{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2851", "width": "1865", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.\\nChap........ Copyright No.\\nShelf..L.^i 1\\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA.", "height": "2738", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2756", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "Digitized by the Internet Archive\\nin 2011 with funding from\\nThe Library of Congress\\nhttp://www.archive.org/details/neweggfarmOOstod", "height": "2738", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2756", "width": "1766", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "CriA/LO", "height": "2738", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "Or the\\nmanagement\\nof poultry\\non a large\\nscale for\\ncommercial\\npurposes\\nA practical manual and reliable handbook upon producing egg s and\\npoultry for market as a profitable business enterprise, either by itself or\\nconnected with other branches of agriculture.\\nBy H. H. STODDARD\\nFor many years editor Poultry World and American Poultry Yard,\\nAuthor of An Egg Farm, etc., etc.\\nAn entirely new work, embodying all that is most valuable from the\\nauthor s first book, to which are added the results of a lifetime of work,\\ninvention, improvement and observation in the vast and growing commercial\\npoultry industry in all sections of the country.\\nNEARL Y 150 ILLUSTRA TIONS\\nNew York\\nORANGE JUDD COMPANY\\n1900", "height": "2738", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "TWO COPIES RECEIVED.\\nLibrary of Con gr\\nOffice of the\\nDtU2-1B99\\nRegister of Copyright*\\n57080\\nCopyright 1899\\nBT\\nORANGE JUDD COMPANY\\nCXkka\\n8EC0ND COPY,", "height": "2769", "width": "1790", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0096\u00a0-I-\\nLIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS\\nFIG PAGE\\nPortrait of Author\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Frontispiece\\n1 Diagram for egg farm -_---..- jg\\n2 Coop of growing chicks 24\\n3 Stone cutter s dray 27\\n4 Scraper for dry earth --___.-_._ 29\\n5 Shovel for dry earth 30\\n6 Platform for drying earth 31\\n7 Loading dry earth 32\\n8 Bottom of dray -_..--. 33\\n9 House for layers\u00e2\u0080\u0094 winter arrangement 36\\n10 House for layers summer arrangement 40\\n11 Winter quarters for laying stock 41\\n12 Pen for moving fowls 42\\n13 House for early hatched pullets 48\\n14 House for breeders _---... 52\\n15 Tard and houses for breeders 53\\n16 Movable fence 54\\n17 Feed shelf 55\\n18 Hammer for feed shelf 56\\n19 Sash pulley 5,3\\n20 Office and watch house 59\\n21 House for sitters 63\\n22 House for sitters\u00e2\u0080\u0094 interior _\u00e2\u0096\u00a0_-_._ 64\\n23 Plan of yards for sitters 66\\n24 Coop for sitters 76\\n25 Apparatus for sitters 77\\n26 Apparatus for sitters 78\\n27 Ground plan of hatching house 82\\n28 Section of covered yard 83\\n29 Interior of hatching house 84\\n30 Feed shelf and gate 86\\n31 Inside of house for sitters ._.--__ 94\\n32 Details of apparatus for sitters 97\\n33 Coop for hen and chicks 98\\n34 Boards and cleats 99\\n35 Diagram of -coop 100\\n36 Feed box for cTiicks 100\\n37 Feed box with grating _\u00e2\u0096\u00a0______ 103\\n38 Arrangement for opening feed boxes 105\\n39 Dubbed White Leghorns 107\\n40 Manner of numbering nests 126\\n41 Eggs laid by old hens -------134\\n42 Eggs laid by pullets 135\\n43 Shelter for chickens 136\\n44 Shelter of rails and straw 137\\n45 Granary and cookhouse 139\\n46 East side view of granary showing driveway 140\\n47 Ground plan of granary and cookhouse 142\\n48 House for early chickens 143\\nv", "height": "2738", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "LIST OP ILLUSTKATIOXS.\\n49 Hospital for egg farm 144\\n51 Tedder for stirring litter 147\\n52 The harvest 148\\n53 Weeder and soil stirring implement 150\\n58 Netting for feed dropper 153\\n59 Strips soldered together 154\\n60 Feed cylinder 155\\n61 End piece of feed cylinder in position 156\\n62 Crank for wooden shaft 157\\n63 End of row of feed cylinders 159\\n64 Fence ratchet ___.__--. 160\\n65 Eow of feed cylinders 161\\n66 Chicks responding to food signal 162\\n67 Wrought iron crank 163\\n68 Crank wheel 164\\n69 Crank 161\\n70 End of shaft 165\\n71 Details of tilt box and cylinder 166\\n72 Tilt box\u00e2\u0080\u0094 reverse of Fig. 76 167\\n73 Using the tilt box 168\\n74 Tilt box on pole ---------169\\n75 Device for jarring feed apparatus 170\\n76 Transverse section of tilt box 173\\n77 Interior with tilt boxes 174\\n78 Eow of tilt boxes from end 175\\n79 Tilt boxes partly turned 176\\n80 Tilt boxes turned 178\\n81 Fowls at exercise 180\\n82 Series of runways 181\\n83 Ground plan of runways 182\\n84 Apparatus seen from the end 184\\n85 Crank with set screw 187\\n86 Exerciser for water fowl 188\\n87 Shaft and collar 191\\n88 Wooden lever for axle of tilt box 192\\n89 Feed pouch 193\\n90 Bounded bearing for square shaft 194\\n91 Transverse section of axle shatt 195\\n92 Shaft for outdoor feed boxes 196\\n93 Shaft partly revolved 198\\n94 Shaft, pouch and cylinder 198\\n95 Shaft, pouch and cylinder 200\\n96 Pen and yards with row of feed cylinders 202\\n97 Homemade shaft and cylinder 204\\n98 Block and bolts to fasten tilt box to axle 205\\n99 Wooden spool frame, etc. 207\\n100 Transverse section of Fig. 99 208\\n101 A feeding sieve 209\\n102 Brooder house, lamp system 210\\n103 Alternate system for brooder house _\u00e2\u0080\u00a2 -_- 213\\n104 Lid of feed sieve 214\\n105 End view of feed sieve 215\\n106 Pen with feed sieves 216\\n107 Spiral spring ___-__- 217\\n108 Top view of sieve 217\\n109 Protected feed shelf 218\\n110 Feed box on wooden shaft 220\\n111 Shelf with concussion bar 221\\n112 Caster wheel under shelf 222", "height": "2769", "width": "1790", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "LIST OF ILLUSTRATION S. Vll\\n113 Lever for feed shelf 223\\n114 A substitute for tilt box 224\\n115 Shelves with cleats and bar 225\\n116 Apparatus for moving shelf 226\\n117 Transverse section of house for layers 227\\n118 Longitudinal section of house for layers 228\\n119 Apparatus for moving shelf 229\\n120 Crank made of piping 230\\n121 Piece for attaching shaft to spool 231\\n122 Homemade apparatus for moving shelf 232\\n123 Feed trough\u00e2\u0080\u0094 side view 233\\n124 Feed trough closed, side view 233\\n125 Feed trough apparatus _____-\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0080\u0094 236\\n126 Trip gong bell 237\\n127 Wire for gong 237\\n128 Interior alternate system 238\\n129 Transverse section of house, alternate system 239\\n130 Ground plan of house, alternate system 240\\n131 Tilt box for brooder chicks 241\\n132 House for layers 242\\n133 Large hand wheel 243\\n134 Screw pulley 243\\n135 Ground plan of house for layers 246\\n136 Hot water heating system 247\\n137 Brooder house 249\\n138 Shaft with winch 250\\n139 Plan of brooder house 251\\n140 Ground plan of brooder house 253\\n141 Tilt box with flap 254\\n142 Tilt box, parallel system 256\\n143 Light tilt box 258\\n144 Tilt box, parallel system 262\\n145 Watching chicks at exercise 264", "height": "2738", "width": "1778", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS\\nChapter page\\nI Introductory i\\nII Location ----._.\u00c2\u00ab 8\\nIII The Colony System 17\\nIV Supplying Their Needs 26\\nV Houses for Layers 35\\nVI Houses for Breeders 51\\nVII Houses for Sitters (52\\nVIII Houses for Sitters in Mild Climate 74\\nIX Management in Mild Climate 92\\nX Coops for Chickens 97\\nXI Fowls for Layers and Sitters 102\\nXII The Kinds of Food 112\\nXQI Breeding and Incubation 118\\nXIV Management of Sitters _ 125\\nXV Management of Young Chickens 130\\nXVI Additional Buildings 139\\nXVTI The Intensive System 146\\nXVIII The Exerciser 152\\nXIX The Tilt Box 158\\nXX Outdoor Exerciser 178\\nXXI Success with Ducks 186\\nXXII Perfecting the Details 190\\nXXIII For Soft Feed 206\\nXXrV Alternate and Parallel Systems 212\\nXXV Healthy, Vigorous Birds 235\\nXXVI Business Poultry Farming 245\\nXXVII Artificial Incubation 261\\nXXVIII Requisites of a Good Incubator 266\\nXXIX Care of the Eggs #81\\nXXX The Incubator Room 298\\nXXXI Brooders 304\\nXXXn Method of Heating and Ventilating Brooders 312\\nXXXIII The Brooder of the Future 322\\nviii", "height": "2769", "width": "1790", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "AN EGG FARM-\\nCHAPTER I.\\nINTRODUCTORY,\\nDuring the last thirty years, farming has been divided\\ninto specialties. The history of modern industry shows\\nthat it is only through division of labor that the preci-\\nsion and skill can be attained that become necessary as\\ncompetition constantly grows keener. Improvements\\nin methods, and the invention of labor-saving machinery,\\nare sure to follow the establishment of an industry as a\\nspecialty. Sheep farms, farms for milk, others for but-\\nter, or cheese, small fruits, vegetable truck, etc., are not\\nonly common, but there is a further division a gardener\\nraising as a principal crop nothing but onions or celery,\\nan orchardist nothing but peaches, and so on.\\nEggs and poultry for the great cities are now produced\\nin part by extensive establishments systematically con-\\nducted, instead of there being an entire dependence\\nupon the old, haphazard way of a few on each farm.\\nThe production of eggs, rather than poultry meat, must\\nalways be the key to the poultry interest, because raising-\\npullets for layers brings so many supernumerary cocks,\\nthat these, with the fowls past their prime, always keep\\nthe dressed poultry side of the market better supplied\\nthan the egg department, and therefore special estab-\\nlishments for raising table poultry, winter chickens and\\nducks in the northern states excepted, will not, in the\\nlong run, be demanded.\\n1", "height": "2768", "width": "1721", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "2 AJS EGG FARM.\\na\\nAii account of the state of: the art, to date, of\\npoultry raising as a separate branch of industry, should\\ninclude, not merely the progress made, but a forecast of\\nthe future. It is only by comparing the present with\\ntwenty or thirty years ago, that the magnitude of the\\ngreat revolutions in industrial affairs can be realized.\\nIn general, it may be said that the principal movements\\nhave not yet spent their force but great as the changes\\nhave been, they will, in the next few years, be vastly\\nintensified. A generation ago a little of almost every\\nprincipal article of food was raised on every farm, and\\nall consumed within a few miles, comparatively, of\\nwhere it was produced; while now food production has\\nnot only been divided into separate branches, but the\\nmain divisions have been split into an almost endless\\nnumber of subdivisions, and articles are common on\\nevery table that have been carried thousands of miles\\nthis differentiation will go on further and with greater\\nrapidity than has happened already.\\nThe tendency of the times is to improve transporta-\\ntion, not only by the main railroads, but by the smaller\\nlines and the common roads, a tendency which promotes\\nthe selection of the very best locality, as regards soil and\\nclimate, for carrying on any particular branch of food\\nproduction. This choice of the best place, aided by the\\ngreat modern development of cold storage, and the con-\\ntinually increasing facilities for transportation at reduced\\nrates, will continue to augment the production of poultry\\nin the South Central states, or what may be called the\\nnorthern tier of the Southern states, and especially the\\nregion to the south, southeast and southwest of Kansas\\nCity, and enhance the imj^ortance of the extensive or\\ncolony plan of management best adapted to a mild cli-\\nmate, and which will be described in the following\\npages, and the intensive plan, pursued on a compara-\\ntively small plat of ground, will also receive due atten-", "height": "2763", "width": "1827", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "IXTRODUCTOBY. 3\\ntion, since it has, by the late invention of labor-saving\\nmachinery, been made more feasible than previously,\\nwhile the art of artificial incubation has also been per-\\nfected. Modifications of both the intensive and exten-\\nsive systems will be fully described to suit the varying\\nneeds of localities as diverse as those in our country of\\nmagnificent distances, while the false and unnatural\\nplans which have ended in ruin during the twenty years\\nthat have seen the principal progress in poultry affairs,\\nwill be treated but briefly and as a warning.\\nIn managing animals of any kind, we must follow\\nnature, for she will neither follow us nor be driven.\\nThe domestication of animals was only possible at the\\noutset by proceeding ou a natural groundwork. To\\nillustrate Man domesticated dogs that, when wild, fol-\\nlowed one of their own number as a leader, by installing\\nhimself as leader instead so naturalists state and the\\ncat will never be domesticated in such a way as to fol-\\nlow her master when he changes his abode, because\\noriginally a solitary animal. Just so the domestication\\nof fowls was effected by building upon an original foun-\\ndation. In understanding the nature and needs of\\npoultry, it will assist if we investigate the condition and\\nhabits of the wild parent stock in India, for the nature\\nof all animals remains essentially the same for long\\nperiods. The transfer of our domesticated birds from\\nforest to farm has affected their life and most important\\nhabits surprisingly little. The tame fowls have the\\nsame cries of warning to each other, and other language,\\nthat observers have found them to use in their native\\njungles they still hide their nests in some corner, just\\nas if they were selecting a nook in a thicket and they\\nare attached to the premises where they live, as they and\\nall other gallinaceous birds are to some small district,\\nwhen wild. The wild jungle fowl is by no means for-\\neign to our subject and in attempting to manage poul-", "height": "2768", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "4 AN EGG EAEM.\\ntry by thousands, only a proper regard for original\\nnature will prevent failure. According to this nature,\\nthey live during the breeding season in distinct families\\nunder polygamy. Each family group has, by tacit\\nagreement, a part of the forest for its beat, and the\\nexclusion of strangers of the same species secures privacy\\nand tranquillity. They have their freedom, and in that\\nword are comprehended the needful exercise, sun, pure\\nair, shade, and varied diet.\\nSome plans upon a large scale have comprised small\\nseparate flocks without freedom, and others have\\nembraced large flocks in freedom without separation;\\na third plan, and better than either of the foregoing,\\nbeing to keep small flocks separately, yet in full freedom.\\nSmall flocks at liberty on distinct farms have been kept\\nsuccessfully during centuries, because the owners were\\nunconsciously imitating the natural groups of the wild\\njungle fowls. It has been found that when a flock of\\ntwenty, ill free range on the farm, gave a handsome\\nprofit, anil the number has been increased to hundreds,\\nall in .onetflock, with the idea of correspondingly multi-\\nplying the gains, an unnatural mob has been formed,\\nthe hereditary instincts violated, and laying checked.\\nThe confusion has not, however, lessened the amount of\\nfeed consumed, and pecuniary results have been the\\nwrong way. When it is attempted to divide the num-\\nber, and place them in separate in closures, the results\\nare still far from satisfactory. Small flocks kept- yarded\\nmay be multiplied on the same farm to any desired\\nextent but their wants can be all supplied only through\\nan amount of labor that eats up the profits, unless the\\nmechanical apparatus we shall describe in the following\\npages is used, the invention of which was the most\\nimportant step ever taken in poultry culture since fowls\\nwere first domesticated. In this land of high wages,\\nthe expense of attendance determines, to a great extent,", "height": "2763", "width": "1827", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTORY. 5\\nthe success of the whole project hence the importance\\nof the new system of poultry keeping by machinery.\\nKeeping fowls as a business should be regarded as a\\nspecies of manufacturing, grain being the principal raw\\nmaterial,, and eggs and poultry meat the finished prod-\\nucts. The value of the products, of course, exceeds\\nthat of the raw material but if the labor cost is not\\ncarefully watched, it may eat up the difference. The\\nmenace which will always hang over the keeper of poul-\\ntry on a large scale, is the competition of the ordinary\\nfarmers, villagers and suburban residents, who enter the\\nmarket incidentally merely to dispose of surplus.\\nEvery owner of a small flock of fowls pours his little rill\\nof poultry products into the great market stream any-\\nhow, irrespective of profit, and this makes it hard for\\nthe big establishment. It is, in this respect, like farm-\\ning, in which so many are working for a living that it\\nis next to impossible for anybody else to farm on a large\\nscale for money. Or it is like the instance of the girls\\nbehind counters in the large stores, who usually receive\\nvery small wages, in some cases not enough to pay for\\ndecent board, the reason being that there are so many\\ngirls wanting places who have nothing to do and who\\ncan board with their parents. The increase of the\\nnumber of small flocks of fowls, consequent upon the\\ndiffusion of population in the suburbs by means of the\\ntrolley lines, adds to the difficulties of the large scale\\noperator. The big plant cannot stand this sort of com-\\npetition unless labor-saving contrivances are used.\\nThis is a machine-ridden age. Industrial inven-\\ntions have revolutionized society, yet the transformation\\nis far from being complete. One man now performs\\nthe work formerly clone by fifty men, in making textile\\nor metallic goods, or of thirty men in producing, milling\\nand transporting bread stuffs but the mission of inven-\\ntion, as concerns feeding mankind, is far from perfect", "height": "2768", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "6 AN EGG FARM.\\nfulfillment. The raising of animal food is to be rastty\\nimproved. Crops have been cultivated cheaper, and yet\\ncheaper, as year by year better agricultural implements\\nand machinery have been devised, but in tending domes-\\ntic animals, whether they are horses, cattle, sheep,\\nswine or poultry, but little, comparatively, has been\\naccomplished to diminish the amount of labor. Now it\\ntakes more time to tend the farm animals of the United\\nStates and care for their products butter to be churned,\\nwool to be sheared, steers to be fattened, colts to be\\nbroken and trained for sale, and so on than it takes\\nhours to raise the grain and forage these animals eat,\\nharvest. the same and haul it to mow or granary ready\\nfor consumption. Here is a great field for labor-saving\\ninventions, a field white for the harvest. Machinery\\nmust be used in doing chores. Where horses or cows\\nare kept in considerable numbers in the same stable,\\nmechanical appliances have already been employed by\\nthe writer to supply them with water, hay and grain,\\nlessening the labor very materially, and a way has been\\nfound to clean horse stables by machinery. Sheep for\\nfattening are now fed in immense numbers with grain\\nby specially constructed feed hoppers milking machines\\nare being perfected, and swine can be fed and tended,\\nhorses curried and brushed, and young horses have been\\nbroken and trained by the writer very satisfactorily\\nindeed, no matter how incorrigible they were at the\\nstart, by the aid of machinery, at a great saving of time.\\nThe first outlay for almost every modern machine is\\nmuch greater than was the cost of the old-fashioned\\nhand tools it superseded. But the sum total of the cost\\ninvolved by the time the machine is worn out doing\\ngood, is less under the machine system than it was under\\nthe hand tool system sixty years ago. Otherwise, mod-\\nern machinery would not be labor saving. The reaper\\nand binder does the work of a file of men with cradles,", "height": "2763", "width": "1827", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "INTRODUCTORY.\\nand another file to rake and bind. The price of the\\nponderous thing is greater than what cradles and rakes\\nwould cost. The farmer pays his harvesting bills for\\neight or ten years in advance when he buys a reaping-\\nmachine that will lust that length of time that is, he\\nhires fewer harvest hands for eight or ten years. His\\ngrain is cut, virtually, before it is sown. It is cut in a\\nmachine shop one thousand miles away; the reapers\\nwear aprons and paper caps, and work cutting the farm-\\ner s grain in a factory he never sees; their wages are\\nhigher per diem than what cradlers would get, but his\\nharvesting costs him less the new way, or there would\\nbe no labor saving about it. Just so in the new system\\nof poultry keeping by machinery; there is the mechan-\\nic s bill at the outset. The machines will last many\\nyears those which are indoors will last during the\\npoultry man s lifetime. If the wages of the mechanics\\nwho construct them, including interest, amount to less\\nthan the wages of employes saved or superseded during\\nthe twenty or fifty years the apparatus lasts, interest on\\nthe wages included, then there is labor saving. Xow,\\nin any line of industry, no good machinery, well adapted\\nto accomplish the work for which it was designed, ever\\nyet failed to save labor, and the poultry machinery\\ndescribed in this book saves a greater per cent of labor\\nthan does the average farm machinery.", "height": "2768", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\\nLOCATIOX.\\nA location near a city secures certain important advan-\\ntages. An article produced daily the year through, and\\nwhich is prized for being fresh, should be raised as close\\nto a market as possible. Thus the highest prices may\\nbe obtained, the special aim being to supply the demand\\nfor better eggs than any can be that are packed and sent\\ngreat distances. Under the system which now supplies,\\nto a great extent, northern cities, there is the time spent\\nin collecting eggs from various sources, to wdiich must\\nbe added the time for transportation, and the time they\\nare in the dealer s hands after arrival. Then the jarring\\nis more or less injurious, and after it, eggs will keep but\\na little while. They pass through so many hands that\\nno one in particular is responsible for the character of\\nthe article. Under a better plan, eggs are delivered\\ndirectly to consumers, families being visited regularly\\nonce a week. The egg route has this advantage over a\\nmilk route, that it need not be traversed so often, only\\na sixth of the whole being traveled daily thus the\\nexpense of delivery is not great. As a team must be\\nsent to town every day to collect stale bread from the\\nbakeries, waste bits from the meat markets, etc., eggs\\ncan be sent, when only a clay or two laid, with no extra\\ntrouble. If disposed of at stores, an arrangement should\\nbe made with the dealer whereby they may be kept in a\\nseparate lot, and sold under the name of the producer.\\nConsumers readily appreciate eggs, butter or other prod-\\nuce that comes from a regular, responsible source.\\n8", "height": "2763", "width": "1827", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "LOCATION 9\\nWhen a lot is mixed with lots from other farms, its\\nindividuality is lost if good, it may only be helping to\\nsell the poor article of somebody else, and the producer\\ndoes not reap the benefits of his pains in increased cus-\\ntom. ISTo produce can be supplied to city dwellers to\\nbetter mutual advantage to seller and buyer, than new\\nlaid eggs delivered direct, the dubious ones in the mar-\\nket causing much loss and vexation.\\nPoultry farms, at the west, have the benefits of cheap\\nland and cheap grain and at the south the season is\\nearlier, and on the Atlantic coast, especially, cheap\\ntransportation by water is available. But the value of\\nmanure in some places at the north is so great, that it is\\nmore economical to bring grain here from the west than\\neggs, the latter being so troublesome to send by rail.\\nButchers waste, procured fresh, being almost absolutely\\nnecessary, is an important consideration in favor of\\nproximity to a city. When it is seen that high prices\\nfor eggs depend on the latter being produced near by\\nand delivered fresh, and that the labor is no greater to\\nraise them close by the market than at a distance at\\nlower prices, with a deduction for transportation and\\nbreakage, it will be readily seen that there are certain\\nspecial advantages in a location near a big northern city.\\nThe site should not be far from a railroad freight\\ndepot or wharf. The amount of western grain needed\\nis large. Hauling this many miles by team is too costly.\\nEnriching wornout northern farms by feeding out grain\\nfrom the prairies, is an indirect way of importing their\\nrich mold. Therefore, we take care that this importa-\\ntion is judiciously contrived. A mill near by, for grind-\\ning, is desirable. A tract of arable land may be found\\n(though rarely), surrounded on all sides by either woods,\\nswamps or rocky pastures, so that there need be no dan-\\nger that the fowls will stray into tilled fields of adjoin-\\ning proprietors. In case such a farm could be procured,", "height": "2768", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "10 AN EGG FARM.\\nthe great expense of a fowhproof fence all around it\\nwould be saved. If the tract is unfortunately bounded\\nby cultivated lands, then it must be so large and of such\\ncheap quality, that a border twenty or thirty rods wide\\nmay be afforded, to be kept in permanent pasture. The\\nland should be upon a slope, for there must be a quick\\nsurface drainage after heavy rains but the pitch should\\nnot be so steep as to prevent easy wagoning. A southern\\nor southeastern inclination gives a proper sunny exposure;\\nand if there is a belt of woods on the north to break the\\nwinds, so much the better. If near swamps, sea\\nmarshes or damp river valleys, the site should be so ele-\\nvated as to be out of the reach of the worst raw, chilling-\\nfogs. We have enumerated all the above qualifications\\nas necessary to a site for an egg farm, and it may be\\nadded that most of these apply whether the plant is in\\nthe northern or the southern states. Their combination\\nwith certain essentials of soil, which we shall state in\\nanother place, makes the matter of selection one of con-\\nsiderable difficulty. Many more important points are to\\nbe attended to than in choosing a place for ordinary\\nfarming or gardening.\\nA SOUTHERN LOCATION\\nWhile proximity to a northern city has become more\\nimportant year by year, in one sense, because a greater\\nproportion of the whole population of our country, and\\nof all other countries as well, is, as time rolls on, found\\nin the large towns yet there is, however, another aspect\\nto the case; for transportation has received such an\\nimmense development that it is possible to utilize\\nextremely favorable distant sites, formerly unavailable,\\nfor poultry raising. By going a tier or two of states\\nfurther south from our northern farms, poultry plants\\nmay be established under more favorable auspices, in\\nmany respects, for supplying the large northern cities,", "height": "2763", "width": "1827", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "LOCATION. 11\\nthan can be afforded by sites near at hand. Just as\\nearly fruits and vegetables have, within a few years,\\ncomparatively, been raised in prodigious quantities at\\nthe south for shipment to New York, Boston, Chicago\\nand other northern markets, under a regular organized\\nsystem of gigantic proportions, we may look, in a short\\ntime, for something on a correspondingly large scale in\\nthe movements of poultry products. By seeking a\\nmilder climate, the construction of expensive winter\\nshelters and the cost of fuel for warming them and\\ncarrying on artificial hatching and rearing, may be\\navoided.\\nThe climate of the G-ulf states, and of all the extreme\\nsouth, will never be as favorable for poultry as the\\nregion of the latitude of North Carolina or southern\\nKansas. The high trans-Missouri plains, owing to the\\nprevailing dryness and great purity of the air, afford the\\nbest sites for poultry farms in the whole country, the\\nsouthern portion of this great area being the best. In.\\nall the region from the Dakotas to northern Texas,\\nfowls of all kinds thrive amazingly. It is easier to raise\\na forty-five pound turkey in Nebraska than a thirty-five\\npound turkey in New England, from the same strain.\\nSouthern Kansas and vicinity, where winters are less\\nsevere than further north, lessening expense, as popula-\\ntion increases in the cities of the northeast and of the\\nextreme south, where the climate is unfavorable for\\npoultry, and as railroad lilies are multiplied, running\\nnorth and south between British America and the Texas\\nGulf coast, will become the best locality in the United\\nStates and in the world for the raising of poultry prod-\\nucts in prodigious quantities. Grain is cheaper in this\\nregion than in any other, and is likely to remain so for\\na long time.\\nUnless the proportion of freight rates should be mate-\\nrially altered, which is unlikely, it will continue to cost", "height": "2768", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "12 AN EGG FARM.\\nless to transport eggs and fowls from this region of cheap\\ncorn to points where both corn and poultry products are\\ncomparatively dear, than to ship to the latter vicinity\\nthe grain from which these products are formed. Sev-\\nenty years ago nearly every pound of provisions in the\\nwhole land was consumed within twenty miles of where\\nit was raised; but now, since many run to and fro, and\\nknowledge is increased, there is a growing tendency\\ntoward shipments to great distances. It is common\\nfor the market to contain food supplies, the principal\\narticles of which are from various localities a thousand\\nor two thousand miles apart, while some are from even\\nthe most distant parts of the globe. A natural law of\\ncompetition, as persistent as the attraction of gravitation,\\ncompels the production of commodities where the facili-\\nties are the best, unless the freight to the point of con-\\nsumption is great enough to offset these.facilities. But\\nfreight rates grow less and less as the machinery of\\ntransportation, like all other machinery, is constantly\\nimproved.\\nIn treating of a location near a northern city, the\\nadvantages of delivering fresh eggs at an extra price\\ndirect to the consumers, without the intervention of a\\nmiddleman, were set forth. A portion of the whole\\nnumber of large scale poultry men will continue to avail\\nthemselves of these advantages, yet the tendency will\\nbe, in the future, for the production of a great and\\nincreasing proportion of eggs and poultry meat at points\\nhundreds of miles distant from the consumers. The\\nscience of distribution if it may be so called has been\\nconstantly improving, the machinery of the produce\\ncommission business having been brought to a great\\npitch of perfection. Even the multiplication of depart-\\nment stores, which marks an important era in the dis-\\ntribution of commodities, has a bearing on our subject.\\nAs the retail food market division of one of these great", "height": "2763", "width": "1827", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "LOCATION. 13\\nestablishments is handy, the housewife can personally\\ninspect her purchases, which she would probably not do\\nif it was not made so very convenient for her in connec-\\ntion with her shopping in other lines, while facilities of\\nelectric cars and horseless omnibuses are constantly\\nimproving, so that communication is easy and quick\\nbetween the department store and the home of the cus-\\ntomer. The tendency of all inventions is to mass pro-\\nduction at a few points remote from consumption, hence\\nmany poultry operators will, in the future, be diverted\\nfrom a suburban region of high priced lands to a locality\\nof cheaper acres and a more favorable climate.\\nTransportation is king and governs every department\\nof industry. In the case we are considering, not only\\nhas improved transportation rendered distant sites feasi-\\nble, but it has, through the means of trolley lines,\\nchecked, to some extent, the great increase of city\\nhomes, and by stimulating out-of-town residence, has\\nadded to the numbers of suburban people who raise eggs\\nfor their own families, with a surplus to take to the city.\\nIn other words, they leave the ranks of buyers of poultry\\nproducts and become producers themselves, thus adding\\nto the supply of near by raised strictly fresh eggs.\\nThe production of eggs at a point remote from the\\nlarge city market has also been made more feasible than\\nformerly by the recent improvements in cold storage.\\nIt is true that nothing will ever quite equal a newly laid\\negg, but eggs absolutely newly laid when put into cold\\nstorage, will, the following winter, turn out to be very\\ngood indeed, even if not fresh laid, and will meet a\\ngreat demand at high prices. Eggs collected from ordi-\\nnary farms by itinerant hucksters, or accumulated indis-\\ncriminately at grocery stores and then taken to cold\\nstorage, will always be more or less in bad repute.\\nHence the advantage possessed by the proprietor of a\\npoultry farm on a large scale, where every nest is visited", "height": "2768", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "14 AN EGG FARM.\\ndaily, on system, and freshness of product guaranteed\\nabsolutely before put in cold storage.\\nThe cold storage feature will, in the future, dominate\\nin fixing the areas for the production of a large and\\nincreasing proportion of the enormous quantities of\\npoultry products which our hundreds of millions of peo-\\nple yet to be will consume. The great packing houses\\nfor beef and pork at the principal cities of the middle\\nwest have grown with wonderful rapidity to a colossal\\nsize, pointing out the belt of country where animal food\\ncan be produced at the greatest advantage. Dressed\\npoultry is already kept and transported from the trans-\\nMississippi region on an immense scale, by the same\\nmeans as beef and pork, in the carcass, besides being-\\ncanned, the principal operators being at Kansas City\\nbut all that has been done, thus far, in this line is but\\nas a drop in the bucket. The big eastern and northern\\ncities will be supplied more and more in the future with\\npoultry products from the southwest particularly from\\nsouthern Kansas, northern Texas, southern Missouri,\\nOklahoma, Indian Territory and Arkansas, although\\nsoutheastern Nebraska, southwestern Iowa, and all of\\nthe area tributary to Kansas City will contribute to the\\nimmense volume of eggs and poultry which that great\\nsouthwestern paradise of fowls will produce.\\nTHE KIND OF SOIL.\\nThe soil should be adapted to cultivation. Those\\nwho advocate a waste or sterile tract make a great mis-\\ntake. Every rood should be capable of cultivation, and\\nrocky or bushy land avoided. Shade may be artificially\\nprovided at a small cost in a manner to be hereafter\\ndescribed. It is necessary to raise crops, in order to get\\nthe full advantage of the manure. It exceeds in value\\nthat made by any other domestic animal, because it is\\nfrom rich food more thoroughly digested than is the", "height": "2763", "width": "1827", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "LOCATION. 15\\ncase with quadrupeds. The scrapings from the roosts\\nmight be carried to another farm, it is true, but the\\nnearer they are applied^ the less labor; and the drop-\\npings where the fowls range, and at every coop of small\\nchickens, etc., are too valuable to be lost, and cannot be\\ngathered up save by the roots of plants on the spot. In\\norder to distract attention from the main business as\\nlittle as possible, crops of the simplest management\\nshould be mostly grown, and only those that can be con-\\nsumed by the establishment grass, clover, alfalfa, cab-\\nbages, lettuce, onions, potatoes, beets and other roots,\\nlarge quantities of oat or rye straw, and the balance,\\ngrains of various sorts, corn especially being always in\\norder. The principle of division of labor, carried out to\\nfull extent, would forbid our raising crops at all, were\\nwe able to gather all the manure and sell it for what it\\nis really worth. But, as we have seen, much will be\\nwasted unless there is tillage, and there is no price estab-\\nlished for such manure and if there were it is, under\\nour system, all immediately mixed with earth, making\\nit unfit for sale.\\nThe quality of the soil may be poor, or worn-out at\\nthe start, thus securing cheapness but it should be of\\na sort to which it would pay to apply valuable manure.\\nFor the sake of the health of the birds, choose a warm,\\ndry soil. Land which dries quickly after rains is the\\nkind and another test is, whether it is ready for the\\nplow early in spring. If it will produce peas or water-\\nmelons earlier than common, Ave are not far wrong. It\\nshould not be clayey or gravelly, but a sandy loam.\\nGravel for a subsoil, low enough down never to be\\nreached by the plow, would be excellent, making a nat-\\nural underdrainage but gravel at the surface troubles\\nthe fowls In their rolling and dusting. A supply of\\nhard gravel for the use of the birds should be screened\\nto a proper size at some other place, and hauled to the", "height": "2768", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "16 AN EGG FARM.\\nspot, and put in boxes for the use of the birds. The\\nsoil should answer for dry earth for the roosts and for\\ndust baths, the loam being of a sort easily reduced to an\\nimpalpable powder. This is important, because we\\ndepend upon pulverized dry earth all through the busi-\\nness, to secure the cleanliness and health of the birds\\nwith the least possible labor. A great deal is said in\\npoultry books and papers about the importance of clean-\\ning the roosts frequently. We do not clean ours oftener\\nthan once in three or four months. The labor of going\\nthe rounds daily in a large establishment, thoroughly\\nscraping floors, and removing manure, would be enor-\\nmous. We set all our fowl houses on a ridge of earth,\\nthrown up by plowing several times toward the center,\\nand surround with a shallow ditch for surface drainage\\nafter heavy rains. Thus we secure dryness, wet being\\nthe foe that must be kept from the fowls at every stage.\\nThen in winter a bed of dry earth, six inches deep, is put\\ninside the houses instead of a floor, and a couple of\\ninches added monthly if needed. The birds may be\\ndepended upon to cover their own droppings, not only\\ndaily, but hourly, when not at roost, a thick cloud of\\ndust being raised every little while. The houses will\\nalways be freer from taint than if floors were used with-\\nout dry earth, and scrubbed with soap and sand three\\ntimes a day.", "height": "2763", "width": "1827", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III.\\nTHE COLONY PLA1ST.\\nA system of detached, widely separated poultry houses,\\nmovable or immovable, called the colony plan, is suc-\\ncessful, because it secures natural conditions, especially\\nexercise, cleanliness and pure air. Needing a large area\\nof ground and making the attendant travel long dis-\\ntances, it is appropriately designated the extensive sys-\\ntem, as contrasted with the intensive system, which\\nconcentrates the birds and buildings and employs the\\nlabor on a small space.\\nOne of the best methods on the extensive principle\\nand with movable houses, we will first describe, as it\\nhas been carried out during the last twenty years in\\nnearly or quite every state in the Union, with various\\nmodifications to suit individual requirements or notions.\\nThe intensive plan has its own merits, which will be\\nconsidered in the proper place.\\nUpon the colony poultry farm there are no yards,\\nexcepting for some special purposes, but we imitate a\\ncountry town, where is stationed at every farmyard a\\nflock at free range. This method we know has suc-\\nceeded for hundreds of years, since men became partly\\ncivilized so it is no new experiment, and it is based on\\na state of things still older, extending beyond the period\\nof domestication. Across a tract of 62^ acres, 100 rods\\nsquare, run parallel wagon roads, 10 rods apart, with\\nfowl houses located quincunx style every 10 rods. In\\nthis way each house is surrounded by six others, and\\nis 10 rods to 11 and a fraction, from each. Now, when\\n2 17", "height": "2768", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "18 AN EGG FARM.\\na flock is attached to each farmyard in a village, and\\nruns at liberty, the premises may be as near each other\\nas 8 or 6 rods even, without danger of the birds\\nstraying, ordinarily, when once fairly domiciled. This\\nis because the neighbors premises have a different look,\\nand the buildings, garden, orchard, shrubbery, and\\nfences serve as landmarks to enable them to find their\\nway back. To make each flock upon our tract know its\\nhome, we have three styles of buildings, so unlike in\\ncolor and other respects as to be distinguished by their\\noccupants, and these alternate in such a way as to pre-\\n9 o O\\nm o\\ns\\nI\\nI\\nI\\nl\u00c2\u00bb O o\\n\u00c2\u00b0_ f\\no o\\nFIG. 1. DIAGRAM OF EGG FARM.\\nvent mistakes. Here the ancient instincts of the birds\\nare our reliance, their powers of discrimination in regard\\nto locality being very strong. It must be kept in mind\\nthat any faculty which was of use when the race was\\nwild, may be definitely counted on, unless it has since\\nbeen persistently bred out. The buildings are white,\\nblack, and uncolored, in succession, so that the six\\nimmediately adjoining any one are none of them like\\nitself. The white and black coloring are of the cheapest\\nsort lime wash and coal tar.", "height": "2763", "width": "1827", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "THE COLONY PLAN. 19\\nIn the diagram, Fig. 1, the quincunx order is shown,\\nand the position of the wagon path is indicated by the\\ndotted lines. The alternation of the colors of buildings\\nwill be understood from the white, black, and shaded\\ndots, but the diagram represents only a small portion, a\\ncorner merely, of the main area of the farm occujjied by\\nthe colony buildings, and the reader should imagine the\\nroads extended a great distance at the right in the cut.\\nWhile pursuing the experiments which led to this sys-\\ntem, we early perceived that while a flock thus situated\\nwould stay near home so long as no person approached,\\nwhen feeding them we were followed by birds from\\nneighboring flocks and there was confusion. Besides,\\nso accustomed do fowls become to associating the sight\\nof their keeper with a boon, that they will follow him\\nfrom one station to another, when on his rounds col-\\nlecting eggs, or attending to other matters. True, their\\nability to find their way back is wonderful, but fighting\\nfollows the meeting of birds that are strangers, and thus\\nthe quiet and order so essential to laying are impaired,\\nand also frequent association of this kind will, after\\na while, break down all distinction between neighboring\\nflocks. Such a trouble would be fatal to the whole plan.\\nThe solution of this difficulty is original with our sys-\\ntem, and the key to its success. The feeding business\\nis the cause of the trouble, and the only reason why\\nfowls follow their keeper. The remedy is to bring about\\nthe feeding indirectly. From earliest chickenhood the\\nbirds, or the greater part of them, are brought i\\\\j so as\\nto never perceive that the keeper has anything to do\\nwith their feed. The small coops for young chickens,\\non a separate part of the farm, have boxes where the\\nfeed is placed, and a simple contrivance attached, that\\ndoes not admit the chickens until some time afterward.\\nThis device will be explained when describing coops and\\nother fixings for young birds. Adult fowls are given", "height": "2768", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "20 AN EGG FARM.\\nsoft feed early in the morning in a feed box in their\\nhouse, so constructed that the keeper is not seen by them\\nat all. All the hard grain for the day s allowance is\\ndeposited in or under a pile of straw outside, before they\\nare let out of the building, and they scratch for it at\\nintervals through the day. This employment is very\\nsalutary to their health and spirits, and assists in keep-\\ning the flock together. The bright eye and keen faculty\\nfor prying and searching are employed, instead of the\\nbirds moping or standing listless. They feel as if every-\\nthing was right and natural, and their contentment\\ninfluences laying to a surprising degree.\\nIf straw is plenty and cheap, as it is in some parts of\\nthe country, scatter it liberally and sow grain urjon it by\\nany good broadcast seeding machine worked by a team,\\nand follow with a hay tedder, alternating with a side\\ndelivery horserake whenever the straw becomes scattered\\ntoo much. Or the driver of the hay tedder can drop a\\nslender rill of grain with one hand, while managing his\\nteam with the other. If straw is too expensive, as it is\\napt to be if within fair shipping distance of a city, a\\nplow can be used, every month or so, to loosen the soil,\\npreferably, as we have seen, a loose, sandy loam, and a\\nharrow employed to cover the grain. This harrow\\nshould have very short and slender teeth, a homemade\\naffair constructed of one-inch or half-inch boards or\\ntwo-inch planks, through which round nails or spikes\\nare driven, answering better than the harrows in the\\nmarket, as it will not do to cover the grain too deeply.\\nThe best thing of all is a wire drag, made by fastening\\nnumerous barbed wires to round poles of the size of a\\nman s arm, or to scantling, or waste strips of board of\\nvarious dimensions, if more convenient, by means of\\nordinary fence staples. This drag is cheap, simple, and\\neffective it will accommodate itself to uneven ground,\\nand as it is of light draft, you can make it very broad", "height": "2763", "width": "1827", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "THE COLONY PLAN. 21\\nand take a wide sweep. Lay the poles or scantling on\\nthe ground about two feet apart and parallel. Staple\\nthe wires on, three inches apart, at right angles with\\nthe poles. If the ground to be harrowed is uneven, you\\nshould saw about two poles out of three into three-foot\\npieces, so that in operation it will, undulate to fit the\\nswells and hollows. Of course, there must be a sizable,\\nlong stick at front to which the team may be attached.\\nGet plenty of help to turn the ugly thing over work-\\nwise, without tangling, when it is done, so that the\\npoles will he on top and the wires on the ground. This\\nwire harrow is also an excellent thing for every farmer\\nwho sows broadcast turnips, millet, clover, alfalfa, tim-\\nothy, or any very small seed, and preparatory to nice\\ngardening, it will make the soil fine as snuff, saving\\nlabor with the hand rake.\\nBy broadcasting the seed before the fowls are let out\\nin the morning, the sight of the keeper is associated\\nwith no gift or boon, whatever, and scrupulous care is\\ntaken during the fifteen or eighteen months that limit\\nthe lives of most of the main laying stock, never to\\nthrow them, directly, a morsel of food. This precau-\\ntion of indirect feeding is not, however, carried out\\nwith the small classes of sitters and fowls with pedigree\\nrecords, as will be explained hereafter. All motions\\nnear the indirectly fed fowls should be slow and gentle;\\nthey should never be frightened, and should regard their\\nkeeper with neither fear nor aversion, but with total\\nindifference. The two points, of differently appearing\\npremises at different stations, and indirect feeding, both\\nbeing attended to, we are enabled to keep separate flocks\\nin freedom upon one farm without yards. The method\\nof overcoming, by use of a team, the loss of time in\\nattendance caused by the scattering of the buildings,\\nwill be described in its proper place, as. well as the ways\\nof securing throughout the greatest economy in labor\\nand lumber.", "height": "2768", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "22 A.N EGG FARM.\\nAs it is impossible to raise any crop on vines, stalks,\\nor trees above ground or below it, that hens will not\\ndamage, crops are put on one-half of the ground each\\nyear, and the fowls on the other half. Movable fowl\\nhouses are used to great advantage. By building small,\\nlight, and low, with strong sills made on purpose for\\nrunners, the houses may be moved every spring by an\\nordinary team, to the section tilled the previous sum-\\nmer. The distance traveled in transferring one hun-\\ndred fowl houses, from one sixty-acre lot to another, is\\none-third of a mile for each building, and back with no\\nload. The amount of labor is much less than would be\\ninvolved in hauling the manure, mixed with dry earth,\\nfrom the buildings. The moving is accomplished sys-\\ntematically the fowls belonging to a building being all\\nmoved in one flock in a large box marie on purpose,\\nFig. 12, in which they are quietly entrapped when\\nattempting to leave their house in the morning, by plac-\\ning it adjoining, after which the box is darkened and\\ndrawn upon runners, on which it stands, to the new\\nstation. On arriving, they are immediately allowed to\\nescape into a spare house, shaped and colored like the\\none they left, placed beforehand, when they are ready\\nto commence their day as usual, the whole operation of\\nremoval occupying only a few minutes. Besides this\\nyearly moving, each building is moved every few days\\nduring spring, summer, and fail, its length only. Thus\\na fresh spot is secured, and to prevent all taint and\\nuncleanliness, as well as to keep the manure safe for\\nnext year s crops, an implement like a harrow, with\\nteeth like those of a horse hoe or a cultivator, is drawn\\nover the spot where it stood. The buildings are all\\nmoved in regular order, in the same direction, so as to\\nkeep the same distances apart; then back again over\\nanother strip of ground, so as to fertilize the whole lot\\nin the course of the season. The frequent turning of", "height": "2763", "width": "1827", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "THE COLONY PLAN 23\\nthe soil not only keeps it sweet, but provides what fowls\\nare so fond of a place to scratch for insects, and roll\\nand dust themselves in dry weather. The crop of weeds\\nthat will constantly appear in summer must be as con-\\nstantly turned under and whatever advantage there\\nmay be in green crops for manure will be secured thus\\nthe enriching and pulverizing of the ground will fit it\\nfor large crops. It need not lie altogether fallow, either,\\nfor a few small spots may be sown thickly with lettuce,\\ncabbages, or other plants that fowls will eat, pro-\\ntected until partly grown by movable fences or hurdles\\nof wire netting, after which they may be allowed to help\\nthemselves. Oats may be sown in strips also and\\nwhether the fowls scratch up and eat the seed, or forage\\nupon the tender sprouts or the ripened grain, no mat-\\nter. It is only necessary to compare the amount of labor\\nspent in spading the ground in yards, to keep it fresh,\\nwith this way of using team and plow, to see the supe-\\nriority of the latter method.\\nIn poultry raising on a large scale, it is, ordinarily,\\nnext to impossible for the fowls to procure insect sup-\\nplies to any important amount, in proportion to the\\nnumbers of the birds. Yet while in the colonization\\nand no-fence plan, with the houses 10 to 11 rods apart\\nand no crops, the insects procurable are so few as to be\\nunimportant, the following modification of this method,\\nwhere grasshoppers are very plenty, as they are in July\\nand August in some parts of the United States, has\\nbeen found to work well, to wit Locate the buildings\\nfor laying stock 20 rods apart, instead of 10 rods, and\\nin place of unlimited range, give each flock a long, low,\\ncovered run, the sides and top of which consist of wire\\nnetting, stretched over frames. This yard, or long run-\\nway, may be 2 or 3 ft. wide, 3 ft. high, and 6 or 8\\nrods long. It is important that it be built in movable\\nsections, set end to end, each section being about 10 or", "height": "2768", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "24\\nAN EGG FARM.\\n12 ft. long, and covered at top and sides, bat open, of\\ncourse, at the ends. The houses and runways being\\nlocated on a fertile hayfield, an abundance of insects\\nwill breed in the tall grass or clover or alfalfa, and will\\nbe captured in the runway.\\nWhen the fowls have access to all parts of a hayfield\\nor pasture, they devour the larvae of the insects, or the\\nyoung when so small that they do not amount to much\\nas food. But under the runway plan, large numbers\\nremain undisturbed till, full grown and fattened, they\\nenter the trap. In some cases, tons of grasshoppers\\nappear in hayfields where fowls cannot be allowed to\\nrun, because, in addition to other objections, the grass\\nFIG.\\nCOOP FOU GKOWING CHICKS.\\nwould be badly trampled by them and nests would be\\nhidden. An occasional runway, as above described,\\npenetrating the ranks of the grass like a tunnel, will\\nreceive, from time to time, traveling hoppers and jump-\\ners in sufficient numbers to keep the birds on the alert,\\nthus affording them exercise and lessening the feed bills\\nvery materially. The birds can pick what green food\\nthey need through the meshes. As remarked, the har-\\nvest of insects is specially valuable for only about two\\nmonths in the year, and, as the houses are on runners,\\nand the runways are constructed in sections, the whole\\noutfit may be moved to any location desired, to stand dur-", "height": "2757", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "THE COLONY PLAN. 25\\ning the remaining ten months. The operation of the\\nmower and other haying machinery will not be seriously\\ninterfered with in this plan, which is peculiarly adapted\\nto the extensive alfalfa fields of the Great Plains region.\\nIf a location is preferred in a field of wheat, rye, barley,\\noats or millet, the birds may be turned loose after har-\\nvest and before the Aveeds have grown tall enough to\\nencourage the fowls to steal their nests, while the scat-\\ntered kernels gleaned in the stubble will be quite an\\nitem. Alfalfa, however, is destined to become one of\\nthe most important crops, which will occupy millions of\\nacres of the great trans-Missouri region and feed count-\\nless numbers of horses, cattle, sheep and swine, and as\\ngrasshoppers breed in this crop in myriads, the tunnel\\nplan is particularly suited to the alfalfa belt.\\nThe sixty acres of grain, which, as previously stated, are\\nraised every year on our colony poultry farm, may have\\nsome of these poultry-runway movable-grasshopper traps\\nlocated thereon. If partly grown fowls, not yet of a\\nlaying age, or chicks just separated from their mother,\\nare placed in such runways, among growing crops, a\\nvery good house to be attached to the runways is shown\\nin Fig. 2. It may be built four feet high from floor to\\npeak of roof and four by twelve feet on the floor. Mov-\\nable perches rest in slots cut in the tops of blocks eight\\ninches high. The ends of the building and the two\\ndoors are alike, the latter being fastened down nights by\\na padlock. Several barbed fence wires are stretched on\\nboth sides of the building, to admit air and keep out\\nthieves. Moving is clone by attaching a team to a chain\\nfastened to one of the end crosspieces on which the\\nfloor rests.", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nSUPPLYING THEIR NEEDS.\\nThe distance once around to each station amounts to\\nseveral miles, and the rounds must be made a number\\nof times every day. The distance would be too great for\\nthe attendant to walk over, even if empty handed, and\\ntransporting grain and water without a team would be\\nout of the question. A supply df water through pipes,\\nconnecting with each station, would be too costly, espe-\\ncially as they would be idle when the land was culti-\\nvated. A running stream conducted in an open ditch\\nto each building would freeze in winter, make the ground\\nnear its banks too damp, and be in the way of plowing,\\nmoving buildings, and other operations besides, few\\nlots suitable in other respects can be found where the\\nslope of ground, with water supply at top, admits of the\\nconstruction of such ditches. Each flock of fowls needs\\na pailful of water daily, taking account of the evapora-\\ntion in hot weather, and the necessity of emptying the\\ndrinking vessels at night in winter, to prevent freezing.\\nSuch an amount of water could not well be carried by\\nhand. By means of a cask blocked up in a compara-\\ntively high position on a wagon, a strong head is\\nobtained, and when going the rounds, watering, the\\noperator, by the use of hose and nozzle, and a cut-off to\\nslacken or increase the flow at will, and by having the\\ndrinking vessels stand at a convenient place, can, with-\\nout leaving his seat in the wagon, not only fill the recep-\\ntacles, but clean and rinse them first.\\n26", "height": "2757", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "SUPPLYING THEIR NEEDS.\\n27\\nThe most convenient wagon for our use is that some-\\ntimes kept for moving stone at quarries, and called a\\nstone cutter s dray, shown in Fig. 3. In Maine, such\\nare used very commonly to carry timber about sawmills,\\nand on short routes, where no stumps or stones are to\\nbe passed over, thus saving much lifting.\\nIt is desirable that the driver should ride the 10-rod\\nstages between the fowl houses to lighten his labor, and\\nthat the team should trot to save time. But to climb\\nin and out of an ordinary wagon to ride 10 rods, would\\ninvolve more exertion than walking, Besides, the labor\\nof lifting grain in and out will be much less in a low\\nFIG. 3. STONE CUTTER S DRAY.\\nwagon the water cask may be filled and drawn from\\nreadily, and it is especially convenient in gathering dry\\nearth. The vehicle should be built just heavy enough\\nto support a barrel of water, five or six bushels of\\ngrain, and the driver or, when rigged for earth, the\\namount desired to be carried is about equal to an ordi-\\nnary horse cart load. It is not intended to be used off\\nthe premises at all, and as there are no stones, hum-\\nmocks, or the like, and no deep ruts, the body is set so\\nas to clear the ground by only 8 in. (10 in. are allowed\\nin the Maine wagons). The body is 12 ft. long, and 4\\nft. 2 in. wide behind, and 3 ft. wide in front, the taper-\\ning shape being necessary to give a chance to turn the", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "28 AN EGG FARM.\\nwagon without cramping and the turning is also facili-\\ntated by making the axletrees so long that the wheels\\ntrack 5 ft. 7 in., or about 4 in. wider than a common\\nhorse cart. The side boards are but 8 in. wide the aim\\nbeing to keep as near the ground as possible and of\\n2-in. plank, serving as part of the body frame. Four\\ncrosspieces, underneath, fastened to the side boards by\\nstout 1 clamp bolts, complete the frame; and the whole\\nis so constructed that no part of the body projects from\\nunder the side boards, the compactness of shape serving\\na useful purpose when we come to load dry earth. The\\nrear axletree is made in one piece of wrought iron 2 in.\\nsquare. The kingbolt should be made stout, and allowed\\nto turn freely in the forward axletree. To carry eggs\\nwithout breakage, a movable stand for the egg basket,\\nfurnished with springs, can be set on the w^agon. A\\nlow sled may take the place of the wagon when the sea-\\nson requires it.\\nThe road may be constructed quite narrow, as there\\nwill be no occasion to pass other teams and an easy\\nway to raise a path sufficiently to avoid wet, is to plow a\\nstrip of ground a number of times over, always throwing\\nthe furrow toward the center, or, better yet, use a road\\ngrader, and the rounded ridges thus made with ditches\\nVm each side are to remain in the field permanently, and\\nmay be cropped with the rest of the land, if desired.\\nThe wheels of the wagon are made with very wide tires,\\nas shown in the cut, and these must not be driven in\\nthe same track twice in succession, but used as rollers to\\nsmooth down the whole ridge, for there must be no deep\\nruts to cause the wagon body to graze the ground, or to\\ninterfere with the use of the bicycle, which will be found\\nvery convenient for some purposes.\\nCOLLECTING AND STORING DRY EARTH.\\nTo gather and store dry earth, the following plan is\\nsubmitted as available, not only for the poultry business,", "height": "2757", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "SUPPLYING THEIR NEEDS.\\n29\\nand that invaluable invention, the earth closet, but for\\npreparing absorbents and litter for stables and pigpens.\\nThe best farmers use dry earth for all their animals, not\\nonly for the cleanliness and health of the stock, but to\\nlighten the labor of attendance, substitute a cheap litter\\nfor straw, and save every particle of manure.\\nThe spot of ground set apart for the dry earth harvest\\nshould be kept free from weeds and turf, and harrowed\\nas shallow as possible, using a harrow with numerous\\nvery short teeth, or, what is the very best for the pur-\\npose, the barbed wire drag, previously described. The\\nground should not have been plowed for a year, the\\nobject being to pulverize it only at the surface, for in\\nFIG. 4. SCRAPER FOR DRY EARTH.\\nthis way the top soil can be better kept from absorb-\\ning moisture from below. There is seldom a summer\\nwithout a spell of several weeks when the soil for a\\ncouple of inches at the top is almost dry. Select such a\\ndry spell for the work.\\nThe implements used are a light scraper, Pig. 4, 5 ft.\\nlong and 10 in. wide, and a shovel, Fig. 5, 2 ft. 3 in.\\nlong and 2 ft. wide. They are made lighter than simi-\\nlar ones designed to work among stones and gravel, and\\nboth are intended to be always used in a nearly perpen-\\ndicular position, and, therefore, the backs need not be\\nshod for wear, as is usual with team shovels and scrapers.", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "30\\nAN EGG FARM.\\nThey are both built of wood, edged and bound with\\niron. The shovel is made somewhat cor cave, being-\\ndesigned to move a pretty full load for a short distance\\nthe scraper, which only skims the surface, is made\\nstraight. A rope is used instead of an iron bail for draft\\nattachment in the shovel to make it lighter, and for the\\nsame reason the iron edge and bands are thin. The\\nmass moved being very dry, light, and mellow, admits\\nof a rather slight construction of the implement and,\\nas this is to be used by backing the team at every shov-\\nelful, and pulling the shovel back by hand, as little\\nweight as possible is desirable. The wooden rod con-\\nFIG. 5. SHOVEL FOR DRY EARTH.\\nnecting the two crooked handles of the shovel is essen-\\ntial, serving as a convenient handle in backing. Now,\\nduring a time of dry weather, by harrowing your ground\\nwith the short-toothed harrow or the barbed wire drag,\\nhalf a dozen times on a hot day, the soil will become\\nsufficiently pulverized, and also advanced one stage in dry-\\nness. The next day watching the weather as closely as\\na haymaker hitch your horse to the scraper, and try to\\nscrape L in. deep, no more, and gather the earth into\\nsmall windrows, extending regularly across the field, the\\noperation being like raking hay. Next, make the team\\nfollow the windrows, and cock the dirt into heaps of a", "height": "2757", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "SUPPLYING THEIR XEEDS.\\n31\\ncart load each. Now, you have piles of earth nearly dry,\\nbut they will not grow any drier until placed so that\\nmoisture cannot be absorbed from below. To complete\\nthe drying, platforms of boards, Fig. 6, must be pro-\\nvided these are 8 ft. square and built wedge-shaped,\\nand 14 in. high at the highest part. These are now\\ndrawn thick end first by the team upon the planks\\nwhich form the sides and serve as runners, and located\\none by each heap with the thin edge toward it.\\nAttach the team to the shovel by a rope about 12 ft.\\nlong, and transfer the earth to the platforms, heaping\\nthe first shovelful upon the edge next the pile to cover\\nit, so that it may not obstruct the shovel. The plat-\\nforms should be on the north side of the heaps at the\\ncommencement, so as to slope toward the south, and\\nFIG. 6. PLATFOBJI FOE DRYING EARTH.\\nafford direct exposure to the sun. In two or three days of\\nfine weather the piles will be nearly as free from moisture\\nas if kiln-dried, if the earth has been well pulverized, for\\nit is so loose and porous that the moisture from the bot-\\ntom finds its way to the surface as fast as the latter\\ndries. If the weather becomes threatening, house the\\nearth without waiting for further drying, or cover with\\nhay caps, according to circumstances. When ready for\\nhousing, draw the wagon close to the north side of the\\nplatform, and connect the two with a skid, 5 ft. by 14\\nin., with teeth projecting over the body to hold up the\\nshovel, and let the earth drop through. The same\\nlength of rope between the horse and shovel will be", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "32\\nAN EGG FARM.\\nneeded as when piling earth upon the platforms. Fig.\\n7 shows the manner of loading. Of course, the pile in\\nthe wagon must be leveled off occasionally, but this is\\neasily and quickly done by using a big hoe, such as is\\nsold for mixing mortar.\\nThe flooring of the wagon, when used for carrying\\nfeed and water, consists of movable boards, which are\\ntaken out with the hind board when preparing to haul\\nearth, and 1 1-2-inch planks, 5 in. wide, with planed\\nedges, fitting accurately, are substituted. One end of each\\nplank projects a few inches behind the body, and is so\\nFIG. 7. LOADING DRY EARTH.\\nnarrowed, Fig. 8, that a stout stick, 2 or 3 ft. long, may\\nbe inserted between the planks. By prying them up,\\none at a time, the wagon is readily unloaded. There\\nwill not be any appreciable leakage between the planks\\nin hauling 20 or 30 rods, and, to save travel, the earth\\nplat should not be more than that distance from the\\nstoreroom at farthest. An under-ground basement in\\nthe granary of the establishment is the proper store-\\nroom, and, by driving in above, the load may be dis-\\ncharged through a trap door in the floor into a capacious,\\nhopper-shaped bin. See Figs. 45 and 46. Underneath", "height": "2757", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "SUPPLYING THEIR NEEDS. 33\\nthe bin should be a space to drive in winter the wagon\\nor sled, and, by pulling a slide, let the earth fall until\\na load is obtained to be carried to the stations. In this\\nway, the earth is pulverized, heaped upon the drying\\nplatforms, loaded upon the wagon, transferred to the\\nbin, and reloaded, without touching a hand shovel to it\\nat all. The wagon may be loaded with the aid of the\\nteam shovel in less than three minutes.\\nThe farmer may make an earth bin, of the kind\\ndescribed, in his barn cellar under a trap in the barn\\nfloor. The earth, upon a tract of such mellow loam as\\nis suitable for poultry, will become, by pulverizing and\\ndrying, reduced completely to dust. The loading and\\nunloading by team power not only saves labor, but over-\\ncomes the difficulties inseparable from shoveling such a\\nlight powder, that flips in the least wind. If the\\nAveather is such that the earth gets dry enough without\\nthe necessity of placing it on\\nplatforms, like that shown in\\nFig. 6, then the dry earth\\nmay be taken from the piles\\nto the storeroom b\\\\ r usino- a\\nn t n ^i FIG. 8. BOTTOM OF DRAY.\\nwheel scraper instead of the\\ndray. In the fall, when dry weather gives oppor-\\ntunity, labor may be still further saved by scraping-\\nheaps of dry. earth directly upon the winter sites of the\\nfowl houses, and drawing as many of the latter as are\\nrendered tenantless by the sale of the old stock upon the\\nheaps, where the earth can remain sheltered awaiting\\nthe new flock of pullets, and no wagon is needed at all\\nfor the earth in that case.\\nAfter the dry earth has been used in the houses\\nthrough the winter, the final disposition of it must be\\nmade in the spring, as much with an eye to labor-saving\\nas in collecting it. The fowl houses are to be pried up,\\nto loosen their sills from the dust heap m which they\\n3", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "34 AN EGG FARM.\\nare embedded, and drawn off to summer quarters. Then\\nthe earth, mixed with the manure is to be first moved\\nwith the shovel, and scattered about the immediate\\nvicinity, one shovelful in a place. The scraper is next\\nused to spread the heaps, and the harrow comes last,\\nreversing the order of gathering.", "height": "2757", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V.\\nHOUSES FOR LAYERS.\\nThe form, proportions and fixtures of tiie fowl house,\\nto secure a few eggs and chickens for home use, are of\\nsmall consequence, so long as the proprietor has invented\\nsomething a little different from what has ever been\\nmade before, and is satisfied. But business upon a large\\nscale demands buildings that shall conduce in the high-\\nest degree to the thrift of their inmates, and to the con-\\nvenience of the attendant, while the outlay, in both\\nmaterial and construction, should be the lowest possible.\\nThe buildings generally put up cost two or three dollars\\nfor each fowl provided for, while fanciers sometimes\\nexpend five dollars or more per head for the housing of\\ntheir poultry. There are three classes of adult fowls nec-\\nessary under our plan, which we designate as breeders,\\nsitters and layers and the latter, which are most numer-\\nous, are housed at a cost of materials not exceeding forty\\ncents for each bird, estimates being based on hemlock\\nlumber at twenty-three dollars per thousand. The\\naccommodations for the breeding and sitting stock are\\nnecessarily more expensive, and there is, in addition,\\nthe cost of coops and appliances for raising chickens\\nenough to replace two-thirds of the adults yearly.\\nThe house used at the stations, for the layers, is rep-\\nresented by the larger of the two buildings shown in\\nFig. 9. It is not too large to be moved with conven-\\nience, and nothing smaller would accommodate a flock\\nof fifty, the number to be kept at each station, with\\nperches, nests, and sufficient ground room in stormy\\nHo", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "36\\nAN EGG FARM.\\nweather, and at the same time afford hight enough to\\ngive a circulation of air over the perches, and a proper\\npitch of roof. It is fif-\\nteen feet long, eight and\\none-half feet wide, and\\nfour and one-half feet\\nhigh at the peak. Let\\nit be noted that any at-\\ntempt to build so that\\nthe attendant may enter,\\ns either makes a stooping,\\ng slow job of every opera-\\nt tion, from year s end to\\nyear s end, or if the house\\nP is carried high enough to\\nallow standing upright,\\nthe weight interferes with\\nmoving, and the lumber\\ncosts too much. It is as\\neasy to reach into a build-\\ning designed for the\\ng keeper to stand outside,\\na as to reach into a handy\\nci cupboard. To give suf-\\n2 ficient air, the room is as\\nlofty in proportion to the\\nsize of the birds or their\\nbreathing capacity, as a\\nstable twenty feet high\\nwould be for cattle. It\\nis just about as neces-\\nsary for the poulterer to\\nhave a roof over his head for protection in all weathers\\nwhile at work, as it is for a farmer to make a shed over\\nhis land to defend his complexion from the sun while\\nhaying, or from the rain while transplanting cabbages.", "height": "2757", "width": "1802", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "HOUSES FOR LAYERS. 37\\nThe part of the roof on the south side at A, A, A,\\nand nearly all on the north, consists of hinged doors\\nopening to the right or left, and overlapping when\\nclosed, to shed rain. When it is desired to whitewash,\\nthrow open all the doors, thus turning the house inside\\nout, take ou\u00c2\u00b1 the perches and nests, all built movable,\\nand there will be no nook or cranny of the woodwork\\nthat the brush cannot be made to reach with ease, and\\nno lack of elbow room. This arrangement of doors\\nmakes it convenient also to catch fowls ujoon the perches\\nby night. The doors should shut as snugly as may be\\nin coarse work, and the cracks unavoidably left around\\nthem will afford all the ventilation needed in winter,\\nwhile in summer they may be opened more or less widely,\\naccording to the weather. When it is warm, yet wet,\\nthey may be partly opened and propped up, and boards\\nput across their edges to shed rain. It is very desirable,\\nunder any plan for henneries, to build so that while\\nmoderately tight in winter, they may be thrown open\\non every side in hot weather for fowls are warmly clad,\\nand suffer much from the heat when in buildings made,\\nas is too frequently the case, only with reference to the\\ncold. The doors which form the north roof project\\nsix inches at the ridge, to keep out rain, as there is no\\nridge cap.\\nThe two windows in the south roof are glazed,\\ngreenhouse fashion that is, with overlapping panes,\\nthat snow may slide from them readily as soon as loos-\\nened by the warmth inside. They are two feet high\\nand three feet wide, and set eighteen inches from the\\npeak of the roof. A strip of tin is fastened over the\\nupper part of the sash, and the sides and bottom of the\\nsash overlap the roof, to be rain-proof. The shutters,\\nB, B, used to darken the building on certain necessary\\noccasions, elsewhere referred to, are hinged to the lower\\npart of the sash, and when opened, as in the illustration,", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "38 AN EGG FARM.\\nrest upon the roof below the windows. The side sills\\nproject at both ends of the building they are beveled,\\nrunner-fashion, and strengthened with iron, where holes\\nare bored to attach chains thus the house may be drawn\\nby either end, for the purposes before described. The\\nsills, which receive the principal strain during moving,\\nshould be so well braced as to keep the whole building\\nin shape. The end sills, of two-inch plank, should be\\nspiked upon the top of the others, flatwise, so as not to\\ntouch the ground while moving, and the side sills, four\\ninches square, should be of chestnut or oak, to be as\\ndurable as possible, for they rest on the ground during\\na good part of the year. The spruce rafters, two by\\nthree inches, which answer for studs and rafters both,\\nshould be set at such distances apart as will correspond\\nwith the width of the doors and windows which are\\nfastened to them.\\nA stout ridgepole, sawn of a triangular shape, runs\\nthe length of the building underneath the rafters, and\\ntwo sticks are fastened to this ridgepole, one five feet\\nfrom each end, and braced upon the center of the end\\nsills to give firmness for the covering, consisting chiefly\\nof doors, does not strengthen the building, as in ordinary\\ncases, where the covering is nailed to the frame. 0, C,\\nare doors, each three by one foot, opening outwards and\\ndownwards, to give the keeper access to the nests, which\\nare one foot square, and the same in depth, and so con-\\ntrived that the hens enter them at one side from a pas-\\nsage six inches wide and one foot high, boarded at side\\nand top, running the length of the row of nests, and are\\nthus indulged in their liking for privacy while laying.\\nThe nests are tight upon the top the outside door\\nshould fit closely, and the opening admitting the fowls\\nto the passage be made so small that the nests will be\\nrather dark. It is found that when nests are open to\\nview from the main apartment, hens will, in stormy", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "HOL SES FOE LAYERS. 39\\nweather, for lack of other employment, sometimes enter\\nthem to scratch for food, and thus by chance break eggs\\nand learn to eat them, and acquire the habit of pecking\\nat and devouring eggs as fast as laid. But a darkened\\nnest will deter them from entering, except to lay, for\\nwhich purpose they prefer a dark, low corner. There is\\na row of six nests running across the building at each\\nend, making twelve, which will be sufficient, as it will\\nnot happen that more than that number out of a flock\\nwill need them at once. The passages are made so that\\nthey may be taken out with the nests .for whitewashing.\\nThe end sills, of plank 18 in. wide, serve as a tight floor\\nfor the nests and passage. The perches, two in number,\\nare 18 in. apart, and each is 18 in. from the roof, and\\n2 ft. higher than the sills. Perches should be of 2 l-2x\\n3 1-2 in. sawed stuff, the widest part up, with the upper\\ncorners rounded off a very little. From four to five aver-\\nage-sized fowls will occupy 2 ft. of perch. The perches,\\nbeing each 12 ft. long, will accommodate a flock of fifty,\\nand are to be placed so as not to extend over the part\\noccupied by the nests.\\nThe drinking vessel stands upon one of the platforms\\nformed by the nests, and upon these jflatforms are also\\nshallow boxes containing gravel, pounded charcoal, and\\na mixture of loam, sancl and oyster-shell lime, made into\\nan easily crumbled mortar. The boxes are ten inches\\nwide, and being placed next the end wall, leave a space\\neight inches wide upon the platform, for the fowls to stand\\nupon. The drinking pail and gravel boxes are protected,\\nby their elevation, from the dirt that would otherwise\\nbe thrown into them by the fowls when scratching and\\ndusting, and are fronted by slats with openings six by\\ntwo and three-quarter inches between them. An open-\\ning is made in the end wall over the pail that is just\\nlarge enough to admit the spout of a large watering pot,\\nor the nozzle of a line of hose attached to the water cask", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "40\\nAN EGG FARM.\\non the dray. The door, D, one foot wide, opening\\ndownwards, is for removing the pail and gravel boxes\\nwhen desired, and when fastened ajar will be found\\nmore convenient for ventilation than the roof doors,\\nwhen the weather is only moderately warm. Both ends\\nof the building alike are furnished with doors.\\nIn .the summer this building may have its roof doors\\npartly opened by day, as in Fig. 10, and its sills rest on\\nthe ground, ready for moving but during the severest\\nweather, generally about three or three and a half\\nmonths, of the year, this building does not stand with\\nsills upon the ground, but it rests, as in Fig. 11, upon\\nFIG. 10. HOUSE FOR LAYERS SUMMER ARRANGEMENT.\\nthe edges of a box or bin, B, of dimensions correspond-\\ning with the center of the sills of the building, made of\\nplanks nine inches wide and two inches thick, like a\\nmortar bed with no bottom, filled with dry earth. This\\nshould be set upon ridges thrown up by the plow or\\nroad grader, as previously described, and it will be\\nfound that, by starting with the earth dry in the fall, it\\nwill not absorb moisture from the ground beneath dur-\\ning winter any faster than it dries away from the sur-\\nface, where the fowls keep it stirred. There need be no\\ncleaning of the house while thus arranged for winter^", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "HOUSES FOB LAYERS.\\n41\\nbut about once a month an inch or two of dry earth\\nmay be added. There will be no accumulations under\\nthe perches if the birds are not kept too profusely sup-\\nplied with gravel at that season, as they should be to\\ninduce them to pulverize every portion of the manure\\nand mix it with the dry earth, in search of the gravel", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "42\\nAN EGG FARM.\\nwhich is very frequently voided. There can be no objec-\\ntion to saving labor by inducing the birds to perform\\nthe work of scavengers, which will give them salutary\\nexercise, for it is not intended that they shall be deprived\\nof as much gravel as they need, but only forced to use\\nthe same many times over. The bin, as it may be\\ncalled, should be strengthened with braces across the\\ncorners, and kept from spreading by the pressure of its\\ncontents by strips nailed from side to side. After the\\nbuilding has been moved in spring to a new station, the\\nbin is to be pried up until the earth drops through it,\\nhaving no bottom, and when empty it may be readily\\nFIG. 12. PEIf FOR MOVING FOWLS\\nhauled by team, like a sled, to the place where it is to\\nbe used, as will be explained, in connection with chicken\\nraising. The building is hauled onto this bin in the\\nfall and off in the snring, by taking the wedge-shaped\\nplatform for drying earth, previously figured, for a skid,\\nand attaching the team to a rope twenty feet or more\\nlong, and using small rollers. It is a quick and not\\nover troublesome operation, for it must be recollected\\nthat the house is not large or heavy.\\nFigure 12 represents a pen to move fowls in when their\\nhouses are to be moved a considerable distance, to sum-", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "HOUSES FOR LAYERS. 43\\nmer quarters and to winter quarters. When this pen is\\nput in the place occupied by the feed room at the end of\\nthe passage, Figs. 9 and 11, the fowls are baited into it,\\nthe door, A, corresponding to an opening in the side of\\nthe end of the passage, C. The partitions in the pen\\nseparate the flock into squads, to prevent too many fowls\\nhuddling together and trampling each other during\\nmoving, at which time a canvas covering should exclude\\nthe light. Chains may be passed around the ends of\\nthe crosspiece for draft. The artist has made the\\nrunners turn up too much, a bevel merely, like that on\\nthe sills of the movable houses, being all that is necessary.\\nDuring the winter, a low structure, 6 ft. wide, 12\\nft. long, and 1 1-2 ft. high on one side and 3 1-2 ft. on\\nthe other, seen at the left in Fig. 9, serves the purpose\\nof a feeding room, and the rest of the year is used as a\\nshelter for chickens. Its winter location is about 4 ft.\\nfrom the larger building. E, E, E, E, represent doors,\\nwhich overlap each other to shed rain, and when closed\\nrest upon the highest or north wall, and open upwards\\nand to the south, resting upon a rail attached to posts\\nset in the ground. In each door is a window 3 ft. square,\\nglazed, as are all the windows in the various fowl houses,\\ngreenhouse style. This feed house is movable, being\\nfurnished with planks set edgewise, with runner-shaped\\nends for side sills. Inside, a feed box, slatted on both\\nsides, rests on cleats attached to the end walls, 20 in.\\nfrom the north wall, and near the top of the room, so\\nthat dirt cannot be scratched into it. It has a shelf 7\\nin. wide on both sides in front of the slats, on which\\nthe birds stand while feeding, and contains a trough\\nmade by nailing boards 3 in. wide to each edge of a\\nboard 5 in. wide. A door, E, in one end of the feed\\nroom, large enough to admit a fowl, communicates with\\na similar door, G, in the south side of the main build-\\ning, by a movable covered passage 5 1-2 ft. long, 1 1-4", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "44 AN EGG FARM.\\nft. high, and 1 ft. wide, it being like a box with a lid,\\nand but one end, and with an opening on one side.\\nThis passage is not shown in the cut, but appears at\\nC, Fig. 11. Every night in winter, after the fowls axe at\\nroost, the door, Fig. 9, should be closed, and the window\\nshutters of the main building likewise. In the morning\\na mixture of vegetables, boiled and mashed, scalded\\nmeal, and a little meat boiled and chopped fine, is\\nplaced in the feed trough, and the daily rations of hard\\ngrain buried underneath straw, which covers the ground\\nof the feeding apartment to the depth of eight or ten\\ninches. The fowls are prevented, by the shutters, from\\nlooking on. Next open the passage, and in a minute\\nthe fowls w T ill all be at the feed box. After finishing\\nthe soft feed,- the grain, consisting in part of buckwheat\\nor cracked corn or wheat screenings, so as to make as\\nmuch work as possible to find it, will be scratched\\nfor at intervals all day long. A little practice will\\nenable the attendant to give just enough, and have none\\nleft over night. Placing grain for scratching indoors is\\nonly for inclement weather, however.\\nDuring a few of the coldest spells, such as usually\\noccur three or four times in the winter, and last three\\nto seven days, and during storms, fowls prefer to\\nremain indoors all day but they should never, except in\\nthe morning, before feeding, be prevented from going\\nout if they choose. Altogether, there are not usually\\ntwenty days in a year during which fowls will voluntarily\\nkeep inside all day. Snow should be cleared from a plat\\nof ground at each station, with the aid of the team, and\\nthe scraper and shovel previously described, or a road\\ngrader. If the winter is open and mild, have a pile of\\nstraw out of doors with grain buried under it, using the\\nbroadcast seeder and hay tedder before mentioned, and\\nwhenever there is no snow start the broadcast seeder\\nand scatter a very little finely cracked corn with the", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "HOUSES FOR LAYERS. 45\\nmeal sifted out;, or millet seed, far and wide on portions\\nof the range not provided with straw, to encourage the\\nhabit of running around and searching. Keep your\\nfowls always on the move.- As soon as the buildings are\\nmoved to the new stations in spring, and the feeding\\nrooms are also drawn off to be used in housing young\\nchickens, the feed boxes are taken out, they merely rest-\\ning on cleats without being fastened, and carried to the\\nstations, where they stand on the ground out of doors\\nduring summer, for use each morning, chopped vegeta-\\nbles, meat or other soft feed being placed in them, out\\nof sight of the birds, as before.\\nThe winter quarters for the laying stock are further\\nrepresented in Fig. 11. In this cut the same building\\nis shown as in Fig. 9. The passage leading to the feed\\nroom is shown in one of these cuts, and the feed room\\nis shown in the other. In Fig. 11, certain useful con-\\ntrivances for windbreaks are illustrated, these being\\nhighly prized by fowls in cold weather. When the\\nhouse is located for winter, the doors in the north roof\\nare covered with building paper in overlapping sheets,\\ntacked on slightly so that it may be removed in spring.\\nStraw is laid over the paper to the depth of a foot. A\\ntemporary shed is made for a rod east, and the same dis-\\ntance west, of the building, connecting with the roof of\\nthe latter, the platforms for drying earth, Fig. 6, being\\nused for this purpose and supported by stout rails. By\\nturning a corner, as at the post, A, east, and also west\\nof the building, this shed is made to inclose three sides\\nof a court which is open to the south. The gaps in the\\nroof of the shed at the corners, and the cracks between\\nthe platforms, are covered with straw and boards.\\nThere is nothing that fowls love better than convenient\\nnooks where they can retreat from the crowd of their\\nfellows, and select their own company. Confinement\\nbrings not only loss of health, but the vices of feather-", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "46 AN EGG FARM.\\neating and egg-eating. No system of diet will remove\\nthe liability of fowls that are habitually kept indoors to\\nlearn to pluck each other. If the room is large and the\\nflock small, there may be no risk of this, but the expense\\nof such quarters would be fatal to success. When fowls\\nare allowed freedom they never learn to eat feathers.\\nIf anybody wants to keep poultry in narrow quarters\\nunder some highly artificial plan, with no provisions\\nmade for securing exercise, and prevent outdoor range\\nin winter in order to promote laying, he is welcome to\\ndo so. But nature, if thwarted, is sure to have her\\nrevenge, if not in one way, then in another. Whether\\nindoors or out, the birds must be busily employed every\\nday, and then they will be happy and contented, and\\nnot learn egg-eating, feather-plucking, or other abnor-\\nmal practices. Without a chance to scratch in earth or\\nstraw, they will be as badly off as a rich man with noth-\\ning to do. Straw is scattered under the sheds, and on\\npleasant days a few handfuls of feed are buried under it,\\nusing a fork but covering grain by hand in this way\\ntakes time and should be resorted to only in case of very\\nbad weather. When the weather admits, a large pile is\\nused for a scratching place, situated south of the feed\\nroom, where it can be moved by the aid of a team, as\\nstated on a previous page. The arrangements for bury-\\ning grain indoors have also been already described.\\nThe ground is raised a few inches by plowing in the fall,\\nwhere the sheds are to be placed.\\nWhen the house is placed upon the dust bin, B, waste\\nstrips of cloth, called headings, obtained at the\\nwoolen factories, are used to make the joints air-tight\\nbetween the two. The passage leading to the feed room\\nis represented at C, the feed room itself not being shown\\nin the illustration, but given in Fig. 11, as was stated.\\nA small opening, D, at each end of the house is for ven-\\ntilation, and must never be closed. A projecting cap", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "HOUSES FOR LAYERS. 4?\\nover it keeps out rain, and wire cloth of one-eighth-inch\\nmesh breaks the force of entering air in case of high\\nwinds, though ordinarily the current will be outward.\\nFresh air is admitted through the passage, C, and as it\\nmust enter the feed room through an outside door in\\nthe latter, and pass several angles before gaining admis-\\nsion to the roosting room, strong drafts are avoided.\\nCare must be taken, during cold spells, to partially close\\nthis door at night, so as to raise the temperature at the\\nroost about twenty degrees higher than it is outside, but\\nfurther than this no effort should be made to retain\\nheat at the risk of impure air. Fowls that have free\\nrange in the daytime the year round, and roost in build-\\nings open on all sides in summer, and partially open in\\nspring and fall, will not be injured by an attempt to\\nstrike a balance between warmth and ventilation during\\na few brief periods of extreme cold. An artificial sum-\\nmer in winter, obtained by means of a furnace and hot\\nwater pipes, for laying stock and for chicks artificially\\nreared, has its uses in the intensive system, to be\\ndescribed further on, but is dispensed with in the exten-\\nsive or colonization plan.\\nThe house for layers, summer arrangement, is illus-\\ntrated in Fig. 10. In this the feed box is seen in the\\nforeground, and the doors in both roofs of the house are\\npropped up a little, as in cases of extremely hot weather.\\nIt will be found that the birds will seek the protection\\nof a building thus arranged, for shade, when the heat is\\nsevere, in preference to any other place. In summer\\nthe grain is buried under a profuse allowance of straw,\\nby the use of a horserake and hay tedder, or under the\\nsoil, by means of the fine and short-toothed harrow or\\nthe barbed wire drag used in pulverizing earth for gath-\\nering, as before mentioned.\\nFigure 13 represents a house for the earliest hatched\\npullets that are expected to lay more in winter than the", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "48 AN EGG FARM.\\nothers, and are, therefore, sheltered at greater expense.\\nWinter laying depends more on breed, age, feeding and\\nhealth, than upon warm rooms. Heat is necessary to\\nproductiveness, but a fowl kept in full vigor and good\\nappetite by exercise will be warm, where a dull, mopish\\none would shiver. It will not pay to build expensive\\nfowl houses when cheap ones can be used, and the\\narrangement we are about to describe involves as much\\noutlay as is advisable, in order to secure warmth, except-\\ning for some special purposes. A mound of earth,\\nFIG. 13. HOUSE FOR EARLY HATCHED PULLETS.\\nnearly circular, and 25 ft. broad at the narrowest point,\\nis raised by scraping with the team. It should be 3 1-2\\nft. high at the center, and slope gradually to a level\\nwith the surface of the field. Upon this mound a cellar\\nis dug 7 1-2 ft. by 14 1-2 ft., and 3 ft. deep, the bottom\\nbeing 6 in. higher than the average of the surface beyond\\nthe mound. The cellar is walled substantially with\\nstone, laid in cement, and floored with the latter mate-\\nrial. Stations furnished with such cellars are upon a\\npart of the farm where there is a gentle slope, and,", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "HOUSES FOE LAYERS. 49\\nwherever necessary, a tile drain is put under the founda-\\ntion of the walls.\\nThe floor of an underground fowl house must always\\nbe a little higher than the adjoining field, not on account\\nof drainage alone, but for ventilation. No room is fit\\nto be occupied by stock that cannot be ventilated at the\\nbottom. In this cellar the walled passage at A admits\\nair within eight inches of the floor, which is covered\\nwith dry earth to that depth. The walls are topped\\nwith plank sills, upon the outer edges of which the run-\\nners of the itinerant building rest, calking being\\nresorted to as in the previous case. It will not answer\\nto house fowls in such a place unless there is plenty of\\nglass above, and the south roof, therefore, contains five\\nlong windows, instead of two short ones, as in the other\\ncases, each door being furnished with one. There is a\\nshutter, B, to correspond with each window. Other-\\nwise the house is of the usual pattern, and the winter\\nsheds and feed room are attached to it, though omitted\\nin the figure so as to show the embankment plainer.\\nThe house and mound have a bleak look in the illustra-\\ntion, but the sheds will make the whole sheltered and\\ncosy. In the cut, the embankment is represented too\\nsteep.- The slant should be such as to withstand heavy\\nrains. The usual boarded passage, not shown in the\\ncut, connects the feed room with the tunnel at A.\\nThere are sunny days enough in winter to keep the\\nearth bed inside perfectly dry, and the air will be no\\ndamper than in an unglazed apartment entirely above\\nground. Straw mats of the greenhouse pattern are used\\nat night upon the north roofs of all the buildings in\\nwinter. The amount of solar heat accumulated during\\na clear winter s day in a tight building roofed with glass\\nis surprising, and this is to be retained as long as possi-\\nble, always remembering, however, to give ventilation\\nits due. Summer and winter the admission of air must\\n4", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "50 AN EGG FARM.\\nbe gauged by every change of wind and weather. It is\\none of the advantages of business upon a large scale,\\nthat operations which it would not pay to attend to with\\none flock, may be afforded where there are many.\\nUnless the mats are put on before sundown, and some-\\ntimes on a mild day on a part of the windows at noon,\\nso much glass will prove injurious because the fluctua-\\ntions in temperature will be too violent.\\nThe buildings are kept over the cellars only in winter,\\nand are drawn on and off the sills above the walls by the\\nuse of small rollers, and a horse attached to tackle. The\\ncellars must not lie idle after the houses are moved, but\\nbe roofed with the platforms for drying earth, and a few\\nmovable greenhouse sashes, and used as a shelter for\\nchickens.", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI.\\nHOUSES FOR BREEDERS.\\nThe quarters for the breeding stock combine houses\\nvery much like those for layers, only smaller, and yards\\nmade of movable fences. The houses for layers are mov-\\nable, with no yards the houses for sitters are stationary,\\nwith movable yards and the houses and yards for\\nbreeders are both movable. The breeders are kept in\\nfives and tens, no flock ever to exceed the latter number.\\nThe buildings are of two sizes, one 3 1-2 ft. wide, 4 ft.\\nlong, and 2 1-2 ft. high and the other of the same\\nwidth and hight, and 7 1-2 ft. long. There are no run-\\nners, and the doors are few in number, though compris-\\ning the whole roof; each house, Fig. 14, is furnished\\nwith but one window, and but two or three nests are\\nnecessary, and one perch. Otherwise the houses are like\\nthose for layers on a reduced scale. They are designed\\nto be moved by two persons, adjustable handles being-\\nattached at either end for this purpose. In this way,\\nbeing without floors, they are shifted to different parts\\nof the yards, and set on ridges of earth raised by the\\nplow. In winter, each stands upon the edges of a dust\\nbin of 2 in. by 8 in. plank.\\nThe movable fences for the yards of both sitters and\\nbreeders are made as follows Pickets, 2 in. wide, 1-2\\nin. thick and 6 ft. long, are nailed to two rails 3 in.\\nsquare and 12 ft. long. At both ends of every rail,\\nU-shaped pieces of stout hogshead hoop iron are fast-\\nened by screws so as to form staples through which\\nround posts, 7 1-2 ft. long and. 2 1-2 in. in diameter,\\n51", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "52\\nA1ST EGG FARM.\\npointed at both ends, are thrust, and set in the ground.\\nThe rails in the alternate sections are at such distances\\napart that the tops of the pickets shall be in line, and the\\nstaples not interfere with those of the adjoining sections.\\nEach post is supported, so as to resist the winds to which\\nthe fences expose so much surface, by a brace upon the out-\\nside of the yard, Fig. L5. This brace is made by sawing\\na rail stick in two, and furnishing each end with a sta-\\nple like those upon the rails. The staples are fastened\\nupon the braces in an obtuse angle, and the ends of the\\nbraces are beveled, the better to fit the posts. One of\\nthese staples passes around the post between the two\\nstaples of the upper rails, and through the lower one,\\nFIG. 14. HOUSE FOR BREEDERS.\\nwhich reaches to the ground, a short stake is driven\\ninto the earth, with its top inclining away from the\\nfence, Fig. 16. The spaces between the pickets are 2 1-2\\nin. wide for breeders for sitters, which are of a larger\\nbreed, 3 in. are allowed.- The pickets are nailed on the\\nyard side of the rails, to prevent fowls alighting on the\\nrails. The fences which divide the breeding yards are\\nboarded for 2 ft. at the bottom to keep neighboring-\\ncocks from fighting. This boarding is, however, not\\nshown in the cut, neither is the runway shown, which,\\nas will be described later, is attached to the end of each\\nyard, which is at the rear in Fig. 15. Panels of wire\\nnetting attached to wooden frames may be used instead", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "HOUSES FOR BREEDERS.\\n53\\nof pickets, if desired, in which case the U-shaped pieces\\nof stout hoop iron should be attached to the portions of\\nthe frames corresponding to the top and bottom rails of\\nthe picket fence. The wire netting fence stands better\\nthan the picket fence, because it does not take so much\\nwind as the latter.\\nBefore describing the runways for the purpose of\\nexercise, which are attached to the yards, the latter\\nbeing so very small, the absolute necessity of plenty of\\nthis exercise for the choice selected breeding stock will\\nbe enlarged upon. Dr. Holmes, when asked the age at\\nwhich the education of a child should begin, answered\\nA thousand years before it is born. All breeding\\nanimals must have exercise. Better breed strong stock\\npijjm|ii^,,,,,,,,,,.,,,JfM\\nFIG. 15. YARDS AND HOUSES FOR BREEDERS.\\nin the first place than putter at doctoring sick fowls\\nafterwards. When breeding ewes are confined in close\\nquarters all winter, the lambs from them in the spring\\nare born as limpsy as a wet rag. Said a Vermont raiser\\nof high-class Merinos When I induce my ewes to go\\na half mile or so to a stack for their hay, and in order to\\nget their grain make a journey back again, and repeat\\nthis round trip over and over, every day all winter, their\\nlambs are born as solid and firm as a rock. Even the\\ndomesticated hares or rabbits, which stand close confine-\\nment better than any other animal, give much stronger\\nprogeny if allowed room to exercise during the breeding\\nperiod and previously. Mr. Thomas Wright, the great", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "54\\nAN EGG FAEM.\\npigeon authority, says Nature designed the pigeon\\nfor exercise, and when it is deprived of it entirely it\\nrarely lives many years and never breeds well for any\\nconsiderable length of time, and adds: In visiting\\nlofts where the pigeons have flying privileges, we may\\nexpect to see young-looking old birds, but if we go where\\nthe aviary affords but little exercise we shall see old-\\nlooking young birds.\\nThe exercise that fowls get on a free range is worth\\nmore than what they find there to eat. As for exercise,\\nin the ordinary poultry yard it is bet-\\nter than nothing, but it amounts to\\n.but little because the yard affords no\\n.vegetation and no insects for them to\\nhunt. But poultry in confinement,\\neven in a very small house and a very\\nsmall yard, by means of the apparatus\\nwe are about to describe and which is\\nattached to the yards for breeders,\\ntake more, exercise year out and year\\nin than they get on the best range in\\nthe world, and they are exceedingly\\ncontented and happy. Their feeding\\ntime is all the time. It is prolonged\\nthrough the whole day.\\nTake two breeding flocks that are\\nfence. exactly alike as regards breed, age,\\nsize, thrift, vigor, and everything else. Give both\\nflocks the same shelter, and food of the same sort\\nand quantity exactly. Yard one flock in the usual\\nmanner, providing no incentives to exercise other than\\nthe yard affords, it being, as is usual, as bare as the\\nmiddle of the street. Furnish the other flock with exer-\\ncising apparatus and you will get eggs for hatching pur-\\nposes entirely different in character from the eggs of the\\nother flock. The vitality of eggs under different cir-", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "HOUSES FOR BREEDERS.\\n55\\n1\\ncumstanees should be well understood by all who rear\\npoultry. The matter is well illustrated by plant life.\\nIn the vegetable kingdom, there are all\\ndegrees of fertility. By this, we mean\\nthat a plant may bear some seeds that\\nare plump, containing the germs of a\\nfuture generation of plants, and which,\\nif placed in the earth, will germinate\\nand produce their kind, while there are\\nother seeds on the same plant that are\\nsomewhat shriveled and shrunken and\\nwill not grow, although at first sight\\nthey do not, to any great extent, seem\\ninferior to the plumpest and best speci-\\nmens, aside from their clried-up appear-\\nance. At the further end of the series\\nthere are mere hulls without any vestige\\nof meat or kernel to give promise of the\\nreproduction of the species. Between the\\nextremes of the empty hull and the\\nplumpest grain there is a series embracing\\nevery gradation. It has been found by\\nexperiment that even if the same con-\\nditions of soil, warmth, and moisture are\\npresent, some grains give healthy plants\\nwhich reach maturity, while others just\\nstart to grow a little and then die with-\\nout making their way to the surface of\\nthe soil, where they might receive the\\ngenial rays of the sun.\\nThere is something very much akin to\\nthis in the hatching of eggs. There are\\nsome that are perfectly and absolutely\\nbarren there are others that are fertile\\nand capable of producing vigorous chick- FIG 1T\\nens, and between these extremes there is every chade and\\na", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "56\\nAX EGG FA EM.\\ngrade. Very often poultry men find chickens dead in the\\nshell. Some die after the egg has been sat upon eighteen,\\nnineteen, or twenty days, the chicks appearing full size\\nand ready to burst the shell some, however, die on the\\ntwelfth or fifteenth day, and others on the fifth or sixth\\nday. In some cases, it appears as though the germinal\\nspeck just started in its growth and then was nipped in\\nthe bud. When a poultry man of an inquiring turn of\\nmind breaks the eggs that have failed to hatch, he finds\\ngerms in every stage of growth, from the first trace of\\nthe development of organization up to the apparently\\nperfectly formed chick, which looks as if all it had to\\nFIG. 18. STKIKEK FOR FEED SHELF:\\ndo was to break the shell and be warmed and dried, in\\norder to run around and pick up its own living. There\\nare very many cases of arrested development and death\\nin the shell at different stages that cannot be attributed\\nto any treatment the eggs have received after they were\\nput under the sitting hen or into the incubator, for other\\neggs, subjected to exactly the same influences, hatched\\nand produced vigorous chickens. Now, what is the rea-\\nson for all this? Surely is it not the character which\\nthe egg itself received from the hen that laid it or the\\nsire that fertilized it, or both There is such a thing\\nas inherited weakness, which may characterize an egg", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "HOUSES FOR BREEDERS. 57\\nbefore it is laid and give a tendency to the germ to die\\nsooner or later, before it has become fully developed.\\nThe necessity for securing a high degree of vitality in\\nthe eggs intended for hatching is the more imperative\\non account of the abnormal condition of our domestic\\nfowls as regards the great numbers of eggs they lay. If\\nthe hen steals her nest, lays there twelve or fifteen eggs and\\nstops to incubate, these are invariably of high vitality.\\nBy robbing nests daily, we force an unnatural number\\nof eggs. To counteract the tendency to weakness of\\nthe germs, machinery is invoked, although it might\\nseem at first thought that inanimate mechanical appa-\\nratus could have no intimate connection with vital\\nprocesses.\\nTo secure exercise in the yards for breeders, Fig. 15,\\nrunways, not shown in the cut, are attached to the rear\\nof the yards. These runways are one hundred and fifty\\nfeet long and two and one-half feet high, built in mov-\\nable sections. Extending across, over the tops of the\\nfences in the breeders yards, Fig. 15, is a continuous\\nshelf, not shown in the cut, suspended over the yards\\nby wires or cords, so that it may swing freely endwise.\\nIt is prevented by upright strips from swinging sidewise.\\nA section of this long shelf is represented in Fig. 17,\\nalthough it should be suspended by cords passing under\\nthe shelf in loops, instead of passing through the shelf,\\nas in the cut. Grain is placed evenly the whole length\\nof this long shelf and a hammer is kept handy at one\\nend of the shelf. By tapping horizontally on the end,\\nthe whole shelf is slightly jarred, and a very little grain\\nis dropped into each yard. At the end of the runways\\nfarthest from the houses, these runways communicate\\nwith another series of small yards over which is sus-\\npended another swinging shelf supplied with grain.\\nTo obviate the necessity of the attendant going the\\nlength of the runways to operate this distant shelf, a ham-", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "58 AN EGG FARM.\\nmer is suspended on a pivot between two posts. This ham-\\nmer is raised by pulling a wire, one end of which is\\nwithin the reach of the operator, who stands at the shelf\\nnear the houses where the hand-hammer is. One end of\\na short cord is attached to the distant hammer, Fig. 18,\\npassing around two sash pulleys, Fig. 19, so as to change\\nthe pull from perpendicular to horizontal, and the other\\nend is attached to the wire above mentioned. One end\\nof the shelf meets the blow of the hammer between the\\nposts. After a little practice, a blow can be given each\\ntime with just sufficient force to jar off a little grain. If\\npredatory pigeons or sparrows are feared, have wire net-\\nting attached to the shelf over the grain, a few inches\\nabove it. A small bell may be suspended near each shelf\\nand rung after the hammer stroke, by means of a ware\\nterminating at the same point that the hammer wire\\ndoes, as above described, so as to\\nbe within easy reach of the attend-\\nant. Spool wire, Fig. 102, is the\\nbest. Fowls quickly learn the\\nfig. 19. meaning of sound signals, for, as\\neverybody knows, they may be called by a whistle or by\\ndrumming on the feed pan or by any sort of noise cus-\\ntomarily repeated at feed time. The bell is not abso-\\nlutely necessary, for the birds hear the hammer stroke\\nand soon learn its meaning.\\nThe breeding fovvls and breeding yards are few in\\nnumber, and as these fowls are very choice and their\\nperfect thrift is of the utmost importance, the feed\\nshelves are to be jarred quite frequently during the day,\\nand, therefore, the yards should be located near the feed\\nstorehouse, or the place where the eggs are put after\\ngathering, or at whatever point the attendant will pass,\\nor be at, the most frequently during the day. Or the\\nhammers for both the shelves may be pivoted and have\\ncords and wires attached, these last being extended to", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "HOUSES FOR BREEDERS.\\n59\\nthe watchman s house, Fig. 20, or storeroom, or other\\npermanent building, and operated by clockwork every\\ntwenty minutes. Of course, bell wires may also be\\npulled by the clockwork, but this will not be found\\nworth while for, as has been said, the sound of the\\nhammer stroke will answer quite well as a call, although\\nwhen a clock is not employed, calls are a pretty good\\nthing, since they can be so readily put up and operated.\\nUnder each shelf, a pile of straw should be kept to\\nmake work for the birds in addition to the running-\\nback and forth which the feed dropping induces. One\\nFIG. 20. OFFICE AND WATCH HOUSE.\\ngreat advantage of the long runs is that the birds will\\nmake frequent trips of their own accord to see what\\nthere is good to eat at the other end, the remembrance\\nof a series of feasts being always vivid in their minds.\\nEven if bells, hammers and shelves are operated but\\nonce every hour or two, or only three or four times\\ndaily, the fowls will keep running back and forth fre-\\nquently. The difference between a given amount of\\nground space in a yard of a square form and in one long\\nand narrow, as regards the exercise conferred respec-", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "60 AN EGG FARM.\\ntively, is simply enormous. In a square yard, or in one\\nwhich is, say, twice or thrice as long as wide, the birds\\nwill not ramble much. They find that there is nothing\\nto be gained and soon become discouraged and mope in\\ncomplete listlessness. If it were not for the great\\nexpense of building material and the difficulty of moving\\nso much fence, the yards could be made 10 or 12 ft.\\nwide and 100 or 200 ft. long, instead of having runways.\\nBut the low, covered hurdles are so handy and can be\\nshifted so quickly, to sweeten the ground by plow and\\nharrow every month, in addition to the annual moving\\nto another field entirely, that their invention was a great\\nboon conferred on the poulterer. The importance of\\nsweet, fresh earth in yards and runways cannot be too\\nstrongly insisted upon. The poultry man s nose and\\ninhaling organs are 5 ft. or so from the ground, and he\\ndoes not notice a taint in the soil, which would be very\\nperceptible were he breathing as near the ground as the\\nfowls are.\\nWere it not for the careful breeding, by selection and\\npedigree, we would not yard the breeding birds at all.\\nThe disadvantage of the yards and runways such as\\nhave been described, is that the straw on which the grain\\nis dropped cannot be stirred by team and hay tedder and\\nhorserake. But, since the breeders yards are few, the\\ntime taken in stirring the litter is unimportant. It will\\nbe found that the attendant s boots are handier than a\\nfork, if the straw is comparatively new and unbroken,\\nfor he can easily kick it loose several times daily, when\\nit becomes compacted under the feet of the fowls. The\\nideal way is to not only drop grain upon straw by\\nmechanical apparatus, but to stir the straw also and\\nmix straw and grain together by machinery. This can\\nbe done to great advantage under the intensive system,\\nto be described further on, but as it is desired to have\\nthe houses and yards for the breeding birds movable, for", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "HOUSES FOR BREEDERS. 61\\nputting the land in crop every other year, the shelves\\nand hammers, which are easily set up with or without\\nbells, are all the apparatus with which we would burden\\nthe moving. In this connection, it may be observed that\\nthe advantage of the low down form of wagon for moving\\nfences and hurdles to a distant spot annually is very\\napparent", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIT.\\nHOUSES FOR SITTERS.\\nThe stock used for hatching purposes is managed dif-\\nferently from the layers, and needs different accommo-\\ndations. The houses for sitters, Fig. 21, are near the\\ncenter of the farm, where the granary and cook room\\nare located. They accommodate 100 fowls each, are not\\nmovable, and are set upon a stone or brick underpinning,\\n10 in. high. They are 10 ft. 4 in. from the ground to\\nthe peak, and 20 ft. long by way of the ridge, and 16 ft.\\nwide. The roofs are shingled, and the ends of the\\nbuildings covered with boards nailed upright and bat-\\ntened. About one-third of the roof towards the south\\nis glazed, the windows being partially darkened as warm\\nweather approaches. The form of these houses, like\\nthat of all in the establishment, with eaves near the\\nground, is adapted to afford as much ground room as\\npossible in proportion to the lumber used. The roof of\\neach house is crossed outside by a picket fence running\\nat right angles with the ridge. This fence forms one\\nside of the yard with which each house is furnished,\\nand though it extends only 18 in. above the ridge of the\\nbuilding, the sitters, not being of a high-flying breed,\\nwill not get over it. By this arrangement, exit is\\nafforded to the fowls and to their keeper at either end\\nof the building, into a yard which is located at either\\nend on alternate years. The two ends of the house, one\\nfronting east and the other west, are both provided\\nexactly alike with doors and windows. The large doors\\nare t 1-2x3 ft,, opening outwards, and the smaller ones\\n6?", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "HOUSES FOR SITTERS.\\n63\\nattached to them are 7x9 in. The windows are 2x3 ft.,\\nand are hinged, opening upwards for ventilation. In\\nhot weather the windows and dooro in both ends of the\\nbuilding are opened wide, and to prevent the fowls\\nescaping at the end where there is no yard, wire netting\\nis fastened across the window casings inside, and there\\nis an inside door of the same material hung to the stud,\\nto which the outside door is hinged.\\nFigure 22 gives an interior view of the house. There\\nare four perches,, each 15 ft. long, and of the width and\\nFIG. 21. HOUSE FOR SITTERS.\\nthickness of those for layers. They are placed 18 in.\\nhigher than the top of the underpinning, those nearest\\nthe nests being 3 1-2 ft., and those nearest the eaves\\n5 1-4 ft. from the center of the building. A space 2 1-2\\nft. wide at each end of the room is left unoccupied by\\nthe perches. Three tiers of nests occupy the center of\\nthe room, each tier consisting of two rows placed back\\nto back, and running in the same direction as the", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "64\\nAN EGG FARM.\\nperches. There are 12 nests in each row, or 72 in all,\\nand as each nest is 1 ft. square and 1 ft. high, they\\noccupy 12 ft. in length. This allows a space of 4 ft. at\\neach end of the building between the nests and the\\ndoors, and as the latter are planned of a sufficient width\\nto admit a wheelbarrow, and the perches are made so as\\nto be easily moved, opportunity is afforded to wheel in\\nor out the dry earth which fills the bottom of the room\\nhalfway up to the top of the underpinning. There are\\nnests enough so that eighteen hens may be set at once,\\nand leave room for fowls that are laying. The nests are\\nFIG. 22. HOUSE FOR SITTERS\u00e2\u0080\u0094 INTERIOR.\\nplaced so that the bottom of the lower ones are 6 in.\\nhigher than the perches, this bight enabling attendant\\nto avoid stooping, as there is much work to be done\\nabout the nests of sitting hens; while they are not so\\nhigh as to prevent the fowls reaching them by flying\\nupon the nearest perch, or as to render a ladder neces-\\nsary. The nests are made so that the hens enter them\\nat the front, where a 3 in. strip set edgewise prevents\\nthe eggs from tumbling out. An alighting board pro-\\njects 2 1-2 in. in front of each row of nests.", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "HOUSES FOR SITTERS. 65\\nThe partitions at the backs of the nests are made of\\nwire netting, one-inch mesh, to keep out rats, those at\\nthe sides of the same and of a two-inch wire netting,\\nalter nately, for purposes described in another place.\\nIn this way a circulation of air is allowed for the\\nhealth of the sitters. Sufficient attention is not gener-\\nally given to this point. Fowls in a state of nature\\nbeing accustomed to scratch holes in the ground under\\nbushes, to form their nests and incubate where there is\\nplenty of air, pant and show distress in hot weather\\nwhen forced to occupy close boxes. Large doors of\\nwire netting, two-inch mesh, not shown in the illustra-\\ntion, prevent the fowls roosting at the entrance to the\\nnests at night. These doors are closed after gathering\\nthe eggs towards evening, and opened again the first\\nthing in the morning, and are made in two parts, fold-\\ning together, so that there may be room for them over-\\nhead, when raised. A piece of rat-proof netting is\\nplaced in front of a nest occupied by a hen engaged in\\nhatching, and fastened by buttons, to keep out laying\\nfowls by day and rats by night. To keep the fowls from\\nusing the upper part of the room as a roosting place,\\nwire netting or lathwork, a part of which is shown in\\nthe figure, extends from the top of the upper nests to\\nthe roof. Underneath the lower tier of nests is placed\\na feed box, made like those with which the houses for\\nlayers are furnished, and others of the same construction\\nshould be placed on the ground at the ends of the\\nperches, and at right angles with the latter. Five\\nhouses for sitters, each with its yard, will be required\\nfor an establishment of the size we are describing. The\\narrangement of the yards is shown by Fig. 23. The\\nfence, A B, is made like the buildings, C, non-movable.\\nThe fences on the remaining three sides of the yards are\\nmoved yearly. Suppose that last year the yards were\\nlocated at E then this year they are at D, and E is\\n5", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "66\\nAN EGG FARM.\\ndevoted to crops. A strip of ground is left un tilled near\\nthe doors of the buildings for a wagon path. To keep\\nthe yards free from taint and afford scratching ground,\\na part of each is plowed occasionally during the season\\nwhen they are occupied by the fowls. All the fences\\nrunning east and west, as ~F B, are composed of gates,\\nso that by opening, for instance, at F G, through the\\nwhole range of yards, a strip of each may be plowed,\\nand in a few days the operation may be repeated at\\nanother part of the yards.\\nTo these yards, movable runways, made in sections,\\nare annexed, not shown in the ground plan, Fig. 23,\\nB\\nD\\nD\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a00-\\nD\\nI\\nE\\n-0\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nn\\n.0-aJ\\nE\\nPLAN OF YARDS FOR SITTERS.\\nand these runways extend to distant yards, where there\\nare feed shelves, hammers, and so on, exactly like those\\nin the yards for breeders, previously described. The\\nparamount consideration is the welfare of the sitters\\nwhen engaged in incubation. For the management of\\nsitters in the buildings just described, see Chapter XIV.\\nHATCHING BY WHOLESALE.\\nThere is a better plan than the one just described for\\nhouses and nests for sitting hens in the southwest, where\\nthe poultry business is destined, for reasons briefly stated", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "HOUSES FOR SITTERS. 67\\nin the introduction, and which will he more fully given\\nfurther on, to reach a greater development than in any\\nother part of the United States or of the world.\\nNumerous unsatisfactory methods of managing sitters\\non a large scale have been tried. The plan of confining\\neach in a small, separate pen, like that shown in Fig. 24,\\nor some modification thereof, has been weighed in the\\nbalance and found wanting. It may be occasionally\\ntried to advantage by the villager, who keeps only a\\ndozen fowls or so and has only a very limited space for\\nthem, but on a large scale this separate confinement\\nplan will not do at all, because the sitter does not suffi-\\nciently air her plumage, nest and eggs, and what is of\\nstill more importance, her bowels get out of order for\\nlack of exercise, resulting in foul nests. This trouble\\ndoes not always occur, it is true, but it will happen in a\\nsufficiently large proportion of cases to be very objec-\\ntionable indeed. No person can long endure the sight\\nof a lot of sitting hens, some badly out of condition, and\\nnone just right, if he has a keen sense of what is thrift.\\nWe mean that instinctive demand that his charges shall\\nbe in the pink of condition, which distinguishes the best\\nkeepers in all departments of livestock raising, and with-\\nout which nobody can make a good poultry man anyhow.\\nNature has provided that the sitter shall bustle around\\nat a great rate, and race up and down the range as if\\ndetermined to crowd in a half hour the exertion she\\nspread over a whole day when a laying fowl. If denied\\nthis running exercise, sitters are liable to -be afflicted\\nwith constipation, alternating with the other extreme,\\nresulting in nests of unspeakable filthiness. Study\\nnature, and you will find that a sitter allowed a free\\nrange never fouls her nest, and nobody has to bring a\\nbasin of warm water to wash her eggs. Any system of\\nmanaging sitters in great numbers that calls for the\\nwashing of eggs and renovating filthy nests, cannot com-", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "bS AN EGG FARM.\\npete with incubators. There is another thing about the\\nsitting hen and her stolen nest. The delights of liberty\\nkeep her from returning to her nest prematurely. The\\neggs, and the nest itself, are thoroughly aired and puri-\\nfied from exhalations, and as the sitter keeps her feath-\\ners bristled nearly all the time, her plumage likewise\\nundergoes as thorough a treatment as did your mother s\\nfeather bed when she used to give it a good sunning.\\nThe nest and the feathers upon the eggs are sweet in\\nthe case we have supposed, but they never are perfectly\\nsweet and fresh when sitters are individually confined in\\nsmall, separate pens in rows or tiers, an abomination in\\nthe sight of men and angels. Kunning and flying,\\nrather than scratching, are demanded, although all are\\nemployed. There is an intimate relation between exer-\\ncise of the legs and normal action of the bowels, this\\nbeing true not only with fowls, but with all other spe-\\ncies of animals which have locomotion and digestion,\\nhuman kind included.\\nAnother objection to separate rooms is, that if feed is\\nplaced so that the hen can leave her nest to eat at pleas-\\nure, rats are baited to the spot, or if each room is made\\nrat-proof, it will be too expensive. To feed and water\\nindividual birds in separate apartments takes much\\ntime, and if several are placed in one room, they must\\nbe looked to, or two will take to the same nest. But if\\nsurveillance is attempted, it will be handier to carry it\\nout by placing many in a large room.\\nIncubator manufacturers have fattened on the short-\\ncomings of sitting hens under improper management,\\nbut a little ingenuity will achieve a success that will\\nvindicate the methods of mother nature. Art is at its\\nbest not when supplanting nature s ways, but when\\nassisting them to have free scope and be glorified. If a\\none-hundredth part of the mechanical ingenuity which\\nhas been lavished on incubators during the last thirty", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "HOUSES FOR SITTERS. 69\\nyears had been spent on contriving good methods of\\nmanaging sitting hens, in place of the separate confine-\\nment plan, there are thousands of persons all over the\\nUnited States, who have failed in attempts at artificial\\nincubation, who might have followed nature s method\\nwith success. Incubators have their uses, but they are\\nonly for the winter or to supplement sitters. A given\\nnumber of eggs can be attended to under Plymouth\\nEock sitting hens, and a larger per cent of strong,\\nhealthy chickens hatched out than by the use of incu-\\nbators, and with less labor of the attendant, the grain\\nfor the birds costing less than the oil for the machines,\\nand the whole equipment of buildings, nests, yards,\\nrunways and fixings, all told, costing decidedly less than\\nincubators of the same egg capacity and the cellars to\\ncontain them. The incubator idea has been overworked,\\nand the method of nature underrated. The patent office\\ncontains hundreds of inventions for regulating heat in\\nincubators, over which persevering mechanics have\\nracked their brains, but the animal economy in a state\\nof health, either in case of man or the sitting fowl, reg-\\nulates heat to a marvelous nicety that puts all mechan-\\nical devices to shame. Summer or winter, awake or\\nasleep, whether we are sitting still or at violent exercise,\\nthough we may feel cold or hot at times, yet the ther-\\nmometer shows that the temperature of our bodies is\\nessentially invariable, cases of severe sickness excepted.\\nThen look at the wonders of the plumage of a fowl. A\\nfeather is one of the masterpieces of nature. Combining\\nstrength, elasticity and lightness, it is at the same time\\na good non-conductor of heat, it affords the most perfect\\nventilation, and, like the fur of animals, it both sheds\\nrain and repels dirt. A mole burrows in the dirt and\\nremains as clean as a coin fresh from the mint. It is\\nhard to tell which is the most marvelous production of\\nnature, an egg or a feather.", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "70 AX EGG FARM.\\nIn undertaking to compete with artificial incubation\\nand rearing and to distance the artificial methods, any\\nand every kind of sitters must not be employed. The\\nAsiatic breeds give a gentle disposition and unrivalled\\npersistence, but the feathers on their legs are in the way.\\nThe most gentle and Brahma-like Plymouth Eocks of\\nlarge size, selected for motherliness and for freedom\\nfrom the nervous activity and liability to scare and fret\\nthat some of the smaller breeds possess, are just the\\nthing. To all intents and purposes, they are Light\\nBrahmas, with their excessive size and the black of the\\nplumage and the leg and toe feathering bred out, and\\nlength of wing and a certain lightness of movement, the\\nreverse of the Brahma clumsiness and awkwardness,\\nbred in. A hen of the improved breed of sitters can\\ncover from sixteen to twenty eggs, according to the\\nseason.\\nSome persons have objected to the cost of the feed for\\nsitting hens while they are incubating. It is not lost.\\nThey need a rest from laying, anyhow, and lay the bet-\\nter for it. If they do not lay at one time of the year,\\nthey will make up for it at another. While at a resting\\nspell they would have to be fed, whether sitting or not,\\nbut the expense of heating incubators is a dead weight.\\nAmong other advantages of the natural system, an\\nimportant one is that it does not demand so high priced\\na man as the artificial system does. The first is easy,\\nthe last is comparatively difficult and keeps the attend-\\nant on a rack and strain more or less, that must be paid\\nfor; or if he is a master of the art and so has little\\nanxiety, then the time he spent in becoming a master of\\nthe art must be paid for. But, if you have the proper\\nconveniences, calm as a May morning you can attend\\nsitters, not by the hundreds, but by the thousands, with\\nnot a care in the world. Their temperature will always\\nbe correct.", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "HOUSES FOR SITTEKS. 71\\nIt is essential to have complete control of the sitters\\nand of their nests, and the attendance at every stage\\nmust be performed well, cpiickly and with ease. No\\noperation must be awkward or at a disadvantage, if nat-\\nural hatching on a large scale is to be made to beat\\nhatching by machine. The maxim must be kept in\\nmind, that whenever a thing is to be repeated hundreds\\nof times and often, a saving of a second, and also avoid-\\ning a cramped or laborious position of the worker, is of\\nthe utmost importance in lessening expense.\\nInconvenience costs money not only is wear of mus-\\ncles to be saved, but wear and tear of brain and patience.\\nIt takes too much mental steam to run incubators and\\nbrooders, as compared with sitters and brooding hens.\\nNature has, as we have said, regulated the heat of the\\nlatter perfectly, and made most exquisite provisions for\\nventilation and moisture natural provisions not prop-\\nerly appreciated by poultry men during the incubator\\ncraze. Incubators are at their best in the winter broiler\\nbusiness, and as adjuncts to early spring hatching under\\nhens in sections of country where winter is prone to lin-\\nger in the lap of spring. But the millions of tons of\\npoultry to be needed in the great future will be raised,\\ndressed and shipped, both with and without cold stor-\\nage, Avhere the winters are so short and mild as to be\\nreckoned with but slightly, raised just a little to the\\nsouth of where the bulk of the cattle, sheep and swine\\nare now fattened. Just where the great district of the\\ncheapest grain in the world touches another district\\nwhere mild winters prevail, which are of much greater\\nimportance for poultry than for beef, pork and mutton\\nproduction, and where natural incubation is at its best.\\nA man can work more hours each clay, and have\\ngreater peace of mind and live longer on earth, if he\\nattends to natural incubation and rearing when he has\\nthe very best conveniences for it, as compared with the", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "72 AN EGG FARM.\\nperson running the very best incubators and brooders in\\nthe world under the mental tension and watchfulness\\ntheir successful use implies. Tending sitters in great\\nnumbers, unless with conveniences, is, however, an\\nabomination. Any plan of managing them that places\\nthe operator at the mercy of their whims and cranks,\\nand the liability of their lice and uncleanliness, makes\\nhis task irksome in the extreme, and costs in dollars and\\ncents. They have certain traits and habits, however,\\nwhich we can rely ujion and turn to our advantage.\\nNature has placed within our reach vital machinery of\\nsuch wonderful precision that nothing man can make\\nwill ever rival it.\\nHatch chicks artificially and rear them in brooders,\\nwhere location demands, and market them in ninety\\ndays from the shell, and besides, use the incubators, if\\nyou choose, to supplement sitters, but never rear a bird\\nto keep to adult age for a sitter, or to exhibit, or for a\\nbreeder, except under a good, motherly hen. The egg\\nmust, in the first place, be laid by a fowl kept under\\nsanitary conditions that were perfect, and during incu-\\nbation be surrounded by air much better and purer than\\nthat in incubators averages; and then, while the chicks\\nare getting their growth, they should never see a fence,\\nbut have the use of as much of the United States as\\nthey choose to travel over. Pullets thus hatched and\\nreared, and from an ancestry thus hatched and reared\\nfor several generations, will have constitutions that will\\nstand forcing (to get eggs for food purposes only), and\\ncan be put through the severest ordeal of rich and stim-\\nulating diet for a year after completing their growth,\\nwhen they should be killed and their places given to\\nnew recruits. The colt reared in the green pastures and\\nbeside the still waters, and from a country-bred sire and\\ndam, you can take at its maturity to toil in the city\\nstreets. You are trading on the vitality stored up by", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "HOUSES FOR SITTERS. 73\\nthe animal in its youth, and on that which was accumu-\\nlated by dam and sire and great-great-grandsire. But,\\non the other hand, the city would be a poor place in\\nwhich to raise colts.\\nThe successful business men of our large towns were\\nnearly all country reared and descended from country\\nbred ancestry. They go to the city with a full head of\\nvitality it has taken generations to accumulate. The\\nartificial life dissipates vitality, it does not accumulate\\nit, although it may sometimes accumulate money. No\\nlarge city perpetuates its own number of inhabitants.\\nIt would become depopulated were it not for recruits\\nfrom the country. The blooded fowls, or their eggs for\\nhatching, bought and sold and disseminated by millions\\nall over the world, would leave descendants more plenty\\nthan blackberries, were it not for the fact that not only\\nare incubators and brooders used considerably, but both\\nsellers and buyers are prone to stive the highly prized\\nbirds up in such close quarters, and subject them to so\\nmany other unnatural conditions, that they peter out\\nafter awhile. Trace the history of dozens of importa-\\ntions of choice poultry brought into your neighborhood,\\ngood reader, within your remembrance. Ask what has\\nbecome of them. The answer will be, in a large propor-\\ntion of cases, they all ran out.", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V1I1.\\nFOR SITTERS IN MILD CLIMATES.\\nAccording to the best method of managing sitters in\\nthe region of mild winters, from which the bulk of poul-\\ntry products is to come eventually, the house for sitters\\nneeds no glazing and no siding, or very little siding,\\nbut should have a good, tight, shingled roof to keep off\\nrain. In the belt of country where the trainloads and\\nshiploads of poultry, necessary to supply in the future\\nnot a hundred millions, but hundreds of millions, of our\\nown people, and foreign lands as well, can be raised\\nmost profitably, the climate permits poultry to roost in\\ntrees the year round and do quite well, as has been\\ndemonstrated for a century.\\nIn such a climate, with an enormous tract of prairie\\njoining it on the north, affording a supply incalculable\\nin quantity of the cheapest \u00e2\u0080\u00a2grain on earth, the cost of\\nproducing poultry products is at the very minimum, and\\neven with cost of transportation added, it is still at the\\nminimum. In the redistribution of industries, com-\\npelled by the laws of business competition laws as irre-\\nsistible as the attraction of gravitation a commodity\\nwill always be produced, in the long run, at exactly the\\nmost advantageous point. Therefore, at Kansas City,\\nor not more than a hundred or a few hundred miles\\naway, will be shipped yearly thousands of tons of poul-\\ntry, alive or dressed, refrigerated, frozen, or canned.\\nThe buildings in Arkansas and Oklahoma will need\\nnext to no siding at all, but in southern Kansas there\\nshould be hinged or folding sides to be let down in win-\\n74", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "FOR SITTERS IN MILD CLIMATES. 75\\nter. To protect against heat in our model house for\\nsitters at the southwest, a tight, level floor should\\nextend from plate to plate, making an air chamber of\\nall the space in the building above the posts. This floor\\nmay consist of matched stuff or of straight edged boards,\\nreinforced by building paper. The roof gets hot and\\nthis air chamber protects the fowls, and their attendant\\nalso. A shutter of liberal dimensions, in each gable\\nnear the peak, governed by cords, must be kept open in\\nsummer, to. permit the heated air to escape, but it must\\nnot be allowed to escape in winter, as it serves a useful\\npurpose during the cool nights.\\nThe length of the building is 155 ft., 144 ft. of which\\nare in the hatching room. The width is 11 1-2 ft.,\\nwidth of central alley, 2 1-2 ft. Measurements in the\\ndirection across the alley arc as follows Nest, 1 1-3 ft.;\\ntreadle, 12-3 ft.; feeding space, 11-2 ft. The roof is\\ndouble, that is, it slants clown from the ridge in two\\ndirections. An alley for the attendant is dug in the\\nground, lengthwise of the building, in the center, 2 1-2\\nft. deep and stoned or bricked at the sides. The build-\\ning is double, there being nests, treadles, and a feed\\nspace each side of the alley. Immediately adjoining the\\nalley on each side is a row of nests at the bottom of the\\nfowl house proper, thus they will be 2 1-2 ft. above where\\nthe attendant stands. The place where work is to be\\ndone should be of this convenient hight, for the same\\nreason that a store counter or a work bench stands above\\nthe floor. It Avas a big mistake to locate nests, brooders,\\netc., on a level with the poultry keeper s feet, as has been\\ndone all over the United States.\\nA car runs the w r hole length of the building on a rail-\\nroad in the alley, twenty inches above the bottom of the\\nalley, the rails being held by supports fixed in the walls.\\nAs ease and dispatch in certain portions of the work\\ndepend on this transportation feature, the rails and the", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "76\\nAN EGG FARM.\\ncar must be of the best, so that the latter may be moved\\nat a touch. A wheelbarrow is sometimes used in a poul-\\ntry house alley, but it is a nuisance, because, among\\nother objections, two hands are used in propelling it,\\nbut a car can be pushed by one hand, or by the attend-\\nant s body, leaving both his hands free. The best way\\nis as good as any other way. The car is provided with\\nconveniences the most handy that can possibly be con-\\ntrived for transporting the fresh, moist earth used in the\\nnests of sitters, also eggs and, on occasion, mother hens\\nwith their broods of newly hatched chicks.\\nThe laying hens, destined for sitting when they\\nbecome broody, must occupy the same building as those\\nFIG. 24. COOP FOR SINGLE SITTER.\\nactually sitting, because it takes time to move sitters\\nfrom place to place. A sitter incubates in the same\\nnest she used while laying. To keep laying birds from\\naccess to nests of sitters a trap system is employed, each\\nsitter shutting herself in. In other words, when the\\nsitter is off her nest the trap is set, and when she goes\\non it is sprung and she is a prisoner. The construction\\nof these traps will be described in detail, because they\\nare the controlling feature of the system of management,\\nwith reference to which all the rest is contrived. By\\nbut little more than a simple turn of the wrist, the\\nattendant can perform many of the most important", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "FOR SITTERS IN MILD CLIMATES.\\n77\\noperations about the nests, from either end of a building\\none hundred and fifty feet long, without going down\\nthe alley.\\nFigure 25 shows the operation of a treadle, T, at the bot-\\ntom of one of the separate passages, leading to a separate\\nnest, this treadle being operated by the weight of the\\nhen, which releases a figure 4 catch and closes the pas-\\nsage door, thus confining her and shutting laying fowls\\nout. In this cut, the sides and top of the nest and of\\nFIG. 25. APPARATUS FOR SITTERS.\\nthe passage leading to the nest, and other things in the\\nvicinity are omitted the purpose being merely to show\\nhow the hen shuts herself in. The treadle, T, eleven\\ninches wide, or just enough scant to play freely in an\\neleven-inch space, and twenty inches long, forms the\\nbottom of the passage, which is large enough to admit a\\nfowl and allow her access to the nest, b. In this cut, an\\nedge view is given of the door, h 1 pivoted at n, and raised\\nby the cord, a}, which passes over the pulley, p.", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "78 AN EGG FARM.\\nAttached to the door is the door lever, h, this lever\\nbeing held down by a figure 4 catch. This we call the\\nfirst position of the door. The hen enters on the treadle\\nat T and walks toward the nest at b. The treadle, being-\\nmoved downward by her weight, turns on the pivot, v v,\\nwhich has bearings on the side of the passage not shown\\nin this cut. To the treadle is attached a rod, jointed at\\nt and pivoted at e and at x. When x moves downward,\\nas indicated by the arrow, the motions of the other parts\\nFIG. 26. APPARATUS FOE SITTERS.\\nare also in the directions of the arrows, t going down-\\nward and toward the right and the figure 4 toward the\\nleft, releasing the door lever, and causing the door, h 1\\nto fall by its own weight and close the passage. When\\nthe door is shut, it is in the second position, and it\\nstands, not perpendicularly, but on a slant, as shown at\\nh 2 Fig. 26. In this cut, the top and one side of the\\npassage and nest are shown, which, of course, hide the", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "FOR SITTERS IX MILD CLIMATES. 79\\ntreadle rod, but Fig. 26, being designed only to show the\\nworking, is not an exact representation of the nest and\\nthe passage to the nest, there being in reality a liberal\\nemployment of wirework in top and sides of these for\\nthe sake of air.\\nNow, as there are 144 nests in a horizontal row or\\ntier, each with its passage, door, treadle, and other\\nparts; to set all these traps by hand, in other words, to\\ngo through the alley and depress each door-bar singly to\\nmake each engage with its catch, would take too much\\ntime. A trap-setter must be employed to set them all\\nat once, or as many as are in use for hatching purposes.\\nAn iron shaft, I, in Fig. 25, and also I in Fig. 26, con-\\nsisting of a common 3-4 in. water pipe, extends the\\nwhole length of the row of nests, a transverse section of\\nthis shaft being shown also at I, Fig. 29. The shaft has\\nbearings made by driving staples into a 2x6 stick,\\nattached immovably to the building. To the shaft, at\\nintervals of 1 ft., corresponding to the width of the\\nnests, are attached arms of large wire, each 11 in. long,\\nwith a loop or an eye in the end farthest from the shaft,\\nas at 1 in Fig. 25, to which the cord, a 1 is fastened, a\\nsmall snap hook being tied permanently to the cord and\\nsnapped into the eye. This cord passes over the pulley,\\np, and is fastened to the door, li. It will be readily seen\\nthat when the shaft, I, has been turned, by means of a\\nlever at either end of the building, operated by the atten-\\ndant, so as to throw the arm to the point 1, as shown in\\nFig. 25, the door is raised to the first position (and, of\\ncourse, all the doors in the tier, attached by cords in the\\nsame way, are brought to the first position) and all the\\nsitters are able to enter the nests, their daily run out of\\ndoors being finished. Having set all the traps, the shaft\\nis turned to bring the arm to the point 2, so that the\\ncords may be slack, permitting each hen to drop her\\nown door.", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "80 AN EGG FARM.\\nThe doorway to the door is narrowed by tacking on\\nstrips of wood, according to the average size of the birds,\\nso that two hens cannot enter abreast. One or two split\\nshot, such as are sold to anglers for sinkers, are attached\\nto the cord near the center, so as to take up the slack\\nand keep the cord slightly taut over the pulley, p, while\\nwaiting for the hen to drop her door. Treadles should\\nbe made of three-eighths or one-half inch boards, so as\\nto be quite light, and hung so that the end nearest the\\ndoor will be merely heavy enough to overcome the fric-\\ntion of its pivots and of the joint and pivot of the rod,\\nso as to keep the door end of the treadle down at all\\ntimes, excepting when the trap is being either set or\\nsprung.\\nWhen, the next day toward night, it is desired to open\\nall the doors to liberate the sitters, the shaft, I, is turned\\nso as to move the arms to the point 3 and the doors to\\nthe point h 3 called the third position they being lifted\\nnot quite as high as the first position, but high enough\\nto let the birds pass out. When the sitters are all out,\\nturn the shaft back to 2, to put the doors in the second\\nposition,- that is, they will be closed so that none of the\\nbirds can return to their nests prematurely for over-\\nzealous sitters are prone to air the eggs too little, and\\nto not spend sufficient time in dusting themselves, exer-\\ncising, eating and drinking. After an interval of five\\nor ten minutes or an hour or more, according to the\\nweather, the trap-setter, 1, is again employed as pre-\\nviously described, to bring the door bars into the keep-\\ning of the figure 4 s, so that the doors will be in -the first\\nposition.\\nNow there are one hundred and forty-four nests in one\\nrow and only one hundred or less of these are to be used\\nat one time by sitters, leaving forty-four or more to be\\nused by the laying fowls, which occupy the same build-\\ning. When a nest is no longer needed for a sitter, and", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "FOR SITTERS IN MILD CLIMATES. 81\\nis renovated and jirepared for the use of the layers, the\\nsnap hook is detached from the eye and attached\\nto a similar eye at the end of an arm belonging to a\\nshaft, m, which is the duplicate of the shaft I, and which\\noperates as the latter does, only it is never used to bring\\ndoors to the first position. The shaft, m, is to put the\\ndoors leading to layers nests into the second position\\n(closed) before liberating the sitters, this precaution\\nbeing necessary to prevent sitters from blundering into\\nthe nests of layers. As before remarked, the sitters are\\nlet out toward night, the layers having finished business\\nfor the day.\\nThe distances the shafts m and are, respectively,\\nfrom the point where the cord is attached to the door,\\nli, must have careful attention m can be the nearest to\\nthe alley and I the highest, and both must be so placed\\nthat the cord will exactly reach from arm 2, on both\\nshafts, to the door, when these arms are at the second\\nposition. Then the first and third positions will take\\ncare of themselves, and the length of cord having been\\nonce fixed upon need never be changed. The cords are\\nsmall and may be the best quality cotton shoe string, or\\nother stout, non-stretchable material. Bore a three-\\nsixteenth inch hole, slantingwise, through h, in which\\ninsert a homemade affair like a violin peg to attach the\\ncord to, so that by turning the peg you can wind or\\nunwind the cord and it may be readily brought to the\\nexact length necessary to conrpletely close the doors and\\nalso operate the figure 4 s with precision.\\nWhen you arrive on the scene, the sitters doors are\\nsupposed to be at the second position (closed) and the\\nlayers doors at third position (nearly full open). The\\norder then proceeds as follows Layers doors, you throw\\nto second position (closed) sitters doors, immediately\\nto third position (nearly full open) after a short inter-\\nval, sitters second position (closed) after a longer\\n6", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "82\\nAl* EGG FARM.\\nX**. X. K.A\\ni *V\\nI\\nI*\\nA;", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "FOK SITTERS IX MILD CLIMATES.\\n83\\ninterval, sitters first position (wide open and traps set).\\nFinally, after a still longer interval, the layers nests to\\nthird position (nearly full open) and then everything to\\nremain till the next afternoon. The whole program is\\nelsewhere more fully described.\\nWe now invite attention to Fig. 27, which is a ground\\nplan of the hatching house with its yards attached; it\\nbeing an equivalent of an incubator cellar and an equip-\\nment of 10 incubators of 300 egg capacity each, though\\nFIG. 28. SECTION OF COVERED YARD.\\nit costs much less and turns out more and better chicles,\\nwith more certainty and less work. Y, I represent large\\nyards and y, y, y, y small yards. The building is 11 1-2\\nft. wide and 155 ft. long, or 144 ft. exclusive of the\\nrooms, m, at the ends, but the length is very materially\\nreduced in the cut to give space to show details plainly.\\nThe small yards, 5 1-2 ft. wide, are roofed over for pro-\\ntection against sun and rain, but there is no air chamber.", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "84\\nAN EGG FAEM.\\nA transverse section of one of these covered yards is\\nshown in Fig. 28. In both Fig. 27 and 28, the small\\nFIG. 29. INTERIOR OF HATCHING HOUSE.\\ncrosses represent wire fences. In Fig. 27, the rooms,\\nm, m, are where the operator stands to work the trap-\\nsetter and to control the layers nests also, as mentioned", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "FOR SITTERS IN MILD CLIMATES. 85\\nin the description of Fig. 25, and to operate the feed\\nshelves, six in all, which are suspended in the main\\nbuilding and in the small yards over the dotted lines in\\nthe cut. The construction and working of these shelves\\nis explained elsewhere. See Figs. 17 and 18. A trans-\\nverse section of one of the shelves hung up in the main\\nbuilding is shown at J, Fig. 29. See description of\\nvarious modifications of feed shelves, the simplest being\\nthe best. In Fig. 27, the long, narrow space, a, is occu-\\npied by nests and c by nest passages, both being of the\\nkind previously-described. A few of the nests are shown\\ndivided off in the cut at b and a few of the nest passages\\nare divided off at T. Compare T in Fig. 27 with T in\\nFig. 25 and with Tin Fig. 29, keeping in mind that the\\nfloor of each nest passage consists of a treadle. The\\nalley, x, for the attendant, praviously described, being\\nsunk 2 1-2 ft. below the ground, the end rooms, m, m,\\nare also excavated to the same depth for better con-\\nvenience, and steps outride the building near the out-\\nside doors, li, h, lead from the ground level to the con-\\ntinuous pit or shallow cellar, m x m. At each end of-\\nthe long alley and near the door, h, a small ell or pro-\\njection will be seen, attached to the main building. The\\nrailroad extends into these ells, which are jnst large\\nenough and high enough to hold the car, so that it will\\nbe out of the way when not in use. A section of the\\nrailroad track four feet long, situated between the ell\\nand where the row of nests begins, is movable, that is, a\\npiece of each rail is hinged at one end and can be turned\\nup out of the way when railroad and car are not needed.\\nGates, to permit fowls to pass from I 7 to y, are shown\\nat G, G, G, G. Figure 30 illustrates one of these gates, G,\\nmade of wire netting, attached to a light wooden frame,\\nand G- in Fig. 28 shows a gate in a perpendicular posi-\\ntion and also, by means of dotted lines, a horizontal\\nposition. The yard, y, in Fig. 28, is roofed over. As", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "86 AN EGO FARM.\\nthere are four small yards, there are, of course, sixteen\\ngates in all, each being two by two feet. The four gates\\nof each group, 67, 67, 67, 67, are opened and closed as one\\ngate, by means of a wire, starting from one operating-\\nroom, m, and running the whole length of the mam\\nbuilding to the opposite operating room. The farthest\\ngate in a group is thirty-three feet from the main build-\\ning. The gates are pivoted, transom fashion, and are\\nperpendicular when closed, as at 67 in Fig. 30 and at 67\\nin Fig. 28, and horizontal while open. They have a\\ncommon pivot, consisting of a shaft of iron pipe, to\\nwhich they are fastened in such fashion that they turn\\nFIG. 30. GATE FOK COVKRID VAKBS.\\nwith it, not on it. The shaft extends into the operating\\nroom a few inches, where is attached a strong spoke or\\narm, three feet long, and to this arm is fastened the\\nwire above described. By taking hold of the arm itself,\\nif you are at the nearest room, or by means of the wire\\nif you are at the distant room, the shaft is caused to\\nmake one-quarter of a complete revolution, which is all\\nthat is required to open the gates. They are made so as\\nto close by gravity when released, and when shut they\\ncome to rest over the bottom fence rail, D. A board,\\nB, runs the whole length of yard, y, and rests on the\\ngates. See B in Fig. 30, and compare with the trans-", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "FOE SITTEES LN MILD CLIMATES. 87\\nverse section of B, Fig. 28. When the gate is open,\\nthis board is at the position shown by the dotted lines in\\nFig. 28, and the feed dropping from the shelf, S,\\nwill land at A, but when the gate is closed this board,\\nbeing in another position under the feed shelf, intercepts\\nthe falling grain, causing it to reach the ground at D,\\nin the big yard instead of in the small one.\\nNow, as heretofore mentioned, the layers of the sit-\\nting breed and the sitters actually sitting, occupy the\\nsame building. The layers are allowed the freedom of\\none large yard, Y, and two small yards, y, during the\\nday, the four gates, G, being kept open all the time,\\nexcepting during the latter part of the afternoon. Wire\\nnetting is stretched so as to prevent the birds from get-\\nting at the feed shelf. The latter being only two and\\none-half feet from the ground, it is conveniently reached\\nby the attendant, who passes the whole length of the\\ncovered yard each day to load the shelf. At intervals,\\nduring the day, whenever he is in either room, m, he\\noperates the shelves at all four of the small yards for the\\nexercise of the layers. The running they actually do\\nwhile he is controlling their movements is only a small\\npart of the scheme. The habit of expectation being\\nformed, they will run back and forth hundreds of times\\nevery day and visit the small yards, whether the shelves\\nare operated or not. The feed shelves in the main\\nbuilding are operated by hand hammers only and at\\neither end indifferently, but those in the small yards are\\noperated by pivoted hammers, cords, pulleys and wires\\n(as described elsewhere) when you are at the end of the\\nmain building the farthest away, and by hand hammers\\nwhen you are near. In the ground plan, Fig. 27, the\\nstraight dotted lines show the location of the six shelves.\\nOne of the shelves in the long building is shown sus-\\npended by wires or cords at J, Fig. 29. This shelf\\nbeing, as we have said, operated by hand hammers at", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "88 AN EOxG FARM.\\neither end, must be allowed to swing freely both ways\\nand therefore it has no stopper, but the shelves in the\\ncovered yards, y, have stoppers to swing against, the\\nsame as shown at i in Fig. 111. At either operating\\nroom, no matter which, you can, by this very simple,\\nextremely durable and exceedingly cheap apparatus,\\nwhich, moreover, is not liable to get out of order, con-\\ntrol every nest, either of sitting or laying bird, and oper-\\nate any or all of the six feed shelves, and open or close\\nall of the sixteen gates. You can separate the layers as\\na whole from the sitters in less than half a minute, and\\nat will separate each individual sitter from all the layers\\nand from all the other sitters.\\nThe employment of sitting hens in large numbers has\\nnot hitherto been looked upon with favor, because\\npoultry keepers have not availed themselves of suitable\\nconveniences, having, in fact, not been aware of the cer-\\ntainty and precision with which the birds can be made\\nto do what yon want them to do. A flock of two hun-\\ndred can be made to run two hundred feet in a minute,\\neither towards you or away from you or to the right or\\nthe left, as_you choose, and this without your having\\nspent any time at all to speak of in their preliminary\\ntraining. Just a few pulls of a wire or some other appli-\\nance, while you are at the premises working at other\\nmatters, and, lo and behold, they have a liberal educa-\\ntion, are highly accomplished, in fact, before you know\\nit. You can then do just what you want with them by\\nmerely reaching for a lever or a cord. The bugbear of sit-\\nting hens has vanished into thin air. There is not a thing\\nexpensive, excepting the six hundred and sixty feet of\\nshafts or pipe, and this, thanks to the cheapness of\\nmodern iron goods, costs less than the price of one of\\nthe ten incubators it displaces. The figure 4 s and con-\\nnections seem rather costly, but made in quantities are\\nreally quite inexpensive, and all the small wooden parts", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "FOR SITTERS IN MILD CLIMATES. 89\\nof the nests and passages can be cheaply sawed by power.\\nThe pipes should be put in position and screwed\\ntogether and the places for holes, of one-eighth inch\\ndiameter, marked, after which the drilling should be done\\nby power and by means of these holes the arms can be\\nreadily attached in the main building and the gates\\nfastened on at the covered yards. In comparison with\\nthis simple and cheap equipment, an equivalent in incu-\\nbators and suitable incubator rooms or cellars is compli-\\ncated and costly.\\nIt is a matter of no consequence whether or no a sit-\\nter returns to the identical nest she left, but it is desira-\\nble that she should return to one not far away, and she\\nwill always do so. If her nest is near the center of\\nthe row, she will not go to either end of the row, and,\\nif she belongs near the right-hand end of the row, she\\nwill not mistake the left-hand end for it. To facilitate\\nmatters, layers nests are mixed with those of sitters the\\nwhole length of the row, and localities are designated by\\nbarrels, boxes, sheaves of straw, boughs, etc., placed\\njust outside the building. See Chapter XIV.\\nJust before opening the nests of the sitters, a feed\\nshelf in one of the small yards is operated, and, after\\nwaiting a short interval for the layers to get in they\\nmake tracks at a rate not to hinder you long they are\\nshut in by operating the gates. The shelf and gates at\\nthe opposite small yard are next used to catch any layers\\nnot captured the first time, though probably ninety-\\neight per cent or more were caught. If one or two or\\nthree in a hundred are not entrapped at all there will be\\nno particular harm. The principal object in separating\\nthe layers is to prevent them from devouring the feed\\ndesigned for the sitters. Troughs, ample for a full day s\\nsupply of water for both layers and sitters, are in the\\nlarge yard. Of course, labor saving requires that this\\nbe conducted by pipes and the flow governed by simply", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "90 AN EGG FARM.\\nturning a cock. Or, in the region of mild weather\\npreviously described, a float valve can be used during the\\ngreater part of the year to govern the supply and the\\nattendant need not lift a finger. For the greatest con-\\nvenience in feeding grain, bins are located in the oper-\\nating rooms, m, Fig. 27, and access to the feed shelves\\nis by doors at t, leading from the operating rooms into\\nthe small covered yards, and by the door, s, which leads\\nto the shelves in the main building. The shelves are of\\ncourse loaded by rule, an exact quantity of grain being-\\nplaced on each daily, and all fed that day to the last\\nkernel, so that rats will not be baited to the premises at\\nnight. The operation of charging the feed shelves is a\\nvery quick one, their hight from the ground being con-\\nvenient, four feet in the main building and three feet in\\nthe covered yards. With a shallow scoop of just the\\nproper size and shape, the attendant distributes grain as\\nfast as he can walk, about five hundred feet of shelves\\nbeing tended in less than fifteen minutes, and one charge\\nlasts all day.\\nThe curved dotted lines in the big yards in the\\nground plan^ Fig. 27, show the location of board fences,\\nor rims, they may be called, since they are only one foot\\nhigh. The yard is plentifully supplied with straw for\\nscratching purposes and these rims are to keep it from\\ngetting into the corners of the yard. The wide gates in\\nthe center, at right and left in the cut, admit a team\\nhitched to a hay tedder or to a side delivery rake. The\\narea in which these implements are to be used is not\\ncircular, as the cut might appear to indicate, but ellip-\\ntical, for as before stated, the cut was reduced to suit the\\nlimits of a page. The circuit then is as liberal as an\\nellipse occupying nearly all the space in a yard one hun-\\ndred and forty-four feet by fifty feet. Plowing and har-\\nrowing, as well as raking, can be handily done in this\\nellipse on the occasions of the removal of the old straw", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "FOR SITTERS IX MIXD CLIMATES. 91\\nto be replaced with fresh, or when straw cannot be had.\\nThe stirring of straw with a hand fork, or digging soil\\nwith a spade, on any considerable scale, is a back number.\\nIf it is desired to scatter grain broadcast, a seeder car-\\nried by the operator and worked by a small crank, as if\\nhe had a coffee mill slung over his shoulders, can be\\nused, but the preferable plan is to first rake the straw\\ninto a continuous winding windrow with the side deliv-\\nery rake, and then let the driver of the hay tedder rein\\nhis team with one hand and scatter grain with the other,\\nwhile he goes lengthwise of the windrow. When the\\nhorseless carriage is perfected, substitute it for the team\\nin seeding and raking at the hatching house yards and\\nalso for all operations where horses are used in the\\ncolony or itinerant plan. The motor-propelled bicycle\\nis to be utilized, besides, to afford the attendant quick\\naccess to all parts of the plant. Use finely cracked corn\\nalways, on or under litter at the scratching places, and\\non feed shelves, in preference to whole grain, so as to\\nmake more work for the fowls. The board rims have\\nan additional use and one which is quite important.\\nBeing in the track where the sitters race hack and forth\\nto find grain near the small yards, these diminutive\\nfences are jumped upon at every trip, affording wing\\nexercise. Nothing pleases a sitter better than to use her\\nwings by flying up on something, as Avell as her feet.\\nNot only does she secure, after her sedentary existence,\\ngrateful exercise of muscles, the largest in her body, which\\nare attached to her wings but by the thorough airing of\\nher whole plumage her wing gymnastics give, and by the\\ndisinfecting properties of the earth in which she shuffles,\\nher nest is kept sweet. Oh, nature understands her\\nbusiness, and the first air inhaled by the younglings\\nshould be altogether purer than the noisome exhalations\\nof a reeking, perspiring incubator. The whole economy\\nof incubation of any species of bird is one of the most\\nperfect and admirable things in the universe.", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEK IX.\\nMANAGING THE SITTERS.\\nWe are now prepared to explain in full the manage-\\nment of the sitting hens. It is, say, 4 o clock p. m.\\nThe sitters have been shut in their nests all day without\\nfood or water, the doors being in the second position,\\nclosed, but the hens have been exceedingly comfortable,\\nowing to the special provision for guarding against the\\nheat overhead and permitting the free circulation of air\\nin every part of the building, the comfort of the attend-\\nant and of the birds both being secured. The layers\\nhave had access to all the yards and to their own nests\\nall clay, the doors leading to the latter remaining at the\\nthird position. Enter attendant at either operating\\nroom, it is immaterial which:\\n1. Operate feed shelf at one of the small yards.\\n2. Close the gates to that yard.\\n3. Operate feed shelf at opposite small yard at same\\nside of main building.\\n4. Close the gates to that yard.\\n5. Put doors of layers nests in second position\\n(closed).\\nG. Put doors of sitters nests in third position (not\\nquite wide open).\\n7. Operate the long feed shelf same side of the\\nbuilding.\\n8. Put doors of sitters nests in second position\\n(closed).\\nNext go through the eight operations aforesaid on the\\nother side of the building. Next go through the alley\\nl 92", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "MANAGING THE SITTERS. 93\\nand take from nests any sitters which failed to leave the\\nnests at the proper time, the nests being get-at-able\\nbecause each has a door fronting the alley, as will be\\ndescribed further on. The 7th operation in the pro-\\ngram drops grain in full view of the sitters on a level\\nwith their nests and only about two feet away, and the\\nsound of the bell or of the hammer being one to which\\nthey had been accustomed for months, if not for years,\\nthe cases will be few where taking them off by hand will\\nbe necessary. If there was very much of this removing\\nsitters by main strength and awkwardness, labor saving\\nwould bid a sad farewell to the whole scheme. But so\\nstrong is the confirmed habit of going with the crowd at\\nthe hammer stroke, and so exciting is the sight of their\\ncompanions feasting so near, that few will fail to leave.\\nThose proving tardy are marked by a dab of fresh red\\npaint on the white groundwork of their feathers, and if\\nyou have plenty of other sitters, when the bird has\\nreceived two or three marks you can not only relieve\\nher from her task, but remove her from the building\\naltogether. The nest boxes being of wirework mostly,\\nthe hens which did not leave their nests, if any, can be\\nreadily seen. Next, while the sitters are running all\\nover the large yard, and from one small yard to the\\nother, and visiting the water troughs and dusting places,\\nthe operator inspects all the nests to detect anything\\namiss. Whenever he reaches either end of the alley he\\noperates all the shelves in the small yards, and perhaps\\nin the main building also. The sitters will run around\\nwith persistent activity the most of the time, whether\\nthe feed shelves are worked or not. Finely cut dried\\nclover rowen or nicely cured corn fodder early in the\\nseason, or some sort of green vegetable stuff later, and\\ngravel, must be in the yards for all, both layers and\\nsitters. When the birds have had time enough for eat-\\ning, the doors of passages to sitters nests are put in the", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "94\\nAX EGG FARM.\\nfirst position, held open by the figure 4 s, the shaft and\\narms being left at the second position, with the cords\\nslack so that the sitters can spring the traps, and the\\nattendant s presence is now no longer necessary. The\\ngates, G, G, G, G, should not be opened to let the layers\\nout until about sundown, so as to give the sitters plenty\\nof time to return to their nests, and so as to prevent\\n^n\\n-ur\\nFIG. 31. ROW OF NESTS SEEN FROM BELOW.\\nbirds among the layers having broody inclinations from\\ntaking possession of nests belonging to the sitters.\\nFigure 31 shows the convenience for the attendant s\\nwork at the nests, the view being taken from the sunken\\nalley and giving the position of a row of nests on one\\nside, the bottom of the nests being two and one-half\\nfeet higher than the ground at the bottom of the alley.\\nOne rail of the railroad track is shown at w, and one of", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "MANAGING THE SITTERS. 95\\nits supports .s shown at u, it having been set in the\\nstonework when the wall was built. The doors in front\\nof the nests are of wirework, the mesh being one inch,\\nto keep out rats, attached to a light wooden frame, d 1\\nshowing a closed door, and (P one which is open; b is a\\nnest with its front exposed as it would be for gathering\\neggs or for other purposes. One side of the wooden rim\\nfour inches wide, which surrounds the nest on four sides,\\nis represented at z. Wirework, two-inch mesh, separat-\\ning the roost from the alley, is seen at g g. Compare\\nthis cut with Figs, 25, 26, 27 and 29.\\nAs was hinted before, when we were describing the reg-\\nular daily program of the management of sitters, if there\\nwere many fowls to be lifted from their nests the task\\nwould be an onerous one. Not only do we propagate a\\nsitting breed exemplary in all motherly conduct, and\\ncull and reject obstinate laggards, but whenever we do\\nhave to catch a bird which overdoes the virtue of con-\\nstancy, the conveniences must be such as to reduce the\\nbother to the very minimum. Below the aperture, r, is\\nseen the edge of the roost floor, s, upon which the delin-\\nquent bird is placed after she has been taken from the\\nnest. When the nest, b, is opened, r is opened also.\\nTake the fowl in both hands, with the thumbs confining\\nher wings, and place her on the floor, s. Elsewhere\\nan entirely different method of handling a sitter is\\ndescribed, one hand only being employed, and her wings\\nbeing left free, which is the way to proceed when the\\nbird is to be lowered and placed on the floor at your feet,\\nbut not the correct way when she is to be raised and put\\nthrough a small door. The distance between b and r is\\nsmall, which expedites the operation, and also both of these\\nare within easy reach, b being 2 1-2 ft., and s 5 1-2 ft.\\nabove where the attendant stands. The trap-setter\\nshaft is I, and m the layer nest shaft, correctly repre-\\nsented as being one but slightly higher than the other.", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "96 AN EGG FARM.\\nIn all the other cuts these shafts were purposely placed\\nwide apart, to give a plainer view of the cords, arms\\nand other parts. In Fig. 29, for the same reason, the\\nroost, r, was entirely omitted. It is 144 ft. long, and\\nits floor, set on a slant downwards toward the outside of\\nthe building, is only 3 1-4 ft. wide, so that it will not\\nintercept the grain which falls from the shelf. One\\nperch only is needed, and this stands 18 in. above the\\nroost floor and is 144 ft. long.", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER X.\\nCOOPS FOR CHICKENS.\\nThe construction of the coops for young chickens will\\nnow be described. A chicken coop must be adapted to\\nwarm weather and cold, and especially to rains, be easily\\ncleaned, and made rat-proof at night. The old-fashioned\\ntriangular pattern, Fig. 33, secures all this, and also\\ngives small chickens a chance to escape under the eaves\\nfrom the feet of the hens. Two hens are put together\\nwith their broods, for reasons which will be given in\\nanother place. The size proper to accommodate a\\ndouble brood is 2 1-2x3 1-2 ft. upon the ground, with\\nroof 3 ft. from eaves to peak. A bit of scantling is fas-\\ntened to each roof for a handle. The door, a, is hinged\\nto open upwards. There is a small door at the rear\\nthat will allow chickens to pass, but not grown fowls.\\nFI\u00c2\u00ab. 32. THE FIGURE -i. SEE CUTS 25, 26 AND 29.\\nAn opening for ventilation is made near the peak, and\\ncovered with wire cloth. Take inch boards, b b, Fig. 34,\\nand nail strongly, planed side up, to the cleats, c c, and\\n7 97", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "98\\nAN EGG FARM.\\nclinch. Let both ends of each cleat project three inches,\\nand the outside edge of each two inches. This is the\\nmovable floor, and must be of such size that the coop\\nshall rest entirely upon the projecting ends and edges of\\nthe cleats, then when the doors are closed, all rain will\\nbe shed outside the floor. In Fig. 35, a section of the\\ncoop shows the floor in its place. When the doors are\\nFIG. 33. COOP FOK CHICKS.\\nclosed at night, leave the large one, a, Fig. 33, ajar one-\\nhalf or one inch, according to the weather, for air, and\\nfasten it with nails for pegs stuck in holes bored at various\\ndistances through the cleats, at d d, Fig. 34, which will\\nmake the coop perfectly rat-proof. Once a week, after\\nopening the door, a, to enable the chickens to escape\\nthrough the slats out of the way, slide the coop slowly\\nlength wise of the cleats away from the floor, which must\\nbe scraped thoroughly then give it a shovelful of dry\\nearth and replace. You will always have a dry, inodor-\\nous apartment, and will not shut up chickens in close,\\nfoul air. In every small coop or box for live animals\\nthere must be openings for the admission of air and\\nescape of noxious emanations, not only at the top, but\\nat the extreme bottom. This matter is often overlooked\\nin shipping coops, to the great detriment of the occu-", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "COOPS FOR CHICKENS. 99\\npants, the openings fit the top being erroneously deemed\\nsufficient.\\nAll the chickens destined for the itinerant stations\\nmust, as mentioned on Page 19, be fed indirectly. For\\ntwo days only are they and the hens fed upon the floor\\nof the coop. Then for a week they are fed in the box\\ngiven in Fig. 36. It has no bottom, and the top, not\\nshown in the figure, is temporary, and composed of loose\\nboards. Place it so that its door shall meet the small\\ndoor in the coop, having first dropped in the feed at the\\ncorner, and covered the box with the boards in such a\\nmanner as to admit a little light. After a week the\\nchickens, being strong\\nenough to venture some\\ndistance, are fed from a\\nbox of galvanized iron\\n6x1(3 in., and 3-4 in. deep,\\nFig. 37. A wire grating,\\nF, with meshes one inch\\nFIG 34# square, protects the feed\\nfrom the feet of the\\nchickens, but admits their bills. The grating is covered\\nat pleasure by a lid, G, these being hinged to opposite\\nsides, of the box. When such boxes are placed in a row,\\nFig. 38, each filled with feed, one for each coop, with the\\nlids down, a snap-hook is attached to a ring which is fas-\\ntened to each lid, and a wire connects with all the hooks,\\nas in Fig. 38. One pull opens all the lids, and the\\nchickens are at dinner.\\nThese feed boxes are carried to the granary to be filled,\\nusing a wheelbarrow, in which many may be packed at\\na time. The coops are twenty feet apart, in a single\\nrow, and the wheelbarrow is rolled along the line, and\\nthe boxes, with lids closed, are put on the side of the\\ncoops near the small doors, which are shut, in order\\nthat the hens may not worry when the chickens are feed-", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "100\\nAN EGG FARM.\\ning. If the distance is considerable, use the low-down\\nwagon in place of the wheelbarrow. The hens are fed\\nand watered in cups, fastened to the inside of the coops\\nas high as they can reach. The cups are filled with\\nwhole corn once each twenty-four hours, after dark in\\nthe evening, so as not to at-\\ntract the attention of either\\nhens or chickens. When the\\nchickens are a month old, a\\npart of their feed may be buried\\nnear the coop early in the\\nmorning, before they are let\\nout, so that they may scratch\\nduring the day, although this\\nis not essential, for when there\\nis unlimited range, young chicks will always take suffi-\\ncient exercise. Whenever it is rainy, the box used the\\nfirst week for feeding, Fig. 36, is again resorted to for\\nthat purpose.\\nThe additional time required to feed chickens indi-\\nrectly is slight, if operations are systematized. All the\\nFIG. 36. FEED BOX FOR CHICKS.\\nchickens of the breeding or pedigree stock, and of the\\nsitting class also, are reared at a separate part of the\\nfarm, and fed directly.\\nWhen the hens are removed from the chickens, the\\nlatter huddle together nights upon the floor for some", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "COOPS FOE CHICKENS. 101\\nweeks, but when old enough to perch, the box, Fig. 36,\\nis placed upon the movable coop floor, and the coop is\\nplaced upon the top of the whole, the box being of the\\nsize of the boards, I b, in Fig. 34, so that the eaves and\\nsides of the coop overlap sufficiently to shed rain. The\\nbox has two- perches permanently fastened to it, one of\\nwhich is seen in Fig. 36. This roost is rat-proof, and\\nhalf a bushel or so of dry earth keeps it clean.", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "OHAPTEE XL\\nFOWLS FOE LAYERS AND SITTERS.\\nThe layers must be of a breed that affords chickens\\neasily reared, for success in the nursery department is\\nall important and they must be at the head of the list\\nof prolific layers of fair sized eggs. None but a non-sit-\\nting race will answer, for, needing to be broken up fre-\\nquently, sitters make fully double the labor during half\\nof the year; and the feathers must be light, because\\ndark ones show badly when chickens are dressed.\\nThere is at present no breed that fulfills all these con-\\nditions so well as the White Leghorn. It may degener-\\nate in time, as other races of fowls have done, by being\\nbred for fancy instead of utility, but it possessed at its\\nfirst importation more vigor than any other non-sitting\\nbreed. In breeding poultry, show and utility do not get\\non well together in the long run. To fanciers unques-\\ntionably belongs the credit of originating improved\\nbreeds, but afterwards, in fixing conventional points for\\nthe show room, the stock is often ruined in their hands.\\nMany breeders of livestock, not poultry alone, but in\\nother departments, do not fully understand the relation\\nbetween fancy points and useful ones. The confusion\\nin the minds of some writers on this matter is evident.\\nWhy should not a fowl that scores high in shape of\\ncomb and tail and in color of legs and plumage, lay just\\nas well as one that scores low in these things some\\none asks. The answer is that a fancy comb and a fancy\\nplumage in that individual fowl have certainly no direct\\n102", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "FOWLS FOR LAYERS AXD SITTERS.\\n103\\npower to prevent her from laying well, bnt this is onl} r\\npart of the story. That fowl has a history of descent.\\nIt is harder to breed to the point where good laying is a\\ntrait of the strain if yon select your breeding stock each\\ngeneration on the basis of fancy points as well as of lay-\\ning qualities for while choosing your breeders, you\\nnecessarily pass by on account of faulty plumage some\\nof the most eminent layers that would have helped your\\nstrain mightily.\\nAn illustration will not be amiss, there is so much\\nignorance prevailing on this point. Frederick the Great\\nhad a body guard of soldiers of gigantic stature. The\\nquestion might be put, is there any reason in the world\\nwhy a red haired or a brown haired man may not be as\\ntall as black haired men None in the world, surely\\nbnt if the monarch desired a guard of the very tallest\\nFIG. 37. FKED BOX WITH GiiATING.\\nmen his realm could possibly afford, then the average\\nbight of the battalion would be greater if there were\\nno restrictions on color of eyes, hair, and so on, than if\\none specified shade only was admissible. Suppose the\\nrequirements were black hair together with blue eyes\\nand great stature, the greater the better, how would the\\naverage night of the selected men turn out As such\\neyes and hair do sometimes go together, the guard\\nmight thus be recruited if the realm contained popula-", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "104 AX EGG FARM.\\ntion enough, but the average bight of its men would be\\nless than if the selection had not been handicapped by\\nthe specifications we have supposed.\\n-A-PPty ie sam e reasoning to cattle. The Jerseys are\\nnow of every imaginable color\u00e2\u0080\u0094 solid, broken, black,\\nwhite, reel, fawn, brown, roan, buff, spotted, brindled,\\nring-streaked, speckled and grizzled. Suppose it were\\ndesired to select breeders for a hundred years from all\\nthe j3n re Jerseys in the world to produce a strain of the\\nlargest sized, pure-bred animals possible. Two entirely\\nseparate herds are to be built up, neither of which shall\\ndraw from the other, but each to draw freely from the\\nwhole world beside. One herd must be produced of the\\ngreatest sized animals possible and all of a solid bay,\\nand the other herd of the greatest sized animals possible,\\nbut entirely irrespective of color. Which herd, at the\\nend of one hundred years, other things being equal,\\nwould contain the largest cattle\\nA drawback to the Leghorn family is the great size of\\ncombs and wattles. Possibly this trait may be gradually\\nbred out in time without impairing the useful traits of\\nthe breed, but it is doubtful. It has been noticed that\\nthe most vigorous birds and the best layers have these\\nappendages the most fully developed, and it is probable\\nthat in the Mediterranean regions, where they originated\\nand where they were bred at the monasteries for cen-\\nturies, the monks of the middle ages being enthusiastic\\npoultry fanciers, and the breed being extremely ancient,\\nthe conscious selection of the best layers for breeders\\nresulted unwittingly in the selection of birds with the\\nbiggest combs,\\nOr, the mere fact of the keeping of the breed un-\\nmixed for hundreds of years, would, of itself, have\\nresulted in a large combed breed, even if the keep-\\ners were not consciously selecting eggs for hatching\\nfrom the best layers (if large combs and prolificness", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "FOWLS FOR LAYERS AND SITTERS.\\n105\\nnaturally go together) for the best layers being the\\nmost fully represented by newly laid eggs in the nests,\\nwould, also, by obvious doctrine of chances, or, more\\nproperly, by mathematical law, be the most fully repre-\\nsented in eggs for hatching purposes and in number of\\nchicks hatched and reared unless, indeed, extreme pro-\\nlificness was accompanied by deficient vitality of the\\ngerms. It would be inevitable that the numerical pre-\\nponderance of eggs for hatching laid by large combed,\\nprolific birds would operate to develop a strain of both\\nlarge combs and prolificness, until a limit was reached\\nbeyond which the process could not go. This limit is\\ndiscovered in the fact that the production of an unusually\\ngreat number of eggs laid by a fowl is accompanied by\\nFIG. 38. ARRANGEMENT FOR OPENING FEED BOXES.\\na lack of vitality in the eggs, excepting those at the\\nbeginning of the laying, which experience shows are\\ncomparatively exempt, though probably even these are\\nsomewhat affected.\\nThere are two other ways in which the great size of\\ncombs of fowls from the Mediterranean may have been\\nbrought about. The combs were highly prized for food,\\nand, at certain eras, the monks were more given to\\nluxury than to austerity or, in periods of rigid disci-\\npline, while living on bread and water they may have", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "106 AN EGG FARM.\\nsold the combs for the revenue of the house, and, there-\\nfore, may have kept up a careful selection of large\\ncombed birds for breeders. And there is, besides, the\\nconsideration of a warm climate. The wild parent stock\\nof our domestic fowls live, in part at least, high up on\\nthe sides of mountains, and very likely the climate of\\nItaly and vicinity may be warmer than that to which\\ntheir progenitors were accustomed. As time progresses,\\nthe question of influence of a warm climate on size of\\ncomb will be determined by noting the appearance of\\nthe Leghorns now kept quite extensively in our southern\\nstates.\\nThe drawbacks of large combs and wattles are, freez-\\ning in our northern states, and the discomforts and\\nstrain resulting from carrying so much weight on the\\nhead. It appears as though the circulation of blood in\\nthe head is somehow affected by these excessive appen-\\ndages, for it has been observed that a Leghorn having\\nfrequent spells of giddiness and staggering can some-\\ntimes be quickly and permanently cured by trimming\\nthe comb, and we would always recommend the trim-\\nming of both comb and wattles for both sexes, Fig. 39,\\nw^hen two-thirds grown, especially in view of freezing,\\nwhen zero weather occurs. Use shears or scissors instead\\nof a knife so as to pinch the blood vessels and mitigate\\nthe flow of blood. The operation is not so painful as it\\nmight appear, we will state for the benefit of the Society\\nfor the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Nature evi-\\ndently provided that the comb and wattles should be\\ncomparatively destitute of feeling. As, during the thou-\\nsands on thousands of years the males fought for posses-\\nsion of the females and the comb and wattles were the\\nparts seized upon in the struggle, a lack of sensitiveness\\nin these appendages would be perpetuated and aug-\\nmented on the principal of natural selection. So indif-\\nferent is a fowl that after being dubbed it will uncon-", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "FOWLS FOR LAYERS AND SITTERS.\\n107", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "108 AN EGG FARM.\\ncemedly fall to eating its own comb and wattles, if\\nallowed the privilege. This dullness or fewness of nerves\\nof feeling in the combs, when understood, may alleviate\\nthe pangs felt by many persons at the mention of what\\nhas been wrongly called a cruel practice. It is easier\\nfor a fowl to stand clubbing than to endure a frozen comb.\\nThe layers are relied upon to produce the principal\\npart of the income, and as they are chief in point of\\nnumbers, the detached stations where they are kept\\nform the main part of the establishment, to which the\\nbreeding and sitting departments are merely tributary.\\nMost of the layers must be kept only until the age of\\nfrom fifteen to twenty months, and then killed for sale,\\nand their places supplied by young pullets. This course\\nis necessary, because the yield of eggs is greatest during\\nthe first laying season if the hens are of an early matur-\\ning breed, and are fed high and stimulated to the\\nutmost, as they must be to secure the highest profit.\\nFor, though hens are still vigorous at two years, it will\\nbe found that after a course of forcing to their greatest\\ncapacity through the first season, they cannot generally\\nbe made to lay profusely during the second. If we\\nchose not to put on the full pressure of diet the first\\nyear, but to feed moderately high for two or three years,\\na fair yield of eggs would be afforded during each. But\\nsuch a course would not pay as well as to keep pullets\\nonly, and maintain a forcing system constantly from the\\ntime they commence to lay until they stop, and then\\nmarket them before they eat up the profits in the idle-\\nness of fall and winter.\\nPullets grow fast during the early part of their lives, and\\ngive a return in flesh for what they eat then. After they\\ncommence laying, their eggs are prompt dividends, and,\\nbesides, their bodies increase in weight until the age of a\\nyear or more. Young hens may be killed a fortnight after\\nceasing to lay, and if they have been skillfully fed, their", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "FOWLS FOR LATEES AND SITTERS. 109\\nflesh will prove excellent for the table as compared with\\nfowls that are two or three years old. It is no wonder that\\nthere is little liking for the adnlt fowls the markets ordi-\\nnarily afford, for they comprise many that are very old\\nand comparatively unfit for food. But regular customers\\nwill soon approve fowls a year old, which have been sup-\\nplied with the most suitable food, and brought to just\\nthe proper fatness, and delivered freshly killed and\\nneatly dressed, and our experience proves that the fami-\\nlies upon the egg route will order all that the establish-\\nment has to dispose of. The high pressure mode of feed-\\ning and turning off while yet young, is then the true\\npolicy.\\nThe point is, there is a certain consumption of food\\nto enable any animal to keep alive. The ordinary vital\\noperations, aside from laying or increase of size, de-\\nmand force, obtained through food which is money\\nand we should aim to support only such fowls as are all\\nthe while giving returns in either growth or eggs. The\\nlong period of molting and recovering from its conse-\\nquent exhaustion, costs, as does the maintenance of the\\nvital fires during the cold of winter. It is a matter of\\nquick balancing of profits and expenses with animals,\\nwhich, like fowls, consume the value of their bodies in\\nabout ten months. If it is urged that the stimulating\\ndiet and unnatural prolificness will subject the stock to\\ndisease, the reply is that the regimen is not continued\\nmore than six or eight months, and in that time evil\\neffects will not ordinarily follow, for the birds are\\nallowed freedom, sun and air, and special provision is\\nmade for daily exercise. As none of the fowls to which\\nthis forcing system is applied, leave descendants, no\\nevil effects are accumulated and entailed upon the stock.\\nThe layers are from the eggs of fowls that have not been\\nsubjected to any such pressure, and during the period\\nof their principal growth they have been given a nutri-", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "110 AN EGG FARM.\\ntious but not especially stimulating food like,a?colt at\\npasture. When they arrive at the laying age, ihey are\\nthen kept as is the horse, which is kept, .broken ,t$ work,\\nand put to constant and severe labor, and fed as high as\\nhe will bear.\\nFOWLS FOR SITTERS/- 7\\nThe sitters are of a breed chosen, for persistence and Jn\\nregularity in incubation, fidelity to their chickens, and\\ngentleness of disposition. The Plymouth Eocks are our\\nchoice, and cannot be excelled for hatching and rearing.\\nThe white variety is preferred, because when a fowl .is*\\ndressed, white pin feathers show less than colored ones.\\nAlso, as stated elsewhere, there are occasions when we\\nwant to designate individuals by a dab of fresh red or\\nblue paint, which shows well on white plumage.\\nThe sitters are not kept at detached stations like the\\nlayers, for several reasons. One is, they should all be\\nnear together, because of the. great amount of attendance\\nnecessary in connection with hatching. Then the build-\\nings should be large enough for the keeper to enter, in\\norder to take care of the nests and chickens, but the\\nsize of the structure and the risk of jarring eggs will\\nprevent moving. Nor can the system of indirect feed-\\ning and no yards be pursued, for the sitters should be\\nfed at the attendant s feet, and tamed so as to submit\\nquietly to the handling they receive while hatching and\\nrearing. Their yards are sufficiently large to admit of\\nexercise, and for the same treason their dry grain is\\nburied in the ground or under straw. In very cold\\nweather, they are confined to their houses for warmth,\\nand are given a stimulating diet to promote winter lay-\\ning, not so much for the value of the eggs as to render\\nit certain that there shall be a considerable number of\\nbirds ready to sit in February, and many more in March.\\nThe fowls chiefly depended upon for this consist of the\\nearliest pullets of the previous year, and also the old", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "FOWLS FOR LAYERS AXD SITTERS. Ill\\nhens that had been employed much of the time the pre-\\nceding summer in hatching two or three broods. The\\nprevention of laying, by hatching and rearing, causes\\nbirds thus occupied to lay earlier the next season. By a\\nlittle management, there is no difficulty in procuring\\nplenty of offers to sit from February to June. One-half\\nthe sitting stock is kept until two years old, and of the\\npullets of the sitting class raised yearly, some are hatched\\nin February and March, and some in the first week in\\nSeptember, the better to secure sitting at various times\\nin the year. Except in winter, the sitters should not\\nbe fed with a view to encourage laying, but the aim\\nshould be to keep them on as moderate an allowance as\\npossible, and not have them become poor. Their specific\\npurpose is incubation, and they should be made to do as\\nmuch of this as possible. By uniting broods, when a\\nhen has hatched one nestfnl of eggs she may be given\\nanother immediately, and, if managed rightly, she will\\nnot be injured by sitting a double term. Each hen\\nmust hatch two broods per year, at least, and some will\\nhatch three. In this way, the stock of five hundred\\nsitters will produce ten thousand chickens yearly, or an\\naverage of twenty apiece.", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEE XII\\nTHE KINDS OF FOOD.\\nWhen poultry are kept upon a large scale, they can\\nobtain but few insects, for the latter are attracted and\\nsupported by vegetation, of which there is next to none\\nnear the adult fowls, though care is taken to rear a part\\nof the chickens among growing crops. The ample\\ngrounds around each station house, and the areas\\ninclosed by the yards for sitters and for breeders, give\\nspace to secure cleanliness and exercise, but that is about\\nall. As far as affording insect foraging is concerned, a\\npaved court in a city, or a continuous rock, would be\\nalmost as good. Ground room out of doors upon our\\nfarm, whether inclosed in yards or not, is principally\\nfor air, sun and exercise. These secured, it matters not\\nwhether there is more or less space, so long as there are\\nso few insects to be procured. We hear much about the\\nnumber of fowls proper to an acre\u00e2\u0080\u0094 some say fifty, and\\nothers one hundred but in order to give one hundred a\\ngood forage, they should have the range of no less than\\nfour or five acres, containing grass and a variety of\\nother crops.\\nNow, if we give up as impracticable, as we must, pas-\\nturage of this sort, and afford nothing but a field\\nentirely bald, save for a few patches of clover and such\\nother green stuff as may be plucked when young and\\ntender by the birds, under such circumstances one acre\\nis as good as four. We go further, and say that fifteen\\nor twenty square rods of ground, and the grain for the\\nfowls buried to induce exercise, will answer the purpose\\n112", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "THE KINDS OF FOOD. 113\\nbetter than an acre without such an artificial provision\\nof natural conditions. But the feed, which must be all\\nbrought to the fowls, costs, in money if purchased, or in\\nlabor if raised upon the cultivated part of the farm. In\\nfowl keeping upon a small scale, where one flock has for\\na range as large a portion of a farm swarming with\\ninsects as they choose to travel over, food is obtained\\nfor nothing. The food for fowls is more expensive than\\nthat of any other livestock, in proportion to the value\\nof the animals themselves, necessitating economy in its\\nchoice. There are many things good for fowls, but\\nwe must use principally those only which supply all the\\nneedful nutritive elements, and are, at the same time,\\nthe cheapest.\\nThere are three classes of articles of which the natural\\nand indispensable diet of fowls consists, grains or seeds,\\ngreen plants and insects. Corn and wheat screenings\\ncorn especially should be the main reliance to fill the\\nfirst division boiled potatoes and raw cabbage in win-\\nter, and newly mown grass, clover or alfalfa in summer,\\nare the most suitable vegetables, and chandlers scraps\\nand butchers waste, procured fresh, are the most eco-\\nnomical animal food, excepting near the coast, where\\nclams and various sorts of fish can be obtained at a\\ntrifling cost. While depending mostly upon the above,\\nbecause they are the best and cheapest, a great many\\nother things must be given occasionally for the sake of\\nvariety, such as oats, buckwheat, rye, barley, wheat and\\nbrewers grains dried corn fodder and clover row en in\\nwinter various vegetables, such as carrots, beets and\\nyellow turnips, boiled and thickened with corn meal or\\nwheat bran raw onions chopped fine and for animal\\nfood, sometimes near cities young calves may be obtained\\nfrom milkmen at a low price, and the carcasses boiled\\nand fed. This last remark applies chiefly to cities at\\nthe east and northeast.", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "114 AN EGG FARM.\\nIn the cattle regions of the west, calves are too valu-\\nable to be thus sacrificed, while in the last named local-\\nity the by-products of the great packing houses form a\\nready and valuable substitute. It must be an invariable\\nrule to give every bird, whether young chicken, layer,\\nsitter, or fattening for the table, a portion in each of\\nthe three divisions, grain, fresh vegetables and animal\\nfood,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 every day in the year. It has been asserted by\\nsome that there is no substitute that can fill the place of\\ninsects for poultry. We say that beef and mutton, or\\nlights and livers, or fresh butchers waste of any kind,\\nare as much better as oats are better than grass for\\nhorses of which much work is demanded. A partridge\\nor wild jungle fowl can produce her normal number of\\neggs from forest fare, but not such great numbers as are\\nlaid by a Leghorn, Hamburg or Houdan.\\nA portion of the grain fed must be ground. The nat-\\nural mill of a fowl s gizzard, containing hard gravel for\\nmillstones, is capable of grinding all sorts of grain per-\\nfectly, but at too great expense of muscular exertion\\nwhich, though involuntary, is severe, and employs force-\\nthat had better be used for growing eggs or flesh, and\\ntherefore meal and bran have their uses for the poulterer.\\nBut the soft feed idea must not be overworked. The\\nreasoning that a beginner naturally falls into is that it\\nis a great pity that so much force should be applied at\\nsuch a tremendous disadvantage in reducing hard grain\\nin the gristmills of the birds when the miller can grind\\nfor thousands. But the wondrousl_y powerful muscles\\nof the gizzard are there to be used. Always go cau-\\ntiously in any plan to tamper with nature in feeding,\\nhatching, rearing, or anything else connected with\\npoultry. Experiments have proved that the balauce\\nof power, or equilibrium of functions in the fowl s\\neconomy makes the vigorous exercise 01 the gizzard very\\nbeneficial. The explanation is, in part, that the secre-", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "THE KINDS OF POOD. 115\\ntion of the digestive fluids is promoted by the grinding\\nprocess, jnst as the flow of saliva in a person s month is\\ninfluenced by the act of chewing, even if nothing is\\nchewed but a straw. A good illustration of the fallacy\\nof unnatural expedients was afforded in feeding experi-\\nments with hogs. It having been noticed that numerous\\nbits, large and small, of undigested corn were passed\\nfrom these animals, when it had been fed raw and\\nunground, it was supposed that a greater amount of\\nnutriment would be afforded by a given weight of ground\\ncorn, as compared with an equal weight of the same\\ngrain unground. But by carefully weighing both the\\ncorn and the swine, the surprising result was reached\\nthat the whole grain gave the greatest gain in growth.\\nThe powerful muscles of the hog s jaws imply use, and\\nthe secretion of saliva certainly, and the flow of other\\ndigestive juices in the stomach probably, are by nature s\\nmethods, persistently fixed in the lapse of ages, connected\\nwith the workings of the aforesaid muscles.\\nThe variety in feed for fowls previously hinted at is in\\naccordance with nature. When on free range they glean\\na little of everything, and the particular article most\\nfeasible for the poulterer to feed is optional with him.\\nBrewers grains, the waste at fisheries where great num-\\nbers of fish are dressed, chandlers greaves, and many\\nother things are unavailable over large areas of our\\ncountry. As for the balanced ration we hear so\\nmuch about in connection with all species of domestic\\nanimals, we must feed what we can get and that which\\nis the cheapest, which in our favored land is principally\\ncorn. The workings of the internal economy of a\\nhealthy animal, especially an omnivorous animal like\\nthe fowl, will balance the ration by selecting from\\nour national grain the nutritive elements required by\\nthe varying needs of the system.\\nFeed millet and wheat for a change, but corn, being", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "116 AN EGG FARM.\\nthe cheapest grain we have, is the proper food for chicks,\\nand for laying fowls also, -and you need pay no attention\\nto the everlasting hue and cry about this noble grain\\nbeing too oily. It isn t oily enough, and for either man\\nor beast is improved by the addition of lard or some\\nother form of fat. Ask one of these anti-corn cranks\\nto explain the almost universal craving of humanity for\\nbutter to be eaten with bread. For a negro laborer at\\nthe south, corn meal, with fat bacon or pork, makes a per-\\nfect food, with the addition of a small quantity of fresh\\nvegetables or wild fruit, the last as condiments merely,\\nor to furnish acids to assist digestion, for they do not\\nsupply any strictly nutritive elements which the main\\ndiet lacks. The corn without the fat would be almost\\nas incomplete as the fat without the corn. When the\\nnegroes or poor whites are without pork to accompany\\ntheir universal diet of corn bread, they crave a shorten-\\ning of lard in the latter, and failing to obtain this, some-\\ntimes use the oily kernels of black walnuts, or even the\\noil obtained from certain species of fish. But fowls\\nare not men, we hear some one exclaim. True, but\\nboth are omnivorous. Fish, flesh, cereals, vegetables\\nand fruit are the appropriate food of both; the digestion\\nof both is improved by the acid of fresh green stuff, and\\nthe perfect nourishment of both demands oily food.\\nEven in the tropics fat meats are sought by those who\\ntoil bread and fruits will not suffice. Conversely in\\nthe Arctic regions, although much has been written\\nabout the fondness of the Esquimaux Indians for oils\\nand fats, recent careful observers have stated that if\\nthese Indians can get lean meat they will eat it in con-\\nnection with fat in very nearly the same proportion as is\\nusual among their white brethren in temperate zones.\\nIf it were not for the time and expense involved, corn\\nboiled or fried in some form of animal or vegetable oil\\nor fat would be the best possible staple for fowls, winter", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "THE KINDS OF FOOD. 117\\nand summer. But the edicts of labor saving are against\\nthis diet, as well as somewhat against the use of the\\nfresh scraps from the butchers shops, and chandlers\\ngreaves, for the former must be chopped, and the latter\\nare pressed in cakes so solid as to need considerable\\npreparation before being used. The supplanting of the\\nvillage butcher by the big packing house, moreover,\\nmakes it impossible to get chandlers scrap cake in many\\nlocalities, while the feasibility of feeding the packing\\nhouse tankage, which takes its place, has not as yet been\\nsufficiently demonstrated. For one thing, it is sold in a\\nperfectly dry state and finely ground, so that it keeps\\nwell and can be fed with very little labor.", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIII.\\nBREEDING AND INCUBATION.\\nThe proper management of the breeding stock is a\\nvery important part of the scheme, for there must annu-\\nally be raised a large supply of pullets of the right qual-\\nity. The profits of the establishment depend largely on\\nthe excellence of the fowls, and as they can be multiplied\\nvery fast from a chosen few, no pains should be spared\\nto secure the very best as a source from which to stock\\nthe whole farm. There is but one way to do this, and\\nthat is to keep individual birds in experimental yards in\\norder to test their merits, recording the degree of excel-\\nlence and the pedigree of the best with as much care as\\nwould be given to breeding cows or horses.\\nWe will suppose it is designed to produce a strain of\\nLeghorns that shall excel in prolificness, laying at an\\nearly age, and in other requisites. Procure a pullet\\nfrom A and a cockerel from B, and put them in yard\\nNo. 1 purchase of C and D one bird from each, for\\nyard No. 2, and so on, always taking care that no speci-\\nmens are obtained from any locality where disease has\\nprevailed. If there is any doubt on this matter, quar-\\nantine your purchases on premises at a distance from\\nyour main establishment for two or three weeks. The\\nsmaller breeding yards are used as experimental yards,\\nand to allow each cock a proper number of mates, two\\nor more Plymouth Bock pullets, whose eggs can be dis-\\ntinguished by their color, are added. Give each Leghorn\\na name or number, and enter in a book all details neces-\\nsary for testing progress in improving the breed, such as\\n118", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "BREEDING AND INCUBATION. 119\\nweight, the age at which laying commenced, and the\\nyield of eggs during the first year, at the expiration of\\nwhich banish all but the best hens. The second year\\nset the eggs of the reserved extra fowls, and keep the\\nchickens produced by each pair separate from all others.\\nAt the age of five or six months, cull out the most prom-\\nising pullets and cockerels, and pair them for testing\\nand recording pedigree and prolificness as before. By\\nmating the produce of the original birds from A and B\\nwith the produce of those from C and D, finally the\\nfour stocks will become blended in one. Proceed in this\\nmanner a number of years, and when in the course of\\ntime a very extra prolific and vigorous hen has been\\nfound, which reached full size and commenced laying\\nearly, and whose ancestry have excelled in the same\\nrespects for several generations, as shown by the book,\\nthen from her eggs cocks are raised from which to breed\\nto replenish the main stock of layers at the itinerant\\nstations. These cocks are put in the larger breeding\\nyards, each with a flock of ten hens, and no accounts\\nare kept of the prolificness of individuals among their\\ndescendants.\\nAfter new stock is introduced to the experimental\\nyards, as must be done yearly, care is taken for a series\\nof years to avoid breeding akin, and as purchases will be\\nmade from fanciers who, to fix the conventional points,\\nhave most likely bred close and impaired strength, cross-\\ning will immediately give a decided increase of vigor.\\nTowards the last, however, when sufficient stamina has\\nbeen gained, and the stations are to be stocked, close\\nbreeding is resorted to, even the mating of brother with\\nsisters, which is the closest kind of inbreeding. This is\\nto increase the yield of eggs, the philosophy of the mat-\\nter being as follows Just as a fruit tree girdled or\\nseverely root pruned will give a profuse yield and then\\ndie, and as various domestic animals will for a short", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "120 AN EGG FA EM.\\ntime be more prolific after removal to unaccustomed\\nclimates, so the violent attack on vitality which occurs\\nwhen there is in-and-in breeding is met by an energetic\\nattempt of the organism to propagate in unusual num-\\nbers and thus maintain its kind. There has been much\\nconfusion on this point, for while scientific naturalists\\nhave insisted that no animal can thrive under continued\\nclose breeding, j)ractical poultry keepers have pointed to\\nthe prolificness of in-and-in bred fowls as a proof that\\nthere was no deterioration. The fact is, individual per-\\nfection and rapid increase are, to a certain degree,\\nincompatible. Under our plan of aiming chiefly to\\nsecure great quantities of eggs, we purposely give the\\nconstitution of the birds a shock in order to increase\\nfecundity, having first, however, carefully built up, for\\nsome years, by careful selection and good sanitary con-\\nditions, sufficient strength to withstand the assault.\\nThis course may appear inconsistent, but experiments\\nhave shown us that it is correct.\\nThe Plymouth Eocks are bred in the experimental\\nyards with a different basis of selection. The best sit-\\nters, -and those with the shortest legs and plenty of fluffy\\nplumage and ample wings, are preferred. Note the\\nbehavior of the hens that are bringing up chicks, and\\ncull out patterns of motherhood and set their eggs.\\nIn the breeding and experimental yards, the fowls\\nmust be fed and managed in every respect with the\\ngreatest care. Over-fattening is to be deprecated above\\nall other things, and may be avoided by burying all the\\ngrain, to make the birds exercise by scratching. The\\nsupply of grain should be moderate meat should be\\ngiven very often in very small quantities, and the allow-\\nance of fresh vegetables should be ample. Eree range\\nwould be very desirable for all the breeders, but as it is\\nimpracticable, scrupulous care must be taken to furnish\\nartificially natural conditions. Though the birds of the", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "BREEDING AND INCUBATION. 121\\nlaying class in the experimental yards are rated accord-\\ning to their prolificness, yet the test is merely a relative\\none, for they are not forced to profuse laying by stim-\\nulating feed.\\nSETTING THE EGGS.\\nVigor and thrift in chickens depend, in the first place,\\nupon the quality of the eggs set. Those obtained from\\nbreeding stock managed as described in the preceding\\nsection, will hatch strong and healthy chickens, observ-\\ning one precaution. Care should be taken never to set\\neggs laid near the close of the season, when the hens\\nhave been very prolific, for such will produce chickens\\ndeficient in vigor. The production of eggs in great\\nnumbers is, in the best laying breeds, abnormal. The\\nwild jungle fowl, in common with all birds in a state of\\nnature, lays no more than she can cover, and this is true\\nof domestic hens of sitting breeds, that steal their nests.\\nIt is the daily removal of the eggs by the keeper, and\\nthe supply of an abundance of nutritious food, that\\ncauses great prolificness. There are some species of\\nwild birds that will produce from thi ee to ten times\\ntheir usual number of eggs, during a season when their\\nfood is abundant, if their nests are continually robbed.\\nBut when hens lay twenty or more per month, for sev-\\neral months, the eggs are impaired. This is one reason\\nwhy chickens hatched in summer are sometimes so defi-\\ncient in vigor, compared with those produced in early\\nspring. For the sake of economy it is important to\\nhave as few non-impregnated eggs as possible. Over\\nninety per cent will be impregnated if the breeding\\ncocks are strong and sprightly, and no more than ten\\nhens are allowed in a flock. It is a good plan to keep\\ntwo cocks for each group of breeding hens, and shut\\nthem up alternately, one day at a time, in a small but\\ncomfortable coop, entirely out of sight of the hens. The", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "122 AIT EGG FARM.\\neggs should not be kept more than three or four days,\\nor ten at the most, before being set. Those laid the\\nsame day should be given to one hen, so that the whole\\nbrood may hatch simultaneously, for new-laid eggs\\nhatch several hours sooner than those that have been\\nlaid a considerable time before being set.\\nArtificial hatching and rearing are not economical.\\nEven if incubators hatch as great a proportion of eggs\\nas hens, there is no way of rearing the chickens artifi-\\ncially, and securing ventilation, warmth, cleanliness\\nand room for exercise, without greater outlay in labor\\nand building materials than is necessary when hens are\\nemployed, provided the rigors of winter are over. The\\ncost of fixtures for heating, and of fuel, and of suitable\\ncontrivances for providing exercise for the young broods,\\nmaks the plan entirely impracticable, except m case of\\nhigh prices for broilers and as for blooded fowls, no\\nbird designed for a breeder should ever be reared in a\\nbrooder.\\nThe nests of sitters should be made at bottom of damp\\nearth, packed to a concave shape. Make the sides steep\\nenough so that the eggs will lie close together and so\\nthat the hen can roll the outside ones towards the center\\neasily, but do not pack the earth so dishing that eggs\\nwill lie two deep in the nest. It is not necessary to\\nplace them upon the ground, or to sprinkle the eggs\\nwith water, if this rule is followed. It is proper that\\nthe eggs should be in some way exposed to moderate\\ndampness during incubation, as otherwise too much of\\nthe water in their composition evaporates. An elevated\\nbox furnished with nothing but dry litter is not suitable.\\nCover the earth with staw, bruised until pliable, and\\nbroken short. Long straw is apt to become entangled\\nwith the feet of the hen, causing breakage of eggs. It\\nshould not, however, be cut by a machine, because the\\nsharp ends of the pieces will come in contact with the", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "BREEDING AXD INCUBATION. 123\\nskin of the hen, or that of the delicate chickens. In\\nvery cold weather line the nest with feathers. We have\\nsuccessfully hatched eggs by preparing a nest thus, in a\\nroom where during part of the time of incubation the\\ntemperature was below zero. Set hens in large numbers\\nat a time, having kept some of them upon artificial eggs\\nuntil all are ready. Of course, an entry must be made\\nin a book of the family or strain, and other particulars\\nof each clutch.\\nExamine the eggs after the hen has been upon them\\nten days, by the- well-known method of placing them\\nbetween the hands and attempting to look through them\\nat a strong light or a better way is to use an egg tester,\\nsuch as is commonly sold by manufacturers of incubators\\nand by poultry supply houses in all the large cities.\\nEeturn to the hen only those eggs that appear opaque or\\nclouded; those which show clear, orange-colored yolks,\\nbeing unimpregnated, will not hatch, and may be used\\nas feed for chickens.\\nWhen hatching is progressing, remove gently once or\\ntwice the empty shells, that might otherwise overcap\\nthe unhatched eggs, but further than this do not inter-\\nfere, as a chicken worth hatching will contrive to get\\nitself hatched. Sometimes the membrane surrounding\\nthe chick is so tough that the prisoner cannot get out,\\nand in such a case the attendant can afford assistance,\\nit is true, but apart from the objection of taking too\\nmuch time to putter in this way, there is another trouble,\\nnamely By saving chicks from tough membraned\\neggs you perpetuate a tough membraned breed. When\\ndealing with the pedigreed chickens and selecting the\\nchoicest specimens to put in special broods by them-\\nselves, take those which not only get into the world\\nwithout any trouble, but those which hatch out and\\nbecome strong and lively the earliest. Let the chicks\\nremain in the nest forty-eight hours without being fed,", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "124 AX EGG FARM.\\nallowing the hen, meanwhile, water, and a little corn,\\njust a few kernels, placed in dishes by the nest. When\\nremoved to the coops, put in each double brood thirty\\nchickens less if it is cold weather, and forty sometimes\\nin summer.\\nThe large lice that often infest the bodies of sitting\\nhens will leave for the young chicks and gather on their\\nheads, unless care is taken. This trouble must be abso-\\nlutely prevented. The liquid lice-killer, of late inven-\\ntion must be applied freely to the edges of the nest\\nseveral times during the first fortnight of the sitting\\nterm, the wirework over the top and front of the nests\\nbeing covered, meanwhile, with paper or cloth as closely\\nas may be without stifling the sitters. Or powdered\\nsulphur, if bought at wholesale rates, will prove cheap\\nenough, and is not dangerous to the sitters. No cover-\\ning of the nests is necessary when this is used, and it\\ncan be applied during the third week if desired, or at\\nany other time. Two thorough applications will utterly\\ndestroy the enemy, an interval of four clays being allowed\\nbetween. Use two full handfuls each time. No matter\\nhow much lies at the bottom of the nest and on the\\nstraw and earth at its sides, it will not injure the hen or\\nher newly hatched chicks. Apply it at night to the\\nhen, and then keep her confined until the latter part of\\nthe next day, so that the fumes of the sulphur can take\\nfull effect. When you begin, disturb the hen slightly\\nso that she will bristle her feathers, and then from a\\ndredge box dust the sulphur down to every portion of\\nher skin, from head to foot, not omitting a liberal dose\\nupon all the eggs, so that the under parts of her body\\nmay get full benefit.", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XIV.\\nMANAGEMENT OF SITTERS.\\nA special management of sitters in a mild climate, with\\nmechanical contrivances for minimizing labor, has already\\nbeen given, and we will now describe the management\\nof the incubating hens kept in the buildings represented\\nin Figs. 21 and 22, and adapted to cooler latitudes.\\nThis building, like the one for the southwest, secures\\nplenty of room for the sitters to move about in when off\\ntheir nests. It cannot be too strongly insisted upon,\\nthat it is natural for a sitting fowl to run about very\\nactively when she has left her nest. She will always\\nmake the most vigorous use of her legs on such occa-\\nsions, when allowed full range.\\nThis extraordinary activity, in comparison with which\\nthe movements of a laying fowl appear moderate and\\nsedate, keeps her in health and is particularly necessary\\nin order that the bowels shall remain in good condition.\\nWithout a great deal of running hither and yon, your\\nsitting birds will be afflicted with spells of constipation\\nand looseness by turns, and will foul the nests, that is,\\na considerable per cent of them will, not all, and make\\nso disgusting a mess that you will wish you had never\\nseen a sitting hen in your life.\\nThe management of sitters kept in quarters shown in\\nFig. 22, will be understood by reference to Fig. 40,\\nwhich gives a nest rack viewed from the front, there\\nbeing three tiers of nests with an alighting board under\\neach tier. This rack may be seen in the center of Fig. 22.\\nThe nests are guarded against the depredations of rats\\n125", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "126\\nAN EGG FARM.\\nby the fine wire netting, as described. The use of the\\ncoarse netting that alternates with the fine, is as follows\\nHalf the labor of managing chickens is saved by confin-\\ning in the same coop two hens with their broods. They\\nwill agree perfectly, if well acquainted beforehand. We\\ntake a hint from nature here such wild birds as live\\nchiefly on the ground sometimes incubate and lead their\\nbroods in company. Wild turkeys, and their tame\\ndescendants as well, are an instance in point. While\\nsitting, adjoining hens form a particular acquaintance\\nFIG. 40. MANNER OF NUMBERING NESTS FOR SITTERS.\\nthrough the coarse meshes of the netting, and, at the\\nsame time, they cannot interfere with each other, or roll\\nthe eggs from one nest to another.\\nWithout a special system of management, a consider-\\nable number of sitting hens cannot incubate and feed in\\nthe same apartment without confusion, but by the fol-\\nlowing plan each is made to know her own nest and\\nreturn to it after feeding. In the first place, the laying-\\nhens, before offering to sit, are induced to choose nests\\nscattered evenly through the whole building, by properly\\ndistributing nest eggs and keeping half the nests closed.\\nThe nests on both sides of the house are divided verti-\\ncally into three sections, one at each end of the room", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "MANAGEMENT OE SITTERS. 127\\nand one at the center, by painting each division a special\\ncolor the center black, and the ends respectively red\\nand blue. The contrast assists the fowls very much in\\ndetermining their places.\\nNo more than three pairs of sitters should be allowed\\nto each division, or eighteen clutches on each side of the\\nbuilding. The six birds belonging in the middle divi-\\nsion remember their places very readily, because they are\\nso far from either end. To prevent those at the ends\\nfrom making mistakes, as soon as the laying season com-\\nmences, one end wall of the room is covered with straw,\\nor evergreen boughs, and the other left bare. A few\\nyards of cheap cotton cloth or some old newspapers will\\ndo to mark a distinction. All birds, wild or domesti-\\ncated, possess a keen sense of locality, and a few neigh-\\nboring objects enable them to recognize their nests. The\\nnests that are used for hatching are numbered by affix-\\ning movable labels, and every sitter is distinguished by\\nhaving a feather or two painted, the color showing her\\ndivision, and the position of the mark, upon her head,\\nbody, or tail, signifying a number corresponding to that\\nof her nest. This enables the attendant to correct mis-\\ntakes of the birds (which will, however, be rare) before\\nfastening them in daily. The colors show distinctly\\nupon the white ground of the feathers. This plan\\nappears somewhat whimsical, but it is simple and con-\\nvenient. Figure 40 shows the numbers on the side of a\\nroom, arranged as if for eighteen clutches, the nests not\\nnumbered being for the use of laying fowls in the mean-\\ntime. The shading represents the three different colors\\nof the divisions. The sitters are assigned places two by\\ntwo as above stated, and each of a pair of nests and each\\nof the occupants receives the same number. Only three\\nnumerals are necessary to designate three dozen nests\\nin all, in one house.\\nThe incubating hens should be fed early in the morn-", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "128 AN EGG FARM.\\ning, before any of the others are ready to lay. Those\\nnot sitting are shut into the yard; the large doors of\\ncoarse wi rework, that prevent hens from roosting on\\nthe alighting boards at night, are raised at one side of\\nthe room only, and the pieces of wire cloth before the\\nseparate entrances to the nests of the sitting hens are\\nremoved and placed in front of the nests frequented by\\nthe layers. Next, grain is thrown upon the ground in\\nview of all the sitters on that side of the room, when a\\ncall to which they are accustomed will cause nearly all\\nto leave their nests. The laggards that refuse to leave\\nare lifted from the nests and placed on the ground.\\nThe attendant must not take hold of the fowl. Push\\nthe hand gently under her and then spread out the fin-\\ngers and lift her slowly off the eggs. There is a knack\\nabout it which is quickly learned, and, to beat artificial\\nincubation all hollow, it must not be forgotten that our\\nsitters are of a selected strain and very quiet. When\\nthey are off, the large doors are lowered and the hens\\nare left from one-quarter to three-quarters of an hour,\\naccording to the weather, while the poulterer is repeat-\\ning the operation at the other buildings. When the\\nhens are off, inspect every nest to detect broken eggs, or\\nanything else amiss. The sitters upon one side are all\\nadmitted to their nests at once, by raising the large wire\\ndoors, and then shut in safe from rats or the intrusions\\nof laying hens,, by the separate pieces of wire cloth.\\nKepeat the operation at the nests on the opposite side\\nof the house.\\nThe houses for sitters should be located near the begin-\\nning and the finish of the route the wagon takes in\\nattending to the main laying stock, thus making it con-\\nvenient to work in the sitting department at intervals\\nthrough the day and give the sitters a long spell off in\\nwarm weather. On very warm days, they should be off\\nthe nests from one to three hours on a stretch. In very", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "MANAGEMENT OF SITTEES. 129\\ncold weather, from three to fire minutes will do, and in\\nmedium weather, anywhere from ten minutes to thirty,\\nforty-five or sixty minutes. Whenever the attendant is\\nexamining nests, or doing other work in the houses for\\nsitters, he should operate the hammers and feed shelves\\nas directed under the head of Houses for Sitters, Chaj)-\\nter VIII. The sitters will do much running besides, on\\ntheir own account. The layers, which are in the same\\nrunways and buildings occupied by the sitters, feed at\\nthe same time as the latter, and the layers have numer-\\nous opportunities to feed, while each batch of sitters has\\none opportunity only. This is all right, for the sitters\\nshould be rather sparingly fed, in order to keep them\\nkeen and eager, so that they may leave their nests\\npromptly at feeding time and not have to be removed by\\nhand. Whenever the feed shelves are operated, there\\nshould be only the very smallest possible quantity of\\ngrain jarred down, consisting of millet or very fine\\ncracked corn. The object is to confirm the habit, which\\nall the birds will have, of running back and forth to see\\nwhat is good at the other terminus of the yards between\\nwhiles, when the attendant is not present.\\n9", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEE XV.\\nMANAGEMENT OF YOUNG CHICKENS.\\nIn keeping poultry on a large scale, there is no one\\nthing more important, or more difficult to manage, than\\nthe chicken department. A failure in the yearly supply\\nof pullets, with which to recruit the stock of layers,\\nwould be fatal to the whole plan. It is quite an easy\\nmatter to raise nearly every chick of a hardy breed, when\\nthere are but a few upon an extensive range, but it is\\nthe reverse when we are desirous of rearing several hun-\\ndreds upon an acre, and there is, practically, no insect\\nforage at all. If there are persons who consider the\\noccupation of a poulterer as small potatoes/ believing\\nthat it needs less thought and skill than to manage a\\ncotton mill or a mercantile establishment, or horses and\\ncattle, let them try once to raise chickens by the thou-\\nsand, without losing money, and find the need of keep-\\ning their wits as sharp as in more pretentious kinds of\\nbusiness. Yet, all difficulties may be surmounted by\\nthorough management.\\nTo have strong chickens, it is necessary, while devel-\\noping the desired strain, to avoid breeding akin, and to\\nkeep the breeding stock in a condition as near to normal\\nas possible, securing for them sun, air and exercise, and\\navoiding a pampering diet. The greater the number of\\neggs produced by a fowl, the less vitality there will be in\\neach, therefore the first only of a laying should be set.\\nEarly chickens are the most certain to live, and this is\\nbecause force is stored up in the parent before laying\\ncommences, sufficient to endow the first eggs or chickens\\n130", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "MANAGEMENT OF YOUNG CHICKENS. 131\\nwith plenty of vigor, while later, the abnormal or artifi-\\ncial prolifieness impairs the eggs. In spite of the uncon-\\ngenial weather, March-hatched chickens are stronger\\nthan those produced in April, and the latter, in turn,\\nare reared with greater ease than those hatched in May.\\nBut, after attending to the above considerations, the\\nchickens being hatched and assigned quarters, their\\nthrift then depends chiefly on their diet. Of course,\\nthey must be kept clean, dry, free from vermin, and\\nprotected from other enemies, quadruped and biped,\\nand be allowed space for exercise in the sun and open\\nair but all these things will not suffice, unless animal\\nfood is artificially provided as a substitute for the insects\\nthey would obtain if there were but few chickens on the\\npremises. True enough, chickens can be reared on\\ngrain and vegetables alone, because they are like man,\\nomnivorous. Children can be reared without eating any\\nmeat at all, but both men and fowls will do better with\\nanimal food than without it. Butchers meat, such as\\ncalves and sheep s plucks, are even better than insects\\nfor young chicks, provided they are fed plentifully, yet\\nonly a very little at a time, and care is taken to alter-\\nnate with grain and green vegetable food. Chandlers\\ngreaves may be used for chickens, if very nice and sweet\\nthe article varies much in quality. They are very\\ncheap feed, cheaper than the fresh bits from the butcher,\\nbut not as good for chickens as the latter. There must\\nbe constant vigilance in supplying animal food regularly\\nand systematically. The young of birds in a wild state\\nare given an animal diet, even in cases when, as they\\nreach maturity, they live upon seeds.\\nThe young of our domestic birds cannot do their very\\nbest upon grain and vegetables alone, because such\\nthings cannot be digested and assimilated fast enough\\nby them to meet the great demands for nourishment\\ncaused by their rapid growth. Nature has provided", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "132 AX EGG FARM.\\nthat the young of all birds shall mature and become\\nfledged with wonderful rapidity, in order that the period\\nof their helplessness, when they are likely to be preyed\\nupon by their numerous enemies, shall be short. The\\nformation of the coat of feathers, which succeeds the\\ndowny covering with which they emerge from the shell,\\ndemands a quick and certain supply of nutritive mate-\\nrials, and, in the case of domesticated species, the young\\nare obliged at the same time to nourish the growth of\\nbodies which, owing to the artificial treatment man has\\nsubjected their parents to for many generations, tend to\\nan abnormal size. The fledging period is a critical one,\\nand the feeding, from the time of incubation until the\\nwing and tail feathers are fairly developed, should all be\\ncontrived with a view to assist the digestive organs in\\nchanging just as much easily assimilated material as pos-\\nsible into an abundance of good, rich blood. It will\\nnot do to wait until the time of the most rapid feather-\\ning, and then begin to allow a generous diet, but the\\nsystems of the young chicks must be prepared in advance,\\nby being stored with nutriment in every cell and tissue.\\nFor the first few clays after incubation, feed the yolks\\nof eggs slightly cooked by being dropped, in hot water,\\nnot spoiled by being hard boiled. Mix these with an\\necpial quantity of the crumbs of corn cake, made by bak-\\ning a dough of Indian meal and milk. The clear eggs,\\nthat were put under sitters and tested out, will give you a\\nsupply of yolks for this purpose. As soon as the chicks\\nare five or six days old, begin gradually to substitute boiled\\nplucks and livers, run through a meat cutter, in place\\nof the egg yolks, and the Indian meal may be cooked as\\na thick mush, and to stimulate appetite by variety, add\\nsometimes wheat bran and ground oats. Also, cracked\\ncorn and wheat screenings, raw, may be introduced. All\\nthey will eat of tender grass, chopped fine, and boiled\\npotatoes, nicely mashed, should be given. The grass", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "MANAGEMENT OF YOUNG CHICKENS. 133\\nmay, of course, be discontinued when the birds are\\nstrong enough to pluck it for themselves. Millet seed\\nis excellent for young chicks, and for fowls of all ages\\nfor that matter, but it is more expensive than corn\u00c2\u00b0in\\nproportion to the nutrition it contains; the latter,\\ncracked, and the meal and also the coarser particles\\nsifted out, is the main reliance for encouraging young\\nchickens to range for the sake of exercise a considerable\\ndistance from the coops containing the mother hens.\\nOccasionally, the broadcast sower should make a trip\\nparallel to the row of small chicken coops at a distance of\\nthree or four to eight or ten rods, according to the age\\nof the chicks, and scatter a slight sprinkling of fine\\ncracked corn. It is not necessary to do this every dav,\\nfor the remembrance of what they have previously found\\nwill cause them to ramble freely, especially as there will\\nbe a few insects on the range, even if not many. It is\\nvery important that the chicken coops shall be set in a\\nsingle row and at a distance from other fowls, so that\\nall the insect forage possible may be secured for them,\\nand, at the same time, they will be encouraged to ram-\\nble far and wide, exercise and employment of their\\nnatural hunting faculties being as beneficial as the forage\\nitself. If you double up the rows, even if they are 50\\nor 100 ft. apart, the chicks will not do as well. Locate\\nthe row near your crops, for they will clo no damage\\nbefore weaning. Crops grow insects insects grow chicks.\\nThe chicks of the main laying stock should be kept at\\na place separate from the selected pedigree chicks and\\nthose of the breed of sitters, because, as the former grow\\ntoward maturity, they should gradually receive feed more\\nforcing and stimulating than the latter. The adult\\nfowls designed for breeders should be fed sparingly, and\\nforced to literally scratch hard for a living the sitters\\nmust be allowed a stimulating diet in winter, to induce\\nthem to lay so as to be ready to sit early in the season,", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "134\\nAX EGG FARM.\\nFIG. 41. LAID B\\\\ HENS.\\nbut during the summer and fall their feed should be\\nsuch as to restrain rather than promote laying, while\\nthe fowls of the main stock should be crowded all their\\nlives without any intermission, by plying them with a\\ndiet growing richer and more stimu-\\nlating, because containing a greater\\nproportion of chandlers scraps, or\\nan equivalent in some other kind of\\nanimal food, the older they become.\\nCayenne pepper is the cheapest and\\nbest stimulant, with ground mus-\\ntard and ginger for a change. Be-\\ngin with a very little, and increase\\nthe quantity gradually, and be sure\\nto have these fiery condiments mixed evenly and uni-\\nformly through the mass of soft feed, by first scalding\\nthem in boiling water and mixing the infusion, dregs\\nand all, with meal, mashed .potatoes, or whatever the\\nmaterial of which the mess consists.\\nThe chicks of the breed the main laying stock com-\\nprises,are all that receive the indirect feeding previously\\ndescribed, which is another reason for locating them at\\na part of the ground distant from the pedigree chicks\\nand sitting breed chicks, but all, irrespective of breed,\\nmay be housed at night in the A coop, Fig. 33, a pat-\\ntern which the writer s experience of over forty years\\nof use has not enabled him to improve, cost being con-\\nsidered. To secure its full advantages, however, it must\\nbe used properly. The chief foes of young chicks are\\nwet and rats. Unless the coop has a floor, the hen will\\nscratch holes in the ground, which a hard rain will fill\\nwith water, and unless the floor is movable it cannot be\\nreadily cleaned. To arrange for the night, to avoid\\nrats and at the same time gi^e air, slide the coop toward\\nthe small rear door before pegging down the lid, a, as\\npreviously directed. This will give a crack at the edge", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "MANAGEMENT OF YOUNG CHICKENS.\\n135\\nof the floor at the rear of the coop and also at the front,\\ntoo small for rats to enter, and the animal heat will\\ncause cold air to flow in at the very bottom of the coop,\\nwhile comparatively warm air will escape near the top.\\nWhile the small A coops are good enough for ordinary\\nuse, yet some early chicks of the classes of breeders and\\nsitters, which are to be reared under the most favorable\\nauspices possible, are housed at scattered stations in the\\ncellars vacated in early spring by the early-hatched pul-\\nlets, and so have the advantage of a wide range. The\\nhouse for pullets, a description of which has been given,\\nis illustrated by Fig. 13. When this pullet house is\\nmoved off from the cellars, the latter are covered by\\nsome of the earth platforms, Fig. 6, a glazed sash being\\nFIG. 42. EGGS LAID BY PULLETS.\\ntemporarily hinged to one, after removing some boards,\\nfor a door. The platforms are laid two deep, as shown\\nin Fig. 48. When the chicks are old enough to run in\\nand out of the underground passage in the wall of earth\\nin the foreground of this cut, they are restricted at first", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "136\\nAX EGG FAKM.\\nto a small, lath covered pen, until they have learned the\\nway, and afterward allowed to range where they choose,\\nthe mother hen being confined as before. No hen can\\never be allowed to run at large with her brood, beneficial\\nas the freedom is to her and her younglings, for, under\\nFIG. 43. SHELTER FOR CHICKENS.\\nthis system, the practice and regularity cannot be secured\\nat all times and in all changes of weather, which are\\nessential in managing a large plant.\\nShade is very essential in summer, for both fowls and\\nchicks, especially for the latter, and is provided by prop-\\nping on stakes some of the earth platforms, otherwise\\nidle, as shown at A, Fig. 43. The basement parts of", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "MANAGEMENT OF YOUNG CHICKENS.\\n137\\nthe small coops, Fig. 36, not needed for weaned chicks\\ntill later in the summer, can also be. propped up and\\ncovered with boards or straw, as at B, Fig. 43. In the\\nforeground of this cut, E is a larger shelter from the\\nsun, such as will answer for either chicks or layers, at\\nthe itinerant stations, made by propping a winter dust-\\nbin, B, Fig. 11, in a slanting position, nailing lightly\\n~sfe\\nFIG. 44. TEMPORARY SHELTERS.\\na few boards or poles across and thatching with the\\nstraw mats that were used on the roofs of winter houses.\\nSpare floors to chicken coops, Fig. 34, may be arranged\\nas at C, Fig. 44, and in the same cut D represents a\\nshade made of rails and straw that were used in winter", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "138 AN EGG EAKM.\\nquarters, Fig. 11, with brush or cornstalks added to\\nkeep the wind from blowing the straw away.\\nWhile speaking of shade for young chicks, it may be\\nsaid here that for shade for layers at the colony stations,\\nbins, E, Fig. 43, may be drawn upon the ground by the\\nteam, occasionally, so as to never be very far from the\\nbuilding when the latter is shifted, and some of the earth\\nplatforms are moved about for the same purpose, when\\nnot employed in the dry earth harvest. By using plat-\\nforms at one station, straw mat screens at another, and\\nmovable booths of evergreen boughs at a third, neigh-\\nboring premises are made to look unlike. In this way,\\nall the various fixtures in the whole establishment are\\nkept in use summer and winter, and chickens and grown\\nfowls are sheltered from sun, wind and rain under\\nstructures that afford a great deal of ground room, which\\nis what counts, but they are low like the houses, and,\\ntherefore, made with but little lumber.", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVI.\\nADDITIONAL BUILDINGS.\\nThe building which contains the cook room must also\\nstore the grain and vegetables, where they will be handy,\\nand dry earth is kept at the same place, because, in con-\\nnection with other apartments, a receptacle may be most\\neconomically constructed, which shall admit of labor-\\nsaving in unloading and reloading stuff which is so heavy.\\nThe south eleva-\\ntion of the granary\\nand cook house, Fig.\\n45, shows the manner\\nof making a side-\\nhill barn on nearly\\nlevel ground, the ob-\\nject being to drive\\nthe wagon containing\\ndry earth to as high\\na point in the build-\\ning as possible. The\\ndriveway is made of\\nmasonry and earth,\\nexcepting near the\\nbuilding, where a\\nwooden bridge is sub-\\nstituted, shown also\\nin Fig. 46. A corre-\\nsponding driveway at the north end, shown in Fig. 46,\\nenables the team to pass out without backing. The dot-\\n139\\nFIG. 45. SOUTH ELEVATION.", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "140\\nA2ST EGG FARM.\\nted lines in Fig. 46 indicate the floors, A, A, which fol-\\nlow the inclination of the driveways until the level space,\\nB, is gained at the center, where is a trap, 0, through\\nwhich the earth falls into a hopper-shaped chamber, as\\nmentioned on Page 32. For filling the corners there are", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "ADDITIONAL BUILDINGS. 141\\nadditional trap-doors at D, D. This chamber or bin\\nslopes at the bottom, the position of a part of which is\\nshown by the dotted lines, E, E, which converge at the\\npoint, F, where is a slide-door, through which the con-\\ntents are discharged to be carried to the stations, the\\nwagon being backed for the latter purpose through the\\ndoors, 67, 67. West of the room where the dry earth is\\ndischarged into the wagon, is a bin for potatoes, etc.,\\nbuilt of thick stone walls, to prevent freezing. This\\nbin is filled from above by driving a load of roots to the\\nfloor, B, and allowing them to slide down an inclined\\nplane. The cook room, with which the window, H,\\ncommunicates, occupies the north part of the lower\\nstory, of which Fig. 47, Page 142, gives a ground plan.\\nI, cook room, with its outside (north) door, J. K,\\ngrain bin, entered at the door, L. The root bin is at M,\\nand entered at the door, N. The cook room is used in\\nwinter as a place in which to dress fowls, and contains\\nalso a work bench with tools. The cooking apparatus\\nis at 0. There is no chimney proper, but only a chim-\\nney top supported by strong timbers near the peak. A\\nbrick flue rises from perpendicularly as far as the\\neaves, terminated by an ordinary stovepipe, which con-\\nducts the smoke to a large drum in the upper room, and\\nfrom thence to the chimney top. In this way the garret\\nis warmed for drying feathers, or for rearing a few win-\\nter chicks if desired. As shown in Fig. 45, the south\\nwall of this nursery apartment is well glazed. The\\ndimensions of the building are 36x30 ft., with 18 ft.\\nposts.\\nTwo buildings remain to be described. Figure 49 rep-\\nresents a hospital that is, a building that can be used\\nas such in an emei gency. It is 14 ft. wide, 60 ft. long,\\nand 8 ft. high at the peak. There is a passage 2 1-2 ft.\\nwide, running its whole length the north side, which\\ncommunicates with the twelve rooms into which the", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "142\\nAN EGG FARM.\\nbuilding is divided by wire partitions. The glazed roof\\nis upon the south side. There is an outside door (not\\nshown in the figure) in the north wall, opposite the\\nI\\n--36 fr--\\nM\\nK\\n1\\nI\\n1\\nk\\ni\\ni\\nV\\no|\\nFIG. 47. GROUND PLAN.\\nchimney, for convenience in attending the fire. The\\nbuilding is warmed by coal, a fire-chamber of brick and\\na boiler and hot-water pipes being used.\\nIt- is injurious to animals to breathe the fumes that\\nwill escape when it is attempted to warm a room by\\npassing a smoke-pipe through it, leading from a coal\\nfire, unless the chimney is quite high, causing a strong\\ndraft, which is one reason for preferring hot water, and\\nanother is that the risk of overheating is not so great\\n(for water cannot be heated above a certain temperature\\nwithout turning to vapor or steam), and a third reason\\nis that less fuel is needed with hot water than without.\\nThe original cost of hot-water fixtures is double, it is\\ntrue, but they are kept in repair with hardly the expense\\nof a cent, and cause a saving of fully half the fuel. The\\nventilator at the top of the building has immovable\\nblinds at its sides, and horizontal door s at its bottom,\\nopening upwards, and closing by their own weight,", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "ADDITIONAL BUILDINGS.\\n143\\nmoved by means of cords and pulleys, regulate the egress\\nof air.\\nAt the north side of the building are a number of\\nsmall windows, covered with ordinary adjustable blinds,\\nfor the admission of fresh air, and in summer the doors\\nat both ends of the structure may be opened, as in the\\nillustration, and the windows in the roof should be\\npartly curtained. This building is used for early chick-\\nens, and numerous other purposes, it not being expected\\nto have much occasion to take care of sick fowls, for the\\ntrue plan is to prevent disease by inducing constant\\nexercise by scratching, by allowing sun, air, good food,\\nand breeding from vigorous stock.\\nNever have any hospital at all on your premises for\\nbirds affected with roup, cholera or other serious epi-\\nFKJ. 48.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 QUARTERS FOR EARLY CHICKENS.\\ndemic or infectious disease. In time, it is confidently\\nbelieved, some preventive, by inoculation or otherwise,\\nwill be provided by science to ward off the two dire", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "144\\nAN EGG FARM.\\nplagues, chicken cholera and roup but till that happy\\nera arrives the inflexible rule for treatment of diseased\\nbirds should be Keep a sharp hatchet, and use when\\nthe disease first appears. The foundation principle\\nmust be to secure and maintain health and vigor. In\\nintroducing new blood, it had best be done by procuring\\neggs for hatching. But in the rare cases when it may\\nbe advisable to add live birds to the breeding stock, they\\nFIG. 49.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 HOSPITAL FOB EGG FARM.\\nshould first be quarantined at a distance from the main\\npremises and frequently and carefully inspected, before\\nbeing added to the flocks.\\nOf late, great advances have been made in the matter\\nof destroying the parasitic vermin on fowls, and these\\npests will never again prove the terror to poultry men\\nthat they once were. The mites that infest the nests\\nand perches, we have long known how to prevent.\\nDuring sixteen consecutive years of fowl keeping in", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "ADDITIONAL BUILDINGS. 145\\nNebraska, not one of the minute vermin, the so-called\\nlittle red spider lice, has been found on the perches\\nin the writer s fowl houses. Also the scaly leg parasite,\\nwhile not yet entirely eradicated, has been readily con-\\ntrolled. But the large vermin, which cling to the\\nbodies of the adult fowls, have, in years past, proved\\nobstinate, unless, indeed, Persian insect powder was\\napplied in quantity too expensive for ordinary use. But\\nnow, thanks to the discovery of the modern cheap liquid\\nlice killers, the bodies of the birds need no longer be the\\nhosts of these disgusting, creeping things. There is no\\nsuch thing as spontaneous generation of lice, as every\\nwell informed person knows nowadays, and the goal we\\npropose as attainable is to eradicate entirely parasitic\\nvei-min from a business stock of poultry, by thorough\\nand persistent quarantine and treatment of the new pur-\\nchased fowls before introduction to the breeding yards,\\nthus keeping the aforesaid pest from restocking.\\n10", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XVII.\\nTHE INTENSIVE PLAN.\\nThe condensed or intensive plan is to the itinerant\\ncolony or extensive system of poultry keeping what a\\ngreenhouse is to ordinary farming. In the former, as\\nmany fowls or chicks as practicable are yarded in a small\\nspace and also kept much of the time under a roof,\\nwhile in the latter, comparatively few are allowed to the\\nacre of ground and they are kept, for the most part,\\nwithout yards, and never under a roof when it can\\nbe avoided.\\nDuring the last quarter of a century, the interest in\\npure bred fowls has been wonderful, and the money\\nspent in disseminating breeds enormous in amount.\\nPoultry associations and poultry exhibitions have multi-\\nplied and the hen fever has spread like wild fire. Mil-\\nlions of eggs of pure bred birds, for hatching purposes,\\nhave been sold and shipped to every corner of the land.\\nBut among the results have been disappointment, cha-\\ngrin, and loss immeasurable. Thousands and tens of\\nthousands of dollars have been squandered. Though\\nthe use of the scratching bin or shed has been well\\nunderstood, and though it has been very generally\\nprovided of late years, it has proved impracticable for\\nthe ordinary fancier to mix the grain and straw often\\nenough to induce the needful amount of exercise. He\\ncannot stand around all day to secure the exercise of a\\nfew fowls, while if the large-scale man goes the rounds\\nrepeatedly to his hundreds of flocks, with rake or pitch-\\nfork in one hand and a basket of grain in the other, and\\n146", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "THE INTENSIVE PLAN.\\n147\\nopens and shuts numbers of doors, the labor involved\\nwill intercept all or most of the profits.\\nThe experience of the writer is corroborated by that\\nof a great crowd of poultry men, to the effect that yarded\\nfowls, as they have been, not as they might be, are fail-\\nures as regards hatching and rearing purposes. Such a\\nyard as is usually provided is a delusion and a snare.\\nFor a few generations, enough chickens can be hatched\\nand reared to keep the breed along, but if the young\\nFIG. 51.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 TEDDER FOR STIRREXG LITTER.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (SEE PAGE 20.)\\nas well as the adult birds are confined, the end is exter-\\nmination, unless, as is, happily, generally the case, the\\nbirds are allowed range a part of the year, or resort is\\nhad to a farm station for an intermediate generation or\\ntwo, to restore wasted vitality.\\nSelling eggs at long prices for hatching from fowls\\nyarded in the usual manner is an offense. For twenty\\nyears and longer, while yards have been common, the\\nsame old cry has been repeated The season has been\\nbad for hatching. But every season always will be a\\nbad one when the layers take insufficient exercise. It", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "148\\nAN EGG FARM.\\ndoes not need that the breeding stock should be actually\\nsick, in order to impress a feeble and degenerate condi-\\ntion on the eggs. The fowls may be in apparently per-\\nfect health, yet their eggs may have become impaired.\\nThe following, from a late issue of The California\\nPoultry Tribune, would have been appropriate any and\\nevery season since the advent of pure bred fowls in the\\nFIG. 52.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE HARVEST.\\nUnited States caused the enclosed poultry yards to super-\\nsede the open range enjoyed by the birds of the former\\ngenerations of poultry keepers\\nEggs, as a rule, hatched but poorly this last season, and I think it\\na general complaint throughout the country. There seemed to be lack\\nof fertility of eggs, and chicks that managed to get out of the shell\\nappeared weak, lacked vitality in consequence, early show specimens\\nare scarce and will bring good prices for the lucky owners.\\nThe non-hatching has been hastily attributed to the\\nweather, but the weather never hinders the hen which\\nruns at large and steals her nest and is actively engaged\\nthe greater part of the day in foraging for a living, from\\nhatching twelve or thirteen chicks out of a nestful of\\nthirteen eggs. The feed has been another scapegoat. Every\\ncombination of animal food, green stuff and cereals has", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "THE INTENSIVE PLAN. 149\\nbeen tried, but no ration has been found that will neu-\\ntralize the bad effects which the lack of exercise of the\\nlaying birds produces on their eggs.\\nIn the first edition of An Egg Farm, the impor-\\ntance of inducing exercise by scratching was inculcated\\nfor the first time in print. The reader is reminded that\\npoultry literature is mostly of a very modern date.\\nThere have been, down to the present time, about two\\nhundred books and pamphlets printed on poultry, in the\\nEnglish language, but when An Egg Farm was first\\npublished, a small but excellent poultry book by Wright,\\nanother by Geyelin, and a few other books, very meager\\nones, comprised all the works on fowl keeping which\\nhad then attained any considerable circulation, and\\nnowhere had the importance of scratching, for the sake\\nof exercise, been mentioned though the experience of\\npeople with flower beds had, for long centuries previous,\\nshown that the hen is, by nature, a scratching animal,\\nas inveterate in parting the soil as is a duck in parting\\nthe water, and more so, in some cases, since the fond-\\nness for swimming has been bred out of some strains of\\nPekin ducks, by withholding bathing jnrivileges from\\nthem for many consecutive generations. Since our first\\nrecommendation, in the original edition of An Egg Farm,\\nas above stated, to furnish a scratching pile or scratch-\\ning bin, the modern voluminous fowl literature of the\\ncountry, including the poultry columns in the numerous\\nagricultural periodicals, has reiterated the advice until\\nfowl keepers have become well indoctrinated on this point.\\nBut, while the use of horserake and hay tedder, for\\nthe free range colony system, was pointed out in the\\nfirst edition, no better way was shown for mixing the\\ngrain and straw, in yards or buildings, than to do it by\\nhand. We described the best way we then knew. The\\nadvent since, of simple mechanical apparatus, contrived\\nby the author, to accomplish the mixing, constitutes a", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "150\\nAH EGG FARM.\\nrevolution in intensive poultry keeping. By the use of\\nthis invention, the greatest objections to keeping poul-\\ntry in confinement disappear, and by means of the new-\\nsystem yarded birds produce strongly vitalized eggs,\\nthat hatch well and make healthy, vigorous chicks. Now,\\neven in quite narrow quarters, both the parent stock and\\nthe young chicks can be made to take as much exercise\\nas they naturally do when running at large, and more,\\nin fact. The apparatus is to birds in confinement what\\nthe wheel is to a squirrel in a cage.\\nAs we have pointed out, it is utterly impracticable to\\nmix straw and feed together by hand often enough to\\nFIG. 53.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 WEEDEE AND SOIL STIBEING IMPLEMENT.\\nkeep the flock of fowls well employed. It must be done\\noften or it will not amount to much, and it must also be\\ndoue right that is, there must be a correct proportion\\nbetween the quantity of grain and the quantity of straw.\\nIf too much straw is used, the fowls become discouraged", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "THE INTENSIVE PLAN. 151\\nand will not work at all, and if too much grain is used,\\ntheir appetite is soon satiated and they become listless\\nand inactive thereafter for the remainder of the day.\\nWhen a judicious scratching pile has been made, for\\nyoung chicks or old birds, no matter which, it will be\\nfound that they will work it over in good thorough style\\nin just about twenty minutes. A device for mixing the\\ngrain and straw automatically is evidently needed, so\\nthat it can be done often and labor saved.", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEE XVIII.\\nTHE EXERCISER.\\nWe have already shown some simple contrivances for\\ninducing fowls to run, in the few cases under the exten-\\nsive system where it was necessary or convenient to\\nemploy yards or runways, but to induce them to scratch\\nis another matter, which becomes very important under\\nthe intensive system, where yarding is the rule and open\\nrange the exception. While formerly one attendant\\ncould properly manage hundreds of yarded fowls, he can\\nnow tend thousands by means of the new machine,\\nwhich is called the Exerciser.\\nIn its invention, the problem was to devise a recepta-\\ncle, suspended over the straw, to hold grain enough for\\na day, or for several days, if desired, inaccessible to rats\\nand mice, and to discharge a little and often upon the\\nstraw beneath for, as stated, if too much is distributed\\nat-a time, the birds will become cloyed and. cease work-\\ning, and if too little is dropped they will also cease,\\nbecause they become discouraged.\\nThe dropper or distributer, which is more accurate\\nand precise than the feed shelf already described, and is,\\ntherefore, particularly adapted to feeding chicks in\\nbrooders, is constructed as follows Let e, Eig. 58, rep-\\nresent a strip of tin, 3 ft.xS in. a is a strip of wire\\ncloth, 3 ft. x3 5-8 in., with mesh 8 to the inch; b, c,\\nand d are strips of wire cloth of the same length and\\nwidth as e, and b has mesh 10 to the inch, c has 12 and\\nd 14 to the inch. All these may be ordered at any hard-\\nware store. Figure 59 shows these strips, a, b, c, d,\\n152", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "THE EXERCISER.\\n153\\nand e, all soldered together in a regular gradation,\\naccording to sizes, the finest mesh being soldered to the\\ntin. Let e lap over d, and d lap over c, and so on no\\nneed of soldering continuously\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a drop of solder every\\n00\\n4++H\\nKB\\ngj\\nH\\nH\\n3\\nP\\n[I\\nW4i\\n-ill, ii iiiilfe\\nS\\nllmll\\nATF\\nfrnr\\nttti i 1 1 i 1 1 i r\\n6 in. will do. There is a little knack in soldering such\\nmaterial. Press the strips flat on a floor or board, allow-\\ning each to lap at one edge 1-4 in. over its neighbor.\\nYou hold the wire cloth down firmly, by pressing end-", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "154\\nAK EGG FARM.\\nwise with a small stick, close by where the solder is put,\\nso that the Wire cannot spring, while another person\\ndoes the soldering. In three seconds the solder will\\nchill, and you move your stick 5 or 6 in. to the\\nnext point.\\nFigure 61 shows one of the end pieces to the dropper\\nor feed cylinder. It may be either octagonal, square or\\nFIG. 59. STRIPS SOLDERED TOGETHER.\\ncircular, and if of the latter shape, should be five and\\nthree-quarters inches in diameter, being cut from a seven-\\neighths inch board. It has a hole, in the center, to\\nreceive an iron shaft, consisting of a half-inch iron pipe.\\nThe shaft may be of any length desired, and to it may\\nbe attached as many cylinders as needed to feed a row of\\nseparate flocks in a long, narrow house. Figure 60\\nshows how the tin and wire of Fig. 59 are fastened to", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "THE EXERCISER.\\n155\\nthe end piece, Fig. 61. In\\nFig. 60, a represents the tin\\nwhich is tacked closely at\\nthe bottom of the cylinder,\\nbut flares out into a flange\\nat a. Above a, there is an\\nopen space, through which\\nthe cylinder is charged with\\ngrain. The flange assists in\\nputting in the proper quan-\\ntity quickly, the grain slid-\\ning down, of course, so as to\\nrest on the tin at the un-\\nderside of the cylinder. In\\nFig. 60, the cylinder is shown\\nin correct position for fill-\\ning. The cylinders are fast-\\nened to the shaft so as to\\nmove with it, not on it.\\nThe grain should be in the\\nform of small particles of\\nassorted sizes, from the di-\\nmensions of a pinhead to a\\nkernel of wheat. Cracked\\ncorn with the meal sifted\\nout is excellent.\\nThe cylinder should be\\nmade to perform only about\\na hundredth of a revolution\\nat a time, the motion, at\\nfirst, after charging with\\ngrain, being in the direction\\nto raise the tin upward, con-\\nsequently the millet, wheat\\nand cracked corn will come\\nin contact first with the fine", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "156\\nA1ST EGG FARM.\\n61. END PIECE OF FEED CYLINDER\\nIN POSITION.\\nmesh and afterward with a coarse and still coarser mesh\\nsuccessively, all the time losing grain of a coarser size, the\\ncoarsest particles of the whole falling through the open\\nspace next to the\\nflange, a, by the time\\nthe cylinder has made\\na complete revolu-\\ntion. The operation\\nof revolving a cylin-\\nder and its succes-\\nsive positions are\\nplainly shown in\\nFigs.92,93,94and95.\\nThe sticks, h, b,\\nFig. 60, are to keep\\nthe cylinder in shape,\\nwhile it is being slip-\\nped onto the shaft.\\nThis shaft of half-inch iron pipe must have a hole drilled\\nthrough it to receive a common wire nail, as shown in\\nthe left of Fig. 60 the nail being clamped against the\\nwood by means of small staples.\\nAt one end of the shaft or axle, attach a crank, which\\nmust be moved only the very slightest distance at a time,\\nso as to spill the desired quantity at a dose into each pen\\nof birds located under each cylinder, and supplied with\\nstraw, chaff, or litter, upon which the feed drops.\\nEight or ten hours or so must elapse before you make\\nthe axle accomplish a complete revolution. In a frac-\\ntion of a second yon can sift down a dose for a half\\ndozen flocks or for a score of flocks, according to the\\nlength of the building and the axle. It takes no longer\\nto feed several hundred birds than to feed twenty. A\\nmere jar with the thick of the hand against the handle\\nof the crank does the business. This jar should be given\\ntwo or three times an hour.", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "THE EXEECTSEE.\\n157\\nIn a large establishment, where an attendant must\\nbe on hand pretty much all the time, anyhow, this oper-\\nation by a crank will be chosen, but the fancier or\\namateur, or ordinary keeper of one or a few flocks, will\\ndo well to attach clockwork to the dropper, and to the\\nchaff box described further on, so that the feeding may\\nbe carried on regularly, while he is at his office or store\\nor even out of town. The easiest way to make a crank\\nand attach it to the axle of the dropper, is to use a half-\\ninch iron pipe six inches long and another piece four\\ninches long for a handle, and two elbows, one of which\\nis to be screwed to one end of the axle, see Figs. 120 and\\n63. Or, if a black-\\n^r^x^ smith can be obtain-\\ned more readily than\\na plumber, one end\\nof the hollow axle\\nmay be plugged with\\niron and a wrought\\niron crank, Figure\\n67, may be attached\\nwith a nut and\\nwasher. Or a ready\\nmade crank with a\\nwooden handle, Fig.\\n69, can generally be\\nprocured at a hard-\\nware store. Or, if\\nyou are near an ag-\\nricultural implement\\nfactory or a railroad\\nshop and can get a handwheel, such as is represented in\\nFig. 68, it will be better than any sort of crank.\\nFIG. 62. CRANK FOR WOODEN SHAFT.", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEE XIX.\\nTHE TILT BOX.\\nA pile of straw, leaves, chaff, excelsior, hay, or almost\\nany sort of litter must be located under the cylinder.\\nIf the litter would always remain loose and huffy so that\\nthe grain would rattle down in interstices, then no fur-\\nther machinery would be needed. But it will not\\nremain loose. The scratching of the birds will soon\\nreduce long straw to short bits, and their trampling\\nwill turn the pile into a compact mass, on top of which\\nthe grain will lie and be devoured at once, and therefore\\nno exercise to speak of will be secured. An agitator or\\nlitter-stirring apparatus is therefore necessary, as well as\\na grain dropper, so that the litter and grain may be\\nthoroughly mixed together.\\nThere are a half dozen different methods of construct-\\ning simple machinery for mixing, but the simplest\\nmovement consists in using chaff, short cut straw or\\nother stuff for litter that is short and heavy enough to\\nroll and tumble readily, and placing it in a box or bin\\nthat is made to rock like a cradle. Let the floor be in a\\nlevel position at the start, then rock the box till the\\nfloor stands at an almost perpendicular position, causing\\nthe litter to tumble, then rock the box back again to a\\nlevel. The grain is dropped just before the litter begins\\nto slide or tumble. By a simple device, to be presently\\ndescribed, the fowls are called out of the tilt box before\\nit is rocked, and are not admitted till it is level again.\\nThe operation of rocking or tilting will be understood\\nby referring to Figs. 72 and 73. Suppose the box is at\\n158", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "THE TILT BOX.\\n159\\nrest, as shown at A, Fig. 73, the litter being represented\\nby the dots being level. The first step is to tilt to the\\nposition, B, and then stop a second and drop feed from\\nthe cylinder, 10, before the litter tumbles, then pass to\\nthe full tilt, C, Fig. 72, which makes a windrow or ridge,\\nthen immediately go back to the level position, D, when\\nFIG. S3. END OF ROW OF FEED\\nthe windrow will be found intact at y, with grain mixed\\nthrough it ready for the fowls to enter and go to work.\\nThe shape of the windrow is not destroyed by the motion\\nof the tilt box in returning to the original position.\\nAfter the birds have worked about twenty minutes,\\nscratching, the litter will be back to its original level,", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "160\\nAN EGG FARM.\\nFIG. 64. FENCE RATCHET.\\nor nearly level, position, as shown at A, Fig. 73. There\\nis wire netting from x to w and from w to y, which\\ngives light and air, and also permits the feed to drop\\nthrough when the cylinder is jarred slightly while the\\nbox is at the half tilt. The portions of the box at u, v,\\nw, x and y are boarded, and to put litter in the box or\\ntake it out, make v and the\\nwire strip next it in the form\\nof a door, to be hinged to\\nthe board, w. The tilt box\\nis supported upon and rota-\\nted by an axle, 4, of iron\\npipe, which rests on joists,\\nthese being about two feet\\nabove the floor of the build-\\ning, so as to give the box\\nroom to tilt. A row of tilt boxes, each for a separate\\nflock, may be attached to one continuous axle, and all\\ntilted simultaneously, a row of feed cylinders being sus-\\npended above them to correspond.\\nIf, for the sake of economy or convenience, a wooden\\naxle is preferred, the tilt boxes may be nailed to a sawed\\nstick 3x3 or 4x4, or larger, according to the number of\\ntilt boxes it is to turn, the stick being rounded where it\\nrests on the joists or a straight pole from the forest\\nmay be substituted, Fig. 74, and clamped to the box by\\nbolts, h,b, passing through pieces of hard wood, a and c.\\nClamps consisting of single blocks of wood and two\\nbolts, Fig. 98, may be used to attach small (chick size)\\ntilt boxes to iron axles. The feed cylinder and tilt box\\nare useful for adult birds and for chicks reared artifi-\\ncially in brooders, the size being according to the size\\nof the birds.\\nVarious other mechanical movements designed for\\nmixing grain and litter together have been tested, but\\nnone has been found as satisfactory as the tilt box. A", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "THE TILT BOX.\\n161\\nbox is shown in Fig. 114, with a portion of its floor, 27,\\ncurved. There are revolving arms, 32, and spokes, 33,\\nattached to the axle, 34. The box does not tilt or\\nrevolve, the motion of the arms and spokes sufficing to\\nstir the litter. This apparatus works fairly well, and\\nFIG. 65. ROW OF FEED CYLINDERS.\\nbetter than several other mixing machines tried at our\\nestablishment, but the tilt box excels all of them.\\nThe method of calling out the occupants of the tilt\\nbox into an adjoining apartment remains to be described.\\nThe reader is referred to Figs. 71 and 76, which, how-\\never, are not literal representations, but are intended\\nmerely to show the principle. Figure 71 is in perspective,\\n11", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "162\\nAN EGG FARM.\\nand Fig. 76 is a transverse section of the same. Com-\\npare Fig. 72 with Fig. 76. Both cuts represent a tilt\\nbox turning on the axle 4, although the position is\\nreversed in one cut, and both show the location of the\\noctagonal feed cylinder overhead. Figures 71 and 76\\nshow the essential features of the method of calling the\\nFIG. 66. CHICKS RESPONDING TO FOOD SIGNAL.\\nbirds out of the way and keeping them away until the\\ntilting operation is finished. The size and preparation\\nof the various parts will be modified according to the\\ndimensions of your fowl house, in case of laying stock,\\nor the size and shape of your brooders, in case of winter\\nchicks.\\nIn Fig. 71 are given a tilting box and a stationary", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "THE TILT BOX. 163\\nbox, both being set on legs and being a part of a series\\nranged along a passageway where the attendant goes.\\nWe will suppose we are describing apparatus of chick\\nsize. The tilt box, 1, underneath the cylinder, 10, is\\n2 or 2 1-2 ft. wide, 3 1-2 or 4 ft. long, according to the\\nnumber of birds you prefer in a brood, and 1 ft. high.\\nFor the sake of light and air the top is made mostly of\\nwire netting, one inch mesh. Bottom and ends are of\\nboards, sides partly boards, partly Avire. Each box\\nshould have three to five pecks of fine litter, the quan-\\nFIG. 67. WROUGHT IRON CRANK.\\ntity depending on the age of the chicks, number in a\\nbrood, and size of the box. The tilt boxes alternate\\nwith stationary boxes down the whole length of the pas-\\nsage, although but one tilt box, 1, and one stationary\\nbox, 7, are shown in Fig. 71.\\nYou call the chicks out of the tilt box into the sta-\\ntionary box by means of a bell, 22, pulled by the handle\\nat 24, and by setting in motion a small extra cylinder,\\n20, represented here as of a square form, which contains\\ngrain and is supported and moved by axle, 19, and\\ncrank, 21. The small cylinder is set directly over the", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "164\\nAN EGG FARM.\\nstationary box, 7, which adjoins the tilt box. These\\ntwo boxes communicate by small exit apertures, 8 and 9,\\ncut in the ends of each box. These apertures recipro-\\ncate when the tilt box is horizontal, but ingress and\\negress is cut off when\\nthe tilt box has tilted\\nhalf its journey. In\\nboth Figs. 71 and 76,\\na board flap may be\\nseen (the artist omit-\\nted giving it a num-\\neral), with its lower\\nedge curved, the flap\\nbeing attached to the\\ntilt box under the\\naperture, 9. It fol-\\nlows that when the\\ntilt is partly accom-\\nplished, as shown by\\nthe dotted lines, com-\\nmunication between the tilt box and the stationary\\nbox is cut off, so that the birds cannot return to the tilt\\nbox until the tilt is completed and the box is on its\\nhomeward passage and almost arrived at its original\\nlevel position. A flap attached to a tilt\\nbox is shown more plainly in Fig. 141,\\nwhich also represents the best shaped\\nbox that we have tried. The opening in\\nthe box through which the chicks pass\\nin and out is made high enough above\\nthe floor to allow for a layer of litter.\\nIt will be noticed that the wirework\\nat the top is in the form of a cloor,\\nas previously explained, to facilitate removing litter\\nand putting in fresh occasionally.\\nEef erring to Figs. 71 and 76, the order of movements\\nCRANK WHEEL.", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "THE TILT BOX.\\n165\\nis as follows You ring the bell at 22, at the same time\\ncausing the flag, 25, to nutter, although the flag is not\\nabsolutely necessary, and then you jar the crank, 21,\\nslightly, causing a few particles to fall, and the chicks\\nrush pell-mell through the exit apertures, 8 and 9, into\\nthe stationary box, 7. You then immediately begin to\\nrotate the tilt box, pausing when the tilt is half accom-\\nplished, at which time the floor of the box stands at a\\nslope of 45\u00c2\u00b0 and the litter has not begun to slump or\\nslide at all. During this pause you tap the crank, 16,\\nof the main cylinder, 10, causing a sprinkle of feed to\\nFIG. TO. END OF SHAFT.\\ndrop upon the litter. Then you complete the tilt, and\\nthe feed will be found mixed all through the ridge or\\nwindrow of litter.\\nNext bring the tilt box to a level position, which\\naffords ingress to the birds, and, no bell call being now\\nnecessary, in they will rush in two seconds, and proceed\\nto tackle the windrow and level it, to a surprising degree\\nuniformly, all over the bottom of the box, if the litter is\\nnot too coarse, and they will be just about twenty minutes\\ndoing it every time, if the quantities of both litter and\\ngrain are right. Three times an hour, or thirty or more\\ntimes a day, you can repeat the operation as you choose.\\nThe bell call, or a flag call, or some sort of a signal, is\\na necessity, at first, when the chicks are to be enticed", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "166\\nAN EGG FARM.\\ninto the stationary box, preparatory to tilting. Later,\\nno bell is needed, for the very slightest movement of the\\nfeed dropping appliances, unless absolutely noiseless,\\nwill serve the purpose of the bell. Referring to the\\nhand bell shown in Figs. 71 and 76, a trip gong bell,\\nFIO. 71. DETAILS OF TILT BOX.\\nFig. 126, is preferable, and you may use one for every\\nfifty or seventy-five feet of your brooder house. Or sus-\\npend an ordinary sleigh bell by a cord over every brooder\\nbox. People ask how long it takes to teach chicks to\\nunderstand the bell, and are surprised that only a few\\ndays are needed for this. Fowls, old and young, rely", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "THE TILT BOX.\\n167\\nmuch on their ears, and as nature has taught them,\\nduring thousands, or perhaps millions, of generations,\\nto give heed to a language among themselves, they have\\na natural aptitude for learning the meaning of sound\\nsignals. After they have been taught, they will heed a\\nbell hung at a great distance from their apartment, or,\\nD\\n4t\\nFIG. 72. TILT BOX\u00e2\u0080\u0094 REVERSE OF FIG. 76.\\ns v/\\nas we have said, the slightest noise made by the friction\\nor jarring of the feed-dropping apparatus, or its connect-\\ning parts, will render a bell unnecessary.\\nIn Fig. 71, the axle, 14, is represented as fitted with\\na ratchet, 17, and pawl, 18 but these are unnecessary,\\nthe friction of 14 against its wooden supports being suf-\\nficient to hold it in the position it is left by the operator,\\nunless the axle supports quite a long row of cylinders.", "height": "2762", "width": "1764", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "168\\nAN EGG FARM.\\nOr one or more brakes made of a stick of wood pivoted\\nto an immovable stick at one end and having a weight\\nattached to the other end, may be located so as to ride\\ncrosswise of the axle and impart the desired amount of\\nfriction. It is our aim to show homemade styles of\\nFIG. 73. USING THE TILT BOX.\\nconstruction for everything, as well as more elaborate\\npatterns. Axles 4, 14 and 19 are represented in the cut\\nas passing through a wall or partition in the foreground.\\nFigure 76 represents the same as Fig. 71, it being a verti-\\ncal section substantially through 2, 2. The numerals\\nare the same in both cuts. The clotted lines in Fig. 76", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "THE TILT BOX.\\n169\\nrepresent the half tilt, which is the position at the time\\nthe dropping cylinder is moved to discharge feed upon\\nthe litter. The operation of tilting is further illustrated\\nin Figs. 72 and 77.\\nHaving shown the mode of operation, by means of\\nFigs. 71 and 76, we beg to again remind the reader that\\nW ~i\\nFIG. 74. TILT BOX OX POLE.\\nthese two cuts are not literal representations of the\\nexerciser, for in order to make plain how the thing\\nworks, we have employed these in a general way to\\nexhibit the principle merely. The shape and proportion\\nof the two boxes or apartments, and of the other parts,\\nmust be modified to fit various cases. The essential", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "170\\nAN EGG FARM.\\nideas are the dropping of grain and ringing a bell to call\\nthe birds out of the tilt box, a flap or revolving door to\\nshut them out, the dropping of grain\\nonto litter, the stirring or mixing of\\nthe litter and grain together, and,\\nfinally, allowing the birds admission\\nto the tilt box all these stages being\\naccomplished by an operator at one\\nextreme end of the building.\\nTo turn the shaft which supports\\nthe tilt boxes, a winch, Fig. 138, may\\nbe employed, such as is used for\\nhoisting, provided the line of tilt\\nboxes is a long one. Or, a long iron\\ncrank maybe employed, as in Figs.\\n78, 79 and 80. It may be two and\\na half to three feet long, and one or\\none and a quarter inches in diameter.\\nIt will suffice for twenty or thirty\\nchick tilt boxes, or five or six layer\\ntilt boxes, and may be made by any\\nblacksmith and attached by set\\nscrews. The figures last named show\\ntilt boxes of the shape of Fig. 143,\\nwhich is a very good style, these\\nbeing built of wire wherever possible,\\nfor the sake of light and air, and the\\nbox being deepest at the rear to re-\\nceive the windrow. The axle is not\\nat the center, but nearest the rear,\\nso as to allow revolving more easily\\non the return trip. In Figs. 78, 79\\nand 80, the call -cylinder axle and\\nthe axle of the regular feed dropping L\\ncylinders have the sort of hand wheel attached that is\\nshown in Fig. 68, a brake wheel procurable at car shops.", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "THE TILT BOX. 171\\nThe levers or cranks attached to the tilt box axles are\\nlong, and the handwheels attached to the cylinder axles\\nare of considerable size, because the axles represented in\\nthe cuts are each 145 ft. long. If the tilt box axle is of\\nwood, a wooden lever, Fig. 88, strengthened by iron\\nplates, may be fitted to one end of the axle, which is\\nsquared, Fig. 70, b, and after the lever is put on, a\\ncollar, a, keeps it in place.", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XX.\\nOUTDOOR EXERCISER.\\nAs exercise out of doors is very desirable during the\\nwhole year, except when the weather forbids, and as the\\ntilt box is not very well adapted to out of doors, a style\\nof apparatus different from that we have described is of\\ngreat value for use in yards. While the form of exercise\\nfor indoors consists in scratching, the outdoor exercise\\nis by running, jumping and flying. To begin with, two\\nsmall yards of 50 to 100 square ft. of ground are con-\\nstructed for each flock, 100, 150 or 200 ft. apart, accord-\\ning to the space at command; these being connected by\\nlow, narrow runways of wire netting stretched over\\nframes of wood or iron, exactly as described for breeders\\nand sitters on the extensive plan.\\nThese runways are only 2 1-2 or 3 ft. high and the\\nsame in width and are preferably built in separate mov-\\nable sections, say 12 ft. long. They are the same as\\nthose used for fowls kept yarded in connection with the\\nextensive or itinerant plan. These sections or hurdles\\ncan be readily moved and the ground plowed to keep it\\nsweet and clean, and being closed at top and sides by the\\nwirework and open at both ends, they make a continuous\\npassage or runway when placed in a line end to end.\\nWe have said that each runway terminates at either end\\nin a small yard. Now, there is also an additional yard\\nattached to each runway, midway between the two end\\nyards. This center yard should be covered, 4 or 5\\nft. wide, and considerably higher than the runways, say\\n4 ft. for Asiatics, 5 or 6 ft. for medium breeds and 7 or\\n172", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "OUTDOOR EXERCISER.\\n173\\n8 ft., at least, for high fliers like the Leghorns. The\\nlength should be in proportion to the night, say 8 to 16 ft.\\nFIG. 76. TRANSVERSE SECTION OF TILT BOX.\\nThese little yards with runway attached will afford\\nfifty times the exercise in proportion to the building-\\nmaterial employed and the space occupied, that the ordi-", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "174\\nAN EGG FARM.\\nnary yard will. The birds will take more exercise even\\nthan the farmer s flock, which runs at large. For the flock\\nin a yard or on a free range will walk, while those in the\\nrunway will run, that s the difference. The surface of\\nT\\nT\\ni\\nm\\nI.NTEPJOK ALTEEKATE SYSTKM. SEE VUiS. 128 ASU 130.\\nan ordinary yard becomes, in a short time, as bare as\\nthe desert of Sahara. It affords not the slightest incen-\\ntive to exertion. There is no more vegetation growing\\non it than on the lid of a copper teakettle, and it is", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "OUTDOOR EXERCISER.\\n175\\nseldom, indeed, that a stray grasshopper invades its\\nsterile precincts. The nature of the fowls is to run,\\nsearch, spy and hunt, yet they become discouraged and\\nfinally relapse into idleness and mope in a corner. But\\nFIG. 78. ROW OF TILT BOXES, FROM END.\\nthe runways we are describing cure all that, as the reader\\nwill see further on.\\nFigure 82 gives a partial view of a series of low, narrow\\nrunways, connecting with a row of end pens or small", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "176\\nAiST EGG FARM.\\nyards. Figure 83 is a ground plan that will further\\nassist the reader to understand the arrangement of the\\nrunways and pens. Let 1, 1, 1, 1 represent one row of\\nTILT BOXES PARTLY TURNED\\nend pens, which we will call the nearby pens, mean-\\ning those which are at the end the most convenient for\\naccess of the poultry keeper. These are for four flocks\\nrespectively, 2, 2, 2, 2 being the distant end yards for the", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "OUTDOOR EXERCISER. 177\\nsame flocks, and 3, 3, 3, 3 the midway yards, built high as\\nwas described, being intended for jumping and flying.\\nThe runways enable the birds to run from 1 to 2, pass-\\ning through 3 on the way. Across the center of yard,\\n3, there is a board fence set at right angles with the run-\\nway. This fence is composed of a vertical frame, which\\nsupports horizontal movable boards, each six inches\\nwide, more or less, as may be convenient. At first,\\nleave all the boards out till the birds, are used to the run-\\nways. Then slide in the bottom board, after a few clays\\nadd another board, and build up in this way by easy\\nstages. The dotted lines at 3 show the location of the\\nfences.\\nNow, for the incentive to running back and forth the\\nwhole length of the runways and giving a good jump\\nand fly at the halfway house. This incentive consists\\nin locating a series of feed droppers over 1, 1, 1, 1, and\\nanother over 2, 2, 2, 2, at the respective centers as indi-\\ncated by the dotted lines. These droppers or cylinders\\nmay be like those previously described, which are sus-\\npended over the tilt boxes of the indoor exerciser.\\nFurther on, we shall describe other feed droppers in the\\nform of pouches or sieves instead of cylinders.\\nThere is a bell at the nearby line of cylinders and\\nanother at the distant row. The operator stands at A\\nto move the cylinders of the nearby pens and rings the\\nbell, while, without leaving the spot, he can also ring\\nthe distant bell when desired by means of a bell wire,\\nstretched from A to B, and he can also move the\\ncylinders over 2, 2, 2, 2, without leaving his post at A, by\\nmeans of a simple contrivance illustrated in Fig. 82. In\\nthis cut, the feeder is supposed to be looking directly\\ndown upon the cylinders and pens, it being a ground\\nplan of three runways. The artist has broken off these\\nrunways, however, and the operating wires also, and\\nomitted the halfway pens, the entire length being too\\n12", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "178\\nAN EGG FARM.\\ngreat to be shown in the diagram. The two cranks in\\nthe cut are supposed to be at the nearby pens, corre-\\nTILT BOXES TURNED.\\nsponding to the point A in Fig. 83, so as to be within\\neasy reach of the operator.\\nA row of cylinders over distant pens are seen in the\\nbackground of Fig. 96. As previously stated, the cyl-\\ninder axle of the nearby pens may be revolved by means", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "OUTDOOR EXERCISER. 179\\nof the nearby crank. The cylinder axle belonging to the\\ndistant pens has, instead of a crank, a wooden spool,\\neight inches in diameter, attached to one end of the\\naxle and a small flexible wire, No. 14, passes two or\\nthree times around this- spool. To the short end of the\\nwire is attached a weight, not shown in Fig. 82, while\\nthe long end extends the whole length of the runway,\\nterminating at a point near the nearby pens, where it\\nwinds upon a small spool or axle, to which a crank and\\na ratchet and pawl are attached.\\nIn Fig. 84,- the two spools and their connecting-\\nwire are shown viewed from the end instead of from\\nabove as in Fig. 82\u00e2\u0080\u0094 14a is the distant spool, 145 the\\nwire and 14c the nearby spool in both figures. In\\nFig. 84, W is a weight which is hung in the pit, P,\\ndug in the ground G, 67, four feet deep and walled or\\nboarded at the sides, and furnished with a movable top\\nor lid with a hole in it, through which the wire passes.\\nThe distance between the two spools may be fifty feet or\\nso for young chicks, or several hundred feet for grown\\nfowls, therefore the wire is represented as broken off\\nthe same as in Fig. 82. And we may say that in all the\\ncuts the intention is merely to show the principles of\\nconstruction, whether the illustrations are made to scale\\nor not.\\nIn Fig. 82, the spools are represented as somewhat\\nelaborate, with rims, but these are not essential, and in\\nFig. 84 the spools are simple round sticks without rims,\\nsuch as may be sawed from natural poles. The spool,\\nwhich has a crank attached, instead of being of wood,\\nmay consist of an iron fence ratchet and pawl, Fig. 64,\\nsuch as is used to tighten wires on fences. We have\\nused it with great satisfaction, it being strong, durable\\nand not liable to get out of order. These ratchets are\\nin the market wherever barbed wire is sold, price five or\\nsix cents each. To operate the fence ratchet, get a", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "180\\nAtST EGG FARM.\\nplumber to make a crank of a piece of half-inch iron\\npipe, six inches long, and for the handle another piece,\\nfour inches long, and two elbows, one of which he can\\nattach to the shank of the ratchet by cutting four slits\\none-half inch long in one end of the elbow and hammer-\\ning it to slip over the shank. Drill through both shank\\nFIG. 81. FOWLS AT EXERCISE.\\nand elbow and pin together with a common wire nail,\\nFig. 120.\\nIn Fig. 63, this crank of half-inch iron pipe is shown\\nattached to the ratchet. The latter, however, is obscure\\nin the cut, being shown on a small scale. The whole is\\nfastened to a post, about breast high, in a position for", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "OUTDOOR EXERCISER.\\n181\\nuse. The lower wire runs to the spool of the distant\\nrow of cylinders, the same as are numbered 14a in Figs.\\n82 and 84. In Figs. 66 and 96, the reader will per-\\nceive the same distant row of cylinders in the back\\nground. Figure 83 is an end view of the same. In\\nFIG. 82. PLAN OF PENS WITH CYLINDERS.\\nFig. 63, the upper wire is for the bell and corresponds\\nto 22 in Fig. 82.\\nIf you want to make the nearby spool of wood, you\\ncan get your blacksmith to attach an iron handle and\\ncrank fitted with a set screw, Fig. 85, or, if you prefer", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "182\\nAN EGG FA EM.\\nB\\nAi-T- vi\\nJ-,\\nFIG. 83. GROUND PLAN OF HUN WAYS.", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "OUTDOOR EXERCISER. 183\\na homemade wooden crank, it may be fastened directly\\nto your homemade wooden spool, Fig. 62. The nearby\\naxle, 16, in Fig. 82, must be provided with a crank,\\nwhich you can have made of pipe, the same as for the\\nfence ratchet in Fig. 120, only you omit to split the\\nelbow. Keep it intact, and it will just screw onto your\\naxle of half-inch pipe.\\nThe partitions of the nearby pens and also of the dis-\\ntant pens must be carried up nine inches higher than\\nthe tops of the pens, so as to serve as supports of the\\ncylinder axles, and give the cylinders with their tin\\nflanges room to turn. See Fig. 65.\\nThe modus operandi can be easily discovered from the\\nabove description. The birds race like Jehu through\\nthe runway, whenever the bell is rung and grain dropped\\nfrom the cylinder at either end. Moreover, when the\\nkeeper is not at hand and the cylinders have not been\\nmoved for some time, they make numerous trips back\\nand forth on their own hook, because they have only one\\nidea in their heads, which may be expressed thus\\nLet s run and see what there is good at the other end.\\nIt will be found that it is very easy to teach fowls, old\\nor young and of various species, to run at the sound of\\nthe bell. They are naturally great listeners and give\\nclose attention to every sort of sound within their hear-\\ning, which is very acute. A cock will respond to a\\ncrowing that is a mile or more away, if the wind is not\\nunfavorable. Their own language they understand with-\\nout learning. But they have an aptitude for learning\\naural signals other than the natural language of their\\nspecies.\\nWitness the common hen with a brood of turkey\\nchicks, peafowl chicks or ducklings. At first, her\\nyounglings do not know what she means when she calls\\nthem to partake of a choice morsel. It is not their\\nmother tongue. But in a few days they learn its mean-", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "184\\nAN EGG FARM.\\n^1\\ns\\ning and respond with alac-\\nrity. The best bell for our\\nchicken call is the trip gong\\nbell, Fig. 126. It is well-\\nmade, works easily, respond-\\ning quickly to the pull of the\\nbell wire and is not expen-\\nsive. After a while, the\\nmovement of the feed drop-\\nper will attract their atten-\\ntion and you do not have\\nto ring the bell. The birds,\\nyoung or old,, scamper\\nthrough the runway and\\njump and fly over the cen-\\ntral fence with a prompt-\\nness and unanimity that is\\nlike that of well-drilled sol-\\ndiers on the double quick,\\nFig. 8J, and their move-\\nments never fail to elicit ex-\\nclamations of delight from\\nbystanders. The perform-\\nance is not intended as a\\nwhimsey or novelty for fun s\\nsake, but for downright busi-\\nness, dollars and cents. Yet\\nit is a show all the same, as\\nattractive as\\nthe perform-\\nance of well-\\ntrained dogs\\nor horses.\\nFigure 145\\nrepresents a\\ngroup of spectators at a poultry show, witnessing, for", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "OUTDOOR EXERCISER. 185\\nthe first time, half -grown chicks in a runway at full\\nspeed, intent on the feed just dropped from the cylin-\\nders in the background. These chicks were, of course,\\ntaught on their native heath, before being trotted out\\nfor exhibition.", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXI.\\nSUCCESS WITH DUCKS.\\nThe outdoor exerciser, in a modified form, is especially\\nuseful in commercial duck raising, an industry which\\nhas already assumed enormous proportions and which\\nhas come to stay for the Chinese, who, for thousands\\nof years, have made ducks a favorite source of food sup-\\nply, knew what they were about, although Europeans\\nhad, mean while, hastily concluded that they would not\\npay as well as common fowls.\\nThere is no other valuable animal food produced that\\nis so cheaply raised as partly grown Pekin ducks by\\nwholesale, by modern methods, which insure quick\\ngrowth. On a small scale, without the benefits of care,\\nskill and system, they are not profitable, since, when\\nkept beyond a certain age, ducks of any breed will eat\\ntheir heads off. The ducklings need no apparatus for\\nexercise, being unlike chicks in this respect, for they\\nwill shuffle around, even if kept in a very small space,\\nwhether there is any incentive to move or not. They are\\nnaturally exceedingly active when very young. Neither\\ndo the laying ducks require special provision for exer-\\ncise during the laying season, provided they have unlim-\\nited range and comparatively scanty feed during the\\nremainder of the year, so that they may be induced to\\nmove about actively to forage on insects and vegetation.\\nIn this off season, they must not be kept under the\\npressure of high feeding, which is advantageous to their\\nowner when the laying season approaches and early eggs\\nfor hatching are desired. Now a good range, after the\\n186", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "SUCCESS WITH DUCKS.\\n187\\nlaying season is over, with suitable forage, fresh water,\\nsecurity from marauders, and all other requisites, is com-\\nmonly very difficult to obtain when the breeding birds\\nnumber not hundreds but thousands hence, the great\\nadvantages of the outdoor exerciser for the ducks\\nreserved for breeding.\\nAll that is requisite is a distant row of feed cylinders,\\nas in Fig. 65, and in place of covered runways a row of\\nFIG. 85. CRANK, WITH SET SCREW.\\nlong yards wide enough to admit a team for plowing, so\\nas to keep the soil free of taint, and at the nearby end of\\nthe yards swimming tanks under the feed cylinders, as\\nin Fig. 86. In this figure, a ditch is cut and boarded at\\nsides and bottom c showing the original surface of the\\nground, e an inclined plane of boards with lath tacked\\non to afford foothold, and d, a platform with a slight\\nslant for drainage. The feed cylinder is at A and the", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "188\\nAX EGG FARM.\\nlong yard begins, at Y. If the lay of the ground\\nadmits of a shallow ditch, the approach, e, may he\\nomitted.\\nThe tank may be two, three or four feet wide, or more,\\naccording to the quantity of running water that can be\\nsupplied. As the idea is to have the tank several hun-\\ndred feet long and divided by wirework into sections for\\nthe accommodation of numerous flocks, a brisk current\\nis demanded for cleanliness s sake, therefore the tank\\nY\\nFIG. 86. EXERCISER FOR WATER FOWL.\\nshould not be too wide. The depth of the water is very\\nimportant. The ditch and the tank which lines it\\nshould be constructed so that the depth may be just suf-\\nficient to cause the ducks to assume the position shown\\nin the cut, and grope and grovel for the feed which has\\nbeen dropped from the cylinders above upon the bottom\\nof the tank, thus giving play to all the principal sets of\\nmuscles. As they hurry through the yards, they will at\\ntimes use their wings as well as their legs, and, while", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "SUCCESS WITH DUCKS. 189\\nreaching for their food at the bottom of the tank, their\\nnecks and bills will be actively employed. Nature will\\nreceive her just clues.\\nThis is not like hogging feed out of a trough. Of\\ncourse, there must be a bell near the distant feed cylin-\\nders and another at the tank. The cylinders need not\\nbe charged offcener than once a day, and by carrying a\\npail of soaked wheat, barley or cracked corn in one hand\\nand a tin scoop in the other, the filling can be very\\nquickly done. The establishment is supposed to have an\\nattendant, employed at something near at hand, so that\\nhe may move the cylinders and ring the bells every hour\\nor oftener, but the perfection of labor saving is to have\\nthis done by clockwork, similar to that which strikes\\nthe hours in a tower clock. Pekins, which are the\\nduck for commercial raising, are indifferent to swim-\\nming, preferring dry land in fact yet they can be\\ninduced to work in this way to their great benefit during\\nthe off season. In this way, the stamina of the strain of\\nselected breeding birds can be maintained generation\\nafter generation and diseases kept at bay.", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEE XXII.\\nPERFECTING THE DETAILS.\\nThe axle for a row of feed cylinders may be made\\nfrom iron pipe, half inch diameter, if the row is not\\nover 150 ft. in length, and as the pressure of the weight\\nof the grain in the cylinders tends to hold the lengths\\nof pipe together, there is no danger of unscrewing.\\nBut, as in case of the tilt boxes, there is sometimes pres-\\nsure, tending to unscrew the lengths of pipe, a collar,\\nconsisting of a short piece of larger pipe, should be\\nslipped over the end of each length of pipe at the joint,\\nthis collar to be bolted to the pipe. Let a, a, in Fig.\\n87, represent each the end of a length of pipe, meeting\\nat the joint, e. The collar, c, encloses the end of each\\npipe, being held in place by the bolts, i, i, which pass\\nthrough holes drilled through both the collar and the\\npipes. For brooder chicks tilt boxes, three-fourths inch\\npipe will answer for the axle, and no collars will be nec-\\nessary unless the row of tilt boxes exceeds 1 50 ft. in\\nlength.\\nFor axles to tilt boxes of grown fowls, the pipe should\\nbe two inches in diameter, and the collars may be omit-\\nted if the line of tilt boxes is less than 50 ft. in length.\\nWhen operations are begun on a small scale, it will fre-\\nquently happen that it is more convenient to use wooden\\naxles for the tilt boxes, like Fig. 74, revolved by means\\nof a long wooden lever, Fig. 88. To prevent a very\\ndisagreeable creaking, which frightens the birds, as well\\nas annoys their owner, when such wooden axles are\\nmade to turn, fasten strips of tin under the axles at the\\n190", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "PERFECTING THE DETAILS.\\n191\\npoints where they bear on their supports, for wood\\nagainst wood will creak in spite\\nof oiling, while wood against\\nmetal will move silently, whether\\nlubricated or not. A wooden\\naxle should not be over 50 or\\n60 ft, long, for if too long it\\nwill give or twist too much.\\nTo aid readers who prefer\\nsomething simpler than the feed\\ncylinder previously described for\\ndropping grain, illustrations of\\na feed pouch are given. Figure\\n89 shows wire cloth of different\\nsizes of mesh, Fig. 58, nailed to\\nend pieces of wood forming a\\nsort of pouch, the whole being\\nnailed to a square stick which\\nserves as an axle, this axle being,\\nof course, rounded at the bear-\\ning places, which are not shown s\\nin the cut. The narrow board\\nin the foreground is at the side\\nwhere the grain is put into the\\npouch, the attendant going the\\nrounds with a pail of grain in\\none hand and a scoop in the\\nother, this board answering the\\nsame purpose as the flange of\\ntin, a, in the cylinder, Fig. 60,\\nand the board, like the flange,\\nis set flaring, to facilitate charg-\\ning with grain. Such a pouch\\ncan be used indoors over a tilt\\nbox, or out of doors over a pen\\nin the out-of-doors exerciser, and the shaft may be 3x3\\nT\\nm\\nfc", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "A1ST EGG FARM.\\nin. or 4x4 in.\\nor any size demanded by its length and\\nby the number of pouches fastened to it.\\nThe pouch may be two or three feet long,\\nand the width of the end pieces must, of\\ncourse, suit the size of the shaft.\\nA still simpler style, and easier to con-\\nstruct, shown in Fig. 110, goes well with\\nthe rough pole. The projecting bottom\\npiece gives a sufficient surface to nail\\nthrough. A flange board similar to that\\nin Fig. 89 may be easily added, if desired.\\nIf the distant out-of-doors feed pens, such\\nas are shown at B, in Fig. 83, are fitted\\nwith such a pole and pouches, no spool\\nneed be used, bat a wire and weight can\\nbe employed, the same exactly as in Fig.\\n84, the big end of the pole serving for a\\nspool.\\nIf rounded bearings are to be made for\\na square shaft of a row of tilt boxes, or\\nfor a square shaft of a row of feed pouches\\nor feed cylinders, then it will not be found\\na good plan to cut away the square cor-\\nners of your wooden shaft, because it\\nweakens it. Build onto it, instead, by\\nsimply nailing on rounded bearing pieces\\nlike that shown in Fig. 90. Figure 91\\ngives a transverse section of a shaft -or\\naxle, c, with four such pieces attached, a,\\non which the axle turns. The rounded\\nbearing pieces may turn in a notch either\\nsquare or rounded, cut in a horizontal\\nstick and overlaid with tin, as previously\\nmentioned.\\nA square wooden shaft for out-of-door\\nfeed boxes may be attached to the spool on", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "PERFECTING THE DETAILS.\\n193\\nwhich the wire winds, by simply nailing on six half-\\nmoon pieces of inch board, d, Figs. 92, 93, 94 and 95,\\nthe square end of the shaft being simply toed with nails\\nto the end of the roller before the half-moon pieces are\\nnailed on. Figure 121 shows\\none of these half-moon pieces\\nby itself. Figures 92 to 95 in-\\nclusive represent the same shaft\\nand its belongings in different\\npositions. In addition to a\\nspool, these four cuts show both\\na pouch and a cylinder, and\\nthe reader can judge which is\\neasiest to make. By studying\\nthese cuts, the different posi-\\ntions of both pouch and cylin-\\nder may be also noted, and it\\nwill be understood how the\\ngrain drops, little by little,\\nthrough the meshes of various\\nsizes, the cracked corn consist-\\ning of particles which are also\\nof various sizes, whole wdieat\\nand broken wheat, or wheat\\nscreenings, oats, buckwheat or\\nmillet may also be employed to\\nfurnish different sizes. In these\\nfour cuts, a shows a bearing for\\nshaft to rest on and turn on\\nh is a feed pouch c, shaft d,\\none of the six half-moon pieces,\\nattached in pairs, and e is a\\nfeed cylinder. Figure 97 illustrates a still simpler home-\\nmade wooden shaft and cylinder, the roller or spool, and\\nattachments, being made entirely of inch boards. Each\\nend of the feed cylinder consists of two pieces of boards.\\nFIG. 89. FEED POTXCH.", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "194\\nAX EGG FARM.\\nwith, a notch in each to receive the shaft. Three tools\\nonly are needed for making this style, a knife, a saw and\\na hammer. To cheapen construction, this homemade\\ncylinder we are describing does not extend out into a\\nflange as at a, Fig. 60. The flange is convenient for\\nputting in grain, but not indispensable.\\nIt being our aim to show how wood may be substi-\\ntuted for metal in the construction of nearly all the\\napparatus employed to induce poultry to take exercise,\\nand how ordinary ingenuity may build a homemade\\nequipment without the services of a trained mechanic,\\nFIG. 90. ROUNDED BEARING FOR SQUARE SHAFT.\\nwe illustrate by Fig. 99 a spool for the outdoor exerciser,\\nwith a strong wooden crank and handle, and posts and\\nframe to support these. Figure 100 is a transverse sec-\\ntion of the same, the letters in both cuts referring to\\nthe same parts. Figure 100 is drawn to a scale one-\\nfourth inch to a foot. The same thing, only larger and\\nstronger, may be attached to the axle of tilt boxes. All\\nthe parts are pieces of plank or scantling, excepting the\\nstick marked m (cut off from a pole), the pin, a, which\\nserves as a handle, and the smaller pins which keep the\\nspool in position. Inch boards and 2x4 and 2x6 dimen-\\nsion stuff are the principal materials. The pins, i", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "PERFECTING THE DETAILS.\\n195\\nand as also the handle, a, should he of hard wood.\\nThe pieces, Tc and e, have each a half-moon notch for\\nthe spool, m, to turn in. The crank, T), is reinforced\\nby the pieces, c, d and e, to strengthen it where it\\nencloses the square shank of the spool, m; also the\\npieces, g and li, serve Co give a firm setting to the\\nhandle, a.\\nFIG. 91. TRANSVERSE SECTION OF AXLE SHAFT.\\nIn the vertical section given in Fig. 100, the imaginary\\nline of cleavage passes through the exact center of the\\nwindlass or spool stick, m, lengthwise, and also through\\nthe handle, a, lengthwise.\\nInstead of a pouch or cylinder, what may he called a\\nsieve may be used for dropping feed. Figure 101 illus-\\ntrates one of these turned bottom up, to show that the\\nbottom is made with a double slant, and consists of wire\\nmesh of different sizes, like that in a cylinder or pouch,\\nand a strip of tin in the center, this last serving as a\\nfloor to hold the grain when the sieve is charged. A\\nlong row of these sieves may be fastened to an iron pipe\\nby bolts passing through holes drilled in the latter.", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "100\\nA 1ST EGG FARM.", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "PERFECTING THE DETAILS. 197\\nFigure 104 shows the lid, Fig. 105 gives an end view of\\nthe sieve, and Fig. 106 a series of sieves in position,\\neach over a separate pen, two stout wires being stretched\\nunder the sieves to hold them level. The hoppers of\\ntin in the lid, Figs. 104 and 100, are to facilitate charg-\\ning with grain, the lid being necessary to keep off spar-\\nrows and pigeons. Figure 108 gives a top view of a\\nsieve when the lid is off. To drop the grain, strike\\nwith a hammer on the end of a pipe that is shown in\\nthe foreground in Fig. 106. This end should be plugged\\nwith iron to prevent battering. This pipe may be quite\\na long one if desired, and the feed will drop in nearly\\nthe same quantity at every sieve affixed throughout its\\nentire length, the jar being practically of the same force\\nat one end of the pipe as at the other, unless the pipe is\\nof extreme length. A coiled spring or. a bar spring, not\\nshown in the cut, should be attached, to bring it back\\nto the first position after each blow of the hammer.\\nThis sieve will do very well in lieu of cylinders for\\nboth indoor and outdoor exercisers for grown fowls,\\nbut cylinders deliver grain in more accurate doses than\\nsieves, and the former are therefore preferable for\\nbrooder chicks for things must be done exactly thus\\nand so with small chickens. For indoors, where cords\\nor wires can be conveniently attached overhead, this\\nwhole line of sieves may be suspended, swing fashion,\\ninstead of resting on a framework. In this case no\\nspring is needed, the whole series of sieves returning by\\nforce of gravity to the original position after being\\njarred by the blow of the hammer. This method of\\nsuspension and swinging is the same as described earlier\\nin this book in connection with the use of feed shelves.\\nA hammer to be held in the hand for striking a row\\nof sieves or a shelf nearby, should weigh one to three\\npounds, according as the shelf or the pipe connecting\\nthe sieves is 100 to 300 ft. lono-. For a row of distant", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "198\\nAX EGG FARM.", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "PERFECTING THE DETAILS. 199\\nsieves have a pivoted hammer, Fig. 18, Page 56, and a\\ncord which reaches from the hammer to C, passing over\\ntwo sash pulleys, Fig. 19, Page 58, on the way. This\\ncord can extend 100 or 500 ft., or more, for that matter,\\nto where the operator is. It may extend inside your\\ndwelling, say to the kitchen, where the cook can give it\\na pull from time to time, or it may run to an office,\\nworkshop or store, or he attached to strong clockwork\\nthat is wound up to run all day, and, just as clocks are\\nmade to strike the hours or half hours, so the pulls on\\nthe hammer-wire connected with your feed dropper may\\nhe timed with equal precision.\\nThe tilt boxes for both brooder chicks and grown\\nfowls will need larger and stronger clockwork, such as\\nis attached to large orchestrions or music-producing\\nmachines, or apparatus used in gas works, in hotels, fac-\\ntories or private dwellings, where the motive power is\\nvery heavy weights. Better yet, the machinery govern-\\ning the periodical pulls will be propelled by a steam\\nengine, electricity or water power, as progress demands\\nfor the idea of feeding and tending fowls, and larger\\nspecies of domestic animals as well, by machinery, is\\ndestined to be expanded indefinitely.\\nTo return to Fig. 18, of course the sticks to which\\nthe sash pulleys are attached, and also the uprights,\\nmust be immovable. JS T ow, will the reader please turn\\nto Page 170, and imagine that the whole of the appara-\\ntus of Fig. 75 is placed under the sash pulleys, close to\\nthe uprights in Fig. 18, Page 5(J, in such a position that\\nwhen the hammer is dropped it will strike, kerchug,\\non the iron plate, h. To the board, a, attach the iron\\npipe which supports such a row of sieves as is shown in\\nFig. 106. The timber, n, is immovable, but h, m and a,\\nwith the 100 or 200 ft. or more of pipe attached, are all\\nmovable, and the coiled spring is compressible. Now,\\nwhen the hammer strikes, everything in Fig. 75 moves", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "200\\nAN EGG FARM.", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "PERFECTING THE DETAILS. 201\\nexcepting n, and every one of the long- line of sieves\\nsupposed to be attached is slightly jarred, and then the\\nspring makes a move, forcing the whole line of sieves\\nback again. You can drop grain one hundred times for\\neach charging, and only a spoonful each time.\\nPipe, sieves, operating wire, pulleys, cord, spring,\\nconcussion plate, h, hammer, etc., combine to effect the\\nsame purpose as is indicated by the wire, weight, spools\\nand long pipe with cylinders in Figs. 82 and 84. The\\nfeed shelf serves the same purpose as the sieves and the\\ncylinders heretofore described, except, that it is not as\\naccurate in distributing feed. The shelf has this advan-\\ntage, it is not necessary to use grain of different sizes,\\nas is indispensable when the cylinder is employed.\\nWhen you strike at one end of a wooden shelf or beam\\nseveral hundred feet long, the jar is felt in some degree\\nthroughout its entire length, but is weakest by consid-\\nerable at the point most distant from the hammer. In\\norder, therefore, to transmit the shock better, fasten an\\niron pipe, rod or bar to the boards. In Fig. Ill, e rep-\\nresents such a bar fastened to the board, a. The con-\\ncussion plate, h, receives the blow. The board, a, in\\nFig. 17, Page 55, is supposed to be a continuation of\\nthe board, a, in Fig. 111. After a blow and a swing\\nforward, the whole long shelf swings back towards the\\nhammer, and meeting the stopper, i, it remains at rest\\nawaiting another whack. The simplicity of the employ-\\nment of the force of gravity to effect the return to\\nplace, instead of the use of d spring, commends this\\nstyle of feed dropper, and besides, tin and Avire mesh\\nare needed for feed cylinders and sieves, but not for\\nfeed shelves One stroke with the hammer is enough\\nfor that time\\nTo keep the shelf in place, fasten two casters to the\\nboard, these boards, with the end pieces, being\\nattached to some part of the building or to the frame", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "202\\nAN EGG FARM.", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "PERFECTING THE DETAILS. 203*\\nsupporting the tilt box, so as to be stationary. As will\\nbe obvious, e, a, c, li and d are movable, but f, g and i\\nare immovable. Two ordinary furniture caster wheels,\\nFig. 112, travel on the upper side of a, and another pair\\nroll against the under surface of a, the shelf swinging\\nand rolling back by its own weight after a stroke. If\\nthe shelf is one hundred and fifty feet long, or more, it\\nshould be widest nearest the hammer, and as you go\\ntowards the farthest end and the jar is less, each, suc-\\ncessive section- board should be narrower. Begin with a\\nboard ten or twelve inches wide, and diminish to a width\\nof five or six inches. In case of a shelf over a line of\\nexercisers one hundred and fifty feet long or upwards,\\nthe boards must not only be narrow as you approach the\\nend of the shelf furthest from the hammer, but they\\nmust be hung so as to be slanting. When they are fas-\\ntened together put wedge-shaped cleats between, so that\\neach board shall be slightly steeper than the preceding\\none. Figures 113 and 115 show these cleats and the\\nvarying slants of the boards, e being a slender iron bar\\nfirmly attached to the boards, the same as e in Fig. 111.\\nThis bar is not absolutely indispensable unless the shelf\\nis. extremely long. It is not to strengthen the shelf,\\nbut, as previously remarked, to transmit the jar of the\\nhammer better than avooc! alone will do. In Figs. 105,\\n113 and 115, the boards, are foreshortened in the cuts\\nso as to occupy moderate space and show the idea of the\\ncleats and the slanting position, but the reader must\\nimagine them to be, in practice, ten, twelve or fifteen\\nfeet long each.\\nIf a feed shelf is indoors it is supposed to need no\\ncover to protect the grain from pigeons, sparrows, stray\\nfowls and rain. For outdoor use, however, fasten shal-\\nlow boxes upon your shelf, with lids opening upwards,\\nand a slot cut through both the shelf and the bottom of\\nthe box at one side, as in Fig. 1 09, only the cut gives a", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "204\\nA]ST EGG FARM.\\nspiral spring, Fig.\\nbox not long enough and deeper\\nthan is necessary. If not convenient\\nto hang this shelf up out of doors,\\nyou can put a caster or two under it\\nevery fifteen or twenty feet, and to\\nsend it back to first position after a\\nshock, a spring, i, can be arranged\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2to engage with the bar, e, or a spiral\\nspring can be rigged at either end of\\nthe feed shelf on the plan shown in\\nFig. 75. See also Figs. 117 and 118.\\nFigure 119 shows how the ham-\\nmer can be made to move M while\\nN remains stationary. The stick,\\nN, and the other scantling near C,\\nas also the one above JSf, should be\\nfastened to stout posts if outdoors,\\nor if indoors to the frame of the\\nbuilding, so as to be firm. Two such\\npulleys, only one of which, however,\\ncould be shown in the cut, serve to\\nsteer the cord, C, in operating the\\nhammer, and also to turn the cord\\nor its wire continuation to a course\\nat right angles to the hammer han-\\ndle, so that it may be extended to\\nwhere the operator stands, hundreds\\nof feet away. Either a long feed\\nshelf or a row of feed sieves may be\\nattached to M, and these may be\\nsupported entirely by casters, or by\\nswing cords, wires or jack chains.\\nNotice a cord, R, in Fig. 119, this\\nbeing one of a row of cords. The\\n107, is not visible in Fig. 119, but may", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "PERFECTING THE DETAILS. 205\\nbe seen in Fig. 110. When the suspension plan is\\nadopted, side casters only just enough to steer the shelf\\nare used for nearly all the weight should be suspended\\nby the cords or wires. Figure 122 shows a homemade\\nstyle, a hard baked brick or a brick-shaped stone being\\nused to add its weight to that of the hammer, which\\nconsists of a block of hard wood. This brick, B, is kept\\nin place by pieces of inch board. A is the shelf, at the\\nend of which is attached the concussion block, M. As\\nwill be readily understood, M and A move at a blow,\\ncompressing the spiral spring against the stick, N,\\nwhich, with its attachments, is immovable.\\nTia. OS. BLOCK AXD BOLTS T\\nFASTEN TILT BOX TO AXLES.", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXIII.\\nFOR SOFT FEED.\\nNow we have described thus far feed cylinders, feed\\nsieves and feed shelves, whether with or without feed\\nboxes attached, and these styles will all answer for dry\\nfeed, but not for meal dough, cooked vegetables, soaked\\ngrain, brewers grains, fresh meat or any other form of\\nmoist feed. Ordinarily, it is true, dry feed is to be pre-\\nferred for both young and old birds. They will soak\\ntheir grain just right by drinking just the proper quan-\\ntity of water.\\nDry grain not only affords exercise, but is better any-\\nhow as the main reliance, apart from the matter of exer-\\ncise, except for fattening fowls just at the finish. For\\nspecial purposes, however, as for feeding ducks, for\\ninstance, or other waterfowl, which demand a large pro-\\nportion of soft feed, a feed trough controlled at a dis-\\ntance, like the cylinder sieve or shelf, is needed.\\nFigures 123 and 124 give side views of such a feed\\ntrough, and Fig. 125 shows a transverse section of the\\nsame, the letters in the several cuts referring to the same\\ndetails. Regarding ducks, see Chapter XXI and Fig. 86.\\nA good way is to have a water tank, Fig. 86, at one end\\nof a long runway, Y, of low, movable, covered hurdles,\\nwhich may be shifted so that the ground may be plowed\\nto freshen it, and a trough, such as we are about to\\ndescribe, at the other end. In both the side views of\\nthis feed trough, Figs. 123 and 124, will be seen a row\\nof upright slats, through which the birds thrust their\\nheads to feed. The fowls stand on the floor, a. The\\n206", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "FOK SOFT FEED.\\n20^\\nfeed is placed in the box or trough, n v, the lid, n, being\\nraised for that purpose. The pieces of scantling, r, s, u,\\nare the frame of the feed trough. The feed rests, of\\ncourse, on the bottom board, v. When the doors, d, are\\nFIG. 99. AVOODEN- SPOOL, FRAME, ETC.\\ndropped, as in Fig. 123, the fowls can put their heads\\nbetween the upright slats and reach the feed, but when\\nthese doors are being raised toward the position shown in", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "208\\nAX EGG FARM.\\nFig. 124, the -birds will naturally withdraw their heads,\\nthe doors being raised gently and gradually.\\nThe construction of the doors is as follows The\\nboard, d, Figs. 123 and 124, is of equal width at both\\nend s and the tapering board, c, is nailed to it firmly.\\nFIG. 100. TRANSVERSE SECTION OK FIGURE 99.\\nThis board, c, is protected at e by a bolt or pin, so that\\nd and c both rise together when the cord, i, is pulled.\\nAt/, g, there is a slot cut in the hoard, d, to enable it to\\nbe raised or lowered without bein g stopped by the pin, e.\\nA flat, horseshoe-shaped piece o\\\\ i n, g, is attached", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "FOR SOFT FEED.\\n209\\nto the board, d, next to and partly surrounding the slot,\\nto give d strength when the cord i is pulled.\\nAll the cords pass over\\nside pulleys fastened to\\nposts, and all these cords\\nare attached to a wire, h,\\nso that when this wire is\\npulled all the doors, d, c,\\nare raised, as in Fig. 124.\\nAt the top of each post\\nis another side pulley over\\nwhich passes a cord, one\\nend of which is attached\\nto a weight and the other\\nto the door, d, the latter\\nbeing slightly the heavier.\\nThese weights render it\\neasier, of course, to pull\\nthe wire, li. We call h a\\nwire, because, for out-\\ndoor use, a wire is better\\nthan a cord, the latter\\nbeing affected by rains.\\nIn fact, it is well to sub-\\nstitute for the cord, i, a\\nsmall chain such as are\\non the market, latterly\\nmade on purpose for pul-\\nley work.\\nIn all three cuts, w rep-\\nresents a trip gong bell,\\nFig. 126, operated by the\\nbell wire, x, which may\\nbe of annealed steel, No.\\n16, sold on spools, Fig.\\n127. This bell or some other style of bell, or an aural\\n14\\nA FEEDIKG SrEVE.", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "210\\nAN EGG FARM.\\nsignal of some sort, is necessary, as heretofore explained,\\nto call the birds to their meals.\\nIn Fig. 125 is seen one of the slats, m, nailed by toe-\\ning, as all the slats are, to the narrow side board or rim,", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "FOR SOFT FEED. 211\\nI, which runs the whole length of the feed trough, to\\nhold the feed and to keep the birds from wasting it.\\nThe door is guided by passing between ~b and c. The\\nfloor, a, is nailed to the crosspiece, o, which is spiked to\\na short post. Of course, there are^ boards and wire net-\\nting to keep the birds from getting under the floor, a,\\nand from flying above the slats; but as these do not\\ndirectly concern the feeding apparatus they were omitted\\nfrom the cut. The wire should be kept constantly taut\\nby a weight of one to three pounds attached to each\\nend, where the wire should pass over a pulley wheel\\nabout six inches in diameter. The weight furthest from\\nthe operator should meet a shelf and find rest at the\\nsame instant the doors, d, strike the ground, the weight\\nremaining on this shelf until the operator pulls the wire\\nagain. The weight near the operator should be only\\njust heavy enough to take up the slack of the wire.", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXIV.\\nTHE ALTERNATE AND PARALLEL SYSTEMS.\\nThe shape and arrangement of the tilt boxes should\\nvary to meet the requirements of the poultry keeper.\\nInstead of the openings on the tilt boxes for ingress and\\negress being at the end, as in Figs. 71, 76, 78 and 141,\\nit will be necessary to have them on the side, in case of\\nan extensive plant for winter chicks, when they are\\nwarmed by hot- water pipes in the usual way. But,\\nwhether the openings are at the side or the end, the\\ningress and egress is cut off at the half tilt.\\nWhen the exit openings are at the ends of the tilt\\nboxes, a stationary box or apartment alternates Avith a\\ntilt box in a row or series, hence, for the sake of con-\\nvenience, we will call this the alternate method. Another\\nmethod we call the parallel method, in which the tilt\\nbox, if for grown fowls, may be twenty, fifty, or one\\nhundred feet, or more, long, divided by partitions into\\nsections for the various flocks, the stationary boxes\\nbeing in a row adjoining and parallel to the row of tilt\\nboxes, and the exit openings of the tilt boxes being at\\nthe side. The parallel system will be fully explained\\nfurther on.\\nThe description of the indoor exerciser for grown\\nfowls on the alternate system is as follows In the\\ninterior views, Figs. 77 and 128, P is a passage for the\\nattendant. This house is built with its sidewalks mostly\\nunderground, therefore the windows are set high and\\nnot shown in these two cuts, although the camera has\\nrevealed the light from them on the floor of the passage.\\n212", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "THE ALTERNATE AND PARALLEL SYSTEMS.\\n213\\n*ti\\nThe small coops with slanting sides, Fig. 77, under the\\ntilt box, T. are to shut birds\\nin temporarily, for sale or\\nother purposes, and have\\nnothing to do with the exer-\\nciser, bnt are put there to\\nutilize the vacant space under\\nthe front portion of the tilt\\nboxes, the slant at the front\\nof these coops being designed\\nto keep tli em out of the way\\nof the attendant s feet. As i\\nis obvious, Figs. 77 and 128 g\\nboth represent the same in-\\nterior. In each cut, a station-\\nary box is in the foreground a\\nand stationary boxes alternate\\nwith tilt boxes all along the\\nline through the whole length\\nof the building. Under the\\nstationary boxes are laying\\napartments, fifteen inches Z\\n.between joints, in which o\\nare nests which are acces- g\\nsible to the attendant from t\\nthe passage, P.\\nThe exits for the fowls to P\\ngain access to their yards from\\nthe stationary boxes are not\\nshown in Figs. 77 and 128, as\\nthey are on the side of the\\nbuilding opposite the passage.\\nThe side of the tilt box repre-\\nsented at T rises at the begin-\\nning of tilting. By reference\\nto the ground plan, Fig. ]30,\\nin", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "21-4\\nA2S EGG FARM.\\nand the transverse section, Fig. 129, the positions of\\nsome of the most important parts of the frame of this\\nbuilding are shown, the letters referring to the same\\nsticks of 2x4 and 2x6 in\\nall four cuts. Figs. 128 and\\n129 show the slant of the\\nshed roof. Through-\\nout Figs. 77, 128, 129 and\\n130 the same letters indi-\\ncate the same things.\\nIn the ground plan, Fig.\\n130, the foundations of the\\nbrick walls at the sides\\nare shown, the end walls\\nnot being included, as a\\nportion only of a continu-\\nous building several hun-\\ndred feet long is intended\\nto be represented. The\\nwidth of the building in\\nFig. 129 is 8 1-4 ft., the\\npassage, P, being 8 ft.\\nwide. There is a space of\\n1 ft. between the tilt boxes\\nand the wall to give room\\nfor tilting. The posts, a,\\nd, c and o, support the\\nroof, the tilt boxes, station-\\nary boxes and n e s t i n g\\nrooms, a and d being 2x4\\nand c and o being 2x6.\\nFigure 129 is a trans-\\nverse section substantially\\nat an imaginary line passing through a in the ground\\nplan, Fig. 130, the liberty usual in such cases, however,\\npermits c, b and g to appear in the cut, although these\\nFIG. 104. LID OF FEED SIEVE.", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "THE ALTERNATE AND PARALLEL SYSTEMS. 215\\nthree sticks are slighthy further toward the rear or back-\\nground than the post, a. In Fig. 129, E represents an\\nexit for the fowls, closed by a* small door opening up-\\nward, as shown by the dotted lines. IT is a window, like-\\nwise hinged at the top and opening in the same way as\\nthe exits. The exit doors, leading to the outside yards\\nin a building hundreds of feet long, are all raised or\\nlowered at one operation, and the same applies to the\\nwindows, although the device for accomplishing this im-\\nportant purpose, a great labor saver, could not well be\\nshown in this cut. As the windows and exit doors fall\\nand are held in place by their weight, augmented by a\\nbrick or a portion of one attached to each, or, as is the\\ncase in our own building, photographed for Figs. 77 and\\nFIG. 105. END VIEW OF FEED SIEVE;\\n128, a box of sand nailed to each, the slanting position\\nwhen closed is essential to the success of this plan. As\\nis plain, e and/ are puiiines that extend the whole length\\nof the building, being shown, in three of the cuts. In\\nFig. 129, the slight notching at the edge of c shows where\\nthe iron axle of Crests. The building is underground\\nas far as the tops of the brick walls in this cut and the\\nroof is of inch boards covered with the best quality of\\nfelt paper and finished with, two coats best cement applied\\nhot, and on top of all is placed eight inches of straw, and\\non the straw cornstalks and brush to withstand the wind.\\nThis sort of roof and the underground feature secure\\nwarmtli in winter and coolness in summer. When the\\ntemperature is 90 degrees outside it is but 80 degrees\\ninside.", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "216\\nAN EGG FARM.", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "THE ALTERNATE AND PARALLEL SYSTEMS. 217\\nThe tilt boxes are placed with the under surfaces of\\ntheir floors 2 1-2 ft. higher than the floor of the passage,\\nand are 2 1-4 ft. high, with bottoms 3 1-2 ft.x6 ft., the\\n6 ft. distance being parallel to the passage. The sta-\\ntionary box serves as a roost and is 5 ft. 3 in.x3 ft., the\\n3 ft. distance being parallel to the passage. The floor of\\nthe stationary box is 8 in. higher than the floor of the\\ntilt box, to allow for the depth\\nof the li fcter in the latter. The\\nposts which support the tilt\\nfig. 107. spiral spring. boxes, stationary boxes and\\nfeed cylinders, see a and d in\\nFigs. 77, 129 and 130, and a and c in Tigs. 129 and 130,\\nextend from the floor of the building to the roof.\\nPassing now to a consideration of the indoor exerciser\\non the parallel plan, the reader is asked to turn to Fig.\\n132, representing a perspective of a house for layers or a\\nsection of it, enough to show the idea, Fig. 117 being a\\ntransverse section of the same, Fig. 118 a longitudinal\\nsection, and Fig. lo5 a ground plan, the same letters in\\neach of these four referring to the same things. The\\nparallel system is preferable in some important respects\\nto the alternate system just described.\\nThe elevation,\\nFig. 132, needs little\\ndescription, and we\\ncall attention only to\\nthe windows, which,\\nas will be observed,\\nare slanting when closed, as explained in the case of the\\nbuilding previously described. In ordinary windows, the\\nsash are made smaller than the window frames, the latter\\nenclosing the former. But when a large number of win-\\ndows are to be raised or lowered simultaneously in a\\nbuilding, the sash should be larger than the window\\nframes and the former should overlap the latter so that\\nFIG. 108. TOP VIEW OF SIEVE.", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "218\\nAN EGG FARM.\\nno swelling of the sash by dampness will cause it to stick.\\nThe sash must have\\nweights, preferably flat\\nbars of metal, fastened on\\nto hold them down snugly\\nin case of hard winds. If\\nthe casings were set per-\\npendicularly, a hard wind\\nwould be apt to move the\\nsash, in spite of the\\nweight, at times when\\nthe admission of cold air\\nwould be very undesirable.\\nTo the bottom of each\\nsash an ordinary sash cord\\nis attached, each cord\\npassing through a screw\\npulley, Fig. 134, fastened\\nto the underside of the\\nroof. The whole series of\\ncords is attached to a half-\\ninch iron pipe, located a\\nfew feet below the screw\\npulleys, and attached to\\nconvenient portions of the\\nbuilding where it is the\\nmost out of the way. This\\npipe is, of course, as long\\nas the row of windows and\\nis set loosely in staples or\\nin holes bored in wood so\\nas to be free to turn. For\\neach cord, a small hole is\\ndrilled through the pipe\\nto receive a nail, to which\\nthe cord is attached in", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "THE ALTERNATE AND PARALLEL SYSTEMS. 219\\nsuch a way that it will be wound up on the pipe when\\nthe latter is turned, by means of a large hand wheel, Fig.\\n133, which is attached to one end of the pipe within\\nreach of the operator.\\nThe windows may all be opened a fraction of an inch,\\nor several inches or wide open, with the greatest ease\\nand dispatch in two or three seconds, and partly or\\nwholly closed as quickly, and can be moved many times\\na clay to suit varying wind and weather, a very impor-\\ntant thing which would be impossible if each window\\nwere to be moved by hand. In a large establishment,\\nlike ours photographed for this book, there are several\\nhundred windows, and it must be recollected that violent\\ngales sometimes rise so suddenly that twenty men or fifty\\nmen could not close them all by hand quickly enough.\\nThe set of windows in Fig. 132 is on the same side as the\\ntilt boxes, and a similar row of windows is supposed to\\nbe on the side not shown in this cut. The yards are also\\non the side not shown, but their position is indicated by\\ny in Fig. 117.\\nFigure 117 gives a tranverse section substantially\\nthrough m in the ground plan, Fig. 135. The yard fences,\\ny, run in a direction parallel to the end walls of the build-\\ning and enclose as many yards as there are tilt boxes.\\nThe posts, c 1 and c 2 reach to the roof. The short post,\\nTc, forms one of the supports to the passage platform, g.\\nThis platform is the principal line of travel used by the\\nattendant, who can, however, also go the whole length of\\nthe building between c 1 and the wall, but in doing so\\nmust open a door at each room he passes through.\\nNearly all the work is done in passage, g. Labor saving-\\nforbids handling doors, except when unavoidable, and,\\nbe it repeated, commercial poultry keeping can be prof-\\nitable only when the utmost care and ingenuity are\\nemployed in every operation, from a to izzard, to save", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "220\\nAN EGG FARM.\\nlabor. The fowls have the\\nuse of the floor, f, from the\\ntilt box, t, to the wall at y.\\nThe dots at d show the\\nposition of a feed cylinder\\nover the tilt box, and the\\ndots at e show the position\\nof the call cylinder, which\\ndrops feed to keep the birds\\nout of the tilt box while the\\nlatter is being tilted. The\\noperation of this sort of tilt\\nbox with opening on side\\nwill be described in another\\nplace. The pit, p, is a foot\\ndeep, which is deeper than\\nis needed for tilting, but as,\\nin spite of all precautions,\\na fowl will sometimes escape\\nand, roaming through the\\npassage, g, blunder over be-\\nhind the tilt box next the\\nwall, space enough in the\\npit must be afforded to\\navoid crushing the vagrant.\\nIt will be plain enough that\\nthe tilt box tilts toward the\\nwall and that the surface of\\nthe ground outside the\\nbuilding is not far from the\\ntop of the underpinning,\\nhence p is described as a\\npit. The crosspiece, n, sup-\\nports the floor, r. The tilt\\nbox aperture to admit the\\nfowls is on the side next to", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "THE ALTERNATE AND PARALLEL SYSTEMS. 221", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "222 AN EGG FAKM,\\nh and the wire netting, i, is to confine a fowl during\\ntilting, should one chance to remain in the tilt box, a\\nthing very unlikely to occur, however, unless the bird is\\na new acquisition, an untrained recruit.\\nThe longitudinal section of the same building, Fig.\\n118, is substantially on a line through c 2 in the trans-\\nverse section, Fig. 117, and through the same upright\\npost, c 2 in the ground plan, Fig. 135. In Fig. 118, the\\nroom between c 2 and c 2 is given to one flock, that is, the\\nspace is devoted to one apartment or stationary box, two\\ncall cylinders, e, e, being employed so as\\nto drop grain over space enough to give\\nall the birds a fair chance.\\nThere is only a single perch for each\\nflock and this is not shown, as it is not\\nin line, but it is placed over the roost\\nfloor, r, and extends the whole length of\\nthe room from c 2 to c 2 A scantling- v,\\nFIG. 112. CASTER\\nwheel under reaching from w to w, supports the floor\\nshelf. \u00c2\u00a3j ie -Qegting- apartment, x, tbe top of\\nthis apartment being indicated by u, just over which\\nruns the cylinder axle. The movable nest boxes are\\nmade so that they can be easily reached by the attendant\\nfrom the passage, g, in Fig. 117.\\nThe ground plan, Fig. 135, calls for but slight descrip-\\ntion after it has been compared with the vertical sec-\\ntions. The space separated by the dotted lines in which\\nthe blocks, m, stand, is, of course, devoted to the con-\\ntinuous tilt box divided by partitions into smaller tilt\\nboxes. This multiform or compound tilt box is as long-\\nas the whole building, minus a little at one end, where\\nthe stairs are which lead to the attendant s passage,\\nthese stairs being indicated by s, s, near which is the\\noutside door. This multiform tilt box muse have\\nattached either the winch, Fig. 138, or the long lever,\\nFig. 88, and, in case the latter is employed, a short wing", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "THE ALTERNATE AKD PARALLEL SYSTEMS.\\n223\\nor ell must be added to the main build-\\ning, to give the lever room to describe\\nan arc.\\nThe rooms, or stationary boxes as we\\nhave named their equivalent in other\\ncuts, for the separate flocks may be seen\\non this ground plan if the reader will\\nimagine a line drawn from each block, m,\\nthrough h, c 2 c 1 and thence to the wall.\\nBy referring to the transverse section, Fig.\\n117, it will be obvious that each flock will\\nhave a nesting apartment and a roost, a\\nladder being furnished for the convenience\\nof the birds. The need of a piece of coarse\\nwire netting under and at one side of the\\ncall cylinders will be evident, to keep the\\nfowls away and, at the same time, allow\\nfeed to drop on the floor.\\nAmong other merits of the parallel plan\\nfor arranging the tilt boxes, we enumer-\\nate First, the birds have the benefit of\\nthe space under the passage, g second,\\nthe nests, the perches and all the feed\\ncylinders are very convenient of access by\\nthe attendant, and third, the tilt box is\\nnarrow in proportion to its length, thereby\\nfacilitating the tilting. Build all the\\nboxes narrow and of thin, light lumber.\\nThe tilt box is, as before stated, one\\ncontinuous box supported by the axle, I,\\nwhich rests on the blocks, m, in such a\\nposition that when the tilt box is level\\nits underside is one inch higher than the\\nupper surface of the floor, The con-\\ntinuous box, several hundred feet long, is\\ndivided into apartments by board parti-", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "224\\nAJS EGG FARM.\\ntions, these apartments being in length the same as from\\nthe center of one block, m, to the center of the next\\nblock, m.\\nIt is important to have the axle for tilt boxes for\\nlayers large and, strong, if it is a long one. The strain\\nFIG. 114. A SUBSTITUTE FOB TILT BOX. SEE P. 161.\\ncaused by the section used by one flock of fowls is not\\ngreat, but, by extending the multiform box through a\\nlong building, the strain becomes greater than would be\\nsupposed. The axle can safely be of smaller calibre at\\nthe end farthest from the operator. For a building one\\nhundred feet or more in length, a two-inch iron pipe,", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "THE ALTERNATE AXD PARALLEL SYSTEMS.\\n!5\\nreinforced by the collar at each joint, Fig.\\n35, is suitable for the first fifty feet at the\\nend nearest the attendant. The lever, if one\\nis used, should be six to twelve feet long, ac-\\ncording to the length of the axle. A winch,\\nFig. 138, is preferable if the axle is long, and\\nthe handle of this winch should be strong\\nand made to be grasped by both hands.\\nIf there are ten or twelve tilt box apart-\\nments attached to the same axle, they should\\nbe 3 1-2x8 ft. and 2 1-1 ft. deep. If fifteen\\nor twenty apartments, they should be 3x10\\nft. or 3x12 ft., according to the size of the\\nflocks for it is readily understood that the\\nnarrower the tilt boxes, other things being\\nequal, the easier it is to rotate them. After\\ndetermining their width, you contrive the\\nwidth of the building and the location of the\\nposts, which last determines the size of the\\nstationary boxes or apartments under the call\\ncylinders. In Figs. 117 and 135 the tilt box\\nis 3 ft. wide. Be sure to avoid making your\\ntilt boxes too wide. Use thin, light-weight\\nboards.\\nIn Fig. 117, and in all other instances in\\nthe parallel system, the birds must enter at\\nthe side of the tilt boxes, of course, as in\\nFigs. 131, 142 and 144. Also the tilt boxes\\nfor brooder chicks should be rounded a little\\non the front side. In Fig. 142, S represents\\nthe stationary box, Y the yard out of doors,\\nT the tilt box, and Ja curved flap to shut\\noff ingress and egress at the opening between\\nT and S. Compare this cut with Fig. 73\\nand observe the dotted line, which shows the\\nhalf tilt and the full tilt, The feed cylin-\\n15\\nK", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "226\\nAX EGG FARM.\\nder, or a feed shelf if preferred, is at 10 and the feed\\ndrops toward T through the curved partition of wire,\\none-inch mesh. In hoth cuts, this wire mesh is indi-\\ncated in various places by small crosses. As is obvious,\\nthe chicks cannot enter the space over the tilt box be-\\ntween S and Y. The reader should study carefully the\\nground plan, Fig. 140. P is a passage or alley for the\\nattendant, dug in the ground two feet, so as to bring\\nthe floor, 8, to a hight convenient for the attendant,", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "THE ALTERNATE AND PARALLEL SYSTEMS. 227\\nin which case, if S is on a level with the ground out-\\nside the brooder house, a pit must be dug to give the tilt\\nbox room to turn, as in the case of the tilt box for grown\\nfowls, Fig. 117, where t is the tilt box and p the pit.\\nThe construction of the floor of the passage for the at-\\ntendant on the same level with the stationary boxes,\\nbrooders or layers, as in Fig. 136, we utterly condemn.\\ni J$\\nFIU. 117. TRANSVERSE SECTION OF HOUSE FOR LAYERS. (SEE FIG. 132.)\\nThe rules of convenience and labor saving are against\\nit, and why so many manufacturers of brooders perpetu-\\nate the nuisance is past our comprehension. As well\\nmight the counter of the salesman or the workbench of\\nthe mechanic be on a level with the floor. The brooder\\nis the poulterer s. workbench.\\nIn the parallel plan for brooder house, the tilt boxes\\nshould be double, being built for two broods with a par-", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "228\\nAN EGG FARM.\\ntition of wire netting, one-inch mesh. See Fig. 131.\\nFor the younglings, this is better than the continuous or\\nmultiform tilt box used for layers, Fig. 117. In the ground\\nplan, Fig. 140, the wire partition dividing the double\\ntilt boxes is represented by small crosses. Each brood\\nhas an alley, e, six inches wide, communicating with Y\\nand 8, this alley being closed to suit occasions by small\\ndoors, one at each end. These doors, however, are not\\nshown in the cut.\\nF\\nFIG. 118. LONGITUDINAL, SECTION OF HOUSE FOE LAYERS. (SEE FIG. 132.)\\nIf the brooder house is a long one, similar in external\\nappearance to the one shown in Fig. 103, and heated by\\nhot water, the parallel system should be followed, and\\nby a little ingenuity room can be contrived to locate tilt\\nboxes in any brooder house that is constructed substan-\\ntially like Fig. 137, although not built with reference\\nto their adoption. If, however, each brooder is heated\\nby a separate lamp, the alternate system, Figs. 102, 103\\nand 141, should be followed. In any brooder house", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "THE ALTERNATE AND PARALLEL SYSTEMS.\\n229\\nalready built, that is arranged essentially like Fig. 136,\\ntilt boxes can be introduced. Whenever tilt boxes are\\nput into a building of this sort or of the kind shown in\\nFig. 102, it will be necessary to dig a pit in which the\\nwinch or lever may turn and the attendant stand while\\noperating the same.\\nIf you hatch chickens artificially on a small scale,\\nusing only two, three or four brooders at a time, the\\nbest way will be to adopt the alternate plan and have no\\ncontinuous axle with its lever or crank, and dispense also\\nwith feed cylinders or feed shelves. Rotate each tilt box", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "230\\nAN EGG FARM.\\nseparately, by hand, just as you would rock a cradle,\\neach having a separate axle made by nailing a stick, one\\nand one-half or two inches square, across the bottom of\\nthe tilt box, at the under side, and letting it project a\\ncouple of inches beyond the ends of the box, these ends\\nto be rounded, and each to rest in a notch of correspond-\\ning size cut in the edge of a horizontal bearing piece of\\ninch board. A good\\nshape for such a box is\\nseen in Fig. 143.\\nOf course, you walk to\\neach tilt box in succes-\\nsion, and do without feed\\ncylinders by sprinkling a\\npinch of millet or other\\nfine feed by hand twice\\nevery time you tilt the\\nbox, one pinch to call\\nthem cut of the tilt box\\nto begin with. No signal\\nwill be needed to call\\nthem. Their cpiick eyes\\nwill watch your every\\nmotion. You can set a\\ntilt box, then a brooder or stationary box, for they are\\nboth the same thing; then a tilt box, then a brooder,\\nright alongside of an alley three feet wide, which is sunk\\ntwo feet in the ground for the attendant to walk in, or\\nyou can set the brooder and the frame which supports\\nthe tilt box on legs two feet long, as in Figs. 78, 79 and\\n80. The brooders should communicate with little yards\\nor long narrow runways, with small outdoor exercisers\\nattached, but for the first fifteen or twenty days of the\\nyounglings existence there need be no going out doors at\\nall, if you operate the tilt box often. The floor of the\\nstationary box or brooder should be two inches higher\\nFIG. 120. CRANK MADE OF PIPING.", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "THE ALTERNATE AND PARALLEL SYSTEMS. 231\\nthan the floor of the tilt box, to allow for the thickness\\nof the two-inch layer of cut hay or chaff in the latter.\\nYou can use lamps and either hot water or hot air for\\nyour brooders, when you have but a small number.\\nNow, if you have eight, ten or more brooders occu-\\npied at the same time, use the alternate system aud\\nsunken alley above described, and attach all your tilt\\nboxes to a continuous axle furnished with a crank and\\nuse feed cylinders,\\nas in Fig. 79. The\\naxle may be of three-\\nquarter inch or inch\\niron pipe and must FlG 121 piece for attaching shaft\\ni i-, TO SPOOL.\\npass under the sta-\\ntionary boxes, or brooders or hovers, as they may be called,\\non its way from one tilt box to the next.\\nUnder this plan, of course, you do not have to go from\\none box to the other, but stand at one end of the axle,\\nwhere you tilt all at once. The quantity and kind of\\nfeed needed for each brood, according to the number of\\nbirds composing it and their age, is provided for when\\nthe feed cylinders are charged, which will ordinarily be\\nbut once a day, with the dry grain, which should be the\\nmain feed.\\nGreen stuff and meat may be fed in the usual manner,\\nit being not adapted to the feed cylinder. One of the\\nmerits of the system of poultry keeping by machinery is\\nthat the birds, both young and old, can digest plain,\\ndry, uncooked grain and thrive upon it with very little\\nelse, excepting green stuff in slight allowance, gravel and\\nwater, if they are compelled to work hard for nearly\\nall they get. Meat, vegetables, and the various prepared\\narticles of food take too much time, besides costing ordi-\\nnarily more than grain. Feeding milk is an uncleanly\\npractice, daubing and soiling beaks and feathers more or\\nless. A little green stuff is useful, not, as some persons", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "232 AN EGG PARM.\\nhave claimed, on account of its nutritive constituents\\nbeing better than those of grain, but because the acids\\nof green stuff and fruit help all omnivorous or graminiv-\\norous animals, man included, to digest the grain food,\\nwhich is the main reliance. No matter how nutritious\\nthe diet on board ship, the sailors without fruit or\\nvegetables will have scurvy after a while.\\nIf your establishment contains fifteen or twenty brood-\\ners, or upwards, stick to the sunken alley, but change\\nfrom the alternate to the parallel system, Figs. 140, 142", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "THE ALTERNATE AND PARALLEL SYSTEMS. 233\\nffc\\n2\u00c2\u00bb.\\n\u00c2\u00abM|\\ni\u00c2\u00bbL\\nfc\u00c2\u00bbJ", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "234 AX EGG FAR1I.\\nand 144, and use hot-water pipes of the usual style, Figs.\\n136 and 139.\\nWhat has been said, regarding three different methods\\nof operation with chick tilt boxes, applies to layer tilt\\nboxes with the exception that, when you have but two,\\nthree or four of these and walk to each, it will not be\\nconvenient to take hold of the tilt box directly, it being\\ntoo heavy and swinging in too big an arc to be moved\\neasily and followed conveniently on its trip, but a short\\nwooden lever will be needed, which may be nailed to\\neach box. If you have five or more layer tilt boxes on\\none axle, a call bell and a feed shelf, the latter operated\\nby a hammer held in the hand will be cheaper than feed\\ncylinders. A swinging feed shelf can be very readily\\nsuspended when it is indoors, the suspension cords or\\nwires being attached to some part of the building.\\nThe chaff or litter for layer tilt boxes should be fine,\\nand for chick tilt boxes very fine. Coarse, stemmy hay\\ncut short is very good. It must be somewhat heavy,\\nfor if too light and fluffy it does not tumble well in tilt-\\ning. In Nebraska, Kansas, California and intermediate\\nalfalfa regions, use the finely broken stems and leaves\\nremaining after the alfalfa seed has been threshed out.\\nThere is nothing else so good for the purpose.", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXV.\\nHEALTHY, VIGOROUS BIRDS.\\nThe introduction of mechanical contrivances in tend-\\ning fowls marks a new era in poultry raising on a large\\nscale. Hereafter the poulterer, working under the old\\nsystem, can no more compete with those who have the\\nnew machinery than he can raise hay for cattle and use\\nonly scythes in competition with stockmen who have\\nmowing machines. The ordinary scratching room, or\\nscratch pen, would be all right if the time could be\\nafforded to mix grain with the litter often and a little at\\na time, but nobody ever did or ever will do this thor-\\noughly by hand, daily, for any length of time. If done\\nby hand it will be at a loss, and the more you do it\\nAvithout machinery the more you will lose. The country\\nis full of abandoned incubators and brooders because\\nthe eggs used for hatching lacked, at the start, the\\nvitality that nothing but exercise of the parent stock\\ncould bestow, and also such chicks as could be coaxed\\nout of the shell died by inches for want of exercise in\\nthe brooders. Writers on poultry urge the sprinkling\\nof millet on litter for the young broods, to induce\\nscratching exercise but doing this two or three times a\\nday amounts to but little. It will slightly retard the\\nmortality, the leg weakness, the general debility and\\nthe plastering up at the rear of the body of the\\npoor unfortunates, but will not wholly prevent these\\ntroubles.\\nSpeaking of the disgusting and disheartening trouble\\nlast mentioned, complaint of which appears in the cor-\\n235", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "236\\nAN EGG FARM.\\nrespondence columns of the poultry papers over and\\nover again, it hardly occurs in case of chicks running at\\nlarge in one instance in a\\nthousand, we might say.\\nIt is wrongly attributed to\\nlooseness of the bowels,\\nwhile its real cause is weak-\\nness of the muscles around\\nthe vent. These muscles\\nare weak because all the\\nother muscles of the body\\nare weak. When the mus-\\ncular system is toned up by\\nthe exercise on a free range\\nwhile constantly hunting,\\nliterally, for grub, one\\nset of muscles concerned in\\nevacuation throws back, or\\nseparates, the feathers\\naround the vent with force,\\nwhile with equal force an-\\nother set of muscles expels\\nthe droppings. Much of\\nthe so-called diarrhoea is\\nFIG. 125. FEED TROUGH APPARATUS.\\nnot diarrhoea at all. The chicks are weak for lack of\\nexercise, the whole system is enfeebled, but the bowels", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "HEALTHY, VIGOROUS BIROS.\\n237\\nFIG. 126. TRIP GONG\\nBELL.\\nare not suffering a whit more than all the other organs.\\nThe troublesome symptom of clogging near the vent is\\nalmost invariably caused by lack of exercise, but any-\\nthing else that debilitates will cause\\nit, and it is not necessarily an ac-\\ncompaniment of diarrhoea, dysen-\\ntery, or any other specially diseased\\nstate of the bowels, or of abnormal\\nor vitiated droppings.\\nThese last- may be in fully as nor-\\nmal a condition as any of the other\\nwaste products or Various secretions\\nof the animal economy. The\\nfeathers begin to be clogged, in the\\nfirst place, by the thin matter that\\nis voided last, the muscles concerned\\nbecoming tired toward the close of\\nthe orgasm. A powerful muscular action is necessary,\\nto throw aside the numerous feathers surrounding the\\nvent and to discharge the thin matter\\nwith sufficient force to prevent any drib-\\nbling or soiling of the surrounding parts.\\nThe chick, debilitated in every muscular\\ntissue by unnatural confinement, has not\\nthe strength to prevent the leakage of a\\ndrop or two, which, adhering to the\\nfeathers, forms the nucleus of an un-\\nsightly deposit, which increases with\\nevery evacuation. The vent itself is not\\nclogged. The deposit is outside the pas-\\nsage, not in it. The poultry keeper is apt\\nto try a change of feed, thinking that the\\ntrouble consists in bad digestion, or he\\nfinds fault with the brooder and changes from bot-\\ntom heat to top heat, or vice versa. But the main\\ncause is lack of exercise, and no style of brooder or\\nFIG. 127. WIRE\\nFOR GONGS.", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "238\\nAK EGG FARM.\\nchange of feed can possibly cure or prevent the symp-\\ntoms in question.\\nLet us be understood. This is the first time, so far\\nas the writer is aware, that the true nature of most of\\nFIG. 128. INTERIOR Al/fERNATE SYSTEM. SEE FIGS. 77 AND 130.\\nthe so-called diarrhoea, looseness of the bowels and clog-\\nging of the vent has been published. It is not claimed\\nhere that the bowels and the evacuations are in a per-\\nfectly healthy state when the dribbling matter previouslv", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "HEALTHY, VIGOROUS BIRDS.\\n239\\ndescribed begins to adhere to the feathers. When there\\nis deterioration of health and strength on account of\\ndearth of exercise, or on account of jostling and crowd-\\ning at night in an insufficiently warmed brooder, result-\\ning in loss of sleep, every organ and function of the\\nbody is likely to be more or less impaired. What is\\nasserted is that the bowels are not primarily or specially\\nin fault. The whole digestive system may be as well off\\nas any other part of the chick, and may be, in fact, the", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "240\\nAST EGG FARM.\\n\u00c2\u00abQ L\\n-*D:\\nCUD\\nh\\n$q;\\n^D\\nOCZD\\nPL.\\nh\\n*D L\\noCH", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "HEALTHY, VIGOROUS BIRDS.\\n241\\nnearest to a healthy state of all the various organs yet,\\nsince there is a great deal of muscular strength necessary\\nto the proper per-\\nformance of the act\\nof evacuation, with-\\nout such strength\\nthere will be soiling\\nof the feathers, which\\nwill go on from bad\\nto worse.\\nReader, if you\\nwould test the cor-\\nrectness of the above,\\ntake a score, or fifty\\nor more if you have\\nthem, of brooder\\nchicks that have been\\nconfined in a manner\\nto prevent exercise.\\nSelect only those that\\nhave the unsightly\\nprotuberance adher-\\ning to the feathers\\nnear the vent. Re-\\nmove the deposit, and\\nkeep removing it care-\\nfully during the early\\nstages of the experi-\\nment we are about to\\ndescribe, using warm\\nwater and patience,\\nand taking pains not\\nto injure either the\\nflesh or the feathers.\\nSeparate your afflicted specimens into two broods, im-\\npartially, as regards size and health. Give each brood\\n16", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": ".242\\nAN EGG FABM.\\nthe same heat, sun, fresh air, water, and everything else\\ndown to the smallest detail. Only and excepting this,\\nto wit You contrive plenty of exercise for one of the\\nsquads, and for the other, not. Kemove the filth from\\nthe posterior parts of all the birds in both squads if it\\nreappears, for a week or so after separation. This is so\\nas. to be able to detect results after the exercise has been\\nallowed time to take effect. The division into two", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "HEALTHY, VIGOROUS BIRDS.\\n243-\\nFIG. 133. LARGE HAND WHEEL.\\nsquads should be made before the specimens in either\\ngroup become too debilitated to take exercise because,\\nyou- see, if exercise is to be tested, exercise must actually\\nappear, in one squad,\\nas a factor in the ex-\\nperiment. We will\\ntell you beforehand,\\ngood reader, how it\\nwill turn out. You\\nwill not only find\\nthat exercise will pre-\\nvent accumulations\\nnear the vent, but by\\ncareful watching you\\nwill discover that\\nyour squad which\\npossesses strengthen-\\ned muscles performs\\nthe act of evacuation in a vigorous manner, thro wino-\\naside with force the feathers of the parts concerned and\\nholding them rigidly till the last portion of the urine,\\nas well as the more solid matter, has been\\nvigorously ejected, while you will also perceive\\nthat the reverse is true of the other squad,\\nwhich exhibits only feeble orgasms, dribbling\\nand befouling.\\nWhen young chicks are under the care of\\nthe mother hen and are allowed freedom they\\nare in motion nearly all the time in daylight\\nhours. Plenty of exercise keeps up the proper\\nbalance between the muscular, the nervous,\\nthe circulatory and the digestive systems, and\\ntones up every portion and function of the\\nbody. In such a case, there will be not more than one\\nor two per cent of the young birds showing posterior\\nparts befouled, and such birds were most certainly badly\\nFIG. 134.\\nSCREW PUL-\\nLEY.", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "244 AN EGG FA KM.\\nhatched and so handicapped in the race of life, or they\\nmet with some injury or setback. Sometimes a whole\\nseason will not develop a single instance of the unsightly\\npest in flocks aggregating hundreds. Under natural con-\\nditions domestic birds, like their wild cousins, will have\\nperfectly clean plumage. Folks say it is necessary for\\nyoung chicks to get at the ground. It is necessary for\\nthem to get at exercise.\\nIn the instance of brooder chicks, throwing grain on\\ntop of a pile of litter does not amount to much. No\\nmatter how loose the litter may be when it is first put\\ninto the scratch box, the constant tramping of the\\nchicks soon makes it a compact mass and the grain will\\nnot rattle down through it. Throwing them grain\\ninduces a momentary scramble but very little scratching.\\nIf the attendant stirs up the litter, using a rake or fork,\\nit takes him over twenty minutes for sixty flocks, to\\ndo this properly and not stampede the birds, even when\\nevery door and other appliance at the brooders and\\nscratching places is constructed so that it can be done as\\nhandily as possible, while unless the brooders and their\\nbelongings are made with special reference to this rou-\\ntine it will take forty minutes. With the indoor exer-\\nciser it can be done in- one minute. That is, the\\nmachine saves the time of twenty men, at the very least.\\nThe best farm machinery saves the time of only eight to\\ntwelve men.", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXVI.\\nBUSINESS POULTRY FARMING.\\nThroughout the industrial realm everywhere the mod-\\nern maxim is: Use a machine instead of a man,\\nwherever possible/ In field, factory and mine, and on\\nshipboard, progress demands the best of facilities for\\ndoing those things which are to be repeated over and\\nover ten thousand times. On the other hand, when an\\noperation is to be repeated but seldom, you must beware\\nlest you lavish so much time on a machine to do it with\\nthat it costs more than the profits.\\nAs we have seen, the surplus eggs and poultry from\\nfarms and rural places will be put on the market irre-\\nspective of profit, and the rapid extension of the trolley\\nlines changes many urban residents to suburban in\\nother words, they become producers of poultry products\\ninstead of consumers merely. Therefore, the prices of\\neggs and dressed poultry are low and will continue low.\\nTo get around the difficulty, the artificial method of\\nhatching and rearing has been resorted to by would-be\\nbroiler raisers on a large scale, so as to get high prices\\nby securing chicks in cold weather when the ordinary\\nfarmer cannot, or does not, do it. But the first trouble\\nis that winter eggs do not hatch well because the laying\\nstock is in bad condition at that season from lack of exer-\\ncise, and the second trouble is, that when you succeed\\nin hatching, the chicks cannot exercise in yards in cold\\nweather, sleet and snowdrifts. You cannot secure exer-\\ncise for them indoors without the aid of machinery,\\nunless you spend more time than they are worth. With-\\n245", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "M6\\nAN EGG FARM.\\nout exercise so many will die that there will be no\\nprofits. In a nutshell, without exercise there cannot be\\nthrift, and exercise in bad weather cannot be secured\\nexcept at pecuniary loss, unless there are labor-saving\\ncontrivances. The large establishments will either raise\\nchickens in moderate weather under an out-of-door sys-\\ntem with plenty of range, and preferably in about the\\nlatitude of North Carolina and Arkansas, where the\\nwinters are short and mild, or adopt machinery, or\\nallow large and, of course, expensive apartments for\\neach flock, or shut up shop. The writer dislikes the\\ne\\nV\\ny.\\nc\\nft-\\na\\na\\na\\nD\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2a\\nW\\nc\\nft*\\n1\\nrrr 1\\nIS SI\\nL-L_L._ d a\\na\\na\\nFIG. 132. GROUND PLAN OF HOUSE FOR LAYERS. (SEE PAGE 132).\\nrole of dark prophet, and calls attention to the sombre\\ntruth only in order to show a way out of the difficulties.\\nThe trouble with large rooms for each flock is the great\\ncost. Already cases are appearing where $50,000, and\\neven $100,000, is spent on one set of poultry buildings.\\nScores of large poultry farms have been abandoned\\nbecause their owners did not, at the outset, correctly\\nestimate the amount of labor needed to run them, which\\nis, unless machinery is used, so enormous as to absorb\\nthe profits, or, more properly, to prevent all profits.\\nThere are ten thousand steps necessary on poultry farms\\nas ordinarily conducted, possessing no labor-saving con-", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "BUSINESS POULTKY FARMING.\\n247", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "248 A1ST EGG FARM.\\ntrivances, and the day is never long enough, from ear-\\nliest dawn till work by lantern light has been prolonged\\ntill bedtime, to attend to the hundreds of little details.\\nOn poultry farming as a business there is no one bet-\\nter qualified to speak than that luminous and volumi-\\nnous writer for the poultry press, intelligent and careful\\nobserver, and practical poultry keeper, W. H. Eudd,\\nwho, moreover, lives in Massachusetts, where poultry\\nfarms run on a more or less extensive scale are most\\nnumerous, and besides, his market and provision trade\\nin Boston has, for thirty years past, given him an excel-\\nlent opportunity to keep track of the progress in raising\\npoultry products for the table as a business. He says:\\nWhere competent help is a necessity we are very doubtful whether\\nit can be employed at a profit; at any rate, we have never known of\\nan instance where it has been done.\\nSince his utterance, quoted above, there have, how-\\never, been some very noticeable advances in poultry cul-\\nture. With the aid of the new labor-saving machinery,\\nskilled labor can be employed, in connection, of course,\\nwith a proper number of cheap hands, at a profit in\\npoultry raising. There is much light work and routine\\nwork that can be done by low priced labor when\\nmachines are the central and governing feature. With-\\nout such machinery poultry will not be raised on a large\\nscale in the future, any more than grain will be sown by\\nhand, reaped with a sickle and threshed with a flail at a\\nprofit. It will be found cheaper to use comparatively\\nsmall buildings with machinery, than large buildings\\nwithout it. If help cannot be hired in a business, it -is\\nno business at all, and it is not business to be in such\\na business.\\nWhat would be thought of another industry where no\\nemployes could be hired at a profit The truth is,\\nthat in cases where a poultry raising establishment\\ndepending on yards has been run on a moderate scale", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "BUSINESS POULTRY FARMING.\\n249", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "250\\nAN EGG PAKM.\\nsuccessfully without machinery, the owner working at\\nnothing else the year round, either thoroughbred fowls\\nand eggs have been sold at high prices and the business\\nkept afloat in that way, or the proprietor has struggled\\nand toiled with an amount of care, painstaking and\\nunremitting industry, which, if employed in almost any\\nother staple calling, in office,\\nhotel, mine, factory or store,\\nwould have paid him better.\\nIn this last instance, talents\\nand zeal have been virtually\\nsquandered, since they could\\nhave been employed to better\\nadvantage elsewhere. As re-\\ngards the breeding and sale of\\nfowls, or of livestock of any\\nspecies, at fancy prices, it is\\nan important branch of rural\\neconomy and brings about a\\nvast amount of good in dis-\\nseminating valuable breeds of\\nanimals all over the country,\\nand finally at prices within\\nthe reach of the multitude.\\nBut it is not a staple busi-\\nness. In the nature of things, but a few can work at it,\\nand in the last analysis its foundation will be found to\\nrest on the use which the breed serves in the hands of\\nthose who produce for sale at ordinary market rates. To\\nillustrate, if the regular dairy business is not j)rofitable,\\nthen the raiser of extra premium Jerseys or Holsteins\\nwill have no customers. The raisers of prize winners\\nmust be few in number for if like produces like, then\\nby natural increase their excellent breed will soon be\\ncommon while if, on the other hand, the superior quali-\\nties of their high priced specimens are not hereditary,\\nFIG. 138. SHAFT WITH WINCH.", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "BUSINESS POULTRY FARMING.\\n251", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "252 AN EGG FARM.\\nthen the purchaser has been deluded, and the seller is\\nlaying snares instead of following a staple business.\\nTo return to the matter of hiring help, machinery is\\na great promoter of efficient service in all branches of\\nindustry. The tender of the machine must feed it con-\\ntinually and faithfully, or the result is a dead give\\naway. The farm hand may lean on his hoe pretty often\\nto see the pigeons fly, or the carpenter may dawdle over\\nhis jackplane occasionally to gossip, and not be noticed\\nbut if the former is running a gang plow and the latter\\na planing machine, the stoppage of either attracts atten-\\ntion. The machine regulates the operative. In these\\nlatter days, the question whether there is, or should be,\\nantagonism between employer and employe is often dis-\\ncussed. The fact is, the old saying, there is no friend-\\nship in trade, is as true now as when it was first\\nuttered. A seller tries to sell dear, and a buyer to buy\\ncheap. The wage worker s commodity is his labor.\\nUnless he is trying for promotion, or something of that\\nsort, he is apt to try to see, not only how much money\\nhe can get for his work, but how little work he can do\\nfor his money.\\nTo prevent shirking, piecework has been found a very\\nsuccessful device, and is followed almost invariably\\nin great establishments where the nature of the prod-\\nuct permits it, careful inspection of the articles pro-\\nduced being necessary in order to prevent slighting\\nof the work. Working on shares, practiced in connec-\\ntion with farming to a great and increasing extent, is\\nanother way of enlisting the worker s self-interest.\\nWhere neither piecework nor work on shares is practica-\\nble, then two other things remain which will assist in\\nsecuring faithful service of wage workers at a period\\nwhen the false and pernicious doctrine is rife that any-\\nthing that makes work is a benefit to the laborer and\\nanything that uses up w r ork is his enemy. The two", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "BUSINESS POULTRY FARMING.\\n253\\nIT?\\nm h\\nzrx\\nH\\nt/i H\\nC/5\\nII\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094HI-\\nll\\nK\\nS\\n(A\\n10\\nK", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "254\\nAN EGG FARM.\\nthings meant are teams and machinery. Whenever a\\nhand is driving a team, it must be kept going. Hence\\nthe great advantage in hiring help in prairie farming,\\nwhere almost everything is done by teams, over hiring\\nin garden work and horticulture, which are mostly han-\\ndicrafts. In factories where the hired hand does noth-\\ning but tend a machine, he will be sufficiently regulated\\nwithout working either on shares or by the piece.\\nIn the large poultry establishments where the Exercis-", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "BUSINESS POULTRY FARMING. 255\\ners are used, the feed droppers, whether the latter are\\nshelves or cylinders, will always speak for themselves\\nand show whether they have been charged at the proper\\ntime and with the proper quantity, the orders being to\\ndo everything by rule, of course. The sound of -the call\\nbells, supposing that these are operated by employes and\\nnot by clockwork, will show what is going on at all\\ntimes during the day, so that efficiency of the hired help\\nis compelled. This is an advantage not to be despised,\\nthough an incidental one not considered when, for other\\npurposes, poultry machinery was originally planned.\\nWhile the use of the Exerciser is as efficacious in giv-\\ning vitality to eggs designed for hatching as in rearing\\nchicks in brooders, its effects are more palpable and\\nmore quickly discovered in the latter case. Divide fifty\\nchicks four days old impartially into two groups of\\ntwenty-five each. Put one group into a brooder without\\nthe Exerciser and the other group into a brooder exactly\\nthe same in all- respects-, excepting -that the latter has\\nthe Exerciser attached treat both groups scrupu-\\nlously alike as regards sun, air, feeding, watering and\\neverything else down to the smallest details, and then\\ncompare the two groups every week till two, three,\\nfour weeks have elapsed. The contrast will be simply\\nmarvelous. A great deal of exercise, not merely a little,\\nis just what artificially reared chickens need. It goes\\nright to the spot. Hitherto the brooder chicks of the\\nwhole United States have not been allowed, one case in\\nfifty, a full plenty of exercise, in winter especially.\\nThere is, to many persons, a fascination about artificial\\nhatching and rearing, besides the expectations of pecu-\\nniary gains so that thousands on thousands of dollars\\nare invested in incubators, with an enormous amount of\\nchagrin and disappointment as the almost invariable\\nresult. Lest the writer should appear to exaggerate on\\nthis point let an impartial and competent witness, Mr.", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "256\\nAN EGG FARM.\\nLockwood Myrick, be called to the stand, who, in the\\nAmerican Agriculturist, says\\nThere are few enterprises that present such an assurance of large\\nand quick profits as that of raising broiler chickens artificially, that\\nis, with incubators and brooders, instead of hens. With incubators a\\nlarge number of chicks can be hatched at once and at seasons when\\nhens do not sit. The market for broilers is never glutted. They are\\nmarketed at three months old, the dressed weight (undrawn) ranging\\nfrom three to three and one-half pounds per pair. Eggs cost a trifle\\nless than two cents each the year through. The feed consumed by a\\nchick in three months costs but ten to twenty cents per pair.\\n10\\nY\\nFIG. 142. TII.T BOX\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PARALLEL SYSTEM.\\nThe business has been tried in all parts of the country, but proba-\\nbly more extensively at Hammonton, South New Jersey. Within the\\nlast ten years it is said that more than fifty parties have undertaken\\nthe brooder business in this township. Abetter soil and climate for\\npoultry cannot be found, and if success in the brooder business can be\\nexpected anywhere, certainly it should be found at Hammonton.\\nAnd what is the result? Of all who have engaged in it only four\\nremain, commercially, and of these but two run the whole year, and\\none of these expects to retire shortly. It is safe to say that there is\\nnot a single brooder man in Hammonton to-day who realizes $500 per\\nyear net profit, and that is without making any charge for his time.\\nOne party mentioned above who says he cleared that sum two years\\nago, evidently has not since. Another, after four years constant effort,\\nsays he has not received fifty cents a day for his labor. A third, who", "height": "2775", "width": "1796", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0270.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "BUSINESS POULTRY FARMING. 257\\nruns but a few months annually, says he cannot make $1.50 pet day\\nfor the time he is in it.\\nEvidenlly such a wide difference between the ideal and the real\\ncalls, for an explanation and that can be given in two words, dead\\nchicks. Incubators hatch from 50 to 60 per cent of the eggs. The trou-\\nble is not in the hatching, unless that means weakened vitality, but in\\nkeeping the chicks alive afterward. The death rate is awful, ranging\\nfrom 60 to 80 per cent. When one-half a hatch reach to the broiler\\nstate, rarely done, the business is moderately profitable. If 60 per\\ncent die, a prudent man can about pay his feed bills; when more than\\nthis die, as is usual, the business is unprofitable. This mortality is\\nprincipally within three weeks from hatching. One of the first pain-\\nful duties that awaits the novice is the burial of chicks they are often\\nburied by the bucketful daily.\\nPractical men differ in placing blame for the mortality upon brood-\\ning or feeding. Many kinds of brooders have been tried, using top\\nheat, bottom heat, heating with hot-water pipes and with single\\nlamps, but the chicles die about the same with all. Feeding is a mat.\\nter of great importance triat has been most carefully studied, but no\\nsatisfactory ration has been found, or none than can entirely over-\\ncome the ill effects of imperfect brooding, and no brooder has been used\\nthat can overcome the ill effects of improper feeding if the trouble is\\nin the ration. The infant mortality is the great cause of failure.\\nAlter investing $1,000 or more and losing a year s time, the average\\nman sells at a sacrifice to a new enthusiast, who in turn sells again or\\ndismantles the houses and devotes the land to more profitable uses.\\nIn the light of Hammonton s ten years experience, it is plain that\\nuntil some better system of artificial brooding is devised, the business\\nis a very hazardous one; it eannot compete with the hen.\\nThe above is very unwelcome to a host of people who\\nhave been hoping to find in broiler raising a sure path to\\nfortune. Chicks of all gallinaceous species of fowls are\\nso constituted in their essential physical nature that a\\ntremendous amount of exertion is absolutely necessary,\\nnot only to thrift but to life itself. They are so con-\\nstructed that without almost continual activity of their\\norgans of locomotion the proper balance between their\\nmuscular system and their digestive and respiratory sys-\\ntems is lost. Their whole constitution becomes impaired\\nbecause the equilibrium of vital forces ordained in\\nnature has been broken up.\\nThe Hammonton chicks died for the same reason that\\nbrooder chicks by the thousands have died all over the\\ncountry. The heat and ventilation in the brooder and\\n17", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0271.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "258 AN EGG FARM.\\nthe ration might both be right at Hammonton and yet\\nthe infant mortality be appalling. The riddle is\\nsolved. Canaries and young chickens are among the\\nmost active animals in the world. Nature is not a\\nclumsy architect. Their hearts, lungs and digestive\\norgans sustain an intimate relation to their muscles,\\nand the harmony of parts in the make-up of an animal\\nmust be respected. When older the chicks could sur-\\nvive enforced idleness and inaction. But they are deli-\\ncate little balls of down\\nFIG. 143. -LIGHT TILT BOX.\\nat an early age unless\\ngradually made robust\\ngte by working for what\\nthey get. If you fight\\nnature you will be\\n-f- whipped every time.\\nKaisers of brooder\\nchicks all over the coun-\\ntry, who achieve a partial success, repeatedly testify that\\nallowing the younglings the liberty of an outside yard\\nalways checks the mortality perceptibly.\\nBut it will soon become generally known that a tilt box\\nof a few square feet of floor will do more good than a yard\\nof many square feet. The magical results of the little\\noutdoor yards adopted by the most successful raisers of\\nbrooder chicks have been hastily attributed to the stimu-\\nlating effects of the cold or to the influence of the fresh\\nair or the direct rays of the sun. Wrong. ISTo possible\\nallowance, proportion or variety, of heat, cold, fresh\\nair, light or sun will save them without exercise. The\\ncuriosity and inquisitiveness of the little fellows led\\nthem to continually run indoors and out, like children,\\nas children s mothers well know, and in this way a little\\nexercise was gained by the use of the outdoor runs, but\\nnot enough by 99 per cent. You can afford pu|)ils plenty\\nof exercise in a city schoolyard of very limited dimen-", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0272.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "BUSINESS POULTRY FARMING. 259\\nsions, by means of gymnastic apparatus a caged squirrel\\nallowed a wheel will thrive and brooder chicks or layers\\nprovided with a gymnasium will take even more exercise\\nthan if on a free range.\\nYou can secure plenty of hatchable eggs in winter by\\nproviding the Exerciser for your laying stock and in this\\nway get two or three months the start of breeders who\\nare dependent on the advent of spring, gentle spring.\\nYou need not mind the cold much, granted that your\\nlayers are through molting, if you keep their blood stir-\\nring, and, as regards the kind of feed, you may give\\nthem almost anything that comes handy. Attend to\\ntheir muscles, and then their gizzards, which are bun-\\ndles of powerful muscles, will work all right. There is\\nmuch wasted talk about a balanced ration, and much\\nwasted time spent in weighing the constituents of hay,\\ngrain and other feed stuffs, and beef, fat, milk, eggs,\\nand other animal products, expecting to be able to put\\ncertain raw materials into one part of the mill and take\\nout finished goods at another part, as the manufacturer\\ndoes. But the processes of nature are so subtle that you\\ncannot always tell by what you put in exactly what you\\nwill take out. There is no way so good as actually try-\\ning. The test of sowing and reaping will instruct a\\nfarmer concerning the adaptation of his land to a crop\\nbetterthan elaborate analyses of the crop and the soil\\ncould ever do and just so the only way to tell what a\\nparticular ration will do for fowls or other livestock is\\nto try it.\\nThe state agricultural experiment station of New\\nYork, at Geneva, reported in Bulletin 132 an interesting\\nexperiment with a milch cow\\nA cow fed during ninety-five days on a ration from which the fats\\nhad been nearly all extracted, continued to secrete milk similar to\\nthat produced when fed on the same kinds of hay and grain in their\\nnormal condition.\\nThe yield of milk fat during the ninety-five days was 62.9 lbs. The", "height": "2780", "width": "1801", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0273.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "260 AN EGG FARM.\\nfood fat eaten during this time was 11.6 lbs., 5.7 lbs. only of which was\\ndigested, consequently at least 57.2 lbs. of the milk fat must have had\\nsome source other than fat in the food consumed.\\nThe milk fat could not have come from previously stored body fat.\\nThis assertion is supported by three considerations: (a) The cow s\\nbody could have contained scarcely more than 60 lbs. of fat at the\\nbeginning of the experiment; (b) she gained 47 lbs. in body weight\\nduring this period of time with no increase of body nitrogen, and was\\njudged to be a much fatter cow at the end;(c) the formation of this\\nquantity of milk fat from the body fat would have caused a marked\\ncondition of emaciation, which, because of an increase in the body\\nweight, would have required the improbable increase in the body of\\n101 lbs. of water and intestinal contents.\\nCommenting on the above the editor of the American\\nAgriculturist well says\\nTo put in plain United States language that the average dairyman\\ncan understand, we state thus the case learnedly set forth by Dr. Jor-\\ndan: This cow in three months gave in her milk 57 lbs. more fat than\\nshe consumed. Evidently the cow converted into fat part of the\\nsugar, starch, fiber, protein, etc., that she consumed. That cows can\\nreally do this was not before known. This may explain why it is that\\nrations deficient in fat or oil may produce milk rich in fat. The\\nexperiment also shows what wonderful and little understood pro-\\ncesses go on in the animal system. Only a few weeks ago they\\nremoved a woman s stomach and she is now well and thriving, thus\\ncompletely upsetting much of the physiology we have been taught\\nfor years. Assuredly, how little is really known about the animal\\neconomy Facts like these emphasize the marvel of life force.\\nYet there are very many persons who reason that the\\nconstituents of wheat resemble the white of an egg and\\ntherefore they must feed that grain to laying hens even\\nif it costs twice as much as corn being afraid that the\\nlatter contains too much oily matter, forgetting that the\\nyolk has much fat, and serves as the first food of a chick,\\nas the first food of a calf is rich in cream, and that an\\nomnivorous animal can digest and assimilate what it\\nrequires from a variety of foods, among which corn\\nstands pre-eminent for cheapness in this country.", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0274.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXVII.\\nARTIFICIAL INCUBATION\\nThe practice of this art reaches back to the dawn of\\nhistory. The oldest written accounts are connected with\\nEgypt. In The Voiage and Travaile of Sir John Man-\\ndeville, Kt., occurs the following, written in 1356\\nAlso at Cayre (Cairo), that I spake of before, sellen men, comounly\\nmen and women of other lawe, as we clone here bestes in the market.\\nAnd there is a common hows in that cytee that is all fulle of smale\\nfurneys; and thidre bryngen wonimen of the toun here eyren (eggs) of\\nhennes, of gees, and of dokes, for to ben put in to the furneyses. And\\nthei that kepen that hows covern hem with here of hors dong, and\\nouten henne, goos or doke or any other foul; and at the ende of three\\nweeks or a monethe, thei comen agen and taken here chickens and\\nnorissche hem and bryngen hem forthe, so that alle the countre is fulle\\nof hem. And so men don there bothe wyntre and somer.\\nThe fact of the successful prosecution of this art in\\nEgypt having become disseminated throughout Europe,\\nthere were incubators of various patterns constructed in\\nFrance, England and other countries, from the middle\\nof the fifteenth to the close of the eighteenth century.\\nIn 1777, a method of heating egg ovens by pipes of hot\\nwater was tried in France, according to that excellent\\nwork, Incubation and its Natural Laws, by Charles\\nA. Cyphers, the best which has appeared since the modern\\nincubators came in use, outside of the standard works\\non embryology. To John Champion, Berwick-on-\\nTweed, England, 1770, probably belongs the credit of\\nfirst hatching eggs by the aid of fire. He used a room\\nthrough which passed two heated flues, the eggs being\\nplaced on a large round table in the center. He claimed\\nthat as many of the eggs hatched as if they had\\n26 1", "height": "2786", "width": "1838", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0275.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "262\\nAN EGG FARM.\\nbeen sat upon by a lien. He says The two flue, places\\ndo not open into the hatching room but into one adjoin-\\ning, where the keeper sits and the coal is kept. By this\\nmeans the eggs are free from smoke and dust, by which\\nthey might otherwise be greatly injured. The two\\nrooms have a door communication, that the keeper may\\nevery now and then visit the eggs, and see if they are in\\nthe proper degree of heat.\\nFIG. 144. TILT BOX\u00e2\u0080\u0094 PARALLEL SYSTEM.\\nThis experiment we shall refer to later as the type of\\nwhat will eventually prove the most successful mode of\\nartificial hatching on a large scale. The patent incuba-\\ntors such as are now on sale, or modifications thereof,\\nfrom the size of a cook stove to a billiard table, with reg-\\nulators attached, will always be of use for amateurs,\\nfamilies or ordinary raisers on a small scale, but the\\nexpense of the machines and the care involved in run-\\nning them are so great where thousands of chicks are", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0276.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "ARTIFICIAL IJSCUBATIOST. 263\\nwanted, that the adoption of an immense egg chamber\\nholding many thousands of eggs and designed to be\\nentered by the attendants, one of whom is always on\\nduty night and day, a sitting room or waiting room\\nbeing conveniently near, and personal supervision taking\\nthe place of or rather supplementing automatic regulat-\\nors, will ultimately prevail, because proving the most\\nfeasible and economical.\\nFrom the year 1800 on, until about the middle of the\\ncentury, there was a lull in experimentation till the late\\n60 s and early 70 s, when in consequence of the rage in\\nthis country for the introduced Asiatic and Mediterra-\\nnean breeds of fowls and the general interest in poultry\\nincited by the acquisition of these valuable races, there\\nwere some half a dozen hatching machines invented and\\nput upon the market. Very crude affairs, though, they\\nwere, which long ago went down the stream of time,\\nhaving however first served the useful purpose of offer-\\ning hints for later inventors. The rage for incubators\\nculminated in the early 90 s. The multitude of incuba-\\ntor patents on file, the size of the manufactories where\\nthe principal machines are turned out, the extent of the\\nadvertising thereof, the elegance and costliness of the\\ncatalogs and the enormous sales effected, as well as the\\ntime and ingenuity involved in experiments connected\\nwith the improvement of the numerous styles of hatch-\\ners, to say nothing of the time and care bestowed upon\\nthem by the hopeful purchasers, can be realized only by\\nthose who have made a broad survey of the matter. The\\nlast ten years have been especially prolific in styles of\\nincubators.\\nCuriously enough, the skill spent in contriving the\\nartificial brooders offered for sale has not kept pace with\\nthat given to incubators, although the fact that it is\\nmuch easier to hatch chicks than to rear them has been\\nevident all along. The notion which customers have", "height": "2786", "width": "1838", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0277.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "2(U\\nAN EGG FAE3I.\\noften had that homemade brooders would answer all\\npurposes operated to limit demand for the bought\\narticle and probably somewhat diverted the attention of\\ninventors and manufacturers from perfecting brooders.\\nBe that as it may, the art of artificial hatching has\\nFIG. 145. WATCHING CHICKS AT EXERCISE.\\ndeveloped much beyond artificial rearing, and the Aveak-\\nest point to-day in the artificial system appears in con-\\nnection with brooders, as will be seen in later pages.\\nNeither in hatching nor rearing must conditions be\\nexactly thus and so to a hair s breadth. Considerable", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0278.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "ARTIFICIAL INCUBATION. 265\\nlatitude is allowable, both in the natural and the artifi-\\ncial processes. In fact, when wild birds of any species\\nincubate and rear, there are fluctuations of weather and\\natmospheric conditions that would cause failure if it\\nAvere necessary to maintain every requisite to an absolute\\nnicety. On account of this latitude artificial hatching-\\nis not extremely difficult, although no human art has\\never made or ever will make as perfectly regulated and\\noperated a hatcher as is the live natural one.\\nExperts in the artificial process, esjDecially if they are\\nincubator manufacturers or dealers, sometimes insist\\nthat the artificial method beats the hen, and are fond of\\nciting the cases of unfaithful birds deserting or break-\\ning their eggs, etc. Granted that, although the habits\\nof all wild species are uniformly exemplary in this\\nregard, long domestication has impaired the incubating\\ntraits of some domestic breeds and utterly destroyed\\nthose of others, crossing with which from time to time\\nhas introduced uncertainties of results more or less into\\nsome flocks yet the point is this, given the very best\\nincubator, run by the very best operator, in the very\\nbest cellar, with the very best eggs and compared with\\nthe. very best hen, set on the very best eggs, in the very\\nbest nest, located in the most suitable place, and the hen\\nis decidedly the most perfect. No man can ever con-\\nstruct a fabric that will equal a feather, or a mechanism\\nwhich will control heat, moisture and ventilation as\\nwonderfully as the mother hen s body with its feathered\\ncoverino;.", "height": "2786", "width": "1838", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0279.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXVIII.\\nREQUISITES OF A GOOD INCUBATOR.\\nTo understand the points needed in an incubator, the\\nchanges which take place in the egg from the first to the\\ntwenty-first day of the hatching term should be studied.\\nIt is, however, not necessary to know all the details,\\nwhich are of such wonderful complexity that to master\\nthem would need a lifetime. A farmer may fatten\\nsteers or raise wheat about as well (not quite) by atten-\\ntion to a few prominent principles, as if he was versed\\nin all the intricacies of animal and vegetable physiology,\\nand a few general considerations of heat, moisture and\\nventilation will enable an operator to run an incubator\\nalmost as successfully (not quite) as if he had taken so\\nthorough a course in comparative and ornithological\\nembryology that he could describe all the successive\\nmarvelous changes in the egg from the first to the last\\nstage of incubation. The close study of these stages is\\nto be recommended, however, because of the intellectual\\ngratification in tracing out such matchless processes of\\nnature, while, if no direct practical benefit inures to the\\npoultryman from such study, -indirect benefit he will be\\nsure to receive on account of the increased admiration\\nhe will have for the wonderful masterpiece of nature,\\nthe egg, and the wonderful process of its incubation.\\nJohn Randolph said on the floor of congress that he\\nwould walk a mile to kick a sheep. There are too many\\npoultry raisers who would walk two miles to kick a sit-\\nting hen, not appreciating the wondrous nature of her\\nlabors nor admiring her beautiful maternal instincts cel-\\n26.6", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0280.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "REQUISITES OF A GOOD INCUBATOR. 267\\nebrated in the Book, where we read As a hen gather-\\neth her chickens under her wings. The trouble has\\nbeen, lo these many years, that very little ingenuity has\\nbeen spent on contrivances for managing sitting hens, to\\nminimize the trouble they cause their keepers, while\\ninventive talent has compassed sea and land, earth and\\nair in perfecting, so far as possible, substitutes for them.\\nIn constructing an incubator the sitting hen is always,\\nand properly, appealed to as a standard, and from her we\\nlearn that, in addition to the purely mechanical requi-\\nsite of a changing position of the eggs, the three chief\\nessentials of perfect hatching are heat, moisture, and a\\nsupply of pure air. The eggs must be right, however,\\nin the first place, or the best incubator or mother hen in\\nthe world cannot turn out strong, healthy chicks. In\\nthe case of those hens which lay a great number of eggs,\\nas was pointed out by the writer in the American Agri-\\nculturist in 1870, those eggs laid near the close of the\\nlaying term contain germs deficient in vitality. Mr.\\nJ. L. Campbell, who is always worth listening to, says\\nla a large flock of hens some of them are always right in the mid-\\ndle of a litter, and their eggs being in with the others will account\\nfor the fact that some good, strong chicks can be hatched right\\nalong all the time, and it is very well that this is so, but I shall\\nnever kick again when my hens want to take a rest when I want\\nto hatch the eggs. In fact, I shall encourage them to do so whenever\\nthe eggs begin to hatch poorly. Why, it looks very reasonable that\\nwhen a hen has laid a long time right along, day after day, something\\nmust be getting scarce, because the supply has a limit. This is proved\\nby the, fact that the hen finally has to stop. If ever I can get a flock of\\nhens to average 250 eggs in a year I shall be happy, but I have a good\\nbit to go yet to get there.\\nThe matter of well vitalized eggs at the start, when\\nusing the incubator, and the importance of well-hatched\\nchicks at the outset when employing the brooder, all\\noperators are agreed upon. But there are many other\\nthings concerning which there are interminable dis-\\nputes, notwithstanding a quarter of a century of experi-\\nments. One book published by an expert who has", "height": "2786", "width": "1838", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0281.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "268 AN EGG FARM.\\ndevoted twenty years to artificial incubation says Take\\nthe eggs out from the egg chamber to turn them, to\\nafford a change of air; while another expert who has\\nstudied the matter an equal length of time insists that\\nturning should take place inside the machine and all\\nexposure to cool air religiously avoided. One master of\\nthe art says the temperature of the egg chamber should\\nbe 102\u00c2\u00b0 and another prescribes 103\u00c2\u00b0. One recommends\\nproviding moisture by keeping shallow pans of water\\nnear the eggs during the whole term previous to the\\n18th day, while a third never supplies any moisture\\nwhatever, and a fourth would supply it or omit it accord-,\\ning to the results of tests made between the twelfth and\\nnineteenth days.\\nIn regard to the method of turning eggs, there is a\\nschool of operators who insist that eggs must be gently\\nrolled and that inverting the trays in which they are\\nkept is unnatural and injurious, while another school\\nadvocates turning the trays as the quickest and easiest\\nway, claiming that so long as the eggs are turned over it\\nmakes no difference how the revolution is accomplished.\\nOn the question of ventilation, one inventor exults in\\nhis method of a small, constant stream of air admitted\\nnear the bottom of his incubator and escaping at the\\ntop, and another, while providing apertures at the top,\\ncloses them with valves which open automatically, gov-\\nerned by a regulator, to allow heated air to escape when\\nthe temperature rises beyond a certain degree and still\\nanother denounces all top apertures, claiming that in car-\\nrying off hot air they also carry off moisture and dry the\\neggs too much, and he would ventilate only very slowly\\nand through holes in the egg chamber floor. A legion\\nof incubator makers claim that the regulators to their\\nrespective machines govern the heat perfectly, leaving\\nnothing to be desired, while one solitary individual in\\nthe United States, who makes and sells an incubator", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0282.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "REQUISITES OF A GOOD INCUBATOR. 2G9\\nand who has written the best book on incubation extant,\\nstands up boldly and says there is but one style of regu-\\nlator that will do perfect work and that is not on his\\nown machine or any other, because it is too expensive,\\nsince it costs more than all the rest of a machine.\\nIn regard to changes in the contents of the egg dur-\\ning incubation, one expert says none of the yolk is used\\nto nourish the embryo till at or near the time when the\\nformer is drawn bodily into the latter during the latest\\nstages of hatching, and another expert claims that while\\nthe white principally forms the chick, yet portions of\\nthe yolk enter from day to day into the white to replen-\\nish its diminishing substance and are afterwards used\\nfor the growth of the embryo.\\nAs concerns the care of the incubator in general,\\nmany dealers represent that it is so easily managed that\\na child can run it successfully; while others insist\\nthat no hatching machine will succeed without consider-\\nable care and skill.\\nWhen we pass from the topic of hatching to rearing,\\nsome insist that not over 20 or 30 chicks should be put\\nin one brooder; while on the other hand dealers are\\nplenty who, to induce an expenditure of $10 to 120 or\\nupwards for one of their death traps, represent that it\\nwill accommodate 50 to 75 or 100 chicks, and in some\\ncases the figures are 200 or more to a brood. One, after\\nwrestling for several years with bringing up chickens by\\nhand, insists that top heat only in brooding is the thing.\\nAnother, after an equally extended experience and bury-\\ning by the bushel chicks trampled to death, shuns top\\nheat with the greatest persistence. Still another, after\\nan experience of half an ordinary lifetime, uses top and\\nbottom heat combined, while a fourth, grown gray in\\nexperiment in various localities from the Atlantic to\\nthe Pacific, says: Side heat is as the hen, give me\\nthat and that alone.", "height": "2786", "width": "1838", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0283.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "270 AN EGG FARM.\\nIf artificial hatching and rearing is so superior to the\\nnatural mode, as is persistently claimed by many advo-\\ncates of the machines, including some who are not inter-\\nested in their manufacture or sale, why should there be\\nsuch contradictions The fact that there are so many\\nmutually destructive criticisms of methods proves that\\nall is not plain sailing. The real truth is that the nat-\\nural machine is as much superior to the mechanical\\nincubator and the brooder as the construction of the\\nhuman body transcends that of a watch or a dynamo.\\nAll that should be claimed in imitating the hen by a\\nmachine is that we may approach but never reach the\\nperfect regulation of her animal heat, and the ventila-\\ntion afforded by those wonderful appendages, her feath-\\ners, with their matchless quality as non-conductors of\\nheat, their almost impalpable weight and their innumer-\\nable valves or shutters. Besides furnishing an egg\\nchamber with top and sides composed, as we may say,\\nentirely of delicate shutters, nature has an engineer on\\nduty day and night to attend these shutters in an emer-\\ngency, and give them a greater motion than common.\\nThe art of man could never succeed to all eternity in\\nmaking one like all the millions of shutters, as we have\\ncalled them, or ventilation doors, each held by springs\\nvastly more delicate than the hair spring of a watch and\\na millionth of a grain in weight.\\nDo not use a cheap incubator. A good one cannot\\npossibly be constructed cheaply. Von Culin says\\nThe great demand for incubators and brooders has tempted sash\\nmanufacturers, makers of show cases and others, to get out various\\nboxes, cases, tanks and barrels, with various attachments, and call\\nthem incubators or hatchers. Some buy a lot of almost expired\\npatents, and boom the new machine on the reputation of the old one,\\nto which the patents originally applied, while the new machine pos-\\nsesses none of the good points of the old one, which to build woidd\\ncost considerably more than the new one is sold for. Many of this\\nclass never had any merit, and went out of the market, but new ones\\nbob up along the line, have their day of deceit and disappear. Watch\\nfor them.", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0284.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "EEQUISITES OF A GOOD INCUBATOR. 271\\nIf there is any instance where saving at the spigot and\\nwasting at the bunghole will apply it is in bestowing\\nvaluable time, eggs and oil (and losing the season) on\\nan incubator that gives you only worthless chicks or\\nnone at all, the latter much preferable.\\nThere are two principal modes of heating. One is to\\nwarm air by a lamp, and the other is to warm a tank of\\nwater over the top of the air chamber, by a lamp, and\\nwarm the air by this tank. There is no moisture\\nimparted to the air, of course, by the latter mode any\\nmore than by the former, since the tank must be per-\\nfectly water-tight, but the advocates of this method\\nurge that the body of water is a protection against fluc-\\ntuations of temperature. On the other hand the hot-\\nair school say that by their system you can cool or warm\\nquickly when you want to, which they claim is an\\nadvantage. It is certain that there are good incubators\\nof both sorts, though fierce battles of words have been\\nwaged between the respective rival manufacturers of\\neach. One objection to a tank is that if of cheap mate-\\nrials it rusts out in a few years and sooner or later\\nencourages profanity by exasperating leaks, while if well\\nmade of durable materials the cost is an obstacle.\\nThe time has passed away when any one or two or\\nfour or six makers can claim to offer the only good\\nmachines, any more than the production of excellent\\npianos, plows, cornshellers or mowers is confined to a\\nsmall number of manufacturers. Mr. Campbell says in\\nthe Poultry Keeper\\nMy experiments have never been confined to the use of my own\\nincubators. I have tried all the machines which were popular in their\\nday but are never heard of now, and I have tried all the most popular\\nones of the present, and to sum up the whole matter all that I have\\nlearned by so doing is to find out that there is more in the operator\\nthan in the incubator, and very much more in the eggs than either.\\nIt may be asked how the would-be purchaser is to\\ndecide if the interested whoopings-up of the dealer are", "height": "2786", "width": "1838", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0285.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "272 an egg farm.\\nto be disregarded. The reply is, visit some party, not\\nan agent, who has ran a machine successfully, and if\\nmore than one season so much the better. Be sure to\\nfind out the exact per cent hatched, and whether the\\nyounglings stand up and face the music or are simply\\nborn to die. Learn the principles on which it oper-\\nates as regards the three essentials, heat, air, moisture.\\nIf possible interview more than one operator using the\\nsame machine. If you cannot do this, examine the cat-\\nalogues and cuts of the leading manufacturers and\\nnotice w r hich gives a clear description of the modus oper-\\nandi of their incubators. Pay no attention to their\\nboasts but steer by what commends itself to your judg-\\nment in the machines themselves. On the matter of\\nagents representations the following is from that careful\\nexperimenter and able writer, Mr. W. H. Eudd\\nIf beginners have a preference for any particular incubator we\\nadvise them if possible to see one of them in operation, or to corre-\\nspond with some one who uses it, but if the person thus addressed is\\nan agent for it or has a commission in. view, we should in our own case,\\nas the world now wiggles, take mighty little stock in his recommenda-\\ntion, or in any of his statements concerning it.\\nA few words may not be amiss in this connection\\nregarding a test of the merits of an incubator by a pub-\\nlic exhibition of hatching. The dealer or his represen-\\ntative appears in the neighborhood about twenty days\\nbefore the show opens and starts one or two machines, at\\nnearby convenient headquarters, loaded with the very\\nbest eggs procurable, tests them repeatedly up to. the\\ntime the gaping crowd gather to see chicks come out,\\nculls and selects from his machines on the side and car-\\nries the pipped eggs (each one of which has the kick of a\\nmule in it, all the fair to medium ones though hatcha-\\nble being rejected) to the show room, where a highly\\nornamented and gilded incubator stands, fired up ready\\nto receive them, and make a hatch of 101 per cent, one\\negg being double yolked. The machine run by the sly-", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0286.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "REQUISITES OF A GOOD INCUBATOR. 2?3\\nest exhibitor of course stands highest in the estimation\\nof the uninitiated. The catalogues of the manufactur-\\ners, each claiming their wares as the best, are suggestive\\nof the emigrant who wrote to a friend on the auld sod\\nAmerica is a glorious country. There every man is as\\ngood as every other man and a sight better. A\\ncommon error for an amateur or small scale operator is\\ngetting an incubator of too large a size. On this point\\nthat most trustworthy expert, Mr. C. Von Culm says\\nMany beginners are undecided as to what sized incubator to get.\\nIf we wan ted a capacity of 300 eggs, we would get three incubators of 100\\neggs capacity each if 600 capacity, three of 200 eggs each if 750, three\\nof 250 each if 1200 capacity, three of 400 each if 1800 capacity, three of\\n600 eggs each. This is much better than getting one large incubator\\nfor all the eggs. It costs more for the several smaller machines than\\nfor one large one for all the eggs, but the advantages are: You can\\nhave fresher eggs for each incubator, you can sort the eggs if you have\\nlarge quantities, and select those with shells of same kind and thick-\\nness for each incubator; you can place duck, turkey or goose eggs in\\nseparate machines, or use a different machine for each variety of\\nhens eggs. You can keep a record of each kind and quality you will\\nlearn more about the amount of moisture for each class of eggs, and\\nwill soon become able to hatch all kinds of eggs equally well. If you\\nmake a mistake you will discover it more easily and. can rectify it\\nmore readily; the result of a mistake or an accident will not be as\\nexpensive, and you will have a belter chance to retrieve any loss\\nwhich you may sustain through accident, carelessness or neglect of\\nrules in hatching, for it would hardly be likely to affect but one\\nmachine, and as that one would contain only one-third of your full\\nquota of eggs, you would have the other two-thirds left, even if all in\\none machine were ruined, and you would not be apt to repeat the\\nperformance (or non-performance) with either of the other two\\nincubators.\\nWith the above we agree as regards bought incuba-\\ntors, but, as we shall explain farther on, the incubator\\nof the future for the large scale man will not be shipped\\nto the customer at all but will be so large that it will\\nhave to be constructed on his premises, and the same\\nremark applies to the brooder of the future for the large\\npoultry plant\\nFinally, having purchased your incubator, study the\\nprinted directions of the manufacturer very carefully.\\nDo not be in a hurry. Take time to learn. Says Mr. J.\\n18", "height": "2786", "width": "1838", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0287.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "274 AN EGG FARM.\\nA. Hunt, whose success in artificial hatching we have\\nnever known excelled\\nWhen you receive your machine and get it set up and in running\\norder, take a whole day if necessary to study it in its various parts.\\nThe regulating apparatus should receive particular attention do not\\nbe satisfied in knowing that it does the work, but find out how it\\nworks, familiarize yourself with every part, as it may be very useful\\nknowledge to you in future operations, for should your regulator\\nthrough any accident or without accident fail to work, you will be bet-\\nter able to discover the difficulty and remedy it without delay.\\nAs regards the style of lamp, use none that is not as\\nsecure against accident as the best that can be bought for\\nmoney, because buildings, incubators, eggs, chicks and\\nall have in a number of instances burned, through defec-\\ntive lamps. See if insurance experts, who make a study\\nof such things, approve the style of lamp. Use the best\\noil, 160\u00c2\u00b0 test, for to tolerate anything poorer in an affair\\nof this kind is bad economy, and keep the lamps nicely\\ntrimmed.\\nThe regulators furnished incubators are of various\\npatterns and materials. A bar thermostat composed of\\nmetal and hard rubber makes on the whole the best reg-\\nulator, but it never can be as reliable as the heat of the\\nhen. Cyphers says\\nIn running an incubator, the leading feature, and the hardest to\\nsecure, is an even temperature. This would not be the case had we a\\ngood regulator, but we have not. Not only have many hundreds of dol-\\nlars been spent in experimenting, trying to get a good heat regulator\\nfor an incubator, but many thousands of dollars have gone in like\\nmanner to secure a heat regulator for other purposes that would be\\ncontrolled by dry heat, and which would keep the temperature con-\\nstant to a degree under all reasonable conditions. It is absolutely\\nimpossible to make such a regulator that will be delicate enough to\\nhold the heat to a degree, powerful enough to do the necessary work,\\nand simple and inexpensive at the same time. This has been and still\\nis the aim of experimenters, but it must only meet with failure in the\\nfuture, as it has in the past. Whatever means is employed to regulate\\nthe temperature of the hatching chamber, it is absolutely essential\\nthat it should be kept within narrow limits. The heat and atmos-\\npheric conditions must balance one another, and, if they do not, incu-\\nbation cannot be carried to a successful exclusion. My meaning is\\nsimply this: Evaporation from the egg must be held at such a point", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0288.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "REQUISITES OF A GOOD INCUBATOR. 275-\\nthat the fluids in the embryonic structures are ample to keep the mem-\\nbranes moist up to the time of exclusion, and the rate of evaporation\\nis not the same under any two degrees of temperature.\\nTHE MOTHER HEN THE PATTERN.\\nWhat are the natural processes The hen s nest is\\nconcave to keep the eggs close together, and shallow\\nenough to prevent them from lying two deep, thus\\nbringing the upper part of each egg containing the germ\\nin close contact with her body or the feathers next her\\nskin. Other feathers, especially those of her wings, are\\ndistended so as to form a wall, enclosing the egg on all\\nsides and retaining the heat, the construction of the\\nfeathers being such that while all strong currents of air\\nare prevented, yet the slightest movement of the hen\\ncauses the elastic down to operate like fans and drive\\nout air from the nest, to be replaced by fresh air from\\noutside. Indeed, there is a slight, exceedingly gentle\\ncirculation of air going on, strained through the laby-\\nrinth of the overlapping feathers, even when the\\nhen is asleep. Also, through the natural law of diffu-\\nsion, the poisonous gas thrown off from the embryo\\nthrough the porous egg shell is forced out of the nest\\nthrough the feathers independent of any circulation of\\nair. It does not stay to become accumulated under the\\nhen to the injury of the incipient chick for the law\\nabove hinted at compels it to diffuse itself in all direc-\\ntions, and it will overcome gravity and rise, though\\nheavier than the air with which it mingles, and will force\\nitself through feathers as it cannot do through the\\nwalls of an incubator.\\nAs the eggs at the middle of the nest become very\\nwarm to the touch of the hen she pushes them away by\\nhooking her beak and the upper portion of her neck\\nover those at the outside and pulling them along to take\\nthe place of the former. The operators in the Egyptian", "height": "2786", "width": "1838", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0289.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "276 AIT EGG FARM.\\nhatching ovens use no thermometers but learn to distin-\\nguish different temperatures.. b} r the sense of feeling, and\\nattendants on incubators and brooders sometimes learn\\nto attain very great precision in judging tempera-\\nture without a thermometer. The hen can do it with-\\nout a thermometer and without learning how. We wink\\nwithout learning how, because our ancestors did, and the\\nhen knows when eggs are warm enough to take their\\nturns in the outer ring, because her ancestors were liv-\\ning thermometers. The movements of the hen to roll\\nher eggs give an increase of ventilation, and in very\\nwarm, damp weather when she is not rolling eggs she\\nwill occasionally bristle her feathers and open her wings\\na little to give her nest a slight airing, and if very hot\\nand very damp will even stand upright a few seconds\\nby spells. Then, if it grows still hotter, she will leave\\nthe nest entirely, sometimes remaining off for hours at\\na time. If, on the contrary, it is windy, she will stick\\ncloser than a brother, even when in need of food and\\nwater. In very cold weather she is especially faithful to\\nher charge for she not only refrains from standing up\\nwhen rolling her eggs, but she does this while keeping\\nher body unusually cpiiiet and holding her feathers close.\\nIf the weather continues very cold she will remain on\\nher nest three days or more without food. The ten-\\ndency is for the eggs to assume positions in the nest\\nwith the small ends toward the center, although with all\\ngallinaceous species of birds which sit on a dozen or fif-\\nteen or more eggs this order is not observed perfectly, as\\nit is in the case of such other species as lay only from\\nthree to six. All eggs hatch best when the large end is\\nthe highest.\\nNature being our instructor, we cannot excel her and\\nmay consider ourselves fortunate if we come somewhere\\nnear her. The most that can be claimed for artificial\\nhatching and rearing is, that while it can never operate", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0290.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "REQUISITES OF A GOOD INCUBATOR. 277\\nso perfectly as the hen, its exemplar, yet it can when\\nproperly directed approach so near her work as to keep\\nwithin the bounds of the fluctuations a well-vitalized egg\\nor a well-hatched chick can undergo without serious\\ninjury. The fact that departures from the perfection of\\nnature so wide as to be barely compatible with success, if\\nnot wholly fatal to it, are liable to occur, renders it\\nadvisable that the natural method should be adopted in\\ngeneral, and the artificial resorted to only under special\\ncircumstances, as, for example, at such times and places\\nas do not afford sitting hens. The writer would not\\npublish, regarding a good incubator, a parallel to the\\nfamous volume on the snakes in Ireland containing\\nonly six words There are no snakes in Ireland, or\\nrepeat to a party about to buy an incubator the advice\\nof the redoubtable Mr. Punch to folks contemplating\\nmatrimony: Don t for both incubators and brood-\\ners have their uses and on occasions are indispensable.\\nTEMPERATURE.\\nThe correct degree of heat for the egg chamber of the\\nincubator is found by taking the outside temperature of\\nthe sitting hen at the point of her contact with her eggs,\\nnear which, during what has betn termed the sitting fever,\\na network of blood vessels becomes specially distended,\\ncapable of furnishing plentiful heat to be received by\\nthe eggs and nest. The internal temperature of the hen\\nsome distance from her skin is given by Charles A.\\nCyphers, whose close study and clear description of the\\nprocess of incubation merit unstinted praise, as 109\u00c2\u00b0 to\\n110\u00c2\u00b0 at the beginning of her sitting term, decreasing\\nslightly towards its close, to offset partially the develop-\\nment of heat within the eggs themselves consequent on\\nthe growth, blood circulation and breathing of the\\nchicks.", "height": "2786", "width": "1838", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0291.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "278 AN EGG FARM.\\nThe warmth imparted to the eggs it is difficult to\\nascertain with absolute precision, as eggs in different\\nparts of the nest vary, and different parts of the same\\negg vary also. Cyphers found it 102\u00c2\u00b0, others place it\\nat from 103\u00c2\u00b0 to 105\u00c2\u00b0. The writer could never find a\\ntemperature higher than 102 1-2\u00c2\u00b0. At the start, it\\ntakes about forty-eight hours to heat the nest and eggs\\nthrough and through sufficiently to raise the latter to\\ntheir full temperature of say 102\u00c2\u00b0 or 102 1-2\u00c2\u00b0 or 103\u00c2\u00b0.\\nThe air just above the eggs in an incubator must register\\nabout 103\u00c2\u00b0 in order that the eggs may reach 102\u00c2\u00b0. The\\nbulb of the thermometer should touch a fertile egg, as an\\ninfertile one is not a reliable indicator, and the glass\\nshould be set in wood, not in metal. The germ being\\nalways. at the top of the egg, in close proximity to the\\nhen s body, undoubtedly reaches 103\u00c2\u00b0, even when the\\naverage temperature of the egg is a degree or half a\\ndegree less. Either 102\u00c2\u00b0 or 103\u00c2\u00b0 may be aimed at in the\\nregulation of the incubator and if secured with a fair\\ndegree of precision all will go well so far as the requisite\\nof heat is concerned. Before putting in the eggs, your\\nincubator should be regulated and heated to the correct\\ndegree several days in order to be thoroughly warmed\\nthrough. Then after putting in the eggs let the regu-\\nlator severely alone during the first week. The eggs\\nwill cool off the machine at first, and then it and they\\nwill gradually warm up, and thus the natural process\\nwill be imitated in which, as we have seen, the eggs are\\nnot brought to the full standard heat suddenly. It has\\nbeen recommended by some poultry men to run the tem-\\nperature at 98\u00c2\u00b0 the first day and increase gradually for\\nfour days. But two considerations appear here One\\nbeing that although the eggs, shells excepted, are such a\\nvery poor conductor of heat that it takes two or three\\ndays for the hen to warm them and the nest through\\nand through yet the important part of the germ, being", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0292.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "REQUISITES OF A GOOD INCUBATOR. 279\\nuppermost and almost in contact with the hen, being\\nseparated from her only by the shell, which is a remark-\\nably good heat conductor, gets to about 100\u00c2\u00b0 the first\\nday and the other consideration being that some hun-\\ndreds of cold eggs suddenly put into a well warmed up\\nair chamber, regulated to the correct temperature of 102\u00c2\u00b0\\non a level with the eggs and 103\u00c2\u00b0 at the bulb of the\\nthermometer, will lower the temperature of the air for\\nawhile, so that, as our experiments, corroborated by those\\nof others, have shown, no particular care need be taken\\nto run lower at the start than later.\\nThe eggs, or rather the embryo chicks, develop so much\\nheat, beginning at about the eleventh day and then pro-\\ngressively till hatching is finished, that no more than one-\\nhalf as much oil is consumed by the incubator lamp dur-\\ning the last half of the term as during the first. Hence\\nthe necessity of watching your thermometer and turning\\ndown the flame as an offset to the animal heat. When\\nthis heat is great the prospect is good for a good hatch,\\nboth as regards numbers and vigor.\\nWhen the chicks begin to pip, 104\u00c2\u00b0 is a good temper-\\nature, and when they begin to leave the shells it may be\\n105\u00c2\u00b0 without harm, but rather positive good, for the\\nchicks being at first quite wet, evaporation makes them\\ncolder than the air of the egg chamber. Avoid at this\\nstage the common error of opening the egg chamber door\\nunless necessary. The effect of a blast of cool air on the\\nwet bodies of delicate chicks is as if you should step out\\nof doors in winter directly from a warm bath. The door\\nmay be opened perhaps twice in twenty-four hours, for a\\nvery brief time, to remove some of the empty shells\\nwhich might otherwise cap over partly pipped eggs, hope-\\nlessly imprisoning the inmates, and also the older active,\\nwell-dried chicks should be removed and basketed or\\nput under a warm brooder hover, lest they caper around\\nover the limp, prostrate, wet ones.", "height": "2786", "width": "1838", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0293.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "280 AN. EGG FARM.\\nSome operators advise a heat of 106\u00c2\u00b0 for the last stages\\nof hatching and claim it is of no consequence if the\\nchicks pant. But, although an adult fowl may go\\naround panting on a summer day when the mercury\\nstands at 106\u00c2\u00b0 or higher, and be apparently none the\\nworse afterwards, the writer is quite sure that the same\\ntemperature injures delicate chicks, especially as they do\\nnot get as good a chance at a little fresh air as if in the\\nnest, where every motion they make operates the venti-\\nlating fans of down. Man in his clumsy attempts to\\nventilate mechanically sometimes has a shaft run through\\na room to revolve fans for his comfort, but he could\\nnever attach millions of exceedingly minute fans to his\\nincubator walls to be moved by the occupants. Thus do\\nperfect cosmic provisions mock man s puny efforts.", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0294.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXIX.\\nCARE OF THE EGGS.\\nAs we have seen, the hen changes the position of the\\neggs, thus varying the heat they receive, but under no\\ncircumstances can she ever make them too hot; unlike\\nthe artificial incubator which may be capable of reach-\\ning 105, 110 or 120\u00c2\u00b0, thus killing the germs out and out,\\nor, what is worse, causing imperfect chicks to be thrown\\non the unavailing care of their owner. Chicks may be\\nhatched after a fashion and not be well hatched. The\\ndecree of nature is that the eggs may, from time to\\ntime, be held at a point several degrees below the nor-\\nmal maximum without material injury, thus allowing\\nthe sitting hen to forage for a living, but a decided\\ndeparture above that normal is detrimental or positively\\nfatal.\\nThe effect of too much or too protracted cooling is to\\nadd to the whole term of hatching. The hen may be\\nshut out of her nest for twenty-four hours in moderately\\ncool weather and the eggs and nest become so chilled\\nthat no heat whatever can be detected by the sense of\\nfeeling, yet eleven eggs out of twelve may hatch at the\\nend of the twenty-second day, however, instead of the\\nmiddle of the twenty-first, as the vvriter has repeatedly\\ndemonstrated. If the weather is decidedly summery,\\nthirty-six hours of desertion may not be sufficient to\\nextinguish life, a fact the ignorance of which has often\\nled people to unnecessarily destroy partially hatched\\neggs. On the other hand the thorough heating through\\nand through of eggs to 108\u00c2\u00b0, a situation which, as before\\n281", "height": "2786", "width": "1838", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0295.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "282 AX EGG FARM.\\nnoticed, is impossible in natural incubation, will ruin\\nthem. Stories are told of the beat in the incubator\\nreaching 110 or 112\u00c2\u00b0 for a brief period without percepti-\\nble injury, but the air might reach that degree, and\\nsome portions of some of the eggs reach it nearly or\\nquite yet some of the germs in some of the eggs might\\nbe heated not more than 106\u00c2\u00b0 or thereabouts, not quite\\nreaching the point of clanger, since it ordinarily takes\\nhours to equalize heat thoroughly between the air and\\nthe eggs.\\nIt must not, however, be understood from what\\nhas been said that chilling, resulting in delayed hatch-\\ning, carries no injury whatever to the chicks, for they\\nare never quite perfect when brought out either ahead of\\nor behind time. The eggs will endure greater variations\\nof temperature in the air around them after the twelfth\\nday than before. When eggs have been overheated they\\nmay be sprinkled with moderately cool water so that\\nevaporation may check the heat without delay. If\\nthrough any accident the temperature has been for\\nhours a degree or two below 102\u00c2\u00b0 or 103\u00c2\u00b0, the machine\\nshould be run an equal length of time as much above, so\\nthat the chicks may appear when clue.\\nSHOULD EGGS BE COOLED?\\nThe question of cooling the eggs for a short time daily,\\nmerits attention. Eef erring to our teacher, we find that\\nthe hen leaves her nest for two principal things, of\\nwhich it is hard to tell which is the more important.\\nShe must have food and drink, and she must run, and if\\nof an active, wingykind, like the Games, she must jump\\nand fly also, that blood circulation and a good head of\\nvitality may be kept up, and the bowels may not fail of\\nregular action. Food and exercise are what she leaves\\nher nest for, and not to cool the eggs. Whatever cool-", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0296.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "CAKE OP THE EGGS. 283\\ning they get is unimportant, or else a slight but neces-\\nsary evil, as is evidenced by the care she takes to stick to\\nher nest for days at a time in cold weather or indulge in\\nvery brief absences, while she treats herself to liberal\\nvacations of several hours duration when the mercury is\\nin the nineties.\\nWe have tried thorough coolings, moderate airings,\\nand none at all, repeatedly, and with results always in\\nfavor of the latter, when every other condition was nor-\\nmal. We are aware that experiments of others have\\nsometimes shown up in favor of cooling, but we are satis-\\nfied that in such cases it will be found, on close investi-\\ngation, that the eggs had first been subjected to too\\nmuch heat, or too much moisture, or both.\\nTo cool several hundred eggs to a temperature of 80\u00c2\u00b0\\nor 85\u00c2\u00b0 or thereabouts, reduces the temperature of the\\negg chamber for quite a time when they are returned to\\nit, as the thermometer and regulator will show you. But\\nthe warmth of the hen, Avhose blood has been quickened\\nby her outing, till a fine glow has been established, very\\nquickly brings back the heat of the important top parts,\\nwhere the germs are, of the small number of eggs she\\nhas in charge, and the nest itself retains heat enough\\nduring her absence to keep the less important under\\nparts warm. If the eggs are removed from the incuba-\\ntor to be turned, the machine should be closed at once,\\nespecially if the incubator room is cold, for the egg\\nchamber would otherwise part with its warm air very fast\\nduring the turning of the eggs and the shifting of them\\nfrom one part of the tray to another part. The opera-\\ntion of testing eggs should be performed in a room of\\nthe temperature of at least 70\u00c2\u00b0, and 75\u00c2\u00b0 or 80\u00c2\u00b0 is better\\nif the operator can stand it.\\nThe eggs, first, last and all the time, should receive as\\nlittle cooling as possible for, although the passage of\\nfresh air through the pores of the shell is indispensable,", "height": "2780", "width": "1844", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0297.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "284 liT EGO EAEM.\\nfluctuations of the temperature of the egg are not neces-\\nsary to secure it, as was. formerly supposed. The benefi-\\ncent oxygen of the air and the injurious carbonic acid\\ngas, or carbon dioxide as the shorter and preferable term\\nis, exhaled from the embryo as it grows, will exchange\\nplaces through the shell and mix, urged by a force or\\ntendency inherent in their nature. Chemistry teaches\\nthat this force needs no assistance from the alternate\\nexpansion and contraction of the contents of the egg\\nconsequent on heating followed by cooling, though\\npoultry men once universally believed this assistance\\nnecessary.\\nTURNING THE EGGS.\\nWhile. cooling the eggs is to be avoided, turning them\\nis absolutely indispensable, as abundant experiments\\nhave shown. The hen does not turn them systematic-\\nally at all. Her efforts are limited to shifting them\\nfrom the outer edge of the nest to the center, and in\\naccomplishing this purpose she necessarily turns them\\nmore or less. They may turn halfway over, or three-\\nquarters, or perform one or more complete revolutions,\\nand possibly, though not probably, land in the same\\nposition as before starting. There is no this side up\\nwith care, but they take their chances, and, as the hen\\nrolls some of them, if not all, several times in twenty-\\nfour hours, by the laws of chance they are prevented\\nfrom always landing on the same side even if they some-\\ntimes do.\\nIn addition to the rolling performed with her beak,\\nshe moves nearly all the eggs a little while settling down\\non returning from a foraging expedition, on which occa-\\nsion she makes a careful though quite vigorous shuffling\\nto give room for her feet and shanks. The hen, unless\\nvery tame, does not ordinarily meddle with her eggs\\nwhen you are watching her, but when alone repeats her", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0298.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "CAKE OF THE EGGS. 285\\nfussing oftener than is commonly understood. Hence\\nthe practice, which is correct, of turning incubator eggs\\ntwice a day, this being none too often.\\nThe structure of the egg, so well known nowadays\\nas to hardly need repetition, is such that the minute\\ngerm spot which is the seat of life and around which\\nthe chick forms, rises always at the top of the egg\\nwhichever side up the latter may be placed, like a cork\\nin a tight barrel of water when the barrel is rolled over.\\nIn nature, when the new-laid eggs are not gathered, but\\nleft in the nest, they are always turned a little, when the\\nnumber has reached four or five, by the layer when mak-\\ning room for her feet as above described, and sometimes,\\nbut not always, she rolls the eggs with her beak like a\\nsitter. The maternal instincts are so jumbled in some\\ncases by the taint of the blood of a non-sitting breed\\nintroduced at some time, perhaps a long while ago, into\\nstrains cf sitters, that adherence to the ancient heredi-\\ntary proprieties is not always precise. As all gallina-\\nceous birds prefer to make their nests in a shady and\\nrather moist and cool place and afford their treasures\\nsome change of position, the artificial storage of eggs\\nfor hatching should be in a moderately cool and not over\\ndamp cellar, and they should also be turned at least once\\na clay.\\nEival manufacturers dispute over methods of turning\\neggs by the incubator operator. One says that they\\nshould be gently rolled, and not suddenly flopped by\\ninverting the tray. But the vigorous shuffle of the\\nhen s feet above remarked, and the fact that eggs often\\nhatch well after having been carried a dozen miles by\\nwagon over extremely rough and rocky roads, or two\\nthousand miles by rail, shows that there need be little\\nsolicitude concerning the results of revolving an egg\\ntray, especially as nobody goes at it hammer and tongs,\\nowing to the fragile nature of its contents.", "height": "2780", "width": "1844", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0299.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "286 AN EGG FABM.\\nOne celebrated machine, invented by a very eminent\\nexpert, has a clock attached which turns the eggs every\\ntwelve hours whether the attendant is in the room, or in\\nthe same county, or not. There are other machines\\ncontrived so that the attendant himself may work an\\napparatus to turn the eggs without taking them out of\\nthe egg chamber. There is considerable work involved\\nin turning and otherwise thoroughly caring for a large\\nnumber of eggs in an incubator, trimming the lamps,\\netc. decidedly more work than is needed in caring for\\nan equal number of eggs under hens and managing the\\nsitting birds, provided the natural method is followed\\nunder a first-class system. Hence it is natural enough\\nfor incubator attendants to welcome labor-saving, egg-\\nturning devices.\\nBut whatever method of turning is followed there are\\ncertain steps which must never be omitted. The trays\\nmust be turned end for end, and if there are two trays\\nthese must change places every time the eggs are turned,\\nwhile if there are four trays, each should, in the course\\nof two days routine, occupy each of the four corners of\\nthe egg chamber. Furthermore, and here is an impor-\\ntant matter too often neglected, the eggs at the center\\nof each tray must, at least once a day, and twice is bet-\\nter, be made to change places with those at or near its\\neds es. There is a knack in doing this to reduce the\\nbother to the minimum. First seize as many outer eggs\\nas can be grasped in both hands, and place them on top\\nof those at the center of the tray, then gently crowd the\\ntop layer down, rolling them from side to side mean-\\nwhile, to make them settle down and displace the others.\\nThis will roll every egg in the tray and fill the vacant\\nplaces at the edges. Thus, the changing from the\\nwarmer to the cooler positions and the turning are\\naccomplished at the same time, the trays being, of\\ncourse, without partitions.", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0300.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "CAEE OF THE EGGS. 287\\nThis systematic changing of trays and of the eggs\\nwithin the trays is absolutely necessary to secure the\\nbest results both as regards the vigor of the chicks and\\nthe per cent hatched. For, be it remembered, there is a\\nliability, and a very great liability as incubators go, of\\ndecided differences in the temperature of the various\\nsides of the egg chamber compared with each other,\\ngreater differences when they are compared with the\\ncenter, and still greater differences when the center is\\ncompared with the corners, these last being the coolest\\npart of the machine. To hold the heat steady at the place\\nthe bulb of the thermometer occupies, is a different thing\\nfrom holding it the same at all parts of the egg chamber.\\nThe cracks at the door, if there has been shrinkage,\\nwhich is likely, considering the severe ordeal an in-\\nincubator door has to undergo, and the necessary open-\\nings for ventilation, tend to make the air vary at differ-\\nent trays and different parts of the same tray. But if\\nthe maximum variation is no greater than between the\\ncenter of a sitting hen s nest under normal conditions\\nif the operator shifts the eggs as faithfully as the hen\\ndoes if the average temperature for twenty-one days\\nis the same in both cases, and if the eggs at the center of\\nmachine, or at the warmest point, wherever that is,\\nnever get too hot, then the incubator is all right so far\\nas heat is concerned. It may be run thus accurately, but\\nthe chances are against it, and besides, in getting the\\nheat right, which is only one of the requisites, the mat-\\nter of moisture is liable to be made all wrong, as will\\nappear when we treat the question of evaporation fur-\\nther on.\\nMOISTURE.\\nAn egg is composed largely of water, the white alone\\nbeing 78 per cent of water, and the whole egg originally\\nabout 74 per cent, a considerable part of which evapo-", "height": "2780", "width": "1844", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0301.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "288 AN EGG FARM.\\nrates during the hatching process when carried on by\\nthe hen. The shell is porous, permitting the escape of\\nmoisture. Although the normal situation for the nest,\\nwhich is on the ground, is liable to be more or less\\ndamp, yet a spell of dry weather might dry up the eggs\\nsomewhat before sitting begins, and in some cases a nest\\nof the common species of fowl, or of a grouse, quail, tur-\\nkey or any other of the hen s gallinaceous congeners, is\\nliable to be located on a sandy hillock among dry leaves,\\nwhere very little moisture will reach it in the possible\\nabsence of rain and clew. In any case, the time after an\\negg is laid before the hatching of the same begins is, in\\na state of nature, only from a day or two to a fortnight\\nor so, and the shell being but moderately pervious to\\nmoisture, no great diminution of water in its composi-\\ntion occurs.\\nAfter incubation begins, the heat of the hen s body\\nnot only dries the nest and the ground for a little dis-\\ntance under and around it, but by raising the eggs to the\\ncomparatively high temperature of about 102\u00c2\u00b0, would in\\na little while render their contents too dry, except for a\\nbeautiful provision of nature consisting in the glazing\\nof the shells. A few days after the hen begins to sit\\nupon her eggs a secretion from her feathers or skin par-\\ntially closes the minute pores of the shell. Incubator\\noperators have tried to imitate this glazing by using oil\\nfrom the oil gland at the rump of a fowl, and other sub-\\nstances, but have never succeeded. Some of the secrets\\nof Mother Nature are very subtle and elusive. Take a\\ndozen eggs and place them under a sitting hen and\\nanother dozen from the same lot and put them in an\\nincubator. After the twelve under the hen have become\\nwell glazed, place them in a pail of water with the oth-\\ners from the incubator. The result will be that the last\\nnamed will absorb water through the shell, and sink,\\nwhile the glazed eggs still float. But while nature has", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0302.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "CARE OF THE EGGS. 289\\nprovided means of checking evaporation from the eggs\\nby means of this glazing during the early stages of incu-\\nbation, yet considerable drying out of the water in the\\negg is useful at the later stages, and accordingly the\\nshell gradually dissolves away from the inside, the lime\\nin its composition being used to form the bones of the\\nembryo. Water must now escape cpiite fast or the chick*\\nwill have no room to grow or breathe.\\nOften the incubator operator after testing the eggs\\nand removing all but the promising ones and finding\\neverything going well, apparently, up to the eighteenth\\nday, finds finally a disheartening per cent dead in the\\nshell. In such cases the embryos are almost fully devel-\\noped and very large and moist, packing the shell tightly,\\nthey having been waterlogged, swelled and literally\\ndrowned. They appear so large and strong that the\\noperator is puzzled to know what has happened to kill\\nsuch promising, healthy looking chicks. Of course the\\ntrue cause of such a state of things was that the water\\nj3ans in the incubator contained too much evaporating\\nsurface.\\nThose people who claim that it is as easy as falling off\\na log to run a good, properly constructed incubator and\\nthat a child can do it, should read the following\\nstatement of Mr. Eudd It is practically impossible to\\ndelegate the care of incubators to hired help.\\nAlthough employing from five to eight men on the farm,\\nsome of our own family always take entire charge of the\\nmachines. And in regard to moisture, which is only\\none of several things which must be right, Yon Oulin\\nsays\\nSome one will say, what a lot of fuss about moisture Let me give\\nyou the whole thing in a nutshell. Find out just what degree of\\nhumidity is needed in the egg chamber for each week or day, make\\nslide covers for your moisture pans, place a moisture gauge in the egg\\nchamber and hang up your moisture schedule beside the machine.\\nWhen you want more moisture slide open the covers, and when you\\nwant less, close them. Isn t that simple\\n19", "height": "2780", "width": "1844", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0303.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "290 AN EGG FARM.\\nYes, clear friend, wiser heads than yours or ours thought of that\\nyears ago, but it would not work then, and it will not work now.\\nWhy? For various reasons; among them: The Great Ruler of the\\nUniverse will not permit us to slide the covers of His moisture pans\\nand while, we are obliged to circulate fresh air in the egg chambers of\\nour machines, we are obliged to have it more or less humid or dry, just\\nas it comes from the breath of nature. The hygrometer is useful to\\nexperiment with, provided it is a good one, but few of those which are\\nsold to poultry men are reliable. Still someone says, Well, I know\\nthat the humidity of the atmosphere varies some, but I still believe I\\ncan work it with the moisture gauge and the sliding covers on mois-\\nture pans.\\nVery well,, we will ask you for one demonstration, and if you make\\nthat satisfactory, we will ask for one or two more but one will prob-\\nably be all you want at a time.\\nLet us suppose that you conclude that you want thirty degrees of\\nmoisture in the egg chamber the first week, thirty-five the second and\\npart of the third, with ninety degrees from the pipping of the first\\negg? All right. We will take for granted that your gauge is correct.\\nAVell, here we are at the beginning of the first week. You have not\\nyet put any water in your pans but your moisture gauge indicates\\nsixty-five degrees of humidity, and your thermometer one hundred\\nand three degrees of temperature. What is the matter; why don t\\nyou reduce the humidity? You place another moisture gauge in the\\nroom where you operate your incubator, and you find that the humid-\\nity there is ninety degrees. You hang a gauge in the open air out of\\ndoors and it registers ninety-five degrees. You only want thirty\\ndegrees in the egg chamber; how are you going to reduce it to thirty?\\nAllowing the incubator to ajjproach a too high tem-\\nperature and then reducing it by having valves opened\\nby an automatic regulator, lowers the heat effectually, it\\nis true, but at the same time carries off moisture at a\\ngreat rate and the embryo is in danger of becoming too\\ndry, a condition as fatal as the opposite one. Eelying\\non ventilation to govern the temperature is dangerous.\\nThe regulator should check the heat when there is risk\\nof too much, not by letting out warm air, which has\\nreceived and holds moisture imparted by the eggs, and\\nletting in cold air to suck still more moisture from\\nthem (for air in becoming warmed becomes thirsty\\nthat is, its capacity for taking water is increased and it\\nwill dry out the eggs fast), but by lessening the flame\\nof the lamp. The flame may be lowered by having the\\nregulator work an apparatus to check the draft of the", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0304.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "CARE OF THE EGGS. 291\\nlamp by dropping a thin, very light, circular metallic\\nplate over the to}} of the chimney, or by turning down\\nthe wick or shortening it by a sliding tube, the method by\\nlessening the draft being preferable because needing\\nless power and therefore being more delicate and certain\\nin its working. Now here we approach a difficulty. No\\nmatter how perfectly the heat regulator works there\\nmust still be some change of air or it will become\\nimpure, because the eggs exhale a poisonous gas, carbon\\ndioxide or carbonic acid gas, when the embryos are\\ngrowing, too much of which gas in the egg chamber\\nwould seriously impair or utterly ruin them.\\nNow, as the temperature of the air Avill vary outside\\nthe incubator, and the moisture it contains differs widely\\nin different parts of the country, and at different times\\nand seasons in the same section, it is evident that no\\nhard and fast rules can be set for supplying moisture.\\nEach operator should obey the instructions given by the\\nmanufacturer for the use of his machine, remembering\\nthat the admission of air to the eggs in cold weather or\\nvery dry weather will evaporate moisture from them\\nfaster than when the air is warm or damp outside. For\\nit must always be kept in mind that warming a volume\\nof air increases its thirst, as we may say that is, it\\nincreases its affinity for moisture and makes it drink\\nfrom the most available source of supply from moisture\\npans or wet sponges if they are present, or if not, from\\nthe eggs. The only way to success is to use your rea-\\nson. If you change the air but little and slowly, as the\\nhen does, and ir there is summer weather or mild spring\\nweather, or if the locality itself is a moist one, as on a\\ndamp seacoast for example, or if the location is moist, a\\ndamp cellar for instance, you will need to have but little\\nwater in your incubator, or none at all. and everything\\nwill be all right so far as moisture is concerned. On\\nthe other hand if the weather is cold, or rather if the", "height": "2780", "width": "1844", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0305.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "292 AN EGG FARM.\\nroom in which your machine is kept is cold, and you\\nare in the arid or semi-arid region between the one hun-\\ndredth meridian and the Sierras, you will need to sup-\\nply more moisture than the directions accompanying\\nyour machine call for. Nothing in the world will\\nanswer except careful trials, changing the amount of\\nwater, or rather the area of your shallow moisture pans,\\nsince the evaporation depends on the extent of surface\\nexposed and not on the quantity of water, according to\\nresults and surrounding conditions.\\nThe care and skill, patience and judgment necessary\\nto run an incubator are so great that those individuals\\npossessing these qualities cannot afford to run one, as a\\ngeneral thing. They are wanted in other employments.\\nSuppose you try what seems to be a reasonable quantity\\nof moisture for your locality and for the number of\\nrainy and foggy days that you have reason to expect at\\nthe season of the year, and you get a good hatch. It\\nwill not do for you to say Now I have found the cor-\\nrect notch and will stick to it. You can safely stick to\\nit so long as the weather remains as before, but if the\\natmospheric conditions change, you must be governed\\nby circumstances. Yet it is said, a child can run\\nthe machine. The fact is, the incubator dealers know\\nthat if the prospective customers were told that all is\\nnot plain sailing they would in many cases lose sales.\\nThe hen, as we have seen, sticks to her job in cold\\nweather, and it should be observed that in windy weather\\nespecially, when uncovered eggs would dry out the fast-\\nest, she broods her nest with unusual care and will\\nendure hunger and thirst for days at a time rather than\\nleave them for an instant. Who has not observed that\\nthere are times when if the sitting hen is removed from\\nher charge she will immediately return in spite of a\\nbribe of unusually tempting food offered her Even the\\nmost timid hen will at such times fight you to get back", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0306.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "CAKE OF THE EGGS. 293\\nto her nest. At the same time the eggs are not smoth-\\nered by this devotion, for the texture of her feathers is\\nsuch that during high winds a little air will surely strain\\nthrough them no matter how closely she broods, while\\nthe poisonous emanations will escape, and, unlike the\\nincubator, she cannot possibly become hot enough under\\nany circumstances to ruin the eggs, any more than the\\ntemperature of a human being in health can rise above a\\ncertain point. Her vital fires are absolutely limited as\\nregards excessive heat, When the air is damp, warm and\\nstill, she leaves the nest at slight inducements and remains\\naway quite a time, unless there are signs of an approach-\\ning storm, in which case she hurries to lay in a supply of\\nfood in the shortest time possible, and hastens back.\\nLest the reader think we are attributing too much to\\nher powers of discernment, it may be remarked that not\\nthe sitting fowl alone, but animals generally possess a\\nkeen sense of impending storms. The swine will carry\\nstraw to their bed at such times, and all wild animals,\\nwhether birds or quadrupeds, are very active in hunting\\nfor food, which they devour with unusual greed, as if\\nimpressed with the. urgency for laying up for a rainy\\nday. Yet for this monitor, sensitive to coming atmos-\\npheric changes which man with all his intellect cannot\\ndiscern, this engineer always on duty, this living ther-\\nmometer, barometer, and aerometer, a wooden box is\\nsubstituted and a child can run it!\\nAs regards the superiority of the natural covering to\\nthe eggs, afforded by the hen s feathers, compared with\\nthe incubator walls, Cyphers, unlike numerous other\\nwriters who have a machine to sell, frankly acknowledges\\nthe inferiority of such walls, and points out with empha-\\nsis that the down and feathers control physical forces\\nwhich exert an important influence over the embryonic\\ndevelopment. He says\\nOther conditions being equal, the degree of humidity ordinarily\\nexisting in the atmospheric air is sufficient for successful incubation,", "height": "2780", "width": "1844", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0307.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "294 AN EGG FARM.\\nproviding that the tension of the moisture in the two atmospheres\\nremains the same, and that the rate of movement of the air surround-\\ning the eggs exercises a more powerful influence on evaporation than\\nthe usual variations of humidity. In the construction of our hatching\\nchamber, therefore, there are four features of vital importance to be\\nconsidered, viz., a non-conducting wall that will protect the eggs\\nfrom outward changes of temperature; a provision for maintaining\\nthe atmospheric air within the chamber in a pure state; the mainte-\\nnance cf as great a tension of aqueous vapor in the inner as in the\\nouter atmosphere for their respective temperatures, and the control\\nof the movement of the air around the eggs.\\nIn natural incubation the purity of the air surrounding the eggs is\\nmaintained by exchanges with the outer atmosphere through the\\nwall or septum that intervenes. This wall is composed of down and\\nfeathers, which allow of a spontaneous diffusion of gases or vapors\\nthrough them, while they are sufficiently dense to hold any current\\nin check by frictional resistance. It is therefore obvious that the nat-\\nural provision for maintaining the purity of the air around the eggs\\nalso provides, through the same medium, for the retention of warmth,\\nfor an equilibrium between the relative humidity of the two atmos-\\npheres, and for the control of the movement of the inner air. And as\\nit is the nature of the fabric of which the wall is constructed that con-\\ntrols the physical forces of incubation, that is, the storage of warmth,\\nand the purity, humidity and movement of the air surrounding the\\neggs, it is evident that we have not appreciated, or even understood,\\nits function.\\nVENTILATION.\\nThis subject is, as we have said, intimately connected\\nwith the supply of moisture. Indeed the three factors,\\nheat, moisture and pure air, are all closely related and\\nact and react on each other, rendering perfect artificial\\nincubation much more difficult than it would otherwise\\nbe for in ventilating we may remove too much damp-\\nness as well as heat, and in warming newly introduced\\nair we change its capacity for moisture, and make it\\ndrink like a fish. To hatch eggs in a good incubator\\nis rather easy, though demanding some ability to\\nhatch them well so that they will be real good ones is\\nmoderately difficult, and to rear them in good shape,\\nartificially, is decidedly difficult.\\nNobody ever succeeded in hatching eggs the shells of\\nwhich had been made air-tight by a coat of varnish, or\\neggs placed in a hermetically sealed chamber, showing", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0308.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "CAKE OF THE EGGS. 295\\nthat ventilation is an absolute necessity. But if air is\\nadmitted to the egg chamber in currents, excessive evap-\\noration is liable to result, and this is not all for there is\\ndanger that some portions of the chamber will be cooled\\nfaster than the others. It is hard to warm an apart-\\nment, large or small, uniformly in every part at the\\nsame level, even when the air is at rest, and still harder\\nwhen there are gusts and eddies of cold air.\\nThe plant and animal both need oxygen. The latter\\nwhile taking it in gives out carbon dioxide, a noxious\\ngas, the excessive accumulation of which in the air\\naround the animal would cause its death, though it is life\\nto the plant. This gas is heavier than air, hence it was\\nonce believed that it would settle to the bottom of a room,\\nas water seeks the bottom when it is placed in the same\\nvessel with oil but this notion was exploded when the\\nlaw of the miscibility of gases was discovered. Through\\nthis law, gravity is overcome by a stronger force, which\\ncompels two gases to mix, and if one is much heavier\\nthan the other, this mixing power is all the stronger.\\nAside from any currents of air whatever in the air\\nchamber, the carbon dioxide exhaled from the eggs\\nbecomes diffused through all the air in the chamber.\\nThen if no more of this gas should be produced, the\\nair and gas in the apartment would be in what is called\\nan equilibrium. Now suppose the air in the incubator\\nshould contain a greater proportion of the poison than\\nthe air outside does, and suppose it w r ere possible to heat\\nand maintain the air outside, in the incubator cellar, on\\na level with the machine, at absolutely the same degree\\nas on the inside of the latter, and a small door should be\\nopened between the air chamber and the cellar there\\nwould, of course, be such a perfect balance of tempera-\\nture within and without the egg chamber that there\\nwould be no draft through this door. But now, although\\nthe heat is in equilibrium between the inside and out-", "height": "2780", "width": "1844", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0309.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "296 AN EGG FARM.\\nside of incubator, the gas is not, and portions of the poi-\\nson will at once begin to move from the inside to the\\noutside and their places will be taken by constituents of\\nthe air which will move from the outside to the inside,\\neven in the absence of any draft whatever such as differ-\\nence in temperature creates, and this process will go on\\nuntil the air inside holds exactly the same per cent of\\npoison as the air in the cellar. We are supposing, of\\ncourse, that no more of the poison was formed within\\nthe eggs and exhaled meanwhile.\\nThe above illustration shows what is meant by the\\nmiscibility of gases. If the carbon dioxide keeps com-\\ning from the embryo, as it will, then nature will keep\\nremoving it, independent of air circulation created by\\nheat, if. there are exits. The poison from the eggs under\\nthe hen is bound to escape through the millions of inter-\\nstices in the downy portions of her feathers, no matter\\nif these enfold her nest so closely in cold weather that\\nthe frictional resistance keeps the air from passing\\nthrough. This wonderful law of diffusion sets inertia,\\ngravity and friction at defiance, being more potent than\\nthey.\\nManufacturers of the best modern incubators take a\\nleaf out of nature s book, and, avoiding upward ventila-\\ntion, make the egg chamber perfectly air-tight at top and\\nsides. The purchaser should correct shrinkage of mate-\\nrial at door and doorway, if any occur after the heat has\\nhad time to take effect, so that the door shall shut\\nclosely. The manufacturer also bores a set o\u00c2\u00b1 small\\nholes through the bottom of the egg chamber, these\\nbeing furnished with buttons which may be turned over\\nthem as desired. These holes permit the escape of the\\npoisonous carbon dioxide. This escape will be slow, but\\nconstant, and the excessive drying out of the eggs,\\nwhich a current of air would cause, is avoided. For an\\nincubator of this sort, perfectly air-tight at top and sides,", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0310.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "CAKE OP THE EGGS. 297\\nwith half-inch holes bored in the bottom, Cyphers gives\\nthe following as the number of holes required for each\\nhundred eggs to keep the air of the egg chamber reason-\\nably pure\\nFor the first ten days of incubation, under an outer atmospheric\\ntemperature of from 50 to 70\u00c2\u00b0, three holes under an atmospheric tem-\\nperature of from 30 to 50\u00c2\u00b0, two holes. From the tenth day to exclu-\\nsion, under an atmospheric temperature of from 55 to 70\u00c2\u00b0, six holes\\nunder an atmospheric temperature of from 40 to 55\u00c2\u00b0, five holes;\\nand under an atmospheric temperature below 40\u00c2\u00b0, four holes. The y\\nnumber of holes given above is for a chamber which is opened morn-\\ning and night. There is no way of shifting the position of the eggs or\\ntrays without opening the chamber, and unless their position is\\nchanged so as to equalize the heat received, it is impossible to suc-\\ncessfully incubate a large number of eggs in one apartment.", "height": "2780", "width": "1844", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0311.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER XXX.\\nTHE INCUBATOR EOOM.\\nThe best place for incubators is in a room part\\nof which is underground. It may be excavated in\\nthe side of a bank so as to have earth outside the\\nwalls on three of its sides, and may also be covered with\\nearth on top of a waterproof roof. On level ground, a\\ngood way is to excavate two or three feet, so that the\\nfloor of your cellar may be reached by steps outside, the\\nwalls being of stone or hard-baked brick laid in cement\\nmortar, and banked up with earth to the eaves, where\\nthere should be good eave troughs. The roof may be of\\nany usual pitch and shingled, and instead of being cov-\\nered with earth the building inside may be. kept free\\nfrom the effects of the sun in summer and from cold in\\nwinter by making a tight, level floor over the main room\\nfrom plate to plate so that there will be a V-shaped attic\\napartment, which should be first made rat-proof and\\nmouse-proof, and then packed closely from top to bot-\\ntom with hay or straw. This style the writer has found\\npreferable to an earth-covered roof, because the cost is\\nconsiderable if you make the latter water-tight, as it\\nmust be, and strong enough to support the weight of\\nearth with an added burden of rain or snow.\\nThe ideal incubator cellar should never be warmer\\nthan 60\u00c2\u00b0, nor cooler than 40\u00c2\u00b0. In a room above ground\\nwith a liability of the weather temperature crowding\\n100\u00c2\u00b0, and chicks or ducklings nearly ready to break the\\nshell, the animal heat will sometimes run the tempera-\\nture up to 108\u00c2\u00b0 or 110\u00c2\u00b0, even with the lights out, neces-\\n298", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0312.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "THE INCUBATOR ROOM. 299\\nsitating sin-inkling the eggs every few hours to prevent\\ntheir ruin. Too much ventilation of your cellar should\\nnot be allowed, for with every admission of air, changes\\nof temperature are liable to occur. Have just enough to\\nkeep the air reasonably pure. The floor should be pref-\\nerably of carefully smoothed cement, permitting an occa-\\nsional scrubbing. It is best to have windows enough so\\nthat the thermometers may be read easily and the win-\\ndows should be doubled, or at all events cased and fitted\\nvery carefully, to guard against both ingress and egress\\nof air. For egg testing, it will be found an excellent\\nplan to have a side door leading to a small room, which\\nmay be warmed to the temperature previously directed.\\nTHE INCUBATOR OF THE FUTURE.\\nThe teasel, with its elastic natural hooks, cannot be\\nequaled for cloth manufacturers use in combing fine\\nfibers of wool, by any artificial hooks or springs of the\\nmost delicate mechanism the art of man has yet pro-\\nduced in trials lasting through centuries, and as this is\\na triumph of merely a humble plant, so the feathers of\\nthe sitting bird of the animal kingdom, higher up in the\\nscale of life, can never be equaled by human ingenuity.\\nIncubators of ordinary size, holding a few hundred or a\\nthousand eggs, but too small for the attendant himself to\\nenter, have been made better and better for thirty years,\\ntill the best of these are hardly susceptible of further\\nimprovement, unless, indeed, a way is found to make the\\nwalls of the egg chamber of feathers or of some other\\nmaterial permeable to carbolic acid gas, yet resisting air\\ncurrents, and so good- a non-conductor as to retain heat\\nwell. There comes a time when an ordinary material\\nproduct of man s skill reaches its culminating point.\\nPlows, for instance, have been improved from the initial\\ncrooked root or snag of wood through numerous stages", "height": "2780", "width": "1844", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0313.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "300 A1ST EGG FARM.\\nto the polished steel implement of to-day, every promis-\\ning curve of mould board having been tried meanwhile,\\nuntil it is probable that the plows of a hundred years\\nhence will not be a whit better than those we have,\\nalthough it is likely that our descendants will propel\\ntheirs in ways we cannot even guess.\\nThe incubator of the future will hold 15,000 or 30,000\\neggs, or more, and will be large enough for the opera-\\ntors to go into. Perhaps the room will be quite high,\\nand the floor supporting the egg racks will be arranged\\nelevator style, so that it may be raised or lowered almost\\ninstantly to secure the desired temperature, a graduated\\nscale on the wall showing how much the altitude must\\nbe changed to change the heat to a degree or a fraction\\nof a degree. By relays of attendants, the heat, air and\\nmoisture will be governed personally r every hour and\\nevery minute, instead of being left to blind machine reg-\\nulation. Nothing but constant human supervision will\\never conquer the difficulties that mark the gulf between\\nthe best incubators and the mother bird for she is on\\nduty all the time. We are told that John Champion in\\n1770 used a room he could enter. He was the first\\nwhite champion of the large room plan, though this\\nhad been exploited by people of another complexion for\\nhundreds and probably thousands of years previously.\\nThe wheel will come full circle and the artificial incuba-\\ntion of the twentieth century will revert to the primitive\\nlarge apartment.\\nLet us see how the large room for eggs and the wait-\\ning room for the attendants, who keep constant watch\\nof all the conditions, can be combined with the electric\\nsignal already in use by incubator operators to transmit\\nnews of temperature from their machine to their office\\nor sleeping room, and with revolving fans such as have\\nalready been adopted in the construction of at least one\\nmammoth incubator, and with a spraying machine to", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0314.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "THE INCUBATOR ROOM. 301\\ngovern moisture, which is a part of the same machine.\\nSurely an attendant, clad to suit, or suited without a\\nsuit, can stay a short time in the egg room without par-\\nticular discomfort. There are quite a considerable num-\\nber of crafts which compel workmen to encounter a\\ndecidedly higher temperature, and cannot a man, if he\\ncan explore the region where the eggs are, and have\\nenough of them in the works to pay for constant super-\\nvision, change the air by gentle currents with nicely\\nadjusted fans moved by cunning machinery completely\\nunder his control? The incubating room can be located\\nin the center of a still larger room, the latter being held\\nat an almost absolutely even temperature. The walls\\nof the outer room can be built in such a way as to shut\\nout all influence of outside winds, dampness and dry-\\nness, heat and cold.\\nThe large incubator room alluded to is at Aratoma\\nFarm, Stamford, Ct. The writer has never seen it nor\\ncommunicated with its inventor or proprietor, nor with\\nanybody connected with it, but has read a newspaper\\naccount of it. Everything points to the success of the\\nidea. The big stores and factories run out the small\\nones, as the big fish eat up the little ones, and the box\\nincubators will be devoured by the apartment incubator.\\nBrooding hens, when properly managed, beat the small\\nincubators, and by small we designate all that are custo-\\nmarily shipped by rail or wagon but the mammoth\\nincubator built where used will beat both. The highest\\ntalent can be afforded to run it, the highest degree of\\ncertainty in operation can be secured by it, at the mini-\\nmum of cost for supplying heat, moisture and ventila-\\ntion, because of the great number of eggs it will hold.\\nWe have seen how the comparatively miserable, small,\\nputtering incubator, in its attempts at letting out foul\\nair, carried off dampness also and introduced cool air,\\nwhich in becoming warmed robbed the eggs of their", "height": "2780", "width": "1844", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0315.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "302 AN EGG FARM.\\nnormal moisture. Now the problem of warming dwell-\\nings and accomplishing ventilation at the same time has\\nbeen solved satisfactorily by introducing a current of\\nair into the room which is to be warmed. An exit reg-\\nister must first be opened at or near the bottom of this\\nroom to let some cool air out so that the warm air will\\nhave room to get in. This warm air is procured at first\\nwhile cold from the pure air outdoors through a large\\npipe, and made to come in contact with a coil of pipes\\nheated by hot water or steam, after which it ascends, by\\nthe lightness the heat gives it, to the room where it is\\nwanted. Similar apparatus can be used in the mam-\\nmoth incubator. The hot air and cool air also, led in\\nthrough a separate pipe, can be forced anywhere by\\nmeans of fan wheels run at high speed, and nicely\\nadjusted registers can shut it off at will. The spraying\\nmachine can be brought to bear on the air that is being\\nwarmed, and as much humidity can be supplied as\\ndesired, and no more, at the pleasure of the operator,\\nwho may be guided by the air reservoir at the end of a\\nfertile egg, as is done at Stamford, or employ a more\\nartificial moisture gauge, such as is used by scientists.\\nIt is not apparent that gentle currents of fresh air of\\njust the right temperature can injure the eggs, provided\\nit is just moist enough. Also if these currents are cre-\\nated but seldom, the amount of ventilation will prove\\nsufficient, owing to the great bulk of the air enclosed in\\nso large a room. The means at the command of the\\noperators will enable them to change the air as often as\\ncalled for by experience. The heat and humidity\\nin a box, a parlor, or a big cathedral even, can be con-\\ntrolled to a nicety by the aid of modern appliances, if\\na man has nothing else to do but tend them, and in no\\nother way.\\nIf electricity, or animal magnetism, or some indispen-\\nsable subtle or occult influence were bestowed upon the", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0316.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "THE INCUBATOR ROOM. 303\\neggs by the body or feathers of the sitting hen that\\ncould not be furnished by art, it might be impossible to\\nconstruct the incubator of the future satisfactorily.\\nBut so far as is now known, not including the purely\\nmechanical affair of change of position, the only requi-\\nsites for hatching are heat, moisture and ventilation.", "height": "2780", "width": "1844", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0317.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEE XXXI.\\nBBOODERS.\\nArtificial brooding and rearing include three requi-\\nsites warmth, ventilation and exercise. In incubation\\nthere is exercise for the chick or embryo uses its limbs,\\nor their rudiments, from the sixth day on, including the\\nvigorous kicks which complete the hatching. But as\\nthis exercise takes care of itself, it is not included in the\\nlist of incubation requisites, although moisture is. Cor-\\nrespondingly, some moisture is needed in the air the\\nchicks breathe, but this matter takes care of itself and\\nis not included in the requisites, though exercise is.\\nHeat and ventilation are two requisites common to both\\nincubation and brooding.\\nIf artificial hatching, as carried on in the ordinary\\ncommercial incubators, meets difficulty in regulating\\nmoisture, artificial brooding meets with a still greater\\ndifficulty in governing heat. If no regulator is used, the\\nchicks are almost sure to suffer, at one time or another,\\nfrom too much or too little heat, while if a regulator is\\nused, adjusted to some particular degree of heat, as it\\nmust be, of course, if it is to be used at all, why every\\ntime the birds run under or out of the hover, they\\nchange the temperature, in spite of the regulator.\\nWe will try to explain this matter fully because it is\\nso seldom understood. The fact is, volumes have been\\nwritten on incubators, compared with single pages on\\nbrooders. One book has one hundred and seven pages\\non the incubator and one-half a page on the brooder.\\nNotwithstanding, common consent has been given by\\n304", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0318.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "BROODERS. 305\\nexperienced, practical operators to the proposition that\\nit is much easier to hatch healthy chicks in an incubator\\nthan to keep them health}- afterwards in a brooder. As\\nregards the beginner, often he has earnestly studied the\\nconstruction and use of the hatcher, while taking it for\\ngranted that it was perfectly easy to run the brooder.\\nLater he sends a communication for the question box\\nof his poultry paper, asking why his chicks died off.\\nIf chicks become either seriously chilled or decid-\\nedly overheated at night, it always means injury and\\noften means death in spite of all the benefit good\\nfood, pure air and exercise can -give, though these will\\nenable them to withstand more calamity in the shape of\\nimproper temperature than they otherwise could. Yet,\\nnotwithstanding the importance of proper heat, in the\\nmajority of cases the manufacturers have not provided\\na regulator for the brooder, and their customers have\\nnot insisted on having one. Every brooder regula-\\ntor is limited in the exercise of its functions by\\nthe chicks interfering with its operation, but it is\\nbetter than none at all, and two are better yet, as will\\nbe shown.\\nThe matter will be the better understood by reference\\nto the working of an incubator, the regulator of which\\nis set, say, for 102 1-2\u00c2\u00b0. After the first chill consequent\\non putting in the eggs has been overcome, the tempera-\\nture runs passably even till the day when it begins to\\nrise and finally gets too high, though the regulator\\nhas slowed the flame clown to the minimum. Why\\nBecause the incipient chicks are giving off animal heat.\\nWhat does the operator do He turns down the flame\\nstill more. Now supposing he has a good hatch, and\\nwdien the chicks get dry, and old enough, he removes\\nthree-fourths of the number without changing the lamp\\nat all, what will happen The heat will go down rap-\\nidly, and the remaining chicks will be chilled half to\\n20", "height": "2780", "width": "1844", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0319.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "306 AN EGG FAEM.\\ndeath. Now suppose, instead of one or. two of this sort\\nof fluctuations in ten days there were half a dozen of\\nthem or so in twenty-four hours. Suppose twenty or\\nthirty chicks are suddenly put into the egg chamber and\\nafter awhile as suddenly withdrawn, and this process\\nshould be repeated over and over again. What can your\\nregulator do now It certainly cannot prevent extremes\\nof heat and cold from being reached. The operator\\nwould have to attend to turning the wick up or down,\\nover and over again.\\nNow apply this reasoning to the brooder. The regu-\\nlator is set, we will say, for 98\u00c2\u00b0 and reaches and holds\\nthat temperature all right while the hover is empty,\\nwaiting for chicks. It is at dusk, and a half dozen\\ncome in. As soon as they settle down without exercise,\\ntheir blood of course slackens in its speed and 98\u00c2\u00b0 does\\nnot feel warm enough, nature having regulated the hen s\\nnest at 103\u00c2\u00b0. Therefore, they huddle together if there\\nis top and bottom heat, or stretch upward to try to\\nreach the source of warmth if there is top heat only and\\na current of cool air coming in near the floor under the\\ncurtain, they strive to get up in the world by trampling\\non their fellows, as people do, while if there is side heat\\nthey crowd toward the hot water tank or hot air drum.\\nThey are not very cold, but are just cool enough to be\\nuncomfortable and they will keep in continual motion,\\nscolding meanwhile, saying: Keep still, won t you,\\nand let a fellow go to sleep. As outsiders come in, one\\nafter another, lifting the curtain and letting in gusts of\\ncold air, the temperature falls, we will say, to 95\u00c2\u00b0, caus-\\ning the regulator to turn on the heat full blast, and by\\nthe time the whole brood gets massed together, squeezing\\nweak chicks in the center to death, 98\u00c2\u00b0 is again reached\\nat the point where the thermostat is, for the curtain has\\nceased to admit cold air. Now the regulator shuts off a\\npart cf the heat, yet the chicks are still too cool and", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0320.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "BROODERS. 307\\ntherefore they keep in motion when they should have\\nall been buried in slumber an hour ago.\\nIn a little while the animal heat raises the tempera-\\nture to 103\u00c2\u00b0 at the center and the chicks there drop off\\nto sleep, crooning a contented lullaby in spite of some\\ncrowding going on by their fellows at the outside of the\\ngroup, where it is 99\u00c2\u00b0 or so. The heat still rises because\\nthere are twenty-five, perhaps seventy-five, little fur-\\nnaces under the hover, each 108\u00c2\u00b0 inside. By the time\\nthe air at the outer row of birds reaches 103\u00c2\u00b0, and they\\nsquat down with the contented exclamation before\\nreferred to, it is probably 106\u00c2\u00b0 at the center, and rising,\\nand the chicks there are soon awakened from their too\\nshort nap by close, hot, foul air, reeking with dampness\\nfrom the dead bodies of a couple of their mates lying as\\nflat as if an elephant had trod on them. These two\\nwere crushed in the preliminary struggle. Then begins\\nthe strife of those in the center to get out. The outer\\nrow grumble Keep still, won t you, and let a fellow\\nsleep, and then they begin to crowd with all their\\nmight against those in the center. Now follows a battle\\nby all hands, during which some of the combatants open\\nthe curtain flaps, either by running against them in the\\nfight or by running out for a breath of fresh air, and. so\\nthe center of the room is partially ventilated, as the air\\nhas been stirred up by the rumpus and cooled somewhat,\\nand the sleepy inmates, having added one or two more\\nto the list of dead, settle down again, the temperature\\nhaving been by this time lowered sufficiently to be\\nendurable, no thanks to the regulator, however.\\nBut, alas, there is no rest for the weary. The same\\nthing goes on over and over all night, the period between\\nthe maximum and minimum heat being perhaps of an\\nhour s duration. The birds become exhausted for lack\\nof sleep. The strongest do not get into the list of killed\\nor wounded, but all, whether at the head or the foot as", "height": "2780", "width": "1844", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0321.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "308 AN EGG FARM.\\nregards comparative strength, will look as if the} 7 had\\nbeen drawn through a woodpile backwards, after a feAv\\nnights of such dissipation, and they will be very sleepy\\nin the daytime. Their keeper, if a novice, will begin\\nnow to change their feed, but if somebody punched him\\nwith a sharp stick or dragged him out of bed by his\\nheels every time he got fairly to sleep every night last\\nweek, his constitution would demand something besides\\na change from beef and potatoes to mutton and parsnips.\\nBut somebody may advise to set the brooder regulator\\nnot at 98\u00c2\u00b0, but enough lower than that to make allow-\\nance for the rise after the chicks are in. If the animal\\nheat raises the temperature 12\u00c2\u00b0, set your regulator at 90\u00c2\u00b0\\nand after awhile it will rise to 102\u00c2\u00b0, the chicks will be\\ncomfortable then and sleep till morning, he says. This\\nadjustment avoids some of the dangers inseparable from\\nthe 98\u00c2\u00b0 plan, but involves new ones. The chicks have a\\nlonger period of undisturbed rest after they once get to\\nsleep under the 90\u00c2\u00b0 plan, but have to undergo a longer\\ncontest with the cold at the start. To fight for warmth\\nwhile the heat is slowly rising 12\u00c2\u00b0 results in more severe\\nand protracted chilling than when it is rising only four\\ndegrees. Also, there is another trouble. The animal\\nheat is sufficient to run the hover up to 102\u00c2\u00b0 at a little\\nafter sundown when the evening is comparatively warm,\\nbut as morning approaches, the air outdoors lowers 30\u00c2\u00b0\\nand that inside the brooder house 15\u00c2\u00b0, or if the early\\nevening was still and the wind rises toward morning,\\nthe heat inside may fall 20\u00c2\u00b0. ISTow the struggles at the\\nstart for the warmest place resulted in a sort of sifting\\nprocess, the weaklings got pushed to the outside, and\\nas morning approach] es, those least fitted to withstand cold\\nare exposed to it the most. As a mass, they are too\\ncold now, if they were just right at the early part\\nof the night, and if just right now, they were over-\\nheated then.", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0322.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "BROODERS. 309\\nWe have never succeeded as Avell at an adjustment at\\neither 98\u00c2\u00b0 or 90\u00c2\u00b0, as at 94\u00c2\u00b0, a mean between the two,\\nwhich mitigates some of the disadvantages of each,\\nthough all troubles cannot be escaped, no matter how\\nyou set your regulator. The nearest approach to jDerfec-\\ntion in automatic regulation of a brooder consists in\\nhaving the air of the brooder house itself heated artifi-\\ncially and its temperature governed automatically to\\nguard against the effect of fluctuations of the outside\\ntemperature during the night, and have a regulator\\nattached to each brooder also, put at 98\u00c2\u00b0 as in the first\\ninstance, or 99\u00c2\u00b0 or 100\u00c2\u00b0 even, thus escaping the chill-\\ning when the birds go to bed. Also have another regu-\\nlator attached to every brooder set at 104\u00c2\u00b0, this one not\\nbeing connected with the lamp at all, but with a thin, light\\nlid over a circular opening one and one-half or two\\ninches in diameter in the top of the brooder. Have\\nnumerous small holes in the curtain. Then, with a not\\ntoo numerous brood there will be very little crowding,\\nand as the temperature can never get below the notch\\nof the lamp regulator, and never very much above the\\nnotch of the other regulator, there will be no disastrous\\nchilling, at any rate.\\nThe ill effects of a too cool hover when chicks are in\\nthe down are much greater, be it remembered, than of\\nan overheated hover. For when the brood consists of a\\nsafe number of birds, the chicks can spread out to cool\\nthemselves, nature having taught them to do this, as\\nmay be ascertained by their avoiding close contact with\\nthe hen s body of a sultry summer night, and squatting\\nclose to the outer rim of her feathers, with their heads\\nentirely outside.\\nThis three-regulator plan, two for each brooder and\\none for the brooder house, approaches the perfection of\\nnatural brooding, but does not reach it, as will be shown\\nfurther on in the description of the Brooder of the", "height": "2780", "width": "1844", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0323.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "310 AN EGG FARM.\\nFuture. Objections on the score of expense are, of\\ncourse, very apparent. There must be a furnace, a\\nboiler and pipe system for the brooder house itself,\\neither steam pipes or hot-water pipes, in addition to\\nlamps for the brooders, and the house must be quite\\nwell built and reasonably free from crevices around the\\ndoors and windows, to meet the case of unusual cold,\\nand winds especially, and the furnace fire carefully\\ntended so that the regulator can change the furnace\\ndampers to good effect. If the season of the year and\\nthe latitude permit the use of an equivalent number of\\nbrooding hens, the management of which, with their\\nbroods, is properly provided for, mind, their employment\\nwill be vastly less expensive than such a good, complete\\nbrooder system as is above described, with triple regu-\\nlators.\\nIn place of this plan of thorough automatic brooder\\nregulation, personal supervision may be employed, but\\nthis must be done by a relay of help and kept up day\\nand night in order to come in competition with the nat-\\nural process of brooding. This would be so expensive,\\nwith a plant of small brooders and small broods, as to\\nbe afforded only when pursued on a large scale and\\nhelped out by very high prices for the product. The\\noperator must pass up and down the lines of brooders,\\nand, guided by thermometers, or, better, by the sense\\nof feeling which, after a little practice, becomes marvel-\\nously accurate in determining temperatures in many\\ncases, and by the behavior of the chicks, for they will\\ntell him unmistakably whether they are too hot or too\\ncold or just right, turn down a flame here and raise\\none there, eternal vigilance being the price of chickens.\\nExpense again less mechanism than in the triple reg-\\nulator system, but more labor in attendance. Worst of\\nall, while securing the right degree of heat, the ventila-\\ntion of the hovers is bound to be lacking whenever the", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0324.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "BROODERS. 311\\nheat is insufficient. One important thing must not -be\\nneglected, the flame of the lamp must be fed by air\\nconducted through a cold-air box communicating with\\noutdoors, and the smoke and waste air from the lamp\\nmust be allowed to escape through a flue leading\\nthrough the roof.", "height": "2780", "width": "1844", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0325.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEE XXXII.\\nMETHODS OF HEATING AND VENTILATING BROODERS.\\nWhen the rage for brooders began in the United\\nStates, brooders were all built to have heat distributed\\nover the backs of the chicks, in alleged imitation of the\\nhen. They are said to be under the hen at night.\\nNow it is natural for chickens to feel the feathers of\\ntheir mother upon their back, and when the ground is\\ncool and damp, for instance after cold rains, and they\\nfeel chilly before becoming thoroughly warmed after\\ngoing to bed, they will be found standing up at full\\nheight to get all the heat they can upon their backs, and\\nwill also crowd closely together and towards their mother\\nto get warm. The empty artificial brooder, as com-\\nmonly used, without even one regulator, to say nothing\\nof two, the operator cannot venture to heat to 103\u00c2\u00b0, the\\ntemperature at the outside of the hen s body for the\\nvital heat of the brood would soon make it so hot that\\nthey could not stay in it at all. He therefore aims gener-\\nally at about 90\u00c2\u00b0 or 92\u00c2\u00b0 for cpiite young chicks. On first\\nentering the hover, they elevate their backs as much as\\npossible and stretch their legs to full length, even stand-\\ning on tiptoe some of the time, especially if there are\\nloose folds of soft cloth overhead to imitate the hen s\\nfeathers, or a tank or pipes of hot water, the radiant\\nheat from which they plainly perceive is above them.\\nNot content with stretching to the utmost towards the\\ngrateful warmth, the biggest, strongest fellows try to\\nclimb upon the backs of their companions to reach the\\nheat, and some of the weaker ones are trampled to death,\\nas described in previous pages, and their bodies form\\n313", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0326.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "HEATING AND VENTILATING BROODERS. 313\\nplatforms to stand on, the possession of which is fought\\nfor fratricides fighting for the dead bodies of their\\nbrethren.\\nAt this stage in the progress of brooder building the\\nidea appeared of locating the source of heat supply some-\\nwhere else. The writer remembers being invited many\\nyears ago to the country seat of the then president of\\nthe New York State Poultry association, which was at\\nthe time holding an annual exhibition. On arriving at\\nhis place, after seeing his extensive poultry plant, the\\nruins of his brooder house, once the largest in America,\\ndestroyed by fire but a few weeks previously, were shown\\nus and the proprietor said, pointing to a spot in the\\nashes: There stood the first bottom-heat brooder ever\\nbuilt in America. Very soon after that, bottom heat\\nwas all the rage, and the parties adopting it said they\\nfound decidedly fewer chicks trampled to death and\\npressed as flat as a flounder, and also stealthy visits made\\nby the owner in the silent watches of the night demon-\\nstrated that the former struggle, upwards, upwards,\\nstill upwards, was not going on.\\nBut the path was not yet strewn with roses. No reg-\\nulator was attached to a brooder in those days, that we\\never heard of, and if the bottom-heat brooder were too\\ncool, the chicks would crowd, even if they did not tram-\\nple, and if it were too warm, their legs and the under\\nparts of their bodies were the first to become overheated.\\nIt is evident that in the natural order of things, the\\nground on which the chicks rest never is and never can\\nbe more than moderately warm, even when the hen has\\nhovered over it all night, and is frequently decidedly\\ncold, and sometimes frozen as solid as a rock, when she\\nbegins to brood. Weakness of the legs, general debility,\\na tendency to go to sleep in the daytime because resting\\nso poorly at night, and various other symptoms gave\\nwarning that something was wrong", "height": "2768", "width": "1844", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0327.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "314 AX EGG FARM.\\nNext followed the invention of side heat, one of the\\nablest advocates of which is the eminent expert, Mr. C.\\nVon Culin, whose argument we will let him state in his\\nown words\\nA brooder is supposed to take the place of a good hen. To do\\nthis successfully it must be made as nearly like a hen as possible.\\nNow bow is a lien built? Where does the heat come from? Where\\ndo the chicks hover? How do they get to and from the heat, and\\nreceive fresh air Look at the illustration of a brooding hen, and see\\nfor yourself. Is not the heat which tne chicks get from her princi-\\npally side heat? By chance a chick may get caught under the breast-\\nbone or under the foot of a hen, but not often. The wings, feathers\\nard down of the hen retain the greater part of the heat from the\\nbody. The brooding chicks can put their heads out for fresh air,\\ninstead of being crammed into a bunch and surrounded by from fifty\\nto a hundred other chicks. If They are too warm they can get out, if\\nnotpinned down under the breastbone or foot of the hen. The heat\\nfrom the hen certainly cannot be termed bottom heat, nor yet top\\nheat. It is ap she squats down and her body is surrounded by the\\nchicks\u00e2\u0080\u0094 principally side heat, with some lop heat retained by her\\nfeathers.\\nAt about the same time that side heat was thought of,\\na combination of top and bottom heat was tried and its\\nadvocates became extremely numerous, its superiority\\nto either top or bottom heat alone being very evident.\\nIn the combination plan a small part of the heat is dis-\\ntributed under the brooder floor to check the reaching\\nu]3ward, which, as we have seen, is so disastrous, but\\nthe most of the heat enters near the top of the hover\\nand radiating downwards meets the heat which rises\\nfrom the moderately warm floor, so that the brood cham-\\nber is warmed throughout. The choice lies between the\\ncombination and the side heat plans. One great advan-\\ntage of the latter is that the chicks are in a thin line\\ninstead of in a bunch, preventing crowding, and they\\ncan always withdraw from the drum or tank by taking a\\ncouple of steps, nature having taught them to do this,\\njust as they hug the body of their mother closely or\\nwithdraw from her, as regard for their comfort dictates\\nunder the varying conditions of wind and weather.", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0328.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "HEATING AISTD VENTILATING BROODERS. 315\\nIt is worth noticing- that, owing to the fact that heat\\nrises to the top of the hover, the side heat plan is really\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2a combination plan as well as the other. One is a com-\\nbination of top and bottom heat and the other is a com-\\nbination of top and side heat. The writer unhesitatingly\\nprefers the Yon Culm plan to all others, provided that\\nthe broods are small, never exceeding thirty chicks, and\\ntwenty or less is better. This matter of size of the\\nbrood is very important for when the source of comfort\\nis at the side, the chicks will, if lacking in warmth even\\nslightly, crowd towards it, and if numerous enough to\\nform ranks three or four deep, crash the inner rank\\nagainst the heat drum or tank and make it difficult for\\nthem to get out into the fresh air. There is a similar\\ncrowding closely to the body of the brooding hen, but\\nher brood of the normal number of twelve to fifteen can\\nall find room around her Avithout a turbulent outer rank\\nof malcontents to make misery. The dram of the Yon\\nCulin brooder has an external surface considerably\\ngreater than that of a hen, and a proportionate number\\nof birds can gather around it comfortably. We have\\ntried still larger drums to warm forty, fifty and sixty\\nchicks respectively, and they would all work as well as\\nthe twenty-chick size if the chicks could be depended\\nupon to always range themselves evenly around it. In\\nfact, the drum might be as big as the Ferris wheel and\\nserve to warm an almost innumerable number if thev\\nwould all go to bed in single file with no crowding.\\nWith only a score or so of birds and a dram of a size to\\ncorrespond, no large crowd in a riot is possible, while,\\nof course, the greater the whole number the greater the\\nthrong that is liable to gather in one spot, A merit of\\nthe side heat, hot-air dram is that, as the chicks increase\\nin size, bigger drums and covers can be substituted\\nwithout changing the lamp or dividing the broods. A\\ndemerit is that since there is a difficulty in always gang-", "height": "2768", "width": "1844", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0329.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "316 AN EGG FARM.\\ning the heat of the drum to a nicety, it will overheat\\none side of a chick sometimes, after it has fallen asleep\\npressed snugly against it and the heat afterwards\\nincreases. Here the superiority of nature appears, as it\\ndoes again and again, for the heat of the hen s body can\\nnever rise unduly. The side heat combined with the\\nthree-regulator plan will accomplish all that can be\\naccomplished with a covered hover without constant\\nsupervision.\\nThe two principal methods of warming hovers are\\nby hot water, either in pipes or tanks, and by hot air.\\nThe tank and hot-air styles are adapted to single brood-\\ners, each with its lamp or its gas jet. The pipe method\\nis designed for long rows of brooders }3laced side by side,\\nthe hot water circulating through pipes placed over the\\nbirds (Fig. 136), or under them beneath the floor, or both,\\nas may be preferred, the water being heated, of course,\\nby means of a boiler over a furnace for coal or wood\\nlocated at one end, or the center, of the brooder house,\\nas convenient. This obviates the necessity of filling and\\ntrimming numerous lamps when there are many brood-\\ners, but there is the disadvantage of having to fire up\\njust the same when there are but few chicks on hand as\\nif the brooder house were being run to its full cajmcity.\\nThere is a further feature, which is, that the same heat\\nis applied to all the broods. This may be an advantage\\nunder some circumstances and a disadvantage in others.\\nSingle brooders are subdivided into the outdoor and\\nindoor classes, the latter, of course, having no roof, as\\nthe roof of the brooder house in which they stand,\\nanswers. The outdoor brooders have a roof of their\\nown, impervious to rain, and sides that may be closed in\\nwhole or in part, in case of strong winds or driving rain,\\nor snow. The advantages of the outdoor brooder are\\nthat the chicks can, at the age of only a few clays, have\\noutdoor exercise, the weather admitting, without the", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0330.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "HEATING AND VENTILATING BBOODEBS. 317\\nnecessity for outside yards or roofed runways, of liberal\\narea, or the exercising apparatus described in this book.\\nThe disadvantages, as compared with the indoor brood-\\ners are, that the attendant has to chase all over creation\\nto do his work when brooders are scattered far enough\\nfrom each other to keep the broods from mixing, and,\\nworse than all the rest, the birds have to be confined in\\nstormy weather to the narrow quarters of the brooder, a\\nserious matter in parts of the country where rains are\\nfrequent.\\nVENTILATING THE BEOODEE.\\nIf fresh air is necessary for the chick in the egg, still\\nmore is it absolutely necessary for the chick under the\\nhover. How to get rid of poison exhaled by the lungs\\nand still not subject the young birds to injurious drafts,\\nis the problem, and it is not an easy one to solve either,\\nwithout elaborate regulating apparatus or else constant\\nsupervision, both of which entail much expense. You\\ncan cheapen your arrangements and pitch in a lot of\\nbirds, expecting to have fifteen to twenty-five per cent\\ndie, and sell the rest. But the writer wants nothing\\nwhatever to do with any such barbarous practices. No\\nattendant, who has the suitable make-up for a good\\nattendant, can ever maintain zeal and enthusiasm when\\nhe has to officiate every day as undertaker and medical\\ndirector. It would be amusing, were it not sad, to see\\nhow sedulously the owners of many brooder plants con-\\nceal their death rate statistics.\\nWhen the chicks receive their first warm coat of feath-\\ners, they are approximately like adult birds, which are\\ncapable of enduring changes of 40\u00c2\u00b0 in twenty-four hours\\nwithout much harm, if they have plenty of exercise and\\nare sound and vigorous in every respect but the downy\\nchick, especially at night, cannot withstand such vicis-\\nsitudes. Yet the tender youngling needs pure air to", "height": "2768", "width": "1844", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0331.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "318 AN EGG FARM.\\nbreathe as much or even more than the adult bird, and\\nalways the introduction of fresh, cool air interferes with\\nthe maintenance of steady heat. Of the two things,\\nwarmth and pure air, one is as important as the other.\\nThe earlier brooders all had covers or tops, two, two and\\na half, or three inches for the youngest birds, according\\nto the breed, from the floor, and made adjustable so\\nthat they could be raised half an inch at a notch as the\\nbirds grew older. This cover was preferably removable\\nfor convenience in cleaning the floor of the hover and\\nwas made of boards with six or eight holes of one-half\\ninch or three-fourths inch diameter bored through it for\\nventilation, some of which could be stopped with corks\\nin cold weather if desired. But the use of this cover is\\nalways more or less antagonistic to a proper supply of\\nboth pure air and warmth, if the temperature of the\\nbrooder house is decidedly cooler than that of the hover.\\nFor if you close too many holes the air will be impure\\nunder the cover, shut in as it is by the curtain or fringe\\nsurrounding it, while if you open too many holes it will\\nbe too cool.\\nIt is so natural to conclude from the example of the\\nmother hen that young chicks must have something to\\ntouch their backs, that operators unanimously adopted\\ntops to their brooders lined with sheepskin, with the\\nwool on, or soft cloth depending in numerous folds. Says\\nVon Culin\\nThe flanrmelor woolen drapery which hangs down from the hover\\nand helps retain the heat and gives a feeling of cosy comfort to the\\nchicks is essential. Nature gives them side heat from the hen and\\nsoft covering, the feathers of the hen, and so must we if we want them\\nto be comfortable and thrifty. Heated floor or ceiling is not enough.\\nWould you like to heat a bedroom up to 70\u00c2\u00b0 or 80\u00c2\u00b0 and lie on the bed or\\nfloor with no covering We think you would prefer to have the room\\nat 30\u00c2\u00b0 or 40\u00c2\u00b0 and put on a few blankets.\\nThe above would at first seem to be conclusive, but\\nafter all, the brooder top is but a sorry imitation of the", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0332.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "HEATING AND VENTILATING BROODERS. 319\\ncover which nature gives. Unlike the feathers, it is not\\nfurnished with millions of interstices for the air to strain\\nthrough, nor will it permit the escape of the poisonous\\nelements derived from the lungs of the birds. Mr. John\\nLoughlin, proprietor of the largest broiler plant in the\\nUnited States, conceived the idea of omitting the brood-\\ners, and put it in execution with great success, as suc-\\ncess goes in artificial rearing.\\nHis hot-water pipes have nothing Avhatever over them,\\nand the chicks congregate at night between these pipes\\nand the floor, several hundred in a brood. By having\\nthe whole of the brooder room well warmed, the crowd-\\ning is reduced to a minimum. The absence of a top\\nover the pipes does not make the chicks too cold, because\\nthe heat in the room, which contains thirty broods, is reg-\\nulated with great care, and the room well ventilated. The\\nthirty broods are of thirty different ages, ranging from\\none day to thirty days respectively. When past the latter\\nage they are removed to another room, heated to a lower\\ndegree, and, like the first, without tops over the hovers.\\nThis first-mentioned large room, with many -chicks,\\nresembles, as regards heat, the Brooder of the Future\\nwhich will be described later. Mr. Loughlin has shown\\nhow a thing may be clone well, as such things go, by\\ndoing enough of it so that it will pay to hire hands to\\ndo it. Yet, at best, the death rate at his establishment\\nis too great. Take all the brooder houses in the coun-\\ntry, little and big, one-horse gig or six-horse coach, the\\ntrail of the serpent is over them all, so long as they fail\\nto keep alive no more than seventy-five to eighty-five\\nper cent of the innocents committed to them.\\nUnless the usual mortality of brooder chicks can be\\nreduced, the artificial method of rearing is of questiona-\\nble morality and a fit subject of investigation by the\\nSociety for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. A\\nfriend of ours in South Dakota says in a letter Out", "height": "2768", "width": "1844", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0333.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "320 AN EGG FARM.\\non the wild cattle ranges to the northwest of here,\\nranchmen with hearts of flint breed cattle, to have them\\nrun all winter without hay or shelter, subsisting on the\\ndried grass and running the risks of unusually severe\\nweather. Every three or four years a blizzard or an ice\\nstorm that covers the grass, followed by zero weather,\\nkills by cold, combined with hunger, one-tenth, or one-\\nfifth, perhaps, of the whole. And once in five or six\\nyears, sometimes three-fourths or five-sixths. But tak-\\ning the average of a series of years i;he business is profit-\\nable. Now for every steer that dies a lingering death, a\\nscore or more have their ears and tail frozen off and one\\nor more of their feet horribly mutilated, but they live\\nthrough it. Fancy the owner turning in his warm bed\\nat midnight and listening to the storm For my part\\nI envy not the make-up of a man who is willing to get\\nmoney that way. I would rather work by the day dig-\\nging ditches. And on the same line concerning poul-\\ntry, if the mortality of broiler chicks runs from fifteen\\nor twenty to forty or fifty per cent in brooders, then, I\\nsay, to sheol with the brooders. Artificial rearing of\\nchicks becomes, in such a case, an inquisition of torture\\nto poor dumb brutes.\\nThe coming generations will commiserate their prede-\\ncessors for being so barbarous, when the time arrives\\nthat, except through accident, as, for example, the\\ninroads of a weasel or predatory cat, the poultry keeper\\nwho makes poultry raising a business will no more\\nexpect to have young chicks die than nowadays the\\nfarmer expects to have his young calves or colts die. In\\nour newer states there are no members of the society\\nwith the long name- and everybody acts as he pleases\\ntowards dumb brutes and often pleases to act contempti-\\nbly, but in the older states the society flourishes, and\\nthe miscreant who abuses a horse, or maltreats a cat or\\ndog even, unnecessarily, is sure to hear from it. This", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0334.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "HEATING AND VENTILATING BROODERS. 321\\nshows that the growth of civilization is sure, even if\\nslow, and justifies the prediction that when the world\\nfinds, as it will, that progress has rendered the avoid-\\nance of a big death rate in chicken raising comparatively\\neasy, such an old-time massacre of the innocents will\\nbe frowned upon and considered disreputable in the high-\\nest degree, if not punished by fine and imprisonment.\\n21", "height": "2768", "width": "1844", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0335.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "CHAPTEE XXXIII.\\nTHE BROODER OF THE FUTURE.\\nAs the cheapest thing for extensive artificial hatching\\nwill prove to be the large apartment, so the cheapest\\nbrooder the writer has already found to be a big room.\\nHire a hall/ was once a popular phrase, and it applies\\nhere. To have 1000 chicks in a brooder house, twenty-\\nfive in a brooder, will take forty of these, to hold which\\nthe house will have to be large anyway. As commonly\\nconstructed, the pens attached to the brooders would\\nhave to be quite small, necessitating restricting locomo-\\ntion of the inmates. There might be forty outside yards,\\nusing up a great lot of building material (cost cost\\nbut the chicks would have to be stived up closely in bad\\nweather. The indoor exercisers might be provided, but\\nthere is cost, cost, again. Now suppose the entire\\nfloor of a good sized room, built with high walls to\\nenclose plenty of air, is accessible to each and every\\nchick of the 1000 in all weathers. The first published\\naccount of an arrangement of this kind was given years\\nago by that veteran poultry raiser and author, and noble-\\nhearted man, Mr. P. H. Jacobs, who reared some six\\nhundred chickens in a not large room upstairs in Chi-\\ncago, to the age of six weeks, with substantially no\\ndeath rate. They were then removed to the country.\\nThere was a stove in the center of the room, where fire\\nwas burning constantly, and the birds ran in one flock\\nall over the room by day, being separated at night into\\nsquads and lodged under hovers ranged at the walls.\\nThey had runs, literally, as the whole floor space of the\\n322", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0336.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "THE BROODER OF THE FUTURE. 323\\nroom was available for each, but when a brood is confined\\nin a pen 3 or 4 ft.x6 ft., as is unhappily often the case,\\nthere is no opportunity for the prisoners to get up full\\nspeed.\\nNow for a little improvement of the heating appa-\\nratus. Instead of the stove, use the combined hot-water\\nand hot-air system, a method a better than which has\\nnever yet been found for warming dwellings, the\\nsame apparatus to answer for ten or more rooms, each of\\n1000-chick capacity. Have attendants on duty day\\nand night, of course, to govern the temperature of the\\nrooms absolutely and keep up a constant: circulation of\\nfresh air. The chickens in one of these big rooms must\\nall run together in the daytime, and must be all of the\\nsame age and breed, so as to be of the same size and\\nstrength as far as possible. Any markedly inferior or\\nsuperior birds to be culled out from time to time. The\\nwhole floor to be littered, and screened cracked corn or\\nother fine feed stirred in. The whole space not occupied\\nby the sleeping rooms to form one continuous exerciser.\\nHow to mix the ingredients Perfectly simple. It\\nmay not be advisable to introduce a donkey or goat to\\nthe floor to draw a specially constructed diminutive hay\\ntedder, with many tines set close together, to throw the\\nchaff, excelsior, or short cut straw, for the operator can\\ndraw it himself. The chickens get in his way and are\\nimmediately annihilated Not at all. The machine,\\ntogether with the operator, must be enclosed, front,\\nrear and on all sides, by a light movable frame\\nattached to the tedder and covered with muslin, with a\\nfringe of leather thongs, or tape, or narrow strips of\\nheavy canvas, depending at the bottom in a way to\\nalways graze the ground. The writer operates such a\\nscreen and fringe out of doors, to keep chicks away\\nwhile stirring straw to cover grain on the scratching\\ngrounds of half-grown chickens, by means of two wooden", "height": "2768", "width": "1844", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0337.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "324 AX EGG FAKM.\\nhandles, like wheelbarrow handles, only lighter, attached\\nto a wide girded waist belt, leaving both hands free to\\ndistribute grain. In using the large hay tedder pro-\\npelled by a team, for stirring straw on the scratching\\ngrounds of grown fowls, the driver uses one hand for the\\nreins and scatters grain with the other, so much for each\\ncolonized flock, by measure, the entire outfit, horse,\\nmachine and all being enclosed with a muslin and fringe\\nscreen, the frame of which is attached to the machine\\nand to the tips of specially built, extra long shafts in\\nfront of the horse. We are planning an attachment for\\nboth the large and small machines, the same for each\\n.except they are of different sizes comprising some of the\\nfeatures of a farmer s field seed drill, so that eventually\\nwe will not have to scatter grain by hand. Millet and\\nKaffir corn, to the raising of both of which so large a\\nportion of our country is admirably adapted, work well\\nin the large-room plan, and are good grains for chicks\\nand fowls of all ages. Never allow the litter to become\\nentirely destitute of feed, for in a good tight room, such\\nas has been described, no rats or mice can ever be baited\\nnights, and something to eat should always be ready for\\nthe chicks whenever they are willing to work for it.\\nBut the putting to bed of so many active, impetuous\\nyoungsters there s the rub, we fancy the reader\\nexclaims. There is some work at this point surely, but\\nno system whatever is entirely devoid of work. It will\\nhe noticed that feeding, watering, heating, ventilating,\\ncleaning and providing exercise, as well as protecting\\nagainst all manner of vicissitudes, are all accomplished\\nat the very smallest amount of labor conceivable, there\\nbeing so many in a room and so little space or distance\\nto be traversed by the attendant therefore considerable\\ntime can be afforded in putting the birds to bed. Not\\nso very much time will be needed, either. On occasion,\\nthe 1000 birds can be penned with a reasonably even", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0338.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "THE BROODER OF THE FUTURE. 325\\ndivision into ten flocks of about 100 each, in five min-\\nutes, if the pens are made right and the doors are of the\\nright size and shape and move at a touch, or eight\\nminutes and no hurry. Afterwards, in a little longer\\ntime each flock can be subdivided, by using another set\\nof pens, into smaller flocks of any desired size to prevent\\ncrowding. The whole operation can be managed by\\nany person with enough ingenuity to be fit to attend to\\nchickens, without scaring them in the least or hardly\\nletting them know that anything has been done to them.\\nOf course he will shuffle slowly through the crowd of\\nvery tame birds, with short steps, and will be provided\\nwith a specially coveted dainty, that all will be greedy\\nfor, though well fed already, and 100 chicks will get\\ninto a pen quicker than one would think possible.\\nThere are no bad effects in having young birds sleep\\nwith strange bedfellows every night. It would upset the\\ndomestic feeling and check the yield of laying hens to\\nconsort with a changing crowd, but it makes little dif-\\nference to chicks.\\nAs regards the temperature of the sleeping places, it\\nmust be 103\u00c2\u00b0 first, last and all the time, in the all-\\naround the birds when they are very young. The oper-\\nator s business is to hold the heat right. That is what\\nhe is for, and he is supposed to have every facility for\\ndoing it, being supplied with as perfect an apparatus as\\nthat which was explained in the description of the Incu-\\nbator of the Future. He can start currents of air at\\nwill, coming from outdoors and warmed before admis-\\nsion. We said sleeping places, not hovers, because\\nwe would, as practiced at the plant of Mr. Loughlin,\\nhave no covers over the hot-water pipes the chicks stay\\nunder o nights. The floor they sleep on should be a\\nlittle higher than the floor of the main room and made\\nof wire cloth to let filth through and admit air from\\nbelow for breathing. Thus, close air, exhausted of oxy-", "height": "2768", "width": "1844", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0339.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "326 AN EGG FAKM.\\ngen and loaded with carbonic acid gas, will never be\\ninhaled. The best brooder top in the world, no matter\\nhow well it is furnished with ventilating valves or shut-\\nters, and no matter whether these are operated by auto-\\nmatic regulators, or by personal supervision day and\\nnight, can never admit of such a constant supply of pure\\nair as no top at all. When it is too warm and the valves\\nare opened, there will be relief from the impure air of\\ncourse. But suppose it is too cool. Why, the chicks\\nwill be in the same fix as a person is, who, on going to\\nbed of a^cold winter night in an un warmed apartment,\\nputs his head under the bedclothes to get warm, in\\nwhich case carbonic acid gas accumulates rapidly. Or\\nsuppose it is neither too cold nor too warm under the\\nhover but just at the correct notch. Why, the tem-\\nperature is all right and the ventilation all wrong. The\\nfact is, no matter how much of a stickler one is for imitat-\\ning nature, he cannot imitate the hen s style of a hover\\ntop closely enough to make the imitating business work\\nin this instance and the best imitation of the hen s\\nhover-top conditions is produced by no brooder top at all.\\nIt being very desirable to have chickens run and flap\\ntheir wings as well as scratch, the size of the room per-\\nmits this, and a feed shelf or other form of feed dropper,\\nas described in another part of this book, can be very\\neasily fitted up at each of the opposite sides or ends of\\nthe main littered area. The trouble with the ordinary\\nlittle indoor pens attached to single brooders is,~that they\\nare only 6 ft.x8 ft., or 10 ft.xl2 ft., or such a matter,\\nand a bird cannot get under full headway in such space,\\nany more than a locomotive can run a mile a minute in\\na switchyard. A large room gives opportunity for run-\\nning, flying, leaping and scratching, irrespective of the\\nweather. Each room is supposed to communicate with\\na large yard outdoors, which should also have a feed\\ndropper at each end. There is a special advantage in", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0340.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "THE BROODER OF THE FUTURE. 327\\nallowing the birds outdoors only when the weather is\\njust right. Often in winter there will be a short time\\nin the middle of the day when the yard can be used to\\ngood advantage, when access to it nights and morn-\\nings would do more harm than good. In case of snow,\\npaths can be opened by a snow plow and team mov-\\ning through gates leading from one yard to another,\\nwhereas the labor of clearing small single brooder yards\\nby hand is discouraging when one snowfall follows\\nanother.", "height": "2768", "width": "1844", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0341.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "INDEX\\nAlfalfa, for poultry\\n25\\nChicks Continued\\nfor tilt boxes\\n234\\ncare of\\n124\\nAlley, sunken\\n75\\nand care of hens\\n243\\nAlternate system\\n212\\ncalling the\\n163\\nBearings, rounded\\n192\\nfeeding young\\n100\\nBell call, the\\n165\\nfeeding young\\n123\\nBin, for dry earth\\n33\\nfeeding apparatus for\\n323\\nfor earth\\n141\\nfoes of\\n134\\nBowel disease, cause of\\n236\\ngrains for\\n324\\ntest for 241\\nBreeders, houses for 51\\noverfat 120\\nBroiler business in New\\nJersey 256\\nBroilers, profits in 256\\nBrooder, covers for 318\\nhouse, details of 213\\nBrooders, indoor and out-\\ndoor 316\\nlining for 318\\nmammoth 322\\nmethods of heating 316\\nold style 312\\npersonal supervision 310\\nregulator 306\\nrequisites of 304\\nside heat 314\\nten to manage 231\\ntop and bottom heat 314\\ntwenty to manage 232\\nuncovered 319\\nventilating the 317\\nBrooding, theories on 269\\nBuildings, protected, sum-\\nmer 50\\nspecial 139\\nBusiness poultry keeping 5\\nCar for transportation 76\\nCellar for incubators 83\\nChaff for tilt boxes 234\\nChickens, by colony plan 19\\non a small scale 229\\ncoops for 97\\nChicks, at hatching time 279\\ncause of dead 305\\nearly food for 132\\ncritical time for 132\\n128\\nhealthy 235\\nlitter for 323\\nmortality of brooder 257\\nnumber in flock 324^\\nshelter for 136*\\nstrong, to get 130\\ntemperature for young 317\\ntrained to exercise 184\\nwaterlogged 289\\nweaning 100\\nClockwork for tilt boxes 199\\nClose breeding, place of 119\\nCold storage 14\\nCombs, cutting 106\\nlarge, drawbacks of 106\\nCook house 139\\nCooling not necessary 283\\nCoops, for chickens 97\\nmoving the 99\\nsmall, for chickens 98\\nA-shaped 135\\ntemporary 213\\nColony plan 17\\nCorn, value of 116\\nCover for feed shelf 203\\nCovers for brooders 318\\nCrops for colony plan 23\\nCyphers, on incubators 274\\non moisture 293\\nCylinders, duck, filling 189\\nfeed 155\\nfor brooder house 220\\nhomemade 193\\noperation of 156, 183\\nspool 179\\nDisease, treatment of 144\\nDrag, homemade 20\\nDressing fowls, place for 141", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0342.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n329\\nPAGE\\nDropper, feed 152\\nDrum, hot air 315\\nDucks, feed cylinder for 187\\nlaying 186\\nPekin 186\\nsuccess with 18\\nEarth, preparing dry 29\\nstoring dry 32\\nsupply of 16\\nEgg, composition of 287\\nroute, an 8\\nEggs, carrier for 28\\ncooling 281\\nfertile 121\\nfertile, to secure 55, 259\\nglazed by hen 288\\noverheated 292\\nsetting the 121\\nturning 268, 284, 286\\nExercise, arrangement for 44\\nfor breeders 53\\nfor breeders, need of 149\\nfor chicks, need of 255\\nimportance of 46\\nin runways 177\\ntesting value of 255\\nto cure bowel disease 237\\nExerciser, by alternate\\nsystem 212\\ndetails of 152\\nfor ducks 187\\nindoor, parallel 217\\noutdoor 172\\nsimple 149\\nFailure, cause of 246\\nFeed box 43\\nfor. chickens 99\\nFeeding, by colony plan 20, 21\\nhigh pressure, mode of 109\\nroom 43\\nsoft food 206\\nFeed, shelf and gate 86\\ncover for 203\\npouch 196\\nshelf, indoor 203\\nshelf, operating 201\\nsieve 195\\nFences, movable 51\\nFence, wire netting 53\\nFertility, to secure 55\\nFloor, a dry 49\\nconstruction of 227\\nspare, for chicken coop 137\\nFood, kinds of 112\\nsoft, place ot 114\\nFowls, foi breeding, sale of 250\\nfoi sitters no\\nto an acre 111\\nPAGE\\nGates for sitters 85\\nGrain, broadcasting the 90\\nfood, variety of 113\\nfor cylinder 155\\nscattering for chicks 133\\nGranary and cook house 139\\nHammer, construction of 197\\nhomemade 205\\nmoving the 204\\noperated indoors 199\\nHammonton,experience at 257\\nHand tilt boxes 230\\nHarrow, homemade 20\\nHatching, by wholesale 66\\nhouse described 83\\nmanagement of 123\\npoor, causes of 148\\nHatches, large secret of 273\\nHeating, methods of 142\\ntwo modes of 271\\nHens, when to kill 108\\nHospital, chicken 141\\nHouse, arranged for sum-\\nmer 40, 47\\nHouses for breeders 51\\nHouse, for brooders 213\\nfor early pullets 47\\nfor feeding in winter 44\\nfor layers 35\\nfor runways 25\\nfor sitters 62\\nfor sitters, location 128\\ninterior devices for 39\\nmovable 22\\nprotected 48\\nwinter 36\\nwinter care of 40\\nHover, a cool 309\\nInbreeding, effect of 119\\nIncubation, and moisture 287\\ndifficulties of 289\\nnatural process of 275\\nopinions on 269\\nIncubators, cheap 270\\ncellar for 83\\nIncubator, cellar, the ideal 298\\nidea overworked 69\\nlamp style of 274\\nmethods, various 268\\nof the future 299\\nregulation of 290\\nregulators 274\\nrequisites of 256\\nroom 298\\ntemperature of 277\\nventilation of 294\\nantiquity of 261\\ncompared 271", "height": "2768", "width": "1844", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0343.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "330\\nINDEX.\\nIncubator Continued\\nPoultry Con tinned\\nin Egypt\\n261\\nindustry, divisions of\\n1\\ninferior to hens\\n265\\nin small flocks\\n4\\nnot economical\\n122\\nin the south central states 2\\nold types of\\n261\\nplant of the future\\n246\\npublic tests of\\n272\\nplants expensive\\n246\\nstudying\\n274\\nPullets preferred\\n108\\nunder ground\\n298\\nPure bred stock, sale of\\n250\\nInsects, to prevent\\n144\\nRailroad for poultry house\\n75\\ntrap for\\n23\\nRange needed\\n111\\nIntensive plan\\n146\\nRation, balancing the\\n114\\nJacobs, P. H., experience\\nRegulation, double\\n309\\nof\\n322\\nRegulators, for incubators\\n274\\nLabor, cost of\\n248\\nplan of three\\n310\\nhired\\n248\\nRoads for poultry farm\\n28\\nLamp, care of\\n311\\nRoom, large for incubators\\n300\\nstyles of\\n274\\nRoost for hatching house\\n96\\nLayers, and sitters\\n87\\nRoot bin\\n141\\nbreeds for\\n102\\nRuns, long, advantages of\\n59\\ncondiments for\\n134\\nRunways, for breeders\\n57\\nfeeding the\\n87\\nfoi chicKens\\n24\\nproducing\\n118\\nfor outdoor exercise\\n172\\nselecting for\\n103\\nmovable, for sitters\\n66\\nseparating from sitters\\n89\\nseries of\\n175\\nLeghorns, large combs of\\n104\\nScraper, earth\\n29\\nLice, killers, patent\\n145\\nSelection, for laying\\n119\\non young chicks\\n124\\nof layers\\n103\\nLocation, an ideal\\n9\\nShades for fowls and chicks 136\\na northern\\n12\\nShade, temporary\\n45\\na southern\\n10\\nShaft, homemade\\n193\\nLocations compared\\n11\\nwooden\\n192\\nMachine for turning eggs\\n285\\nShelf, feed\\n57\\nMachinery, for mixing\\n158\\nfeed, operating\\n201\\nimportance of\\n6\\nShelter, winter\\n137\\nregulating labor\\n252\\nShelves, changing the\\n90\\ntime saved by\\n244\\nShovel for dry earth\\n30\\nMats, use of\\n49\\nSieve, for feeding\\n195\\nMeat, need of\\n114\\nfor indoor use\\n197\\nscraps, use of\\n117\\noperating the\\n197\\nMillet for chicks\\n235\\nSitters, activity of\\n125\\nMixing food and straw\\n150\\napparatus for\\n77\\nMoisture, during incuba-\\nbest fowl for\\n70\\ntion\\n287\\ncare of in detail\\n80\\nVon Culin on\\n289\\ncost of\\n70\\nMovable houses\\n22\\nfowls for\\n110\\nNests, for sitters\\n63\\nhabits of\\n275\\nfor sitters to make\\n122\\nhandling the\\n95\\nmarking the\\n89\\nhouses for\\n62\\nNursery apartment\\n141\\nin mild climates\\n74\\nPens and runways\\n176\\nin small pens\\n67\\nPen, for moving fowls\\n42\\nlarge flocks of\\n88\\ntemporary for chicks\\n136\\nnest for\\n63\\nPerch\\n222\\nprogram for\\n92\\nPit for tilt box\\n229\\nto remove\\n128\\nPlatform for drying earth\\n31\\nversus incubators\\n72\\nPouch, wire, for feeding\\n191\\nSitting, to encourage\\n111\\nPoultry, business, compe-\\nSled for poultry farm\\n28\\ntition in\\n245\\nSoft feed, giving\\n206", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0344.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n331\\nPAGE\\nSoil, kind of 14\\nSouthern poultry raising 2\\nSpool for cylinder axle 179\\nStraw, stirring the 60\\nSystem for ten brooders 231\\nTank, for ducks 188\\nTedder, use of 20\\nTemperature, at hatching\\ntime 280\\nfor chicks, limits of 308\\ngoverned automatically 309\\nin incubation 277\\nTesting eggs, room for 299\\nThermostat 274\\nTilt box 158\\naxle for 190, 224\\ncompound 222\\nflap for 164\\nfor brooder house 217, 220\\nfor small yards 258\\nlayer, to manage 234\\nmaterial for 234\\noperating 159, 165\\nto turn 170\\nwooden axle for 160\\nTransportation facilities 14\\nTrap, for sitters 76\\nTrap setter 96\\nTrays, changing the 287\\nTrough for soft feed 207\\nTurning eggs, 284\\nUnderground fowl house 49\\nVegetable food, 45\\nVentilation 47\\nduring incubation 294\\nfor chicken house 97\\nof chicken coops 134\\nof incubator cellar 299\\nof main building 143\\nVigor, sources of 121\\nto secure 54\\nVitality, need of 57\\nVon Culin on moisture 289\\nWagon, for carrying earth 32\\nfor poultry farm 27\\nWatering fowls, wagon for 28\\nWater supply 26\\nWeather strips 46\\nWeight for feeding appa-\\nratus 211\\nWestern poultry farms 9\\nWild fowls, nature of 3\\nWindbreaks 45\\nWindows, apparatus for 217\\nto open and close 219\\nWinter, house for 36\\nquarters 45\\nWooden feeding apparatus 194\\nWork bench 141", "height": "2768", "width": "1844", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0345.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "SENT FREE ON APPLICATION J\\nD\\nescriptive\\nCatalog o\\nContaining ioo Svo. pages,\\nprofusely illustrated, and\\ngiving full descriptions of\\nthe best works on the fol-\\nlowing subjects\\nRURAL\\nBOOKS\\nto\\nto\\nto\\nto\\nto\\nm\\nto\\nto\\nto\\nto\\nto\\nto\\nto\\nto\\nto\\nto\\nto\\nto\\nto\\nto\\nto\\nto\\nto\\nto\\nto\\n\\\\W.\\n4fe\\nFarm and Garden\\nFruits, Flowers, Etc.\\nCattle, Sheep and Swine\\nDogs, Horses, Riding, Etc.\\nPoultry, Pigeons and Bees\\nAngling and Fishing\\nBoating, Canoeing and Sailing\\nField Sports and Natural History\\nHunting, Shooting, Etc.\\nArchitecture and Building\\nLandscape Gardening\\nHousehold and Miscellaneous\\nPublishers and Importers\\nOrange Judd Company\\n52 and 54 Lafayette Place\\nNEW YORK\\nBOOKS WILL BE FORWARDED, POSTPAID, ON\\nRECEIPT OF PRICE\\n-2-5-2-2-5-3-5-5-5-3-5-2-5-2-3 ^3-3 -233 -33-3 -5-3-2 -5-2-5 -333 -3 -5 -25\\nfP\\n\u00c2\u00abP\\n(W\\nm\\nm\\n9\\n\u00c2\u00bbv\\n!P\\nw\\nw\\niv\\nW", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0346.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "STANDARD BOOKS.\\nPlay and Profit in My Garden.\\nBy E. P. Roe. The author takes us to his garden on\\nthe rocky hillsides in the vicinity of West Point, and\\nshows us how out of it, after four years experience, he\\nevoked a profit of $1,000, and this while carrying on pas-\\ntoral and literary labor. It is very rarely that so much\\nliterary taste and skill are mated to so much agricultural\\nexperience and good sense. Cloth, 12mo. $1.00\\nForest Planting.\\nBy H. Nicholas Jarchow, LL. D. A treatise on the care\\nof woodlands and the restoration of the denuded timber-\\nlands on plains and mountains. The author has fully\\ndescribed those European methods which have proved\\nto be most useful in maintaining the superb forests of the\\nold world. This experience has been adapted to the dif-\\nferent climates and trees of America, full instructions\\nbeing given for forest planting of our various kinds of\\nsoil and subsoil, whether on mountain or valley.\\nIllustrated, 12mo $1.50\\nSoils and Crops of the Farm.\\nBy George E. Morrow, M. A., and Thomas F. Hunt. The\\nmethods of making available the plant food in the soil\\nare described in popular language. A short history of\\neach of the farm crops is accompanied by a discussion\\nof its culture. The useful discoveries of science are\\nexplained as applied in the most approved methods of\\nculture. Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo $1.00\\nAmerican Fruit Culturist.\\nBy John J. Thomas. Containing practical directions* for\\nthe propagation and culture of all the fruits adapted to\\nthe United States. Twentieth thoroughly revised and\\ngreatly enlarged edition by Wm. H. S. Wood. This new\\nedition makes the work practically almost a new book,\\ncontaining everything pertaining to large and small\\nfruits as well as sub- tropical and tropical fruits. Richly\\nillustrated by nearly S00 engravings. 758 pp., 12mo. $2.50\\nFertilizers.\\nBy Edward B. Voorhees, director of the New Jersey Agri-\\ncultural Experiment Station. It has been the aim of\\nthe author to point out the underlying principles and to\\ndiscuss the important subjects connected with the use\\nof fertilizer materials. The natural fertility of the soil,\\nthe functions of manures and fertilizers, and the need\\nof artificial fertilizers are exhaustively discussed. Sepa-\\nrate chapters are devoted to the various fertilizing ele-\\nments, to the purchase, chemical analyses, methods of\\nusing fertilizers, and the best fertilizers for each of the\\nmost important field. -garden and orchard crops.\\n335 pp $1.00", "height": "2768", "width": "1844", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0347.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "STANDAKD BOOKS.\\nGinseng:, Its Cultivation, Harvesting, Marketing and\\nMarket Value.\\nBy Maurice G. Kains, with a short account of its history\\nand botany. It discusses in a practical way how to\\nbegin with either seed or roots, soil, climate and location,\\npreparation, planting and maintenance of the beds, arti-\\nficial propagation, manures, enemies, selection for mar-\\nket and for improvement, preparation for sale, and the\\nprofits that may be expected. This booklet is concisely\\nwritten, well and profusely illustrated, and should be\\nin the hands of all who expect to grow this drug to\\nsupply the export trade, and to add a new and profitable\\nindustry to their farms and gardens, without interfering\\nwith the regular work. 12mo .35\\nLand Draining.\\nA handbook for farmers on the principles and practice\\nof draining, by Manly Miles, giving the results of his\\nextended experience in laying tile drains. The directions\\nfor the laying out and the construction of tile drains\\nwill enable the farmer to avoid the errors of imperfect\\nconstruction, and the disappointment that must neces-\\nsarily follow. This manual for practical farmers will\\nalso be found convenient for references in regard to many\\nquestions that may arise in crop growing, aside from\\nthe special subjects of drainage of which it treats. Cloth,\\n12mo. $1.00\\nHenderson s Practical Floriculture.\\nBy Peter Henderson. A guide to the successful propaga-\\ntion and cultivation of florists plants. The work is not\\none for florists and gardeners only, but the amateur s\\nwants are constantly kept in mind, jnd we have a very\\ncomplete treatise on the cultivation of flowers under\\nglass, or in the open air, suited to those who grow flowers\\nfor pleasure as well as those who make them a matter\\nof trade. Beautifully illustrated. New and enlarged\\nedition. Cloth, 12mo. $1.50\\nTobacco Leaf.\\nBy J. B. Killebrew and Herbert Myrick. Its Culture\\nand Cure, Marketing and Manufacture. A practical\\nhandbook on the most approved methods in growing,\\nharvesting, curing, packing, and selling tobacco, with an\\naccount of the operations in every department of tobacco\\nmanufacture. The contents of this book are based on\\nactual experiments in field, curing barn, packing house,\\nfactory and laboratory. It is the only work of the kind\\nin existence, and is destined to be the standard practical\\nand scientific authority on the whole subject of tobacco\\nfor many years. Upwards of 500 pages and 150 original\\nengravings. $2.00", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0348.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "STANDARD BOOKS.\\nGardening: for Profit.\\nBy Peter Henderson. The standard work on market and\\nfamily gardening. The successful experience of the author\\nfor more than thirty years, and his willingness to tell,\\nas he does m this work, the secret of his success for\\nthe benefit of others, enables him to give most valuable\\ninformation. The book is profusely illustrated. Cloth,\\n12mo. $1.50\\nHerbert s Hints to Horse Keepers.\\nBy the late Henry William Herbert (Frank Forester).\\nThis is one of the best and most popular works on the\\nhorse prepared in this country. A complete manual for\\nhorsemen, embracing: How to breed a horse; how to buy\\na horse; how to break a horse; how to use a horse; how\\nto feed a horse; how to physic a horse (allopathy or ho-\\nmoeopathy); how to groom a horse; how to drive a horse;\\nhow to ride a horse, etc. Beautifully illustrated. Cloth,\\n12mo $1.50\\nBarn Plans and Outbuildings.\\nTwo hundred and fifty-seven illustrations. A most val-\\nuable work, full of ideas, hints, suggestions, plans, etc.,\\nfor the construction of barns and outbuildings, by prac-\\ntical writers. Chapters are devoted to the economic\\nerection and use of barns, grain barns, house barns,\\ncattle barns, sheep barns, corn houses, smoke houses,\\nice houses, pig pens, granaries, etc. There are likewise\\nchapters on bird houses, dog houses, tool sheds, ventila-\\ntors, roofs and roofing, doors and fastenings, workshops,\\npoultry houses, manure sheds, barnyards, root pits, etc.\\nCloth, 12mo $1.00\\nCranberry Culture.\\nBy Joseph J. White. Contents: Natural history, history\\nof cultivation, choice of location, preparing the ground,\\nplanting the vines, management of meadows, flooding,\\nenemies and difficulties overcome, nicking, keeping, pro-\\nfit and loss. Cloth, 12mo $1.00\\nOrnamental Gardening for Americans.\\nBy Elias A. Long, landscape architect. A treatise on\\nbeautifying homes, rural districts and cemeteries. A\\nplain and practical work with numerous illustrations and\\ninstructions so plain that they may be readily followed.\\nIllustrated. Cloth, 12mo $1.50\\nGrape Culturist.\\nBy A. S. Fuller. This is one of the very best of works\\non the culture of the hardy grapes, with full directions\\nfor all departments of propagation, culture, etc., with\\n150 excellent engravings, illustrating planting, training,\\ngrafting, etc. Cloth, 12mo $1.50", "height": "2768", "width": "1844", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0349.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "STANDARD BOOKS.\\nEdward Eggleston s Standard Works.\\nThe End of the World.\\nA love story by Edward Eggleston. In love with a Dutch-\\nman; An explosion; A farewell; A counter-irritant; At the\\ncastle: The backwoods philosopher; Within and without;\\nFiggers won t lie; The new singing master; An offer of\\nhelp; The coon-dog argument; Two mistakes; The spider\\nspins; The spider s web; The web broken; Jonas expounds\\nthe subject: The wrong pew; The encounter; The mother;\\nThe steam doctor; The hawk in a new part; Jonas\\nexpresses his opinion on Dutchmen; Somethin ludi-\\nkerous; The giant great heart; A chapter of betweens;\\nA nice little game; The result of an evening with gentle-\\nmen; Waking up an ugly customer; August and Norman;\\nAground; Cynthy Ann s sacrifice; Julia s enterprise; The\\nsecret stairway; The interview: Getting ready for the\\nend; The sin of sanctimony; The deluge; Scaring a\\nhawk; Jonas takes an appeal; Selling out; The last day\\nand what happened in it; For ever and ever; The mid-\\nnight alarm; Squaring accounts; New plans; The\\nshiveree. Price, postpaid $1.50\\nThe Hoosier Schoolmaster.\\nBy Edward Eggleston. A private lesson from a bull-dog;\\nA spell coming; Mirandy, Hank and Shocky; Spelling\\ndown the master; The walk home: A night at Pete\\nJones s; Ominous remarks of Mr Jones; The struggle in\\nthe dark; Has God forgotten Shocky? The devil of si-\\nlence; Miss Martha Hawkins; The hardshell preacher;\\nA struggle for the mastery; A crisis with Bud; The\\nchurch of the best licks: The church militant; A coun-\\nsel of war; Odds and ends; Face to face; God remembers\\nShocky; Miss Nancy Sawyer; Pancakes; A charitable in-\\nstitution; The good Samaritan; Bud wooing; A letter and\\nits consequences; A loss and a gain; The flight; The\\ntrial; Brother Sodom; The trial concluded; After the\\nbattle; Into the light; How it came out. Price, post-\\npaid, $1.25. Library edition, price, postpaid. $1.50\\nThe Mystery of Metropolisville.\\nBy Edward Eggleston. Words beforehand; The autocrat\\nof the stage coach; Tbe sod tavern; Land and love; Al-\\nbert and Katy; Corner lots; Little Katy s lover; Catching\\nand getting caught; Isabel Marlay; Lovers and lovers;\\nPlausaby, Esq., takes a fatherly interest; About several\\nthings; An adventure; A shelter: The inhabitant; An\\nepisode; The return; Swaney and his old love; A collision;\\nStanding guard in vain; Sawney and Westcott; Rowing;\\nSailing: Sinking; Dragging: Afterwards: The mystery;\\nThe arrest: The temper; The trial; The penitentiary;\\nMr Lurton: A confession; Death; Mr Lurton s courtship;\\nUnbarred; Isabel; The last; Words afterwards. Price\\npostpaid $1.50", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0350.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2768", "width": "1844", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0351.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "DEO 2 J", "height": "2775", "width": "1784", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0352.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "", "height": "2768", "width": "1844", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0353.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\n002 851\\n42 5", "height": "2881", "width": "1877", "jp2-path": "neweggfarm00stod_0354.jp2"}}