{"1": {"fulltext": "i\\nHi\\nTH\\nWSWJWM\\nl O Qoc i cr o c\\nIQ CaBSw cccc.^- 4. x\\nra g s?\\n3952 ..;_\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\\n^sa^-i g g^aueaggsa-T^e .lOig^Jg ps-ssj\\ngggraHlfflaBWl\\nISpgpIS gsIs^gr \u00c2\u00a7at^5fafcHg^^a r ue\\n33f5*Sij523 i^S:rcoxssx;?7i;v* u s-H5--^^f3oooctx:pc 5l?5hIt5Sc| f^f\u00c2\u00a3f-n5c?S tt:t: n;x:rrTT* xn r_rCi2l5- tSf^tSS s I\\nSSfcc.Ui ^i :v^iJ \u00c2\u00aeJv T\u00c2\u00abic iv ii:.-: ;K j :\u00e2\u0080\u0098S .~4r.: ItT: x sfeijfe?0 ?HH^f!H f :JS 1 ::r. f C:.. ^StHslriSc: \u00e2\u0080\u009cinf-tftj?:\\n2a i ns-~? 5^?- ^g^ ^y^s?3grg^^%Tgg3H.-ticii^kai. i\\nt- DM QQ\\n;rcr;t\\nr. rr\\nrxaptt* viciJ r tSdcc\\n-*^r.7f^rrf cof^gqcc ea i ppp\u00c2\u00ab ^f. a\u00c2\u00bbg\\nW COC OC Cf^i\\nvrrSTjr t*t 5 -Jr\\nioi(mii", "height": "3455", "width": "2153", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.\\nVV Sfel 5\\nChap,.Copyright No._\\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA.\\nt\\nV", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "1", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "Handrailing Simplified\\nSECTORIAN SYSTEM.\\nBeing a novel method of finding the curves, twists,\\nwreaths, ramps and cuts for handrailing\\nover circular and elliptical stairs.\\nThis method of finding the lines and angles for stair-railing does away\\nto a great extent with the mystifying lines and references\\nso necessary to build a handrail by any of the\\nold systems.\\nBy AN EXPERIENCED ARCHITECT.\\nEdited and Revised by\\nFRED, T. HODGSON.\\nNEW YORK\\nWILLIAM T. COMSTOCK,\\n23 Warren Street,\\n1900.", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "TWO COPIES RECEIVED*\\nLibrary of CeisgrotS\\nOffice of the\\nMAR 2 8 1900\\nKeglster of Copyrights\\n60037\\nCopyright,\\nWM. T. COMSTOCK,\\nNew York, 1900.\\n6\u00c2\u00a3CQND GQPY f\\nSb v\\nl? O", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nAmong: the systems of hand-railing that have been introduced\\nduring the past sixty years in this country and abroad, not one of\\nthem is better adapted to the capacity of the average workman\\nthan the one presented in this volume. The system was first in\u00c2\u00ac\\nvented by Mr. Wm. Forbes, a well-known architect of Richmond,\\nYa., many years ago, and was practised by him and others for a\\nnumber of years, but did not make much headway, because of its\\nlack of publicity. About 1874 Mr. Forbes made an effort to let the\\nworld know his system, and had a pamphlet published, in which\\nthe outlines of the system were fully explained, but, for lack of\\nmeans and a knowledge of the methods of pushing such a book on\\nthe market, the venture was a failure, and very few of the books\\nw r ere sold. Shortly after Mr. Forbes died, but not before he had\\nmade several additions and improvements, which are embodied in\\nthe present work, along with other improvements, additions and\\ncorrections, that time and practise have suggested.\\nit is not claimed in this work that by this system a better rail\\ncan be produced than by other working systems, but it is claimed\\nthat by this system handrails of any size or shape can be produced\\nin less time and wdth as little material as by any other method,\\nand that a fair knowledge of handrail-making can be obtained by\\nthis system with less labor than by any other system known.\\nThe SECTORIAN SYSTEM, as this system was first called, re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquires neither gauge or elliptic curves, no piece of stuff wider in\\none part than another, and no piece thicker than the width of the\\nrail; these are qualities possessing a commercial value in these\\ndays of costly materials and expensive skilled labor.\\nThis system, while not perhaps as scientific as some, is not\\nlong -winded; it is a simple short cut to satisfactory results, which\\nare accomplished without wading through the toilsome abstruse\\nsystem of Riddell, Nicholson, De Graff and others.\\nA brief study and very little practise will enable the workman\\nto understand the whole system. THE EDITOR.\\nNew York, January, 1900.", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nPlan of Sector.\\nThe System.\\nVarious Plans.\\nSemi-Circular Stairs.\\nCircular Platform Stairs.\\nQuarter-Space Stairs.\\nDouble Platform Stairs.\\nStair Carriage.\\nHorsing Strings.\\nWinding Stair.\\nNewel Ramp.\\nSpiral Stair.\\nElliptical Stair.\\nAppendix\\nGeneral Remarks.\\nProportioning Treads.\\nSection and Plans of Stairs\\nSquare Platform Stair....\\nMitred Strings.\\nStair Brackets.\\nNewel Attachment.\\nFastening Cylinder.\\nPage.\\n7\\n9\\n14\\n16\\n22\\n24\\n26\\n27\\n29\\n30\\n33\\n35\\n36\\n39\\n40\\n4i\\n43\\n45\\n47\\n48\\n49\\n50", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "I\\nHANDRAILING SIMPLIFIED.\\n-:o:-\\nSIMPLE, EASILY UNDERSTOOD AND EFFECTIVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nBY AN EXPERIENCED ARCHITECT.\\nThe first things to be considered in a study of this sys\u00c2\u00ac\\ntem, are the tools or instruments required to accomplish\\nthe results desired.\\nThe following description and diagrams will initiate the\\nreader. Follow each line and instruction clearly, or, better\\nstill, make drawings same as shown, only on a larger scale,\\nand you will get an insight into the system that you could\\nnot acquire otherwise.\\nFig. i is the sector, on which the system is founded;\\nit is made of two boards joined together with hinges, so\\nthat the joint on the face will be close in any position; the\\nedges beveled so as to allow it to fold back to an angle of\\n|o o|\\n3\\nSector\\nE\\nI\\nFig\\n1\\nninety degrees. Each leaf may be two feet long by one\\nfoot wide, with the ends clamped to prevent warping.\\nFig. 2 is a section of Fig. i, showing a brace of wire\\nto keep it in position to any angle.", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "8\\nsectorian system\\nFig. 3 is the tangent bevel, used on the face of the sector\\nto obtain tangents.\\nFig. 4 is the bevel used on the sector and tangent bevel,\\nand produces the spring and plumb bevels on wreath\\npieces of rail.\\nFig. 5 is the plan of a semicircular piece of wreath. The\\nhorizontal lines of the triangles show the stretch-out of\\nthe convex and concave edges of the wreath, which is ob\u00c2\u00ac\\ntained by dividing the radius of the circle into four parts,\\ntaking three of them in the dividers and extending to five\\nas shown; then draw lines, cutting chord as shown. The\\nlines of the two triangles are parallel to each other.\\n4\\njoints of wreaths after the tangents are drawn from the\\nsector.\\nBy close inspection it will be seen that two lengths are\\nshown\u00e2\u0080\u0094the dots showing the centre line of the curve to\\neach piece. This will be shown to better advantage In\\nsucceeding drawings.", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "OF HANDRAILING.\\nFig. 7 shows the scale of the diagrams and is intended\\nfor all the illustrations that follow.\\nHaving a thorough knowledge now of the tools or\\ninstruments to be used, we will proceed to put this knowl\u00c2\u00ac\\nedge to use by laying out a rail for a platform stairs on a\\nlevel landing having a six-inch cylinder or well-hole and\\na three and a half-inch rail. Before proceeding further,\\nStretch-out of Circumference\\nhowever, it will be just as well to explain that this book\\nand all that is shown therein has nothing to do with build\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the body or carriage of the stairs; it simply refers to\\nbuilding the rail only, with the understanding, of course,\\nthat the stairs are built in accordance with some recog\u00c2\u00ac\\nnized system; for be it known, that a circular, or dog\u00c2\u00ac\\nlegged stairs, built and finished by an inexperienced hand,\\ncan never be surmounted by a rail that will have a grace\u00c2\u00ac\\nful appearance and properly elevated, unless some recog\u00c2\u00ac\\nnized principles are adhered to.\\nFor simple and easy methods of constructing stairs in", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "10\\nSECTORIAN SYSTEM\\na proper manner, the reader is referred to \u00e2\u0080\u009cStairbuild\u00c2\u00ac\\ning Made Easy/ which contains pretty nearly all the in\u00c2\u00ac\\nformation concerning the erection of the bodies and car\u00c2\u00ac\\nriages of stairs the students will ever be called upon to\\nexercise. But, to our subject:\\nLet Fig. 8 show the stretch-out of rail as at a inside\\nand out. Through the centre of the rail, at the top and\\nsides, are tangents which intersect, and which are of the\\nfirst importance in the development of this work, as all\\nrails are worked from centres.\\nScale \u00e2\u0080\u0098j f p i _|_|_|_ t _ i i _\\nFig. 9 is the tangent bevel, so called, as the instrument\\nused for obtaining the oblique bevel across the face of the\\nsector, Fig. ii, when closed to a light angle or any other\\nangle required.\\nFig. 12 is the lower part of wreath; the form of which\\nis obtained by first spreading the sector and getting the", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "OF HANDRAILING.\\n11\\ndistance from b to c, Fig. to, and applying it to the\\nsector each way as shown; then raise perpendiculars from\\nthese points and draw a base line, starting at b across\\nto the left, and set up half raiser at a; then from b\\nshow the rake of the flyers. Now, having obtained this\\nline, close the sector to a right angle, place\\npins on the line, and place the tangent bevel\\nastride the hinge joint, with the inner edge of\\neach blade thinned so as to lie close to the pins, and see\\nracv at this point. Having obtained the bevel, and while\\nin position on the sector, take the spring or small bevel\\nand applv one blade to the face of the sector and the other", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "12\\nSECTORIAN SYSTEM\\nto the tangent bevel at a right angle with the blade;\\nthis gives the spring and plumb lines for the concave and\\nconvex edges of the rail, and by removing the slabs as\\nmarked, the inner and outer twists are obtained for the\\napplication of the falling moulds, which gives the twist of\\nthe top and bottom faces, and also the thickness of the\\nNow remove the tangent bevel from the sector, and lay\\nit flat on the board of which the mould is to be made, and\\nmark from the inner edge of it each way to the chord\\nline on one side and to the centre joint on the other. The\\ndistance is obtained by measuring on the raking line of\\nsector from a and b to the centre. Then, from these\\npoints, on Fig. io, draw at right angle with the tangents\\nthe chord line and centre joint until they intersect at a,\\nwhich makes the point to describe the circle for the\\nwreaths both concave and convex. The sections at the\\nend of the wreath are so well defined, as also the appli-", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "OF HANDRAILING. 13\\ncation of the bevel, that further explanation is deemed\\nunnecessary.\\nFigs. 12 and 13 are the moulds for the concave and\\nconvex surfaces of wreaths, and must be the width of the\\nthickness of the same, and obtained as shown on the sec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntor. Draw a line parallel with rake of wreath; then set\\noff the thickness, and extend the line to the perpendicular\\non the right; then draw rake of flyers extended to d\\nthen take the distance of the stretch-out at Fig. 8 and\\nextend across the sector at a right angle, and from the\\nperpendicular line on the right to point n on the left; the\\ncurves between the rake of wreath flyers give the ramp\\nof rail which completes it.\\nIt is best to make the falling moulds of tin, and bend\\nthem to the twist as evenly as possible, and secure the\\nends. See that the concave mould is pressed firmly in its\\nplace, and well secured to the wreath. The centre per\u00c2\u00ac\\npendicular line should be drawn on the face of both\\nmoulds, giving the rake of the plank from the face. In\\napplying the moulds see that the centre line corresponds\\nwith the centre of rail, and if the moulds are required to\\nbe raised or lowered, do not raise one end more than the\\nother. When all is made secure, take a good hand or\\npanel saw and kerf in top and bottom till the saw touches\\nthe edge of the mould; then work off to the bottom of\\nkerf, and the thickness and twist of wreath are obtained.\\nAll joints are made by squaring from tangents and from\\nthe face of the plank, which should be out of wind or twist\\nwhen the mould is taken. It is seen why I advise tin for\\nthe falling moulds\u00e2\u0080\u0094good stiff pasteboard would answer\\nwith a very careful person. The tin could not injure the\\nsaw much, but the saw might injure the rail by disre\u00c2\u00ac\\ngarding the pasteboard edge.\\nIf this explanation is not sufficiently explicit, what is\\nlacking must be gathered from other portions of the work.\\nThe application of the face-mould on the wreath-piece,\\nas indicated by lines and letters a, a, b, b, c, c and d, d,\\nwill show the slabs to be t^ken off. By reversing the face-\\nmould it will answer for both pieces of wreath.", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "14\\nSECTORIAN SYSTEM\\nTo those who have no acquaintance with the art of\\nhandrailing, some portions of the foregoing may seem\\nrather misty, and to these, if they desire to study this\\ninteresting art, I would advise to obtain a copy of Monc\u00c2\u00ac\\nton\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Geometry,\u00e2\u0080\u009d where they will find some explanations\\nof geometrical terms that will materially aid them in un\u00c2\u00ac\\nderstanding this system of handrailing. In an experience\\nof many years, I find it the most difficult to get the young\\nstudent to understand the working of the sector, if he\\nhas to learn it from a book only. Thirty minutes\u00e2\u0080\u0099 study\\nover the board itself would give so clear an insight in the\\nsystem that scarcely any further instructions would be\\nnecessary.\\nIf the student will experiment a little with the sector,\\nlaying out the pitch of the stairs on one wing below the\\nplatform, and the pitch above the platform on the other,\\nconnecting the lines at the hinge joint, the principle in\u00c2\u00ac\\nvolved in this method will appear to him at once, and all\\nthe rest will be comparatively easy. Try this; it will\\nwell repay you.\\nIn order to simplify matters, I herewith present four\\nexamples of plans, varying in size from six to twelve-\\ninch cylinders, or the same from centre to centre of rail\\non each side of cylinder with their wreaths, drawn from", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "OF HANDRAILING.\\n15\\ntangents taken from the sector, with spring and plumb\\nbevels to each.\\nIn every case these bevels are the same, when the pitch-\\nboard is the same for different flights. Fig. 18 is a plan\\nof a winding stairs, with cylinder twenty-four inches.\\nThis plan is in very common use, hence the need of giving\\nan example on this system, showing the simplicity to\\nwhich the whole subject is brought. For instance, re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquired the wreath for a circular stairs, the cylinder being\\nthe space to be eight feet wide, having three feet length\\nof tread on each side of cylinder. First, draw the chord", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "i6\\nSEMI-CIRCULAR\\nh", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "HANDRAIL.\\n1 7\\nline and get the centres; draw the semicircle of rail, which\\nwill be 24! inches to centres; next draw tangents, as in\\nFig. 18, cutting centre of rail at right angles on each side;\\nthen, from the centre of chord line a, draw lines cutting\\nthrough angle of tangents e and c again draw through\\nback of cylinder at a right angle with chord line. These\\nlines give the face of the risers of four winders in the\\ncylinder. Now divide the spaces, and draw as before, and\\nyou have all the winders. Now unfold the sector to a\\nlevel plane, or, in other words, lay it flat on your bench\\nor on the floor, cover the face with white paper pinned on\\nat the four corners; draw a base line across the face;\\nthen on this line set off from the joint, each way, the dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntance from d to e (Fig. 18), and from e to f e being\\nthe joint, the sector forming the right angle d, e, f; raise\\nlines from those points, d and f. Now get the height of\\nfour raisers, which in this case is twenty-eight inches, and\\nis also half of the wreath; now draw the angle across the\\nface of the sector from d to e, Fig. 18. Now fold the\\nsector to a right angle, and secure it in that position by\\nthe wire brace across the top end; now turn the sector\\nand let it rest on its two edges, with the angle upwards;\\nnow apply the tangent bevel across the angle, with each\\nblade ranging with the angle line of the rake of winders,\\nwhich give the tangent as at a, b, c, Fig. 19.\\nThe length from a to b, Fig. 19, is the height from\\nd to e, Fig 18, on the rake line. While the tangent bevel\\nis in position across the sector, take the spring and plumb\\nbevel and apply one blade on the face of the sector, and\\nthe other against and at right angles with the tangent\\nbevel; this gives the spring and plumb bevel, which in this\\ncase is the same, and gives the twist of the wreath from\\na to c, Fig. 19.\\nAfter the length of the tangents, a, b, c, are procured,\\nas shown by dotted lines, draw down at right angles with\\ntangent lines on each side, also plumb lines from b to d\\nintersecting at d, from which point describe the wreath\\nfrom a to c. If the piece is too long for the dividers,\\nstick a pin at a and c then take a bevel with each leg", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "i8\\nSEMI-CIRCULAR\\nas long- as wreath piece, with inner edges straight; then\\nfrom the chord line, a, c, at the centre, set up the dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntance from h to i, Fig. 18. At this point place the angle\\nof the bevel, each leg touching the pins inside and with\\npencil in the angle, and, pressing the legs against the pins,\\ndescribe the piece from a to c.\\nThe spring and plumb bevels give the convex and con\u00c2\u00ac\\ncave twist, to which apply the falling moulds on both\\nsides, which in this case is the width of the thickness of\\nthe rail, and perfectly straight. The spring and plumb\\nbevel having given the horizontal line on each section of\\nthe wreath, the centre of the moulds must be placed at\\nthese centres and drawn close to the surface and pinned.\\nTin is the best for these moulds, as the best preventive\\nfrom kerfing too deep, as might be the case if pasteboard\\nbe used. After kerfing, remove moulds, and work off to\\nlines, and you have top and bottom face of rail. The same\\nface and falling mould will answer for both pieces of\\nwreath, as they are both the same shape.\\nAll of the plans shown in these four examples may be\\ntreated alike, and on the same lines as the example\\nwrought out.\\nThe term \u00e2\u0080\u009ckerfing,\u00e2\u0080\u009d as applied here, simply means run\u00c2\u00ac\\nning a saw in the wood to be used for rail until it strikes\\nthe lines of the falling moulds, and is intended to lessen\\nthe labor of removing the slabs from the wreath.\\nIn each case it will be seen that the sector is used only\\non one-quarter of the circle, which turns the rail in a line\\nat right angles with the straight part of it, or square with\\nit. The other half of the semicircle is formed exactly as\\nthe first half, with the exception, of course, that the\\nstraight part of the rail is attached to the upper part of\\nthe wreath instead of the lower. Half of a wreath, with\\nsections of rail, is shown at Fig. 19. These sections show\\nthe positions of rail at each end of stuff. Mark shape of\\nrail as shown, then the matter of working down is not a\\ndifficult one. The plumb and spring bevel are shown on\\ncentre line. The pitch-board is also shown at Fig. 19;\\nthe tread is marked ten inches and the rise seven inches.", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "HANDRAIL.\\n19\\nAt Fig. 14 the plan is for a six-inch cylinder, or twelve\\ninches across the circle. The second cut, No. 1, in Fig.\\n14, shows the cylinder six inches, which is half of the\\nwreath required for the completion of the stairs having\\na cylinder stretch with a six-inch radius.\\nFig. 15 shows a plan stretch with an eight-inch radius.\\nThe lower figure, No. 2, shows the half of this plan with\\nbase line and curve.\\nbig. 16 shows a plan described, with a radius of ten\\ninches. No. 3 shows the half of the plan, with centre\\nline of wreath. Fig. 17 is similar to the other examples,\\nonly that it is described with a radius of twelve inches,\\nthus making a distance of two feet on the base line be\u00c2\u00ac\\ntween centres of rail. Fig. 4 shows one-half of the plan\\nwith centre line of wreath.\\nIt will be noticed that in this description every part of\\nthe circular opening around which the rail and steps re\u00c2\u00ac\\nvolve is called a cylinder. This is not exactly correct, but\\nas the term is one in use among stairbuilders, I make use\\nof it to convey the ideas I wish to formulate. At the end\\nof this work I will endeavor to explain, as well as I can,\\neverything I may think necessary to give the student a\\nthorough knowledge of this system of handrailing. I\\nhave tried to be as plain in my language as possible, and\\nto strip the matter of every form of pedantry and techni\u00c2\u00ac\\ncality, and will continue in this line to the end.\\nFigs. 20 and 21 show two views of a platform stairs,\\nFig. 20 a plan and Fig. 21 a sectional elevation.\\nThe plan shows the landing and starting riser on the\\nline with the chord of the cylinder, placing the whole of\\nthe cylinder in the platform, thus avoiding the additional\\nlabor of curving the nosings, as would be the case if the\\ntreads were made winders and occupied a part of the space\\nnow taken up bv the semicircular platform. By this\\nmethod a handsome and tasteful arrangement of balusters\\nand wreath is effected, and the cylinder is encircled grace\u00c2\u00ac\\nfully by the rail and turned work, and the landing is\\nspacious and easily executed.\\nIt will be seen that these figures show a cylinder two", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "20\\nSEMI-CIRCULAR\\nfeet in diameter, and the objection often urged by stair-\\nbuilders is that the wreath rises too high for the half riser\\nat the centre of the cylinder, and therefore the steps in the\\nplatform cannot be avoided. I claim that, according to\\nthe Sectorian System, the difficulty is entirely removed,\\nand the wreath-pieces as easily worked out as any other\\npart of the rail, when properly understood. The wreath-\\npieces are not required to be any wider in one part than\\nanother, and no thicker than the width of the rail in any\\npart. The falling moulds for wreaths in late years have\\nfallen into disuse and are eschewed by most authors on the\\nsubject of handrailing, and I have been uncharitable\\nenough to think it a want of knowledge as to the right", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "PLATFORM STAIRS.\\n21\\nuse of those moulds, which to this system are indispens\u00c2\u00ac\\nable. The wall-string shows my method of bending and\\nkeying the same. On other pages it is shown how this\\nwreath is worked. These drawings are about a quarter of\\nan inch to the foot; having been reduced somewhat from\\nthe original drawings; this, however, is immaterial, as\\neach flight of stairs will require to have drawings pre\u00c2\u00ac\\npared especially. Such drawings when made for actual\\nservice should be made full size on a floor or on a drawing\\nboard, as working from full-size drawings is very much\\neasier than when the drawings are made on a smaller\\nscale; besides the student will be more likely to discover\\nomissions in the drawings, and he will get a better grasp\\nof the work in hand by employing the larger scale for his\\ndrawing.\\nOn Fig. 20 it will be noticed that a plan of the stretch\u00c2\u00ac\\nout of the wall-string is shown, notched and ready to be\\nbent and wedged to shape. These strings are always bet\u00c2\u00ac\\nter when bent and wedged over a rough made cylinder;\\nbut I will talk these things over at the end of the book, as\\nI purpose continuing the subject of handrailing and stair\u00c2\u00ac\\nbuilding to a considerable extent.\\nWe now come to another form of stair, Fig. i, which is\\nexhibited in Section First. This example shows the\\nground plan of a platform stairs, with one-half the land\u00c2\u00ac\\ning and ascending treads placed in the platform. The cyl\u00c2\u00ac\\ninder is of larger size than is generally used for this kind\\nof stairs, and I give this example to show that as easy and\\nas graceful a wreath can be thrown around this as any\\nof a smaller size.\\nFig. 2, in this Section, shows the lower piece of wreath\\nwith a part of straight rail attached. The sections of rail\\nat each end show the direction given by the spring and\\nplumb bevels, which are the same. The bevel, Fig. 6,\\nastride the tangents of this figure, shows the angle as ob\u00c2\u00ac\\ntained by the sector, Fig. 3, which, when folded to an an\u00c2\u00ac\\ngle of ninety degrees and each blade placed on the line,\\nshows the pitch of half a riser from, the chord line to the\\ncentre of the cylinder. The angle is obtained, as shown,", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "22\\nPLATFORM STAIRS.\\nfor getting the tangents of one-half the wreath, one mould\\nanswering for both pieces by reversing the end. The\\nshank may extend as far as the thickness of the stuff will\\nallow.\\nFig. 3 shows the sector with the line showing the rise\\nand the horizontal lines, giving the height of half a riser.\\nFig 4 shows the shape of the outside falling mould, and\\nis obtained by getting the stretch-out of convex sill of\\nwreath from face of the two platform risers around that", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "PLATFORM STAIRS.\\n23\\nportion of circle on the platform; draw a line the length\\nof stretch-out, which in this example is two and a half\\nfeet; at the ends of this line set up and down a half riser,\\nand draw a chord, cutting right line in the centre; then\\nset up and down a flyer, and connect at a and b extend\\nthe rake of the flyers and connect at c, d, on the right\\nline\u00e2\u0080\u0094this gives angles for making easements by intersect\u00c2\u00ac\\ning lines; after which set off for top and bottom lines the\\nthickness of rail. The inside falling mould is obtained in\\nthe same manner. When the slabs are taken from the con\u00c2\u00ac\\nvex and concave sides of the wreath which gives the\\ntwist, then apply these moulds, centre to centre with\\nwreath. If the stuff is scant, they may be raised or low\u00c2\u00ac\\nered parallel with centres; and when made secure, kerf in\\nwith a hand saw to the edges of the moulds and remove\\nthe surplus wood, and you have the top and bottom twist\\nwithout the use of gauges or guesswork, and as the plate\\nshows, without the piece being wider in one place than an\u00c2\u00ac\\nother and no thicker than the width of the rail, and always\\nsawed square from the face of the plank.\\nOn Section Second is shown a stairs with winders,\\nstarting below the chord line and landing at the quarter\\ncircle. In some situations the space may not be of suffi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncient width to allow a large cylinder in the turning, and\\ncontraction has to take place somewhere. The steps are\\nas narrow as convenience will allow, and the landing\\nabove, the same. The winders must have sufficient width\\nto receive, without crowding the balusters; hence the\\nnecessity of making one part of the cylinder larger than\\nthe other, and the upper landing as laid down on this\\nfigure.\\nAs before stated, all the lines are the centres, and as\\nFig. 1 has only one line, and a part of the elevation Fig.\\n2 the same, of course the width and thickness must be set\\noff each way from this line. The steps are shown half\\ntheir length, and the tread ten inches wide.\\nThe plan is so plain that a further description is deemed\\nunnecessary. The newel at No. 2 shows the height from", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "24 QUARTER-SPACE STAIRS.\\nthe floor by adding the length of a short baluster to the\\nshaft.\\nthe wreath, the ramp at the newel, and also* at the begin\u00c2\u00ac\\nning of the winders.", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "QUARTER-SPACE STAIRS.\\n25\\nFig. 3 is the lower wreath piece, with bevels and twist\\nmarked, and needs no further explanation.\\nFig. 4 is the upper wreath-piece, and is procured in the\\nsame way.\\nFigs. 5 and 6 are the convex and concave falling moulds.\\nThe chord lines a and b, Figs. 5 and 6, are the stretch\u00c2\u00ac\\nout of the wreath, Fig. 4, at a and b, and shows the\\nlength of the convex and concave falling moulds. They\\nare drawn to rise half a riser above the floor, so as to ad\u00c2\u00ac\\nmit a long baluster on the landing above. To obtain the\\nfalling mould, draw lines on the rake and upper level, in\u00c2\u00ac\\ntersecting at c, Fig. 5; then take the stretch-out a, Fig.\\n4, and apply it at Fig. 5; then square down from rake and\\nlevel, to intersect at d, then from this point draw the\\ncurve and width, and you have the convex, and by the\\nprocess shown at Fig. 6 you have the concave moulds for\\nthe upper ramp.\\nI have endeavored to make these examples as clear as\\npossible, and I think, with the sector before him and the\\nplan of the stairs the workman will be able to understand\\nwhat I have intended to convey, and when once he sees\\nthrough the sectorial workings, he will experience no\\nfurther difficulty in making any kind of a rail.\\nHere is shown at Section 3 a stair that is sometimes\\nnecessary to meet odd conditions. It is a plan of stairs\\nwith two platforms, landings, and two quadrant wreaths\\nwith two flyers intervening. Where it is desirable to\\navoid a large cylinder, and the width is too great for the\\nlength of the steps, this plate shows one of the best meth\u00c2\u00ac\\nods for overcoming the difficulty. It will be observed that\\nby the use of the quadrant wreaths, the size laid down,\\nwhich is just the rise of one step each, the rail is made\\nstraight from bottom to top, each wreath being the rise of\\none step only, as shown at Fig. 1.\\nAt Fig. 2 the wreath-piece is shown with the spring\\nand plumb bevels, which gives the twist of the rail, and\\nwhich by being reversed gives the lines for both pieces\\nof the wreath.\\nFig. 3 is the elevation, showing the length of wreaths", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "26\\nDOUBLE PLATFORM STAIRS.\\nand straight rail, with skirting facia.\\nThe newel is placed where it is, to show its relation to\\nthe rail only, the centre line being used to show the ramp\\nof rail. The dotted lines show the relation of the rail to\\nthe elevation.", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "STAIR CARRIAGE.\\n27\\nSection Four exhibits a plan for a circular stairs in very\\ncommon use, with a new method of framing the carriage\\nfor same. Wherever this method of framing the carriage\\nsimple, and easy to construct, and in consequence, much\\nmore economical than any other method of framed car-\\nriages, and where a construction of the kind is required,\\nwould recommend this method of building it. In showing\\nthis method of framing the carriage I have digressed", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "28\\nSTAIR CARRIAGE.\\nsomewhat from my first intentions, but, under the circum\u00c2\u00ac\\nstances, I think the digression is permissible.\\nSection Five shows how the horse pieces for the stairs\\nare laid out and cut. The figuring for these pieces should\\nbe readily understood, and the whole easily made and put\\nin position in a substantial manner by any intelligent car\u00c2\u00ac\\npenter. In order, however, to aid in a thorough under\u00c2\u00ac\\nstanding O f this method of framing a carriage of this kind\\nof stair, I give the following explanation Fig. i is the\\nfirst piece to he worked and put in place; it runs up to the\\nfirst angle at A, as shown in Section Four. Fig. 2 com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmences at A and extends to the next angle, at B. Fig. 3\\ncommences at B and extends to the floor landing, at C.\\nNo. 4 is the first cross-piece in rear of the cylinder. All\\nthe other figures show the filling in pieces which are re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquired to make the carriage strong and firm. These fillers\\nshould he fitted in between the main horse-pieces, snug and\\ntight, and should be well spiked together or otherwise se\u00c2\u00ac\\ncured, as the lower and upper parts of the stairs mainly\\ndepend upon them for support. All the bevels for cutting\\nthe riser and tread lines can be obtained on the plan shown\\nat Section 4. Allowance must be made for the thick\u00c2\u00ac\\nness of the finishing risers and treads.\\nA good description of preparing the rough frames for\\ncarrying a stair is given in a small work entitled \u00e2\u0080\u009cStair\u00c2\u00ac\\nbuilding Made Easy.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nSection 6 is a continuation of Sections 4 and 5, Fig. 1,\\nshowing the plan at Section 4, with the tangents drawn\\nas at a, b and c a, being the centre line, has all to do with\\nthe sector.\\nFig. 2 is the stretch-out of winders in the wreath, with\\ntwo lower flyers, and one above the cylinder. The rail\\nshows the easements, which must be obtained in the usual\\nway, with falling moulds. It will be seen that the falling\\nmoulds are straight with the exception of a slight curve\\nat the end. After the concave and convex slabs are re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmoved from the wreath-piece, thus giving the outer and\\ninner twists, the application of the falling mould, as laid\\ndown, plenty wood will be found for its use in giving shape", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "STAIR CARRIAGE.\\n29\\nto the rail. Of course it is understood that kerfing is\\nthe mode for the top and bottom curves of the string.\\nFig. 3 is the quadrant wreath-piece for Fig. 1, the end\\nsection showing the direction given to spring and plumb\\n/V\\nbevels. The same mould will answer both quadrants by\\nreversing the bevels. It will be noticed that no lines cal-", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "30\\nWINDING STAIR.\\nciliated to confuse have been introduced, while everything\\nthe author has thought necessary to make the work clear\\nand plain to the comprehension of the ordinary workman\\nhas been embodied in the diagrams.", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "WINDING STAIR.\\n3i\\nSection 7 shows a stair with winders in the quadrant,\\nwith a radius of two feet in the turning. Where the space\\nis sufficient, a very imposing structure can be raised, giv\u00c2\u00ac\\ning character and effect to all the surroundings, if all aiV\\nin keeping, which, of course, in a building where this kind\\nof stair would be required, would be the case.\\nSuppose the newel to be twelve inches in diameter at\\nthe base, the rail six inches wide\u00e2\u0080\u0094well moulded\u00e2\u0080\u0094the bal-", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "32\\nWINDING STAIR.\\nlisters three inches in diameter at the base, treads four\\nor five feet long, the open end handsomely finished with\\nheavy nosings and mouldings, and the string finished with\\nsuitable brackets; and a large niche built in the angle, as\\nshown, furnished with a suitable piece of statuary, the\\neffect would be very fine and the cost not excessive.\\nFig. i shows the plan of the cylinder with the quarter\\nwreath all in one piece, which is obtained by working from\\nthe tangents, a and b. If it is found desirable to have the\\nwreath in two pieces\u00e2\u0080\u0094which is sometimes the case\u00e2\u0080\u0094then\\nthe dotted lines show the angle of the tangents to be used.\\nThe height of two and a half, instead of five risers, will\\nbe the height for each piece.\\nHaving laid down the plan as shown, proceed to obtain\\nthe whole length of wreath. Take the bevel and obtain\\nthe tangents from the sector as applied at a, b, Fig. i,\\non the rake, and draw the lines, a, b, Fig. 2; get the length,\\nand lay off width of rail to describe circle of wreath: stick\\npins at the points, c, d, e, f, and with a long blade bevel,\\neach blade pressing against the pins, with a pencil in the\\nangle, strike the circle, g, h, Fig. 2, to equal g, h, Fig 1.\\nFig. 3 shows the lower wreath and npup. This is pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ncured as before described. Fig. 4 shows the ramp con\u00c2\u00ac\\nnecting flyers to winders.\\nSection 8 exhibits the plan of the commencement of a\\nbetter class stairway, intended for a house with a large\\nand spacious hallway.\\nFig. 1 is the plan of newel, cap, curved steps, balusters,\\netc. The curved risers are, also shown, the bending of\\nwhich any skilled workman can perform.\\nFig. 2 is the starting wreath-piece, and is obtained in\\nthe way shown in previous sections, so needs no further\\nexplanation here. Fig 3 is a side view of Fig. 1, showing\\nsection of cap and elevation of rail. The falling moulds\\nfor wreath are obtained in the same manner as shown in\\npreceding examples.\\nTo obtain the spring and plumb bevels, resort must be\\nhad to the sector, following the instructions laid down in", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "NEWEL RAMP.\\n33\\nformer examples having one leg of tangent bevel hori\u00c2\u00ac\\nzontal, and the other in the rake of a flyer; then apply the\\nsmall bevel in the usual way on both leaves of the sector.", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "34\\nNEWEL RAMP,\\nAs it will be seen that by one leg being placed horizontal\\nand the other on the rake of the flyer, the spring and\\nplumb bevels are not of the same angle.\\nSection ZN ine", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "SPIRAL STAIR.\\n35\\nSection 9 shows a full circular stair, and the well-hole\\ninclosed with tangents, either for quadrant or octagon\\nangles, by which wreaths in either four or eight can be\\nobtained. Where all the divisions are made equal, the\\nsame moulds, both face and falling, will answer for any\\nsection of rail. The moulds are applied, and all the twists\\nand ramps obtained, as laid down in preceding examples.\\nThe framing is as easily put up as the framing shown in\\nSection 4, which is the most economical, with the excep\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, perhaps, of those stairs which are cased in; then the\\nframe work may be nailed together to suit the conditions;\\nif left open, however, the method shown at Section 4 is\\nas good as any, and as substantial. In the sketch shown,\\nFig. 1, is the ground plan, and where possible it should\\nbe laid out to full size on the floor where the stair is re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquired to be built.\\nFig. 2 shows the stretch-out of the wreath-piece for\\none-fourth of the circle, and is best when it is desirable\\nto avoid many joints, though it is not always wise to have\\nthe wreaths so long, as there is apt to be too much cross-\\ngrained wood in the rail if they are made to encompass\\na quarter of a circle. This wreath is, of course, obtained\\nin the same manner as other quadrant wreaths, with their\\ntangents, chord lines and segments.\\nFig. 4 is the lower wreath face mould, with the tangents\\nas obtained from a, b, c, Fig. 1, and drawn as shown in\\nthe diagram. The lower end of Fig. 2 gives an idea of\\nthe falling easement, and in the shape of the centre falling\\nmould the convex and concave falling moulds being ob\u00c2\u00ac\\ntained as in former examples.\\nAt Section 10 an elliptical stair is shown, though this\\nkind of stair is very seldom used in these latter days. In\\nthis case the well-hole is two-thirds the width of its length\\nand all the lines are drawn within itself, and no line but\\nthe true segment of a circle used. It will be observed\\nthat the length is divided into four equal parts, and again\\ninto three, two of which are given to the width; then the\\npoints k, l, m, n, are used from which to describe the seg\u00c2\u00ac\\nments for the different sections of the wreath. The joints", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "36\\nELLIPTICAL STAIR.\\nare made as laid down, square with tangents and face of\\nplank. Be sure the plank has a true face to work from\\nto insure a good job. Notice that a, b, c, d, are the angles\\nof the tangents, from which, by the aid of the sector, the\\nbevels are obtained on the rake for describing wreath-\\npieces. The tangents with their angles b and c being\\nrespectively of the same length as d, e, the same mould\\nwill answer for both by reversing. The full size required", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "elliptical stair.\\n37\\nfor a stair of this pattern for a building* of moderate size\\nwould be seven by thirteen feet, and could be very neatly\\nplaced in a recess made for the purpose. The reference\\nletters, g, h, i, j, show the angles of the area of the well-\\nhole. The dotted lines show the continuation of level rail\\non floor above.\\nThis example has twenty-two risers, which, at seven\\ninches each, would make a total rise of twelve feet ten\\ninches from top of lower floor to top of upper floor, and\\na very ample pitch for the ceiling of the hall.\\nAll the work necessary to complete this example and all\\nthe preceding ones, the author flatters himself, has been\\ngiven to make this little work on Handrailing an accept\u00c2\u00ac\\nable offering to those for whom it is intended.", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "APPENDIX.\\nSOMETHING ON DESIGNING, PLANNING AND CON\u00c2\u00ac\\nSTRUCTING THE CARCASES AND DETAILS\\nOF STAIRWAYS.\\nIn the designing and construction of stairways there\\nis a number of important matters to be considered. The\\nwidth, length and position of the well-hole and its sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nrounding timbers should be determined, then the run and\\nthe rise must be considered, in order to avoid having the\\nlower steps running across, or approaching too closely,\\ndoorways or passages; and the front trimmer should be\\nplaced far enough from the top tread to insure, at least,\\nseven feet of head room between the tread directly under\\nthe trimmer and the plastered ceiling. If there are land\u00c2\u00ac\\nings in the stairway, and turns at any angle, full provision\\nmust be marie in the well-hole to suit such landings and\\nturns, and the trimmers around the well-holes should be\\nmade strong and should be well secured at the angles.\\nIf a carriage is employed to carry the stairs, it should be\\nwell framed into the wall where such is possible and\\nshould be well secured at each and every angle with nails,\\nscrews, bolts or straps. If only ordinary strings are em\u00c2\u00ac\\nployed, and the stairway is not boxed or closed in, the\\nstrings should be heavy and strong or be reinforced with\\na number of rough strings or bearers sufficient to make\\nthe whole stairs solid and firm under foot.\\nIn planning a stairway care should be taken that it is\\nSO arranged that every room in the house is accessible\\nfrom it. and, when possible in a building, there should\\nbe two flights, and they should not, as is the custom, be\\nbuilt so close together that the destruction of one by fire\\nwill render the other flight useless. We should follow", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "40\\nGENERAL REMARKS.\\nthe example set ns by that most cunning of animals, the\\nfox, and provide a place to get out, as well as a place to\\nget into the house, and this second stair should be entirely\\nseparate from the one by which the building is mainly en\u00c2\u00ac\\ntered. There is no questioning the right of way out of\\na burning building; every one tries to save himself; \u00e2\u0080\u009cself-\\npreservation is the first law of nature, and the fewer im\u00c2\u00ac\\npediments, the quicker out of danger.\\nThe leading idea in every stairway should be easy as\u00c2\u00ac\\ncent and the straight line broken by a proper number of\\nsteps or landings in the most direct movement of the\\nbody. Winding stairs of any kind, as a rule, are an abom\u00c2\u00ac\\nination, and if the statistics of the loss of life and injury\\ncaused by them could be arrived at, it would be seen\\nthat many more accidents happened thereby, after build\u00c2\u00ac\\nings were tenanted, than ever occurred during the dangers\\nand hazard of construction. Aesthetically a winding, or\\nelliptical, staircase, describing its curves of grace, is pleas\u00c2\u00ac\\ning to the eye. But is it beauty when we consider the\\ndifficulties and cost of the construction The steps of\\nwinding stairs are not parallel\u00e2\u0080\u0094one end too wide, the\\nother too narrow, leaving but a space in the centre or rim\\nof the steps as the only suitable place for ascending or\\ndescending. With such uncertain footing, they are mani\u00c2\u00ac\\nfestly objectionable, and were it not for a railing to guide,\\nwould not with perfect confidence be tolerated. The only\\nreal advantage derived from the use of winders in stairs\\nis economy of space. The landing stair, on the contrary,\\nwith its short flights and easy steps in mounting, square\\nand spacious, and in perfect repose, conveys in its \u00e2\u0080\u009cmake\u00c2\u00ac\\nup precisely what it is\u00e2\u0080\u0094a simple, substantial, appropriate\\npiece of work, commending itself to practical common-\\nsense. Wherever space and other conditions will admit,\\na platform stair should be employed; but, of course, there\\nwill always arise instances where circular, or dog-legged,\\nstairs must be built, and to provide rails for the former\\nthe system presented in the text of the main body of the\\nwork is well adapted.\\nIn determining the height of riser and width of tread,", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "PROPORTIONING TREADS.\\n4i\\nthe designer will be obliged to consider the length of run\\nand height of total rise at his disposal. The diagram\\nor inclinator shown at Fig. i will aid very much in find\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the proper pitch of any stairway if its principles are\\nfollowed. A shows the run of the stair, B the rise, and\\nC the inclination. As the angle of ascent will vary with\\n12\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2circumstances, the following treads will determine about\\nthe right inclination for different classes of buildings:\\nFor public edifices, make tread about 14 inches.\\nFor first-class dwellings, make tread 12^ inches.\\nFor second-class dwellings make tread 11 inches.\\nFor third-class dwellings, make tread 9 inches.\\nTreads should never be less than nine inches wide in\\nany stairway built for general use. Back and attic stairs\\nmay have treads less than nine inches wide, but the greater\\nwidth should be employed where possible.\\nAt Fig. 2, an example is shown of the manner in which\\nthe inclination may be used in determining the proper\\nproportion for treads and risers. Take the total height\\nmeasured from top of floor to top of next floor\\nabove, which is here shown to he 11 feet 3 inches. Hav\u00c2\u00ac\\ning decided that inches will be the height of riser,\\nwe look on the inclinator for and find that it gives a", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "42\\nPROPORTIONING TREADS.\\n9-inch tread. Then take y\\\\ inches and divide n feet\\n3 inches by it, and we find that it gives us 18 risers and\\n17 treads. There is always one more riser than tread.)\\nMultiply the number of treads (17) by 9 inches, the width\\nof tread, which gives us 12 feet 9 inches, to which add\\nhalf the diameter of cylinder, and we get the total length\\nof tlie \u00e2\u0080\u009crun\u00e2\u0080\u009d of the stairs, or the horizontal line on the\\nfloor covered by the stairs as shown in the sketch. In\\n-to--\\nto\\nto\\nto (o\\nIto\\nH_ead_Popm.", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "SECTION AND PLAN 43", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "44\\nOF STAIR.\\nthis case a cylinder is employed having a diameter of 12\\ninches, half of which is 6 inches, which gives a total\\nlength of run of 13 feet 3 inches, from where the stairs\\nstart to line of landing. The head-room determines the\\nlength of well-hole, and is found by measuring from the\\ntread to the plaster a distance not less than 7 feet, as\\notherwise it will obstruct an easy walking down stairs.\\nThe well-hole is shown to have double joists for trimmers,\\nwhich line three sides of the opening, the fourth side\\nbeing part of a wall. The open or cut string is shown,\\nwhich should be made of good, clean, straight-grained\\nplank, reinforced on the inside with a heavy scantling on\\na line with the junction of the riser and tread. The", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "PLATFORM STAIR.\\n45\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cpitch-board\u00e2\u0080\u009d is shown at the shaded portion of the in-\\nclinator, Fig. i, which shows how any pitch-board for\\nstairs having rise of half an inch to 12 inches, and a tread\\nfrom 1 inch to 24 inches wide. Fig. 3 illustrates a plat\u00c2\u00ac\\nform stair having the same rise and run of the previous\\nexample. A plan and sectional view is given, showing\\nthe platform and the method of finding the head-room,\\nwell-hole, and starting point for second-story flight. The\\ndotted lines show the trimmers forming the well-hole and\\nthe manner of framing them. The cylinder is shown at\\nthe platform, and here it is well to note that a portion\\nof the cylinder shows on the face of the string starting\\nfrom the platform or landing.\\nAnother method of obtaining a fair proportion for\\ntreads and risers, and which seems to be quite popular,\\nis shown as follows: Set down two sets of numbers, each\\nin arithmetical progression, the first set showing the width\\nof treads, ascending by inches, the other showing the\\nheight of the risers, descending by half-inches. It will\\nreadily be seen that each of these treads and risers are\\nsuch as may suitably pair together:\\nTreads in inches. Risers in inches.\\n5\\n6\\n7\\n8\\n9\\n10\\n11\\n12\\n33\\n14\\n15\\n16\\n17\\n18\\nIt is seldom, however, that the proportion of the tread\\nand riser is exactly a matter of choice. The room allotted\\n9\\n8\\n7i\\n7\\n64\\n6\\n5i\\n5\\n4i\\n4\\n3i\\n3\\n2 i", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "46\\nMITRED STRING.\\nto the stairs, as before mentioned, usually determines this\\nproportion; but the foregoing rules will be found a useful\\nstandard, to which it is desirable to approximate.\\nIn the better class of buildings, the architect usually\\nfigures out the number of treads, and when such is the\\ncase, the workman has no alternative but to divide his\\nstory rod to suit the number of treads laid down in the\\nplan.\\nAt Fig. 4 a sketch of a portion of a string is shown,\\nhaving a cut and mitred string, or what is generally known\\nas an open string stair. In the lower portion, which\\nshows the plan, W S represents the wall string, which\\nmust be well secured to the wall or partition; R S shows\\nthe rough string, which is placed there to give strength\\nto the whole structure. It is so made that every tread\\ngets a good bearing upon it. It is generally made of\\nheavier stuff than the outer strings. O S shows the outer\\nor cut string, W, as shown in the upper part ofthe illus\u00c2\u00ac\\ntration. At a a the outer ends of the risers are shown,\\nand it will be noticed they are mitred against the vertical\\nor riser line of the string, thus preventing the end-wood\\nof the riser from being seen. The other end of the riser\\nis shown in the housing of the wall string. The outer\\nend of the tread is also mitred at the nosing, and a piece\\nof stuff made or worked like the nosing, which is mitred\\nagainst, or returned, at the end of the tread. The end of\\nthis returned piece is again returned on itself back to the\\nstring, as shown at n on the string W. The moulding\\nunder the nosing, which is usually a f cove, is also re\u00c2\u00ac\\nturned round the string and into itself. The finished\\ntreads shown at W are shown in plan at B B B, etc.,\\nwhere the projection of the nosings and the mitre joints\\nare seen. The square black spots shown are the mortises\\nor dove-tails for receiving the lower tenons of the balus\u00c2\u00ac\\nters. Tt is always best to saw the ends of the treads\\nready for the balusters before they are attached to the\\nstring; then when the time arrives to put up the rail the\\nback end of the mortise may be cut out, when the tread", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "OPEN STRING.\\n47\\nwill be ready to receive the baluster. The mortise is\\ndovetailed, the spread being on the lower side of the\\ntread, and, of course, the tenon in the baluster must be\\nmade to suit. The tread should be finished at the bench\\nand the return nosing properly fitted to it and lightly\\ntacked on so that it may be readily taken ofif to insert\\nthe balusters, when the rail is being put in position. If\\nthe cut string is to be bracketed as shown at Fig. 5 then\\nthe tread and riser must be left long enough to cover\\nthe bracket, which is usually about three eighths of an inch\\nthick. A section of the string, bracket and nosing is", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "48\\nSTAIR BRACKETS.\\nshown in Fig. 5, where A represents a rough cut string,\\nt a finished casing string, c the nosing, d the cove mould\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, and e e the bracket; 0 0 shows the bead, both in sec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion and on the rake.\\nWhen brackets are employed, the angle showing at the\\ncut-string end of the riser is mitred to the riser so that\\nno end-wood is seen at the junction of bracket and riser.\\nFig. 6 shows three other examples of stair brackets\\nfrom which inspiration may be drawn for other designs.\\nFig. 7 shows how a cut-string is sometimes attached\\nto the newel at its lower end. The point of the string\\nshould be tenoned into the newel, K, three or four inches,", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "NEWEL ATTACHMENT.\\n49\\nas shown by the dotted lines, and the square of the newel\\nshould run down through the floor and be well secured\\nto a joist when possible.\\nFloor\\nPlaster\\nFig. 8\\nFig. 8 shows the manner in which the wall string, S,\\nis finished at the top of the stairs. It will be noticed that\\nthe moulding is worked round the ease-off at A to suit\\nthe width of the base-board at B. The string is cut over\\nthe floor horizontally and vertically or plumb against the\\njoists. The plaster line under the stairs and in the ceiling\\nis also shown.\\nFig. 9 exhibits a method for connecting a small cylin\u00c2\u00ac\\nder to the strings, in order to make a good and strong\\njoint. It will be seen that the cylinder is notched out\\non the back, and the two blocks shown at the back of the", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "50\\nFASTENING CYLINDER.\\noffsets are wedges driven in to secure the cylinder in\\nplace, and to drive it up tight to the string s. This is\\nbetter shown at Fig. io, where the dotted lines show the\\nposition of the wedge. This method of fixing the cylin\u00c2\u00ac\\nder is so clearly shown in the illustrations that further\\ndescription is unnecessary.", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\nEsthetics of Stairs 40\\nBase and String. 49\\nBevels and Pitch-Boards. 15\\nBracketed Stairs. 47\\nCircular Stair 34\\nConvex and Concave Twists. 18\\nConcave Moulds for Ramps. 25\\nCut String 30\\nDetermining Height of Stairs. 40\\nDouble Landing. 26\\nFalling Moulds of Tin. 13\\nElliptical Stair. 36\\nFraming Carriages 28\\nGeometry 14\\nKerfing. 18\\nLaying Out the Rail. 32\\nLines for Wreath. 19\\nLower Wreaths.. 21\\nMaking Stretch-outs. 19\\nMethod of Applying Bevel. 8\\nMethod of \u00e2\u0080\u009cHorsing\u00e2\u0080\u009d. 29\\nMitred Strings 44\\nMoulds for Convex and Concave Work. 13\\nNewel and Ramp. 33\\nObtaining Joints for Wreath. 8\\nOutside Falling Mould 22\\nPlatform Stair with Cylinder. 11\\nPlanning Rail for Wreath. 17\\nProportion of Steps and Risers. 41\\nPlan of Cylinders. 50\\nPlatform Stair with Windows.... 23\\nPlan and Elevation of Stairs. 20\\nQuarter-Space Stairs 24\\nQuadrant Wreath-Pieces. 29\\nRisers and Treads 37\\nSection of Stairs. 42\\nSection of Platform Stairs. 43\\nSecuring Newel Post. 48\\nSecuring Cylinders 50\\nSemi-Circular Stairs. 16\\nSector in Use 22\\nScales and Diagrams. 10", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "52\\nINDEX.\\nSpring and Plumb Lines. 12\\nSpreading Newels 31\\nStretch-out of Wall-string. 21\\nStair Carriages 27\\nString and Rail. 34\\nStretch-out and Tangents. 9\\nTangent Bevel 11\\nTangents and Angles. 36\\nTreads and Risers. 45\\nThe Sector and other Tools. 7\\nUpper and Lower Wreath Pieces. 25\\nVarious Cylinders 14\\nWreath for Circular Stair. 35", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "9", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3386", "width": "2024", "jp2-path": "handrailingsimpl00hodg_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": ":nv.ru;:u rz\\\\xzizsa u -u: jctr^ijtjr^JjS\\n53gS515ui3\\nMUV:^afe\u00c2\u00bbat a ^a fe \u00c2\u00abBaapi^ g 5 g^ 5 u\\n;:r.. ua kkx --.voa:\\n3f: r ri: J -\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0080\u00a2sJirr: tpsi^.\\nr kf-\u00e2\u0080\u0099^icr5jr\u00c2\u00a3. 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