{"1": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0080\u00a2fHWj\\n|H\\nft\\nJCr\\nLIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\nDDDDSbfiTSEH", "height": "3534", "width": "2196", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "O\\nIk\\n.^i^*- U\\n.0* O^", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "V c-r .V\\no\\nt i\\n.VJ\\nS o-\\nf\\nV n\\no\\n;r\\n*TS\\n7, A^\\n.0\\nsK\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^t.", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "NOTES IN HISTORY.\\nORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT\\nOF\\nMODERN EUROPEAN NATIONS.\\nBY y-\\nGEORGE WASHINGTON WARD, Ph. D.,\\nPi-ofessor of History in the Western Maryland College,\\nBALTIMORE\\nJOHN MURPHY COMPANY.\\nI 900.", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": ",^0 COPIES ^CE.V BO.\\ny^f^ist t of Copyrt ghtSr\\n60101\\nCopyright, 1900, by Gkorge W. Ward.\\nSec J. J oOPV,", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT\\nOF\\nMODERN EUROPEAN NATIONS.\\nPart I.-THE TEUTONIC PEOPLES\\nINVADE THE EMPIRE.\\nCHAPTER 1.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 DECLINE OF THE KOMAN\\nEMPIRE.\\n1. Introductory. Perhaps no better illustration of\\nthe law that cessation of progress is decline can be found\\nthan the Roman Empire. From the day that Rome\\nbegan the subjugation of the Samnites and the acquisition\\nof territory by conquest, Roman legions were almost\\ncontinuously adding new lands, till in the time of\\nPladrian (117-138 A. D.) the boundaries of the Roman\\nEmpire extended from the Atlantic Ocean to the\\nEuphrates (over 3,000 miles), and from Britain (Wall\\nof Antoninus,) to the deserts of Africa (nearly 2,000\\nmiles). (Tacitus, Annales 1, 2. Gibbous, end Ch. I.)\\n2. Greatest Extent of the Empire. With the\\nchange from republic to empire, Rome changed also her\\npolicy. Augustus advised the Romans to cease from\\n3", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "4 THE TEUTONIC PEOPLES.\\nconquest and devote themselves to the peaceful govern-\\nment of their world empire. Britain was the only\\nprovince added during the first century. Then in the\\nreign of Trajan (98-117 A. D.) Dacia (where?) was\\nadded. (Column of Trajan.) But with the conquest of\\nthe Parthians in the East by the same emperor, the\\nboundaries of the empire reached their utmost limit.\\n(Gibbon, Ch. II.)\\n3. First Loss of Territory. The first act of\\nTrajan s successor (Hadrian 117-138 A. D.) was to\\nrestore the independence of the Parthians. It was then\\na new thing for Rome to lose territory to her enemies\\nsoon this became her continual and ever-increasing neces-\\nsity. Thus Rome reached her climax under the Antonines.\\nWith the accession of Com modus, decline goes on apace.\\nMoral depravity complete. (Gibbon, Ch. IV. Capes s\\nThe Age of the Antonines.)\\n4. What was the Roman Empire. An empire is,\\nin theory, a confederation of kingdoms more or less inde-\\npendent, according as they are powerful enough to defy\\nthe empire or weak enough to be held by it in complete\\nsubjugation. This definition the world learned from\\nRome. Alexander might have taught the lesson 300\\nyears earlier but what would have become an empire\\ndied in infancy at the death of its creator, no one being\\nfound powerful enough to hold the member-kingdoms in\\neven nominal subjection. (Bryce s Holy Roman Empire^\\nChs. I, II.)", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "THE TEUTONIC PEOPLES. 5\\n5. Member-Kingdoms of Rome. Among the king-\\ndoms (provinces) over which the Roman Empire exer-\\ncised authority sometimes very feeble, sometimes almost\\ncomplete may be mentioned Spain, France (Gaul), Eng-\\nland (Britain), Austria-Hungary as far as the Danube,\\nSwitzerland, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Persia, Egypt,\\nTunis, Tripoli, Algeria, and Morocco. Germany was\\nnever conquered by the Roman arms or Roman law,\\nand but imperfectly subjected to the Roman Church.\\n(Mommsen s The Provinces, c c., Emerton s Jntrodudion\\nto the Study of the Middle Ages, Ch. I.)\\nCHAPTER II. -APPEARANCE OF THE\\nTEUTONS.\\n1. The Teutones and the Cimbri, B. C. 102,\\n101.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 See ^Rome, Chapter XIX, Sec. 7.\\n2. C^SAR AND THE TEUTONS. About half a cen-\\ntury after Marius had crushed the Teutones and Cimbri,\\nwho had probably wandered from the northern shores of\\nGermany, the German chief so celebrated in Caesar s\\nwritings crossed the Rhine into Gaul. Ariovistus had\\nbeen invited over by the Sequani to aid them against the\\n^dui. Having performed this service well, Ariovistus\\ndeclined to leave his new friends, and the Sequani in\\nterror applied to Csesar. Ariovistus was overthrown\\nand soon died of a wound, but Caesar was never able to\\ngain a footing on the German side of the Rhine. Ger-\\nmans from this time greatly influenced by Rome. Ger-\\nman Soldiers Enlist in the Roman Armies.", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "b THE TEUTONIC PEOPLES.\\n3. The Battle of Teutoburg Forest, 9 A. D.\\nRome liacl repelled with ease the infrequent invasions\\nmade by the restless tribes from the unknown forests\\nbeyond the Rhine and the Danube. At last a systematic\\nattempt was to be made to conquer Germany. It was\\nRome s turn to invade. Her territory had never before\\nbeen invaded by any people that did not sooner or later\\npay for its insolence by submission to her. Augustus\\nsent Tiberius to subdue the Germans. The attempt had\\nnearly succeeded when Tiberius died. Then arose the\\ngreat German leader, Hermann, who once more united\\nthe quarreling tribes, led the Roman general, Varus,\\ninto an ambush in the Teutoburg Forest (wdiere?),\\ndestroyed his three legions almost to a man, and saved\\nthe German peoples forever from Roman domination.\\n(Creasy, ch. V.)\\n4. Invasions under Germanicus, 14-16 A. D.\\nThe Romans soon raised other legions, and in 14 A. D.\\nGermanicus was sent to push the invasion. The next\\nyear, Thusnelda, wife of Hermann, was captured and\\nsent a prisoner to Rome. Again the young chief\\nsought the captors of his wife in Teutoburg Forest, but\\nthis time Hermann was defeated. Germanicus lost so\\nheavily in the two victories which he gained the next\\nyear that he was compelled to leave Germany. End of\\nRoman invasion. Romans steadily gain influence and\\nsome territory east of the Rhine.\\n5. Germans become Acquainted with Rome.\\nCommunication between the Romans and the Teutons", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "THE TEUTONIC PEOPLES. 7\\ncoDstantly increased, especially by way of the numerous\\nmilitary stations and trading posts established by the\\nRomans on the frontier. Many flourishinpj German\\ntowns of the present day owe their origin to such Roman\\nestablishments. Number of Germans in the Roman\\narmies steadily increased. (Caesar s Commentaries).\\n6. The Marcomanni return the Compliment,\\n166-180 A. D. It was now the turn of the Germans to\\ninvade. During the reign of Marcus Aurelius the pow-\\nerful Marcomanni made war on the Empire for thirteen\\nyears. It was during his camp life in these wars that\\nMarcus Aurelius wrote his immortal Meditations.\\nRome, Chap. XXIV., 7.) He died before the frontier\\nwas secured, and his worthless son, Com modus, bought\\noff the Germans with tribute. With this act bes^ins the\\nconflict which ends in the territorial supremacy of the\\nbarbarians the barbarian conquest of Roman territoj^y^\\nthe institutional supremacy of Rome. (Gibbon, Ch. III.)\\nCHAPTER HI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE GERMANS.\\n1. The Germania. We are introduced to the\\nGermans in their native forests by Csesar. About 1 50 years\\nlater Tacitus wrote his Treatise on the Situation, Man-\\nners, and Inhabitants of Germany. (Read his treatise\\nHarper s Tacitus, II, 286. 25 pp). In spite of the\\nsevere criticisms of this work, the Germauia, with a few\\nreasonable qualifications, must be accepted as a correct", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "8 THE TEUTONIC PEOPLES.\\npicture of German life and institutions at the end of the\\nfirst century of our era.\\n2. Germany. Germany is pretty nearly a natural\\ndivision. With the ocean on the north, the Rhine on the\\nwest, the Alps and Danube on the south, it was only in\\nthe east that Germany could gain or lose very much\\nterritory. Rome proved unable to break these natural\\nbarriers behind which the Germans have held their posi-\\ntion from the earliest times. Germany s protracted and\\ndesperate eifort to do so ended in complete failure and\\nworse the successful unification of both Germany and\\nItaly was delayed more than 600 years, having been\\naccomplished only one generation ago. (Chap. XX, 6.)\\n3. The Germans. (a) The name (from Weh?- manriy\\nwarrior first adopted by a small tribe to terrify its\\nenemies, afterwards spread to the whole race {Germania,\\n2). Germans rarely intermarried with any other races,\\nhence their distinct type: eyes stern and blue, ruddy\\nhair; large bodies, powerful in sudden exertions, but\\nimpatient of toil and labor, least of all capable of sustain-\\ning thirst and heat. (Ch. IV.) (b) Elected a king by\\nraising him on a shield. Women had great influence.\\nImportant matters settled in meeting of whole com-\\nmunity. All business done under arras. Leader dis-\\ngraced if surpassed in valor. (c) Pure family life\\nalmost singly among the barbarians, they content them-\\nselves with one wife. The wife does not bring a\\ndowry to her husband, but receives one from him.\\nMen and women are alike unacquainted with clandestine", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "THE TEUTONIC PEOPLES.\\ncorrespondence. ^^Adultery is extremely rare its pun-\\nishment is instant. Late marriages insisted upon\\nscandalous to marry before age of twenty. (Caesar s\\nGallic Wars,Yl, 21.) (f/) No distinction between free\\nand slave children. They lie together amidst the\\nsame cattle, upon the same ground, till age separates, and\\nvalor marks out the free born. As soon as they rise\\nfrom sleep, which they usually protract till late in the\\nday, they bathe, usually in warm water, as cold weather\\nchiefly prevails there. After bathing they take their\\nmeal, each on a distinct seat, and at a separate table.\\nThen they proceed, armed, to business; and not less\\nfrequently to convivial parties, in which it is no disgrace\\nto pass days and nights, without intermission, in drink-\\ning. The frequent quarrels that arise among them when\\nintoxicated, seldom terminate in abusive language, but\\nmore frequently in blood. (e) Their funerals are\\nwithout parade. The only circumstance to which they\\nattend is to burn the bodies of eminent persons with some\\nparticular kind of wood. The arms of the deceased, and\\nsometimes his horse, are given to the flames. The tomb\\nis a mound of turf. Among the Catti valor is so\\nmuch admired that they do not shave the beard or trim\\nthe hair till they have proved their manhood by slaying an\\nenemy in battle Some wear an iron ring or chain till\\nthey merit liberty by slaying an enemy, {g) Tacitus\\nscouts the stories current among the Germans that two of\\ntheir tribes, the Hellusii and the Oxionse, had human\\nfaces, with the bodies and limbs of wild beasts, and\\nmany other like fables. (Emerton, Ch. II. Gibbon,\\nCh. IX.)", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "10 THE TEUTONIC PEOPLES.\\nCHAPTER IV.-FKOM COMMODUS TO THE\\nGREAT MIGRATIONS.\\n1. Power of the Army.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 From the accession of\\nthe dissolute Commodiis, the power of the army rapidly\\nincreased. The army had been the foundation of the\\nempire; it was rapidly becoming the empire itself.\\nUpon the assassination of Commodus the Praetorians\\noffer the empire for sale. From this time the army\\nbecomes the real power, the Emperor only the instrument.\\nSeptimus Severus (193 A. D.) led the army on the\\nfrontiers, leaving the Prefect of the Praetorians to rule in\\nRome. The chief, supported by the legions, was nominal\\nemperor\u00e2\u0080\u0094 title, Imperator. (Gibbon, Ch. V., VL, VII.)\\n2. Renewed Invasions.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 About fifty years later\\nthe Germans were again pressing into the Empire in\\nconsiderable numbers, the Franks in Gaul, the Goths\\n(now first known to the Romans) on the Danube, and\\nthe Alamanni in Italy itself. They were driven back\\nnow, but under Aurelian (270-275 A. D.) Rome was\\nstripped of Dacia, and the Teutons pushed as far south\\nas the Metarus. Claudius Gothicus. (Gibbon, Ch.\\nyiiL, X., XI.)\\n3. Division of the Empire. With the accession\\nof Diocletian (284 A. D.), the old republican offices lose\\nall significance and the Empire is modeled after the\\noriental despotism. Now begins the separation between\\nRome and the East, issuing in the discredit of the pagan\\nreligions, the establishment of a new religion and Empire", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "THE TEUTONIC PEOPLES. 11\\nat Constantinople, and the complete subjection of Rome\\nto the Praetorians. (Gibbon, XII.)\\n4. Fall of Eome. Henceforth the Emperor in the\\nWest is a pu{)})et the general of the army rules Italy.\\nIf Rome fell this was her fall. The East had ever been\\nthe center of civilization when Rome ceased to be the\\nmilitary center of the world, therefore, her fall was\\ndeep and rapid. She ceased to be mistress even of the\\nWest, and sank, politically at least, into the rank of a\\nmere provincial city. (Merivale.) (Gibbon, Ch. XIV.,\\nXVII., XVIII., XIX.)\\n5. Decline of Military Power. The seat of\\nEmpire had been changed because Constantinople had\\nbecome not only the center of civilization but was also\\nthe natural defence of the Empire against the Persians or\\nthe Goths. Under this false notion of security Rome\\ngave herself up to luxury and ease. From this time\\nthe army was composed chiefly of barbarians. Rome\\nhenceforth supported by barbarians under Roman institu-\\ntions and forms against barbarians under Teutonic insti-\\ntutions and forms. Separation of East and West complete\\nby 364 A. D. Valentinian I. Emperor in the West,\\nValens in the East. The Romans with difficulty hold\\nin check the Germans from the north. (Gibbon, XXII.,\\nXXIII., XXIV., XXV.)\\n6. The Papacy. On the ruins of the old imperial\\npower the church rapidly built up the papacy. Rome\\nrarely saw the emperor she was in daily contact with", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "12 THE TEUTONIC PEOPLES.\\nthe Bishop (called Pope from about 400 A. D.) Gibbon,\\nXV, XYL,XX.,XXI.)\\nCHAPTEK V,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE GREAT MIGRATIONS,\\n375 A. r\\n1. Causes.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (a) HuDger. It has been estimated that\\npeople in the pastoral stage require for subsistence an\\naverage of 50,000 acres per individual. But whether\\nfrom necessity or not, the Teutons of the fourth century\\nappear to have been a restless, roving, warlike people.\\nWith such habits, a rapidly increasing population, and\\nscant food supply from crops, it may be that the bounti-\\nfully fed empire became an attraction too strong to be\\nresisted. (6) Migratory Wave. Perhaps it would be\\ndifficult to say what sets in motion the first tribe but\\nafter that, each tribe driven out in turn drives out\\nanother. This wavelike motion will probably continue\\ntill a tribe either finds unoccupied land or a weaker tribe\\nwhich may be subjugated and its lands appropriated.\\nEastern Civilizations and Greece, Chap. VIII., 3-5.)\\n(c) Plunder. The Goths had perhaps learned enough of\\nthe empire to understand and crave its wealth. Among\\nthe strongest incentives to war in ancient times was\\nplunder. As compared with the poverty-stricken tribes\\nof the Russian and German plains, the old and wealthy\\ncivilization of the empire offered a prize not to be neglected.\\n2. Situation of the Barbarians in the Fourth\\nCentury.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 (Consult map, pp. 24, 25, Thatcher and", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "THE TEUTONIC PEOPLES. 13\\nSchwill.) The Alani (probably Teutonic) lay on the\\nBlack Sea, the East Goths came next in southwestern\\nRussia, then the West Goths in the Danube bow eastern\\nHungary with the Vandals to the northwest, i. e., in\\nsouthern Germany. Far to the east and just entering\\nEurope lay the Huns.\\n3. The Huns. A Mongolian people whose origin is\\nnot certainly known. They appear to have crossed Asia\\nall the way from China. (Cf. DeQuincey s Revolt of the\\nTartai s,) They are described as the most repulsive\\ncreatures of that dark and repulsive age. Small of\\nstature, hideously ugly even to deformity living on\\nhorse flesh (whether killed or found dead mattered not),\\nspending nearly all their time on horse-back, and stop-\\nping at no cruelty in war, the Huns might well be called\\nby the priests of a little later time the Scourge of\\nGod. (Gibbon, Ch. XXVI. Ammianus Marcellinus.)\\n4. The West Goths Attacked by the Huns.\\nFor more than a century the restless barbarians north\\nof the Danube had been making forays into the eastern\\nempire. During this long time it seems that they must\\nhave discovered not only the wealth of the plunder\\noffered by the empire, but also its inherent weakness.\\nThe fall of the Roman Empire may justly be dated\\nfrom the reign of Valens (364-378 A. D.). It was in\\nthis reign that the storm so long gathering on the\\nnorthern horizon burst in all its destructive fury upon\\nthe institutions and civilization of the empire. The\\nHuns crossing the Volga, conquered the Alani, and all\\na", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "14 THE TEUTONIC PEOPLES.\\ntogether fell upon the East Goths who, more in terror\\nthan in attack, burst into the territory of the West\\nGoths. These, on account of the pressure from the\\nnorth, could only move in one direction\u00e2\u0080\u0094 into the\\nempire.\\n5. Crossing the Danube, 376 A. D.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The Goths\\nsent an embassy to Valens begging for land. It was\\ngranted on the hard conditions that the barbarians (1)\\ngive up their arms, and (2) give up their children to be\\nheld as hostages in Asia Minor and educated by the\\nRomans. (Gibbon, III, 31.) The asking was a mere\\nform, the granting a necessity. Though the Danube was\\na mile wide and the crossing effected with great difficulty,\\nprobably not less than a million barbarians\u00e2\u0080\u0094 women,\\nchildren, and slaves included\u00e2\u0080\u0094 entered the empire at this\\ntime.\\n6. Battle of Adrianople, 378 A. D.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The condi-\\ntions were soon violated. Roman officers meddling and\\nGothic wariors resenting. Soon a general uprising. At\\nAdrianople (where the Goths were met by Valens.\\nThe Goths were victorous. Valens was slain, and the\\nEmpire was henceforth little more than a name. The\\nso-called Emperor, Theodosius L, made peace with the\\nGoths and absolute destruction was postponed indefinitely.", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "THE TEUTONIC PEOPLES. 15\\nCHAPTER VI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE GOTHS.\\n1. Who Were the Goths? Teutonic origiDally\\nfrom Scandinavia First mentioned in history about\\nthe time of Alexander the Great. Tacitus knew them as\\nthe Gothones (Germania, ch. 43,) living not far from the\\nBaltic Sea. (Not the Gothoni, a non-Germanic people\\nliving farther south.) When or how they reached the\\nshores of the Black Sea where they next appear over two\\ncenturies later is not known.\\n2. Early History of the Goths. Early in the\\nthird century they invaded Dacia (where?) then a\\nRoman province. From that time the Empire was\\nnever secure. The Goths soon built a fleet (500 vessels?)\\nwith which they patrolled the ^gean Sea, took Pirsecus,\\nand threatened to make themselves masters of the East.\\nBefore the end of the century (272) they had driven the\\nRomans out of Dacia. For the next hundred years they\\ngave little trouble, but by 367 they have been stirred up\\nby the Huns and soon after enter the Empire by permis-\\nsion, 376 A. D. It was about this time that the\\ndivision into the East Goths and West Goths became\\ngenerally recognized. {De Rebus Geticis of Jordanes.\\nArt. Goths, by Freeman, in Encyc. Brit. X., 846-854.)\\n3. Jordanes. Time of Justinian middle of the\\nsixth century. Historian of the Goths. He was secre-\\ntary to the chief of a barbarian confederation on the\\nlower Danube. Later he became a monk. Spent his", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "16 THE TEUTONIC PEOPLES.\\ndecliniDg years in Italy, but was not bishop of Ravenna\\nas so often stated. His most important work\u00e2\u0080\u0094 a sort of\\ncompendium of Cassidorus s The Origin and Actions of\\nthe Goths, now lost, is known as the Be Rebus Geticis,\\nThe oldest known manuscript of this book perished by\\nfire in the house of Professor Mommsen. Jordanes is\\nmuch of a sycophant, currying favor with both Romans\\nand Goths by praising first one, then the other. (Art.\\nJordanes/ Encyc. Brit.)\\n4. Ulfilas (Wulfilas, Little Wolf), 311-381\\nA. D. The apostle to the Goths. Converted to Chris-\\ntianity. Made a bishop. Translated the Bible (except\\nthe Samuels and the Kings, Why into Gothic. This\\nGothic Bible is the oldest writing in the Teutonic\\nlanguage. Hence Ulfilas has been called the father of\\nTeutonic literature. Ulfilas had also great political\\ninfluence among the Goths which he exerted for Rome.\\nThrough his Bible and his preaching Christianity spread\\nrapidly through most of the Teutonic tribes before they\\nentered Rome. It is to this fact more than any other\\nthat we owe the preservation of so much of the Roman\\ncivilization as survived the invasions which broke up the\\nEmpire to found on its ruins the modern nations of\\nEurope. (Waitz, Das Leben des Ulfilas. Art. Ulfilas,\\nEncyc. Brit.)\\n5. The Gothic Bible of Ulfilas. Till the ninth\\ncentury this sacred and national work accompanied the\\nGoths in all their migrations. But from that period", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "THE TEUTONIC PEOPLES. 17\\nnothing was known of it beyond what was found\\nstated in the ancient ecclesiastical accounts, until the\\nend of the eleventh century when Arnold Mercator\\ndiscovered in the Abbey of Werden the gospels of\\nUlfilas. Then the manuscript found its way to Prague,\\nwhere it remained till 1648, when the Swedes took it as\\na spoil to Upsal, where it still remains in the University\\nLibrary, under the name of Codex Argenteus (because\\nwritten in silver letters on purple parchment). In 1818\\nfurther remnants of the work a great portion of the\\nletters of St. Paul were discovered by A. Mai and\\nCastiglioni, on palimpsests, (what?) in a TiOmbardian\\nmonastery, which, added to a few minor fragments, bring\\nthe New Testament somewhat near completion. But\\nhardly anything except a few passages from Ezra and\\nNehemiah has survived of the Old Testament.\\n6. Arianism.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The form of Christianity which Ulfilas\\nadopted and taught was called Arianism, from its founder\\nArius. Arius had been first deacon, then presbyter in\\nthe church of Alexandria, Egypt. He studied and\\nexpounded the Bible. In a conference, Alexander,\\nbishop of Alexandria, remarked that the Trinity con-\\ntained one essence only. Arius retorted that such a\\nconception was impossible. From this chance conversa-\\ntion matters grew worse and worse till Arius declared\\nthat the Son was not co-equal with the Father (Homo-\\nousious, same substance) but that he was only the highest\\nof God s finite creatures (Homoiousious, like substance),\\nand that the Holy Ghost was not God. This idea of", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "l^ THE TEUTONIC PEOPLES.\\nJesus as only the leader of men powerfully affected the\\nwarlike barbarians when presented to them by Ulfilas\\nwho appears to have been an Arian. This little qu^uTel\\nof two Alexandrian churchmen had a mighty effect upon\\nthe future course of the world s history. Was it responsi-\\nble for the Papacy For the division of the Church\\ninto Eastern and Western? (Gibbon, Ch. XXXVII,\\np 540-548) Was John Milton an\u00c2\u00bb Arian? (Art.\\nArius, Encyc. Brit. Gibbon, XXVIl, XXVIII.\\nEmerton s Introd. III.)", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "BEGINNINGS OF MODERN NATIONS. 19\\nPart II. BEGINNINGS OF MODERN\\nNATIONS.\\nCHAPTER VII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE WEST GOTHS.\\n1. Theodosius, 376-395 A. D. Last to rale over\\ntlie empire of the Csesars. At his death the empire was\\ngiven to his sons Arcadius in the East, Honorius in the J\\nWest. Theodosius was a Spaniard by birth, received a i\\nmilitary education under his father who was for years\\nthe ablest general of the West. Made Emperor of the\\nEast by Gratian after the defeat and death of Yalens.\\nTheodosius beat the West Goths by stirring them up to\\ninternal war. Next he led an army of Alans, Goths\\nand Huns against the West. The usurper, Maximus,\\nwith an army of Gauls and Germans, was defeated by\\nTheodosius with West Goths and Huns. Thus had the\\nempire already become barbarian though still retaining\\nthe old forms and ideas. It is to the son of Theodosius\\nthe Great that we owe the Theodosian code.\\n2. Stilicho. A Vandal general of Theodosius the\\nGreat. Sent to Persia on a diplomatic mission, which\\nwas performed with honor to the state. Married the\\nadopted daughter of Theodosius. Made protector of the\\ntwo sons of Theodosius. One of these, Honorius, mar-\\nried (398) Stilicho s daughter, and (408) his sister.\\nStilicho was the last, if not the greatest, of the barbarian", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "20 BEGINNINGS OF MODERN NATIONS.\\ngenerals who had been the support of the Empire for a\\ncentury and a-half. Soon after the death of Theodosius\\nhe defeated Alaric and the West Goths, driving them out\\nof Peloponnesus. A little later Alaric entered Italy,\\nbut was again met by Stilicho, who defeated the West\\nGoths at Pollentia (402), Verona (403), and the East\\nGoths under Radagaisus at Fiesole (405). Then the\\nfoolish Houorius listened to charges of treason, and the\\nbravest of Rome s barbarian generals was politically\\nmurdered in violation of a sacred oath.\\n3. Alaric. One of the ablest of the earlier invaders\\nof Italy was Alaric, who became king of the West Goths\\n395 A. D., soon after the death of Theodosius. The\\nGoths had been quiet for near a dozen years, but Alaric\\nat once headed a general uprising. We have seen (Sec. 2)\\nhow he was driven back by Stilicho from both Greece\\nand Italy. But the Gothic appetite for plunder had\\ngrown too keen for restraint since their taste of Roman\\nwealth, and Stilicho was scarcely dead before Alaric was\\nleading a new army into Italy. This time he marched\\nstraight on Rome.\\n4. Sack of Rome by Alaric, 410 A. D. Alaric\\ncomplained that the Romans had not kept their engage-\\nments, and, after crossing the Po and plundering several\\ncities in northern Italy, he laid siege to Rome 409.\\nAmbassadors asked his terms. They were too hard.\\nThe closer hay is pressed the easier it is mown, said\\nAlaric, and soon the starving people had to promise a\\nlarge treasure and extensive lands in north Italy. Alaric", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "BEGINNINGS OF MODERN NATIONS. 21\\nwithdrew. The simple Honorius, who had fled to\\nRavenna, refused assent. Siege renewed. Alaric s\\nmoderation. More bad faith. City taken by storm\\n(410) and given over to six days of plunder. Alaric\\nappoints an Emperor in place of Honorius.\\n5. West Goths Established in Spain. From\\nruined Rome Alaric moved southwards, but was pre-\\nvented from invading Africa by the destruction of his\\nfleet. His death. Burial in the channel of the Busento\\nSucceeded by his brother-in-law, Athaulf, who\\nmarries the Emj)eror s sister, Placidia. Peace con-\\ncluded. Southern Gaul and S})ain given to the West\\nGoths on condition of driving out the Alani, the Suevi,\\nand the Vandals. Founding of West Gothic kingdom,\\n415 A. D. (Gibbon, XXIX-XXXII.)\\nCHAPTER VIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 SPAIN IIS^ THE MIDDLE AGE.\\n1. First of the Modern Nations Established\\nON Roman Territory. With the establishment of the\\nWest Goths in southern Gaul and northern Spain the\\nancient history of the third great peninsula of southern\\nEurope closes and a new period begins. The capital of\\nthe West Goths was at Toulouse (location with Toledo\\n(where?) as the Spanish center. From the first the\\ndependence of the West Goths upon the Empire was\\nlittle more than nominal by the sixth century Spain\\nwas fairly consolidated and independent. In 711 A. D.\\nthe Mohammedans (Chap. XVIII, 5) overran the penin-", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "22 BEGINNINGS OF MODERN NATIONS.\\nsula, crossed the Pyrenees, and for the last time\\nthreatened to fasten Eastern Civilization and ideas upon\\nthe individualistic, aggressive West. (Ibid. 1. Irving s\\nConquest of Spain.) The struggle with the Moors in\\nSpain went forward actively for five hundred years, and\\nthey were not finally driven out (Granada) till the year in\\nwhich Columbus discovered America. (Irving s Con-\\nquest of Granada, The Alhamhra.) Portugal about\\n1000 A. D. won independence through good service\\nagainst the Moors. From that time the rest of Spain\\ncame gradually to recognize the two kingdoms of Castile\\nand Aragon. The union of these was prepared by the\\nmarriage of Ferdinand and Isabella (1469) (Prescott s\\nFerdinand and Isabella), and Spain soon became the\\nforemost nation of the world. Her decline may be\\ndated from the defeat of the Armada, 1588. (Creasy, X.\\nIrving s Spanish Voyages.) The world is indebted to\\nSpain for much of the learning of the Middle Age,\\nespecially in medicine, possibly even for the university\\nspirit (Salamanca?) and for the discovery of America.\\nOn the other hand Spain gave the world the Inquisition\\n(Lea s History of the Inquisition), and her downfall may\\nbe credited to her systematic efforts to crush every spark\\nof individual liberty. (Art. Spain, Part II, Encyc.\\nBrit. XXII, 304-346. Good historical map opp.\\np. 304.)^\\nIn 1588 Spain represented the Latin spirit suppression of indi-\\nvidual liberty England, the Teutonic spirit liberty of thought and\\naction. Note in the attitude of Spain and the United States now\\n(1898) these two principles once more in conflict.", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "BEGINNINGS OF MODERN NATIONS. 23\\n2. The Vandals in Europe, 100-429. From the\\nshores of the Baltic (time of Tacitus) the Vandals\\nmoved southward into Bohemia, and finally, after many\\ndefeats, settled as Koman subjects in Pannonia (region\\nbetween the Drave and the Danube). Of Teutonic stock,\\nclosely related to the Goths. In 406, time of the weak\\nHonorius, the Vandals invaded Gaul. (One of the\\ncharges against Stilicho, Honorius advisor, was that\\nbeing himself a Vandal, he had winked at this invasion.\\nChap. VII. sec. 2). In Gaul they suffered defeat and\\nsevere loss by the Franks, and in 409 made their way\\nacross the Pyrenees. Here, for twenty years, they\\nwaged continual war with Romans or Goths indifferently,\\nand in 429 crossed to Africa, leaving no more than their\\nname to mark one of the most delightful districts of\\nSpain (V) Andalusia.\\n3. The Vandals in Africa, One Century.\\n429-534 A. D. Invited to Africa by Boniface, the\\nGovernor, Geiseric had no sooner acted upon the invita-\\ntion than he was besought to depart. Instead of doing\\nso Geiseric besieged Hippo, which fell after a year of\\nstubborn resistance. Carthage was left to Boniface, but\\nten years after (439) Geiseric, without declaring war,\\ntook Carthage, and Africa became a Vandal state.\\n4. Vandalism. Vandals appear to have been a\\nrestless, marauding sort of people (nation of bandits?).\\nIn 405, in response to the invitation of Eudoxia, widow\\nof Valentinian, Geiseric sailed up the Tiber (first Teutonic", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "24 BEGINNINGS OF MODERN NATIONS.\\npeople to foster a navy But see Chap. YI., 2.), took\\nRome, and for fourteen days, in a calm and business-\\nlike manner, emptied it of all its movable wealth\\n(including the vessels brought by Titus from the Temple\\nat Jerusalem?). The common report of their wanton\\ndestruction of temples and art treasures is false. Our\\nword, Vandalism, probably arose from the severity of\\nthe persecution of Roman Catholics waged by the Arian\\n(meaning?) Vandals. This deadly persecution formed\\nthe chief business of the remaining eighty years of Van-\\ndal history. In 533, Justinian (Chap. XL, 2), the Eastern\\nemperor, sent his great general, Belisarius {Ibid.), to end\\nthe cruelties of the Vandals. Their king, Gelimer, was\\ncaptured, and with great numbers of his subjects taken to\\nConstantinople. The Vandals disappear from history.\\nJustinian sowed that Mahommed might reap. (Art.\\nVandals, Encyc. Brit.)\\n5. Burgundy, 443-534. About the middle of the\\nthird century the Burgundians passed from the Vistula\\nand Oder to the Rhine and Main. District about Worms.\\nThe Roman general, Aetius, moved them (443) to the\\nRhone south of Lake Geneva. Almost without a history\\nduring its brief century of independent existence. Bur-\\ngundy disappeared from the maps, having become (534)\\npart of the Frankish Empire. (Emerton s Introd. ch. IV.)", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "BEGINNINGS OF MODERN NATIONS. 25\\nCHAPTER IX.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ATTILA ANI THE HUNS.\\n1. Attila, King of the Huns. Chap. V., 3.)\\nBorn probably about 406 A. D. Became King of the\\nHuns 434 A. D. Killed his brother Bleda in order to\\nmake himself supreme. He ruled over a motley host of\\nmany tribes. His dominions are said to have extended\\nat one time from the Rhiue to China. Soon after becom-\\ning king he invaded the Eastern Empire, but was defeated\\nin three battles. He laid waste the whole country around\\nConstantinople (445) and Theodosius had to make terms.\\nPlot to assassinate Attila. Plot discovered. Christian\\nEmperor upbraided by the heathen for want of honor.\\nAbout to renew war. Attila finally moved west instead.\\n2. Invasion of the Huns. It seems a little remark-\\nable that so wild a man ruling so barbarous a people\\nshould have dreamed, as had Alexander, Csesar, and\\nothers before him, Karl the Great, and Napoleon after\\nhim, of a world empire. Yet he did. Under his leader-\\nship the Huns had soon pushed as far as Pesth on the\\nDanube. Declining Rome bought peace with a heavy\\ntribute. Honoria, a Roman princess, offered to marry\\nAttila. Meanwhile he prepared to push still to the West.\\n3. Battle of Chalons. Catalaunian Fields.\\n451 A. D. (Time of the English invasions of Britain.)\\nThe precise location of the battle field is not known, but\\nit was not far from Chalons in the northeastern Gaul.\\n(See Map, Emerton s Introd.) The Roman forces in", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "26 BEGINNINGS OF MODERN NATIONS.\\nGaul were commanded by Aetiiis. They bad tbe power-\\nful West Gotbs under Tbeodoric for allies. Attila\\ncrossed the Rhine near its mouthy passed Paris then an\\ninsignificant village on a little island in the Seine, and\\nmoved on to Orleans on the Loire. Here he was turned\\nback. Aetius and Tbeodoric followed. Near Chalons\\nAttila turned and fought. From three o clock in the\\nafternoon till dark the battle raged. Great numbers fell\\non both sides. Neither seemed to have won a victory,\\nbut in the morning it was discovered that Attila had\\ncontinued his flight. Has the battle of Chalons been\\ngreatly exaggerated both as to its fierceness and its remote\\neffects? (Creasy, ch. VI.)\\n4. Venice Founded. Turning southward Attila\\nentered Italy 452, overran Lombardy, and took Aquileia\\n(where?). Jt is to this event that Venice owes its origin.\\nFleeing from the fierceness of the Huns many of the people\\nfound refuge in the islands of the northern Adriatic, lay-\\ning there the foundations of one of the most important\\ncities of the Middle Ages.\\n5. What Became of the Huns. Attila conquered\\nall Italy north of the Apennines. Rome seemed sure to\\nfall into his hands when there came one day to Attila s\\ncamp the venerable Roman bishop (Pope?) Leo at the\\nhead of an embassy to beg for mercy. What effect this\\nstrange embassy had upon Attila is not known, but one\\nof the most inexplicable things in history now happened.\\nWith the certain and easy conquest of all Italy with its", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "BEGINNINGS OF MODERN NATIONS. 27\\nwealth and power in full view, Attila turned from Italy,\\nleaving nothing but the terror of his name. He was\\nlong remembered as the Scourge of God/^ but later\\nGerman legends make a great hero of him. Within a\\nyear after leaving Italy Attila died like a dog, in\\ndrunken sleep. With the fall of Attila the Huns are\\nscattered, to be known no more in history as a nation.\\n(Emerton s InfrocL, Ch. IV.)\\nCHAPTER X,\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE EAST GOTHS. ITALY.\\n1. East Goths, 376-493 A. D. When the West\\nGoths were admitted by Valeus the like application of\\nthe East Goths was refused. (Chap. Y 4.) Hence they\\nmade frequent incursions into Roman territory. Attempt-\\ning to cross the Danube in 386 A. D., they were attacked\\nby the Romans and many thousands are said to have\\nperished either by the sword or the river. Henceforth\\nthey were ready to join any force hostile to Rome. Thus\\nthey fought at Chalons with Attila and his Huns against\\ntheir brethren, the West Goths, who had sided with the\\nRomans. (Chap. IX, 3.) Under Theodoric, the greatest\\nof their kings (there was another Theodoric king of the\\nWest Goths a little earlier. Chap. IX, 3), 475 A. D.,\\nthey again attacked the Eastern Empire. Received some\\nof the richest provinces. Planned with Zeno (488) an\\nattack on Odovaker Rome. Chap. XXY, 5) in Italy.\\nOdovaker defeated and slain (by Theodoric s own hand\\nand the kingdom of the East Goths established in Italy.", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "28 BEGINNINGS OF MODERN NATIONS.\\n2. Theodoeic, the East Goth. Born near present\\nsite of Vienna. Greatest in the line of the great Amah\\nAt age of eight he was given as a hostage to Leo, emperor\\nof the East. Educated by the Romans at Constantinople.\\nLearned war, scorned science. Refused to learn to write\\nhis name. Made his mark literally as well as figura-\\ntively. Returned to his people at age of eighteen. Led\\na successful expedition against Belgrade (Singidunum).\\nBecame king 475 A. D. Then came his fourteen years\\nof war against Zeno, and the invasion of Italy (488).\\n3. East Goths in Italy, 493-553 A. D. With\\nthe overthrow of Odovaker (493) Theodoric, the East\\nGoth, became king of Italy. Recall the establishment of\\na Teutonic nation West Goths in Spain 415 A. D.\\n(Chap. VII, 5.) Now the very seat itself of the nation\\nwhich had endured more than 1200 years is occupied by\\na barbarian nation. (In what sense barbarians Theo-\\ndoric himself was a Roman by education (Sec. 2,) and he\\ndid all in his power to preserve Roman civilization. The\\nEast Goths made not Rome but Ravenna (where?) their\\ncapital. Peace. Prosperity. Corn exported instead of\\nimported. Religious liberty. But Theodoric had Boetius,\\nauthor of The Consolations of Philosophy, put to\\ndeath suspected of plotting to restore Rome to the\\nEastern Empire.\\n4. What Became of the East Goths. After the\\ndeath of Theodoric (526) the Roman Catholic and Arian\\nfaiths clashed. Besides Justinian had come to the throne", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "BEGINNINGS OF MODERN NATIONS. 29\\nof the Eastern Empire in 527. Justinian dreamed of\\nrestoring the empire to its original boundaries. The\\nVandals were the first to fall before his general, Beli-\\nsarius. (Chap. VIII, 3.) Belisarius then crossed to\\nItaly, received the support of all the discontented, and\\nstrove for five years without success to drive the East\\nGoths from Italy. But Theodoric s efforts to weld\\nRomans and Goths had failed. Rome had been too long\\nwithout an emperor, and the Bishop of Rome (Pope?)\\nhad become too powerful to submit tamely to a people\\nregarded as barbarians and what was far worse, heretics.\\nStill took hard fighting when Belisarius returned after\\nseveral years to drive out the Goths. It was not finally\\ndone till Narses hired other Germans with whose aid he\\ndefeated the Goths in 553. The East Goths soon dis-\\nappeared from history. Italy was nominally united with\\nthe empire, but was practically independent. Growth of\\nthe power of the Pope.\\n5. The Lombards in Italy, 568 A. D. ISarses\\nwas given the title of Exarch, and from Ravenna he\\nruled Italy for the empire. Justinian s successors\\nangered Narses, who, in revenge, invited the Lombards\\ninto Italy. Accordingly, under Alboin, their king, the\\nLombards (Langobardi, long beards), took Pavia after a\\nthree years siege, made it their capital, established\\nthemselves in the Po Valley (Lombardy to this day) and\\nrapidly overran the rest of Italy, which they governed\\nby Lombard dukes. The Lombards were at first ruder\\nthan the Goths, but they gradually improved, gave up", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "30 BEGINNINGS OF MODERN NATIONS.\\nArianism for the orthodox faith and systematized their\\nlaws for the use of the courts. By the middle of the\\neighth century, when the Popes first appealed to the\\nFranks, the Lombards had become a powerful nation.\\n(Emerton s Introd. ch. V., VI. Paul us Diaconus, His-\\ntory of the Lombards. Gibbon, XXXIX., XLII.,\\nXLIII.)\\n6. Italy had thus early become the football of the\\nnations. Owing to the acquisition of temporal power by\\nthe Popes, it remained disunited almost to our own day\\n(1861), Garibaldi, Cavour, Victor Emmanuel. The\\npapacy appears still to yearn for temporal power, and\\nthe future of Italy cannot yet be regarded as fully\\nassured.\\nCHAPTER XI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE EASTER:N^ EMPIRE A5^D\\nTHE FRANKS.\\n1. Division of the Roman Empire. (Review.)\\nEmpire first divided by Diocletian (284-305 A. D.)\\nEastern capital Nicomedia (where Western capital,\\nMilan (Midiolanum) (when did Rome fall?). Constan-\\ntine (306-337) made Byzantium the real seat of the\\nwhole empire. After Constantiue a period of anarchy.\\nUnited for a short time under Theodosius (379-395) the\\nEmpire was finally divided, at his death, into the Em-\\npire of the East and the Empire of the West, 395 A. D.\\nTwenty years before this the Goths had begun their", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "BEGINNINGS OF MODERN NATIONS. 31\\ninvasions in earnest, and we have seen what became of\\nthe Empire of the West. (Chap. X, 1\\n2. Justinian. 527-565 A. D. Justinian was born\\nin the wilds of what is now Bulgaria, of an obscure\\nrace of barbarians. His uncle, Justin, had traveled on\\nfoot to Constantinople, had risen rapidly Tribune,\\nCount, General, Senator, Chief of the Guards, and finally,\\nat the age of sixty-eight. Emperor. Justinian was\\nbrought to Constantinople, educated and made his uncle s\\nheir. Justinian, shrewd and ambitious, got himself\\nmade Emperor before his uncle s death. Justinian was\\nnot truly great the morals of his age cannot be depicted\\nin decent company his wife, Theodora, had been one of\\nthe most depraved women that ever disgraced the pages\\nof history. (See Gibbon, ch. XL., pp. 49-51), though\\nher life was reformed before she became queen. Recon-\\nquest of the West by Belisarius and Xarses. (Chap. X,\\n4, 5). Justinian was neither beloved in his life nor\\nregretted in his death.\\n3. The Blues and the Greens. Names of the\\ntwo political parties at Constantinople. These names\\nhad come from the Roman circus, where the charioteers\\nwere distinguished by blue and green liveries. The pop-\\nular effect was the same as that of college or class colors.\\nWhoever attended the games, even the Emperor himself,\\nwas either a blue or a green. This was all repro-\\nduced in the Hippodrome at Constantinople. Here,\\nhowever, at least from the time of Justinian, the Em-", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "32 BEGINNINGS OF MODERN NATIONS.\\nperors sided with the Blues. So violent was the hatred\\nbetween these parties that murders were frequent. Just\\nbefore Justinian s reign the Greens had concealed\\nstones and daggers in baskets of fruit and massacred at\\none time 3,000 Blues at a festival. These factions\\nbecame permanent and it is chiefly to their violence that\\nthe final overthrow of the Empire by the Turks (1453)\\nis to be attributed. (Gibbon, ch. XL., pp. 56-64.)\\n4. Roman Law. Notwithstanding his many other\\nservices, it is probably for his success in preserving the\\nRoman law that later ages have been most indebted to\\nJustinian. The Laws of Justinian, so called, are to\\nthis day a great storehouse for the student of jurispru-\\ndence. Justinian himself was both a lawyer and a\\nlegislator, yet he did not make all or any considerable\\nnumber of the laws called by his name. He did not\\neven make the compilation himself. What he did\\naccomplish through Tribonian and others learned in the\\nlaw was the codification, and hence the preservation of\\nall the laws of Rome in force in his time. Unfortun-\\nately, after this several older codes Ulpian, Paulus,\\nGaius fell into disuse and have been lost.\\n5. Code of Justinian. This was a collection in\\ntwelve books of all the laws of Rome then in force,\\nmade by Tribonian, who did not scruple to alter or\\nadapt, as the need of his own age required. A second\\nedition soon appeared containing a large number of laws\\nand edicts made by Justinian himself.", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "BEGINNINGS OF MODERN NATIONS. 33\\n6. The Pandects, or Digest. Celebrated collec-\\ntioD of opinions, explanations and decisions which\\nserved in Justinian s time as precedents. Made also by\\nTribonian, who, with fifteen assistants, was engaged three\\nyears in making a great collection of extracts, in fifty\\nbooks from thirty-nine writers. Of these, one-third of\\nthe entire work is from Ulpian alone, while Paulus and\\nPapinian come next in importance. By far the most\\nprecious monument of the legal genius of the Komans.^\\n7. The Institutes of Justinian. A treatise on\\nthe general principles of the Roman law. This was a\\ntext-book prepared also by Tribonian, with the assistance\\nof the Professor of law in the University of Constanti-\\nnople and the Professor of Law in the great law school\\nat Beyrout.\\nNote. There was a later unauthorized collection of\\ncontributions called the Codex Novellae, (Gibbon, Ch.\\nXL., XLL, XL IV. For the Germanic ideas of Law,\\nsee Emerton s Introd. Ch. VIII.)\\nCHAPTER XII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 EARLY HISTORY OF\\nFRANCE.\\n1. Gaul.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The name given by the Romans to the\\ncountry lying between the Rhine and the Pyrenees. As\\nearly as B. C. 600 Greeks had settled Massilia. (Where?)\\nThey had first called the whole of Southwestern Europe\\nCeltice, later Gallia. Gaul is formally introduced\\nto the world in Caesar s Gallic Wars, though fifty\\n2", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "34 BEGINNINGS OF MODERN NATIONS.\\nyears earlier a portion of Gaul lying on the Rhone had\\nbeen made a Roman province. The Gauls imposed their\\nmanners and customs upon a subject race (Iberians?) just\\nas they in turn were themselves thoroughly Romanized.\\nCaesar s conquest (B. C. 58-50) the beginning of this\\nprocess. After Caesar little attention paid to the coun-\\ntry till the Empire was established. Gaul was then\\ndivided into four provinces, which, in the fourth century,\\nwere further divided into seventeen.\\n2. Invasions of the Franks. (See map Encyc.\\nBrit. IX., 723 and notice that the Salian (sala, an\\ninheritance?) Franks lie west of the Rhone near its\\nmouth, and the Ripuarian (bankmen, or bank defenders,)\\nFranks also west of the Rhine farther inland.) In 241\\nA. D. the name Franks first appears in a rough\\nbarrack song^\\nMille Sarmatas, mille Francos, semel et semel occidimus\\nMille, mille, mille, mille, mille, Persas quaerimus!\\nIt is known that Franks lived also on the German\\nside of the Rhine. They are soon at war with Rome\\ndefeated by Julian (358 A. D.) many take service in the\\nRoman armies, and by the end of the fourth century they\\nhad made Northern Gaul practically independent. They\\nas often fought for the Romans as against them, however,\\n(e. g., the battle of Chalons), till under Chlodwig (Clovis\\n481-511) an independent Frankish kingdom was\\nestablished. Chlodwig founded the Merwing (Mero-\\nvingian) house the beginning of France proper. (Gui-\\nzot s France f I., 108.)", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "BEGINNINGS OF MODERN NATIONS. 35\\n3. Chlodwig. It must be remembered that the\\nFranks were Germanic, and Chlodwig was a German in\\nthe same sense that the conquerors of Britain were Ger-\\nmans. Chlodwig was only fifteen years old when, by the\\ndeath of his father, he became king of the Salian Franks.\\n4. The Vase of Soisson. Soon after Chlodwig\\nascended the throne of the Franks he defeated the West\\nGoths, whose kingdom extended far up into France (See\\nMap, T. and S., pp. 72, 73), and took Soisson. In a\\nmarauding expedition they had taken from the church\\nof Rheims a vase of marvelous size and beauty. The\\nbishop, who knew Chlodwig slightly, sent to ask the return\\nat least of this vase. The messenger was invited to Sois-\\nson, where the division of spoil would take place, and was\\npromised that when the lots had given Chlodwig the vase\\nit should be returned. The booty was piled in the midst,\\nand Chlodwig asked, in addition to his lot, the vase,\\nwhich was cheerfully granted by his warriors. Then a\\nsilly, jealous soldier struck the vase with his axe, crying,\\nThou shalt have naught of all this save what the lots\\nshall truly give thee. Chlodwig gave the vase to the\\nmessenger and bore the insult with sweet patience,\\nhiding his wound in the recesses of his heart. A whole\\nyear after, having drawn up his warriors for review, he\\npassed down the line till he came last to the fellow who\\nhad struck the vase. Chlodwig reproved him sharply\\nfor his poor arms, and snatching his battle-axe threw it\\non the ground. As the soldier stooped to pick it up the\\nking buried his own axe in the fellow s skull, saying,", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "36 BEGINNINGS OF MODERN NATIONS.\\nThus didst thou to the vase of Soisson. By this act\\nhe made himself greatly feared. (Guizot s France^ I,\\n109, 110.)\\n5. Chlodwig s Conversion. Chlodwig had married\\nClotilde, niece of the Burgundian king. She was a\\nChristian, and Chlodwig came gradually toward her\\nreligion. In 496 A. D. Chlodwig was on the point of\\ndefeat in a great battle with the Allemans then he\\nprayed to the Lord of heaven, whom the queen\\npreached. (See this prayer. Guizot s France^ I, 115.)\\nImmediately the tide of battle turned. Chlodwig\\ndeclared himself converted and was baptized with his\\nfollowers. This act led eventually to the establishment\\nof the Holy Roman Empire. (Chap. XV., 6.)\\n6. Death of Chlodwig, 511 A. D. The reign of\\nChlodwig had consolidated and greatly enlarged the\\nterritories of the Franks. Chlodwig had overthrown,\\noften by the foulest means, all the little independencies\\naround him. Still because he protected the bishops they\\npraised him extravagantly. He was even regarded as a\\nsort of David, and Gregory of Tours said, Thus every\\nday God put down the enemies of Chlodwig and increased\\nhis kingdom, because he walked with a heart that was\\nright before God and did that which was pleasing in His\\neyes! At the death of Chlodwig his kingdom was\\ndivided among his four sons, and for more than a\\ncentury France was to grope in the da-rk ^under the\\ndo-nothing kings. (Emerton s Introd.y ch. VII.\\nGregory of Tours. Historia Francorum,)", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "PRESENT TERRITORIAL LIMITS. 37\\nPart III. -THE NATIONS ASSUME\\nTHEIR PRESENT TERRI-\\nTORIAL LIMITS.\\nCHAPTER XIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 FRANCE UNDER THE\\nDO-NOTHING KINGS.\\n1. France and the Papacy. During the long\\nperiod of troubles in Rome which followed Constautine s\\ndesertion, the church of Rome grew apace. The bishop\\nof Rome was till that time, in no way superior to the\\nbishops of other great cities like Antioch, Alexandria,\\nConstantinople, if not indeed distinctly inferior to some\\nof them. Constant! ne had brought an obscure, very\\nimperfectly organized sect into sudden prominence and\\npower. Defects in organization had to be suddenly\\nsupplied and the church molded itself consciously on the\\nforms of the Empire. Rome had been head of the\\nEmpire; the bishops of Rome at once insisted that it\\nshould be the head of the church. So vigorously was the\\nassumption attacked that the bishops had to fortify their\\nclaims with the assertion that Peter had been the first\\nbishop of Rome and his successors should be accorded\\nfirst place in the church. In their frantic race for power\\nthe bishops of Rome turned from the Arians of Italy to\\nthe orthodox Franks, who from the time of Chlodwig\\nwere firm allies of the Pa})acy. This alliance deter-\\nmines the course of political affairs in the Middle Age.", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "38 PRESENT TERRITORIAL LIMITS.\\n(Eraerton s Introd., ch. IX. Gibbon, ch. XV., XVI.\\nAmong the most famous chapters in Gibbon.)\\n2. Neustria. Half a century after the death of\\nChlodwig his kingdom was divided. Neustria was the\\nwestern side of the Frankish dominion. Romanized\\nKelts greatly outnumbered Franks.\\n3. AusTRASiA. The eastern side of the Frankish\\ndominions. Franks greatly outnumbered Kelts; thor-\\noughly German. (See map, pp. 96, 97; also Emerton s\\nInirod.^ pp. 114, 115. Notice that the battle of Soisson\\nextended the Frankish territory no farther south than\\nLoire.\\n4. Fredegonda, Queen of Neustria. Chilperic s\\nfavorite concubine. She was of peasant birth a power-\\nful, coarse, and incredibly cruel woman beautiful,\\ndexterous, ambitious, and bold. When in 566 Chilperic\\nmarried Galswintha, a West Gothic princess, he put\\naway his concubines. Galswintha brought vast treasures,\\nbut never won the king s love which Fredegonda had\\nmanaged to hold. Galswintha became jealous and offered\\nthe king all her treasure if he would send her home free.\\nUpon this Chilperic murdered (had her strangled in bed\\nby a slave) the princess whom he had sought to be his\\nwife, and when he had mourned for her death, he\\nespoused Fredegonda after an interval of a few days\\nFredegonda had caused Chilperic to banish and then\\nmurder one queen before this. The long story of her\\nunbridled license and murders cannot be rehearsed here.", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "PRESENT TERRITORIAL LIMITS. 39\\nIt culminates in an intrigue with a household officer.\\nShe had Chilperic slain to prevent his discovery of it.\\nShe had Gregory, bishop of Tours, tried for treason, but\\nthe old historian escaped conviction, ^^She died quietly\\nat Paris, in 597 or 598, powerful and dreaded. (See\\nGuizot s France, I, 134-137.)\\n5. Brunhilda, Queen of Austrasia. Of noble\\nbirth, sister to Galswintha, and wife to Sigebert, king of\\nAustrasia. The murder of Galswintha made Brun-\\nhilda the mortal and life-long enemy of the barbarous\\nNeustrasian Queen. War at once broke out. Sige-\\nbert was victorious, but was just then assassinated by\\nFredegonda s emissaries. Brunhilda fell into the hands\\nof Chilperic. Saved by asylum in Paris Cathedral.\\n(Explain this.) Sent to Rouen. Chilperic s son was at\\nRouen on a mission, was smitten with Brunhilda s beauty\\nand married her. Brunhilda thus became heir to Frede-\\ngonda s throne But the Austrasians would not give up\\ntheir queen. Fredegonda s fury pursued her stepson so\\nrelentlessly that he had himself killed. At last (614)\\nBrunhilda, at the age of eighty fell into the hands of\\nFredegonda s son and successor, Clothar 11, who had her\\ntied by the hair, one foot and one arm to the tail of an\\nunbroken horse, that carried her away, and dashed her\\nto pieces as he galloped and kicked, beneath the eyes of\\nthe ferocious spectators (Clothar s army).\\nNote. These stories must not be taken too seriously,\\nthough they are gravely related by Gregory of Tours,\\nthe historian of this period.", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "40 PRESENT TERRITORIAL LIMITS.\\n6. Major Domus. Chief among the Frankish\\nnobles were those who held an office near the person of\\nthe kings something like that of a prime minister;\\nvery much the sort of person that Prince Bismarck was\\nfor so long in the State of Prussia. This major domus,\\nmaster or mayor of the palace became the most powerful\\nprince at a Frankish court. Strong major domus, weak\\nking. Office of major domus becomes hereditary the\\nkings become puppets. (Cf. Odovaker and the last\\nRoman Emperors in the West. Rome, Chap. XXV,\\n5.) Very much in the same way the Merwing Kings\\nof France Les rois faineants were displaced by\\nthe energetic mayors of the palace, who presently had\\nthemselves declared king, thus founding the mighty\\nKarling dynasty.\\nCHAPTER XIV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 ALLIANCE BETWEEN\\nTHE POPES AND THE FRANKS.\\n1. Karl Martel. (Circa 689-741.)\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Son of Pip-\\npin of Heristal, duke of Austrasia and major domus of\\nthe kings of France. He was disinherited by his father,\\nbut was made duke, nevertheless, by the popular voice.\\nKarl Martel was a ruler by nature, and a conqueror.\\nHe laid the foundations of the vast empire of his grand-\\nson, Karl the Great. He subdued Neustria and Aquitaine,\\ndrove back the Saxons, and what meant far more than\\nall these to Europe he met and defeated the Moham-\\nmedans in their career of world conquest between Tours\\nand Poitiers in 732 A. D. (Creasy, Ch. VII.) From", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "PEESENT TEREITORIAL LIMITS. 41\\nthe heavy blows he here dealt the Saracens comes his\\nsurname Martel, Hammer. Neglecting the puppet\\nking who had been brought from a monastery and com-\\npelled to reign Karl at his death divided his hard\\nwon territories between his two sons. Carloman died.\\nPippin became sole ruler and left the kingdom to his\\nson, the greatest of the Karlings.\\n2. From Major Domus to King. When Pippin\\nle Bref succeeded Karl Martel it was indeed as real ruler,\\nbut not with the title of king. It was still thought\\nwise to retain a phantom king. But Pippin le Bref was\\nas active and able as his father had been, and he at last\\ndetermined to assume the dignity as well as the responsi-\\nbility of his office. Pippin accordingly addressed to\\nPope Stephen III (whose pretensions Pippin had sup-\\nported) this question Should he have the title of\\nking who has inherited it without power, or should he\\nwho has long been the real king? The Pope in grati-\\ntude could send but one answer. The puppet king,\\nChilperic, was deposed and sent to a monastery while\\nPippin was anointed and crowned king of the Franks\\n752. Karlidng ynasty founded. (See map, T. and S.,\\npp. 96, 97.)\\n3. The Papacy. We have seen how the Bishop of\\nRome profited by the removal of the Emperor to Con-\\nstantinople. (Chap. XIII, 1.) From that time it\\nmight almost be said that there were two worlds, each\\nwith its church and each with its empire. No sooner\\ndid the empire wane in Kome that the church sprang\\nambitiously into its place. No sooner did the empire", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "42 PRESENT TERRITORIAL LIMITS.\\nflourish in Constantinople than the church so felt its\\ndignity that it refused to yield precedence to the Roman\\nbishop. If, therefore, the empire survived in Constanti-\\nnople (1) it must actually rule the Roman Bishop, or (2)\\nhe would rule the Eastern church, or (3) there must be\\ntwo churches. The Eastern church could never rule the\\nRoman bishop until the imperial power should be felt\\nat Rome, nor could the Eastern church submit to the\\nRoman bishop while the empire flourished at Constanti-\\nnople. What this curious situation actually evolved\\nwas two churches and two empires. The nominal\\nseparation in the church came first. The question of the\\nof the worship of images was raised. The West declared\\nfor images the East declared against them. After a\\nlong, fierce struggle, the East was excommunicated, and\\na final separation took place. The images still have a\\nplace in the worship of the Roman Catholic Church.\\n4. The Bishop of Rome Independent of the\\nEmpire. Tliis conflict about images (Iconoclasm) had\\nanother important result in the complete independence of\\nthe Roman bishop. Naturally the emperor at Constanti-\\nnople sided with the East against images. At last the\\nRoman bishop went so far as to excommunicate the\\nEmperor himself. This was equivalent to a declaration\\nof war. Both parties prepared. (It was just about this\\ntime that far off in Asia Mohammed was teaching another\\nchurch, called heathen, to extend its dominion by the\\nsword.) A fleet sent to take the Pope was wrecked.\\n^^The rebellion of the Pope had succeeded, and the Eastern\\nEmperor never again received his allegiance. (Ch. XII.)", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "PRESENT TERRITORIAL LIMITS. 43\\n5. The Popes Turn to the Franks. But the\\nPope had escaped one master only to find himself exposed\\nto another more dano;erous, because nearer the Lom-\\nbards. (Chap. X., 5.) Tlie King of the Lombards had\\ncaused the Pope much trouble and was now again\\nthreatening Rome. In his distress the successor of St.\\nPeter appealed to Pippin. (Letter from St. Peter him-\\nself.) The Lombards were driven back and the conquered\\ncities given to the Pope. Beginning of the territorial\\n(temporal) power of the Papacy.\\nCHAPTEK XV.-KARL THE GREAT.\\n1. Karl Becomes King of the Franks, 771\\nA. D. In 768 Pippin died. His dominions according\\nto the fatal rule of the Franks were divided among his\\nsons, Carloman and Karl. Carloman soon died and\\nKarl the Great became sole monarch of the Franks in\\n77L\\n2. An Important Divorce Case. Karl married\\na daughter of the Lombard king, but within a year di-\\nvorced her and sent her back. Upon this divorce perhaps\\nturns the course of events for the Middle Age. Had the\\nalliance between the Popes and Franks (Chap. XIV., 5,)\\nbeen broken, as it must have been had this marriage\\nunited the Franks and the Lombards, the Popes could\\nscarely have held out against this combined force. There\\ncould then have been no Holy Roman Empire, (Sec. 6,)\\nand future events must have taken a wholly different course.", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "44 PRESENT TERRITORIAL LIMITS.\\n3. Conquest of the Lombards, 773 A. D. As it\\nwas the Franks and the Lombards, were raade mortal\\nenemies. The Popes called upon Karl for protection.\\nHe marched into Italy, (773,) beat the Lombards, spent\\nEaster with the Pope, and confirmed the donations of\\nPippin. (Chap. XIV., 5.) A few years later Karl com-\\npleted his conquest and placed the iron crown upon his\\nown head.\\n4. Conquest of the Saxons. For more than\\nthirty years the Saxons held out against Karl. They\\nwould submit when Karl led an army among them, but\\nrefused obedience as soon as he was gone. Pagans.\\nKarl bent upon their conversion. At last Karl, driven\\nto despair by the continual uprisings of the Saxons, had\\n4,500 Saxon prisoners massacred in cold blood. Saxons\\nfinally submit. Baptized. They were held in the\\nwater, or were given their choice between baptism and the\\nsword (See cut in Guizot s France, opp. p. 143). Even\\nthis did not subdue the fierce spirit of our own savage\\nancestors, and Karl had to resort to deportation. Thou-\\nsands of Saxon families were scattered throughout his\\ndominions.\\n5. Karl s Attitude Towards Learning. Karl\\nwas more than conqueror. He engaged the most learned\\nmen of his time to come to his court and teach. His\\nvery court was a sort of University when it was not on\\nan expedition, or engaged in the chase. Schools were\\nfounded throughout his kingdom. Alcuiu (Who?) was\\nthe head of the court University. Karl gave German", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "PRESENT TERRITORIAL LIMITS. 45\\nnames to the months, was interested in Astronomy, and\\ncompelled the priests to study. He recommended that\\nthere be made no difference between the sons of serfs\\nand of freemen, so that they might come and sit on the\\nsame benches to study grammar, music, and arithmetic.\\n6. Karl Becomes Emperor. Holy Roman Em-\\npire. 800 A. D. When Karl was in Italy, (on his\\nsecond expedition against the Lombards 800 A. D., he\\nwent on Christmas Day to worship in the church of\\nSt. Peter. While he was kneeling at the altar the Pope,\\nLeo III., came behind without KarPs knowledge and\\nplaced upon his head the crown of the Caesars. By this act\\nthe Roman Empire in the West was restored the Holy\\nRoman Empire (which was neither holy nor Roman\\nnor an Empire was created the West could never be\\nre-united with the East; the course of affairs for the\\nMiddle Age was sketched, at least in bold outline.\\nCHAPTER XVI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE HOL.Y ROMAN\\nEMPIRE TO THE TREATY OF\\nVERDUN. 843 A. I\\n1. Two Empires. The logic of events led to two\\nchurches. (Chap. XIY., 3) With the crowning of\\nKarl by Leo III., in return for his own restoration, the\\nthe Western church effected in theory the restoration of\\nthe Western Empire. Why did not the Eastern Empire\\ntreat this as a revolt, as it really was? Because the\\nseparation had gradually taken place long before in fact", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "46 PRESENT TERRITORIAL IJMITS.\\nand needed only this completion in theory to make it\\nperfect. The People of the West had long been practi-\\ncally without an Emperor. In Karl they had found a\\nman worthy to fill that high office.\\n2. Three Theories of the Origin of the\\nHoly Roman Empire. (1) The imperial party\\ndeclared that Karl had won the crown by his conquests\\nand was indebted to no one for it but himself. (2)\\nThe Papal party said that the Pope, by virtue of his\\nauthority as successor to St. Peter, had deposed the Em-\\nperor at Constantinople and conferred the crown on Karl.\\n(3) The people of Rome also advanced a theory to the\\neffect that they had elected Karl, and that they had\\nrevived their ancient right of electing the Emperor.\\n(Criticise these theories.) It was almost three centuries\\nafter the establishment of the Holy Roman Empire before\\nany theories about it became necessary.\\n3. The Holy Roman Empire. 800-1806 A. D.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nIt would appear that a divorce led to the establishment\\nof the Holy Roman Empire. (Chap. XV., 2.) It was\\nactually inaugurated by the crowning of Karl on Christ-\\nmas day, 800 A. D. More than a thousand years were\\nto pass before Europe was to see another Karl. By that\\ntime the Empire had become too feeble to be of use, and\\nNapoleon, choosing to rest his Empire on other theories,\\ndeposed Francis II, and brought the affairs of the Holy\\nRoman Empire to a close in 1806.\\n4. What was the Holy Roman Empire? An\\ninstitution rather than a State such as we now understand", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "PRESENT TERRITORIAL LIMITS. 47\\nthe word Empire to mean. At the time of its establish-\\nment it was really a State ruled by Karl the Great. It in-\\ncluded, roughly, France, Germany, Austria, Switzerland,\\nItaly, with indefinite pagan countries to the northeast\\nwaiting to be added by conquest. The prospect was\\nindeed dazzling. Was the world empire nearly reached\\nby Alexander, and realized by the Romans for a brief\\ntime, at last to be permanently established? No; if\\nthat dream of the ages is ever to be realized it must be\\nunder a federal representative government which shall\\nguarantee local freedom to its members. Like the great\\nbow of Odysseus KarPs great empire could be bent only\\nby the master s hand. Within a single generation after\\nKarl s death (843) his vast empire had been divided into\\nthree parts. The Holy Roman Empire embraced hence-\\nforth only Germany and Italy. In its disregard of\\nnatural boundaries it ruined both countries. Italy, 1869,\\nGermany, 1871. (Chap. X., 6. Bryce s Holy Roman\\nEmpire.)\\n5. The Treaty of Verdun. August, 843 A. D.\\nKarl was succeeded by his son Ludwig the Pious.\\nLudwig was too lazy and worthless (pious?) to rule.\\nSo he divided up his kingdom among his three sons,\\n817. Afterwards Ludwig had a fourth son by a later\\nmarriage, while one of the older sons died. Ludwig now\\ntried to favor the youngest son, and the two older\\nrebelled. (What was the Field of Lies? Ludwig s\\nindecision brought misery to himself and ruin to the\\nEmpire. Upon Ludwig s death in 840, the oldest son,\\nLothar, claimed the Empire. Ludwig and Charles", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "48 PRESENT TERRITOEIAL LIMITS.\\nfought and defeated him at Fontenay. Lothar retired to\\nItaly. Next spring Charles and Ludwig met near Strass-\\nburg and made an alliance. Each took the oath in the\\nother s language. Both preserved. Oldest documents\\nshowing divergence of French and German. (Emerton s\\nMediceval Europe, p. 27.) After another year of war\\nthe three brothers agreed to the famous Treaty of Verdun\\nLothar, Italy and Aachen as Emperor Charles, France;\\nLudwig, Germany. Territorial origin of these countries.\\n(See map, pp. 146, 147.)\\nCHAPTER XVII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 FRANCE IN THE\\nMIODL.E AGE.\\n1. Last of the Karlings. After the treaty of\\nVerdun the Karling line came first to an end in Italy.\\nLothar s sons fought over his dominions, and at their\\ndeaths left no offspring. Succeeded by French and\\nGerman lines. In France Charles the Bald succeeded to\\nthe imperial honor, but his successors were weak, and in\\n884 the only Karling left in France was a boy five\\nyears old. The crown was given to Karl the Fat of\\nGermany who had already the imperial crown. This\\nwas the last time the three crowns were united. With\\nthe death of Karl the Fat (887) the three countries\\nbecame nearly what they have since remained, and it\\nbecame customary for the imperial crown, with Italy,\\nto go to the king of the Germans.\\n2. Beginning of the French Monarch v^. At\\nthe death of Karl the Fat the French nobles elected", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "PRESENT TERRITORIAL LIMITS. 49\\nCount Odo of Paris, who became King of France, 888.\\nHe iiad to fight the Northmen who continued their\\ninvasions, (settled under Rolf (911) Normandy,) while\\nthe powerful nobles cared more for their own indepen-\\ndence than for the nation s prosperity. At Odo s death\\nhe named Charles the Simple to succeed him. Odo s\\nson, Robert, did homage to Charles and received the\\nduchy of France. Isle of France. See map, p.\\n487.) Robert s son, Hugo, Duke of Paris, might have\\nbecome King, but declined. Hugo s son, Hugo Capet,\\nwas, upon the extinction of the Karling line, in 986,\\nelected king of France. First of the Capetian dynasty.\\n3. The French King Both a Sovereign and an\\nOverlord, As an overlord he could deal directly\\nonly with the members of the feudal hierarchy. As a\\nsovereign he dealt directly with all the inhabitants of\\nthe kingdom. Hugh Capet was sovereign in the Isle\\nof France and in Burgundy. He was overlord of the\\nremainder of what is now France, and more. (Flanders,\\n(where?) Poitou, Anjou, Poitiers, Gascony, and Aqui-\\ntaine.) The problem for the French monarchy was,\\ntherefore, to bring the great countries under the imme-\\ndiate sway of the King extend the sovereignty. The\\nhistory of France is really an account of this process of\\ncentralization. But how had these great counts become\\nso nearly independent What was the counter process\\nto that of centralization It was feudalism.\\n4. What Was Feudalism In a rude transitional\\nage feudalism served instead of firmly established, well-", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "50 PKESENT TERRITORIAL LIMITS.\\nregulated governments. The sort of imperfect govern-\\nment called Feudalism required two things, land and\\nallegiance. The extensive conquests of the Teutons\\nfurnished the land the personal character of their law\\nand organization comitatus, (what?) made the tie of\\nallegiance familiar. It was, therefore, among Teutonic\\npeoples on Roman territory, as in France, that feudalism\\nreached its most perfect development. Land at the dis-\\nposal of the King. Distributed in large areas to his\\ngreat lords on condition of furnishing troops for war\\n(allegiance.) Each lord might distribute his own area in\\nthe same way and so on indefinitely (subinfeudation). If\\nnow a weak King arises, the great lords disregard him\\nand become practically independent. Precisely this had\\nhappened before Hugh Capet came to the throne, and it\\nwas a long (nearly three centuries) and difficult process\\nto reduce these powerful hereditary lords again to\\nsubmission. (Ch. XI.)\\n5. The King s Sovereign Territories En-\\nlarged. Henry I. (1031-1060) added Sens at the\\ndeath of its feudal lord. Conflict with William, Duke\\nof Normandy. That the Duke proved stronger than\\nthe King is the best commentary on the character of\\noverlordship. Henry s successor, Philip I., added the\\nVexin (north) by its owners going into a monastery\\nmost of Vermandois by the death of its Count, and the\\ncity of Bourges (where?) by purchase. Then follow\\nAquitaine by marriage, Louis VII., (afterwards lost but\\nrecovered by Philip II.) Normandy, Anjou and Maine", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "PRESENT TERRITORIAL LIMITS. 51\\nby force of arms from John of England by Philip II.\\nArtois he obtained by his wife, Auvergne by war, Poitou\\nby forfeiture from John, and Toulouse by marriage.\\nLouis IX. acquired Carcassonne, Beziers, Nisraes, and\\nMacon in the south, and the counties of Perche, Blois,\\nChartres, Sancene in the north. Philip III. (1270-\\n1285), by the marriage of his son added Navarre,\\nChampagne, and Brie. Henceforth the Capetians were\\nKings in fact as well as in name. Centralization had\\novercome feudalism. (Ch, VII. and XVIII. to p. 510.\\nFor the struggle between France and England, see\\nGardiner on the Hundred Years War.)", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "52 CHURCH AND STATE.\\nPART IV.-CHURCH AND STATE.\\nCHAPTER XVIII THE MOHAMMEDANS.\\n1. The Eastern Question. The so-called Eastern\\nQuestion dates back at least to Marathon. There are\\nthree peninsulas in Southern Europe. The first great\\nconflict between East and West took place in the most\\neastern peninsula Marathon. The second, in the mid-\\ndle peninsula Hannibal s Campaign in Italy. The\\nthird, in the western peninsula the Mohammedans\\nTours. Since Mohammed s time the Eastern Question\\nhas had four phases. (1) Expansion of the East from\\nMohammed to the Crusades (632-1096.) (2) Reaction\\nof the West\u00e2\u0080\u0094 the Crusades (1096-1270.) (3) Moham-\\nmedans push into Europe from the East (1270-1683.)\\n(4) Decline of Mohammedanism since 1683 The Sick\\nMan of Europe.\\n2. Mohammed s Early Life. Of tribe of Koreish,\\nkeepers of Caaba, or temple of Mecca. Father, Abdallah,\\nnoted for beauty when he married, two hundred maidens\\ndied of disappointment and jealousy Mohammed\\nborn four years after the death of Justinian, Emperor of\\nthe East. Early deprived of father, grandfather, and\\nmother. Poor. Camel driver to Cadijah, a rich widow.\\nAt age of twenty-five married Cadijah. Lived sober and\\nvirtuous life. At age of forty assumed title of Prophet", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "CHURCH AND STATE. 53\\nand proclaimed the religion of the Koran. Journeys\\ninto Syria brought him into contact with Jews, and gave\\nhim some knowledge of Hebrew Scriptures.\\n3. The Hegira. Mohammed s first disciple was his\\nwife the next, a young cousin. Number grew slowly.\\nRelatives remonstrated. Hostility in Mecca grew. His\\ntribe denounced his family and refused to have inter-\\ncourse with them till they delivered the person of\\nMohammed to the justice of the gods. Mohammed s\\ndeath was resolved. Heads of tribes agreed that a\\nsword from each tribe should be buried in his heart to\\ndivide the guilt of his blood and to baffle vengeance.\\nMohammed warned. At dead of night he and a faithful\\nfriend, Abubeker, fled from Mecca. Hid in a cave for\\nthree days, then went on to Medina. This flight, known\\nas The Hegira, is the beginning of the calendar for the\\nMohammedans.\\n4. The Koran. Sacred book of the Mohammedans.\\nA paper copy in a volume of silk and gems was brought\\ndown to the lowest heaven by the angel Gabriel he\\nrevealed it bit by bit to Mohammed. Written down on\\npalm leaves and shoulder blades of mutton. The\\npages were cast pell-mell into a chest which was put in V\\nthe care of one of Mohammed s wives. Two years after\\nthe death of Mohammed the sacred volume was collected\\nand published by Abubeker. The faith which, under\\nthe name of Islam, he preached to his family and nation,\\nis compounded of an eternal truth and a necessary fiction\\nThat there is only one God, and that Mohammed is the\\napostle of God. (Gibbon, eh. L).", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "54 CHURCH AND STATE.\\n5. Spread of Mohammedanism. After the Hegira,\\nMohammed preached at Medina. Was there received as\\na prophet. Made war od Mecca and captured the city.\\nAfter Mohammed s death (632) his followers conquered\\nArabia Persia (637-650) took Jerusalem (637)\\ninvaded Egypt captured Alexandria and burned its\\ngreat library. (Answer of Omar. Gibbon, Ch. LI.)\\nConquered Africa. Descended on Spain, 710 A. D.\\nThe Arabian empire extended from the confines of\\nTartary and India to the shores of the Atlantic Ocean.\\nInvaded France. They were finally checked by Karl\\nMartel, and defeated in the center of France between\\nTours and Poitiers. (Chap. XIV, 1.)\\n6. Arab Learning and Universities. The Fati-\\nmites of Africa and the Ommiades of Spain were patrons\\nof learning. Emulation among them diffused learning.\\nThe vizier of a Sultan founded the University at Bag-\\ndad. Private citizens collected books. The royal library\\nof the Fatimites contained 100,000 volumes, and that of\\nthe Ommiades contained 600,000 volumes. There were\\nseventy public libraries in the Andalusian kingdom alone.\\nTheir libraries contained orators and poets, general and\\npartial history, codes and commentaries of jurisprudence,\\ntheological works of all kinds, and four classes of science.\\n(1) Philosophy. (2) Mathematics. (3) Astronomy. (4)\\nPhysics. They made great progress in medicine in\\nanatomy, botany, and Chemistry. The age of Arabian\\nlearning continued about five hundred years. They dis-\\ndained the study of any foreign tongue, and were igno-\\nrant of the Greek and Roman classics. They established", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "CHURCH AND STATE. 55\\nuniversities at Bagdad, Cairo, and Cordova. The intel-\\nlectual life of ancient Greece carried to Asia by\\nAlexander the Great thus returned in refreshing streams\\nupon the barren wastes of the Dark Ages. Prepared\\nthe way for the Renaissance.\\n7. The Crusades. 1096-1270.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The most remark-\\nal)le events of the Middle Age. Under the growing\\ninfluence of the church, pilgrimages to the Holy Sepulchre\\nhad become very luunerous. Strong desire of Christians\\nto free Jerusalem from Mohammedan rule. Pope s\\ninfluence gained by Peter the Hermit and for two hun-\\ndred years Christian. Europe })oured itself in vast\\nstreams into Mohammedan Asia. 1. Led by Walter the\\nPenniless, Godfrey of Bouillon, and Robert, son of\\nWilliam the Conqueror. Jerusalem taken massacre\\n1099. Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. 11.1147-1149.\\nPerished in Asia Minor. III. 1189-1192. Richard L\\nPhilip IL Acre (where?) captured. IV. 1202-1204.\\nLed by Baldwin of Flanders for Pope Innocent. Directed\\nagainst Egypt. Established Latin Empire at Constanti-\\nnople, with Baldwin as Emperor. Children s Crusade\\n(1212). Thousands of Children perished. Re-action.\\nv., VI., and VII. came to nothing. Results: 1.\\nGreatly increased the power and influence of the church.\\n2. Strengthened Princes, weakened lords. 3. Developed\\ncommerce Italian Republics. 4. Intellectual growth.\\n5. Orders of Knighthood Hospitalers, Templars, Teu-\\ntonic. (See map, p. 344-5 Cox s The Crusades.)", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "56 CHURCH AND STATE.\\nCHAPTER XIX.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE EMPIRE (GERMANY)\\nAM THE PAPACY (ITALY).\\n1. Growth of Germany. The Karling line\\nbecame extinct in Germany in 911 (death of Ludwig,\\nthe cliild). Already the Germans had fallen into four\\ngreat divisions. (1) Bavaria, (2) Swabia, (3) Franconia,\\n(4) Saxony. These all united, however, to elect a king.\\nConrad of Franconia was chosen. (Conrad L, 911-918.)\\nConrad s problem was the same as that of Hugh Capet\\nhad been to strengthen the monarchy at the expense of\\nthe great independent duchies. Conrad failed. Instead\\nof cultiv^ating patiently the growth of the royal domains\\nas the Capetians did (Chap. XVIII. 5,) he insisted\\nupon the complete submission of the great dukes at\\nonce. This roused the jealousy of the duchies before\\nthe monarch was able to use force, thus rendering future\\nunion difficult if not impossible.\\n2. OrTO THE Great. 936-973. The next chance\\nfor the union of Germany came to Otto the Great. His\\nfather, Henry the Fowler, had a long and prosperous\\nreign during which many of the evil effects of Conrad s\\nindiscretion were overcome. Henry had been judicious,\\nadvancing only such claims as he could enforce. Otto\\nproved to be a powerful ruler, able to support far greater\\npretensions. After fourteen years of conflict he forced\\nthe dukes to submit, and it looked as if Germany was to\\nbecome a nation.\\n3. Decline of the Papacy. Under Nicholas I.\\n(868-867) the Papacy had reached its full maturity", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "CHURCH AND STATE. 57\\nthe vicar of God on earth with kings and emperors for\\nsubjects. Nicholas showed himself superior to local\\ncouncils and synods, made himself the supreme power\\nin Italy, and forced the Emperor, Lothar II., (KarPs\\ngreat-grandson) to submit to his decisions. But in this\\ncomplete victory of the Papacy lay its defeat. It failed\\nto recognize that it must depend for supremacy on the\\nvariety and universality of its interests. It should have\\nallied itself with the Empire and made Italy and local\\nmatters secondary. But in the arrogancy of its preten-\\nsions it refused to recognize the Emperor except as a\\nsubject. (Cf. the silly pretensions of Conrad L, sec. 1.)\\nThe successor of Nicholas was friendly to the Empire,\\nbut tlie Roman church would hear of no such thing.\\nThe Papacy became local and rapidly sank to the lowest\\ndepths of moral degradation.\\n4. Tkial of Pope Formosus. Upon the death of\\nNicholas s successor, Formosus, a pope rushed hastily\\ninto office, died in a fortnight. Another set up by\\nRoman factions lent himself to the unheard-of scheme of\\nputting the dead Formosus through the form of a trial.\\nThe corpse of the pope, already eight months in the\\ngrave, was dug up and dragged to St. Peter s before a\\nsynod of the Roman clergy. Dressed in full pontificals\\nit was placed upon the papal throne and furnished with\\nan advocate for its defense. The advocate of the new\\npope, Stephen, then called upon the dead to declare why\\nhe had dared to ascend the throne of St. Peter while still\\nholding the office of Bishop of Pontus. The advocate of", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "58 CHtTRCH AND STATE.\\nFormosus made what feeble defense he dared, but the\\nassembly representing the voice of God on earth, declared\\nFormosus guilty and deposed him from office. The\\npapal garments were torn from the corpse, the three\\nfingers with which he had given divine blessing were\\nchopped off, and the body dragged out of the church by\\nthe heels, and thrown into the Tiber.\\n5. Otto the Great Called to Italy. Under\\nsuch a papacy Italy^s condition was pitiable indeed.\\nNeither the local king nor the pope was able to keep\\nthe peace, and in 951 Otto marched to Pavia and was\\ncrowned king of Italy. Before he could reach Rome he\\nhad to return home and spend ten years in repelling\\ninvasions and securing his authority in Germany. In\\nthe summer of 961, however, Otto is again in Italy.\\nMutual protestations of friendship. Otto admitted by\\nthe Pope to Rome to be crowned Emperor. But Otto\\ncharged his sword bearer While I am praying in St.\\nPeter^s keep your sword close to my head. When once\\nwe reach Monte Mario again you shall have time to\\npray as much as you like. It was not likely such a\\nfriendship would last. Soon the Pope displeased Otto\\nand a war began.\\n6. Otto s Prime Mistake. The policy of the\\nEmpire should just now have been the reverse of the\\npapal policy outlined above (Sec. 3). Otto should have\\nremained in Germany till his own dominions were\\nthoroughly welded. Then with a powerful and united\\nGermany at his back an Emperor might have withstood", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "CHURCH AND STATE. 59\\nthe Papacy. Otto forsook his real support, Germany,\\nfor an imaginary one, the Empire, and German unity\\nwas put off nearly a thousand years. (Chap. XXV, 6.)\\nCHAPTER XX.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE STRUGGLE FOR\\nPOL.ITICAL1 SUPREMACY.\\n1. Peeparations for the Struggle. As we\\nenter upon the history of the great conflict of the Middle\\nAges, the struggle between the religious and the secular\\npowers for the mastery in European affairs, it becomes\\nimportant above all things to get a clear idea of the con-\\nditions under which this conflict was begun. The\\nimmediate successors of Otto the Great (especially Otto\\nIII) continued his policy neglected Germany for the\\nEmpire. Tlie Roman factions, at last worn out, asked\\nOtto to name a Pope. First German to become pope\\n(Bruno) as Gregory V. Empire and Papacy at peace.\\nWithin a few months Sylvester II. became pope and\\nimmediately pushed the claim to papal supremacy.\\nChristianization of Hungary and the northeast. Otto\\nIII. wished to make Rome his capital, and imagined\\nwild things about an empire that was never to be\\nbecause it must depend not upon the imagination but\\nupon the sword. Otto s successor, Henry II. (1002-\\n1024) of Bavaria saw that Germany was really to be\\ncontrolled through the great bishoprics. These, there-\\nfore, Henry determined to conciliate and control.\\n2. The Papal Platform. It was during the\\nreign of Henry II. that the three points on which the", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "60 CHURCH AND STATE.\\npapacy made i ts great fight for political power came into vie w.\\n(1) Celibacy of the parish clergy through all its orders.\\n(2) Purity of election to ecclesiastical positions simony\\nforbidden. (3) Papal investiture the bishop should\\nreceive the right to perform the duties of his office from\\nno layman whomsoever, but from the Pope alone. It\\nwas the third which was aimed directly at the Empire,\\nand it was around this question of investiture that\\nChurch and State waged a devastating war for more than\\ntwo hundred years.\\n3. HiLDEBRAND, PoPE GREGORY VII. Henry II.\\nappointed bishops nevertheless, both in Germany and in\\nItaly. But in making a strong national church he forgot\\nthat these men might in a final issue put Church before\\nState. Henry s successors (Conrad II., 1024-1039, and\\nHenry III, 1039-105 pushed the same policy with\\nsuccess. The German episcopacy stood by the Empire,\\nand Henry III. made himself practically independent of\\nthe Popes. Henry IV. was but an infant at his accession,\\nand the Pope, Victor 11. was made his guardian. Victor\\nwas a German and did not use this opportunity to over-\\nthrow the Empire. Victor s death, with the Empire in\\nthe hands of a child, brought back the Roman factions\\nand produced a Roman Pope, Stephen X. Soon died\\npoisoned. Lateran Synod (1059) established college\\nof bishops for election of Popes constitution for an\\nindependent church. Fifteen years later Hildebrand\\ncaused himself to be hastily elected Pope as Gregory\\nVII. (1073) without consulting the Emperor.", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "CHUECH AND STATE. 61\\n4. Henry IV and Gregory VII. A rebellion of\\nthe Saxons allowed Gregory at once to begin open war-\\nfare against Henry IV. Gregory allied himself with\\nHenry s rebellious subjects, and in 1075 called a synod\\nin which Lay Investiture (what?) was first prohibited.\\nFrom the Dictatus Papae it is clear that the aim of\\nGregory s policy was nothing short of a complete subju-\\ngation of every earthly power to the final arbitrament of\\nKome. Henry paid no attention to these pretensions\\nof the Pope. The Pope remonstrated Henry invested\\nbishops. The Pope excommunicated Henry s officers\\nHenry retained them in his service. Then came mes-\\nsengers to say to Henry that he must dismiss these\\nofficers and cease to invest bishops or he would be\\nexcommunicated. Immediately Germany was in a fever\\nof excitement. National Council at Worms declared\\nindependence of the Pope and called on the Italians to\\ndo likewise. Henry was deposed and excommunicated.\\nAt first no attention was paid to either, but slowly the\\nPope gathered power. Agreement reached that Henry\\nshould be practically a prisoner at Speier, and unless he\\ncould free himself from the excommunication by the next\\nFebruary his people should be absolved from allegiance.\\n5. Canossa. 1077. Henry now saw that he must\\nescape the excommunication at any cost. Journeyed in\\nwinter across the Alps. Outwitted the Pope who was\\nhastening to Germany to turn his advantage to full\\naccount. Gregory was fairly caught. He kept the\\nking waiting three days, (Henry stood barefoot iu the", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "62 CHURCH AND STATE.\\nsnow without the gate?), then restored him to favor.\\nThe Pope had gone too far, and for several years every-\\nthing turned once more in favor of the Empire. Gregory\\nexiled to Salerno where he died 1085. I have loved\\njustice and hated iniquity, therefore I die in exile, were\\nthe last words of the greatest man of his time, one of\\nthe greatest of all time.\\n6. End of the Struggle. Soon after Henry s\\nson rebelled and the Pope became supreme. Henry IV\\ndied defeated. Concordat of Worms (1122). Com-\\npromise (what?) Still the struggle dragged on. Ger-\\nmany falling into jealous, independent states. The Popes\\npursued their policy till the extinction of the Hoheustauffen\\nHouse in 1254, when they became completely victorious\\nand Germany was left without a ruler. The Great\\nInterregnum.", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "CHANGE FROM MEDIEVAL TO MODERN CONDITIONS. 63\\nPart V. -CHANGE FROM MEDIEVAL\\nTO MODERN CONDITIONS.\\nCHAPTER XXI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE NORTHMEN.\\nTHE CITIES.\\n1. Who were the Northmen? The bold sea-\\nrovers and pirates of Scandinavia and Denmark. As\\nearly as 787 the coast of England had been attacked by\\npirates from the continent. Alfred the Great finally\\nbeat these back and restricted them to the Danelaw.\\n(Treaty of Chippenham, 878). After a century and a\\nquarter of struggle, however, England was forced to\\nyield and these hardy seamen ruled the country from\\n1016 to 1042.\\n2. Northmen in France. The Northmen are said\\nto have appeared in France as early as the time of Karl\\nthe Great. Karl wept when he saw one of their swift\\nships in the Seine, because, said he, I foresee the\\nmisery they will bring my country. Charles the Sim-\\nple settled Hollo and his followers on the Lower Seine\\n(911). Normandy. William the Conqueror. Four cen-\\nturies of desolation for France ending with close of the\\nHundred Years War, 1451. (Ch. IX.)\\n5. Northmen in Italy and Elsewhere. South-\\nern Italy was held partly by the Saracens and partly by", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "64 CHANGE FROM MEDIEVAL TO MODERN CONDITIONS.\\nthe Eastern Emperor. In 1016 a band of Norman\\npilgrims was shipwrecked at Salerno (where?). They\\nimmediately began war on the Saracens. By 1081 they\\nwere secure in Italy and ready under their brave leader,\\nRobert Guiscard, to attack the Eastern Empire. Robert\\nwould probably have overthrown the Eastern Empire\\nhad not Gregory VII. recalled him to help against\\nHenry IV. (Chap. XX., 4). Kingdom of the Two\\nSicilies founded. The Northmen had also pushed east-\\nward through Russia as far as Novgorod. They had\\nsettled Iceland (874?), discovered America (1000), and,\\nas we have seen, established themselves firmly in Eng-\\nland, France, and Italy. (Chap. X. also Wheaton s\\nHistory of the Northmen Arts. Normauds and Nor-\\nmans, in Encyc. Brit.)\\n4. Development of the Cities in the Twelfth\\nCentury. As governments became more stable the\\npeasant class gained rapidly in importance. Began to\\nform communities, villages, cities, which could make\\nbetter terms with the lord than could individuals.\\n(Guilds. Find what these were.) Did medieval cities\\nhave an independent origin, or did they spring from\\nRoman corporations? Probably both. Cities soon be-\\ncame centers of wealth. (Why Kings and lords\\ngranted them liberties in return for money furnished.\\nFree cities.\\n5. The Hanseatic League, 1330 Circa 1500.\\nAt first a league of merchauts to protect trade when\\ngovernment was little more than the right to defend", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "CHANGE FKOM MEDIEVAL TO MODERN CONDITIONS. 65\\noneself against the Robber Barons. (Who were these?)\\nLater a league of eighty-five or more cities of Germany\\nand the Baltic for the control of commerce in their own\\ninterest. Conquest of Denmark Treaty of Stralsund.\\nFrom 1361 the League was a political power able to\\ndictate to some neighboring states. Federal government.\\nAssemblies met once a year, usually at Lubeck. Their\\nRecesse (laws) have been preserved. During the\\nfifteenth century the Hansa became gradually weaker\\nthrough (1) jealousy, (2) stronger governments pro-\\ntection no longer needed, (3) geographical discoveries,\\n(4) loss of independence by the towns as feudal privileges\\ndisappeared.\\nCHAPTER XXII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE RENAISSANCE AND\\nTHE UNIVERSITIES.\\n1. What Was the Renaissance? That revival\\nof interest in the life and literature of ancient Greece\\nand Rome which came to its full flower in the age of\\nDante, Petrarch and Boccaccio. It has no date, but is\\nusually associated with the thirteenth and fourteenth\\ncenturies. It will be best understood by a glimpse of\\nthe men who led in the new learning.\\n2. Dante Alighieri. Born 1265, i. e., just about\\nthe end of the great struggle between the Empire and\\nthe Papacy, and the close of the Crusades. Forerunner\\nof the Renaissance, but not himself a Humanist. (One\\nwho cultivated the humanities,^ i. e., classical life and\\nliterature, as distinguished from the theological subjects\\n3", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "QQ CHANGE FROM MEDIEVAL TO MODERN CONDITIONS.\\nwhich had been all the fashion.) Studied all the feraous\\npoets, also Philosophy, Theology, Astrology, Arithmetic,\\nGeometry, and History. Skilful draughtsman. Became\\nembroiled with the political factions of Florence the\\nBlacks and the Whites. Dante banished the\\nheads of both factions, but was afterwards himself\\ncondemned to pay 5,000 lire in three days or suffer con-\\nfiscation of his property. He was soon after condemned\\nto be burned. Escaped, and in his wanderings probably\\nwent to England and visited Oxford University. Last\\ndays spent in poverty. Died at Ravenna, 1321.\\n3, Petrarch. Francesco Petr arc a. 1304-1374.\\nA leading Humanist, a lover of the New Learning.\\nHis father had been a notary in the Florentine Court\\nbut was expelled. Petrarch disliked law, his father s\\nprofession, but loved the works of the classical writers.\\nHis father was angered and threw his books of poetry\\nand rhetoric into the fire, but relented on account of his\\nson s entreaties in time to save a Virgil and a half-\\nburned Cicero. (How were books made in those days?\\nWhat was their value?) Left in poverty at his\\nfather s death. Took orders. Traveled and won fame\\nas a poet. Honored by University of Paris offered\\nhim the poet s laurel crown which, however, he accepted\\nfrom King Robert of Naples. Declined papal secretary-\\nship and many other honors. A lover of learning and\\nmade it the fashion to love learning. Petrarch brought\\nthe men of his time into intelligent contact with antiquity.\\nWas found dead in his library among his books.", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "CHANGE FROM MEDIEVAL TO MODERN CONDITIONS. 67\\n4. Boccaccio, Giovanni. 1313-1375. Illegitimate\\nson of a wealthy merchant. Wrote poetry at the age of\\nseven. Hated commerce tried law, but preferred to\\nwrite. First work of Boccaccio was a prose tale. His\\npoetry severely criticized. The young queen Giovanna\\nof Naples showed him favor, and it was to please her\\nthat he wrote the Decameron a distinctly human work,\\nstrongly opposed to the theological mold in which pre-\\nvious learning had been cast. Offered a chair in Flor-\\nence University to interpret Dante s Divina Commedia.\\nAccepted. Died poor, leaving his books to his father\\nconfessor.\\n5. Study and report these earlier lovers of learning\\nGregory of Tours, historian of the Franks Karl the\\nGreat, Alcuin, Paulus. Diaconus (Paul the Deacon, the\\nhistorian of the Lombards), Berengar of Tours, Anselm,\\nAbelard (1079-1142), Bernard of Clairvaux, Thomas\\nAquinas, Duns Scotus. Also topics like Karling Renais-\\nsance, Transubstantiatiou, Predestination, Asceticism,\\nCluny, The Cluniac Reforms, Scholasticism, Nominal-\\nism, Realism, Mysticism, The Mendicant Scholars, St.\\nFrancis of Assissi, St. Dominic, the Wandering\\nScholars.\\n6. The University of Paris. One of the oldest\\nof the Universities, dating back perhaps to the eleventh\\ncentury. The rise of universities in the Middle Age\\npoints to the emancipation of scholarship and teaching\\nfrom monastic control. One expression of the Revival\\nof Learning. The universities were at first no more", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "68 CHANGE FROM MEDIEVAL TO MODERN CONDITIONS.\\nthan associations of teachers and learners usually a\\ngreat leader of thought (as William of Champeaux at\\nParis) with his followers gathered to his lectures. Usually\\nin important centres. Frequent collisions between town\\nand gown. Among the early universities Paris came\\nto stand for Theology, Bologna for Law, Salerno for\\nMedicine (The three learned professions to this day).\\n(Find origin and meaning of degrees A. B., A. M., Ph.D.)\\nCHAPTER XXIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE GREAT PROTEST-\\nANT REFORMATION.\\n1. Wycliffe. (1320 (?)-1384.)\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Perhaps the rela-\\ntion (or distinction) between the Revival of Learning\\nand the Reformation may be best understood by noticing\\nthat Wycliffe, the forerunner of the Reformation, was\\nborn almost in the very year in which Dante, the fore-\\nrunner of the Revival of Learning, died. The Renais-\\nsance means the breaking away from the orthodox modes\\nof thought; the Reformation, the breaking away from\\nthe orthodox modes of life and action. Wycliffe was an\\nOxford man one of the ablest preachers of his time.\\nHis first writing was political denied the right of the\\nchurch to meddle in temporal affairs finally denied the\\nright of the church to any temporal possessions what-\\never. (See seven points of his creed, Encyc. Brit., Art.\\nWycliffe. Wycliffe made first complete English ver-\\nsion of the Bible, and sent plain men to preach the\\ntruth as found in it. Denied doctrine of transubstantia-", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "CHANGE FROM MEDIEVAL TO MODERN CONDITIONS. 69\\ntion tried for heresy supported by Oxford cited to\\nRome by Urban VI refused to go. Died in Leicester-\\nshire. The Council of Constance (1415) ordered his re-\\nmains to be dug up and burned. Order executed (1428.)\\n3. John Huss. A Bohemian. Born 1369. Learned\\nand then taught the doctrines of Wycliffe. Pope issued\\na bull (1409) ordering the abjuration of all Wycliffite\\nheresies and the surrender of all his books. Four hun-\\ndred Wycliffe books burned in courtyard of palace of\\nArchbishop of Prague. Henceforth Huss publicly\\ndefended Wycliffe. Excommunicated. Huss then de-\\nnounced sale of Indulgences.^ Sent for to attend\\nCouncil of Constance (1418). Went under the solemn\\npromise of the Emperor Sigismund that his life should\\nbe protected. Basely betrayed. Burned July 6th, 1415.\\nHe was the chief intermediary in handing on from\\nWycliffe to Luther the torch which kindled the\\nReformation.\\n3. Erasmus Desiderius. (1466-1536). Born out\\nof wedlock at Rotterdam. Cared for by his father, but\\nboth father and mother died young. Erasmus was a\\nhumanist, not a reformer, but his great learning and\\nwritings were in both time and form so perfectly suited\\nto the needs of the Reformers that he is regarded\\nas belonging to the Reformation. The Pope said\\nErasmus laid the egg, Luther hatched it. He was\\ndestined for a monastic life but loathed it. Made his\\nway to Paris, afterward to Oxford, England. Always\\nmiserably poor. A prodigious worker. Most noted for", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "70 CHANGE FROM MEDIEVAL TO MODERN CONDITIONS.\\na Greek version of the New TestameDt, with copious\\nnotes which the church found most hateful. The\\npurpose of his life was to fight the battle of sound\\nlearning and plain common sense against the powers of\\nignorance and superstition.\\n4. Martin Luther. (1483-1546). Enough has\\nbeen said to show that although Luther has come to be\\nknown as the Great Reformer; he was by no means the\\nReformation. Luther succeeded mainly because the\\nreturn to the simple truths of the Bible as taught by\\nWycliffe and Huss had gained rapidly in force, and the\\nPope found himself unable to burn all who had the\\ncourage to stand for truth against churchism. Luther\\ndenied transubstantiation WyclifFe s decayed body had\\nbeen dug from the ground and burned because Wycliffe\\nhad preached against transubstantiation. Luther revolted\\nand nailed his Theses to the door of Wittenburg\\nChurch because the open, shameless sale of indulgences\\nto get money to build St. Peter s at Rome had insulted\\nhim Huss had been betrayed and burned because he\\nhad dared to raise his voice against the sale of indul-\\ngences. Luther was warned, then excommunicated; but\\nGermany had come to his side. Tried at the great Diet\\nat Worms, Luther, like Huss, refused to recant but in\\nLuther s case the treacherous effort to betray him in\\nspite of the Emperor s safe conduct (what failed. The\\nReformation had become a fact. Not Luther but Ger-\\nmany had revolted from the Church. The effort of\\nSpain to crush political liberty was defeated by England", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "CHANGE FROM MEDIEVAL TO MODERN CONDITIONS. 71\\nArmada, 1588. (Creasy, Ch. X.) The effort of the\\nchurch to crush religious liberty was doomed to utter\\ndefeat from the day that Luther s safety became assured,\\nand was acknowledged by the Treaty of Westphalia, 1648.\\n5. Calvin. 1509-1564. A Frenchman by birth.\\nLed the Reformation in France (where it failed practi-\\ncally), and also (with Zwingle) in Switzerland (where it\\nsucceeded). Calvin differed with Luther on some\\ndoctrinal points and a meeting was arranged to adjust\\ndifferences. Failed Luther refused the proffered hand\\nof friendship. The English church founded by Henry\\nVIII. became Calvinistic through religious exiles who\\nlearned Calvin s doctrines in the Netherlands and carried\\nthem back to England.\\nCHAPTER XXIV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 THE FRENCH REVOLU-\\nTION. 1789.\\n1. France Before the Revolution. We left\\nFrance at the end of the Hundred Years War (1451)\\nwith her territory at last pretty well consolidated. With\\nLouis XII. (1498) the House of Orleans came to the\\nthrone. This dynasty won back Calais, the last English\\npossession in France. The Huguenot Wars (1 562-1 598),\\ncaused by cruel persecution. Civil wars continually\\nthrough the reign of Henry III. House of Bourbon\\nHenry IV. King of IS avarre, a Protestant. Life in\\ndanger till he became a Catholic. He issued Edict of\\nNantes (1598) giving Huguenots equal political rights", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "72 CHANGE FROM MEDIEVAL TO MODERN CONDITIONS.\\nwith Catholics. His great minister was Sully. Then\\ncame Louis XIII., under whom the States General\\ncalled for last time (1614) before the Revolution.\\nRichelieu. Louis sister became wife of Charles I, of\\nEngland and gave her name to Maryland. Mary\\nde Medici. Louis XIV. (1643-1715). Five years old.\\nFrance reduced to absolute dependence on the king.\\nL etat, c est moi. Mazarin. Colbert. Madame de\\nMaintenon. Edict of Nantes revoked 1688. Huguenots\\nflee to America. Louis XV. The Well-beloved.^\\nAfter us the Deluge. Louis XVI. became king of a\\nstarving people. The Revolution could be put off no\\nlonger.\\n2. Outbreak of the Revolution. Louis XVI.\\nhad neither the courag-e to reform the State nor the\\nstrength to rule it as it was. Maurepas, Turgot, Necker,\\nand Calonne successively called to the task of reform.\\nFailed. Assembly of Notables summoned (1787). Soon\\ndissolved without effecting anything. As a last resort\\nStates General summoned for first time in 175 years,\\nMay 5, 1789. Vote by orders or by individuals? Tiers\\netat at last revolted, assumed title of National (Constituent)\\nAssembly, June 17, 1789. Hall locked. Met in tennis\\ncourt President Bailly. Oath of the Tennis Court\\nnot to separate till they had made a constitution. Clergy\\nand nobility join the commons. Rumors of dissolving\\nthe Assembly, dismissal of Necker, and concentration of\\ntroops around Paris, led to the Destruction of Bastile,\\nJuly 14th, 1789. The Revolution had begun in earnest.", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "CHANGE FROM MEDIEVAL TO MODERN CONDITIONS. 73\\n3. Execution of Louis XVI., January 21, 1793.\\nThe National Assembly continued its work of con-\\nstitution-making in the midst of the worst disorders.\\nParis practically in the hands of a mob all the time.\\nHunger. March of the mob of women to Versailles.\\nInsurrections in the districts. (What were the Assig-\\nnats?) Constitution adopted on the anniversary of the\\ndestruction of the Bastile, 1790. Jacobin and other\\nclubs organized. New constitution went into effect with\\nthe meeting of the Legislative Assembly, October 1, 1791.\\nThe Girondists. The Mountain. Prussia and Austria\\nunite against the Revolutionists. Defeated. Tuilleries\\nstormed. Massacre of the Swiss Guards. (Thorwald-\\nsen s Lion, Lake Lucerne, Switzerland.) Jacobins in\\npower. Jail deliv^ery. Danton Minister of Justice.\\nNational Convention composed entirely of Republicans,\\nSeptember 21, 1792. Monarchy abolished. Louis XVI.\\ntried before this assembly and condemned sentenced to\\nbe beheaded.\\n4. Reign of Terror. Reaction. Committee of\\nPublic Safety (9 then 12), headed by Danton and Robe-\\nspierre. Reign of Terror ended with the fall of\\nRobespierre, July 27, 1794. Moderate Party in con-\\ntrol. By the Constitution of 1795, Paris established the\\nGovernment of the Directory. (1) Executive directory of\\nfive persons. (2) Legislative, Council of Elders (250),\\nand a Council of Five Hundred.", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "74 CHANGE FROM MEDIEVAL TO MODERN CONDITIONS.\\nCHAPTER XXV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 NAPOLEON BONAPARTE.\\n1. The Italian Campaign. Napoleon was born\\nAugust 15, 1769, in Corsica. Family probably noble\\nbut very poor. Was sent to military school of Brienne,\\nParis. Led his comrades in mock battles and read\\nPlutarch s Lives. At the age of twenty-six the Directory\\nput him in command of the troops in Paris. Turned his\\ncannon on the mob and reduced the city to order. Direc-\\ntory sent three armies against Austria. Jourdan and\\nMoreau on the north. Napoleon in Italy. Defeated the\\nAustrians in a series of battles. Note Lodi Siege of\\nMantua, and Areola. Took the Pope prisoner. Peace\\nof Campo Formio, October 17, 1797. Austria lost the\\nBelgian provinces, Ionian Islands, Cisalpine Republic.\\n2. Napoleon, First Consul. 1799-1804. Napo-\\nleon s Egyptian Campaign (1798-1799) followed his\\nbrilliant achievements in Italy. Battle of the Pyramids:\\nSoldiers, forty centuries look down upon you. Failure\\nof his attempt upon Akko. (Where French fleet\\ndestroyed by Nelson at Aboukir (where 1798. Novem-\\nber 9, 1799, the Council of Five Hundred overthrew the\\nDirectory and made Bonaparte, who had just arrived\\nfrom Egypt without orders, First Consul for ten years.\\nNew constitution Senate of Eighty elected for life\\ntribunate of One Hundred to discuss measures without\\nvoting; legislative chamber of Three Hundred with\\npower only to accept or reject measures without debate.\\nExecutive in hands of First Consul with a council of\\nState. Legislature had no initiative.", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "CHANGE FROM MEDIEVAL TO MODERN CONDITIONS. 75\\n3. Peace of Luneville. February 9th, 1801.\\nNapoleon offered peace refused by Austria, but Russia\\nwas won over. Napoleon in Italy, Moreau in Germany.\\nAustria ground between the upper and nether mill stones.\\nMassena defeated. Genoa taken by siege, passage of the\\nAlps (Great St. Bernard Pass), Marengo (1800). Just\\nbefore Marengo, Moreau had defeated the Austrians at\\nHohenlinden, and the next year, February 9, 1801,\\nPeace of Luneville (where Austria thoroughly humili-\\nated. Lost Tuscany, the left bank of the Rhine, and\\nacknowledged the Batavian, Helvetian, Cisalpine, and\\nLigurian Republics. The next year the Peace of Amiens\\n(where March 27, 1802, with England. Napoleon then\\ncaused himself to be elected Consul for life. On the 18th\\nMay, 1804, he was proclaimed Emperor as Napoleon I.\\n4. The Russian Campaign. Soon England, Prussia,\\nAustria and Russia united against Napoleon. Battle of\\nTrafalgar (1805). Nelson England expects every\\nman to do his duty.^ Austerlitz. Truce with Austria.\\nTreaty of Presburg. Prussia humbled. Confederation\\nof the Rhine (1806). End of the Holy Roman Empire\\nby the abdication of Francis II., Emperor of Austria\\nsince 1804. War again with Prussia and Russia. Jena\\nand Auerstadt (1806) Eylau and Friedland (1807).\\nPeace of Tilsit meeting of Alexander, Napoleon and\\nFrederick William on a raft in the Niemen. Russia\\nforced to consent to the dismemberment of Prussia.\\nDuchy of Warsaw formed out of her eastern possessions,\\nwhile she was compelled to cede all her territory between\\nthe Rhine and the Elbe. But peace could not be main-", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "76 CHANGE FROM MEDIEVAL TO MODERN CONDITIONS.\\ntaiiied, and after Napoleon s failure in Spain backed by\\nEngland Wellington and another defeat of Austria\\nWagram (1809), followed by the peace of Vienna an\\ninvasion of Russia was undertaken 1812. The march\\non Moscow Borodino Moscow burned (by the Rus-\\nsians The retreat Passage of the Berezina.\\n5. Battle of Waterloo. After the terrible failure\\nof the campaign in Russia, Napoleon s enemies once\\nmore united against him.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 War of Liberation (1813).\\nA long series of battles culminating in the battle of\\nLeipzig. Battle of the Nations, October 16, 18, 19,\\n1813. Napoleon totally defeated and his army nearly\\ndestroyed on the retreat premature destruction of the\\nbridge over the Elster. Allies cross the Rhine and enter\\nParis after hard fighting, March 31, 1814. Napoleon\\nmade a futile attempt to poison himself. Was sent to\\nElba. Soon escaped. The Hundred Days. Defeated\\nat Waterloo, June 18, 1815, by Wellington and Blucher,\\nand died at St. Helena (where?) 1821.\\n6. Establishment of the German Empire,\\nJanuary 18, 1871. Prussia rapidly recovered after\\nNapoleon s fall Confederation of the Rhine came to an\\nend 1813 (sec. 4). German Confederation with Austria\\nand Prussia as leaders 1815-1866. Six weeks war\\nthrust Austria out. Prussia formed the North German\\nConfederation 1866. German unity finally achieved\\nthrough the Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871. King\\nof Prussia proclaimed at Versailles Emperor of the\\nGermans as William I., January 18, 1871. The King\\nof Prussia is always to be the Emperor.\\nf 80", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3367", "width": "2092", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "it\\n.0*\\nV* :i\\nf\\ni^v.\\n,0 0\u00c2\u00ab\\n^0\\n4\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2o.o*\\n1\\nO.\\nvO^\\nV I*-\\n\u00c2\u00abv\\n1^\\n^v^ l^: -0^^:;^\\no\\n^-tjjn-^_^\\nv^\\nV v\\n^fK. V\\n4*-\\nP\\nr\\n\u00c2\u00ab_!\\nWERT\\n.\u00e2\u0099\u00a6^\u00e2\u0080\u00a2v.\\nBOOKBINDING m^ -o;\\nGrantville. Pa Bj *o G\\nMA\\\\ JUNE 1989 fl -y*^ A\\n4\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2o t-", "height": "3372", "width": "2128", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3472", "width": "2187", "jp2-path": "notesinhistoryor00ward_0084.jp2"}}