in all\\nrespects become one of the most favored spots in the\\nworld. All this is probable and that too within a com-\\nparatively short period.\\nRECIPROCITY TREATY. In 1876 a treaty between\\nHawaii and the United States was ratified, which admitted\\nHawaiian sugar into United States ports free of duty. The\\nmotive on the part of the United States was ostensibly\\nto strengthen the commercial relations between the two\\ncountries, but political considerations had weighty influ-\\nence in the United States Senate, both when the treaty\\nwas originally negotiated and particularly when it was\\nrenewed seven years later. It was admitted by advocates\\nof the treaty that Hawaii received by far the greater com-\\nmercial advantage under the operation of this treaty, but\\nit was successfully urged that it was of utmost importance", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "MANGOES.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Mangoe is an bast Indian fruit, growing at the Islands in\\nsuch abundance that immense quantities are allowed to deca) everj season. The\\nHawaiian Mangoe has but little of the turpentine flavor o1 the Indian variety,\\nis sweet, juicy and fragrent. There are numerous varieties, differing in size,\\ncoior and fla\\\\ r.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "CLIMATE, SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS. 129\\nto maintain such relations with Hawaii as would pre-\\nclude any closer alliance of that country with any foreign\\npower. The result has justified the concessions made by\\nthat treaty, for American influence and sentiment overtop\\neverything else in Hawaii. This is true among all classes,\\nthere being a distinctly favorable sentiment toward the\\nUnited States, and a conviction of the ultimate absorption\\nof the Islands by this country, even among those who\\noppose such policy at this time.\\nBENEFITS TO THE UNITED STATES. Commer-\\ncially the benefits to this country have not been insignifi-\\ncant. Thus, the total commerce between Hawaii and the\\nUnited States, in 1891, amounted to $19,002,809. Of this\\nsum the imports into the United States were valued at\\n1 3,895,597, while the exports to Hawaii amounted to\\nonly $5,107,212. That is, Hawaii sent to the United States\\n$8,788,385 worth more than she received back in trade.\\nOf this sum, however, only $912,750 was exported to\\nHawaii in gold, leaving an unaccounted-for balance of\\n$7,875,635 as apparent loss to Hawaii in this single year s\\ntrade. The probability is that much of this can be ac-\\ncounted for as dividends to American stockholders in Ha-\\nwaiian plantations, and as borrowed capital repaid, and as\\ninvestments in the United States. The least that can be\\nsaid about it is that, inasmuch as this balance never found\\nits way back to Hawaii, it must have remained in the", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "CLIMATE. SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS.\\nUnited States, and this country profited to just that degree\\nin its trade with little Hawaii. That the record for 1891\\nwas not exceptional, may be seen in the fact that there\\nsimilar balance in the trade with Hawaii for the ten\\n5 previous to 1891, averaging 5c. 75:2,014 per annum.\\nHowever interesting it may be to speculate on what be-\\ncame of this large amount, we know it did not go back\\nand that it did remain in this country. This must enter\\ninto any consideration of the benefits received by the\\nUnited States under its Reciprocity Treaty with Hawaii.\\nAnother less elusive class of benefits which, however, do\\nnot figure in any table of exports and imports, are such\\nfacts as these: that the carrying trade is and has been dur-\\ning all the years since the ratification of this treat}*, almost\\naltogether in American bottoms that the numerous inter-\\nisland steamers necessitated by the increased production\\nbuilt in the United States that the bulk of the\\ninsurances has been in American companies; and that\\nsums have been spent during all these years by\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2aiian residents in the United States in ways that do\\nnot appear in custom-housr si 5. The benefits which\\nthe United States received under this treat} in 1891, for\\ninstance, consisted partly in building up an export trade\\nwith Hawaii, ranking second in the exports from San Fran-\\nand in receding from Hawaii an import trade rank-\\ning first in the imports into San F: being double", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "CLIMATE, SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS. 131\\nthe trade from China or Japan, three times that from Great\\nBritain, four times that from Central America, and double\\nthat from Mexico, South America, Australia and the Indies\\ncombined. Relatively to population, there is no foreign\\ncountry in the world with which America has so large a\\ncommerce.\\nBENEFITS TO HAWAII. Under the operation of the\\ntreaty of reciprocity between the two countries, the pro-\\nduction of sugar increased from 26,072,429 pounds in 1876\\nto 2^9,798,462 pounds in 1890, or over 996 per cent.\\nDuring the same period, the production of the second\\ngreat staple, rice, increased from 2,2^9,324 pounds to 10,-\\n\u00c2\u00a379,000 pounds, or 468 per cent. This phenomenal in-\\ncrease, under the stimulus of the special tariff exemption\\nof the treaty, brought large benefits to Hawaii in the\\ndevelopment of unused land the reclamation of wild and\\nbarren areas the erection of costly mills the construction\\nof inter-island steamers the furnishing of profitable em-\\nployment to its people; the increase of its revenue, and\\nthe consequent improvement of its harbors and roads and\\nthe building of expensive railroads, thus opening up new\\nterritory that can be utilized for small farming, but which\\nwas before too inaccessible to induce settlement.\\nNOT AN UNMIXED BLESSING. The treaty, how-\\never, has not proved an unmixed blessing to the Islands.\\nIt has produced a sort of congestion of capital in a single", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "i 3 2 CLIMATE, SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS.\\ngreat industry, thus crippling small industries and d^\\ncouraging the opening of new ones. It has directed at-\\ntention towards industrial development to the practical\\nignoring of the more vital questions of a permanently\\nbeneficial immigration and a liberal homestead policy. It\\nhas made the Islands commercially dependent on the\\nUnited States, a dependence which, in view of existing\\ntariff laws, is of questionable advantage to Hawaii. It\\nhas proved a sort of commercial forcing process, the ben-\\nefits of which have largely accrued to the United States,\\nwhile the evils have been wholly borne by Hawaii. It is\\nto the overcoming and rectification of these evils that the\\nthoughtful men of that country are now directing them-\\nselves. There is a keen appreciation of the social prob-\\nlems that have grown up with mushroom rapidity, and\\nquite as laudable a purpose, and one as likely of accom-\\nplishment, within reasonable limits, as is called out in this\\ngreat country by similar problems.\\nCOMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE. The census of 1890\\nshov/s that the exports of Hawaii are now, and have been\\nfor some years past, larger in proportion of its population\\nthan those of any other country in the world, Australia\\nstanding next on the list. In the last ten years we have,\\nwith an average population of not more than eighty thou-\\nsand, exported produce worth, in round numbers, ninety-\\nnine millions of dollars, or an average of nearly one hundred", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "NIGHT-BLOOMING CEREUS. Probably there is no tetter place in the world to\\nsee the night-blooming cereus in all its glorious beauty than Honolulu. At tin- sea-\\nson of its blossoming thousands of flowers open in a single uight. Tin flowers often\\nmeasure twelve inches in diameter, averaging much larger than t ho usual hot-house\\nspecimens.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "CLIMATE, SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS. 135\\nand twenty-five dollars per annum for every man, woman\\nand child in this country/ It is not their productiveness,\\nhowever, but their location that gives to the Hawaiian\\nIslands their unique commercial importance. Situated as\\nthey are, in mid-ocean, in the direct channels of the great\\nand growing commerce between the western coast of\\nAmerica and New Zealand, Australia, the Indies, China and\\nJapan, the islands afford safe as well as most convenient\\nharbors, not only for shelter, repairs and equipment, but\\nfor supplies to all the ships that traverse the Pacific.\\nThis strategic position of Hawaii is appreciated at its\\ntrue value by the two nations most vitally concerned.\\nThus, the London Times The narrow land-locked inlet\\nor lagoon named Pearl River Harbor is in itself small in ab-\\nsolute extent, but it is of inestimable value to any civilized\\nnation possessing it and using it for naval purposes. In a\\nreport to the National Board of Trade in 1883, its specially\\nappointed committee said: Already far-seeing men look\\nforward to the day when the commerce of the Pacific\\nshall rival that of the Atlantic. With our long stretch of\\ncoast upon that ocean and its finest harbors in our posses-\\nsion, the United States must guard jealously her interests\\nthere.\\nPOLITICAL IMPORTANCE. To the United States\\nthe commercial and political value of Hawaii is of admitted\\nimportance. The industrial development of those Islands", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "136 CLIMATE, SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS.\\nhas been the product of political considerations which\\ncompelled the United States to foster its interests there.\\nThose political considerations are as pertinent now as they\\never have been. American statesmen have foreseen the\\nultimate certainty of a closer alliance of Hawaii, and our\\nState Department has accordingly, under several adminis-\\ntrations, definitely instructed its representative to favorably\\nreceive overtures looking toward annexation. This known\\ndisposition of the United States to seek closer commercial\\nunion grounded on political considerations has had fruitage\\nin the Americanizing of sentiment in Hawaii, until now\\nthat community is the only genuinely American one out-\\nside our political borders. It has a larger and more intel-\\nligent American population, relatively, than any of our\\nterritorial acquisitions possessed at the time of their an-\\nnexation, from Florida to Alaska. Its civil institutions and\\nits political privileges, and its social and industrial organiza-\\ntion are more in harmony with our government and insti-\\ntutions than those of any territorial acquisition thus far\\nmade in our history. It is essentially American territory,\\nlacking only the formal declaration to make it technically\\nwhat it is in reality, Hawaii, U. S. A.\\nThe possession of the Hawaiian Islands by the United\\nStates would make them a means of defence to our coast,\\nand would give us a convenient naval and commercial\\nstation. Senator Dolph.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "HONOLULU,\\nHONOLULU, THE CAPITAL. What Havana is to\\nCuba, Honolulu is to the rest of Hawaii. Here are con-\\ncentrated the business and political and social forces that\\ncontrol the life and progress of this nation in the sea.\\nThat Honolulu is wholly dependent on the industrial en-\\nterprises throughout the country goes without saying. It\\nis not a manufacturing centre, for here is nothing in the\\nraw and crude form that can be profitably manufactured.\\nThere are no metals or minerals or, as yet, fibrous plants\\nor food plants whose manufacture is undertaken in this\\nunique city. Coal and iron, and hay and grain, and man-\\nufactured goods of all descriptions come from abroad,\\nmainly from California. There are iron foundries in Hon-\\nolulu, but they are wholly dependent on the agricultural\\nnecessities of the country, and could not keep running a\\nday were it not for the demand thus created for their\\nproducts. The productive wealth of the land is in its\\nagricultural operations exclusively. It is peculiarly an agri-\\ncultural country, and Honolulu gains its importance solely\\nas a distributing centre or depot of supplies. Were there\\nnot a large agricultural country tributary to Honolulu, it\\nwould not even have a name to live.\\nL87", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "1 38 HONOLULU.\\nFIRST GLIMPSE OF HONOLULU. This peculiar\\ndependence of Honolulu on the country is apparent to tne\\nstranger at first glance. Warehouses and lumber yards\\nand commercial houses abound, but there is a singular\\nabsence of mills and factories and productive establish-\\nments. You will find two foundries and a rice mill and\\ntwo planing mills, and your list is complete. If you walk\\nalong the wharves you will find bags of grain, and boxes\\nof shoes, and crates of crockery, and cases of dry goods,\\nand machinery of all descriptions, and furniture, and bricks,\\nand cement, things which cities ordinarily produce in their\\nmarketable form, and in every instance you will see by\\ntheir marks that these goods are from abroad. Honolulu\\ndoes not produce any of these. She simply handles them.\\nLook again, and the bags of rice, and sugar, and coffee, and\\nthe bundles of hides, and bunches of bananas, that are\\nmarked for export, and the only articles of export of any\\nconsiderable value, are none of them products of Honolulu\\nindustry, but have all come from the strictly agricultural\\nsections. You are impressed with Honolulu as a busy\\ndistributing centre; not as a productive centre, in the sense\\nthat it independently contributes products for export or\\nproducts that obviate the necessity of importing from\\nabroad.\\nBIRD S-EYE VIEW. This impression is enhanced\\nas one looks down on the city from the top of Punch", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "S ft\\nX\\na\\nH 5\\n3\\nit\\n.5 5\\nI ft\\nX .a\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2a ft\\nc\\n+3\\na a a\\ns a 2\\nd\\nca\\nx 5\\n09\\na\\nW rj CO \u00c2\u00a3j\\nG\\nS f\\n2 Jj i H", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "HONOLULU. 141\\nBowl an extinct crater immediately back of the central\\nportion of Honolulu. A fine roadway, winding about\\nthe slopes, affords the finest view of Honolulu obtain-\\nable. When the summit is reached a scene of sur-\\npassing beauty and interest spreads out before you on\\nevery hand. Back of you lie the hills, bathing their crests\\nin clouds, three and four thousand feet above sea level.\\nTo the west rise the wonderful Waianae Mountains, re-\\nsplendent in the glories of a tropic sunset. In the low-\\nlands, between you and those far-away hills, lie the rice\\nfields innumerable, distinct in the distance, adorned with\\na green unsurpassed even by the wider stretches of cane\\nfields just beyond the lovely lochs of Pearl River. To\\nthe east rises grim old Leahi, popularly known as Dia-\\nmond Head, the pride of Honolulu, and certainly the\\nrarest bit of detached mountain scenery in the Islands.\\nOther hills or peaks may be wild and weird and have\\ntheir peculiar attraction for the tourist, but Leahi is like\\nthe great Kamehameha in the lonely grandeur and dignity\\nand at times surpassing beauty of its outlines. With your\\nback to the mountains, you look out on the broad Pacific,\\nwhich seems smooth enough to justify its mild cognomen,\\nbut which on occasion is turbulent beyond description,\\nfilling Honolulu with the roar of its breakers, and skirting\\nthe island with a fringe of foam. Below you, so near that\\nyou can cast a stone on to some of their roofs, lies Hono-", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "HONOLULU.\\nlulu, immersed in a wealth of foliage, so that streets are\\nhidden, and the houses show only a bit of color in the en-\\ncompassing green of palms and other exotic plants. The\\ncity lies Bke a bird with outspread wings, its business\\nportion answering to the body of the bird, and the\\ndence portion stretching like wings around Punch Bowl\\naids the northeast up the beautiful and historic Nu-\\nuanu Valley, and toward the southeast in the :tion\\nof the cocoanut-fringed shores of WaikikL Within a\\nradius of .ess than five hundred feet from the corner\\nof King and Fort Streets are located the firms through\\nwhose bocl:s pass at .fist nine-tenths of the business\\ntransactions of the Islands. This does not mean that the\\ncapital of the country is controlled by these firms, but\\nthat it serves the purpose of the country that its business\\nshould be transacted thus at a common centre r, by\\ncommon consent, the banks and importing houses are\\nlocate;., where the only improved harbor is situated, and\\nthe government is admi i, and the whole\\nround of commercial and government transactions is con-\\nduct ed From Punch Bowl one gets* with the remark-\\nable combination of landscape a :vid conception of the\\nntially clerical functions of Honolulu as compared with\\nthe enormously productive record of the outhing country\\non Oahu and the oth is. Honolulu is a necessary\\nlink in the chain of cause and effect The cou", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "HONOLULU. 143\\nthoroughly dependent on Honolulu as its best medium\\nof communication with the outside world, but it is as a\\nmedium and not as a producing community that it main-\\ntains its primacy in the mercantile and industrial opera-\\ntions of the nation.\\nHONOLULU FROM THE SEA. As seen from the\\ntop of Punch Bowl, Honolulu is charming in its beauty.\\nIt is hardly less so as it appears from the deck of an in-\\ncoming steamer. Snuggled at the foot of wondrously\\npicturesque hills, rising abruptly into a continuous range\\nof dark blue background, lapped by the waves of a per-\\npetual summer sea, the city, as seen from outside the reef,\\nis beautiful in itself and in its setting. Leahi, or Diamond\\nHead, seems like some mighty sphinx or lion couchant,\\nguarding in grim silence the leisurely approach to an\\nearthly paradise. Tne balmy air, and the dark-lying hills,\\nand the abundant vegetation, and the emerald green at\\nthe harbor bar, and the softness and depth of the blue\\nskies, and the generous sunshine bathing all the land-\\nscape, greet the stranger with a tropic welcome. He\\nknows he is in the tropics at last, for the palms wave\\nover him, and the air is fragrant with magnolia and plu-\\nmeria and stephanotis. And yet it is impossible for him\\nto be ashore five minutes without realizing that, after\\nall, the enginery and propelling power in this wonderful\\nland is not tropical but Anglo-Saxon. Wherever there is", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "H4 HONOLULU.\\ndirecting energy, or organizing power, or enterprise, or\\naction, or application, there the Anglo-Saxon is the moving\\nspirit. He is in the church, the school, the counting-\\nroom on the railroad and the steamer at the dry-dock\\nand the foundry; in the lumberyard, at the mill, on the\\ntow-boat He is at the wharf when you land, on\\nthe street as you pass, at the hotel when you register.\\nNothing goes on successfully without him. He fills your\\nteeth, and cuts your hair, and mends your shoes, and\\nbuilds your house, and shoes your horses, and mends\\nyour coffee-pot, and sells you furniture and medicines,\\nand hardware, and fits your clothes, and takes your pic-\\nture, and you rub against him everywhere, at least where\\nanything is going on. He wears a summer suit twelve\\nmonths in a year, but rarely looks tropical in any particu-\\nlar. There is a seeming incongruity between the luxuriant\\ntropic growth of plants and trees, and the presence of\\npeople from a northern clime who yield with less grace\\nto the amenities of tropic costume than do Yankees in\\nHavana.\\nGENIUS OF THE FOREIGNER. Such is the Anglo-\\nSaxon whose home is in this land of sunshine. And\\nyet, though he retains to the full his race characteristics,\\nand walks or sits beneath the palms and gorgeous flow-\\nering trees as he would beneath the elms and maples\\nof his native land, seeming indeed to be a foreigner in the", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "HONOLULU. 145\\npresence of this unique vegetation, he is yet its author,\\nhaving made Honolulu what it is by his enterprise in in-\\ntroducing foreign plants and in encouraging their growth.\\nMost people do not realize this. They do not know that\\nwhen the white man came, Honolulu was a treeless,\\nsandy plain, with a fringe of cocoanut trees along the\\nshore. Honolulu, as it is to-day, is the creation of the\\nforeigner. It is his handiwork. Great trees that look as\\nthough they might have had fifty years of growth were\\nplanted by people who are barely middle-aged. Walk\\ninto one of the numerous yards where plants and trees\\nand vines are growing, as though on their native soil,\\nand you will find that every one of them has been im-\\nported within a comparatively recent period. Almost every\\nquarter of the subtropical world has been laid under\\ntribute. Here is the rubber tree, the banyan, the baobab,\\nthe litchee, the avocado, the mango, and palms innumer-\\nable. Here are also the brilliant and gaudy bougainvillaea,\\nthe prolific plumeria, the night-blooming cereus, and the\\nbright and attractive crotons. We have in this a pleasing\\nand truthful illustration of the beneficent transformations\\nthat the enterprise of foreigners has effected in Hawaii.\\nFrom the days of Vancouver, the foreign residents have\\nbeen tireless in aiding the introduction of ornamental and\\nuseful plants, and greatly to the advantage of the people\\nand the country. The enterprise of foreigners in intro-", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "146 HONOLULU.\\nducing new plants, has been very effectually supplemented\\nby some of the wealthier Hawaiians, who, it must be con-\\nfessed, bear off the palm for attractive and well-kept\\ngrounds.\\nSIZE OF HONOLULU. The city is long and narrow,\\nbeing about three miles long on the seaside and about\\nhalf a mile wide, and extending nearly two miles into\\nNuuanu Valley, on the land side, with an average width of\\nabout half a mile. The houses are rarely occupied by more\\nthan a single family, and in general the yards about each\\ndwelling are ample. This affords an agreeable roominess\\nwhich accounts for the disparity between the apparently\\nextensive area and the comparatively small population\\nof the city, the latter being barely twenty-five thousand.\\nThe streets are broad and ample, except in the older and\\nbusiness sections, where, of all places, they should be\\nwide, but where, in fact, they are lamentably narrow and\\nunsuited to the city s needs. The private residences are\\nattractive and are every year being constructed more in\\naccordance with the privileges of the climate. The lanai\\nor veranda is the distinctive feature in Honolulu house\\nconstruction. It is being gradually evolved into a novel\\nroom of three sides, broad and airy, and open on one side,\\nwith a protecting screen that can be lowered as required.\\nAn afternoon tea on a lanai, open towards one s garden, or\\nperchance towards the sea, with orchids and choice ferns", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "HONOLULU. 147\\nfor decorations, and a delicious breeze for inspiration, is\\none of the treats of tropical life.\\nPUBLIC BUILDINGS. All the machinery of govern-\\nment, excepting that of the most purely local nature, is\\nlocated at Honolulu. There is no municipal government.\\nAll authority and legislation and responsible administration\\ncentres at the capital. The public buildings used for\\ngovernment purposes are chiefly the Executive building,\\nformerly the Palace the Judiciary building, formerly the\\nGovernment building, and the Station-house. These\\nbuildings are all constructed of cement concrete, and are\\nall creditable buildings, the two former being handsome\\nstructures, with ample and ornamental grounds. The\\nOahu prison belongs to the old order, being built, as was\\ncustomary in early days, of slabs of coral concrete, cut\\nfor the building from the reef. Many of the buildings in\\nthe business section are built of brick, as is also the Hon-\\nolulu Library building, and that of the Y. M. C. A., as well\\nas the large native church called Kaumakapili. The Ma-\\nsonic Hall, the Safety Deposit building, the handsome\\nCentral Union Church, are all built of the Kamehameha\\nstone, a hard basaltic lava quarried on the grounds of the\\nKamehameha School, in the construction of whose build-\\nings it was first brought into use.\\nPUBLIC WORKS. Honolulu has been dependent\\nuntil the past year on a system of storing surface water", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "148 HONOLULU.\\nfor its water supply. Large reservoirs have been con-\\nstructed in the Upper Nuuanu Valley, and these have\\nproved adequate in the supply of water for fire purposes\\nas well as for drinking and irrigation of lawns, until within\\nrecent years. The success at Ewa plantation in employ-\\ning enormous pumps in sending artesian water into the\\ncane fields, has led the government to install a large\\npump and to utilize artesian water for the city supply, and\\nwith admirable results. The city is lighted by electric\\narc-lights, the electricity being generated by dynamos run\\nby turning water from the Nuuanu reservoirs into the\\nmains at night. A private corporation furnishes incan-\\ndescent lighting for stores and residences, and two tele-\\nphone companies number between them over njoo sub-\\nscribers in a total population of 2^,000. Probably no\\nother place in the world enjoys such telephone facilities\\nin proportion to its population. Marketing, committee-\\nwork, gossiping, prescribing for patients, and all manner\\nof routine belonging to household and social needs, is\\ndone by means of the convenient telephone. This, of\\ncourse, has its drawbacks. One does not like to break\\naway from the company of friends at the dinner table,\\nespecially if you happen to be the host, to answer through\\nthe telephone another friend s question, What is Miss\\nSmith s address in the States Nor is it conducive to\\nthe fullest enjoyment of that first sound sleep before", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "C/2 O\\nb o\\no w\\no\\na\\no\\nO d\\naj O\\nCW\\nit\\nrt a\\n2\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2*f flJ\\nb a\\nCO en\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a23 c\\n1)\\n2 c/2\\n2\\na\\n5\u00c2\u00b0\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2a h\\n*J to\\n.S a\\n-a\\no\\ni as\\nbed\\nc a\\nv at\\nr-*, J)\\nK\\nu\\nu\\n,C\\nbfl\\n1\\nft\\na\\no\\ni\\n5\\n3\\no\\nn\\nu\\ng\\nEj\\n_\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0x.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00941\\na\\ned\\nd\\nq\\n-3", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "HONOLULU. 151\\nmidnight to hear the bell buzz in the next room only to\\nremind you that the Australia is off Waimanalo and\\nwill be in in the morning. Sometimes one gets a smile\\neven out of a telephone. Once, when a sharp whistling\\nof some steamer was heard in the harbor, instead of\\nbothering Central I pulled down the lever and listened.\\nCentral! Yes. What s that whistling? Tow-\\nboat. What s she whistling for? Cause she s a\\ntow-boat? Involuntarily I snickered in the transmitter,\\nand got a sharp, snappy order, Put up that lever. But\\nit did not go up till I shouted, Good for you, central,\\nI ll call again.\\nPOPULATION OF HONOLULU. Outside of Hono-\\nlulu there is comparatively slight concentration of popula-\\ntion at particular points. Over twenty-five per cent, of\\nthe total population, however, is in the city of Honolulu,\\nor according to the census of 1890, 22,907 out of a total\\nof 89,990. Of this number, 1 1,165 are natives and half-\\ncastes, or about 48 per cent. 4,795 are Asiatics and the\\nremaining 6,947 are Europeans or Americans. The for-\\neign population has grown in numbers since the last\\ncensus was taken, and the census of 1896 will show a\\nmarked modification of these figures of 1890. It has\\nbeen ascertained that the residences have an average of\\n$.05 persons, while counting boarding schools, hotels,\\nprisons, etc., there is an average of 5.73 persons to each", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "1 52 HONOLULU.\\ninhabited building, showing plainly that in Honolulu, at\\nleast, if nowhere else in the world, there is no over-\\ncrowding of the population.\\nPORTUGUESE COLONY. The slopes of Punch Bowl\\nare being dotted with snug cottages built by the thrifty\\nPortuguese. Every foot of land about them is carefully\\ncultivated, and here are fig-trees, and small vineyards, and\\nbright garden spots that tell the story of New Hawaii. In\\nupper Nuuanu Valley, land that a few years ago was\\nfallow, under the vigorous administration of Hon. L. A.\\nThurston, then Minister of Interior, and now Hawaiian\\nMinister at Washington, was divided up into homesteads,\\nand now is owned by enterprising Portuguese, who are\\ngradually changing the face of the country. Their cosy\\nhomes and cultivated acres are a prophecy of what an\\nindustrious agricultural people are bound to accomplish\\nwithin a few years. A horseback ride up the well-watered\\nand sheltered Kalihi Valley will convince the most scepti-\\ncal of the wonderful transformation the whole country is\\nto undergo under the magic touch of the genuine farmer\\nfrom abroad. Here are untold acres of taro under Chinese\\ncultivation, and great orchards of bananas under Portu-\\nguese cultivation. These bananas are exported to San\\nFrancisco, and banana farming is a profitable industry.\\nPLEASURE RESORTS. The ubiquitous hack-man\\nwill show you a good deal of Honolulu in an afternoon", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "HONOLULU. 153\\nand keep you agog with his yarns and confidential infor-\\nmation. He will take you to Waikiki for a bath in the\\nsurf, or to the famous Pali, where the view of ocean and\\nof verdant plains below you, dotted with cane and rice\\nfields, is an enchanting one. He will drive you into the\\nKamehameha School grounds, and graciously wait, at his\\nregular price per hour, while you visit the Museum, or stroll\\nthrough the workshops, or peek at the elegant academic\\nbuilding known as Bishop Hall. The Museum was erected\\nby Hon. C. R. Bishop as a memorial of his wife, Princess\\nPauahi, who endowed these schools. A forenoon in this\\nbuilding, taken in conjunction with a visit to the class-\\nrooms and workshops of this excellent institution, will fur-\\nnish the stranger, within the smallest compass, a glimpse\\ninto the past of the Hawaiian race and a forecast of its\\nfuture so far as human agencies and a wise training can\\nprovide for and secure that future.\\nAt the other end of town your driver will take you\\ninto the grounds of Oahu College, an historic institution,\\nfrom which have gone forth the men who now control\\nthe affairs of Hawaii. This is a school for foreign chil-\\ndren, and maintains a record of excellence, young men\\nfrom it entering the best of American colleges with honor-\\nable distinction.\\nAfter all, however, the stranger can see to better\\nadvantage what is to be seen and enjoyed through the", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "154 HONOLULU.\\nhospitality of Honolulu people who are famous for their\\nfriendliness towards visitors to the Islands. One does not\\nexpect to see here what is to be met with in larger and\\nolder countries. Much of the attractiveness of Honolulu\\nconsists in just being there, realizing with every breath\\nthat it is a land of bloom, and that no weather indications,\\nmuch less any weather itself, can possibly invade your\\ndelightsome retreat. You do not need quite to voice the\\nsentiment\\nA horse a horse! my kingdom for a horse!\\nfor you can avail yourself of the street cars, beg par-\\ndon I should say the tram-way, for in all this Ameri-\\ncanized city there is but one thing that is English to the\\nvery core, and that is the street railway system. No one\\nshould forego the novel experience of a ride in a Hon-\\nolulu tram. The cars are made in the United States,\\ngood, honest American cars, but the English manager\\nchanges their name at the Custom-house after paying\\nduties and, thereafter, they are trams to the close of\\ntheir checkered career.\\nWith a good horse, however, one can go and come as\\nhe pleases, without being obliged to hold a wilted ticket\\nuntil he reaches his destination; and he can get at the\\nthings that are really worth seeing, as a run into the\\ncountry where comical Chinamen are at work in the rice\\nfields, or into the valleys where innumerable taro patches", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "sr\\nr.\\nl T\\nJ \u00c2\u00a71\\nu _,\\ns 3\\ntc U u\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0g 8\\nu S\\n53 O\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2-3-8\\nU- O\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0M o V S\\nV 4\\n5tS^\\nQ fl\\n2 ft OH\\n5 aa 3\\nd -2 U ^H\\n.r: a\u00c2\u00bb o\\nj\\nat J3 a\\nence\\nago\\nmm\\nHo\\nI\\nnd x\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a27. b d\\netty re\\nfew yei\\ned by\\nhouses\\nu\u00c2\u00a3\\n|1 s g\\nB|*t\\nE ^4\\n2 y\\nllfl\\ng *2\\nc\\nV. \u00c2\u00abM\\nPh *J W O\\nU d O\\nc a a\\n\u00c2\u00bb3ih o\\no\\n3 a\\nti T. 3\\n7^0.*\\na 2\\n*o\\n*T3\\ni o d\\no S,\\nw tf g\\nH S 5 I\\n*a 12 a\\ncq .2 a o\\ng a\\nPi 3 -3\\nliliar\\nwas\\nwith\\n5 o.\\nH a 3\\nW X -O P\\nwin\\nk mo\\nlain,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0pruu\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a02 2 1\\nC ^5\\nO fl\\ns 3\\no 8 at", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "HONOLULU. 1 57\\nare being worked, or up on the hills where land and sea\\nalike are spread to view. To see the people as they live\\nand work is after all the most fascinating attraction to the\\nstranger, and in the company of a resident, one will find\\nhis days full of profitable sight-seeing at very little, if any,\\npersonal inconvenience.\\nCHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. Three royal person-\\nages have left memorials to their generosity and humani-\\ntarian instincts that will always merit honorable mention.\\nThe rare foresight and commendable wisdom of Princess\\nPauahi in providing for the industrial training of Hawaiian\\nyouth has already been referred to. Lunalilo, with affec-\\ntionate regard for his people, provided a home for indigent\\nHawaiians, and a beautiful building that bears his name\\nis one of the most attractive spots in Honolulu. The\\ngrounds were tastefully laid out, largely under the direc-\\ntion of Hon. S. B. Dole, President of the Provisional\\nGovernment, and are an honor to his judgment and good\\ntaste. Queen Emma Hospital was established and en-\\ndowed by Queen Emma, the widow of Kamehameha IV.\\nIt is open to all nationalities, Hawaiians having treatment\\nfree, and is located centrally, its fine grounds affording\\ndelight and health of spirit to thousands who never need\\nother treatment than the shade of its remarkable grove of\\nroyal and date palms. The Sailor s Home is now in\\nprocess of construction and is a credit to the munificence", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "158 HONOLULU.\\nof Honolulu citizens, who thus provide a substantial\\nand commodious building for Jack s wholesome enter-\\ntainment while on shore. Other minor institutions and\\norganizations provide suitably and effectively for all those\\ncharitable demands made on the benevolent by the exi-\\ngencies of city life. There is a sense in which it is entirely\\ntrue to say that there is no want in Honolulu life that is\\nnot fittingly supplied, and the record will compare favor-\\nably with that of any continental city in any land.\\nADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE. The organization\\nof the judiciary is not unlike that of the United States.\\nThus there are district courts at convenient locations\\nthroughout the group, circuit courts for each of the larger\\nislands, and a supreme court, with final powers as a court\\nof last resort. The police system is well organized and\\nreasonably efficient considering the sparsely settled condi-\\ntion of many districts, and the difficulties attending detec-\\ntion among the roving classes who furnish the largest\\nquota of criminals, viz., the Chinese plantation laborers,\\nwho are always on the road in considerable numbers\\nshifting from one plantation to another. Opium smuggling\\nis carried on by the wholesale, and the police force has not\\nproved itself efficient in detecting it or in thwarting it.\\nOfficials are easily corrupted by the bribes that in continu-\\nousness and regularity of payment come to wear all the\\nsemblance of an additional salary. What is needed is a", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "HONOLULU. 159\\npatrol steamer to guard the coast, and to seize vessels of\\nsuspicious character. Such vessels have been repeatedly\\nseen and reported, and a few weeks afterwards opium has\\nbeen sold on the sly at a figure low enough to show that\\nthere was plenty of the drug at hand.\\nTwo peculiarities of the jury system are worthy of\\nnote, viz., the majority verdict, and the mixed jury. The\\nlatter is for cases between natives and foreigners, in which\\nthe jury is composed one-half of natives, and one-half of\\nforeigners. Natives are tried before native juries, and\\nforeigners before foreign juries. This arrangement, while\\nevincing an element of fairness, operates to keep alive race\\nsensitiveness and should be done away with. This had\\nnoteworthy illustration in the trial of two men connected\\nwith the insurrection of 1889. The white man, who was\\na subordinate, and not a combatant in the conflict, was\\nfound guilty and sentenced to prison. The native leader,\\nthough guilty by his own statements, was released by the\\ncourt because the native jury declared him not guilty.\\nThe majority verdict is considered an aid to justice. A\\nverdict of nine or more constitutes a true verdict. The\\ncorruption of a single juror is thus prevented from thwart-\\ning the ends of justice. A laughable incident occurred in\\nthe case of a native jury in Kau, on one occasion, who, on\\npolling their decision, found that it was a unanimous one\\nfor conviction. Having been instructed that a vote of", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "160 HONOLULU.\\nnine to three would be sufficient for conviction or acquit-\\ntal, they decided that three of the jury must change their\\ndecision, and vote for acquittal, and thus the verdict de-\\nclared by the foreman when the jury came into court a\\nlittle later, was nine to three for conviction.\\nEDUCATION. The public schools are under the\\ndirection of a Board of Education, and are creditable both\\nas to attendance of pupils and the character of the build-\\nings. The latter have been much improved during recent\\nyears, and the instruction has been changed from the Ha-\\nwaiian language to the English in all but a few out-of-\\nthe-way schools. The attendance in both public and\\nprivate schools, in 1890, was 10,006. Of this number 7172\\nwere natives and half-castes and 2491 Europeans and\\nAmericans. This is a large attendance in a total popula-\\ntion of 12,099, under fifteen years of age. Especially is\\nthis so when it is known that there is strong pressure\\namong some nationalities to encourage child-labor and\\nthus increase the earnings of the family.\\nTAXATION. The rate of taxation, one per cent., is\\nlow and the burden of taxation is light. It is unevenly\\ndistributed, however, personal taxes being comparatively\\nhigh, while the sugar industry does not share its part of\\nthe burden. The system of taxation is capable of im-\\nprovement in the interest of the poorer classes. There is\\nnow an exemption from taxation of property of $300", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCE OF C. R. BISHOP. The residence of the wealthy banker, the Hon.\\nCharles R. Bishop, is the most costly in the city of Honolulu. The house was built\\nby the Princess Ruth, sister of Kamehameha V., but a short time before her death.\\nSer estate was bequeathed to her niece, Mrs. C. R. Bishop. The interior is beautiful:\\ndecorated with many of the most rare varieties of the native woods.\\n1", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "HONOLULU. 1 6\\nO\\nvaluation and less, but in many instances a given indi-\\nvidual s personal taxes are larger than his property tax.\\nAgain, the holding of land in large estates deprives the\\ngovernment of a considerable revenue that would come\\nfrom property taxes were these large estates divided and\\nimproved. It has been estimated that the revenues could\\nbe thus increased 50 per cent. Again, the cost of collec-\\ntion is larger than it should be, even taking into consider-\\nation all the attendant difficulties. These are matters,\\nhowever, that are receiving thoughtful consideration, and\\nHawaii is not in these particulars unlike larger communi-\\nties elsewhere where the problems of taxation are by no\\nmeans settled. Indeed, Hawaii has made commendable\\nprogress, her present system securing an efficient and in-\\ntelligent administration of this department of the govern-\\nment, quite in contrast with the early days when women\\nand children were subject to the poll tax at half rates\\n(without the privilege of voting, of course) and when the\\nrate fixed on a large farm was a one-fathom hog, and on\\na small one a pig.\\nHARBOR OF HONOLULU. There are other good\\nharbors in the group, but Honolulu harbor is the only\\none on which much money has been spent. It has been\\ndredged to a depth of forty feet and the channel through\\nthe reef to a depth of thirty feet, and the largest vessels\\nafloat in the Pacific can now be docked. An excellent", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "1 64 HONOLULU.\\nmarine railway is kept busily employed, large ships being\\nrun up for much needed repairs, among them at one time\\nbeing some of the United States wooden gunboats. The\\nharbor during the sugar season, from March to July, is a\\nbusy scene. Inter-island steamers and sailing vessels\\nbring in at that time thousands of bags of sugar each\\nday, and these are in turn placed on board vessels bound to\\nSan Francisco. The steamship Eton, in 1891, took away\\n4292^ tons, being the largest sugar cargo that ever left\\nthe port of Honolulu. The importance of this carrying\\ntrade can be understood in part by the amount of sugar\\nalone exported in 1891, amounting to 262,910,279 pounds.\\nIt can be better understood by the figures given in the\\nreport of the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce for\\nthe year 1891, which show that the trade of that port\\nalone with the Islands, mainly with Honolulu, reached the\\nremarkable total of $17,373,918. Under a progressive and\\nstable administration of public affairs, Honolulu harbor\\nwill acquire even larger facilities for handling the trade\\nand providing for the commerce that is certain to seek\\nits shores.\\nHonolulu is an American roadstead, in that nine-tenths\\nof the vessels entering the port and doing the carrying\\ntrade of the Islands float the American flag. Nowhere\\nelse do the ships of our White Squadron seem more at\\nhome, or fall more naturally into the scene as part of", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "HONOLULU. 165\\nnature s contribution than in the quiet haven of Honolulu.\\nThe strains of the flag-ship band swelling out through\\nthe cocoanut groves in the summer evening air make the\\nresident American almost realize that he is in his own land\\ntill, sharp and clear in the night air, there comes the dismal\\nwail from the stricken household of one more Kanaka\\ngone to his long home.\\nSTREET SCENES. There are times when Honolulu\\nseems to fairly blossom out in picturesque costumes. The\\ngay colors worn by the native horsewomen on holiday\\noccasions have already been spoken of. On Chinese\\nNew Year s, the celestials of the better class wear as many\\ncolors as adorn a haberdasher s show-window. Think of\\na man with pea-green cloth shoes, yellow or blue bags for\\ntrousers, a lavender garment, a sort of cross between a\\ncoat and a shirt, with wide-spreading sleeves three-quar-\\nters of a yard across at the wrists, a jaunty brown cap\\nwith long red tassels, and a dainty fan, walking leisurely\\nthrough the streets, bowing to scores of others dressed in\\nas many combinations of color as himself. The Japanese\\nare quite unlike the Chinese in that they clothe their\\ndumpy little bodies almost uniformly in European costume.\\nThis is not the case when they first arrive in the country,\\nfor they then exhibit the oddest combinations of dress\\nknown to man. The Japanese women wear lengths of\\ncloth swaddled about their forms regardless of the usual", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "1 66 HONOLULU.\\nconventionalities of street costume. The Chinaman be-\\nlieves in flowing and liberal trousers, but the Japanese\\npatronizes pantaloons of the close-reefed variety, and the\\ngeneral appearance of his nether extremities is remarkably\\nsuggestive of Palmer Coxe s Brownies. For a crude, out-\\nlandish lot of mortals, commend me to a motley group of\\nAsiatics just released from quarantine, and riding into town\\nwith their mats, and queer baskets, and all the other para-\\nphernalia of coolie comfort. Hawaii is a Paradise indeed\\nfor these subjects of the Flowery Kingdom, for here they\\nhave comforts and freedom and an outlook in life that\\nnever dawns on the sodden mass of humanity from\\nwhich they come.\\nOne custom that is novel is the love of the Hawaiian\\nfor adornment. Above all things, a lei or wreath is valued\\nas a thing of beauty and a joy forever. Rarely will you\\nfind a young Hawaiian, whether man or woman, who\\ndoes not have a hat adorned with a lei of bright scarlet or\\nyellow or white flowers, or one made with the ends of\\npeacock feathers, or of dainty sea-shells deftly strung\\ntogether, or of fragrant seeds.\\nWhatever you buy, whether fruit, or a cane of native\\nwoods, or a set of exquisite tree-shells, the jewels of\\nHawaiian woodlands, you can pay for it in American\\nmoney, gold or silver or paper. The islands have silver\\nmoney of their own, coined at the San Francisco mint,", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "HONOLULU. 167\\nand of the same intrinsic value as United States silver coin,\\nand at first glance it closely resembles such coin, so that\\none hardly realizes in using it that he is not handling\\nAmerican money.\\nAt night, the customary band concert calls together a\\ncrowd of all ages and nationalities. The unique feature is\\nthe singing by Hawaiian male voices. The native is a\\nnatural lover of music, and perhaps nothing is more at-\\ntractive to foreigners than the plaintive songs that inevita-\\nbly suggest the mournful phase of Hawaiian life, while\\nthey fascinate with their melody. One thinks more than\\nonce, on such occasions, of the ancient fable of the\\nmelody of the dying swan.\\nTHE GARDEN ISLE. Kauai has well been called\\nThe Garden Island/ This is due to its land structure,\\ncontributing as it does to its delightful climate and its ad-\\nvantages for cultivation. Thus, the island is nearly circular,\\nwith its highlands, reaching an elevation at points of\\njooo feet, in the centre, and its arable lands near the sea.\\nThe highlands are well wooded, and Kauai is perhaps the\\nbest watered island in the group, numerous streams com-\\ning down from the interior to the lower lands below.\\nAlthough Kauai contains only 390 square miles, or less\\nthan one-fifteenth of the area of the four most productive\\nislands, viz., Hawaii, Maui, Oahu and Kauai, it furnishes\\none-sixth of the total acreage of cane grown on these", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "1 68 HONOLULU.\\nfour islands, being nearly as much as the cane acreage\\nof Maui, and three times that of Oahu, each of which\\nislands is twice the size of Kauai. Moreover, Kauai fur-\\nnishes one-third of the total acreage under rice cultiva-\\ntion on these four islands, producing a crop five times\\nas large as that of the islands of Maui and Hawaii com-\\nbined.\\nTHE LEPER COLONY. Across the channel from\\nOahu toward the southeast, a distance of twenty-three\\nmiles, is Molokai, the island most widely known as the\\nplace where the lepers are segregated. Kalawao is a\\nvalley walled in by high precipices, open seawards, but\\naccessible to the landward side only by a difficult trail\\ndown the bluff. It is in this valley that the leper colony\\nis located. For about a quarter of a century a policy of\\nsegregation, more or less strictly enforced, according to\\ncircumstances, has built up in this valley a colony that\\nreflects credit on the wisdom, generosity and humanita-\\nrian instincts of the Hawaiian nation. Here are all the\\nworst cases, in fact all in the land who are known to\\nhave the disease in such form as to endanger others.\\nGovernment physicians, over twenty in number, widely\\nscattered throughout the group, as one of their duties,\\nexamine suspects, keeping doubtful cases under monthly\\nsurveillance, and sending pronounced cases to the receiving\\nstation at Honolulu, where a similar sifting process goes", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "HONOLULU. 169\\non, the doubtful cases, or those not pronounced, being\\ndetained at the station for treatment, and the decided\\ncases, after an examination by a board of five physicians,\\nbeing sent to the Kalawao colony.\\nLIBERAL TREATMENT OF LEPERS. This\\nsettlement is sustained by a government appropriation of\\n$117,000 per annum, food, clothing, lodging, and medical\\nattendance being furnished at government expense. There\\nwere 1 1 1 5* lepers in the colony in 1892, with an average of\\nabout three persons to a house. In all there are 430\\nbuildings owned by the Board of Health, or in some\\ncases by lepers themselves, and by benevolent organiza-\\ntions. There are six churches, three houses belonging\\nto the Catholic mission, a Boy s Home, the Bishop Home\\nfor unprotected women and girls, a store and houses for\\nthe superintendent and physician. The physician in\\ncharge in 1892, in his report, stated that he could at\\nany time get twenty or twenty-five kokuas (men not\\nleprous, living at the settlement) to submit to inoculation\\nwith the view of contracting the disease, to the end that\\nthey might be endowed with the privileges and supplied\\nwith the rations of the regular leper. Be this as it may,\\nit is indisputable that the patients, or rather inhabitants of\\nthis colony, are contented with their surroundings, being,\\nmany of them, better off in this world s goods than before\\nthey went there. The death-rate is comparatively low,", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "i;o HONOLULU.\\nbeing, in 1892, 24.^8 per cent. Formerly the disease made\\nmore rapid strides among those afflicted with it than is\\nthe case at present.\\nThe disease is believed to be under control elsewhere,\\nthe large island of Hawaii, in 1892, being reported free\\nof lepers. The systematic segregation of recent years has\\nbrought this about. There are many people, however,\\nwho are connected by blood relationship with lepers, liv-\\ning or dead, who through heredity or contagion may have\\nthe seeds of the disease in their system, and, therefore,\\nmedical supervision of all suspects must continue as in\\nthe past.\\nTHE VALLEY OF DEATH. Much has been written\\nabout Kalawao that has ignored the noble spirit shown by\\nthis little nation in its care of these unfortunates. Hawaii\\nnever has needed to import from abroad suitable sympathy\\nand a kindly regard for the comfort of its lepers. Prob-\\nably no nation has ever borne a heavier burden or done it\\nso sympathetically and generously. Its policy of segrega-\\ntion has not been a policy of ostracism, but a wise seclu-\\nsion of its afflicted people for their own benefit and\\ncomfort, and for the safety of the rest. Honolulu people\\nhonor themselves by their frequent contributions to the\\ncomfort of these Kalawao unfortunates, in addition to the\\ngenerous provision made by the Board of Health.\\nThe sun rises and sets on Kalawao, and the wholesome", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "RESIDENCE OF MR. WATERHOUSE. The grounds surrounding this residence\\nore among the most beautiful in the city. Every odd variety of plant life that can\\nbe grown in the tropics is found here. A large artificial pond is covered with hundreds\\nof pink lotus blossoms, mingled with the white and bluelillies BO well known in\\nnoi t hern climes.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "HONOLULU. 173\\nbreath of the ocean air floods that broad valley, and the\\nearth all about responds with verdure, and the great hills\\nrise grim and dark above, but an awful scourge is on the\\npeople, and it is the valley of death. Morituri salutamus\\nmight well be the handwriting along those giant cliffs.\\nAs we sail away with eye moistened and heart heavy,\\nwe catch the strains of a band whose musicians are all\\nlepers. Why should not they have their pleasant pas-\\ntimes as well as we We are all dying 1\\nOFF TO WINDWARD. To know these strange and\\nbeautiful islands one must take the trip to windward, and\\nsee at least the two largest islands, Maui and Hawaii. Land-\\ning from the steamer at Maalaea Bay, Maui, one can take the\\nstage to Wailuku, the trains to Kahului, and the saddle to\\nMakawao, reaching thus a point from which can be seen\\nthe largest area of tillable land in the group. Here are\\ntens of thousands of acres of cane-land, sweeping from\\nyour feet down the long slope, out across the great plains,\\nand banking the hills beyond with green. Behind you is\\nthe mighty but silent Haleakala, the House of the Sun,\\nrising steadily up into the clouds to an elevation of 10,000\\nfeet, while across the isthmus rise the mystic, gruesome\\nhills of West Maui, a massive phalanx of peaks, jooo and\\n6000 feet above sea-level. From this island, in the stir-\\nring days of the gold excitement in California, in 1849,\\npotatoes and flour were exported, commanding fancy", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "i 74 HONOLULU.\\nprices in the San Francisco market. All things considered,\\nthe famous Iao Valley, back of Wailuku, probably pre-\\nsents the finest bit of scenery, united with startling\\neffects, to be seen anywhere on the islands. Enthusiasts\\ndo not hesitate to compare it favorably with the far-famed\\nYosemite. Where these waving fields of cane now\\nstretch, the finest bit of Hawaiian valor was shown in the\\nfatal charge of the Alapa, one hundred years ago. The\\nbloodiest conflict in Hawaiian annals was fought in the\\npresence of the surpassing beauties of this valley of Iao.\\nLAHAINA AND THE WHALE TRADE. Once the\\ncentre of a busy trade and the favorite resort of Hawaiian\\nkings, Lahaina is now little more than a hamlet, with\\ndumb signs only, in buildings going to decay, of its former\\nbusy scenes. At this now sleepy port, at a single time,\\nthere rode at anchor, along in the fifties, as many as sixty\\nor more whalers, bringing hither their oil for reshipment,\\nand fitting out with new supplies for another cruise. The\\nwhaling trade was the principal source of income to the\\nIslands up to the time of the civil war in the United States.\\nConfederate privateers made such havoc among the\\nvessels employed in this industry, as to greatly restrict it.\\nThis was a severe blow to the Islands, so largely depend-\\nent on this trade. Thus in 18^9, there were \u00c2\u00a349 whalers\\nentered at Hawaiian ports, which number was reduced to\\n102 in 1869, ten years later. Lahaina suffered more than", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "HONOLULU. 175\\nany other port as the result of this lost trade. We can\\nimagine much from the presence of those whale-ships at\\nLahaina that needs not to be written. There are chapters,\\ndark and shameful, of the conduct of other seamen at this\\nhistoric spot, that have gone down in history. We would\\nnot bring them back, those days of lustful cruelty. The\\nrecord has been made and is before the great Judge. One\\nmust think of these things though, as he walks through\\nindolent, drowsy Lahaina, whose trade has gone and her\\npeople too. We recall the lines of Charles Warren Stod-\\ndard as we turn our faces seaward again, leaving far\\nDehind the foaming reef, and cocoanut groves of Lahaina,\\nand the mountain masses of Maui,\\nWhere the peaks shoulder\\nThe clouds like a yoke\\nWhere the dear Isle\\nHas a charm to beguile\\nAs she rests in the lap\\nOf the seas that enfold her.\\nWINDWARD HAWAII. What can surpass a trip\\nalong the Hamakua and Hi!o coast! It is a constant\\npanorama of gorge and table-land; of darksome valleys\\nwhose sides rise into the clouds; of great bluffs down\\nwhose precipitous sides scores of streams are pouring in\\ncascades into the sea; of rolling fields of cane; of ex-\\npensive mills, and long lines of flumes, and cosy hamlets\\nand churches on the hilltops, and school-houses near by;", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "1 76 HONOLULU.\\nof extensive, unbroken forests; of distant lava-flows\\nshimmering in the sunlight of mighty mountains raising\\ntheir heads 14,000 feet into the sky and wearing man-\\ntels of snow that glisten like fields of solid silver; and\\nlast of all, at the mouth of the noisy Wailuku, rising\\ngently from its beach of black sand, of Hilo, the beau-\\ntiful town by the sea.\\nBEAUTIFUL HILO. The beauty of Honolulu is that\\nwhich comes from the artificer s hands. The beauty of\\nHilo is that of nature, prodigal in its gifts and transcending\\nall that art of man can compass. Everything at Hilo is\\nluxuriant, even to the famous Hilo grass and the very\\nweeds themselves. Every little nook where nothing else\\nwill grow is stuffed with ferns lovely in color and shape.\\nEvery hill-side is banked with solid masses of ferns and\\nother beautiful plants. On either side of the streets are\\nmerry streams bubbling with delight as they hurry to the\\nsea. Things grow so fast that sods forming in the bottom\\nof these streams choke the ditches several times a year.\\nTall, stately banana trees are in their glory, and the roses\\nand lilies bloom the year around. The forests about Hilo\\nare of entrancing beauty. Mammoth bird s nest ferns\\ngrow in the crotches of great trees, gigantic vines trail\\nacross from branch to branch, and ferns in endless variety\\ncover rock and trunk and bend and sway about you on\\nevery hand. Such delicate tracery and wealth of foliage as", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "HONOLULU. 179\\nhere abound It is a paradise for the botanist and the lover\\nof nature. All this is due to the abundant rains that make\\nHilo a veritable garden of delight. Think of an annual\\nrainfall of one hundred and fifty-five inches or one inch\\nless than thirteen feet Stand three good-sized boys, one\\nabove another, and the upper boy s eyes could not see\\nabove the surface of such a mass of water. And yet Hilo\\nis healthful, and a delightful place to live in. It is here\\nthat Mauna Kea bursts out in the morning light in all the\\nglory of his rugged outlines. It is hither that the pilgrims\\ncome to visit Kilauea, for Hilo is the gate-way to a not\\ndistant inferno that men must reach by passing first\\nthrough Paradise.\\nCOCOANUT ISLAND. Mokuola or Cocoanut Island,\\njust across the bay from Hilo, is a gem of beauty. Its\\nclustered cocoanut trees make a grove underneath which\\nfamous picnics are held. The rough-leaved pandanus\\ntrees and the black lava rocks on one side are in striking\\ncontrast with the soft manienie grass and the light green\\nwater of the cosy cove and the sandy white beach, where\\nthe children make their castles in the sand. The native\\nword, Mokuola, means island of life or health, and was\\ngiven to this beautiful spot because of a certain rock\\nunder water in the cove which possessed life or health-\\ngiving properties. Any one who was ill, so the story\\ngoes, by swimming under water three times around this", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "180 HONOLULU.\\nrock would be healed of his sickness. Natives come to\\nthis spot even now to gain exemption from various\\ndiseases.\\nThis island was the scene of a legendary exploit in\\nwhich Kalanikupule, the last king of Oahu, figures in a\\nmore heroic role than in that last fatal encounter at Nuuanu\\nPali. It seems that he was enamored of a beautiful prin-\\ncess, the reputed daughter of Kamehameha, who guarded\\nher with jealous eye and spurned the lover s suit. Learning\\nthat Kamehameha was staying at Mokuola with his daugh-\\nter and some of his bravest chiefs, Kulanikupule sailed\\nwith a few chosen warriors from Oahu, stealing by night\\naiong the Hamakua and Hilo coast in his war-canoe, and\\narriving at Mokuola when Kamehameha and his warriors\\nwere soundly sleeping. Stepping lightly ashore and pick-\\ning his way among the prostrate forms, he reached the\\nslumbering princess, raised her to his arms, steathily re-\\ntreated, gained his canoe and started proudly on his home-\\nward trip, arriving safely at Oahu, while Kamehameha\\nchagrined and angry chafed and fumed at the audacity\\nand triumph of his foe.\\nThe romance of Mokuola still survives. The waters\\nof Hilo Bay still part before the prows of skiffs, and\\npeals of laughter and song are wafted from the magic\\nshores across the moonlit waves. Love still treads tne\\nbleaching sands, a willing captive now.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "VOLCANOES AND LAVA FLOWS.\\nVOLCANIC ORIGIN. The Hawaiian Islands are of\\nvolcanic origin. The coral reefs that everywhere abound\\nhave been raised on a substratum of lava, and are recent\\nas compared with the general structure of the group.\\nThe islands are volcanic peaks and ridges that have been\\npushed up above the surrounding seas by the profound\\naction of the interior forces of the earth. It must not be\\nsupposed, however, that this action has been a violent\\nperpendicular thrust upward over a very limited locality,\\nfor the mountains continue to slope at about the same\\nangle under the sea and for great distances on every side,\\nso that the islands are really the crests of an extensive\\nelevation, estimated to cover an area of about 2000 miles\\nin one direction by i^o or 200 miles in the other. The\\nprocess has been a gradual one of up-building probably,\\nby means of which the sea has been receding as the land\\nhas steadily risen. Some idea of the mighty forces that\\nhave been at work beneath the sea and above it can be\\ngained by considering the enormous mass of material now\\nabove the sea-level. Thus, the bulk of the island of\\nHawaii, the largest of the group, has been estimated by\\nthe Hawaiian Surveyor General as containing 2600 cubic\\n181", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "[82 VOLCANOES AND LAVA FLOWS.\\ne .ivj. r :t. -v\\nEngland at jo,oc square miles, mass of volcanic\\nmatter would cover that entire country to a depth of 2*74\\nWe 5: remerr.be were:.\\n5 e -level is only a fraction of the amount that sweeps\\ndown below t reds n iles on eveiy sida\\nFISS T J?ES IN EA?7H S C?V5T. The rer.e:\\n:er:ei f-r:ry v:h\\\\ir.:: r::;rri5 f~e issurr.p-\\ntion that the earth s interior is in a molten condition, and\\njr.11 the rn:-l:en ir.ass f~i5 :ufe;s\\nr. ::.z eirs. s :rus:. The Hr.-;::;r. h :s h.ive re-er:\\nseries\\nof such fissures which are still\\n:re~. :he rr.rher. :urrer.\\nis 5: ~_ ver.t ivhuei ir.d\\nV*: :ur.v\u00c2\u00a3-: .ve: :r. the 1:\\ndand of Hawaii What the forces\\nhive\\nlittcei the fissures es\\nto be matter of debate\\nThe u: 5 i: r.:: _irre-e.\\ne the threes\\nthat sustain this mighty upheaval\\nthat has brought these\\nremarkable islands to the surface\\nand pushed their lofties\\nrru-is Ir.t: the shy h~:st thre-e\\nmiles above the level ol\\nthe se.t. V. e s:\\nthe ocean bed\\nided and that the land has risen.\\nSome have advocafl\\nhe theory that the subsidence of\\nthe sea bottom is due\\nto the withdrawal of the molten\\nmass that supported it This theory makes the volcanic\\naction the cause of the subsidence of the ocean bed.\\nOthers advocate the theory that the pressure that bears", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "a 3 tS bC\\nb bloS\\n.2 33\\nif a\\nS I s\\n33 D\\ny. _^\\n2 i\\nc\\nCfl\\n43 2\\n3 I\\nb\u00c2\u00a3\\nJ)\\nX.\\nif.\\n:z\\nX\\no\\nQ\\nO\\nfcf\\n_l:\\n%-l\\n33\\no\\nM\\n43\\ns_,\\n_c\\n33\\nO\\n5\\n33\\nX)\\nj3\\nCO\\nce\\n33\\ns\\n43\\nP\\n43\\nH\\nX\\n33\\n4)\\na\\na\\nfl\\no\\n^H\\n33\\n:_\\nA\\n43\\nd\\n33\\n43\\no\\n00\\nS3\\nSh\\n33\\n7\\nd\\nit\\nOQ\\nr.\\n43\\nd\\n33\\nz\\no\\nd\\n33\\n1\\nft\\n33\\nS3\\nA\\n33\\n^2\\nd -d\\no\\nQ\\n33 43\\nA Id\\n6 S\\n08 P d\\n,3 O .3", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "VOLCANOES AND LAVA FLOWS. 185\\ndown on the earth s crust squeezes the molten matter up\\ntnrough the fissures previously formed, and that thus the\\nsuosiderice or the ocean oed becomes the cause of vol-\\ncanic action as witnessed above the sea-level. A homely\\nillustration is at hand. Thr ugh a crack in an orange the\\njuice can be suck- d, causing the sides to sink in, thus\\nillustrating the first theory or, the juice can be squirted\\nout by squeezing, thus producing the same result, and\\nillustrating the second theory. There is an economy of\\nforce in nature, however, just as there is in a boy, and as\\nthe customary boy would both squeeze and suck, it is\\naltogether likely that the two phenomena of upheaval\\nand subsidence are mutually dependent ifl the work of\\ndeepening the sea and of raising the land up into the\\nsunshine.\\nDEPTH OF SURROUNDING SEA. On approaching\\nthe Islands one is impressed at the abrupt ascent of the\\nland. Steep mountains seem to rise out of the ocean into\\nthe very clouds with hardly a change in the abruptness of\\nthe ascent. But this same abruptness continues the other\\nway down into the sea. Thus the soundings of the\\ncable survey between the California coast and the Islands,\\nshow that all along the eastern coast line of the group\\nthere is a great depression containing the deepest water\\nbetween the two countries. The mountains run up into\\nthe clouds to an altitude of three miles, while they sink", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "1 86 VOLCANOES AND LAVA FLOWS.\\ndown into this enormous depression to a depth of three\\nand a halt miles only four miles from the shore. Wnat a\\nmountain Mauna Loa would be could it stand on some\\ncontinental area, instead of being shouldered up by the\\nbed of the ocean Here is an altitude of over six miles\\nfrom base to crest, and the mountain itself is a very fur-\\nnace of fury and molten madness. One easily comes to\\nrespect these mighty masses of basalt whether looking up\\nto the clouds or peering vainly down into the prophetic\\nblue of the deep seas all around these Islands.\\nARTESIAN BORINGS. From quite another source\\nwe get a vivid impression of the remarkable changes that\\nhave gone on in the rearing of these Islands to the light of\\nday, as well as in their subsequent subsidence. A great\\nmany artesian wells have been sunk during recent years,\\nand the borings h ve brought to light the testimony of the\\nrocks, both as to the age of the group and the process of\\ntheir building up. The following record is from a boring\\nnear Honolulu and close to the seashore\\nGravel and beach sand, 50 ft. Soft rock, like soapstone, 20 ft.\\nVolcanic tufa, 270 Brown clay, with broken\\nHard white coral, like coral, no\\nmarble, without break, 505 Hard blue lava, 45\\nDark brown clay, 75 Black clay, ic\\nWashed gravel, 25 Red pipe clay, 18\\nVery red clay, 59 Porous lava rock, 249\\nSoft white corai. 28 i$Ctf\\n(t", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "VOLCANOES AND LAVA FLOWS. 187\\nThe significant fact in these figures is that the lowest\\nsubstratum yet reached in artesian boring is lava rock.\\nAnother fact is the great depth of coral, nearly one-tenth\\nof a mile in thickness. Another is the recurrence of lava\\nand of coral, showing that the land has been built up by\\nsuccessive outpourings of lava, and that during intermis-\\nsions of volcanic action coral insects have reared their\\nmonuments of industry unmolested. These artesian bor-\\nings reveal a great age for the mere surface of the islands.\\nWhat, then, must be the antiquity of the foundations on\\nwhich rests all this mountain structure that bathes its\\nforehead in the clouds!\\nSUBSIDENCE AND UPHEAVAL. The artesian bor-\\nings unmistakably point to a remarkable subsidence. In\\none well, at a depth of two hundred and forty-five feet,\\ncarbonized wood was found under a bed of coral one\\nhundred and fifty feet in thickness. The testimony of\\nartesian borings is uniform in attesting to a general sub-\\nsidence on the Island of Oahu especially. Along the\\ncoast of Puna, Hawaii, the sea now rolls in great breakers\\nover what was dry land as late as the year 1868. Coco-\\nanut trees that were once a refreshment to foot-sore\\ntravelers now stand out in the sea the land and all on\\nit having thus sunk bodily beneath the waves. This was\\na local subsidence, and there are examples in the same\\nrerior? showing locaJ upheavals. The best example of", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": ":SS VOLCANOES AND LAVA FLOWS\\nrer.e z .v:, is :r. Dihu, -.vhere re ee.5 r.i: were\\nonce under water are now covered with soil and verdure.\\nA large part of Honolulu is built on a coral foundation\\n.ir.ierlies ir.z sir.i ir.z s:... A r.:i\\nexample of upheaval is the remnant of a coral reef that\\nires \\\\5 e Mour.uir.5 at\\nan elevation of eighty feet above see- .eveL These fads\\n:e ..5 :e er _.s t.iss ::~r\\nr.ese ls\\\\2i :s ressess :s..r:.yi:z, ir.i zr.y. -j-.ese\\nt:?.s sursiier.ce ir.i urheivjL ire r.e esr: irrr.s :f\\nthis imprisoned r-eir.g. kings he must have to\\n:er.r-rlf5 :r. j. single ir.srinnor.\\nRELATIVE AGE OF ISLANDS. Tr.e northern\\n.5 t ;.t r.e 5 :e\\nis ex:er: H :he rr.:s: s:u:her.\\n:.\\\\z gr:ur. Tr.r .~_ v: :jt.:: er.erry se\\nhave been in the same direction in the history of the\\nislir.is,\\n_ r::r: :er:h s:: :r e.ve: s:^t~.s Iivjl :.:.-.s.\\nI j. 1 su rsiier :e :ei :;v\\n:./-f _ ei.er jL_:e\\nOahu and Kauai than for Hawaii. It is not improbable.\\nH \u00e2\u0096\u00a0._-.-\\nfore the craters of Oahu lost their activity. As Green has\\nsuggested in his Vest^es of the Molten Globe. a depres-\\nsion of the island of Hawaii 6.000 feet would divL", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "VOLCANOES AND LAVA FLOWS 189\\ninto four separate islands, marked by four peaks, Kohala,\\nHualalai, Mauna Kea, and Mauna Loa. Thus Mauna Kea,\\nfor instance, may be as old as the islands to the north,\\nhaving helped to build up the connection between itself\\nand the other mountain islands long before the cessation\\nof its own action. The various stages of upheaval may\\nhave occupied long ages. We seem, however, to be at\\nVulcan s furnace door as we view the glistening lava-fields\\nthat shimmer with the sun s heat as though all molten\\nwithin. Men have sought to compute the amount of\\nmolten material that has been spread on the flanks of\\nMauna Loa during the last half-century. A conservative\\nestimate puts the amount at about two cubic miles. At\\nsuch a speed, we should find this particular island to be\\nless than sixty-five thousand years old, thus making it,\\ngeographically considered, a recent creation. But there are\\nevidences of violent catastrophism in the great gorges and\\nenormous precipices that convince us that the origin of the\\nislands is even more recent.\\nWORLD BUILDING. At the brink of Kilauea, the\\nenormous pit crater of Hawaii, we behold the mighty\\nforces that have been building our world since the dawn\\nof time. At the edge of the mammoth lava flows that\\nhave rushed down Mauna Loa forty miles to the sea, we\\ndiscover the method by which the mighty forces of the\\ninterior have built up the land out of the water. This", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "i 9 o VOLCANOES AND LAVA FLOWS.\\nis world building before our eyes. We seem to come\\ninto touch with the hoary ages when God said, Let the\\ndry land appear. We get glimpses into the past of this\\nplanet of ours, more luminous than the most graphic\\nportrayals of the beginnings of creation. The panorama\\nof great processes of action lies open to our view. Here\\nis the water all about and here is the land emerging from\\nthe deep. Here are the mighty constructive forces at\\nwork building the basis for vegetation and the habita-\\ntion of man. These may be dying forces with their work\\nalmost completed, but they are the original forces that\\nhave made the world what it is to-day. Probably no\\ncountry affords as convenient and accessible and enjoy-\\nable advantages for viewing volcanic phenomena through-\\nout their whole range as the island of Hawaii.\\nMOKUAWEOWEO, THE TERRIBLE. The summit\\nof Mauna Loa contains an immense pit nine and a half\\nmiles in circumference and from 800 to 1000 feet deep.\\nThis pit is the far-famed Mokuaweoweo from which\\nperiodical eruptions occur at intervals of eleven years.\\nThe pit always contains molten lava or steam. Some-\\ntimes the overhanging clouds will be lighted up as though\\nby a great conflagration when no eruption from the mount-\\nain takes place. At such times, numerous fountains, sev-\\neral hundred feet high, will spout liquid lava like so many\\nwhales sporting themselves in the sea. Those who have", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "VOLCANOES AND LAVA FLOWS. 191\\nlooked from the summit down into that vast caldron at\\nsuch times have remarked the death-like stillness, broken\\nonly by the uncanny splash of the great molten clots fall-\\ning from the fountains back to the floor of the crater. At\\nthat great height, 13,675 feet, withdrawn from the noises\\nof busy life far below, the echo of thud and splash,. and\\noccasional explosion of confined gas is certainly unearthly\\nenough. But the majesty of this mammoth mountain is\\nrealized only when with mighty effort it rends its sides\\nand vomits forth rivers of fire that madly rush down its\\nslopes sometimes even to the very sea. One such scene\\nI recall vividly. At the time I was camping on Mauna\\nKea, just across the great plain that separates the two\\nmountains. From the side -of Mauna Loa, at a height of\\n10,000 feet, the molten river was belching forth like a\\ntorrent. At night, the course taken by the lava seemed\\nlike a sinuous stream of glowing fire, and all the mount-\\nain side was illuminated, and the glare came into our open\\ntent, while across that black intervening waste of lava,\\ndesolate in the daytime, but weird and ominous at night,\\ncame low, discordant tones that told of the furious prog-\\nress of the outbreak. That broad stretching mountain\\nseemed like a great den of fiery gorgons, one of whom\\nwas gliding all ablaze down toward the haunts of men.\\nFrom the top of Mauna Kea, the next day, the impres-\\nsion of the night before was not lessened as to the vast", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "1 92 VOLCANOES AND LAVA FLOWS.\\nresources and limitless powers of Mauna Loa. The flanks\\nof the sombre mountain showed numerous black ridges,\\nwhere the lava had poured down, many of these ridges\\ngoing back beyond the memory of man, while in every\\ndirection across the plateau lay the rigid lava-flows stretch-\\ning like tentacles until lost in the woods or in the haze of\\nthe distant shore line.\\nGREAT INTERIOR PLAIN. Hawaii appears verdant\\nand beautiful from the sea, but the immediate foreground,\\nas seen from the slopes of Mauna Kea or Mauna Loa, is\\na wild waste of lava. Lava-flows have crossed and\\nrecrossed one another in a confused net-work, and the\\ndesolation is complete and awful. Among the more recent\\nflows, the most pronounced are those of i8jj, 1859 and\\n1880. These are clearly defined and are especially note-\\nworthy for the vast amount of lava disgorged and the dis-\\ntance traversed by each. Being more recent, their black,\\nbulky masses impress the observer as do none of the\\nothers that may have been more terrible in their course\\nbut of which no record remains. Each of these three\\nflows started from great rents in the mountain side, at\\nelevations of from 10,000 to 12,000 feet. The 1855 and\\n1880 flows had their sources in comparative proximity,\\nbut the 18^9 flow started well around on the opposite\\nside of the mountain.\\nTHE LAVA FLOW OF i8jj. This flow was", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "GREAT RUSH OF BOILING LAVA INTO THE WATER.- (Lava Flows of\\nMauna Loa is a better title.) Lava flows from the top of Mauna Loa have taken\\nplace from time to time. Rivers of lire have flowed down the Steep mountain side,\\nsometimes moving slowly, lasting several months, and again dashing down with\\ngreat speed, destroying everything in their path.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "VOLCANOES AND LAVA FLOWS. 195\\nremarkable for its extent, being from two to eight miles\\nwide, with a depth of from three to three hundred feet,\\nand extending in a winding course for a distance of sixty\\nmiles. Writes the Apostle of Hawaiian volcanoes, the\\nRev. Titus Coan, who went to the source of this flow\\nwhile it was in supreme action, We ascended our\\nrugged pathway amidst steam and smoke and heat which\\nalmost blinded and scathed us. We came to open orifices\\ndown which we looked into the fiery river which rushed\\nmadly under our feet. These fiery vents were frequent,\\nsome of them measuring ten, twenty, fifty or one hundred\\nfeet in diameter. In one place only we saw the river un-\\ncovered for thirty rods and rushing down a declivity of\\nfrom ten to twenty-five degrees. The scene was awful,\\nthe momentum incredible, the fusion perfect (white heat),\\nand the velocity forty miles an hour. The banks on each\\nside of the stream were red-hot, jagged and overhanging.\\nAs we viewed it rushing out from under its ebon counter-\\npane, and in the twinkling of an eye diving again into its\\nfiery den, it seemed to say, Stand off 1 Scan me riot 1\\nI am God s messenger. A work to do. Away 1 Later\\nhe wrote again, The great summit fountain is still play-\\ning with fearful energy, and the devouring stream\\nrushes madly down toward us. It is now about ten\\nmiles distant, and heading directly for our bay. In a\\nfew days we may be called to announce the painful fact", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "i 9 6 VOLCANOES AND LAVA FLOWS\\nour beauteous Hilo is no more, that our our\\ninimitable landscape, our emerald bowers, our crescent\\nstrand and our silver bay are blotted out A fiery\\nhangs over us A flood of burning ruin approaches us\\nDevouring fires are near us With sure and solemn prog-\\nress the glowing fusion advances through the dark f c\\nand the dense jungle in our rear, cutting down ancient\\ns of enormous growth and sweeping away all vege-\\ntable life. For months the great summit furnace on\\nMauna Loa has been in awful blast Floods of burning\\ndestruction have swept ily and widely over the top\\nand down the sides of the mountain. The wTathful\\nstream has overcome every obstacle, ending its fiery way\\nfrom its high source to the bases of the everlasting hills,\\n-ding in a molten sea over the plains, penetrating the\\nancient fores:s g the bellowing herds, the wild goats\\nand the affrighted birds before its lurid glare ng noth-\\ning but ebon blackness and smoldering ruin in its tr:i\\nWith rigid beetling front this remarkable flow came to an\\nabrupt halt seven miles from Hilo.\\nTHE LAVA FLOW OF 1859. Writes Mr. Coan of\\nthis outbreak, On the zid ult (January, 1859), the\\nsummit of Mauna Loa was rent with volcanic fires, and\\nuge of igneous fusion rushed forth and poured c\\nthe mountain. Su; was the er _ the tlood that in\\nan hour or two it had reached some twenty miles, filling", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "VOLCANOES AND LAVA FLOWS. 197\\nthe heavens with light and rolling in vivid and burning\\nwaves over the plains below. At first we thought the\\nstream was coming towards Hilo, but at length it turned\\nand rolled over towards the western coast, and entered\\nthe sea on the eighth day after the eruption. The dis-\\ntance may be fifty miles. It is still flowing with great\\npower.\\nMr. Vaudrey, who was on the mountain at the time of\\nthis eruption, got as close as the heat would let him and\\ndescribed what he saw as a simple fountain of white-hot\\nmolten stone, hundreds of feet high and wide, the fall of\\nwhich made a continual dull roar, and caused the ground\\nto tremble beneath me.\\nWrites Mr. Green, who saw the lava from this flow\\nentering the sea, The red-hot molten lava was quietly\\ntumbling into the sea over a low ledge, perhaps six to\\neight feet high, and five to six hundred feet long. The lava\\ndid not seem to be quite so liquid, or of such a bright\\ncolor as it did when it ran out of openings in the side\\nwall of the stream up in the mountain. It ran more like\\nporridge, in great, flattened spheroids, which were some-\\ntimes partially united together, and sometimes almost sep-\\narate. There was no steam to be seen escaping from the\\nlava, and it was not until after each spheroidal mass had\\ndisappeared for a second or two under water that puffs\\nof steam came to the surface. The general effect, how-", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "i 9 8 VOLCANOES AND LAVA FLOWS.\\never, was an apparent steady rise of steam along the whole\\nline. It was a cataract of molten stone.\\nTHE LAVA FLOW OF 1880. Early Friday night,\\nNovember 6, 1880, a bright light was reflected from the\\nclouds above Mauna Loa that increased in brilliancy until\\nmorning. All day Saturday great clouds of smoke could\\nbe seen at Hilo, fifty miles away, rising from the mountain\\nas from a city that had been swept by a great con-\\nflagration. Saturday evening the mountain was wrapped\\nin clouds, but toward midnight they scattered, revealing\\na spectacle that was magnificent beyond all description.\\nThe summit crater was emitting a dense smoke, lighted\\nup by the molten lake of lava. Below, on the mountain\\nside, was an embrasure from which the lava was running\\ndown like a river. Not a break could be seen from the\\noutlet to the very head of the fiery mass. It was a con-\\ntinuous stream of glowing lava, heated to incandescence,\\nmoving steadily down the mountain side. It was like a\\nliving creature gliding out of its fiery prison-house all\\naglow,\\nSquirming and gliding in the mountain s blaze,\\nLike a great serpent with a skin of gold.\\nIts progress was rapid considering the distance of the\\npoint of view, and subsequent observation along the line\\nof the flow proved that the velocity must have been\\ntremendous.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "KAiNEOHE VALLEY.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Kaneohe is on the north side of Oahu. The mountains\\nform a vast circular wall surrounding the valley, with the exception of the side\\ntowards the ocean, where the waters of Kaheohe Bav wash the rocky shores.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "VOLCANOES AND LAVA FLOWS. 201\\nMr. David Hitchcock, who was camping on Mauna\\nKea at the time of this outbreak, saw a spectacle that few\\nhuman eyes have ever beheld. We stood, writes he,\\non the very edge of that flowing river of rock. Oh,\\nwhat a sight it was Not twenty feet from us was this\\nimmense bed of rock slowly moving forward with irre-\\nsistible force, bearing on its surface huge rock and im-\\nmense bowlders of tons weight as water would carry a\\ntoy-boat. The whole front edge was one bright red mass of\\nsolid rock incessantly breaking off from the towering mass\\nand rolling down to the foot of it, to be again covered by\\nanother avalanche of white-hot rocks and sand. The\\nwhole mass at its front edge was from twelve to thirty\\nfeet in height. Along the entire line of its advance it was\\none crash of rolling, sliding, tumbling red-hot rock. We\\ncould hear no explosions while we were near the flow,\\nonly a tremendous roaring like ten thousand blast fur-\\nnaces all at work at once. This was the most extensive\\nflow of recent years, and its progress from the interior\\nplain through the dense forests above Hilo and out on to\\nthe open levels close to the town was startling and men-\\nacing enough. Through the woods especially it was a\\nturbulent, seething mass that toppled over mammoth trees,\\nand licked up streams of water, and day and night kept up\\nan unintermitting cannonade of explosions. The steam\\nand imprisoned gases would burst the congealing surface", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "202 VOLCANOES AND LAVA FLOW\\ni loud detonations that could be heard for many miles.\\nIt was not an infrequent thing for parties to camp out\\nr to the flow over night. Ordinarily a lava-flow\\nmoves sluggishly and congeals rapidly, so that what seems\\nhardihood in the narrating is in reality calm judgment,\\nfor it is perfectly safe to be in the close vicinity of a lava-\\nstream, and even to walk on its surface as soon as one\\nwould be inclined to walk on cooling iron in a foundry.\\nThis notable flow finally ceased within half a mile of Hilo,\\nwhere its black form is a perpetual reminder of a marvel-\\nlous deliverance from destruction.\\nTHE HILO VIADUCT. For several years there was\\na remarkable cave in the flow of 1880, about five miles\\nfrom Hilo, which has since been broken in. In 1884. I\\nwent into this cave with a companion, and followed it\\ndown by tape-measure 1 1 90 feet. The entrance was a\\nred-lava flume with a dip of 35\u00c2\u00b0, the surface all about\\nbeing hard and highly polished. We went in on our\\nks, feet first, through a narrow opening, and drop\\n3 three feet into a tunnel, whose dark polishe:. sides\\nstudded with nodes that glistened in t .die-\\nlight. This tunnel was of striking beauty. We went in a\\ncouching posture for one hundred and thirty- feet, when\\nwe came out into a large gallery twelve or fifteen feet\\nhigh and about ten feet wide. After we had gone three\\nhundred and thirty feet we came to a I ave-in from", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "VOLCANOES AND LAVA FLOWS. 203\\nthe roof of the viaduct, which contained many tons of\\nbasaltic lava. We then went down a steeper decline.\\nThe tunnel became so contracted that at times it was dif-\\nficult to go ahead. Now and then we met with little vil-\\nlages of stalagmites that seemed like so many diminutive\\ndenizens of the nether world. We cut our heads against\\nthe numerous stalactites that hung their sharp points from\\nthe arching roof. At a thousand feet we discovered day-\\nlight ahead, and at last stood under an opening through\\nwhich we could again gaze into the bright blue sky. This\\ntunnel was the central viaduct through which the molten\\nstream from the mountain sustained the onward move-\\nment of that vast field of lava that now lies black and\\nugly back of Hilo. What a gallery of furies must this\\nhave been as the mad mass sped along I It is now cold\\nand black and silent, the catacombs of exhausted phys-\\nical energies that have passed away in the building of a\\nworld.\\nTHE FORGES OF VULCAN. It will take long years\\nto efface the impression made on me by the fiery flank of\\nMauna Loa as I saw it at midnight from the summit of\\nMauna Kea, in 1880. There was that dome-like mount-\\nain, a huge black mass, whose interior is a vast furnace\\nof fire, and by the side of which Vesuvius is but a toy.\\nThere were those rising clouds of illuminated smoke, and\\nthrough the open furnace door we could see the elemental", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "204 VOLCANOES AND LAVA FLOWS.\\nfires as they glowed ominously across the midnight waste.\\nAnd yet there was no earthquake, no sound of the raging\\nfires, nothing but the silence of night and the glowing\\nlava, and far below us, but unseen, the broad Pacific\\nwashing the shores of Hilo, but bringing to our ears no\\nroar of breakers or of surf. Quite in contrast was the\\nweird feeling that came over me as I sat at night in the\\nsilent forest and heard the dull detonations of the lava\\nfive miles away, as it burned and crashed its way through\\nthe dense woods. Occasionally one explosion louder\\nthan the rest startles me with the thought of its prox-\\nimity. Sometimes several explosions follow in quick\\nsuccession, and I am impressed with what seems to be\\nthe unearthly industry of those elemental forces. As the\\nboom boom comes through the tree tops is it hard to\\nimagine that the forges of Vulcan are in full blast, and\\nthat the Cyclops are hammering away for dear life Is\\nit surprising that with such sounds in their memory, the\\nancients, in their mythologies, should have peopled the\\nbowels of the earth with divinities and giant workers?\\nOr, is it strange that those simple islanders, in the times\\nof their ignorance, should have yielded homage to Pele,\\nthe feminine Vulcan of Hawaiian tradition\\nKILAUEA. Hawaii boasts the largest active volcano in\\nthe world. Kilauea, unlike Mokauweoweo, is ceaselessly\\nin action. Great eruptions are not constantly occurring,", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "VOLCANOES AND LAVA FLOWS. 207\\nbut the lava in the various lakes of Kilauea is never\\nquiescent and is frequently in violent ebullition. This\\nvolcano is a pit five or six hundred feet deep, and eight\\nmiles in circumference. What a pit it is Down on its\\nfloor men look no larger than crows. As we descend,\\nthose cliffs at our left beetle over us as though they really\\nwere falling. And when the floor is reached and we look\\nup it quite strains the muscles of one s neck. Why,\\nseveral boastful American cities could be dumped into that\\npit and never a monument or steeple of them all would\\nshow above its rim. Its floor is as black as though a fire\\nhad swept across its prairie-like surface, but it glistens and\\nshimmers in the sunshine like a floor of glass. It does\\nnot appear so level on nearer approach, but is like an\\nimmense ice-floe, the great cakes and slabs of lava being\\npiled- up in endless confusion.\\nFLOOR OF THE CRATER. I take my first step on\\nthe glistening surface and it crackles under foot like the\\nthin icy crust on snow. The lava, cooling rapidly, forms a\\nthin layer of the nature of glass, hard and sharp but\\nexceedingly brittle. Underneath this vitreous shell the\\ndenser lava congeals more slowly, and is heavy as stone,\\nwhereas the crust is light as charcoal and nearly as porous.\\nHow it sparkles on its nether sidel In the sunlight it\\ngives back all the colors of the precious stones amethyst,\\nberyl, ruby, sapphire and emerald. Its surface is com-", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "208 VOLCANOES AND LAVA FLOWS.\\nparatively smooth, but turn it and the light penetrates\\nmillions of opaline cells. This wafer-like crust in some\\nplaces is only a treacherous covering of concealed fissures\\nand cavities. Crunch, crunch we go in Indian file on our\\nweary three-mile walk. Here is a place where the lava\\nspread out its long fingers like the tentacles of a devil-\\nfish. Here we are reminded of the great hawsers of an\\nocean steamship, so exactly are all the ropy twistings imi-\\ntated. I break off a small cone, a few inches high, and\\nit is a nest of sulphur crystals. I put my hand into a\\ncrack and it is uncomfortably warm. I step on one end\\nof a large slab of lava and it breaks like ice, giving me\\na fall of six inches or more, a thing which somewhat\\nstartles me. The smoke rises ahead of us, but we can\\nsee nothing more. What will be our sensations when\\nwe reach that awful caldron and look down on its rest-\\nless, heaving surface 1 A mile back the guide whets the\\nexcitement of the occasion by running to a hillock that is\\nunusually black and glistening, and which proves to be\\ndecidedly warm. That was last night, he says, with\\nbeaming face.\\nTHE LAKE OF FIRE. The guide leads across fissures\\nthat are multiplying about us, and from which hot air\\nrises. This place looks as though it might vomit liquid\\nlava any moment. Here we teeter on a broad cake, that\\nmay be the only thing between us and the liquid lava.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "VOLCANOES AND LAVA FLOWS. 209\\nHow hollow our feet sound as we step from cake to\\ncake! I hear what sounds like the sea madly booming\\nin a deep cavern. I hear the sizzling of steam. The\\nswash of the surf, and the grinding and crackling of a\\nriver breaking up in spring are sounds that become more\\ndistinct at each step. The heat is intense. All the way\\nthe sun has shone with steady glare, and its rays have\\nbeen sent back into our faces from the glass-like surface.\\nBut now the heat is dry and burns with its breath.\\nLouder and louder are the sounds so strangely mixed.\\nA report deep as of a cannon is followed by a rattle of\\nmusketry. Just then, we run a few steps to the left,\\nand Halemaumau, the house everlasting, the lake which\\nburneth with fire and brimstone, whose fire is not\\nquenched, lies all exposed to view. At the farther end is\\na red-hot cave into which the lava booms and splashes,\\nand from whose roof hang numberless orange-colored\\nstalactites, just in process of formation, the ends of the\\nlonger ones anon bathed in the ebbing and glowing cur-\\nrent, and dripping like melting icicles. Yonder is an island,\\nbehind which there is exceptional disturbance. The great\\nsurface heaves like billows and, dashing against the walls\\nwhich inclose the lake, spatters them with great clots of\\nmelted stone. Again the lake is as immobile as though\\nfrozen. At such times visitors look with disdain at the\\nbrown congealed surface. Where is the turbulent sea of", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "2io- VOLCANOES AND LAVA FLOWS.\\nfire they exclaim. Hardly does such a complaint escape\\nwhen crack and a seam opens clear across the lake, and\\na yellowish-red liquid oozes out that looks like boiling\\nmolasses. The activity increases. A dozen fountains\\nbegin to play. The whole surface palpitates, the cracks\\nmultiply, and like a mighty tide the current sets in behind\\nthe island, fountains playing at many points over the\\nrapidly changing lake. Halemaumau, now everywhere\\nbroken and boiling, begins to rise. The lava moves about\\nin indescribable currents, crowds the narrow passage back\\nof the island, halts a moment, and tips one-third of the\\nmass into the seething lake. It is like the launching of\\nan iron-clad. Liquid tongues of fire leap up and close\\nover it, the great cakes of congealed lava slide over the\\nplace where it disappeared, and the mighty mass continues\\nthrobbing until gradually the surface congeals again, and\\nall action seems to cease. As one stands in the hot\\nbreathings of that busy caldron, it is easy to recall the\\ngraphic imagery of T. B. Aldrich:\\nI saw wild figures there,\\nSometimes it was a castle\\nWith turrets all agleam\\nA draw bridge, stretching like an arm\\nAcross the molten stream\\nGonfalons, and warriors\\nEncased in armor red;\\nAnd all the legends I had heard\\nCame trooping thro my head.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "VOLCANOES AND LAVA FLOWS. 211\\nTHE GODDESS PELE. When there is unusual com-\\nmotion in Kilauea, myriads of thread-like filaments float\\nin the air and fall upon the cliffs, making deposits much\\nresembling matted hair. A single filament over fifteen\\ninches long was picked up by me from my Hilo veranda,\\nhaving sailed in the air from Mokuaweoweo, a distance\\nof fifty miles. This is the famous Pele s Hair, being the\\nglass-like product of volcanic fires. It resembles Prince\\nRupert s Drops, and the tradition is that whenever the vol-\\ncano becomes active, it is because Pele, the goddess of\\nthis pit, emerges from her fiery furnace and shakes her\\nvitreous locks in anger. This fabled being, according to\\nEmerson, in a paper on The Lesser Hawaiian Gods,\\ncould at times assume the appearance of a handsome\\nyoung woman, as when Kamapuaa, to his cost, was\\nsmitten with her charms when first he saw her with her\\nsisters at Kilauea. This Kamapuaa was a gigantic hog who\\ncould appear as a handsome young man, a hog, a fish, or\\na tree. At other times the innate character of the fury\\nshowed itself, and Pele appeared in her usual form as an\\nugly and hateful old hag, with tattered and fire-burnt\\ngarments, scarcely concealing the filth and nakedness of\\nher person. Her bloodshot eyes and fiendish counte-\\nnance paralyzed the beholder, and her touch turned him\\nto stone. She was a jealous and vindictive monster, de-\\nlighting in cruelty, and at the slightest provocation over-", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "212 VOLCANOES AND LAVA FLOWS.\\nwhelming the unoffending victims of her rage in wide-\\nspread ruin.\\nAT CLOSER RANGE. Notwithstanding the terrific\\neruptions that have traced their tale of destruction over a\\nlarge part of Hawaii, it is comparatively safe to venture\\non to the surface, underneath which a molten tide is rush-\\ning, or to stand within reaching distance of the palpitating\\nbut viscid surface of some of the smaller lakes in the\\ncrater of Kilauea. There are premonitory symptoms of\\napproaching eruption that give ample warning to experi-\\nenced persons. Do you wish to study the movement of\\ngreat lava-flows? Here is a tiny stream, moving slug-\\ngishly on the floor of the crater, and we seat ourselves\\nwithin three feet of it and watch its progress. The dark\\ncrust, only partially congealed at the front of the stream,\\nswells and swells until it opens and exudes molten matter\\nsufficient to cover a square foot, which in turn congeals\\nand grows blacker until the pressure of the heated mass\\nin the conduit underneath again lifts up the crust and\\nspreads itself as before. The direction of the flow de-\\npends wholly upon the location of the weakest spots in\\nthe congealed surface. If that is always at the front, the\\npressure will cause the lava to go up hill rather than down\\na steep slope close at hand, down which it certainly would\\ngo were the congealed crust on that side weaker than\\nin front.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "VOLCANOES AND LAVA FLOWS. 213\\nDo you wish to hear the weird, uncanny voices from\\nthe bottomless pit Come with me to yonder cone, fif-\\nteen feet high, that is puffing like a fire-engine. We go up\\nto it, and find that its base is hot and that lava is oozing\\nout of an opening in the side. We thrust our canes into\\nthe steam-hole and the cone trembles and roars as though\\nit would blow us out of existence. Just beyond we climb\\nup another cone, and peer down into its interior as well\\nas we can in the face of hot currents and puffs that almost\\nscorch us. Those mumblings and sibilant sounds may\\nwell be the language of intangible and hideous furies in\\nthe bowels of the earth.\\nDo you wish to touch with your cane the surface of a\\nsmall lake that is not in ebullition Then come with me\\nto South Lake. We clamber over bowlders and slabs of\\nlava that not many weeks ago were a seething mass, and\\nthe hot air seems hotter and the way more hazardous\\nwhen suddenly we find ourselves at the edge of an omi-\\nnously quiet pond of lava, whose surface trembles and\\nwhose edges show the highly-heated, orange-colored\\nliquid glowing underneath. We watch with fascination\\nthose peculiar palpitations and quiverings so characteristic\\nof viscid bodies at high temperature. The white heat\\nbelow that thin crust is little less than 3000 Fahrenheit,\\nand yet such an excellent non-conductor is the congealed\\nsurface that, although almost beaten back by the heat, we", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "214 VOLCANOES AND LAVA FLOWS.\\nactually press that surface with our canes, holding our hats\\nbefore our faces.\\nREMARKABLE DISAPPEARANCE OF FIRES. The\\ngreat lake of Halemaumau has been in constant action for\\nages, and is still the largest active volcano in the world.\\nBut in March, 1886, the fires in that ancient caldron totally\\ndisappeared, and the immediate vicinity sank to a depth\\nof nearly six hundred feet. As related by Thrum, in a\\npamphlet on The Suspended Activity of Kilauea, Dis-\\ntant rumbling noises were heard, accompanied by a series\\nof earthquakes, forty-three in number. With the fourth\\nshock, which was quite severe, the brilliancy of New Lake\\ndisappeared, and towards 3 A. M. the fires in Halemaumau\\ndisappeared also, leaving the whole crater in darkness.\\nWith the dawn the shocks and noises ceased, and revealed\\nthe changes which Kilauea had undergone in the night.\\nAll the high cliffs surrounding Halemaumau and New\\nLake, which had become a prominent feature in the crater,\\nhad vanished entirely, and the molten lava of both lakes\\nhad disappeared by some subterranean passage from the\\nbottom of Halemaumau. There was no material change\\nin the sunken portion of the crater except a continual\\nfalling in of rocks and debris from its banks, as the\\ncontraction from its former intense heat loosened their\\ncompactness and sent them hurling some 200 or 300 feet\\nbelow, giving forth at times a boom as of distant thunder,", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "THE GREAT CRATER OF KILAUEA.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 On the island of Hawaii is the\\nlargest active volcano in the world. The crater of Kilauea is on the slopes ol\\nMauna Loa, four thousand feet above the level of the sea. It is nine miles in\\ncircumference, with a depth, at present, of five hundred feet.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "VOLCANOES AND LAVA FLOWS. 217\\nfollowed by clouds of cinders and ashes shooting up into\\nthe air 100 to 300 feet, proportionate, doubtless, to the size\\nof the newly fallen mass.\\nThis remarkable recession of the liquid lava in Hale-\\nmaumau presented a vivid illustration of the dying throes\\nof exhausted volcanoes. The Rev. Mr. Baker, probably\\nthe most adventuresome explorer of Hawaiian volcanoes,\\nactually descended into that crumbling pit to a point within\\nwhat he judged to be fifty feet of the bottom. But Hale-\\nmaumau had only taken an intermission, and in two short\\nmonths signs of returning life became frequent and un-\\nmistakable, and in June culminated in the sudden out-\\nbreak of a lake that has since then steadily increased in\\nactivity.\\nSULPHUR DEPOSITS. The vicinity of Kilauea is\\nmarked by fissures and cracks and steamholes that have\\nbeen formed by the violence of earthquakes and the per-\\nsistent pressure of imprisoned gases. Over some of these\\nfissures and holes deposits of sulphur are found, in one\\ninstance forming an extensive bed that well repays a visit.\\nSuch a visit impresses one with the awe that steadily\\ngrows in the presence of these hidden forces of the earth.\\nWe come to a large bank or mound of decomposed sul-\\nphur crystals, between which and a precipice of basalt\\nwe pick our way, anon charmed at the purity and beauty\\nof crystals freshly formed at the mouths of vent-holes,", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "2iS VOLCANOES AND LAVA FLOWS\\nscalded it may be by the steam that does not congeal, so\\nthat we can know when to be on our guard, and pro-\\nfoundly shaken in our confidence in things terrestrial as\\nturning the comer of a bowlder we hear unearthly and\\nhalf-human gurglings under our fee:. Really we see:n to\\nbe nearer the bottomless pit than when looking down\\nupon the fires in Halemaumau, three miles aw\\nFROM CHAC S 7 D PARADISE. Some one has called\\nattention to a remark that :jji be seen at\\nKilauea at certain seasons of the year. When the hea\\\\y\\ngases hang at night in clouds like reflectors over the glow-\\ning lakes of Kilauea, clear and beautiful in the unclouded\\nsky shines t he incomparable Southern Cr :ss. .As we turn\\nfrom that great pit, a stronger contrast is close at hand.\\nAmple accommodations in a modem-built hotel\\nafforded us the comforts of easy beds and of well-sp\\ntables, but our eyes have looked out upon the de\\\\*asta-\\ntion and lurid lights of a terrible abyss from every door\\nand window. We can ride over a good road in a carriage\\nfrom our hotel to charming Hilo, thirty miles away, and a\\nmoment s :s that\\nDeep Hades of the seven Phlegethoos\\nbehind us and completely out of sight, and ushers us\\ninto a ne rid of luxuriant tropic verdure. We can not\\nforget nor wholly shut out from our thoughts the sc:\\nleft behind, but the memory of them serves to enha", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "VOLCANOES AND LAVA FLOWS. 219\\nthe enjoyment of this truly delightful ride. Tali tree-Terns\\nbend benevolently over the ample roadway, and the fra-\\ngrance of the woods, and the grateful shade and the occa-\\nsional fluttering of timid birds, and the rare glimpses of\\nMauna Kea and Mauna Loa with their cloaks of snow,\\nrender this ride a memorable one. Its attractiveness in-\\ncreases as the road nears Hilo. The last woods are dense\\nand high, and there is a truly tropical profusion of vegeta-\\ntion. At last Hilo, with its incomparably beautiful bay,\\nand its grand mountains, and its quiet, shaded streets,\\nand its seclusion from the noisy world, welcomes the tired\\ntraveler to all the blessings of an earthly Paradise. After a\\nbath in one of those wonderful Hilo tubs, into which and\\nout of which the limpid streams are forever flowing, you\\nseat yourself on the veranda in a reclining chair where\\nthe fragrant odors of roses and plumerias suffuse the air,\\nand listen to the tales of host and hostess about the\\nfamous lava-flows and the earthquake experiences of a\\ngeneration.\\nEARTHQUAKES OF 1868. This eruption was the\\nmost remarkable and disastrous one in the history of the\\nIslands. Writes Alexander, On the 27th of March an\\neruption began in the summit crater of Mauna Loa, at-\\ntended by a long series of earthquake shocks. At length,\\non the 25th of April, a terrific earthquake took place, which\\nshook down every stone wall and nearly every house in", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "220 VOLCANOES AND LAVA FLOWS.\\nKau, and did more or less damage in every part of Hawaii.\\nImmediately after this earthquake a tremendous wave,\\nforty or fifty feet high, rolled in upon the coast of Kau,\\nsweeping away all the villages from Kaalualu to Keau-\\nhou, and destroying some cocoanut groves. Over eighty\\npersons perished in a few minutes, and the survivors\\nwere left destitute and suffering. In the words of Mr.\\nCoan: The shock filled all Kau, Hilo and Puna with\\nawe and consternation. It seemed as if the very pillars\\nand frame-work of creation would break. For three min-\\nutes, while it continued, I had scarcely a hope for our\\nhouse or for our town. One woman was killed near us\\nby a falling bank that buried her. Scores of people escaped\\nas by a miracle, while the rocks were falling around them.\\nThe sea came in up to Front Street, and threatened to\\noverwhelm all along the shore. That was a fearful night\\npeople left their houses and walked the streets or clus-\\ntered under trees or camped in the fields watching for\\nthe morning.\\nIn the district of Kau there were said to have been\\nover two thousand shocks from March 28th to April 1 ith.\\nEarthquakes are to me more terrific than volcanic erup-\\ntion, writes Mr. Coan, because they come so suddenly,\\ngiving no warning and no time to escape, while men may\\nusually walk deliberately away from a lava stream, taking\\nmany of their precious things with them. Eye-witnesses", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "VOLCANOES AND LAVA FLOWS. 223\\njf the shocks in Kau, where they were most severely\\nfelt, describe them as throwing persons from their feet,\\nand as serving horses and other animals in the same way.\\nWrote Mr. Lyman, First the earth swayed to and fro,\\nnorth and south, then east and west, round and round,\\nthen up and down and in every imaginable direction for\\nseveral minutes, everything crashing around us, the trees\\nthrashing about as if torn by a mighty rushing wind. It\\nwas impossible to stand; we had to sit on the ground,\\nbracing with hands and feet to keep from rolling over.\\nLEGEND OF HALAI. It was but natural that such\\nsurroundings should develop among the early aborigines a\\nbelief in the malignancy of their gods. There are legends,\\nhowever, that show that there were glimpses of a finer\\nspirit of beneficent service wrought by their deities, as\\nwhen Maui sprang upon the sun and broke off some\\nof his rays, so that he was thereafter obliged to travel at\\na slower pace through the heavens and furnish a day of\\nsufficient length for kapa drying and other domestic cares.\\nBack of Hilo are three cone craters in a line to the sea.\\nDistressed by a long-continued drought, a Kahuna an-\\nnounced that some one must offer himself as a sacrifice\\nin order to secure rain. One of the most beloved prin-\\ncesses thereupon offered herself and was burned alive.\\nShortly afterwards one of these hills rose in the place\\nwhere the sacrifice was made. Our princess is a god", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "224 VOLCANOES AND LAVA FLOWS.\\nand is walking to the sea for water for our land, said the\\npeople, as another hill rose a little nearer the sea. Later,\\nthe last hill, Halai, came up, and then, after patient waiting\\nby the expectant people, copious rains descended and\\n7 t ::ei recuse the:: ieifiei r::r.:ess\\nreached the sea, and filled the clouds till they burst with\\n7.;:~f sr.i .vers.\\nHEATHEN OBLATIONS. In 1881, when the roar-\\ning river which had threatened to overwhelm beautiful\\nHilo had well-nigh expended its energy and was slowly\\nspreading out but making little progress forward, another\\nprincess, neither young nor beautiful, a woman of the\\n75 physique and of the densest mind, encamped\\nher retainers on one of these craters dose to the la\\\\^a\\nstream, and performed heathen rites to avert the impend-\\ning disaster. There was none of the heroic in her act or\\nin any of the surroundings. She broke bottles of brandy\\non the black lava, and made the goddess Pele presents of\\nsilk handkerchiefs and other trifles, and for two w\\nconducted incantations on a generous scale. Shortly after\\n_7-;r.rr.\\nThe legend of the princess who sacrificed herself, and\\nthe act of the princess whose superstition convinced her\\nof the efficacy of incantatier e alike the product of\\ninfantile imagination, as compared with the grander con-\\nuon of mighty fo: rking by design.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "HAWAIIAN MONARCHY.\\nKAMEHAMEHA S ARBITRARY REIGN. Kame-\\nhameha I. was a conqueror, subjugating everything to his\\npersonal will. So long as he lived, his iron will and mas-\\nterful spirit prevailed over all opposition. He was, more-\\nover, possessed of statesmanlike qualities. He saw the\\nneed of buttressing the newly organized monarchy, and\\nso insisted on all the minute requirements of the tabu\\nsystem relative to the sacredness of the king s person.\\nHe likewise made himself supreme by claiming personal\\nownership of all the land, which he dextrously assigned\\nto his favorite chiefs, to hold at his pleasure, thus attach-\\ning them to his cause. He moreover made it well-nigh\\nimpossible for ambitious chiefs to establish themselves in\\nsuccessful opposition to his rule by assigning each chief\\nland, not in one district but in several, thus avoiding con-\\ncentration of power in the hands of any but himself. He\\nshrewdly retained about his person those chiefs whom\\nhe distrusted, limiting thus their temptation to sedition.\\nHe was an arbitrary ruler, strong, sagacious, alert, but a\\nthorough pagan and a believer in the sacredness of kings.\\nHe came to his supreme control through conflict and the\\ndisastrous rout of his foes, organizing order and respect\\n226", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "226 HAWAIIAN MONARCHY.\\nfor authority in the midst of confusion and internecine\\nwarfare but, while his conquest brought peace to a war-\\nscouiged land, it introduced no new privileges for the\\ncommon people, but bound them rather in closer sub-\\nseniency to king and chiefs and priests. There was one\\nruler instead of many, but not the slightest exemption for\\nthe people from the burdens of an irksome serfdom.\\nREACTION SETS IN. Wr.er. :r.e s:r:r.z r^.z\\nKi~ehi~er.2 ur. .::sei ::s rrisr, rr.ir^rzi .ir. .r .v r.j\\ncame after him. He incarnated in himself the oppressive\\nsystem that had exhausted itself in its excesses, and when\\nhe dosed his eyes in death the spell was broken, and the\\nnation broke away from all ar:\\nhameha s son no sooner found himself at the head\\nnation than he threw the weight of his example i\\nscales against a perpetuation of the tabu system.\\ns queens urged the son on to the course that\\nproved popular even among the priests of the old order,\\nand forthwith the nation swung out from under the irk-\\nsome restraints of organized heathenism into the utmost\\nlicense of personal depravity regardless of all conse-\\nquences. This was an opportune moment for the intro-\\nduction of the new forces, individual and social, that came\\nwith the Gospel missionaries. But it was a fatal blow to\\ncentralized and organized authority. A less \\\\iolent transi-\\ntion would have conserved the interests of the monarchy.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "IOL\\\\X[ P\\\\L\\\\CE One of the most conspicuous buildings of Honolulu is the\\nIolanf Palace, the former residence of the ruler of Hawaii, now used by the present\\ngovernment- It is of prettv. modest architecture, built of brick and covered with\\ncem, ,nds in spacious grounds, filled with many varieties of palms and\\nBt tropical foliage.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "HAWAIIAN MONARCHY. 229\\nAlthough the king himself was the apostle and guide into\\nthe lawlessness and dissipation that ensued, his course\\nwas in effect a blow at the political prestige of the mon-\\narchy. Henceforth there was to be constant pressure for\\nlarger privileges, a pressure that even the throne could not\\nignore without further loss of prestige and of power.\\nGROWTH OF POLITICAL PRIVILEGE. The cen-\\ntury from 1 79 j, when Kamehameha acquired by conquest\\nthe sovereignty of the Islands, to 1893, when the mon-\\narchy in the person of Liliuokalani collapsed by its own\\nact, marks a gradual growth of political privilege accom-\\npanied by futile attempts to retain royal prerogatives, and\\nin some instances to regain what had been lost. The\\ncentury, however, is also marked by voluntary conces-\\nsions from the throne that indicated wise statesmanship\\nand a liberal and progressive spirit, notably in the career\\nof Kamehameha III. For twenty-four years Kamehameha\\nthe Great held the nation as in a vise. His son, during a\\nshort reign of five years, by his dissipation and weak-\\nness, encouraged turbulence and a rebellious spirit. The\\naccession of Kauikeaouli, the second son of Kamehameha,\\nushered in a reign that proved in many respects the most\\nbeneficent in Hawaiian history. Great credit must be\\naccorded this enlightened prince for so heartily recognizing\\nthe principle of popular rights. He might have obstructed\\nand delayed the emancipation of his people, but with his", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "230 HAWAIIAN MONARCHY..\\nlarge resources as a natural leader he chose to promote\\nthe condition of the common people. I he indirect in-\\nfluence of Gospel teaching induced conditions that he was\\nwise to improve, but which would have brought about\\ninevitably the same results without his aid, albeit not so\\nrapidly and peaceably.\\nBASIS OF POLITICAL UNREST. It was during the\\nreign of Kamehameha III. that the great religious awak-\\nening occurred. From the terrorism of the ancient tabu\\nsystem, the common people came out into the light and\\nliberty of a Christian civilization. The profound influence\\nexerted upon the emancipated people by the stimulus of\\nnew ideas and by personal contact with the remarkable\\nmen forming the American mission, can not be overesti-\\nmated as affording the basis for political advancement.\\nSchools sprang up all over the nation. Books were scat-\\ntered among the people. Brought face to face with the\\ngreat and uplifting truths of the Christian religion, the\\ncommon people were taught to think, and encouraged to\\ndecide and act and helped to bear responsibilities. Politi-\\ncal advancement has more than once in history been built\\nup on the basis of religious progress and enlightenment.\\nThe marvellous changes wrought in the nation under\\nKamehameha III. are inexplicable except as the religious\\nawakening and the consequent intellectual and moral de-\\nvelopment of the people furnish the basis. The king was", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "HAWAIIAN MONARCHY. 231\\naffected by the apparent readiness of the common people\\nfor a more progressive government, as he was also con-\\nstrained by the social and industrial necessity of a read-\\njustment in the ownership of land. He was in touch\\nwith his times, and his reign, the longest of any Hawaiian\\nmonarch, covering a period of twenty-nine years, was the\\ngolden era of the Hawaiian race.\\nTHE FIRST CONSTITUTION. Though the first Ha-\\nwaiian Constitution was the free gift of Kamehameha III.\\nto his people, it is worthy of note that he was aided in its\\ndrafting by graduates of the highest school in the nation,\\nwhose acquired ideas of government had marked influence\\nin shaping that instrument. The king thus conceded to\\nhis subjects at the outset a share in formulating the funda-\\nmental law of the land. By this constitution a legislative\\nbranch of the government was constituted, consisting of\\nfifteen hereditary nobles and seven representatives, elected\\nby the people. For the first time, Hawaiian subjects were\\nthus accorded a legitimate participation in the govern-\\nment. The granting of this constitution naturally led to\\nlegislation improving the condition of the people, and\\nequalizing the burdens of taxation. Thus all arbitrary\\ntaxes and all arbitrary forced labor were done away with,\\nand the right of individuals distinctly outlined. The spirit\\nof this constitution may be inferred from the follow-\\ning quotation Protection is hereby assured to the per-", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "232 HAWAIIAN MONARCHY.\\nsons of all the people, together with their lands, their\\nbuilding lots, and all their property, while they conform\\nto the laws of the kingdom, and nothing whatever shall\\nbe taken from any individual except by express provision\\nof the law. That the mass of the people did not com-\\nprehend the importance of this concession made it none\\nthe less a remarkable advance in popular rights, laying the\\nfoundations for subsequent concessions of even greater\\npolitical privilege. Whatever its effect on the monarchy,\\nit was a wise and patriotic measure.\\nCONSTITUTION OF i8p. The constitution of 1840\\ncame directly from the king as a gratuitous grant to his\\npeople. Twelve years of constitutional government, albeit\\ncrudely organized and administered, was like an era of\\neducation to the people in the rights and privilges of citi-\\nzenship, and so, when steps were taken in iSp to draft\\na new and better constitution, we are hardly surprised to\\nnote that it was the legislature that provided for a com-\\nmission for that purpose. We are not surprised greatly to\\nnote also that in this commission the king, the nobles, and\\nthe representatives were each given a voice, being each\\nrepresented by a commission of their own. The nature\\nof this constitution likewise shows the prodigious strides\\ntaken in constitutional privilege. In two important par-\\nticulars the constitution of 18^2 was a great advance on\\nthat of 1840. The representatives were increased in", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "HAWAIIAN MONARCHY. 233\\nnumber, and were allowed the privilege of sitting in a\\nseparate house, with their own parliamentary organiza-\\ntion. The adoption of this constitution by nobles and\\nrepresentatives, and its signature by the king, fairly inau-\\ngurated a liberal constitutional government under auspi-\\ncious conditions. Thus far we have sound political\\nevolution without any of the conflicts and antagonisms\\nthat have elsewhere marked the progress of constitutional\\ngovernment. But the basis had been laid for friction that\\nwas sure to follow under less progressive and patriotic\\nmonarchs.\\nPERILS FROM WITHOUT. It was during the reign\\nof Kamehameha III. that the nation passed through the\\nstrain of foreign interference which, on several occa-\\nsions, endangered the autonomy of Hawaii. It was\\nfortunate that the king was patriotic and discreet, for a\\nheadstrong or a vacillating or a cowardly ruler, in spite\\nof shrewd and weighty counsel, would have precipitated\\nthe downfall of the monarchy and wrecked the indepen-\\ndence of the nation. This foreign interference had its real\\nsource in the mutual jealousies of France and England,\\nboth nations being busily engaged in acquiring new pos-\\nsessions in the Pacific. Both nations were undoubtedly\\nencouraged in their encroachments by the absence, at that\\ntime, of any pronounced policy on the part of the United\\nStates toward those islands. The practical failure of either", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "234 HAWAIIAN MONARCHY.\\nnation to impair the sovereignty of Hawaii was due\\nmainly to the helpful counsel and service of foreign resi-\\ndents, and to the timely recognition by the United States\\nof the autonomy of Hawaii and of its purpose to sustain\\nthat autonomy.\\nFRENCH AGGRESSIONS. The ostensible reason for\\nFrench interference in the government of Hawaii was the\\nprotection of French residents in the enjoyment of reli-\\ngious privileges. The king and the chiefs in 1837 issued\\na severe ordinance rejecting the Catholic religion, which\\nforbade the teaching of that religion, or the landing of any\\nteacher of it except in cases of necessity. This position,\\nhowever, under the pressure of better counsels from Pro-\\ntestant missionaries and others, was abandoned and an\\nedict of toleration was issued June 17, 1839. On July 9,\\n1839, the French frigate Artemise, Capt. Laplace, arrived\\nat Honolulu, for the purpose of putting an end to the\\nill-treatment to which the French have been victims at\\nthe Sandwich Islands. Without making any investiga-\\ntion, Laplace formulated several demands, exacting the\\nimmediate payment of twenty thousand dollars as a guar-\\nantee of future good conduct towards France. If the\\nking and chiefs refuse to sign the treaty I present, war\\nwill immediately commence, and all the devastations\\nand calamities which may result shall be imputed to\\nthem alone. Foreign residents came to the aid of the", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "HAWAIIAN MONARCHY.\\noo\\ngovernment in loaning money to meet this demand. That\\nthe ostensible reason for these demands was not the real\\none appears in the fact that Laplace, two days afterwards,\\ninsisted on the unconditional signing of a new treaty\\naffording French residents privileges not accorded to other\\nforeign residents. Three years later similar demands were\\nformulated by Capt. Mallet, of the French corvette Em-\\nbuscade. The king made a courteous and dignified\\nreply, writes Alexander, assuring Capt Mallet that com-\\nplete religious toleration was secured by the constitution\\nand laws of his kingdom, and that if there had been any\\ninstances of abuse, they were not authorized by the gov-\\nernment, and that the courts of justice were open to all,\\nand would afford redress if appealed to. In conclusion,\\nhe informed Capt. Mallet that an embassy had been sent\\nto France to ask for a new treaty. Seven years later\\nAdmiral De Tromelin submitted ten demands, the king\\nat once responding, that the courts of the kingdom were\\nopen for the redress of all grievances, and that until justice\\nhad been denied by them there could be no occasion for\\ndiplomatic interference. The French Admiral immediately\\ntook possession of the fort, dismantling it, confiscating all\\nthe shipping and destroying everything in the governor s\\nhouse. This French occupation lasted for ten days,\\nafter which the admiral sailed away. Two years later\\nthe French Commissioner again presented the same ten", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "236 HAWAIIAN MONARCHY.\\ndemands. This led to the preparation of a proclamation\\nby the king, from which we quote Finding our rela-\\ntions with France so oppressive to my kingdom, so incon-\\nsistent with its rights as an independent state, and so\\nobstructive of all our endeavors to administer the govern-\\nment of our islands with equal justice with all nations\\nand equal independence of all foreign control, and des-\\npairing of equity and justice from France, hereby proclaim\\nas our royal will and pleasure that all our islands and all\\nour rights as sovereign over them are from date hereof\\nplaced under the protection and safeguard of the United\\nStates of America until some arrangement can be made\\nto place our said relations with France upon a footing\\ncompatible with my rights as an independent sovereign\\nunder the laws of nations and compatible with my treaty\\nengagements with other foreign nations; or, if such ar-\\nrangements be found impracticable, then is our wish and\\npleasure that the protection aforesaid under the United\\nStates of America be perpetual. The knowledge that this\\nproclamation was drawn up, and waiting only the inser-\\ntion of the date to make it operative, led to the with-\\ndrawal of the French demands, which have never since\\nbeen presented.\\nENGLISH AGGRESSIONS. The ostensible reason\\nfor English interference was to secure the protection of\\nEnglish residents in certain land-claims, which, with a", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "PRINCESS KaIULANL\u00e2\u0080\u0094 She is the daughter of Mr. Cleghoru, a Scotchman, who\\nhas resided in Honolulu for many years, and Like-Like, a sister of the ex-Queen\\nLiliuokalaui. Like-Like died in 18S7. She was appointed heir apparent to the\\nthrone of Hawaii by Liliuokalani in 1891.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "HAWAIIAN MONARCHY. 239\\nsingle exception, were afterward acknowledged to be un-\\njust. On February 10, 1843, the British frigate Carysfort,\\ncommanded by Lord George Paulet, arrived at Honolulu.\\nLord Paulet, a few days after, sent peremptory demands\\naccompanied by the threat that if they were not immedi-\\nately complied with, coercive steps would follow. The\\nKing responded that ambassadors had been sent to Eng-\\nland with full power to settle all difficulties, but that he\\nwould comply with the demands made until the British\\ngovernment should be heard from. Subsequent pressure\\nfrom Lord Paulet convinced the King that the seizure of\\nthe Islands was intended, and he accordingly ceded them\\ntemporarily, pending an appeal to the British government.\\nJust forty-nine years after the cession to Vancouver, the\\nBritish colors were again hoisted, and a British Commis-\\nsion assumed control of the government. This continued\\nfor five months, until the arrival of Admiral Thomas, who\\ndisavowed the seizure of the Islands by Paulet, and on\\nJuly 31st restored again the Hawaiian flag, causing the\\nBritish men-of-war to salute it with twenty-one guns.\\nREAL INTENT OF FOREIGN INTERFERENCE.\\nWriting in 1873, Hon. S. N. Castle, a man long in confiden-\\ntial relations with the different sovereigns, and on intimate\\nterms with foreign representatives at Honolulu, said, It\\nhas been stated to the writer that Capt. Laplace, in 1839,\\ndid not expect that the $20,000 demanded by him could", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "240 HAWAIIAN MONARCHY.\\nbe raised, and that in failure thereof he would take p ^ses-\\nsion, as he had just done at Tahiti. Such is also believed\\nto have been the intention of Capt. Mallet in 1842. The\\noccupation by the British in 1843 was to anticipate French\\noccupation, which they believed to have been determined\\nupon, as was stated by one of the British Commissioners\\nto the writer at the time. That occupation, however,\\nha\\\\ing taken place, would have continued, as stated by\\nLord Aberdeen to Mr. Richards, if the Admiral had not\\nalready restored the flag. And it is stated that the Admiral\\nwas moved to do this when he did, because Lord Paulet\\ndid not send his despatches to him as he should have\\ndone, but sent them directly to the foreign office.\\nEdward Everett, then American Minister to England,\\nwrote from London to the State Department, August 15,\\n1843, Had France got possession of the islands, she\\nwould certainly have retained them. Had intelligence been\\nreceived here of Lord George Paulet s occupation of them\\nbefore the promise was given to recognize them, England,\\nI think, would not have given them up.\\nIt is worthy of note that Commodore Kearney, of the\\nUnited States frigate Constellation, arming at Honolulu on\\nthe 6th of July, issued a protest against the cession, and\\nwhen his vessel was visited by Governor Kekuanaoa and\\nthe young chiefs, he saluted them under the Hawaiian\\nthus greatly irritating Lord Paulet. It is also worthy", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "HAWAIIAN MONARCHY. 241\\nof record that Dr. Judd, the King s confidential counsellor,\\nfearing the seizure of the royal archives, secretly removed\\nthem to the royal tomb, where, in the words of Jarves,\\nsurrounded by the former sovereigns of Hawaii, and\\nusing the coffin of Kaahumanu for a table, for many weeks\\nhe nightly found an unsuspected asylum for his labors in\\nbehalf of the Kingdom.\\nEFFECT OF FOREIGN INTERFERENCE. The\\nFrench and English aggressions, covering a period of twelve\\nyears, and terminating only about three years before the\\ndeath of Kamehameha III., led to three distinct results\\naffecting the future of Hawaii. In the first place, the na-\\ntion recognized its inability to cope with serious difficulties\\nwithout the advice and aid of its foreign residents. To\\nthese men largely belongs the credit of preserving the\\nmonarchy and of maintaining the autonomy of Hawaii.\\nBut, in the second place, it is clear that in spite of the\\neffective service rendered by these men, Hawaii demon-\\nstrated its inability to maintain its national existence inde-\\npendent of the protection of some strong foreign power.\\nIn the light of these events, Hawaiian independence was\\na figment, and men came to realize this both in Hawaii\\nand in the United States. In the third place, the king\\nbecame discouraged on account of the demands made\\nupon him by foreign powers, and himself became an ad-\\nvocate of annexation to the United States as a solution of", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "242 HAWAIIAN MONARCHY.\\nr\\nall governmental difficulties. During his reign his people\\ncreased in number fifty per cent. This disc uraging\\nI ad, added to the perils threatening the national exists\\nbrought many to look forward to annexation as inevitable\\nand to be desired.\\nWe have elsewhere spoken of the broad-minded\\nstatesmanship of Kamehameha III. in granting homes: r\\nto the common people. In every way he contributed to\\nthe political and industrial advancement of his people, and\\ndeserves honor above all the sovereigns of Hawaii, not\\neven excepting the great Kamehameha himself. In the\\nyears of his reign he was dissipated, but later he\\nrecovered himself and wrought wisely for his people.\\nOppressed by the decadence of the race, and the extinc-\\ntion of the chiefs and the perplexities of government, he\\nrelapsed into the excesses of his youth and died amid the\\nuniversal mourning of the nation.\\nRETURN TO AUTOCRATIC RULE. The close of the\\nbrief and uneventful reign of Kamehameha IV. ushered in\\nthe sway of the imperious and self-willed Kamehameha V.,\\nthe last of the Kamehameha dynasty. Writes Alexander,\\nHe had inherited somewhat of the firs; K.irnehameha s\\nstrength of will and practical shrewdness, and had shown\\nconsiderable administrative ability as Minister of the Inte-\\nrior during the previous reign. He had been opposed to\\nsome of the liberal reforms of Kamehameha lIL s reign,", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "PAPAIA TREE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The tali straight stem of the Papaia runs up to a height from t\\\\vent\\nto thirty feet. Its small, greenish white flowers are hardly noticeable amongst the green\\nfoliage. At the base of the long-stemmed leaf is the fruit, in all stages of develop-\\nment. The Papaia when ripe looks much like a small vellow pumpkin, with the\\nflavor of this vegetable blended with that of a musk melon.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "HAWAIIAN MONARCHY. 245\\nbelieving that his countrymen were not yet fitted to enjoy\\nsuch privileges. His reign was marked by bitter party\\ncontests. It was his policy to place able men who were\\nin sympathy with his views at the head of affairs, and to\\ngive them a steady support.\\nIt was characteristic of the man that he began his reign\\nby refusing to take the oath to support the constitution.\\nThat product of Kamehameha III. s liberal statesmanship\\nhad never commended itself to the new king and he used\\nthe first opportunity to modify its provisions, hitting upon\\nthe device of a constitutional convention, elected by the\\npeople. Unwilling to ignore the suffrage rights of the\\npeople, perhaps, because he feared the antagonisms that\\nwould thus be awakened, perhaps, because he felt con-\\nfident that he could employ to his own advantage the an-\\ncient reverence for chiefs, he shrewdly undertook to gain\\nhis point at the ballot-box, and so went among the people\\nelectioneering, explaining and defending the changes he\\nwished to make in the constitution.\\nCONSTITUTION OF 1864. The convention met\\nJuly 7, 1864, being composed of sixteen nobles and\\ntwenty-seven elected delegates, presided over by the king\\nin person. After a week s debate it was decided that the\\nthree estates should sit together in one chamber. The\\nnext question was whether the convention had the right\\nto proceed to make a new constitution, which was finally", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "246 HAWAIIAN MONARCHY.\\ndecided in the affirmative. After a long discussion on the\\nproposed property qualification for voters, the king s\\npatience broke down, and on the 13th of August, 1864,\\nhe declared the constitution of i8p abrogated, and pro-\\nrogued the convention. The people submitted with as\\ngood grace as possible, but a similar usurpation of extra-\\nconstitutional power, thirty years later, accomplished the\\ndownfall of the monarchy. Kamehameha V. set the gait\\nfor those who were to follow him in breaking down the\\nprestige and power of the throne by resorting to reac-\\ntionary and arbitrary measures. Just one week after the\\nprorogation of the convention, the king, on his own\\nauthority, promulgated a constitution in accordance with\\nhis ideas. That constitution remained in force until the\\nencroachments of Kalakaua, under cover of its authority,\\ninduced a popular uprising that resulted in the compul-\\nsory promulgation of the liberal constitution of 1887.\\nSEGREGATION OF LEPERS. The imperious rule\\nof Kamehameha V. was not without beneficial effects.\\nLeprosy first made its appearance in 1853, but it had\\nspread to such an extent in 1864 that segregation became\\nnecessary for the public safety. It is doubtful whether\\na weaker or less autocratic king could have successfully\\nput into operation the laws necessitated by rigid segrega-\\ntion of the lepers. Segregation never has had popular\\napproval. The opposition to it under Kalakaua made it", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "HAWAIIAN MONARCHY. 247\\npolitic for him to adopt a less vigorous policy and to ignore\\nits requirements. Kamehameha V., however, was auto-\\ncrat enough to carry through any measure that met his\\napproval. He saw the wisdom of restricting the dread\\ndisease and so ordered it to be done. This was a vast\\nbenefit to the nation, though later the political necessities\\nof Kalakaua made the policy well-nigh inoperative. It is\\ndoubtful whether after his reign a policy of segregation\\ncould have been successfully instituted up to the present\\ntime, so unpopular has the policy always been. While we\\nrecognize his wisdom, and congratulate Hawaii on this act\\nof personal autocracy to which he was urged by foreign\\ncounsel, we are not blind to the effect of that action in pit-\\nting the people against the throne, and in thus hastening\\nthe downfall of the monarchy. Great good was accom-\\nplished by Kamehameha V. s course in this delicate duty,\\nbut among his unthinking and impressionable subjects that\\ncourse was obnoxious and counted as an active factor in\\nlessening loyalty to the crown.\\nANNEXATION SENTIMENT. The action of Kame-\\nhameha III. in taking steps at the close of his reign for\\nthe annexation of the Islands to the United States was the\\ninitial point in a discussion of this question throughout\\nthe reign of Kamehameha V. There were advocates of\\na reciprocity treaty between the two countries, but there\\nwas a strong sentiment favorable to annexation. There", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "24 S HAWAIIAN MONARCHY.\\nwas marked opposition both in Hawaii and in the United\\nStates Senate to a treaty of reciprocity on the score that it\\nwould operate against the annexation of the Islands, which\\nwas deemed more desirable. Wrote Secretary Seward to\\nthe American Minister at Honolulu, September 12, 1867:\\nCircumstances have transpired here which induce the\\nbelief that a strong interest, based upon a desire for\\nannexation of the Sandwich Islands, will be active in\\nopposing a ratification of the reciprocity treaty. It will be\\nargued that the reciprocity will tend to hinder and defeat\\nan early annexation, to which the people of the Sandwich\\nIslands are supposed to be now strongly inclined. It is\\nproper that you should know that a lawful and peaceful\\nannexation of the islands to the United States, with the\\nconsent of the people of the Sandwich Islands, is deemed\\ndesirable by this government and that if the policy of\\nannexation should really conflict with the policy of reci-\\nprocity, annexation is in every case to be preferred. The\\nsentiment favorable to annexation here referred to, is\\nagain mentioned in Minister Pierce s letter to Secretary\\nHamilton Fish, February 17, 1873, two months after the\\ndeath of Kamehameha V.: Annexation of these islands\\nto the United States, and a reciprocity treaty between the\\ntwo countries are two important topics of conversation\\nand warm discussion among government officials and\\nforeign residents.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "FREE FERNS. The Tree Fern vies with the palm in grace and beauty.\\nNothing can he more exquisite than a grove of these trees, with their long feath-\\nery fronds shading from the darkest to the most delicate green. The rough brown\\ntrunk is nearl\\\\ always covered with many small varieties of ferns.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "HAWAIIAN MONARCHY. 251\\nThe occasion of this agitation was the rapidly-grow-\\ning conviction that in the near future Hawaii must, from\\nsheer inability, abandon its pretensions to an independent\\nnational existence and seek alliance with some strong\\nnation. The last of the Kamehamehas was on the throne.\\nNo successor had been named by him. The order of\\nhigh chiefs was about extinct. Changed social and indus-\\ntrial conditions were fast introducing new elements in the\\npopulation. The native race was fast disappearing. The\\npolitical evolution that had been proceeding so rapidly\\nunder Kamehameha III. had been brought to an abrupt\\nhalt by a single autocratic will, and no one knew what\\nwould follow his demise. There was ground for fore-\\nboding that good government was about to be jeopardized.\\nEven the king on his death-bed exclaimed What is to\\nbecome of my poor country There is no one to follow\\nme. Queen Emma I do not trust Lunalilo is a drunkard\\nand Kalakaua is a fool. Is it surprising that intelligent\\nHawaiians as well as foreign residents of all nationalities\\nhave foreseen the downfall of the monarchy, and have\\nbeen casting about for forty years for the solution of the\\nproblem of government that most men saw was inevi-\\ntably being thrust upon the nation Is it surprising that\\nthe best citizens have uniformly recognized that an alli-\\nance with the United States was the manifest destiny of\\nHawaii", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "2^2\\nHAWAIIAN MONARCHY.\\nELECTIVE KINGS. From feudal chiefs with abso-\\nlute power over the bodies of landless commoners, to\\nmonarchs elected by modern political methods, was cer-\\ntainly a remarkable transformation in little more than a\\ngeneration. One week after the king s death, Lunalilo,\\none of the highest of surviving chiefs, appealed to the\\npeople in the approaching election to vote for members of\\nthe Legislature who should be instructed to elect him king.\\nHis rival, Kalakaua, likewise issued manifestoes of the\\nmost obsequious tenor, for the first time injecting into the\\nelections the element of race hatred. He promised, if\\nelected, to repeal the poll-tax, and to put native Hawaiians\\ninto the government offices. Beware of the constitution\\nof 18^2 and the false teaching of the foreigners. A wave\\nof popular enthusiasm for the people s king resulted\\nin the well-nigh unanimous election of Lunalilo to the\\nthrone, much to the discomfiture of Kalakaua, who forth-\\nwith sought to foster popular discontent at every oppor-\\ntunity. To gain popularity, he fell in with the general\\ndisapproval of the segregation policy and of the proposed\\ncession of Pearl River Harbor to the United States. He\\nwas supposed to have fomented the mutiny among the\\nhousehold troops, which Lunalilo with difficulty sup-\\npressed. After a year s brief reign, marked by popular\\nagitation that greatly weakened the government and en-\\ncouraged political confusion, Lunalilo died and Kalakaua", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "HAWAIIAN MONARCHY. 253\\nwas duly elected his successor. It was charged, and gen-\\nerally believed, that he was elected by the use of bribes.\\nKALAKAUA UNPOPULAR. As soon as it was\\nknown that the Legislature had elected Kalakaua to the\\nthrone, a large mob of natives besieged the court-house\\nand assaulted the members. The mob was dispersed by\\nUnited States troops from two men-of-war in the har-\\nbor, and the same troops protected the newly-elected king\\nagainst attack from his own people for a period of eight\\ndays thereafter. Kalakaua was a disciple of the auto-\\ncratic Kamehameha V., adopting his ideas of absolutism,\\nbut retaining little of the former s practical good sense.\\nKamehameha V. ruled by the very dominance of his\\nstrong will; Kalakaua, built on a less noble plan, was com-\\npelled to resort to chicanery to accomplish his ends, being\\nunscrupulous and insincere and without moral fiber. His\\npeople knew his character and did not trust him. His\\nelection was mainly due to American influence, his com-\\npetitor, Queen Emma, the widow of Kamehameha IV.,\\nbeing wholly under English influence and strongly averse\\nto closer commercial relations with the United States.\\nKalakaua was known as the foreigner s king, both\\nbecause of American influence securing his election, and\\nbecause of American protection until he was established\\non the throne. The problem that faced him at the outset\\nwas how to conciliate his subjects and win their adhe-", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "254 HAWAIIAN MONARCHY.\\nrence. This was to be done without alienating the sup-\\nport of foreign residents, at least until he had his own\\npeople back of him. A man of better instincts would\\nhave taken up this task in a patriotic spirit. Kalakaua\\nwas not competent to deal with the situation except in a\\nway suicidal to the monarchy, and vastly injurious to his\\nnative subjects.\\nPOLITICAL EFFECT OF RECIPROCITY. The\\nEnglish residents, and Queen Emma s adherents in the\\nLegislature, bitterly opposed the treaty of reciprocity with\\nthe United States, on the ground that it was a step toward\\nannexation. One of the effects of the operation of mat\\ntreaty, however, was to silence the discussion of annex-\\nation and thus to remove from the political arena one\\nof the vexed questions of the day. This was contin-\\ngent, however, on the duration of the advantages of said\\ntreaty, and later, when those advantages ceased, the ques-\\ntion of annexation came inevitably to the front again.\\nThe remarkable financial benefits of the treaty had an\\neffect also in encouraging a spirit of forbearance toward\\nthe monarchy in courses that otherwise would have been\\nless leniently dealt with. On the other hand, the rapidly-\\nincreasing revenues evoked a spirit of extravagance in\\npublic expenditures that pandered to the king s whims,\\narv\\\\ in turn furnished him with political leverage that\\nhe was not slow to utilize to his own advantage. He", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "HAWAIIAN MONARCHY. 255\\nbecame the agent of all political preferment. He became\\nthe centre of political bribery. He made it worth while for\\nopponents to consult his wishes, and he was not averse to\\nusing public office as a reward for supporting his schemes.\\nHis hospitality was lavish, and he always had a large reti-\\nnue of dependents who shared his good fortune. The\\neffect of the reciprocity treaty, in one respect, was to fur-\\nnish the king with means to overcome his unpopularity\\nwith his own people. The nation s prosperity was claimed\\nto be due to his wise rule. Only the staunchest natives\\ncould withstand the seductions of his political rewards.\\nHAWAII FOR HAWAIIANS1 Up to the reign of\\nKalakaua Hawaiian kings had uniformly sought the coun-\\nsel and service of able foreigners in the administration of\\nthe government. Only one Hawaiian, Lot Kamehameha,\\nafterwards Kamehameha V., had held a cabinet position.\\nHawaiian sovereigns had been unwilling to forego the ser-\\nvices of foreigners in offices of responsibility and trust.\\nForeigners, born in the country, and skilled in the Hawaiian\\nlanguage, were frequently elected to the Legislature by\\nHawaiian constituencies in preference to candidates of their\\nown nationality. Kalakaua set himself to work to under-\\nmine the confidence of natives in foreigners, hoping thus\\nto curry popularity among his own people. Although he\\nhad put himself forward in his race with Lunalilo as the\\nanti-American champion, he gladly depended on the", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "256 HAWAIIAN MONARCHY.\\nsupport of foreigners during the early years of his reign.\\nLater, when it served his purpose, he did not fail to ap-\\npeal again to race jealousy, seeking to create it where it\\nhad no previous existence. The political evolution of the\\nrace had been rapid, and he knew how to turn its next\\ndevelopment to his own advantage. Before his election\\nhe was little better than other young Hawaiians about\\nHonolulu, and the effect of his elevation to the throne\\nwas to encourage a belief among Hawaiians that the time\\nhad come for them to administer all offices of trust and\\nresponsibility. He seized the opportunity to win to him-\\nself all ambitious Hawaiians by starting the cry Hawaii\\nfor Hawaiians. He sedulously cultivated the intensest\\nrace hatred, constantly feeding it by secret agencies, and\\nmaking it the decisive factor in elections.\\nREVIVAL OF HEATHENISM. The most subtle\\npolitical influence wielded by Kalakaua was his systematic\\nencouragement of hundreds of Kahunas in reviving an-\\ncient superstitions. The motive was a two-fold one. He\\nsought to counteract the influence of the churches, inas-\\nmuch as the Hawaiian churches condemned his immor-\\nality and were sources of opposition to many of his\\npolitical schemes. He further sought to throw about\\nhimself something of the sacred regard in which ancient\\nchiefs were held. Wherever he went his train of attend-\\nants chanted obscene songs and danced lewd dances. He", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "HAWAIIAN MONARCHY.\\nDJ\\nactually schemed to make himself the head of a Hawaiian\\nChurch. He organized a secret society with pagan rites,\\npartly to pander to his depravity, but also to serve his\\npolitical purposes. Few Hawaiians, even in the churches,\\nhad the stamina to resist the sinister influences emanating\\nfrom the palace. Kalakaua attracted young Hawaiians by\\nholding out the promise of public office. He held others\\nto his schemes by shameless bribery. He stifled the op-\\nposition of some by rewards, and of others by intimida-\\ntion. So effectively did he push his advantage in reviving\\nancient superstitions, that his influence permeated every\\nhamlet, and those who dared to vote against his candi-\\ndates did not dare to confess they had so voted. Kala-\\nkaua s conquest of his people was not immediate, but it\\nwas well-nigh complete. Whatever spirit of unrest and\\nagitation remained among the people he successfully\\nturned against foreigners, and crystalized animosities that\\nhave since led the monarchy into collapse.\\nDEBASING THE ELECTORATE. Political prefer-\\nment, race jealousy and superstitious sentiment, could none\\nof them avail to overcome the stalwart and sturdy opposi-\\ntion of some Hawaiians. These men were the hope of\\nthe race. The spirit shown by them in resisting the king s\\nblandishments and in spurning his intimidations was what\\nwas needed in holding the race to a wise political develop-\\nment But eventually Kalakaua triumphed over even these", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "^53 HAWAIIAN MONARCHY.\\nmen. He went personally to one country district with a\\ncompany of soldiers, and by their votes defeated Pilipo,\\nthe Lion of North Kona, Kalakaua s staunchest opponent\\nin the Legislature. He stationed soldiers with side-arms\\nin double rows at polling-places, intimidating voters and\\npushing men out of line who were suspected of opposi-\\ntion to his schemes, thus forcibly preventing their voting.\\nHe appointed legislators to lucrative government positions\\nwhile they continued to retain seats in the Legislature.\\nThese men he employed to carry through the Legislature\\npernicious and extravagant legislation in opposition to the\\nwill of the people. He used the royal franking privilege\\nto pass through the custom-house, free of duty, liquors\\nbelonging to certain firms, for which service he received\\nhundreds of cases of cheap gin, which he sent to every\\nvoting precinct to secure the election of his candidates to\\nthe Legislature. In the election of 1886, out of twenty-\\neight government candidates, twenty-six were office-\\nholders. Wholesale bribery was of common occurrence.\\nOut of this debasement of the electorate, Kalakaua\\nemerged absolute ruler, with no recourse for the people\\nexcept in open revolution.\\nTHE BAUBLE BURSTS. After reigning nine years,\\nKalakaua s coronation was observed with great ceremony.\\nThree years were spent in preparation for the great\\nevent, and invitations were sent to all rulers and potentates", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "c\\ncs\\nbe\\nCU\\n5-j\\nu\\n*3\\n5\\nen\\nIh\\nen\\nIh\\n\u00c2\u00a3h\\no5\\nu\\ncu\\n3\\n1\\n*r\\nIh\\n4;\\nS\\ncu\\nIh\\nft\\na\\ng\\ns\\ncu\\nen\\n3\\ncu\\nJ 5\\n9-1\\n0\\ncu\\nen\\n^H 1\\n^3\\nCU\\nen\\nX\\n03\\n^j\\nCU\\nCJ\\nCU\\ncd\\nCU\\nu\\n1)\\nft\\nft\\na\\ncd\\nCfl\\ncu\\nbfl\\ns\\n.^3\\ny.\\n3\\ncd\\nz\\nIh\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2a\\nCU\\ncj\\nen\\nCU\\nu\\nw\\ncu\\nCJ\\ncd\\n2\\nA\\nd\\nU-,\\ncd\\nu\\nC\\nu_\\n+j\\nCU\\ncd\\nc\\ncd\\n|H\\nCU\\nCU\\n|h\\nO\\n03\\nCU\\ncd\\nA\\nen\\n-h\\nen\\nCU\\n3\\n03\\nfl\\nen\\n*3\\nc\\nen\\nCU\\nX\\n.2\\nid\\nCU\\ncd\\n3\\nen\\ng\\nX\\n2\\nCU\\nHE\\n5\\ntn\\nen\\ncu\\n\u00c2\u00a3h\\nbfl\\ncd\\n1\\n1\\n3\\nw\\ncu\\ntil\\nj3\\nu\\n1 1\\nr\\nC4\\ng r a\\nP .2 bfl", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "HAWAIIAN MONARCHY. 261\\non earth to be present in person or by proxy. This cere-\\nmony was boycotted by a large part of the foreign com-\\nmunity, as an expensive and useless pageant, intended\\nto aid the king s political schemes to make himself an\\nabsolute monarch. The printer of the Coronotion Hula\\nprogramme, which contained the subjects and first lines of\\nsongs, was prosecuted and fined by the court on account\\nof their gross and incredible obscenity.\\nOn the occasion of the king s fiftieth birthday, the\\nlegislature appropriated $i5\\\\ooo for a jubilee celebration.\\nOrders were sent out for all office-holders to bring pres-\\nents. The Prime Minister capped the sheaf by presenting\\na pair of elephant s tusks, mounted on a stand of native\\nwood, bearing the inscription, The horns of the righteous\\nshall be exalted. That evening a ball was held in the\\nPalace, concluding with lewd dances, which gave offense\\neven to the frequenters of the Palace.\\nLaying claim to the primacy of the Pacific, he bought\\nan old vessel for $20,000, expended $\u00c2\u00a30,000 in repairs,\\nappointed the principal of the Reform School admiral, and\\nhis pupils marines, and sent her off as a man-of-war with\\nan embassy to establish a protectorate over Samoa. He\\nsold exemptions to lepers, permitting them to go unmo-\\nlested; he leased government lands to himself, contrary\\nto law compelled the misapplication of road money, and,\\nfinally, accepted a bribe of $7^,000 from a Chinaman", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "262 HAWAIIAN MONARCHY.\\nnamed Aki, for an opium license, which he had already\\nsold and delivered to another Chinaman, who had given\\nthe king a bribe of \u00c2\u00a380,000 for it. These rapidly culmi-\\nnating events solidified public sentiment and brought the\\nking to an abrupt halt.\\nREFORM MOVEMENT. Under Kalakaua s baneful\\ninfluence the native electorate lost its independence. It\\nwas utterly demoralized by the centralizing and corrupting\\ninfluences of the Palace. It was no longer a potent factor\\nin securing good government. Henceforth good govern-\\nment must depend on the active participation of intellL\\nforeign residents in the privileges of citizenship. V\\nfew exceptions they did not possess suffrage rights. The\\n:ce of the crown led to the denial of naturalization to\\nrespectable foreigners of long residence. Such men as\\nDole and Thurston and Smith had the suffrage by right\\nof birth, and being repeatedly returned to the Legislature\\nby native constituencies, had been influential in defeat-\\ning or modifying some of the most pernicious schemes\\nbroached in the Legislature by the king s agents. Under\\nthe comparatively wholesome reign of the Kamehameha\\ndynasty there had arisen no occasion for foreigners to feel\\nthe need of suffrage rights to protect their interests. The\\ncourse of events under Kalakaua s expensive and puerile\\nadministration demonstrated the need of a corrective ballot\\nin the hands of intelligent men who were identified with", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "HAWAIIAN MONARCHY. 26\\nj\\nthe best interests of the land, and who could not be\\ncajoled nor bribed nor intimidated. A secret league was\\nformed, each member pledging to equip himself with a\\nSpringfield rifle and sixty rounds of ammunition, and to\\nhold himself in readiness to obey the summons of a\\nCouncil of Thirteen, to whom was entrusted the direction\\nof the movement. The object was to establish a republic\\nby dethroning Kalakaua. The Honolulu Rifles, a volunteer\\norganization, was made up almost to a man of members\\nof the league. On June 30th, 1887, the patience of the\\nforeign element having exhausted itself, an enthusiastic\\nmass meeting passed resolutions to the effect that the\\nadministration of the Hawaiian government has ceased,\\nthrough corruption and incompetence, to perform the func-\\ntions and afford the protection to personal and property\\nrights for which all governments exist, and exacting or\\nthe king specific pledges, within twenty-four hours, of\\nfuture good conduct on the basis of a new constitution.\\nIt was expected that a struggle would ensue. No one\\nexpected the abject surrender by the king that followed.\\nHe sought to pass the control of things over into the hands\\nof the diplomatic representatives. They refused to com-\\nply with his request, and advised him to satisfy tne\\ndemands of the committee of thirteen appointed by the\\nmass meeting. Twenty minutes before the expiration of\\nthe allotted time ne sent his representative to the com-", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "264 HAWAIIAN MONARCHY.\\nmittee to announce his compliance with the demands of\\nthe citizens. Henceforth the monarchy was on probation,\\nits prestige was broken. Public opinion and not mon-\\narchical autocracy was hereafter to guide the government.\\nAny return to absolutism would be fatal to the throne.\\nSuch was the spirit engendered among foreign residents,\\nthe parties most directly and vitally interested in compe-\\ntent and honest administration. Their position was ratified\\nat the subsequent election by the native population, who,\\nrealizing that the power of the throne was broken, returned\\nrepresentatives from every district favorable to the new\\nconstitution and government.\\nCONSTITUTION OF 1887. The Constitution, sub-\\nseauently signed by the king, made every male resident\\nof Hawaiian, American or European descent, after one\\nyear s residence, a legal voter. Other privileges were\\nconferred, distinctly enlarging the measure of Hawaiian\\ncitizenship, and effectually removing the throne from in-\\nterference in the government. Thus the nobles, or upper\\nhouse, were made elective by the people, instead of ap-\\npointive by the sovereign as formerly. The absolute\\npower of veto was taken away. No government official\\nwas eligible as a noble or representative, and no member\\nof the Legislature could be appointed to any office of\\ntrust or emolument during the term for which he was\\nelected. The king was retained as a figure-head, while", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "HAWAIIAN MONARCHY. 267\\nthe resuorr/bilitv for the government was placed whoJIv\\non a Cabinet, subject to removal only by vote of trie\\nLegislature, elected by the people.\\nEmerging thus from an era of bombastic display and\\npolitical corruption and gross immorality, for six years\\nHawaii had a wise administration of affairs. The pubiic\\nrevenue was turned into channels of public improvement.\\nThe harbor was deepened, good roads were built, new\\nlands were opened for settlement, and all departments of\\nthe government felt the stimulus of a wise and energetic\\nadministration. The Australian ballot was adopted, use-\\nless offices were abolished, the segregation of lepers was\\nrigidly enforced, the method of collecting the taxes was\\nsystematized and made effective, and honest elections\\nwere secured. What Hawaiians could not secure Tor\\nthemselves, foreign residents, under stress of royal aggres-\\nsion, secured for themselves and for Hawaiians as well.\\nThis foreign population, that has been such a factor in\\nthe political evolution of Hawaii, has never taken united\\naction except in behalf of good government. It has been\\nmoderate in its demands, humane in its action, patient\\nwith the frailties of an effete monarchy, and uniformly\\nconsiderate of the political rights of native Hawaiians.\\nQUEEN LILIUOKALANI. The death of Kalakaua in\\n1 89 1 brought Liliuokalani to the throne. It was expected\\nshe might follow the arbitrary example of Kamehameha V.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "268 HAWAIIAN MONARCHY.\\nand refuse to take the oath to support the Constitution.\\nIt was well-known that she hated that document and that\\nsne was a believer in the absolute right of kings. Had\\nsne refused, a republic would have been established at\\nonce. The attitude of the public mind was one of dis-\\ntrust, but of willingness to accord her a trial. Public sen-\\ntiment was essentially voiced in the general conviction,\\nShe must keep inside her constitutional limits, or go\\nWhen she put her foot on the Constitution January 14,\\n1893, and asserted her purpose to arbitrarily promulgate\\na new one, she dramatically caused the collapse.\\nNATURAL SEQUENCE OF EVENTS. The down-\\nfall of the Hawaiian Monarchy was in the natural sequence\\not events, and could have been foretold with reasonaole\\ncertainty by any one at all acquainted with the forces at\\nwork in that little nation. The natural growth was toward\\nthe largest enjoyment of political rights by the people, ana\\nthe reasonable accommodation of the throne to the de-\\nmands of this progressive movement.\\nBut the monarchy grew rigid. It threw itself across the\\npathway. It sought to turn the wheels backward, and\\ngrew autocratic and arbitrary. With an almost insane\\n1\\ntemerity, it assumed the role of arbiter, ruled the other\\nparty out of court, pronounced judgment, and miseraoiy\\nperished at its own hands.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION\\nAppointed by President Harrison United States Minis-\\nter to the Hawaiian Islands, John L Stevens for the first\\ntime saw those beautiful emeralds of the North Pacific in\\nSeptember, 1889, when he entered on his official duties\\nat Honolulu. He had not been long at the Hawaiian\\ncapital when he perceived how thoroughly an American\\ncity it is, how strong is American sympathy and how pre-\\ndominating are American interests and opinions in all the\\nIslands of the Hawaiian group. More than one year of\\ncareful study of the then existing complex facts Mr.\\nStevens found necessary to a correct understanding of\\nthe moral, commercial and political state of the Islands.\\nThough he had had much previous experience and obser-\\nvation among the nations of three continents, he found a\\ncondition of things in Honolulu unlike that he had ever\\nknown at any other national capital. He found an intel-\\nligent body of citizens, of European and American origin,\\nsharing the good-will of many native Hawaiians, support-\\ning a semi-barbaric monarchy resting on no solid or nor-\\n269", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "2jo HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION.\\nmal foundation, dead in everything but its vices, coarsely\\nluxuriant in its tastes and wishes, spreading social and\\npolitical demoralization throughout the Islands. This\\nsemi-heathen and spurious government mechanism, called\\nthe Hawaiian Monarchy, was being chiefly supported by\\nthe taxes and toleration of those who could have no sin-\\ncere loyalty to it, and who knew that it returned to the\\nIslands nothing for the money it annually squandered on\\nworse than useless expenditures. That such a barbaric\\nand absurd counterfeit in the name of government and\\nlaw as the Hawaiian monarchy had finally become in\\npractice, was so long endured is a striking proof of the\\nself-control and forbearance of the responsible citizens of\\nthe Islands. Suffice it to say, that such an abomination\\nin the name of government, or for any other pretense or\\npurpose, would not be allowed to exist sixty days in any\\nof our American cities or States. Only very exceptional\\ncircumstances caused the responsible citizens and princi-\\npal tax-payers of the Islands so long to maintain this\\nworse than useless monarchy. One year s careful obser-\\nvation of the existing state of things brought me to the\\nfirm belief that it could not continue. The death of King\\nKalakaua, in 1890, and the accession of his sister to the\\nlittle throne, revealed many facts and circumstances which\\nshowed how utterly vicious and demoralizing the mon-\\narchy had become. Bad as had been the courtiers and\\nfavorite companions and advisers of this semi-barbaric", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "CAPTAIN GILBERT C. WILTSE was born in New York in 1838. During\\nthe Civil War he took part in engagements in Hampden Roads, between the\\nCongress and Merrimac, and was afterward in the engagement of the\\nmonitors at Fort Sumter. Captain Wiltse commanded the United States Ship\\nBoston, stationed at I lonolulu during the recent revolution.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION. 273\\nking, those whom his sister Liliuokalani immediately drew\\naround her were certainly no better. The death of her\\nbrother, followed by that of her lawful husband, did not\\nprevent her from appointing to the chief executive office\\nof the Islands the Tahitian half-white, C. B. Wilson, who\\nhad long sustained discreditable relations to her, and\\nwhom she now installed in her palace, though he had\\na lawfully married wife, and the royal chamberlain paid\\nout of the government treasury was always at his post\\nto discharge palace duties. Even this astounding exhibi-\\ntion of shame and the unworthy character of most of\\nher white retainers and confidants the Hawaiian public\\nendured without overt acts of protest and indignation.\\nThe biennial Legislature assembled in May, 1892. That\\nbody very soon asserted its constitutional prerogative in\\nvoting out a ministry that had consented to the mal-\\nadministration of the Queen and her palace favorite, who\\nexercised dictatorial powers and rioted in official police\\ncorruption. Instead of appointing ministers possessing\\nthe confidence of the Legislative majority and of the\\nbusiness men of the Islands, Liliuokalani continued to\\nselect those of her own type of character, especially those\\nwhom she knew would retain her palace favorite in\\npower. Three successive ministers of this description,\\nin the course of a few weeks, were voted out by the\\nLegislature, with a warm approval of all the best men of", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "274 HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION.\\nthe Islands. At last the Queen appeared to yield to the\\npressure of public opinion, and consented to the appoint-\\nment of four responsible men\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Peter C. Jones, W. L.\\nWilcox, Mark P. Robinson and Cecil Brown three of\\nthem persons of wealth, all of them of good financial\\nstanding, fully sharing the public confidence. These gen-\\ntlemen took their official places with reluctance and only\\nfrom a sense of duty to the country. Known as the\\nWilcox-Jones Ministry, it was believed that they would\\nsafely carry the country through the following eighteen\\nmonths, to the election and assemblage of the next Legis-\\nlature. Fully sharing this belief, the United States Minister\\nand Naval Commander left Honolulu January 4, 1893, in\\nthe United States cruiser Boston, for Hilo and the Vol-\\ncano, the distance of nearly three hundred miles. It was\\nthe first time for many months Mr. Stevens had felt it safe\\nfor the United States Minister and Naval Commander to\\nbe away from the Hawaiian capital. They were absent\\nten days. When they arrived in the harbor of Honolulu\\non their return from Hilo, in the forenoon of January 14th,\\nthere came to them the startling news that the Queen\\nand the white adventurers who surrounded her, had, by\\nintrigue and bribery, carried the lottery and opium bills\\nthrough the Legislature, had forced out the Wilcox-\\nJones Ministry, had appointed in their places four of her\\npalace retainers, two of whom the Legislature and the", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION. 275\\nresponsible public had recently and repeatedly rejected,\\nheaded by the man who had carried the lottery and opium\\nbills through the Legislature. In spite of numerous peti-\\ntions and protests from all the Islands, both of whites and\\nnative Hawaiians, and the earnest remonstrance of the\\nChambers of Commerce and the principal financial men\\nof the country, the Queen immediately signed the iniqui-\\ntous bills, though she had previously given express implied\\npledges to the contrary. Both she and the adventurers\\nwho surrounded her, expected thus to obtain the money to\\ncarry on the government, by making Honolulu a fortress\\nof lottery gamblers and opium smugglers amid the ocean,\\nfrom which they could, by every mail steamer to the\\nUnited States, send out the poison billets of chance, by\\nwhich to rob the American people of their millions of\\nmoney a method of gaining silver and gold as wicked\\nand audacious as that of the freebooters who once estab-\\nlished themselves in the West Indian seas and made\\npiratical forays on American commerce. But even this\\nwas not enough for the semi-barbaric Queen and the\\nadventurers around her. To securely fortify themselves\\nin their schemes of usurpation and robbery they must\\nhave a new Constitution. They were afraid the Supreme\\nCourt would decide their lottery bill unconstitutional. The\\nSupreme Court therefore must be reconstructed so that the\\nQueen could reappoint the judges, giving the final appeal to", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "276 HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION.\\nthe Queen herself. The new Constitution was to be pro-\\nclaimed in a way that the existing Constitution expressly\\nprohibits. By the Constitution which Liliuokalani had\\nsworn to maintain, that document could be amended or\\nchanged only in one way, which was by the vote of two\\nsuccessive Legislatures. Her four new ministers were in\\nthe plot\\nWhile the Boston was coming into the harbor of\\nHonolulu, on the forenoon of January 14th, a crowd of the\\nless responsible natives, especially those of the hoodlum\\nelements of Honolulu, at the call of the Queen and her\\nimmediate supporters, were gathering in the Palace\\ngrounds. The Legislature was to be prorogued at twelve\\nM. of that day. The revolutionary edict of Hawaii s\\nmisguided sovereign was ready to be proclaimed, rumors\\nof which had already reached the public ear. The storm\\nof public indignation began to gather. A few minutes\\nbefore the appointed hour for the coup d etat, immediately\\nafter the arrival of the United States Minister at the lega-\\ntion from the Boston, he was urged to go at once to\\nthe English Minister to ask him to accompany the Ameri-\\ncan Minister to the Queen and try to dissuade her from\\nher revolutionary design. Mr. Stevens promptly sought to\\ncomply with this request, went immediately to the English\\nMinister, who was ready to co-operate with the United\\nStates Minister, if there were any possibility of effecting", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION. 277\\nany good. Minister Stevens and Minister Wodehouse\\nwent immediately to the foreign office to seek access to\\nthe Queen in the customary manner. It was then nearly\\ntwelve o clock, and the Minister of Foreign Affairs was not\\nin his office. The hour of proroguing had arrived. That\\nceremony concluded, the Queen went immediately to the\\nPalace, around which the mob and her retainers were\\ngathering. It was thus too late for the American and\\nEnglish Ministers even to attempt to reason with the mis-\\nguided woman who had already launched the revolution,\\nwhich could not be arrested, though her cowardly min-\\nisters of the lottery gang, who had just been appointed\\nby her to aid her in her revolutionary designs, became\\nalarmed and drew back. She scorned their cowardice\\nand pushed on to her doom. After four hours of bitter\\nand stormy wrangling in and outside of her Palace her\\nattempted coup d etat proved abortive, though she went\\nupon the balcony and promised the excited crowd that\\nshe would renew her revolutionary scheme at a future\\ntime. Saturday night of January 14th told every intelli-\\ngent man in Honolulu that the Hawaiian monarchy was\\nat an end that the responsible persons of the Islands,\\nthe property-holders and the friends of law and order,\\nmust thereafter take charge of public affairs and establish\\na government in place of the interregnum which the fallen\\nQueen had created. The great mass meeting of January", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "278 HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION.\\ni6:h, worthy of the best American towns, of the best\\nAmerican days, was held. It was made up of the best\\nand chief men of the country the owners of property,\\nthe professional and educated citizens, merchants, bankers,\\nclerks, mechanics, teachers, clergymen. This assemblage\\nwas a unit in opinion and purpose. It was stirred by a\\ncommon sentiment, the love of country and the desire for\\npublic order and public security. It took its measures\\nwisely and prudently. Unanimously and with great\\nenthusiasm it passed the following resolutions\\ni. Whereas Her Majesty Liliuokalani, acting in conjunction\\ncertain other persons, has illegally and unconstitutionally and\\nagainst the advice and consent of the lawful executive officers of the\\nGovernment, attempted to abrogate the existing constitution and\\nproclaim a new one in subversion of the rights of the people\\n2. And whereas such attempt has been accompanied by thr^\\nof violence and bloodshed and a display of armed force, and such\\nattempts and acts and threats are revolutionary and treasona:\\ncharacter\\n3. And whereas H sty s cabinet have informed her that\\nsuch contemplated action was unlawful and would lead to bloodshed\\nand riot, and have implored and demanded of her to desist from and\\nrenounce such proposed action\\nM 4. And whereas such advice has been in vain, and Her Majesty\\nhas in a public speech announced that she was desirous and\\nto promulgate such constitution, the same being now ready for such\\n:se, and that the only reason why was not now promulgated\\n..use she had mc ::ed obstacles and that a\\nfitting opportunity in the future must be awaited for the consumma-\\ntion of such obje ich would be within a few days", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION. 279\\n5. And whereas at a public meeting of citizens held in Hono-\\nlulu on the 14th day of January instant, a committee of thirteen,\\nto be known as the Committee of Public Safety was appointed to\\nconsider the situation and to devise ways and means for the mainten-\\nance of the public peace and safety and the preservation of life and\\nproperty\\n6. And whereas such committee has recommended the calling\\nof this mass meeting of citizens to protest against and condemn such\\naction and has this day presented a report to such meeting denounc-\\ning the action of the Queen and her supporters as being unlawful,\\nunwarranted, in derogation of the rights of the people, endangering\\nthe peace of the community, and tending to excite riot and cause\\nthe loss of life and destruction of property\\nNow, therefore, we, the citizens of Honolulu, of all nationalities\\nand regardless of political party affiliations, do hereby condemn and\\ndenounce the action of the Queen and her supporters\\nAnd we do hereby ratify the appointment and indorse the\\naction taken and report made by the said Committee of Safety and\\nwe do hereby further empower such committee to further consider\\nthe situation and further devise such ways and means as may be\\nnecessary to secure the permanent maintenance of law and order\\nand the protection of life, liberty, and property in Hawaii.\\nIts Committee of Public Safety requested the Minister\\nof the United States to land the men of the Boston, lest\\nriot and incendiarism might burst out in the night, for no\\nreliable police force longer existed, and whatever there\\nwas of this force was now in the control of the usurpers\\nand the lottery gamblers, who had initiated the revolution.\\nDuring the intervening hours of Saturday night, Sunday\\nand Monday there was an intense feeling and great anxiety", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "2So HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION.\\nas to what might take place, and the American Minister\\nhad reached the conclusion that the gravity of the situation\\nrequired him, in conformity to the rules and instructions\\nof the Legation, to land the naval force, and he would\\nhave done so had not the Committee of Public Safety\\nmade the request. Monday afternoon of January 16th, he\\nwent on board the Boston, bearing the following note to\\nCaptain Wiltse\\nUnited States Legation, January 16, 1893.\\nIn view of the existing critical circumstances in Honolulu,\\nindicating an inadequate legal force, I request you to land marines\\nand sailors from the ship under your command for the protection\\nof the United States Legation and the United States Consulate,\\nand to secure the safety of American life and property.\\nJohn L. Stevens.\\nTo Captain Wiltse, U. S. N.\\nThe order of Captain Wiltse to Lieutenant-Commander Swin-\\nburne, who commanded the naval battalion on shore, read as fol-\\nlows, under the same date\\nYou will take the command of the battalion, and land in Hono-\\nlulu for the purpose of protecting our Legation and the lives and\\nproperty of American citizens, and to assist in the preservation of\\npublic order. Great prudence must be exercised by both officers\\nand men, and no action taken that is not fully warranted by the\\ncondition of affairs and by the conduct of those who may be inimical\\nto the treaty rights of American citizens You will inform me at the\\nearliest practical moment of any change in the situation.\\nIt will be observed that Captain Wiltse s order goes\\nfarther than the note of Mr. Stevens, making the", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION. 283\\npreservation of public order the duty of the naval force,\\nin case of necessity, of which the Minister and Naval\\nCommander must be the judge. This is in exact accord-\\nance with the terms of the dispatch of Secretary Bayard\\nto Minister Merrill, at a former revolutionary period in\\nHawaiian affairs. The terms of the Bayard dispatch is as\\nfollows\\nUnited States Department of State,\\nWashington, July 12, 1887.\\nIn the absence of any detailed information from you of the\\nlate disorders in the domestic control of Hawaii and the changes\\nwhich have taken place in the official corps of that government, I\\nam not able to give you other than general instructions, which\\nmay be communicated in substance to the commander of the vessel\\nor vessels of this government in the waters of Hawaii, with whom\\nyou will freely confer, in order that such prompt and efficient action\\nmay be taken as the circumstances may make necessary.\\nWhile we abstain from interference with the domestic affairs\\nof Hawaii, in accordance with the policy and practice of this Gov-\\nernment, yet, obstruction to the channels of legitimate commerce\\nunder existing laws must not be allowed, and American citizens in\\nHawaii must be protected in their persons and property, by the repre-\\nsentative of their country s law and power, and no internal discord\\nmust be suffered to impair them.\\nYour own aid and council, as well as the assistance of the\\nofficers of the Government vessels, if found necessary, will therefore\\nbe promptly afforded to promote the reign of law and respect for\\norderly government in Hawaii.\\n11 T. F. Bayard, Secretary of State.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "2S 4 HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION\\nUnder the diplomatic and naval rules so plain and\\nimperative, the United States Minister and the Naval\\nCommander would have shamefully ignored their duty\\nhad they not landed the men of the Boston, for the\\nsecurity of American life and property, even had the citi-\\nzens of Honolulu and the Committee of Public Safety not\\nrequested them to do so. As American representatives,\\nfive thousand miles from their government, they could not\\nhave escaped their responsibilities, even had they desired\\nto do so. Fortunately the commander of the Boston\\nand those under his command had no desire to shirk their\\nduty. They appreciated the obligations of American pa-\\ntriotism and the honor of the American navy. The\\nallurements of a semi-barbaric court and the various\\nseductive efforts of the palace adventurers to conceal from\\nthem the real state of things, had not blinded their eyes to\\nthe condition of affairs in Honolulu. On shore, in perfect\\norder, they stepped not an inch from the line of duty.\\nThey never lifted a finger in aid of the fallen monarchy or\\nthe rising provisional government. The former sought\\ntheir aid, but neither the monarchists nor the supporters\\nof the provisional government had the least assistance of\\nforce by Captain Wiltse and those under his command.\\nAll assertion to the contrary, by whomsoever uttered, are\\naudacious falsehoods without a semblance of truth. All\\nthe official notes of Mr. Stevens and the written orders of", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION. 285\\nCaptain Wiltse, as well as the testimony of the officers\\nunder his command, completely attest the truth of the\\nabove statement. To the same import is the following\\ncommunication addressed to Minister Stevens by the fallen\\nQueen, signed by herself and by the four ministers who\\nhad been closely identified with her in her revolutionary\\nproceedings\\nThe assurance conveyed by a royal proclamation by myself\\nand ministers yesterday having been received by my native subjects\\nand by them ratified at a mass meeting, was received in a different\\nspirit by the meeting representing the foreign population and inter-\\nests in my kingdom. It is now my desire to give to Your Excel-\\nlency, as the diplomatic representative of the United States of\\nAmerica at my court, the solemn assurance that the present consti-\\ntution will be upheld and maintained by me and my ministers and\\nno changes will be made except by the method therein provided. I\\ndesire to express to Your Excellency this assurance in the spirit of\\nthat friendship which has ever existed between my kingdom and\\nthat of the Government of the United States of America, and which\\nI trust will long continue.\\nLlLIUOKALANI, R.\\nSamuel Parker, Minister of Foreign Affairs.\\nWm. H. CORNELL, Minister of Finance.\\nJOHN. F. COLBURN, Minister of Interior.\\nA. P. PETERSON, Attorney General.\\nIolani Palace, Honolulu, January 17, 1893.\\nThis earnestly pleading document from the fallen mon-\\narch and the terror-stricken lottery gang came to the\\nAmerican Minister more than twenty hours after the men", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "286 HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION.\\nof the Boston had landed. This plainly implies that\\nthe fallen Liliuokalani and her confidants then knew, as\\nthey could not have failed to know, that Minister Stevens\\nand the American Naval Commander had not taken part\\nin her overthrow, which had already been accomplished.\\nAn hour later the fallen ministers went to the United\\nStates Legation and urged on Mr. Stevens the inquiry, if\\nhe could not use the United States force to sustain the\\nQueen. The answer of Minister Stevens was that the\\nUnited States soldiers were on shore for a pacific purpose,\\nto protect American life and pr perty, and could not take\\nsides in aid of a fallen monarch, nor with those who were\\nthen masters of the situation and were creating a new\\ngovernment. Of like import as to the non-intervention of\\nthe United States force, is the testimony of hundreds of\\nthe chief citizens of Honolulu, including judges, bankers,\\nlawyers, college professors, clergymen, and others, who\\nknew all the facts and circumstances relative to the fall of\\nthe Hawaiian monarchy and the establishment of the\\nprovisional government. Early in the afternoon of Janu-\\nary 17th, the Committee of Public Safety, having taken\\npossession of the government building, issued the follow-\\nproclamation\\nPROCLAMATION. In its earlier history Hawaii possessed a\\nConstitutional Government honestly and economically administered\\nin the public interest.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "3 2 a\\n3.\\no\\n1 J\\nEh\\nin\\n_. DO\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0if?\\nrC\\n2 q\\n5 7\\nr 3\\n+5 l\\nPh d fi g\\nc8 c\\nO 33 =1 7:\\nla 15\\nd S S\\ng -h so q\\nd t 5\\n5\\nsi\\nw 7\\n1\\n3\\n15 u\\n5\\n_ a\\nii\\no\\nQ", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION. 289\\nThe Crown called to its assistance as advisers able, honest and\\nconservative men whose integrity is unquestioned even by their\\npolitical opponents.\\nThe stability of the Government was assured armed resistance\\nand revolution unthought of, popular rights were respected and the\\nprivileges of the subject from time to time increased, and the pre-\\nrogatives of the Sovereign diminished by the voluntary acts of the\\nsuccessive kings.\\nWith very few exceptions this state of affairs continued until the\\nexpiration of the first few years of the reign of His late Majesty\\nKalakaua. At this time a change was discernible in the spirit\\nanimating the chief executive and in the influences surrounding the\\nthrone. A steadily increasing disposition was manifested on the\\npart of the King, to extend the Royal prerogatives to favor adven*\\nturers and persons of no character or standing in the community\\nto encroach upon the rights and privileges of the people by steadily\\nincreasing corruption of electors, and by means of the power and\\ninfluence of office-holders and other corrupt means to illegitimately\\ninfluence the elections, resulting in the final absolute control of not\\nonly the executive and legislative, but to a certain extent the\\njudicial, departments of the government, in the interest of absolutism.\\nThis finally resulted in the revulsion of feeling and popular up-\\nrising of 1887, which wrested from the King a large portion of his\\nill-gotten powers.\\nThe leaders of this movement were not seeking personal aggran-\\ndisement, political power or the suppression of the native govern-\\nment. If this had been their object it could easily have been\\naccomplished, for they had the absolute control of the situation.\\nTheir object was to secure responsible government through a\\nrepresentative Cabinet, supported by and responsible to the people s\\nelected representatives. A clause to this effect was inserted in the\\nConstitution and subsequently enacted by law by the Legislature,\\nspecifically covering the ground that, in all matters concerning the", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "2 9 o HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION\\nState the Sovereign was to act by and with the advice of the Cabi-\\nnet and only by and with such advice.\\nThe King willingly agreed to such proposition, expressed regret\\nfor the past, and volunteered promises for the future.\\nAlmost from the date of such agreement and promises, up to the\\ntime of his death, the history of the Government has been a con-\\ntinual struggle between the King on the one hand and the Cabinet\\nand the Legislature on the other, the former constantly endeavor-\\ning by every available form of influence and evasion to ignore his\\npromises and agreements and regain his lost powers.\\nThis conflict upon several occasions came to a crisis, followed\\neach time by a submission on the part of His Majesty, by renewed\\nexpressions of regret and promises, to abide by the constitutional\\nand legal restrictions in the future. In each instance such promise\\nwas kept until a further opportunity presented itself, when the\\nconflict was renewed in defiance and regardless of all previous\\npledges.\\nUpon the accession of Her Majesty Liliuokalani, for a brief\\nperiod th hope prevailed that new policy would be adopted. This\\nhope was soon blasted by her immediately entering into conflict\\nwith the existing Cabinet, who held office with the approval of a\\nlarge majority of the Legislature, resulting in the triumph of the\\nQueen and the removal of the Cabinet. The appointment of a new\\nCabinet subservient to her wishes and their continuance in office\\nuntil a recent date gave no opportunity for further indication of the\\npolicy which would be pursued by Her Majesty until the opening of\\nthe Legislature in May of 1892.\\nThe recent history of that session has shown a stubborn deter-\\nmination on the part of Her Majesty to follow the tactics of her late\\nbrother and in all possible ways to secure an extension of the royal\\nprerogatives and an abridgment of popular rights.\\nDuring the latter part of the session the Legislature was replete\\nwith corruption bribery and other illegitimate influences were", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION. 291\\nopenly utilized to secure the desired end, resulting in the final\\ncomplete overthrow of all opposition and the inauguration of a Cabi-\\nnet arbitrarily selected by Her Majesty in complete defiance of\\nconstitutional principles and popular representation.\\nNotwithstanding such result the defeated party peacefully sub-\\nmitted to the situation.\\nNot content with her victory Her Majesty proceeded on the. last\\nday of the session to arbitrarily arrogate to herself the right to pro-\\nmulgate a new Constitution, which proposed, among other things, to\\ndisfranchise over one-fourth of the voters and the owners of nine-\\ntenths of the private property of the kingdom to abolish the elected\\nupper house of the legislature and to substitute in place thereof an\\nappointive one, to be appointed by the Sovereign.\\nThe detailed history of this attempt and the succeeding events\\nin connection therewith is given in the report of the Committee of\\nPublic Safety to the citizens of Honolulu, and the resolution adopted\\nat the mass meeting held on the 16th instant, the correctness of\\nwhich report and the propriety of which resolution is hereby specifi-\\ncally affirmed.\\nThe constitutional evolution indicated has slowly and steadily,\\nthough reluctantly and regretfully, convinced an overwhelming ma-\\njority of the conservative and responsible members of the commu-\\nnity that independent, constitutional, representative and responsible\\ngovernment, able to protect itself from revolutionary uprisings and\\nroyal aggression, is no longer possible in Hawaii under the existing\\nsystem of government.\\nFive uprisings or conspiracies against the Government have\\noccurred within five years and seven months. It is firmly believed\\nthat the culminating revolutionary attempt of last Saturday will,\\nunless radical measures are taken, wreck our already damaged credit\\nabroad and precipitate to final ruin our already over-strained financial\\ncondition and the guarantee of protection to life, liberty and property\\nwill steadily decrease and the political situation rapidly grow worse", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "292 HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION.\\nIn this belief, and also in the firm belief that the action hereby\\ntaken is and will be for the best personal, political and property\\ninterests of every citizen of the land\\nWe, citizens and residents of the Hawaiian Islands, organized\\nand acting for the public safety and the common good, hereby pro-\\nclaim as follows\\n(i) The Hawaiian monarchical system of government is hereby\\nabrogated.\\n(2) A provisional government for the control and management of\\npublic affairs and the protection of the public peace is hereby estab-\\nlished, to exist until terms of union with the United States of Amer-\\nica have been negotiated and agreed upon.\\n(3) Such provisional government shall consist of an executive\\ncouncil of four members, who are hereby declared to be Sanford\\nB. Dole, James A. King, Peter C. Jones, William O. Smith, who shall\\nadminister the executive departments of the government, the first-\\nnamed acting as president and chairman of such council and admin-\\nistering the department of foreign affairs, and the others severally\\nadministering the departments of interior, finance and attorney-gen-\\neral, respectively, in the order in which they are above enumerated,\\naccording to existing Hawaiian law as far as may be consistent with\\nthis proclamation and also of an advisory council, which shall con-\\nsist of fourteen members, who are hereby declared to be S. M.\\nDamon, L. A. Thurston, J. Emmeluth, J. A. McCandless, F. W.\\nMcChesney, W. R. Castle, W. C. Wilder, A. Brown, J. F. Morgan,\\nH. Waterhouse, E. D. Tenney, F. Wilhelm, W. G. Ashley, C. Bolte.\\nSuch advisory council shall also have general legislative authority.\\nSuch executive and advisory council shall, acting jointly, have\\npower to remove any member of either council and to fill such or\\nany other vacancy.\\n(4) All officers under the existing government are hereby\\nrequested to continue to exercise their functions and perform the", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "SANFORD BALLARD DOLE, President of the Provisional Government of\\nHawaii, is forty-nine years of age born in Honolulu of American parentage.\\nHe was educated at Oahu College in Honolulu, and at Williams College in the\\nUnited States. He studied law in Boston was admitted to the A^assachusetts\\nbar, soon afterwards returning to Honolulu, where he became one of the leading\\nlawyers.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION. 295\\nduties of their respective offices, with the exception of the following\\nnamed persons Queen Liliuokalani Charles B. Wilson, Marshal\\nSamuel Parker, Minister of Foreign Affairs W. H. Cornwell, Min\\nister of Finance John F. Colburn, Minister of the Interior Arthu:\\nP. Peterson, Attorney-General, who are hereby removed from office\\n(5) All Hawaiian laws and constitutional principles not incon\\nsistent herewith shall continue in force until further order of the\\nexecutive and advisory councils.\\nHenry E. Cooper, Andrew Brown,\\nJ. A. McCandless, Theodore F. Lansing,\\nJOHN EMMELUTH, C. BOLTE,\\nEd. Suhr, Henry Waterhouse,\\nW. C. Wilder, F. W. McChseney,\\nWilliam O. Smith.\\n[Inclosure 2 in No. 79.I\\nHonolulu, Hawaiian Islands, January 17, 1893.\\nSIR The undersigned, members of the Executive and Advisory\\nCouncils of the Provisional Government this day established in\\nHawaii, hereby state to you that for the reasons set forth in the\\nproclamation this day issued, a copy of which is herewith inclosed\\nfor your consideration, the Hawaiian monarchy has been abrogated\\nand a Provisional Government established in accordance with the\\nsaid above-mentioned proclamation.\\nSuch Provisional Government has been proclaimed, is now in\\npossession of the Government Departmental buildings, the archives\\nand the treasury, and is in control of the city. We hereby request\\nthat you will, on behalf the United States of America, recognize it\\nas the existing de facto Government of the Hawaiian Islands, and\\nafford to it the moral support of your Government, and, if neces-", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "296 HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION.\\nsary, the support of American troops to assist in preserving the\\npublic peace.\\nWe have the honor to remain your obedient servants,\\nSanford B. Dole, J. A. King,\\nP. C. Jones, William O. Smith,\\nS. M. Dawson, John Emmeluth,\\nF. W. McChesney, W. C. Wilder,\\nJ. A. McCandless, Andrew Brown,\\nJas. F. Morgan, Henry Waterhouse,\\nE. D. TENNEY, F. J. WlLHELM,\\nW. G. ASHLEY, C. BOLTE.\\nHis Excellency JOHN L. STEVENS,\\nUnited States Minister.\\nThe Hawaiian monarchy having practically ceased to\\nexist more than two days before, the provisional govern-\\nment being duly constituted, in full possession of the\\nHawaiian capital and complete master of the political and\\nmilitary situation, it was acknowledged by the American\\nMinister as the de facto government of the Hawaiian Isl-\\nands, in accordance of the uniform precedents of the\\nUnited States Government and of international practice\\nthroughout the world. The other foreign representatives,\\nfamiliar with all the facts and circumstances regarding the\\norigin of the provisional government, promptly gave it a\\nde facto acknowledgment very soon after the United\\nStates Minister had done so.\\nTHE RAISING OF THE UNITED STATES FLAG.\\nThe raising of the United States flag over the government", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION. 297\\nbuilding took place two weeks later, and on that transac-\\ntion there is some misapprehension, which time and the\\ntruth of history will fully correct. It was not done hastily\\nnor thoughtlessly. It was done with all the serious sense\\nof responsibility that the United States Minister and Cap-\\ntain Wiltse could command. Captain Wiltse and the\\nAmerican Minister were in complete accord February first.\\nCaptain Wiltse knew the situation thoroughly. The pro-\\nvisional government made the request that the United\\nStates flag be raised over the government building, and\\nthese were its reasons: It had been created only two\\nweeks before. There were no trained troops on the\\nIsland available for its use. Many of the men in official\\nplaces on the different islands, selected under the mon-\\narchy, often from palace favorites, had not been removed,\\nand their future conduct was uncertain. Men from the\\nbusiness circles and occupations, from the stores, banks,\\noffices, and workshops, had been on guard day and night\\nfor two weeks, and business was suffering from their\\nabsence. There had not been time to create an efficient\\npolice, nor to organize and drill a small military force,\\nwhich the public situation required. In a city of twenty-\\nfour thousand people, of various nationalities, it was rea-\\nsonable to suppose there might be some elements of\\ndisorder. On the plantations not far off and in the city\\nitself there were believed to be many Japanese, who had", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "2 9 S HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION.\\nserved in their own army before they came to Hawaii. It\\nwas feared that the fallen Liliuokalani and the lottery and\\nopium rings around her would obtain the assistance of the\\nJapanese and other foreigners to restore her to the throne,\\nshe compensating them by granting them the right of\\nsuffrage and other favors which the Queen in her des-\\nperation readily would have promised to grant. Fear and\\npanic began to gain headway in the city. A riot was\\nfeared. Million: of American property, and life and order\\nwere imperilled. !n these circumstances the only sure\\nhope of safety was in the American naval force at hand.\\nShould the American representative run the risk of an-\\narchy and bloodshed when it was certain he would be\\nheld rigidly responsible if catastrophe and calamity should\\ncome? It was this pressure of necessity which com-\\npelled the American representative to act with promptness.\\nThese were the reasons which led the provisional govern-\\nment to ask American assistance. But there were other\\npotential reasons which pressed upon the American Minis-\\nter. For more than half a century the United States\\nGovernment had claimed rights and interests in the Ha-\\nwaiian Islands superior to those of any other foreign\\nnations. Repeatedly there has been attempts to induce\\nthe American government to agree to dual or tripartite\\nresponsibilities at Honolulu. John M. Clayton, Secretary\\nof State under President Taylor, repelled this forty-four", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION. 299\\nyears ago, and such has been United States policy since.\\nIt was well known to Minister Stevens that this idea of\\njoint action and responsibility had not been given up, but\\nwas still insisted on by one, if not two, foreign representa-\\ntives at Honolulu. There was then one Japanese war\\nvessel in the harbor, and another powerful ironclad, larger\\nthan the Boston, had been telegraphed for at the time\\nwhen the steamer Claudine sailed with the Hawaiian\\nCommissioners on their way to Washington. An English\\nwar ship was expected soon to arrive The American\\nMinister had reasons to think, and the provisional govern-\\nment had reasons to fear, that these foreign representatives\\nwould insist on the same right to land their naval forces\\nat Honolulu which the United States officials had exercised.\\nThe American Minister was therefore compelled to\\ndecide whether he would risk the danger of a practical\\nabandonment of the long-maintained American policy of\\nnon-joint responsibility in Hawaiian affairs. To thus sur-\\nrender in practice what the United States had long claimed,\\nhe well knew would prove him unfit to be an American\\nrepresentative. Here were difficulties which could be\\neffectively and conclusively overcome only in one way,\\nthat was by raising the flag over the government build-\\nings, a symbol of United States superior right to protect\\nthe Hawaiian government and Hawaiian sovereignty.\\nThis would not only prevent all the danger of riot and", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "5oo HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION.\\nbloodshed, but would shut out the landing of any other\\nthan the naval American force. Captain Wiltse saw this\\nas soon and as clearly as did Minister Stevens. With an\\nAmerican heart loyal to the core, conscientious, firm, self-\\npossessed, fully aware of the grave responsibility of the\\nact, he was prompt to do his duty. The officers under\\nhis command were as intelligent and loyal as their own\\nveteran commander. The following are the words read\\nby Lieutenant Rush of the Boston, on the steps of the\\ngovernment building simultaneously with raising the flag,\\nwhich was immediately published by posters and in the\\nnewspapers\\nTO THE HAWAIIAN PEOPLE. At the request of the Pro-\\nvisional Government of the Hawaiian Islands, I hereby, in the name\\nof the United States of America, assume protection of the Hawaiian\\nIslands for the protection of life and property, and occupation of\\npublic buildings and Hawaiian soil, so far as may be necessary for\\nthe purpose specified, but not interfering with the administration of\\npublic affairs by the Provisional Government.\\nThis action is taken pending and subject to negotiations at\\nWashington.\\nJohn L. Stevens,\\nEnvoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the\\nUnited States.\\nUnited States Legation, Feb. i, 1893.\\nApproved and executed by\\nG. C. Wiltse, Captain U. S. N.,\\nCommanding the United States ship Boston.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION. 301\\nIt will be observed that the plain intent of this little\\ndocument is non-interference with the sovereignty and\\ninternal affairs of Hawaii that it claimed to establish only\\na qualified and very limited protectorate, and instead of\\ninfringing on the sovereignty of the country, it was a\\nresponse to the only government o.f the Island to aid in\\nmaintaining Hawaiian sovereignty. On the arrival of the\\ninformation at Washington of this action of the American\\nrepresentatives, Secretary Foster sent a dispatch, of con-\\nsiderable length, defining how far the limited protectorate\\nat Honolulu could go, and the conclusion of that dispatch\\nof the Secretary of State was precisely what President Dole\\nand Minister Stevens understood and intended when the\\nflag was raised. During the entire period of seventy-five\\ndays the flag was up, there was complete non-intervention\\nby the American officials in the political and internal affairs\\nof Hawaii. The salutary effect of thus raising the flag\\nof the United States for the preservation of public order,\\naccording to the terms of Secretary Bayard s dispatch of\\nJuly, 1887, was immediate and remarkable. Quiet, confi-\\ndence, perfect order at once took the place of panic, fear\\nand distrust. Language can not adequately express the\\njoyful feelings of the large American colony and of all the\\nbetter elements of the other nationalities. All, save a\\nfew sympathizers with our national rivals, looked on\\nthe American flag floating in those genial skies with", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "3 02 HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION.\\nprofound respect. None more so than many native\\nHawaiians.\\nThe essential objects to be accomplished by raising the\\nflag of the United States were gained during the two and\\none-half months its starry folds were before the people\\nof Hawaii. The Provisional Government had secured the\\nnecessary time to organize an efficient police and military\\nforce, to substitute reliable officials in place of the unreliable,\\nand to consolidate the new government with the approval\\nof the responsible men of all the Islands. Hawaii now\\nhas the best government she has ever had, administered\\nby men of intelligence, education and character, and as\\nthoroughly American in sympathy and interest as we have\\nat the head of any of our American States and territories.\\nThat government and those back of it nearly all the\\nresponsible and best citizens of the Islands ask for the\\nannexation of Hawaii as a territory of the United States.\\nThis is desired because it is believed to be best for the\\nnative as well as the foreign-born population of the\\nIsland. The Hawaiian monarchy for twenty years had\\nbeen especially injurious to the welfare of the native Ha-\\nwaiians. The government and those supporting it desire\\nannexation, because they justly regard present Hawaii in\\nreality an American colony, closely identified with American\\ninterests and governed by American ideas, American laws\\nand American judicial rules and decisions. In reporting the", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "to I\\no\\ni s\\nb\\nw si\\no 2\\nQ S\\nm\\nQ\\nPi\\nI\\nfa 3\\nI\\nJ a,\\nCO\\nO\\nfa\\nfa\\nM\\nr .g", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION. 305\\ntreaty of annexation, February, 1893, the Senate Committee\\nof Foreign Affairs acted as American statesmen in dealing\\nwith facts, events and interests as they found them. They\\ncame to the same conclusion as did the Democratic admin-\\nistration in 1 8^4, when Secretary Wm. L Marcy authorized\\nCommissioner Gregg to negotiate a treaty of annexation,\\nwhich that Commissioner did negotiate, though he exceeded\\nhis instructions as to the provisions of the treaty. The\\ntreaty of 185^4 failed through divided counsels at Honolulu.\\nMarcy, the able Democratic leader of his time, a cool,\\nsagacious statesman, in a dispatch to United States Min-\\nister Mason, at Paris. December 16, 1851, speaking of the\\nHawaii Islands, said\\nBoth England and France are apprised of our deter-\\nmination not to allow them to be owned by, or to fall\\nunder the protection of, either of these powers or of any\\nother European nation.\\nLuther Severance, an able, safe, and sagacious man,\\nwell known to the country in his time, whom Daniel\\nWebster honored, after four years residence at Honolulu,\\ncame to the same conclusion as did Secretary Marcy. As\\nfar back as June, 1843, Secretary of State H. S. Legare, in\\na dispatch to Edward Everett, United States Minister at\\nLondon, placed nearly as high an estimate of the value of\\nthe ultimate American possession of the Hawaiian Islands;\\nhe used this language", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "3o6 HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION.\\nIf the attempts now making by ourselves, as well as by other\\nChristian powers, to open the markets of China to a more general\\ncommerce be successful, there can be no doubt but that a great part\\nof that commerce will find its way over the Isthmus. In that event\\nit will be impossible to overrate the importance of the Hawaiian\\ngroup as a stage in the long voyage between Asia and America.\\nBut without anticipating events which, however, seem inevitable,\\nand even approaching the actual demands of an immense navigation,\\nmake the free use of those roadsteads and ports indispensable to us.\\n1 need not remind you, who are in so peculiar manner related to\\nthat most important interest, commercial and political, that our great\\nnursery of seamen, the whale fishery, has for years past made this\\ncluster of islands its rendezvous and resting-place. It seems doubt-\\nful whether even the undisputed possession of the Oregon Territory\\nand the use of the Columbia River, or indeed, anything short of the\\nacquisition of California (if that were possible), would be sufficient\\nindemnity to us for the loss of these harbors.\\nThese views of Legare, Marcy, and other distinguished\\nstatesmen, were fully shared by Wm. H. Seward, who\\nhad remarkable foresight as to the vast future of American\\ncommerce in the Pacific, and looked forward to the an-\\nnexation of Hawaii as necessary and inevitable, and would\\nhave urged it during his occupancy of the State Depart-\\nment had he found the Honolulu authorities ready for it.\\nUnder the date of Sept. 12, 1867, in a dispatch to United\\nStates Minister McCook at Honolulu, Secretary Seward\\nwrote as follows\\nYou will be governed in all your proceedings by a proper\\nrespect and courtesy to the Government and people of the Sandwicn", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION. 307\\nIslands but it is proper that you should know, for your own\\ninformation, that a lawful and peaceful annexation of the Islands to\\nthe United States, with the consent of the people of the Sandwich\\nIslands, is deemed desirable by this Government and that if the\\npolicy of annexation should really conflict with the policy of reci-\\nprocity, annexation is in every case to be preferred.\\nThe bearer of this communication will remain for the present\\nat Honolulu, and will conform himself in his proceedings there to\\nyour advice, co-operating with you confidentially and you will\\nexercise your own discretion how far it may be necessary and when\\nto instruct him in any of the matters contained in this dispatch.\\nI am, etc., WILLIAM H. SEWARD.\\nin his annual message to Congress, December 9, 1868,\\nPresident Johnson said\\nIt is known and felt by the Hawaiian Government and people\\nthat their Government and institutions are feeble and precarious\\nthat the United States, being so near a neighbor, would be unwill-\\ning to see the Islands pass under foreign control. Their prosperity\\nis continually disturbed by expectations and alarms of unfriendly\\npolitical proceedings, as well from the United States as from other\\nforeign powers. A reciprocity treaty, while it could not materially\\ndiminish the revenues of the United States, would be a guaranty of\\nthe good-will and forbearance of all nations until the people of the\\nIslands shall of themselves, at no distant day, voluntarily apply for\\nadmission into the Union.\\nThis passage in the message of the President was\\nundoubtedly written by Secretary Seward.\\nNone have defended these views more ably than\\nJames G. Blaine, in a remarkable state paper during\\nPresident Garfield s Administration. In another dispatch,", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "30S HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION.\\nof Dec. i, 1 88 1, to United States Minister Comly at Hono-\\nlulu, Secretary Blaine said:\\nThe decline of the native Hawaiian element in the presence of\\nnewer and sturdier growths must be accepted as an inevitable fact,\\nin view of the teachings of ethnological history. And as retrogres-\\nsion in the development of the Islands can not be admitted without\\nserious detriment to American interests in the North Pacific, the\\nproblem of a replenishment of the vital forces of Hawaii presents\\nitself for intelligent solution in an American sense not in an Asiatic\\nor a British sense.\\nThere is little doubt that, were the Hawaiian Islands, by\\nannexation or district protection, a part of the territory of the Union,\\ntheir fertile resources for the growth of rice and sugar would not\\nonly be controlled by American capital, but so profitable a field of\\nlabor would attract intelligent workers thither from the United\\nStates.\\nNone have advocated the value of Hawaii to the\\nunited States more eloquently than John T. Morgan, the\\nable Chairman of the Senate Committee of Foreign Affairs,\\nwho sees clearly the immense importance of future Amer-\\nican interests in the Pacific.\\nThe history of nations conclusively shows what the\\nablest expounders of international law plainly teach, that\\nthe annexation of foreign territory is an act of national\\nsovereignty. This inherent, primal power of a nation ex-\\nists outside of and independent of the written constitution\\nEvery nation capable of maintaining its independence\\nagainst internal and foreign attacks, is the master of its own", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "V.\\n_\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0z\\nfg\\nV\\nX\\nH\\nq\\nb\\nC\\nP\\nX\\nc\\nS\\n\u00e2\u0099\u00a6a\\nB\\nP^\\nP\\ni.\\nQ\\nH", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION. 311\\nsovereignty and never abdicates it by any recorded formu-\\nlary. The assumption of construing the constitution of\\nthe United States to be supreme against our national life,\\nprosperity and absolutely independent authority, will never\\nbe admitted by patriotic Americans, nor by sagacious\\nAmerican statesmen. The opposition to the annexation of\\nHawaii by a special school of legal writers, is only a repe-\\ntition of what has repeatedly occurred in American history\\nsince the adoption of the Federal Constitution. President\\nJefferson and those associated with him in acquiring the\\nextensive territory of Louisiana, was obliged to confront\\nthis theory of the superiority of the constitution to national\\nsovereignty. Though he was a strict constructionist of the\\nconstitution against the views of the school of Washington\\nand Hamilton, he held the law of the nation s life to be\\nsupreme, and he promptly authorized the purchase of the\\nvast domain, for fifteen millions of dollars, at the risk of a\\nwar with Spain and the threatened opposition of Great\\nBritain. Equally strong constitutional objections were\\nmade to the acquisition of Texas, California, New Mexico\\nand Alaska, which annexations were approved by the great\\nstatesmen of the Democratic, Whig, and Republican\\nschools. The acquisition of the Hawaiian Islands by the\\nUnited States is plainly a national necessity and a national\\nduty. Does any thoughtful American citizen really believe\\ntnat the American nation, planted between the two great", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION\\noceans, on a broad, sure base, such as no other nation in\\nthe world ever occupied with its immense resources to\\nthe world s commerjr. is :o be shut up within its\\nent boundaries? Those who have made history a\\njs stud/ and understand the force of its irresistible\\nlogic, can not hold this restricted theory. To make sale of\\nthe enormous surplus products of their mines, their spin-\\ndles, of their countless forms of machinery. American\\nmerchants and American ships must go abroad with all the\\nagendes of a mighty commerce a commerce which will\\nextent the combined trade of ancient Tyre and\\nCarthage, and of modern Great Britain.\\nThis rich prize is now freely offered to the Unitea\\nStates. It can not be possible that the American people\\nand the American statesmen will refuse to accept it To\\nspurn and reject this important and thoroughly American\\ncolony, planted by some of the m:s: devoted of Ameri-\\ncan sons and daughters, fostered by \\\\n benevo-\\nvmpathy, aided by a million dollars of pr:\\ncontributions, encouraged for more than sixty years by\\nthe American government to abandon the people of this\\ncole at this crucial period of their history would be\\n,nd inhumanity, which no self-respecting Chris-\\ntian nation will be guilty of, the least of all the great Amer-\\nican nation. in the North P.\\niom and patriotism to ignore.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "EFFORT TO RESTORE LILIUOKALANI. IGNO-\\nMINIOUS FAILURE. PROVISIONAL GOV-\\nERNMENT STRONGER.\\nThere are in the history of human affairs many strange\\nthings, of whose causes and objects it is difficult to ac-\\ncount on any reasonable hypothesis. History is said to\\nbe philosophy speaking by example. If this be a sound\\naxiom, there is certainly some very peculiar philosophy in\\nthis world. To an American to any enlightened person\\nof the present century of intelligence the piece of history\\ndisclosed by the official documents which make the most\\nof this chapter, must seem as absurd, if not as astonishing,\\nas anything in the Arabian Nights or in the romance of\\nDon Quixote. President Cleveland had been in the ex-\\necutive chair only three days, nearly every hour of which\\nhad been occupied by the customary inaugural routine,\\nwithout having had time to inform himself of the official\\ndata on file at the State Department and in possession of\\nthe Foreign Relations Committee of the Senate, when he\\nhad resolved to reverse the policy of his predecessors\\ntoward Hawaii, and to restore the little monarchy, which\\n818", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "3H EFFORT TO RESTORE LILIUOKALAXI.\\nthe responsible citizens of the Islands had found it\\nabsolutely necessary to abolish. Finding in Walter Q.\\nGresham, his Secretary of State, one fully sharing his\\nviews, the President appointed Col. James H. Blount, of\\nGeorgia, to go to Honolulu to make out a case against the\\nProvisional Government and to prepare the way for the\\nrestoration of the dethroned Liliuokalani. Though the\\nSenate was then in session, and the majority of that body\\nwere well informed as to the state of things in Hawaii,\\nand the causes and justifications of the recent change in its\\ngovernment, the President did not take the Senate into his\\ncounsel, nor submit the appointment of Col. Blount to its\\napproval. An unauthorized power was given the Presi-\\ndent s Commissioner to outrank and command the United\\nStates Minister Plenipotentiary and the Admiral then on\\nduty at Honolulu. Arriving at the Hawaiian capital late in\\nMarch, 1893, Col. Blount immediately showed his strong\\nprejudices against the course of the Harrison Administra-\\ntion, and the officials who had been on duty at Honolulu\\nduring the exciting and eventful days of January and\\nFebruary. Though advised by highly respected Americans,\\nliving in Honolulu, to take his quarters where both the\\nfriends of the Provisional Government and the supporters\\nof the fallen monarchy could have equally ready access\\nto him, he elected to go to the hotel which had long\\nbeen the royalist s headquarters, whose managers were", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "HON. LORR1N A. THURSTON. Hawaiian Minister at Washington, is a grand-\\nson of one of the pioneer missionaries to Hawaii. He is a lawyer and a graduate\\nof the Columbia Law School. During the early struggles against the encroach-\\nments of King Kalakaua, Mr. Thurston edited one of the Honolulu daily p\\nand was influential in crystallizing public sentiment.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "EFFORT TO RESTORE LILIUOKALANI. 317\\nthoroughly anti-American in their prejudices and plans,\\nand where monarchical espionage of the newly-arrived\\nCommissioner and those who called upon him, would be\\ncomplete. Thus surrounded, Special Commissioner Blount\\nturned a cold shoulder to his own respectable countrymen\\nand took ex-parte testimony from the supporters of the\\nfallen monarchy, those who had shared in its moral and\\nfinancial abuses, and who were eager to give any testi-\\nmony that might aid in the already matured scheme to\\nrestore the fallen Liliuokalani and the lottery and opium\\nrings, who had encouraged her in the official infamy\\nwhich had ended in her revolutionary attempt to over-\\nthrow the Hawaiian Constitution and led to her irrevocable\\ndownfall. In this wholly one-sided and partisan manner\\nMr. Blount obtained his data for the extraordinary report\\non which was based the extraordinary plan of President\\nCleveland and Secretary Gresham, to restore the semi-\\nbarbaric Queen and her palace favorite, Wilson, to rule\\nover an intelligent and patriotic American colony, and\\nthose of other nationalities who are in full accord in\\nspirit and purpose with that colony in supporting the\\nProvisional Government and in seeking commercial and\\npolitical union with the United States. How signally\\nfailed this astonishing design of restoring the justly\\ndethroned monarch, is plainly told in the following official\\ndocuments, which complete this chapter of Hawaiian", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "318 EFFORT TO RESTORE LILIUOKALANI.\\nhistory. One compensation to the anxious and Lnreat\\nened American colony is, that the attempt to discredit and\\ndestroy the Provisional Government has greatly strength-\\nened its cause both at home and abroad, and its brave\\nsupporters know now that they have the earnest and\\nactive sympathy of a majority of the American people,\\nand that their future destiny as a part of the American\\nUnion is sure. Another evidence that everything valuable\\nin civilization and in government comes through trial and\\nsacrifice.\\nThere appears below the text of the address of the\\nUnited States Minister Albert S. Willis to the President of\\nthe Provisional Government of Hawaii on the occasion of\\nhis first official visit to the Hawaiian Executive the reply\\nof President Sanford P. Dole to that address the letter of\\ncredence then presented by Minister Willis and the corre-\\nspondence preceding and covering the demands that the\\nPresident of the United States made through his Envoy\\nExtraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, 19th of Decem-\\nber, 1893, upon the Hawaiian Government.\\nMINISTER WILLIS REMARKS\\nUpon the Presentation of His Credentials to the provisional\\ngovernment.\\nMr. President Mr. Blount, the late Envoy Extraordinary and\\nMinister Plenipotentiary of the United States to your Government,\\nhaving resigned his office when absent from his post, I have the", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "EFFORT TO RESTORE LIL1UOKALANI. 319\\nhonor now to present his letter of recall, and to express for him his\\nsincere regret that he is unable in person to make known his con-\\ntinued good wishes in behalf of your people, and his grateful appre-\\nciation of the many courtesies, both personal and official, of which,\\nwhile here, he was the honored recipient.\\nI desire at the same time to place in your hands the letter\\naccrediting me as his successor. In doing this I am directed by the\\nPresident to give renewed assurances of the friendship, interest and\\nhearty good-will which our Government entertains for you and for\\nthe people of this Island realm.\\nAside from our geographical proximity and the consequent pre-\\nponderating commercial interests which center here, the present\\nadvanced civilization and Christianization of your people, together\\nwith your enlightened codes of law, stand to-day beneficent monu-\\nments of American zeal, courage and intelligence.\\nIt is not surprising, therefore, that the United States were the\\nfirst to recognize the independence of the Hawaiian Islands, and to\\nwelcome them into the great family of free, equal and sovereign\\nnations, nor is it surprising that this historic tie has been strength-\\nened from year to year, by important mutual reciprocities and agree-\\nments, alike honorable and advantageous to both Governments.\\nInvoking that spirit of peace, friendship and hospitality which\\nhas ever been the shield and sword of this country, I now, upon\\nbehalf of the United States of America, tender to your people the\\nright hand of good-will, which I trust may be as lasting as I know\\nit to be sincere, expressing the hope that every year will promote\\nand perpetuate that good-will to the honor, happiness and prosperity\\nof both Governments.\\nPRESIDENT DOLE S Remarks.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 President Dole replied, reading\\nfrom manuscript in the language following:\\nMr. Minister: It is with much satisfaction that 1 receive the\\ncredentials you bring from His Excellency the President ot the\\nUnited States of America, accrediting you as Envoy Extraordinary", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "3 2o EFFORT TO RESTORE LILIUOKALANI.\\nand Minister Plenipotentiary to represent that country at the capital\\nor the Hawaiian Islands.\\nYour assurances of the continued friendship of your Govern-\\nment for me and the Hawaiian people add to the gratification which\\na long experience of the generous consideration of the United States\\nfor this country has fostered.\\nPermit me to assure you that we heartily reciprocate the expres-\\nsion of interest and good-will which you, on behalf of the American\\npeople, have conveyed to us.\\nPartly from proximity, partly from the leading influence of\\nAmerican citizens in the work of inaugurating Christian civilization\\nand industrial enterprise in these islands, but still more from the\\nrepeated acts of friendly assistance which we have received from\\nyour Government during the past half century, we have become\\naccustomed to regard the United States as a friend and ally, and\\nhave learned to look first to her for help in our emergencies.\\nI regret the inability of your predecessor, Mr. Blount, to person-\\nally present his letter of recall and to afford me the opportunity to\\nexpress to him my appreciation of the agreeable official and social\\nrelations that existed between him and our Government and people\\nduring his residence here.\\nWe congratulate ourselves, Mr. Minister, that the Government\\nof the United States is to be represented by one who, we are\\nassured, is familiar with the questions arising from the relations\\nbetween the two Governments, and with whom we look for the\\nmaintenance of pleasant official intercourse.\\nLETTER OF CREDENCE.\\nGROVER CLEVELAND, President of the United States of America,\\nTo His Excellency, SANFORD B. DOLE, President of the Provisional Govern-\\nment of the Hawaiian Islands.\\nGreat and Good Friend I have made choice of Albert S. Willis,\\none of our distinguished citizens, to reside near the Government of", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "EFFORT TO RESTORE LILIUOKALANI. 321\\nYour Excellency in the quality of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister\\nPlenipotentiary of the United States of America.\\nHe is well informed of the relative interests of the two countries,\\nand of our sincere desire to cultivate to the fullest extent the\\nfriendship which has so long subsisted between us. My knowledge\\nof his high character and ability gives me entire confidence that he\\nwill constantly endeavor to advance the interest and prosperity of\\nboth Governments, and so render himself acceptable to Your Excel-\\nlency.\\nI therefore request Your Excellency to receive him favorably and\\nto give full credence to what he shall say on the part of the United\\nStates, and to the assurances which I have charged him to convey\\nto you of the best wishes of this Government for the prosperity of\\nthe Hawaiian Islands.\\nMay God have Your Excellency in His wise keeping.\\nWritten at Washington this twenty-seventh day of September,\\nin the year 1893.\\nYour good friend, GROVER CLEVELAND.\\nBy the President.\\nALVEY A. ADEE, Acting Secretary of State.\\nPRELIMINARY CORRESPONDENCE.\\nDepartment of Foreign Affairs,\\nHonolulu, November 29, 1893.\\nSir Having received from our Minister at Washington, Hon.\\nLorrin A. Thurston, accredited to the Government of the United\\nStates of America, information of an official letter from Secretary of\\nState, Hon. Walter Q. Gresham, to President Cleveland, which is\\nof an unfriendly nature towards this Government, recommending\\nhostile action by the President toward us, alleged copies of which\\nletter have been published in the American press I desire to inquire\\nof you whether the published reports of such letter of Secretary", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "322 EFFORT TO RESTORE LILIUOKALANI.\\nGresham are substantially correct If they are, I feel that it is due\\nthis Government that it should be informed of the intentions of\\nyour Government in relation to the suggestion contained in the said\\nletter of Mr. Gresham.\\nAccept the assurance of the profound consideration and high\\nesteem with which I have the honor to be Your Excellency s\\nMost obedient servant,\\n(Signed) SANFORD B. DOLE,\\nMinister of Foreign Affairs.\\nHis Excellency ALBERT S. WILLIS, U. S. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister\\nPlenipotentiary, Honolulu.\\nLegation of the United States,\\nHONOLULU, December 2, 1893.\\nSir I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your note\\nof the 29th ult., inquiring as to the authenticity of a letter of Hon.\\nW. Q. Gresham, Secretary of State, upon the Hawaiian question\\nand stating that if the published reports of such letter are sub-\\nstantially correct you feel that it is due this (your) Govern-\\nment that it should be informed of the intentions of your (my)\\nGovernment in relation to the suggestions contained in the said\\nletter of Mr. Gresham/\\nAs to the letter of Mr. Gresham I have the honor to call your\\nattention to the fact, as shown by you, that it is a communicatioi\\nfrom a member of the Cabinet to the President of the United States,\\nand, being a domestic transaction, is not the subject of diplomatic\\nrepresentation.\\nAnswering your note further, I must express my sincere regret\\nthat it is not in my power at present to inform you of the views or\\nintentions of the United States. The President earnestly desires a\\nspeedy settlement of your troubles, and will, in my opinion, be", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "EFFORT TO RESTORE L1LIUOKALANI. 323\\nready to make known his purposes as soon as he is informed of cer-\\ntain matters recently submitted to him. With high regard, I am\\nVery respectfully,\\n(Signed) ALBERT S. WILLIS,\\nEnvoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, U. S. A.\\nHON. SANFORD B. DOLE, Minister of Foreign Affairs.\\nDepartment of Foreign Affairs,\\nHonolulu, December 18, 1893.\\nSir I am informed that you are in communication with Liliuo-\\nkalani, the ex-Queen, with a view of re-establishing the monarchy\\nin the Hawaiian Islands, and of supporting her pretensions to the\\nsovereignty. Will you inform me if this report is true, or if you are\\nacting in any way hostile to this Government\\nI appreciate fully the fact that any such action upon your part,\\nin view of your official relations with this Government, would seem\\nimpossible but as the information has come to me from such\\nsources that I am compelled to notice it, you will pardon me for\\npressing you for an immediate answer.\\nAccept the assurance of distinguished consideration, with which\\nI have the honor to be, Sir,\\nYour Excellency s obedient humble servant,\\n(Signed) SANFORD B. DOLE,\\nMinister of Foreign Affairs.\\nHis Excellency, ALBERT S. WILLIS, U. S. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister\\nPlenipotentiary, Honolulu.\\nLegation of the United States,\\nHonolulu, Dec. 19, 1893.\\nSir: I have the honor to inform you that I have a communica-\\ntion from my Government which I desire to submit to the President", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "3 2 4 EFFORT TO RESTORE LIL1UOKALANI.\\nand Ministers of your Government at any hour to-day which it may\\nplease you to designate.\\nWith high regard and sincere respect, I am, Sir,\\nYour obedient servant,\\n(Signed) ALBERT S. WILLIS,\\nEnvoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, U. S. A.\\nHON. SANFORD B. DOLE, Minister of Foreign Affairs.\\nTHE INTERVIEW AND DEMAND.\\nForeign Office,\\nHonolulu, December 19, 1893.\\nPresent President, Sanford B. Dole Hon. S. M. Damon, Min-\\nister of Finance Hon. J. A. King, Minister of Interior Hon. W. O.\\nSmith, Attorney-General Hon. Albert S. Willis, Envoy Extraordi-\\nnary and Minister Plenipotentiary, U. S. A.\\nMR. WILLIS Will Mr. Jones be present at this interview\\nPRESIDENT DOLE We wish to have him present, if you have\\nno objection.\\nMR. Willis Is he a stenographer\\nPresident Dole Yes, sir.\\nMr. Willis No objection at all.\\nMr. President and Gentlemen The President of the United\\nStates has very much regretted the delay in the Hawaiian question,\\nbut it has been unavoidable. So much of it as has occurred since\\nmy arrival has been due to certain conditions precedent, compliance\\nwith which was required before I was authorized to confer with you.\\nThe President also regrets, as most assuredly do I, that any secrecy\\nshould have surrounded the interchange of views between our two\\nGovernments. I may say this, however, that the secrecy thus far\\nobserved has been in the interest and for the safety of all your\\npeople. I need hardly premise that the President s action upon the\\nHawaiian question has been under the dictates of honor and duty", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "PROF. W. R. ALEXANDER, the son of an American Missionary is the Sur-\\nveyor General of the Hawaiian Islands. He was born at the Islands, but was\\neducated at Yale College. He was for seven years President of Oahu College at\\nHonolulu, resigning to accept the position he now holds. He is the acknowledged\\nauthority in historical, antiquarian and scientific matters pertaining to Hawaii.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "EFFORT TO RESTORE LILIUOKALANI. 327\\nit is now, and has been from the beginning, absolutely free from\\nprejudice and resentment and entirely consistent with the long-\\nestablished friendship and treaty ties which have so closely bound\\ntogether our respective Governments.\\nThe President deemed it his duty to withdraw from the Senate\\nthe treaty of annexation, which has been signed by the Secretary\\nof State and the agents of your Government, and to dispatch a\\ntrusted representative to Hawaii to impartially investigate the causes\\nof your revolution and to ascertain and report the true situation in\\nthese Islands. This information was needed the better to enable\\nthe President to discharge a delicate and important duty.\\nUpon the facts embodied in Mr. Blount s reports, the President\\nhas arrived at certain conclusions and determined upon a certain\\ncourse of action, with which it becomes my duty to acquaint you\\nThe Provisional Government was not established by the Ha-\\nwaiian people or with their consent or acquiescence, nor has it since\\nexisted with their consent.\\nThe Queen refused to surrender her powers to the Provisional\\nGovernment until convinced that the Minister of the United States\\nhad recognized it as the de facto authority and would support and\\ndefend it with the military force of the United States, and that\\nresistance would precipitate a bloody conflict with that force.\\nShe was advised and assured by her Ministers and leaders of\\nthe movement for the overthrow of her Government that if she\\nsurrendered under protest her case would afterwards be fairly con-\\nsidered by the President of the United States.\\nThe Queen finally yielded to the armed forces of the United\\nStates, then quartered in Honolulu, relying on the good faith and\\nhonor of the President, when informed of what had occurred, to\\nundo the action of the Minister and reinstate her and the authority\\nwhich she claimed as the constitutional sovereign of the Hawaiian\\nIslands.\\nAfter a patient examination of Mr. Blount s reports the President", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "328 EFFORT TO RESTORE LILIUOKALANI.\\nis satisfied that trie movement against the Queen, if not instigated,\\nwas encouraged and supported by the representative of this Gov-\\nernment at Honolulu that he promised in advance to aid her\\nenemies in an effort to overthrow the Hawaiian Government and\\nset up by force a new Government in its place, and that he kept\\nthis promise by causing a detachment of troops to be landed from\\nthe Boston on the 16th of January, 1893, and by recognizing the\\nProvisional Government the next day, when it was too feeble to\\ndefend itself, and the Constitutional Government was able to suc-\\ncessfully maintain its authority against any threatening force other\\nthan that of the United States already landed.\\nThe President has, therefore, determined that he will not send\\nback to the Senate for its action thereon, the treaty which he with-\\ndrew from that body for further consideration, on the ninth day of\\nMarch last.\\nIn view of these conclusions I was instructed by the President\\nto take advantage of an early opportunity to inform the Queen of\\nthis determination and of his views as to the responsibility of our\\nGovernment. The President, however, felt that we by our original\\ninterference had incurred responsibility to the whole Hawaiian com-\\nmunity, and that it would not be just to put one party at the mercy\\nof the other. I was, therefore, instructed at the same time to inform\\nthe Queen that when reinstated the President expected that she\\nwould pursue a magnanimous course by granting full amnesty to\\nall who participated in the movement against her, including per-\\nsons who are, or who have been, officially or otherwise connected\\nwith the Provisional Government, depriving them of no right or\\nprivilege which they enjoyed before the revolution of last January,\\nand that all obligations created by the Provisional Government in\\ndue course of administration should be assumed.\\nIn obedience to the command of the President I have secured\\nthe Queen s agreement to this course, and I now deliver a writing\\nsigned by her and duly attested, a copy of which I will leave with", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "EFFORT TO RESTORE LILIUOKALANI. 329\\nyou. I will now read that writing. I will read from the original,\\nleaving with you a certified copy\\nI, Liliuokalani, in recognition of the high sense of justice\\nwhich has actuated the President of the United States, and desiring\\nto put aside all feeling of personal hatred or revenge, and to do what\\nis best for all the people on these Islands, both native and foreign-\\nborn, do hereby and herein solemnly declare and pledge myself that\\nif reinstated as the constitutional sovereign of the Hawaiian Islands,\\nthat I will immediately proclaim and declare unconditionally and\\nwithout reservation to every person who directly or indirectly par-\\nticipated in the revolution of January 17, 1893, a full pardon and\\namnesty for their offenses with restoration of all rights and immu-\\nnities under the Constitution and the laws which have been made\\nin pursuance thereof, and that I will forbid and prevent the adoption\\nof any measures of prosecution or punishment for what has been\\ndone in the past by those setting up or supporting the Provisional\\nGovernment.\\nI further solemnly agree to accept the restoration under the\\nConstitution existing at the time of the said revolution, and that I\\nwill abide by and fully execute that Constitution with all the guar-\\nantees as to person and property therein contained.\\nI furthermore solemnly pledge myself and my Government, if\\nrestored, to assure all the obligations created by the Provisional Gov-\\nernment in the proper course of administration, including all expen-\\nditures for military and police service it being my purpose, if\\nreinstated, to assume the Government precisely as it existed on the\\nday when it was unlawfully overthrown.\\nWitness my hand this eighteenth day of December, 1893.\\nLiliuokalani.\\nAttest: J. O. Carter.\\nIt becomes my further duty to advise you, Sir, the Executive of\\nthe Provisional Government and your Ministers, of the President s", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "33o EFFORT TO RESTORE LILIUOKALANI.\\ndetermination of the question which your action and that of the\\nQueen devolved upon him, and that your are expected to promptly\\nrelinquish to her her constitutional authority. And now, Mr. Presi-\\ndent and Gentlemen of the Provisional Government, with a deep\\nand solemn sense of the situation and with the earnest hope that\\nyour answer will be inspired by that high patriotism which forgets\\nall self-interest, in the name and by the authority of the United\\nStates of America, I submit to you the question Are you willing to\\nabide by the decision of the President\\nI will leave this with you Mr. President, as your stenographer\\nmay not have got every word and it may help him. I will also\\nleave the certified copy that I referred to, the agreement of the\\nQueen.\\nPresident Dole The Government will take the matter under\\nconsideration and answer you as soon as they are ready.\\nMR. WILLIS Yes, sir. Gentlemen, good day.\\nPRESIDENT DOLE S REPLY.\\nExecutive Building,\\nHonolulu, December 23, 1893.\\nSir Your Excellency s communication of December 19th, an-\\nnouncing the conclusion which the President of the United States\\nof America has finally arrived at respecting the application of this\\nGovernment for a treaty of political union with that country, and.\\nreferring also to the domestic affairs of these Islands, has had the\\nconsideration of the Government.\\nWhile it is with deep disappointment that we learn that the\\nimportant proposition which we have submitted to the Government\\nof the United States, and which was at first favorably considered by\\nit, has at length been rejected, we have experienced a sense of\\nrelief that we are now favored with the first official information upon\\nthe subject that has been received through a period of over nine\\nmonths.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "Jfc\\nHP ^^p p. r\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0pr\\n^1 n\\ni sG J *-\\\\f ,sl Ss J\\nk M J,\\n7| p -4iZi 4#ttLJM 4\\nQUEEN KAPIOLANI. Kapiolani, wife of the King Knlakaua, a woman of the\\ngreatest amiability of character, is a granddaughter of the last king of Kauai.\\nHer features are of the best Hawaiian type. Although able to converse in the\\nHawaiian language alone, and with shy, rather timid manners, she was a favorite\\nwith the foreigners who attended her husband s Court.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "EFFORT TO RESTORE LILIUOKALANI. 333\\nWhile we accept the decision of the President of the United\\nStates, declining further to consider the annexation proposition as the\\nfinal conclusion of the present Administration, we do not feel\\ninclined to regard it as the last word of the American Government\\nupon this subject for the history of the mutual relations of the two\\ncountries, of American effort and influence in building up the\\nChristian civilization which has so conspicuously aided in giving this\\ncountry an honorable place among independent nations, the geo-\\ngraphical position of these Islands, and the important and, to both\\ncountries, profitable reciprocal commercial interests which have so\\nlong existed, together with our weakness as a sovereign nation, all\\npoint with convincing force to political union between the two\\ncountries as the necessary logical result from the circumstances\\nmentioned. This conviction is emphasized by the favorable expres-\\nsion of American statesmen over a long period in favor of annexa-\\ntion, conspicuous among whom are the names of W. L. Marcy,\\nWilliam H. Seward, Hamilton Fish and James G. Blaine, all former\\nSecretaries of State, and especially so by the action of your last\\nAdministration in negotiating a treaty of annexation with this Gov-\\nernment and sending it to the Senate with a view to its ratification.\\nWe shall therefore continue the project of political union with\\nthe United States as a conspicuous feature of our foreign policy,\\nconfidently hoping that sooner or later it will be crowned with\\nsuccess, to the lasting benefit of both countries.\\nThe additional portion of your communication, referring to our\\ndomestic affairs, with a view of interfering therein, is a new\\ndeparture in the relations of the two Governments. Your informa-\\ntion that the President of the United States expects this Government\\nto promptly relinquish to her (meaning the ex-Queen) her consti-\\ntutional authority, with the question, Are you willing to abide by\\nthe decision of the President might well be dismissed in a single\\nword, but for the circumstance that your communication contains,\\nas it appears to me, misstatements, and erroneous conclusions based", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "EFFORT TO RESTORE LILIUOKALAXI.\\nthereon that are so prejudicial to this Government, that I can not\\npermit them to pass unchallenged moreover, the importance and\\nmenacing character of this proposition make it appropriate for me\\nto discuss somewhat fully the questions raised by\\nWe do not recognize the right of the President of the Un\\nStates to interfere in our domestic affairs. Such right could be\\nconferred upon him by the act of this Government, and by that\\nalone or it could be acquired by conquest. This I understand to\\nbe the American doctrine, conspicuously announced from time to\\ntime by the authorities of your Government.\\nPresident Jackson said, in his message to Congress, in 1836:\\nThe uniform policy and practice of the United States is to avoid\\nall interference in disputes which merely relate to the internal\\ngovernment of other nations, and eventually to recognize the\\nauthority of the prevailing party, without reference to the merits of\\nthe original controversy.\\nThis principle of international law has been consistently rec-\\nognized during the whole past intercourse of the two countries,\\nand was recently re-affirmed in the instructions given by Secretary\\nGresham to Commissioner Blount, on March ir, 1893, and by the\\nlatter published in the newspapers in Honolulu, in a letter of his\\nown to the Hawaiian public. The words of these instructions\\nwhich I refer to are as follows The United States claim no right\\nto interfere in the political or domestic affairs, or in the internal\\nconflicts of the Hawaiian Islands other than as herein stated (re-\\nferring to the protection of American citizens), or for the purpose of\\nmaintaining any treaty or other rights which they possess. The\\ntreaties between the two countries confer no right of interference.\\nUpon what then, Mr. Minister, does the President of the United\\nState his right of interference Your communication is\\nwithout information on this point, excepting such as may be con-\\ntained in the following brief and vague sentences: She (the\\nex-Queen; was advised and assured by her Ministers and leaders of", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "EFFORT TO RESTORE LILIUOKALANI. 335\\nthe movement for the overthrow of her Government, that if she\\nsurrendered under protest, her case would afterward be fairly con-\\nsidered by the President of the United States. The Queen finally\\nyielded to the armed forces of the United States then quartered in\\nHonolulu, relying on the good faith and honor of the President,\\nwhen informed of what occurred, to undo the action of the Minister,\\nand reinstate her and the authority which she claimed as the consti-\\ntutional sovereign of the Hawaiian Islands. Also, It becomes\\nmy further duty to advise you, Sir, the Executive of the Provisional\\nGovernment, and your Ministers, of the President s determination\\nof the question which your action and that of the Queen devolved\\nupon him, and that you are expected to promptly relinquish to her\\nher constitutional authority. I understand that the first quotation\\nis referred to in the following words of the second which your\\naction and that of the Queen devolved upon him (the President of\\nthe United States), and that the President has arrived at his\\nconclusions from Commissioner Blount s report. We have had,\\nas yet, no opportunity of examining this document but, from\\nextracts published in the papers and for reasons set forth hereafter,\\nwe are not disposed to submit the fate of Hawaii to its statements\\nand conclusions. As a matter of fact, no member of the Executive\\nof the Provisional Government has conferred with the ex-Queen,\\neither verbally or otherwise, from the time that the new Govern-\\nment was proclaimed till now, with the exception of one or two\\nnotices which were sent to her by myself, in regard to her removal\\nfrom the Palace, and relating to the guards which the Government\\nfirst allowed her, and perhaps others of a like nature. I infer that\\na conversation with Mr. Damon, then a member of the Advisory\\nCouncil, is reported by Mr. Blount to have had with the ex-Queen\\non January 17th, and which has been quoted in the newspapers, is\\nthe basis of this astounding claim of the President of the United\\nStates of his authority to adjudicate upon our rights as a Govern-\\nment to exist. Mr. Damon, on the occasion mentioned, was allowed", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "336 EFFORT TO RESTORE LILIUOKALANI.\\nto accompany the Cabinet of the former Government, who had\\nbeen in conference with me and my associates, to meet the ex-\\nQueen he went informally, without instructions and without\\nauthority to represent the Government, or to assure the ex-Queen\\nthat if she surrendered under protest her case would afterward be\\nfairly considered by the President of the United States. Our\\nultimatum had been already given to the members of the ex-cabinet\\nwho had been in conference with us. What Mr. Damon said to the\\nex-Queert he said on his individual responsibility, and did not report\\nit to us. Mr. Blount s report of his remarks on that occasion\\nfurnished to the Government its first information of the nature of\\nthose remarks. Admitting, for argument s sake, that the Govern-\\nment had authorized such assurances, what was her case that\\nwas afterward to be fairly considered by the President of the\\nUnited States? Was it the question of her right to subvert the\\nHawaiian Constitution and to proclaim a new one to suit herself, or\\nwas it her claim to be restored to the sovereignty, or was it her\\nclaim against the United States for the alleged unwarrantable acts\\nof Minister Stevens, or was it all these in the alternative Who\\ncan say But if it had been all of these, or any of them, it could\\nnot have been more clearly and finally decided by the President of\\nthe United States in favor of the Provisional Government than\\nwhen he recognized it without qualification and received its accred-\\nited Commissioners, negotiated a treaty of annexation with them,\\nreceived its accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Pleni-\\npotentiary, and accredited successively two Envoys Extraordinary\\nand Ministers Plenipotentiary to it the ex-Queen in the meantime\\nbeing represented in Washington by her agent who had full access\\nto the Department of State.\\nThe whole business of the Government with the President of\\nthe United States is set forth in the correspondence between the two\\nGovernments and the acts and statements of the Minister or this\\nGovernment at Washington and the Annexation Commissioners", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "8TEAMEB AUSTRALIA. The Oceanic Company s steamship Australia makes the\\ntrip from San Francisco to the Eawaiian Islands every tour weeks. This steamer\\ncarries the larger part of the tourists to Honolulu, as it is the only one that -ails to\\nthat port alone, the other large ocean steamers merely stopping en route to Australia\\nor Japan and liina.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "EFFORT TO RESTORE LILIUOKALANI. 339\\naccredited to it. If we have submitted our right to exist to the\\nUnited States, the fact will appear in that correspondence and the\\nacts of our Minister and Commissioners. Such agreement must be\\nshown as the foundation of the right of your Government to inter-\\nfere, for an arbitrator can be created only by the act of two parties.\\nThe ex-Queen sent her attorney to Washington to plead her\\nclaim for reinstatement in power, or failing that, for a money allow-\\nance or damages. This attorney was refused passage on the Gov-\\nernment dispatch-boat, which was sent to San Francisco with the\\nAnnexation Commissioners and their message. The departure of\\nthis vessel was less than two days after the new Government was\\ndeclared, and the refusal was made promptly upon receiving the\\nrequest therefor, either on the day the Government was declared,\\nor on the next day. If an intention to submit the question of the\\nreinstatement of the ex-Queen had existed, why should her attorney\\nhave been refused passage on this boat The ex-Queen s letter\\nto President Harrison, dated January 18th, the day after the new\\nGovernment was proclaimed, makes no allusion to any understand-\\ning between her and the Government for arbitration. Her letter is\\nas follows\\n44 His Excellency, BENJAMIN HARRISON, President of the United States.\\nMy Great and Good Friend: It is with deep regret that I\\naddress you on this occasion. Some of my subjects, aided by aliens,\\nhave renounced their loyalty and revolted against the constitutional\\nGovernment of my kingdom. They have attempted to depose me\\nand to establish a Provisional Government, in direct conflict with\\nthe organic law of this kingdom. Upon receiving incontestible proof\\nthat His Excellency, the Minister Plenipotentiary of the United\\nStates, aided and abetted their unlawful movements and caused\\nUnited States troops to be landed for that purpose, I submitted to\\nforce, believing that he would not have acted in that manner unless\\nby the authority of the Government which he represents.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "340 EFFORT TO RESTORE LILIUOKALANI.\\nThis action on my part was prompted by three reasons The\\nfutility of a conflict with the United States thf desire to avoid\\nviolence, bloodshed and the destruction of life and property, and\\nthe certainty which I feel that you and your Government will right\\nwhatever wrongs may have been inflicted upon us in the premises.\\nIn due time a statement of the true facts relating to this matter\\nwill be laid before you, and I live in the hope that you will judge\\nuprightly and justly between myself and my enemies. This appeal\\nis not made for myself personally, but for my people, who have\\nhitherto always enjoyed the friendship and protection of the United\\nStates.\\nMy opponents have taken the only vessel which could be\\nobtained here for the purpose and, hearing of their intention to\\nsend a delegation of their number to present their side of this\\nconflict before you, I requested the favor of sending by the same\\nvessel an envoy to you, to lay before you my statement, as the\\nfacts appear to myself and my loyal subjects.\\nThis request has been refused, and I now ask you that in\\njustice to myself and to my people that no steps be taken by the\\nGovernment of the United States until my cause can be heard by\\nyou.\\nI shall be able to dispatch an envoy about the 2d of February,\\nas that will be the first available opportunity hence, and he will\\nreach you with every possible haste, that there may be no delay in\\nthe settlement of this matter.\\nI pray you, therefore, my good friend, that you will not allow\\nany conclusions to be reached by you until my envoy arrives.\\nI beg to assure you of the continuance of my highest con-\\nsideration.\\nLILIUOKALANI R.\\nHONOLULU, January 18, 1893.\\nIf any understanding had existed at that time between her and\\nthe Government to submit the question of her restoration to the", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "EFFORT TO RESTORE LILIUOKALANI. 341\\nUnited States, some reference to such understanding would naturally\\nhave appeared in this letter, as every reason would have existed for\\ncalling the attention of the President to that fact, especially as she\\nthen knew that her attorney would be seriously delayed in reaching\\nWashington. But there is not a word from which such an under-\\nstanding can be predicated. The Government sent its Commis-\\nsioners to Washington for the sole object of procuring the confirmation\\nof the recognition by Minister Stevens of the new Government, and\\nto enter into negotiations for political union with the United States.\\nThe protest of the ex-Queen, made on January 17th, is equally\\nwith the letter, devoid of evidence of any mutual understanding for\\na submission of her claim to the throne, to the United States. It is\\nvery evidently a protest against the alleged action of Minister\\nStevens as well as the new Government, and contains a notice of\\nher appeal to the United States. The document was received\\nexactly as it would have been received if it had come through the\\nmail. The endorsement of its receipt upon the paper was made at\\nthe request of the individual who brought it, as evidence of its safe\\ndelivery. As to the ex-Queen s notice of her appeal to the United\\nStates, it was a matter of indifference to us. Such an appeal could\\nnot have been prevented, as the mail service was in operation as\\nusual. That such a notice and our receipt of it without comment,\\nshould be made a foundation of a claim that we had submitted our\\nright to exist as a Government to the United States, had never\\noccurred to us until suggested by your Government. The protest is\\nas follows\\nI, Liliuokalani, by the grace of God and under the Constitution\\nof the Hawaiian Kingdom, Queen, do hereby solemnly protest\\nagainst any and all acts done against myself and the constitutional\\nGovernment of the Hawaiian Kingdom by certain persons claiming\\nto have established a Provisional Government of and for this\\nKingdom.\\nThat I yield to the superior force of the United States of", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "342 EFFORT TO RESTORE LILIUOKALANI.\\nAmerica, whose Minister Plenipotentiary, His Excellency John L.\\nStevens, has caused United States troops to be landed at Honolulu,\\nand declared that he would support the said Provisional Government.\\nNow, to avoid any collision of armed forces and perhaps the\\nloss of life, I do under this protest and impelled by said force, yield\\nmy authority until such time as the Government of the United\\nStates shall, upon the facts being presented to it, undo the action of\\nits representative and reinstate me in the authority which I claim as\\nthe constitutional sovereign of the Hawaiian Islands.\\nDone at Honolulu, the seventeenth day of January, A. D. 1893.\\nLILIUOKALANI, R.\\nSamuel Parker, Minister of Foreign Affairs.\\nWM. H. CORNWELL, Minister of Finance.\\nJNO. F. COLBURN, Minister of the Interior.\\nA. P. PETERSON, Attorney-General.\\nS. B. Dole and others composing the Provisional Govern-\\nment of the Hawaiian Islands.\\n(Endorsed.) Received by the hands of the late Cabinet, the\\nseventeenth day of January, A. D. 1893. SANFORD B. Dole,\\nChairman of Executive Council of Provisional Government.\\nYou may not be aware, but such is the fact, that at no time until\\nthe presentation of the claim of the President of the United States of\\nhis right to interfere in the internal affairs of this country by you\\non December 19th, has this Government been officially informed by\\nthe United States Government that any such course was contem-\\nplated. And not until the publication of Mr. Gresham s letter to\\nthe President of the United States on the Hawaiian question, had\\nwe any reliable intimation of such a policy. The adherents of the\\nex-Queen have indeed claimed from time to time that such was the\\ncase, but we have never been able to attach serious importance to\\ntheir rumors to that effect, feeling secure in our perfect diplomatic", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "EFFORT TO RESTORE LILIUOKALANI. 343\\nrelations with your country, and relying upon the friendship and\\nfairness of a Government whose dealings with us have ever shown\\nfull recognition of our independence as a sovereign power, without\\nany tendency to take advantage of the disparity of strength between\\nthe two countries. If your contention that President Cleveland\\nbelieves that this Government and the ex-Queen have submitted\\ntheir respective claims to the sovereignty of this country, to the\\nadjudication of the United States is correct, then, may I ask, when\\nand where has the President held his court of arbitration This\\nGovernment has had no notice of the sitting of such a tribunal and\\nno opportunity of presenting evidence of its claims. If Mr. Blount s\\ninvestigations were part of the proceedings of such a court, this\\nGovernment did not know it and was never informed of it indeed,\\nas I have mentioned above, we never knew, until the publication of\\nSecretary Gresham s letter to President Cleveland a few weeks\\nago, that the American Executive had a policy of interference under\\ncontemplation. Even if we had known that Mr. Blount was authori-\\ntatively acting as Commissioner to take evidence upon the question\\nof the restoration of the ex-Queen, the methods adopted by him in\\nmaking his investigations were, I submit, unsuitable to such an\\nexamination, or any examination upon which human interests were\\nto be adjudicated. As I am reliably informed, he selected his\\nwitnesses and examined them in secret, freely using leading ques-\\ntions, giving no opportunity for a cross-examination and often not\\npermitting such explanations by witnesses themselves as they\\ndesired to make of evidence which he had drawn from them. It is\\nhardly necessary for me to suggest that, under such a mode of\\nexamination, some witnesses would be almost helpless in the hands\\nof an astute lawyer, and might be drawn into saying things which\\nwould be only half-truths, and standing alone would be misleading\\n-or even false in effect. Is it likely that an investigation conducted\\nin this manner could result in a fair, full and truthful statement of\\nthe case in point Surely the destinies of a friendly Government,", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "344 EFFORT TO RESTORE LILIUOKALAXI.\\nadmitting by way of argument that the right of arbitration exists,\\nmay not be disposed of upon an ex-parte and secret investigation\\nmade without the knowledge of such Government, or an oppor-\\ntunity by it to be heard, or even to know who the witnesses were.\\nMr. Blount came here as a stranger and at once entered upon\\nhis duties. He devoted himself to the work of collecting information,\\nboth by the examination of witnesses and the collection of statistics\\nand other documentary matter, with great energy and industry,\\ngiving up substantially his whole time to its prosecution. He was\\nhere but a few months, and during that time was so occupied with\\nthis work that he had little opportunity left for receiving those\\nimpressions of the state of affairs which could best have come\\nto him incidentally through a wide social intercourse with the\\npeople of the country and a personal acquaintance with its various\\ncommunities and educational and industrial enterprises. He saw\\nthe country from his cottage in the center of Honolulu, mainly\\nthrough the eyes of the witnesses whom he examined. Under\\nthese circumstances is it probable that the most earnest of men\\nwould be able to form a statement that could safely be relied upon\\nas the basis of a decision upon the question of the standing of\\na Government\\nIn view, therefore, of all the facts in relation to the question of\\nthe President s authority to interfere, and concerning which the\\nmembers of the Executive were actors and eye-witnesses, I am\\nable to assure Your Excellency that by no action of this Govern-\\nment on the seventeenth day of January last, or since that time,\\nhas the authority devolved upon the President of the United States\\nto interfere in the internal affairs of this country through any\\nconscious act or expression of this Government with such an\\nintention.\\nYou state in your communication:\\nAfter a patient examination of Mr. Blount s reports, the Pres-\\nident is satisfied that the movement against the Queen, if not", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "EFFORT TO RESTORE LILIUOKALANL 345\\ninstigated, was encouraged and supported by the representative of\\nthis Government at Honolulu; that he promised in advance to aid\\nher enemies in an effort to overthrow the Hawaiian Government and\\nset up by force a new Government in its place that he kept his\\npromise by causing, a detachment of troops to be landed from the\\nBoston, on the 16th of January, 1893, and by recognizing the\\nProvisional Government the next day, when it was too feeble to\\ndefend itself, and the constitutional Government was able to suc-\\ncessfully maintain its authority against any threatening force other\\nthan that of the United States already landed.\\nWithout entering into a discussion of the facts, I beg to state in\\nreply that I am unable to judge of the correctness of Mr. Blount s\\nreport, from which the President s conclusions were drawn, as I\\nhave had no opportunity of examining such report. But I desire\\nto specifically and emphatically deny the correctness of each and\\nevery one of the allegations of fact contained in the above-quoted\\nstatement yet, as the President has arrived at a positive opinion\\nin his own mind in the matter, I will refer to it from his own stand-\\npoint.\\nMy position is briefly this If the American forces illegally\\nassisted the revolutionists in the establishment of the Provisional\\nGovernment, that Government is not responsible for their wrong\\ndoing. It was purely a private matter tor discipline between the\\nUnited States Government and its own officers. There is, I submit,\\nno precedent in international law for the theory that such action of\\nthe American troops has conferred upon the United States authority\\nover the internal affairs of this Government. Should it be true, as\\nyou have suggested, that the American Government made itself\\nresponsible to the Queen, who, it is alleged, lost her throne through\\nsuch action, that is not a matter for me to discuss, except to submit\\nthat, if such be the case, it is a matter for the American Govern-\\nment and her to settle between them. This Government, a recog-\\nnized sovereign power, equal in authority with the United States", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "346 EFFORT TO RESTORE LILIUOKALANI.\\nGovernment and enjoying perfect diplomatic relations with it, can\\nnot be destroyed by it for the sake of discharging its obligations to\\nthe Queen.\\nUpon these grounds, Mr. Minister, in behalf of my Government,\\nI respectfully protest against the usurpation of its authority as sug-\\ngested by the language of your communication.\\nIt is difficult for a stranger like yourself, and much more for the\\nPresident of the United States, with his pressing responsibilities, his\\ncrowding cares and his want of familiarity with the condition and\\nhistory of this country and the inner life of its people, to obtain a\\nclear insight into the real state of affairs and to understand the\\nsocial currents, the race feelings and the customs and traditions,\\nwhich all contribute to the political outlook. We, who have grown\\nup here, or who have adopted this country as our home, are con-\\nscious of the difficulty of maintaining stable government here. A\\ncommunity which is made up of five races, of which the larger part\\nbut dimly appreciates the significance and value of representative\\ninstitutions, offers political problems which may well tax the wisdom\\nof the most experienced statesman.\\nFor long years a large and influential part of this community,\\nincluding many foreigners and native Hawaiians, have observed\\nwith deep regret the retrogressive tendencies of the Hawaiian mon-\\narchy, and have honorably striven against them, and have sought,\\nthrough legislative work, the newspapers and by personal appeal\\nand individual influence, to support and emphasize the representative\\nfeatures of the monarchy, and to create a public sentiment favorable\\nthereto, and thereby to avert the catastrophe that seemed inevitable\\nif such tendencies were not restrained. These efforts have been\\nmet by the last two sovereigns in a spirit of aggressive hostility.\\nThe struggle became at length a well-defined issue between royal\\nprerogative and the right of representative government, and most\\nbitterly and unscrupulously has it been carried on in the interests of\\nthe former. The King s privilege of importing goods for his own use", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0342.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": ",4i i .4-", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0343.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0344.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "EFFORT TO RESTORE LILIUOKALANI. 349\\nwithout paying the duties thereon, was abused to the extent of\\nadmitting large quantities of liquors with which to debauch the elec-\\ntorate. He promoted the election of Government officers, both\\nexecutive and judicial, to the Legislative Assembly, and freely ap-\\npointed to office elected members thereof. In the Legislature of\\n1886, of which I was a member, the party supporting the Govern-\\nment was largely in the majority, and nearly every member of such\\nmajority held some appointment from the Government, and some of\\nthem as many as two or three, thereby effectually placing the legis-\\nlative branch of the Government under the personal and absolute\\ncontrol of the King. The constitutional encroachments, lawless\\nextravagance and scandalous and open sales of patronage and privi-\\nlege to the highest bidder by Kalakaua brought on at length the\\nrevolution of 1887, which had the full sympathy and moral support\\nof all the diplomatic representatives in Honolulu, including Minister\\nMerrill, who was, at that time, President Cleveland s Minister here.\\nThis revolution was not an annexation movement in any sense, but\\ntended towards an independent republic, but when it had the mon-\\narchy in itc power, conservative counsel prevailed, and a new lease\\nof life was allowed that institution on the condition of royal fidelity\\nto the new Constitution which was then promulgated and greatly\\ncurtailed the powers of the sovereign. Kalakaua was not faithful\\nto this compact, and sought as far as possible to evade its stipula-\\ntions. The insurrection of 1889 was connived at by him, and the\\nhousehold guards under his control were not allowed to take part in\\nsuppressing it. The Princess Liliuokalani was in full sympathy with\\nthis movement, being a party to it, and furnishing her suburban resi-\\ndence to the insurgents for their meetings. The arrangements were\\nthen made and the insurgents marched thence for their attack upon\\nthe Government. The affair was suppressed in a lew hours of\\nfighting, with some loss of life to the insurgents, by the party which\\ncarried through the revolution of 1887.\\nThe ex-Queen s rule was even more reckless and retrogressive", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0345.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "35o EFFORT TO RESTORE LILIUOKALANI.\\nthan her brother s. Less politic than he, and with less knowledge*\\nof affairs, she had more determination and was equally unreliable\\nand deficient in moral principle. She, to all appearance, unhesi-\\ntatingly took the oath of office to govern according to the Constitu-\\ntion, and evidently regarding it merely as a formal ceremony,\\nbegan, according to her own testimony to Mr. Blount, to lay her\\nplans to destroy the Constitution and replace it with one of her own\\ncreation. With a like disregard of its sanctions, she made the most\\ndetermined efforts to control all the appointments to office, both\\nexecutive and judicial. The session of the Legislature of 1892 was\\nthe longest that had ever occurred in our history, and was charac-\\nterized by a most obstinate struggle for personal control of the\\nGovernment and the Legislature on the part of the Queen this\\nwas strenuously resisted by the opposition. During this contest\\nfour ministerial cabinets were appointed and unseated, and the\\nlottery franchise bill, which had been withdrawn early in the\\nsession for want of sufficient support, was at the last moment,\\nwhen the opposition was weakened by the absence of several of\\nits members, again brought forward and passed through the exercise\\nof improper and illegitimate influences upon the Legislators, among\\nwhich were personal appeals on the part of the Queen to them.\\nThe Cabinet which represented the opposition and the majority\\nof the Legislature, which the Queen had been compelled to appoint,\\nwas unseated by similar means, and, with a new Cabinet of her\\nown choice, the Legislature was prorogued. This lottery franchise\\nwas of a character corresponding with similar institutions which\\nhave been driven out of every State of the American Union by an\\nindignant public sentiment. If it had been established here it\\nwould in a brief period have obtained full control of the Government\\npatronage, and corrupted the social and political life of the people.\\nAlthough the situation at the close of the session was deeply dis-\\ncouraging to the community, it was accepted without any intention of\\nmeeting it other than by legal means. The attempted coup d etat", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0346.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "EFFORT TO RESTORE LILIUOKALANI. 351\\nof the Queen followed, and her ministers, threatened with violence,\\nfled to the citizens for assistance and protection then it was that the\\nuprising against the Queen took place, and, gathering force from day\\nto day, resulted in the proclamation of the Provisional Government\\nand the abrogation of the monarchy on the third day thereafter.\\nNo man can correctly say that the Queen owed her downfall to\\nthe interference of American forces. The revolution was carried\\nthrough by the representatives, now largely reinforced, of the same\\npublic sentiment which forced the monarchy to its knees in 1887\\nwhich suppressed the insurrection of 1889, and which, for twenty\\nyears, had been battling for representative government in this\\ncountry. If the American forces had been absent the revolution\\nwould have taken place, for the sufficient cause for it had nothing\\nto do with their presence.\\nI, therefore, in all friendship for the Government of the United\\nStates, which you represent, and desiring to cherish the good-will of\\nthe great American people, submit the answer of my Government\\nto your proposition, and ask that you will transmit the same to the\\nPresident of the United States for his consideration.\\nThough the Provisional Government is far from being a great\\npower and could not long resist the forces of the United States in\\nhostile attack, we deem our position to be impregnable under all\\nlegal precedents, under the principles of diplomatic intercourse and\\nin the forum of conscience. We have done your Government no\\nwrong no charge of discourtesy is or can be brought against us.\\nOur only issue with your people has been that because we revered\\nits institutions of civil liberty, we have desired to have them ex-\\ntended to our own distracted country, and because we honor its flag,\\nand deeming that its benefits and authoritative presence would be\\nfor the best interests of all of our people, we have stood ready to add\\nour country, a new star, to its glory, and to consummate a union\\nwhich we believed would be as much for the benefit of your country\\nas ours. If this is an offense, we plead guilty to it", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0347.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "352 EFFORT TO RESTORE LILIUOKALANI.\\nI am instructed to inform you, Mr. Minister, that the ProvisionaV\\nGovernment of the Hawaiian Islands respectfully and unhesitat-\\ningly declines to entertain the proposition of the President of the\\nUnited States that it should surrender its authority to the ex-Queen.\\nThis answer is made not only upon the grounds hereinbefore\\nset forth, but upon our sense of duty and loyalty to the brave\\nmen whose commission we hold, who have faithfully stood by\\nus in the hour of trial and whose will is the only earthly authority\\nwe recognize. We can not betray the sacred trust they have\\nplaced in our hands, a trust which represents the cause of Christian\\ncivilization in the interests of the whole people of these Islands.\\nThe success with which the Provisional Government\\nhas administered the affairs of Hawaii, and the dignity,\\nability and admirable temper with which President Dole\\ndealt with the question in issue, whether raised by the\\nHawaiian royalists or by the United States officials, had\\ngained a strong predominance of American public senti-\\nment. The fidelity and candor with which Minister Willis\\nreported to the Government at Washington the real situa-\\ntion at Honolulu, his strong endorsement of the character\\nof the men constituting and supporting the Provisional\\nGovernment, and the reluctance whicti he manifested to\\ncarry out extreme instructions, also tended to strengthen\\npublic opinion in a correct view of Hawaiian affairs. In the\\nmeanwhile the United States Senate, by formal resolution,\\ninstructed its Committee on Foreign Relations to investigate\\nwhether any irregularities have occurred in the diplomatic\\nor other intercourse between the United States and Hawaii\\nin relation to recent political revolution in Hawaii.\\nThis, Committee was authorized to send for persons", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0348.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "EFFORT TO RESTORE LILIUOKALANI. 353\\nand papers, and to administer oaths to witnesses. It\\nmade an extended and thorough investigation, occupying\\nseveral weeks, examining numerous witnesses, those\\nwhom the Committee deemed most competent to give\\ntestimony on the subject. Through its Chairman, the\\nHon. John T. Morgan, the majority of the Committee\\nmade an elaborate report. The following extracts from\\nthat document cover the main points which had been\\nin controversy between the Provisional Government and\\nthe supporters of the fallen monarchy, and are conclusive\\nas to what should be the future attitude and policy of\\nthe United States towards the American colony and its\\nassociates in Hawaii:\\nWhen a crown falls in any kingdom of the Western Hemisphere, it is pul-\\nverized, and when a scepter departs, it departs forever and American opinion can\\nnot sustain any American ruler in the attempt to restore them, no matter how vir-\\ntuous and sincere the reasons may be that seem to justify him.\\nThe fact can not be ignored that this revolutionary movement of Liliuokalani,\\nwhich had its development in the selection of a new cabinet to supplant one which\\nhad the support of all the conservative elements in the island, was set on foot and\\naccomplished during the absence of the American Minister on board the ship\\nBoston during the ten days which preceded the prorogation of the Legislature.\\nThe astonishment with which this movement was received by the American emi-\\ngrants and other white people residing in Hawaii, and its inauguration in the ab-\\nsence of the Boston and of the American Minister, show that those people, with\\ngreat anxiety, recognized the fact that it was directed against them and their inter-\\nests and welfare, and that when it was completed they would become its victims.\\nThese convictions excited the serious apprehensions of all the white people in those\\nislands that a crisis was brought about in which not only their rights in Hawaii,\\nand under the constitution, were to be injuriousiy affected, but that the ultimate\\nresult would be that they would be driven from the islands or, remaining there,\\nwould be put at the mercy of those who chose to prey upon their property.\\nThis class of people, who were intended to be ostracised, supply niiie-tenths\\nof the entire tax receipts of the kingdom and they were conscious that the pur-\\npose was to inflict taxation upon them without representation, or else to confiscate\\ntheir estates and drive them out of the country. This produced alarm and agita-\\ntion, which resulted in the counter movement set on foot by the people to meet and\\novercome the revolution which Liliuokalani had projected and had endeavored to\\naccomplish. Her Ministers were conscious of the fact that any serious resistance\\nto her revolutionary movement (of which they had full knowledge before they\\nwere inducted into office) would disappoint the expectations of the Queen and\\nwould result in the overthrow of the executive government; and, while they had\\nevidently promised the Queen that they would support her in her effort to abolish", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0349.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "354 EFFORT TO RTSUORE LILIUOKALANL\\nthe constitution of 1887 and substitute one which they had secretly assisted in\\npreparing, when the moment of the trial came they abandoned her they broke\\nfaith with her. The Queen s Ministers took fright and gave information to ths\\npeople of the existence of the movements and concealed purposes of the Queen\\nand of her demands upon them to join her in the promulgation of the constitution,\\nand they appealed to the Committee of Safety for protection, and continued in that\\nattitude until they saw that the kindled wrath of the people would not take the\\ndirection of violence and bloodshed without the provocation of a serious necessity.\\nBeing satisfied that they could trust to the forbearance of the people, who\\nwere looking to the protection of their interests and had no desire for strife and\\nbloodshed, they began to finesse En a political way to effect a compromise between\\nthe people and the Queen, and they induced her to make the proclamation of her\\nintentions to postpone the completion of her revolutionary purposes, which was\\ncirculated in Honolulu on Monday morning. These men, whose conduct can not\\nbe characterized as anything less than perfidious, hastened to give to the President\\nof the United States false and misleading statements of the facts leading up to,\\nattending, and succeeding this revolution. To do this they made deceptive and\\nmisleading statements to Mr. Blount. Upon them must rest the odium of having\\nencouraged the Queen in her revolutionary intentions of having then abandoned\\nher in a moment of apparent danger of having thrown themselves upon the\\nmercy of the people, and then of making an attempt, through falsehood and mis-\\nrepresentation, to regain power in the Government of Hawaii, which the people\\nwould naturally forever deny them.\\nThe diplomatic officers of the United States in Hawaii have the right to much\\nlarger liberty of action in respect to the internal affairs of that country than would\\nbe the case with any other country with which we have no peculiar or special\\nrelations.\\nBut the Government of the United States had the right to keep its troops in\\nHonolulu until these conditions were performed, and the Government of Hawaii\\ncouid certainly acquiesce in such a policy without endangering its independence or\\ndetracting from its dignity. This was done, and the troops from the Boston\\ncamped on shore for several months. The precise hour when or the precise con-\\nditions under which the American Minister recognized the Provisional Govern-\\nment is not a matter of material importance. It was his duty, at the earliest safe\\nperiod, to assist by his recognition in the termination of the interregnum, so that\\ncitizens of the United States might be safely remitted to the care of that govern-\\nment for the security of their rights. As e oon as he was convinced that the Pro-\\nvisional Government was secure against overthrow, it was his duty to recognize\\nthe rehabilitated state.\\nWhether this was done an hour or two sooner or later could make no sub-\\nstantial difference as to his rights or duties, if he was satisfied that the movement\\nwas safe against reversal. If no question of the annexation of Hawaii to the\\nUnited States had existed, the conduct of the American Minister in giving official\\nrecognition to the Provisional Government would not have been the subject of\\nadverse criticism. But the presence of that question and his anxious advocacy of\\nannexation did not relieve him from the duty or abridge his right to call for the\\ntroops on the Boston to protect the citizens of the United States during an\\ninterregnum in the office of chief executive of Hawaii. They were not to be put\\ninto a state of outlawry and peril if the Minister had been opposed to annexation,\\nnor could his desire on that subject in any way affect their rights or his duty.\\nHe gave to them the protection they had the right to demand, and, in respect of\\nhis action up to this point, so far as it related to Hawaii, his opinions as to annex-\\nation have not affected the attitude of the United States Government, and the\\ncommittee find no cause of censure either against Minister Stevens or Capt. Wiltse.\\nof the Boston.", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0350.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0351.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process.\\nNeutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide\\nTreatment Date: July 2003\\nPreservationTechnologies\\nA WORLD LEAOER IN PAPER PRESERVATION\\n1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive\\nCranberry Township, PA 16066\\n(724)779-2111", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0352.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0353.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\nII\\nI III 1 1 1 III llll I II II 1 1 II\\n010 805 058 5", "height": "4160", "width": "2892", "jp2-path": "richesmarvelsofh01stev_0354.jp2"}}