{"1": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3503", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.\\nChap. Copyright No.\\nShelf....X:^3\\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA.", "height": "3480", "width": "2262", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3480", "width": "2262", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3480", "width": "2262", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3480", "width": "2262", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3480", "width": "2262", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "America s Great Men and Their Deeds.\\nAmerican Inventions\\nand Inventors\\nBy\\nWilliam A. Mowry, A.M., Ph.D.\\nand Arthur May Mowry, A.M.\\nAuthors of First Steps in the History of our Country, and A History of the\\nUnited States, for Schools.\\nr ti Sjlver^^urdett and Company\\nNew York Boston Chicag-o", "height": "3480", "width": "2262", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "FOR THE STUDY OF AMERICAN HISTORY T-ll^\\nFIRST STEPS IN THE HISTORY OF OUR COUNTRY.\\nBy William A. Mowry, A.M., Ph.D., and Arthur May Mo\\\\vry,A.M.\\nPp. 320, profusely illustrated. The narrative of our country as told in\\nthe stories of 39 great Americans. Introductory price, 60 cents.\\nA HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, for Schools.\\nBy William A. Mowry, A.M., Ph.D., and Arthur May Mowry, A.M.\\nPp. 466, highly illustrated. Accurate in statement, clear i.nd graphic\\nin style, patriotic and unpartisan in spirit. Introductory price, $1.00.\\nHISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nBy Tow^NSEND MacCoun, A.m. Pp. 48, 43 colored maps with text.\\nIntroductory price, 90 cents.\\nHISTORICAL CHARTS OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nBy TowNSEND MacCouA, A.m. 20 charts, 38x40 inches, containing 26\\nprogressive maps, in high colors, for school and lecture-room use. Intro-\\nductory price, with supporter, ^15.00.\\nBoth the Historical Geography and the Historical Charts portray the ap-\\npearance of the map of our country after each of its changes until the present.\\nLibrary oT Coa|j^rttt%\\nOffice jf th6\\n56755 \\\\P^ (S ignn\\nCopyright, 190S Copyright*\\nBy Silver, Burdett and Company\\nSECOND O0Py\u00c2\u00ab", "height": "3480", "width": "2262", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "PREFACE.\\nA SCHOOL history should set forth such facts, and in such\\nan order, as to show the progress of civilization. The great\\nlessons of history are found in that line of events in the\\npast which exhibits the progress of mankind the uplift of\\nhumanity. The record of no other country can present a\\nmore startling array of forward movements and upward\\ntendencies than that of our own land, and in no one direc-\\ntion does this upward movement appear quite so clearly as in\\nthe line of inventions.\\nMan s efforts are, first, to overcome nature. Food,\\nshelter, and clothing are his primary wants. After these\\nare supplied, he rises to higher realms of thought and\\naction. Then he nourishes his intellect, exercises his sensi-\\nbilities, and provides nutriment for his soul, that it, also,\\nmay grow. In this book the above logical order is followed.\\nIt is painfully evident that many school-children dislike\\nthe study of history. The authors of this book believe that\\nthis need not be. It is clear that the study should be under-\\ntaken at an earlier age than is usually the case in our public\\nschools. It is not necessary, and oftentimes not desirable,\\nthat the books of history should be studied as text-books.\\nFrequently they should be used as reading books. Such use\\nis more likely to develop in the minds of the younger chil-\\ndren a love for history.\\nThis book, while adapted to older persons, has been pre-\\npared with special reference to the needs and capacities of\\nchildren from ten to twelve years of age. It is commended\\nto teachers and parents with full confidence that they will\\nfind it useful, and that the children will be both interested\\nand profited by its perusal.", "height": "3480", "width": "2262", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nHEAT.\\nCHAPTER\\nI. Fire.\\nII. Indian Homes,\\nIII. Colonial Homes,\\nIV. Chimneys,\\nI. Torches,\\nII. Candles,\\nIII. Whale Oil,\\nIV. Kerosene,\\nPAGE CHAPTER\\nPAGE\\nII V.\\nFuel,\\n37\\n17 VI.\\nCoal,\\n44\\n24 VII.\\nMatches,\\n51\\n31\\nLIGHT.\\n61 V.\\nIlluminating Gas,\\n81\\n67 VI.\\nElectric\\nLighting,\\n85\\n72 VII.\\nLighthouses,\\n90\\nn\\nFOOD.\\nI.\\nII.\\nIII.\\nUncultivated Foods, 99\\nCultivated Foods, 104\\nImplements for\\nPlanting, .111\\nIV. Implements for Har-\\nvesting,\\nV. Soil\\nVI. A Modern Dinner,\\nCLOTHING.\\nI. Colonial Conditions, 143\\nII. The Cotton Gin, 148\\nIII. Cotton, .153\\nIV. WOOL, .158\\nV. Leather,\\nVI. Needles,\\nVII. The Steam Engine,\\nI. By Land,\\nII. By Water,\\nIII. Stagecoaches,\\nIV. Steamboats,\\nV. Canals,\\nI. Language,\\nII. The Printing Press,\\nIII. The Postal System,\\nIV. Signaling,\\n247\\n252\\n258\\n265\\n117\\n124\\n131\\n164\\n172\\n178\\nTRAVEL.\\n187 VI. Railroads, 223\\n194 VII. Modern Water Trav-\\n200 EL, 229\\n207 VIII. Modern Land Travel, 235\\nLETTERS.\\nV. The Telegraph, 270\\nVI. The Atlantic Cable, 278\\nVII. The Telephone, 286\\nVIII. Conclusion, 292", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nFrontispiece\\nPAGE\\nCount Rumford 9\\nA New England Kitchen One Hundred Years Ago 10\\nA Train Leaving the Station 11\\nA Vestal Virgin 14\\nIroquois Long-House 20\\nIndian Method of Broiling 22\\nPlying the Axe 25\\nA Colonial Fireplace 27\\nHauling in a Backlog 29\\nCooking in a Colonial Kitchen .30\\nA Franklin Stove 34\\nIn a Coal Mine 42\\nBlacksmith at His Forge 49\\nThomas Carrying Fire 52\\nTinder Box, Flint, and Matches 53\\nThomas A. Edison -59\\nMinot Ledge Light, Massachusetts Bay 60\\nIndians Traveling at Night 62\\nAncient Lamps ^65\\nFranklin Making Candles 69\\nReading by Candlelight 70\\nWhale Fishing 73\\nOil Wells .79\\nA Gasometer 83\\nEdison s Heroic Act 86\\nGrace Darling .94\\nCyrus H. McCorraick 97\\nCutting Sugar Cane in the Hawaiian Islands .98\\nIndians Hunting Game 102\\nThe Corn Dance 104\\nCaptain John Smith 106\\nAn Ancient Plow 109\\nMowing with Scythes 118\\nA Reaper and Binder 120\\nThe McCormick Reaper .121\\nThreshing with Flail 123\\nColonists in a Shallop 124\\nAn Irrigpting Trench 128\\nA Rice Field 129", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "8 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nPAGE\\nA Dinner Party 131\\nLoading Fish at Gloucester 134\\nA Cattle Train 136\\nDrying Coffee in Java 139\\nEli Whitney 141\\nA Quilting Bee in the Olden Time 142\\nTailor and Cobbler 145\\nSpinning Wheel 146\\nAn Old-Fashioned Loom 147\\nA Cotton Field 149\\nA Cotton Pod .150\\nThe Cotton Gin 151\\nPresident Jackson and Mr. Slater 156\\nThe Interior of a Modern Cotton Mill 157\\nSheep-Shearing 162\\nDr. Whitman Starting on His Journey 168\\nSewing by Hand .173\\nAn Old Windmill 178\\nA Corliss Engine iSi\\nRobert Fulton 185\\nAn Ocean Steamer 186\\nA Man and His Wife Traveling on Horseback igi\\nThe Bay-Path 193\\nPilgrim Exiles 195\\nA Birch- Bark Canoe 197\\nOld-Style Calashes 202\\nAn Old-Fashioned Stagecoach 204\\nMunroe Tavern, Lexington, Mass 205\\nFitch s Steamboat 209\\nCollision of the C/ ?rw 7\u00c2\u00ab/ and the Sloop .217\\nThe Erie Canal 221\\nOld-Style Railroad Train 227\\nA River Tunnel 234\\nA Pullman Sleeper 237\\nBrooklyn Bridge 239\\nThe Boston Subway 242\\nElectric Car, New York City 243\\nSamuel F. B. Morse .245\\nA Modern Printing Press 246\\nAncient Implements of Writing 249\\nAn Ancient Scribe 251\\nA Franklin Press 255\\nPostage Stamps 261\\nAssorting Mail on the Train 262\\nSignaling by Beacon Fires 266\\nElectric Wires 270\\nMorse Hears of His Success 274\\nLaying an Ocean Cable 2S2\\nThe Great Eastern 283\\nA Telephone 287\\nAlexander Bell Using a Long-Distance Telephone 2S8", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "COUNl RUMFORD.\\nSECTION I.-HEAT.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "-i", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nSECTION I.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 HEAT\\nCHAPTER I.\\nFIRE.\\nLL aboard cries the conductor,\\nand slowly the long train draws\\nout of the San Francisco station\\non its w^ay to Chicago and the\\nAtlantic coast. Three sleepers,\\ntwo chair coaches, passenger,\\nbaggage, and mail cars, loaded\\nwith travelers, trunks, and\\npouches of letters and papers;,\\nwe are familiar with the sight\\nof these heavy cars and the\\npuffing engine which draws\\nthem. But what makes the\\ntrain move? What power is\\ngreat enough to do this? It is the power of steam, and\\nsteam is made from water by means of fire.\\nNow the long journey across the continent is over, and\\nwe, are standing on the dock in New York City. Here we\\nA TRAIN LEAVING THE STATION.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "12 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nsee the steamboat Puritan, thronged with passengers, ready\\nto steam away from the wharf on its regular night trip to\\nFall River. For hours, perhaps, we have been watching the\\nlongshoremen as they have rushed back and forth, loading\\nthe great vessel with freight for New England. A few\\nminutes later, as we see the majestic steamer, hundreds of\\nfeet long larger than most city business buildings slowly,\\nbut gracefully moving away from the dock, we say to our-\\nselves, Can it be that steam, caused by fire, has power\\nenough to make the steamboat move through the water like\\nthis?\\nWhile we watch the steamer glide around Castle Garden\\ninto East River, evening begins to come on we must hasten\\nuptown. As we pass along Broadway, lights flash out in\\nthe darkness and our thoughts are again turned to fire and\\nsteam. We have heard that the source of the electric light\\nis in the dynamo, and that steam power is used to turn that\\ngreat machine. The enormous engine, the mammoth boat,\\nthe brilliant light all need the power of steam, and nothing\\nbut fire will produce this steam. What, then, is fire? and is\\nits only use that of changing quiet, liquid water into powerful\\nsteam? Let us see.\\nDid you notice that machine shop which we passed when\\nwe were in Cleveland a few days ago? Did you see those\\nfurnaces with the huge volumes of flame bursting out of the\\nopen doors? You know that great heat is necessary to make\\ntools and other implements of iron, and all the instruments\\nof everyday life that are formed out of metals. Our pens\\nand needles, our hoes and rakes, our horseshoes, our stoves\\nand furnaces, our registers and the iron of our desks all de-\\npend upon heat for their production. Fire can do much for\\nus. To change water into steam is but one of its powers.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "HEAT FIRE. I 3\\nFire and heat are behind most of the operations of modern\\nlife.\\nAs we open the door of the house we are met by a cur-\\nrent of warm air rushing out into the chilly evening. It is\\nthe last of October, and in the middle of the day windows\\nand doors have been left wide open to let in all the light and\\nwarmth of the bright sunshine. But it is evening now, and\\nthe sun has long since sunk below the horizon it no longer\\ngives us any of its heat. All night the air will grow colder\\nand colder, and were we unprotected by clothing we should\\nsuffer from the chill atmosphere. Even coverings are not\\nsufficient to keep the heat of our bodies from passing off into\\nthe air, just as the warm air rushed out through the open\\nhall door. It has been found necessary to warm the air in\\nour houses so that the bodily heat, which we need to sustain\\nlife, may not so easily be lost. The heat which the sun fur-\\nnishes us is called natural heat that which is produced by\\nthe skill of man is called artificial heat.\\nThis artificial heat is used for a fourth purpose also. As\\nwe have seen, it makes steam for the locomotive, the steam-\\nboat, and other engines it is necessary in the manufacture\\nof tools and various utensils out of iron and other metals\\nand it warms our houses and schools, our offices and stores.\\nIt is also used everywhere and by everybody in cooking.\\nHad we no fires or artificial heat of some sort we should have\\nto eat our meat and fish raw we could only mix our meal\\nand flour with cold water, which would not be palatable to\\nmost of us; our vegetables,- uncooked, would fail to satisfy\\nus; and many of us would find ourselves limited to fruits\\nand nuts, which would be hardly sufficient to keep us in good\\nhealth, to say the least.\\nHave 5^ou ever thought that men or human beings are", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "14\\nAMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nvery much like other animals? Have you ever tried to find\\no ut the important differences between man and what are\\ncalled the lower animals? One of these differences comes\\nright in the line of our present thought. Dogs are fond of\\nmeat, and so are most people but dogs do not need to have\\ntheir meat cooked as we do. Horses whinny for their oats\\nat night and morning; but they would not care for our favor-\\nite breakfast dish of cooked oatmeal.\\nBears are partly protected from the\\ncold by their thick, shaggy cover-\\nings of fur but even in very cold\\nregions they have no warm fire\\naround which to gather. Man is\\nthe only fire-making animal, and\\nto this fact he owes much of his\\npower.\\nIf we read the histoiy of the\\nworld, and especially the story of\\nthe earlier life of the different na-\\ntions and peoples, we shall find that\\nfire was considered by them all to be\\none of the greatest blessings belong-\\ning to man. They thought that the\\ngods whom they worshipped also\\ntreasured fire. The Romans offered sacrifices to Vesta, the\\ngoddess of the fireplace, and it was the duty of the vestal vir-\\ngins to keep a fire always burning on her altar. Among the\\nGreeks the hearth or fireplace itself was an objector w^orship.\\nThese early peoples regarded the blessing of fire as so\\ngreat that they believed it must have originally belonged to\\nthe gods alone. Many of them had traditions that the gods\\ndid not permit men in the earliest ages to have any knowl-\\nA VESTAL VIRGIN.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "HEAT FIRE. I 5\\nedge or use of fire. Myths or stories have been found\\namong the people of Australia, Asia, Europe, and America,\\ntelling how fire had been stolen from the gods and brought\\ndown to men. The best of these stories is that of the Greek,\\nPrometheus, whose name means forethought. This an-\\ncient mythical hero was supposed to have been the great\\nfriend and benefactor of mankind. But of all his gifts to\\nmen the most valuable was the gift of fire. According to\\nthe old myth, Prometheus went up into Olympus, the Greek\\nheaven, and was welcomed by the gods. While there he\\nexamined the fire of the gods and thought what a blessing it\\nwould be to mankind. Acting under the advice of Athene,\\nthe goddess of wisdom, he stole some fire from the sun god,\\nconcealed it in a hollow reed, and brought it back with him\\nto earth.\\nIn early times there were no matches, and if a fire went\\nout it was not easy to kindle it again. Probably the people\\nwondered how the fire was made for the first time. They\\nknew that it must have been obtained somehow, from some-\\nwhere and out of this grew the story of Prometheus among\\nthe Greeks, and of the other fire stealers, the heroes of other\\npeoples in all parts of the globe.\\nBut all these stories of the fire of the gods and the way in\\nwhich human beings were able to get hold of this priceless\\nblessing we now know to be only myths. Students of early\\nhistory are agreed that all men, everywhere, and at all times,\\nhave had the knowledge and the use of fire. Great differences\\nexist between civilized and uncivilized people the savages\\nof interior Africa seem almost to belong to a different species\\nof being from the cultured people of Europe and America\\nbut all are able to warm themselves and to cook their food\\nb} means of burning fuel.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "1 6 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nCivilized man has better arrangements for kindling his\\nfire, better means of obtaining more good from it, and better\\nways for avoiding the smoke and other unpleasant features\\nthan has uncivilized man. A savage would not understand\\nthe modern chimney nor a kitchen range. He would be ut-\\nterly at a loss to comprehend our modes of heating by the\\nhot-air furnace or the coils of steam pipes. The forest pro-\\nvides him with all the wood that he needs for his fire, and\\nhe has little or no knowledge of coal or oil or gas.\\nThus you and I are far in advance of the poor, half clad,\\nhalf warmed savage; we are also in far more comfortable\\ncircumstances than were our ancestors who came from\\nEurope to America two or three hundred years ago. In all\\nthe ages of the past until within a few hundred years little\\nadvance had been made in the methods of obtaining artificial\\nheat. But since Columbus set sail from Spain, since John\\nCabot first saw the shores of this continent, since John Smith\\nmade friends with the Indians in Virginia, and William Brad-\\nford guided the lives of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, discover-\\nies and inventions have changed most of our habits and cus-\\ntoms as well as our surroundings. The methods of heating\\nour houses and cooking our food have altered greatly, and\\nwe cannot fail to be interested in comparing the simple\\nwood fires of long ago with the complex ways in which heat\\nis now evenly distributed wherever it is wanted. For a lit-\\ntle while, then, let us turn our thoughts to the primitive\\nforms of heating and cooking which were common three cen-\\nturies ago, and see in what ways the modern systems of pro-\\nviding artificial heat have been developed.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\\nINDIAN HOMES.\\nOur homes and their surroundings are so familiar to us\\nthat it is hard for us to realize that our country was not\\nalways as it is now. Let us think about it. Have you seen\\nany changes near where you live since you can remember?\\nHave any new houses been built? Do you know of any old\\nbuildings that have been torn down in order that larger or\\nbetter ones might take their places? Have you watched men\\nmaking a new street or road, or, perhaps, working upon an\\nold road to make it better? If you have, then you can think\\nback to a time when some house that you can see to-day was\\nnot there a time when there were not so many roads nor\\nsuch good streets as now. Can you think back still further\\nto a time when the house in which you live had not been\\nbuilt? when the street in front of your house had not been\\nmade? Can you imagine a time, still further back, when\\nnone of the houses in your city or village were standing?\\nwhen there were no streets at all within sight of the place\\nwhere you live? Then it will not be so very hard to think\\nof the time, four hundred years ago, when there were no\\nhouses of wood, brick, or stone, such as we now see, any-\\nwhere in this country when there was not a carriage road\\nnor a street of any kind in the whole United States. We\\nwill try to imagine how this country looked before any white\\npeople lived in it, and before the cities and towns and vil-", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "l8 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nlages and farms and ranches, that are so familiar to us, had\\nbeen begun.\\nFour hundred years ago John Cabot sailed across the\\nAtlantic Ocean and saw this country for the first time. As\\nhis little vessel moved along the coast, he looked upon bays\\nand mouths of rivers which were very much as they are to-\\nday. The peninsulas, the capes, and the islands were in the\\nsame places that they now are. They were, however, almost\\nentirely covered with woods. Here and there were fields of\\ngrass, through which blue streams were flowing; but the\\nlarger part of what is now New England and the other At-\\nlantic States was covered with thick forests. The trees were\\nlarge and close together; their branches had never been cut\\noff, and grew close to the ground. Shrubs and bushes filled\\nall the space that was left between the larger trees, and made\\nit almost impossible for any one to pass through. Wild ani-\\nmals had made paths for themselves, but if people had at-\\ntempted to use these paths they would have been obliged to\\nget down on their hands and knees and crawl through them.\\nThe rivers and the smaller streams of water were the best\\nroads in those days for unless they were shallow or flowed\\ntoo swiftly down the rapids, boats could quite easily be\\npushed up stream as well as be carried down by the current.\\nIn this country, covered with forests, were there only\\nwild animals? Were there no human beings: no men, nor\\nwomen, nor children? No white men lived in New Eng-\\nland the city of New York had not even been thought of\\nBaltimore and Savannah were impassable forests; and the\\ngreat West was only a hunting ground. But the red men\\nor American Indians did live in this country and were its\\nonly owners.\\nThe Indians did not live in many roomed houses of wood", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "HEAT INDIAN HOMES. 1 9\\nor brick or stone they never built roads or streets nor did\\nthey ride in carriages. If they wished to go from one place\\nto another they used canoes on the rivers as far as they could\\nif they wished to cross the land from one stream to another\\nthey made a foot path, called a trail. Sometimes a trail was\\nbroad enough to permit a canoe to be carried. Thus the In-\\ndians could travel long distances without growing tired from\\nmuch walking.\\nThe Indians must have had dwelling places to protect\\nthem from the cold and the storms which were as common\\nthen as now. Many tribes of Indians w^ere in the habit of\\nmoving frequently from place to place, and for this reason\\ntheir homes were not built for permanent use, but were\\nmade of materials that could be quickly put together. The\\nIndians that lived in Canada and New England were more\\nroving than those of New York therefore their houses were\\nvery simple. They were long and narrow, with rounded roofs,\\nand covered on the tops and sides with matting that could\\nbe readily removed.\\nThe Iroquois, dwelling south of Lake Ontario, were a lit-\\ntle more civilized than their neighbors, and built more per-\\nmanent houses. Their dwellings were very long, from one\\nto two hundred feet in length, and usually about thirty feet\\nwide. The frames were made of long sticks or poles, set\\nfirmly in the ground other poles formed the roof, with two\\nsloping sides, over which were laid large strips of elm bark.\\nThese houses had a door at each end, with no windows, and\\nlight entered only through the doors and the large openings\\nin the roof. The openings were made at frequent intervals\\nto allow the escape of the smoke from the fires directly\\nbeneath.\\nAlthough the Indian dwellings varied greatly among the", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "20\\nAMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\ndifferent tribes, in none of them did a family live by itself.\\nUsually twenty or more families dwelt together in each of\\nthe Iroquois long houses. A building planned for twenty\\nfamilies had ten stalls, or open closets as they might be\\ncalled, arranged along each side. An open passageway ran\\nthe entire length of the house from door to door, in which\\nwere built five fires at equal distances. Each fire belonged\\nto the four families\\nwhose stalls two on\\neach side opened\\ndirectly toward it.\\nNow let us im-\\nagine ourselves in\\none of these long\\nhouses, and let us\\ntry to see just how\\neverything looked.\\nLet us suppose that\\nit is a little after\\nsunset on a cold,\\nstormy winter even-\\ning. We are glad\\nto get under any covering in order to be somewhat protected\\nfrom the biting wind and the stinging sleet. We have been\\nwelcomed by the Indians, have been made the guests of\\none of the families, and have been given something to eat.\\nSupper over, we are able to look about us and to think\\nwhether we should consider ourselves cosy and comfortable\\nif this were our own home.\\nThe first thing that we observe is the fire, as it snaps and\\nhisses. How warm it is, and how good it feels as we toast\\nour cold hands and feet before it But somehow we begin\\nIROQUOIS LONG HOUSE.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "HEAT INDIAN HOMES. 21\\nto wish that we were back beside our own stove. Then our\\neyes would not ache from the smoke. Why does it not go\\nout at the top? It tries to, but the wind blows it back into\\nthe house so that, at times, it fills every corner, blinding our\\neyes, stifling our breath, and covering us with cinders from\\nhead to foot.\\nBut as we sit, Turk fashion, squatted before the fire, we\\nnotice that we are being slowly covered up by something else\\nthan cinders. Although all the smoke does not go out at the\\nopening, it seems as if almost all the snow did come in. At\\ntimes it falls gently, slowly sifting into every fold in our\\nclothing, into our eyes and ears, and gradually covering\\neverything with its mantle of white. At other times a\\nstrong gust of wind sweeps down into the room, almost put-\\nting out the fire, and chilling us through and through in\\nspite of the roaring blaze.\\nNow cold shivers begin to run down our backs. Besides,\\nour limbs are growing tired from sitting so long in the un-\\nusual position. So we think that we will try a change, and\\nwe decide to lie down at full length with our faces to the\\nfire. It is not easy to move into the new position, because\\nour neighbors are crowded so close to us but we finally suc-\\nceed. In a very few minutes our feet begin to ache with the\\ncold and our faces seem burning up with the heat. Shall\\nwe change again, and for a time let our heads get cool while\\nwe warm our feet? We cannot keep this up all night, but\\nwe would need to do so if we tried to be really comfortable.\\nIn this way the Indians lived. They had no beds, no\\nseparate chambers, no kitchen, dining room, nor parlor. In\\nthis one room, if it can be called a room, all the families ate\\nand slept. Around these fires they spent their time while\\nin the house. Here they lay stretched out for sleep, with", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "22\\nAMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nskins of animals under them as a slight protection from the\\ndamp ground. They did not spend much time in changing\\ntheir clothes, for they practically wore the same night and\\nday. They really needed only the roof to cover them and\\nthe fire to warm them. Though the fire warmed them un-\\nevenly, though the smoke was uncomfortable, though the\\ncold, the snow, and the rain came in at the opening and all\\naround the sides of the house, yet the Indians had a cover-\\ning, they had a fire,\\nand they were to a\\ngreat degree content-\\ned, and happy.\\nThey were used to\\nthis life; they knew\\nno other. Even after\\nthe white men came\\nand the Indians had\\nseen them in their\\nhouses, they had no\\ndesire to change their\\nmode of living.\\nINDIAN METHOD OF BROILING.\\nUgh! grunted an\\nold redskin, as he studied the white man s ways; ugh!\\nInjun make a little fire and set close to him white man\\nmake a big fire and set way off.\\nThe Indians needed food as well as covering. Their\\ncooking must have been quite different from that which is\\ndone on a large modern kitchen range. They had no domes-\\ntic animals except the dog; no cows nor pigs, no hens nor\\nturkeys. They were compelled to hunt wild animals if\\nthey wanted meat. This meat they usually broiled not on\\na broiler or a toaster, but upon slats or strips of wood placed", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "HEAT INDIAN HOMES. 23\\nabove the fire. Fish was cooked in the same way. Some-\\ntimes they boiled the meat. For this they usually had\\nwooden dishes, which could not be put over the fire. These\\nwere filled with water, into which red hot stones were placed.\\nWhen the water had been heated the food was put in it to\\nbe cooked.\\nWe should now have some idea of the manner of life\\namong the Indians. We have learned a little about their\\nhouses and their habits; we have seen how they made their\\nfires and did their cooking we have heard about their trails\\nand their canoes, and the way in which they traveled from\\nplace to place. Thus lived the American Indians or red\\nmen three or four hundred years ago, and thus they would\\nprobably be living to-day if Columbus or some one else had\\nnot discovered America; if the English, the French, and the\\nSpaniards had not come across the ocean if farms and vil-\\nlages, towns and cities had not sprung up all over the coun-\\ntry if the white men had not taken much of the land over\\nwhich the Indians had roamed for centuries; and if the In-\\ndians had not learned much from the white men which has\\ngreatly changed their conditions.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III.\\nCOLONIAL HOMES.\\nThe Indians, seated in their long community houses\\naround their wood fires, ranging over their hunting ground\\nseeking fresh meat, or stealthily creeping through the forest\\nhoping to surprise some human enemy, at last found that\\nthey could no longer have this entire continent to them-\\nselves. More than four hundred years ago Europeans dis-\\ncovered the New World and began to explore it. More\\nthan three hundred years ago the Spaniards conquered the\\nIndians in Mexico and made a settlement in Florida. Nearly\\nthree hundred years ago the French began to build homes in\\nCanada, the Dutch in New York, and the English in Virginia\\nand New England.\\nThese white men, with their wives and children, crossed\\nthe Atlantic Ocean in the small vessels of those days, and\\nbuilt villages and cleared the land for farms. Their settle-\\nments were generally near the seacoast or the great rivers.\\nThe pioneers were thus nearer one another, and could the\\nmore readily hasten to each other s assistance in case of need.\\nThe newcomers were not alike in appearance or habits.\\nThe French had different customs from the Spaniards.\\nThey not only spoke a different language, but they wore\\ndifferent kinds of clothes, tilled the soil in a different way,\\nand lived in houses of different styles. The Dutch were\\nquite unlike the English. Then, again, the life of the Eng-\\nlish in Virginia was different from life in New England in", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "HEAT COLONIAL HOMES.\\n25\\nthe former colony some of the settlers were wealthy, owned\\nlarge plantations, and lived at long distances from one another\\nin the latter the colonists had more nearly equal possessions,\\noccupied smaller farms, and lived close together.\\nAlthough the colonists thus had differing habits and cus-\\ntoms, in many respects they were much alike. They had\\ncome to a country where everything was new. No mills nor\\nfactories were run by the streams no shops made clothing\\nor farming tools no stores\\nsold furniture or groceries.\\nEverything that the colon-\\nists needed must be either\\nbrought across the ocean or\\nroughly made by them-\\nselves. Of course only the\\nrich could afford the ex-\\npense of bringing heavy\\narticles three thousand\\nmiles in sailing vessels;\\ntherefore a large part of\\nwhat the colonists wore or ate or used for furniture or build-\\nings was rude and of home manufacture. A description of\\nthe mode of life in one section of the country will give some-\\nthing of an idea of how the colonists lived in other sections.\\nAlmost the first thing that was necessary for the colonist\\nto do, as soon as he had determined where he was to live,\\nwas to build his house he began at once to fell the trees.\\nThe axe was one of the most important of his possessions\\nand he soon learned to use it with great skill. If he needed\\nhis house immediately he usually built it of rough, unsplit\\nlogs, filling the spaces with clay and covering the roof with\\nthatch.\\nPLYING THE AXE", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "26 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nThere is a story told of a log house which was built in\\nthe early part of one winter. The trees were cut when their\\ntrunks were frozen, and were laid in proper position to form\\nthe sides of the cabin. The stone chimney was built, and\\nthe house was ready. Day after day the great fireplace sent\\nout its heat into the single room, until the sap in the logs was\\nmelted and little shoots with tender leaves began to form,\\nwhich in time, at the ends of the logs nearest the fire, grew\\ninto long twigs. The logs had remained frozen on the out-\\nside, but had thawed within a pleasant suggestion of the\\ncheer and comfort found in a well warmed house.\\nIf the newcomer had neighbors who could shelter his\\nfamily for a time, he would split the logs and make a house\\nsomewhat tighter and better protected from cold and storm.\\nAfter a time lumber mills were built and the logs were\\nsawed into planks and boards. Many of the earliest New\\nEngland houses contained but one room with an attic. The\\nhouse was entered directly from out-of-doors, and was lighted\\nby windows set wuth very small panes of glass or oiled paper.\\nIn one corner was the staircase, which sometimes was merely\\na ladder or perhaps a few cleats nailed on the framework.\\nThe furniture was meagre and most of it rudely made.\\nCan we see any improvement in this rough cottage over\\nthe Indian long house? It was more permanent; it was\\ntighter and warmer; it was the abode of one family; it w^as\\na real home. In another respect the comfort of the log cabin\\nwas greatly increased: it had an enclosed fireplace and a\\nchimney.\\nSome years ago fireplaces were seldom seen in our dwel-\\nlings. In many of the old houses, in which the fireplaces were\\nas old as the houses themselves, they were never used and\\nwere either boarded up or carefully screened from view. But", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "HEAT COLONIAL HOMES.\\n27\\nmore recently they have come into use again, and now seldom\\nis a well arranged house built without one or more open fire-\\nplaces. We are then most of us acquainted with this small\\nopening in the side or the corner of the room, in which small\\nlogs of wood burn upon the andirons or a bed of coals upon\\nthe grate. However, this modern grate or hearth is very\\nunlike the huge fireplace of one and two centuries ago.\\nIn the houses in which your great-grandmother and her\\nmother and grandmother and great-grandmother lived, the\\nfireplace was not con-\\nfined to a corner of\\nthe room, nor did it\\nburn sticks fifteen or\\neighteen inches long.\\nIn the oldest house\\nnow standing in\\nRhode Island the fire-\\nplace was nearly ten\\nfeet long and about four feet in depth. Its back and sides\\nwere of stone, nearly two feet thick, and the chimney, thirteen\\nfeet by six, did not begin to narrow, as it went upward, until\\nit reached the roof. This fire place made an excellent play-\\nhouse when the fire was out, and children found great delight\\nin watching the stars from their seat in the chimney corner.\\nAt first this open fireplace, with the fire burning in the\\ncentre, was the only means for cooking which our ancestors\\npossessed. When they were able to build larger houses,\\nwith two, four, or eight rooms, even two stories high, they\\nstill had the great hearths; not one alone, but one in each\\nof the principal rooms, and sometimes in the chambers. As\\ntime went on, stone or brick ovens were built by the side of\\nthe fireplaces, and frequently tin or Dutch ovens were\\nA COLONIAL FIREPLACE.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "28 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nbrought across the ocean and used in case of need. Let us\\nlook into one of these old houses on a Saturday, or baking\\nday, and notice some of the pleasures and inconveniences of\\ncooking in olden time.\\nWhen Mother Brown rises at half past four in the morn-\\ning she dresses quickly, for the coals, which had been care-\\nfully covered up, have given out little heat during the bitter,\\ncold night. Before she can wash her hands and face she\\nmust start up the fire, for all the water in the house is\\nfrozen. She carefully rakes off the ashes from the coals\\nwhich are still alive, deftly lays on them a few shavings\\nand pieces of bark, and, when they begin to burn brightly,\\npiles upon them small and then larger sticks of wood. Now\\nFather Brown and John, the hired man, who have come in\\nfrom doing the chores, lift on to the fire one of the six foot\\nlogs, three or four feet in circumference, which have been\\npreviously brought in. Then Mother Brown calls the chil-\\ndren. Ruth, the eldest, is already nearly dressed Mehitable,\\njust in her teens, is soon ready while Polly, the baby, near-\\nly eight years old, finds it hard work to crawl out from between\\nthe sheets. The boys are even harder to rouse, for mother\\nhas to call Nathaniel, aged eleven, three times before he\\nappears, and Joseph, two years younger, is slower still.\\nWe will not stop to notice the breakfast, which is eaten,\\nand the dishes washed, long before the sun rises. Now the\\noutside door opens and in comes the old white horse, hauling\\na great backlog. John unhitches the chain and rolls the log\\nupon the fire. This done, the horse goes out at the door\\nopposite the one he entered. Father Brown brings in several\\narmfuls of brush and heavier sticks, and throws them down\\nnear the fireplace.\\nAs this is baking day, the oven must be made ready.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "HEAT COLONIAL HOMES.\\n29\\nThe great brick oven, one side of which makes also one side\\nof the fireplace, is filled with the brush and light wood,\\nwhich is soon burning briskly. For an hour the fire is kept\\nup, new wood being thrown in when necessary then it is\\nallowed to go out. Meanwhile Mother Brown and Ruth are\\nbusy mixing and rolling, sifting rye and Indian meal, stir-\\nHAULING IN A BACKLOG.\\nring up eggs, and adding milk and butter. By the time the\\noven is heated the cooks are ready to use it and Mehitable\\nrakes out the coals and ashes with a long stick, shaped like\\na shepherd s crook.\\nFirst the pans of rye n Injun bread are laid in the\\noven, away back at the farther end. Then the pandowdy\\nor great apple pudding and the Injun pudding are placed\\nin front of the bread. While the bread and the puddings\\nare baking, two tin ovens are brought in and prepared for\\nuse. These Dutch ovens are mere sheets of metal curved", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "30\\nAMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\naround into more than half a circle, with the opening placed\\ntoward the fire. A long iron rod runs through from side to\\nside of the oven on which the meat for roast is to be spitted.\\nMother Brown removes one of the spits and thrusts it\\nthrough a piece of beef, and in the same way spits a fat\\nturkey on the other. Here is work for little Polly, upon\\nwhom rests the task of frequently turning the spit so that\\nthe meat is evenly roasted.\\nLater in the day, when the bread is baked, the oven is\\nheated again and filled with pies apple, mince, squash, and\\npumpkin. By the\\ntime these are baked\\nthe day is done. The\\ncoals on the hearth\\nare covered with\\nashes and the tired\\ncooks gladly retire\\nfor the night.\\nOn other days\\nmeat is boiled in pots\\nthat are hung from\\nthe crane, a long.\\nCOOKING IN A COLONIAL KITCHEN.\\nswinging, iron rod\\nwhich reaches directly over the fire or may be turned out\\ninto the room. Upon the hearth potatoes are baked, corn is\\nroasted, and other primitive forms of cooking are used. We\\nhave made a long step from the Indian s open fire and his\\nsimple cooking to the brick and tin ovens and the metal pots\\nand kettles of our ancestors but is it not a longer step to\\nthe coal, oil, and gas ranges of to-day?", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nCHIMNEYS.\\nRemembering our experience in the Indian long house\\nthe discomfort of the smoke and the opening in the roof we\\nshall understand another great improvement in the colonist s\\nhouse. Even the log cabin had its chimney. The rising\\ncolumn of hot air from the fire, carrying the smoke with it,\\nis confined between walls of stone or brick, and the room is\\nfairly free from smoke. Why did not the Indian build a\\nchimney? The temporary nature of his dwelling may have\\nbeen a partial reason; but the red man s lack of civilization\\nwas doubtless the most effective cause. Even many so-called\\ncivilized nations built their houses without chimneys, and in\\nfact this convenience is but a few centuries old.\\nThe ancient Greeks are praised for their high civilization,\\nand yet they w^re little better off than the savage Indians\\nof the New World in the methods of heating their houses.\\nNeither the Greeks nor the Romans had chimneys for their\\ndwellings. It is true that Greece and Italy are warmer\\ncountries than England or most of the United States, and\\ndoors and windows could be left open with less discomfort\\nthan with us. Much of the smoke might thus escape, but\\nenough doubtless remained to be unpleasant. The Greeks\\nrefrained from carving the rooms in which fires were built,\\nfor they realized that such ornamentation would soon be dis-\\ncolored by soot.\\nAfter Greece had been conquered .by the Romans and", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "32 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nRome had been overthrown by the Germanic tribes, much of\\nthe ancient civilization was lost and the Dark Ages fol-\\nlowed. During this period the people throughout Europe\\nmade their fires in holes in the centre of the room, under an\\nopening in the roof just as we have seen that the Indians\\ndid. When the family went to bed at night they covered\\nthe hole in the roof with a board and also threw ashes over\\nthe coals, to prevent the wooden house from catching fire\\nwhile they slept. It was the custom in every town, for many\\ncenturies, to ring the curfew or cover-fire bell each night,\\nwarning the inhabitants to cover their fires, put out their\\nlights, and go to bed.\\nThe first chimneys were probably built in Northern Italy\\nabout seven hundred years ago. The story is told that the\\nLord of Padua went to Rome in 1368 and found no chim-\\nney in his hotel. The Romans still held to the custom\\nof kindling their fires in openings in the ground in the\\nmiddle of the room. The Lord of Padua, longing for the\\ncomforts to which he was accustomed, sent to Padua for\\ncarpenters and masons, and had them build two chimneys\\nlike those at home. On the top of these he had his coat\\nof arms affixed.\\nGradually chimneys came into use throughout Europe,\\nand when the colonists came to America they built them as\\na matter of course. As we have seen, the fireplaces were\\nmammoth, and the chimneys therefore were also of great size\\nand for this reason, although the discomfort from the smoke\\nwas less than in the Indian long houses, it was not wholly\\navoided. For centuries, however, people had been used to\\nthe smoke, which occasionally poured back into the room in-\\nstead of going up the chimney, and it did not occur to them,\\nany more than to thexed men, that it could be avoided. Not", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "HEAT CHIMNEYS. 33\\nuntil a New England boy, who was then living in England,\\nbegan to study into the cause of smoking chimneys was any\\nrelief obtained.\\nBenjamin Thompson was born in Woburn, Massachusetts,\\nand had just come to manhood when the American Revolution\\nbroke out. Partly owing to certain family connections, he\\ntook the side of King George III., and went to England.\\nAfter the war was over he went to Bavaria, entered the ser-\\nvice of the king, and became his chamberlain. He rose\\nthrough various positions until he became minister of war,\\nand was made Count Rumford. He remained in Bavaria a\\nfew years, then lived for a time in England, and spent his\\nlast days in Paris.\\nBoth in Bavaria and in England, Count Rumford devoted\\nhimself to science and the improvement of the conditions of\\nhis fellow men. It would be interesting to know the steps\\nthat he took and the good that he did, but we can here notice\\nonly some of his improvements in the methods of heating\\nhouses. As a scientist he was asked to cure smoking chim-\\nneys, and he succeeded so well that he once said he had\\ncured more than five hundred in London alone.\\nHe found out the simple fact that smoke will readily go up\\na chimney unless there is something to stop it. All that\\nwas necessary was to discover the trouble and remove it. In\\nnearly all of the five hundred chimneys nothing more was\\nneeded than to make the lower part of the chimney and the\\nfireplace of the right form and size. One firm of builders\\nwas kept constantly employed carrying out his suggestions.\\nNot only did he cure the chimneys, but he also prevented\\nthe waste of much heat. In accordance with his directions\\nthe square fireplace was changed so that the sides made a\\ngreater angle with the back and would therefore reflect more\\n3", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "34\\nAMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nheat into the room. He also made the space about the\\nfire smaller, thus rendering the air hotter and therefore\\nmore ready to rush up the chimney, carrying more of the\\nsmoke with it. Count Rumford s ideas have been generally\\nfollowed since his day, and now fireplaces seldom give out\\nsmoke into the room while they furnish more heat.\\nCount Rumford next took up the problem of improving\\nstoves. Before we consider his improvements, however, we\\nmust note something about the\\nfirst stoves. Another Massa-\\nchusetts boy, born nearly half\\na century before Benjamin\\nThompson, also became a sci-\\nentist, inventor, and discoverer.\\nBenjamin Franklin was a trav-\\neler and in many other re-\\nspects was like Count Rumford.\\nBut he chose to go with the\\ncolonies when they revolted\\nfrom Great Britain, and he gave\\nall his services to his fellow\\ncountrymen. A few years be-\\nfore the birth of Thompson, Franklin made an invention\\nwhich was the first improved method of heating rooms.\\nThere had been so-called German stoves before his day,\\nbut they were not much used in this country.\\nIt was in 1742 that Franklin, while in Philadelphia, de-\\nvised the Franklin stove or Pennsylvania fireplace. It\\nconsisted of iron sides, back and top, and w^as entirely open\\nin front. A flue was arranged in the back which connected\\nwith the chimney to carry off the smoke. This movable fire-\\nplace was designed to burn wood, comparatively small logs\\nA FRANKLIN STOVE.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "HEAT CHIMNEYS. 35\\nbeing used. It had many advantages over the stone fire-\\nplace. It was set up nearer the middle of the room, thus\\nsending heat out in all directions and warming the entire\\nroom. It saved much of the heat which had previously\\npassed directly up the chimney and been lost. In the Penn-\\nsylvania fireplace this heat warmed the iron on the top of the\\nstove and at the back, as well as the flue itself, all of which\\nwarmed the air in the room. Saving the heat saved wood\\nalso. Franklin himself said:\\nMy common room, I know, is made twice as warm as\\nit used to be, with a quarter of the wood I formerly consumed\\nthere.\\nFranklin was offered a patent for his device by the gover-\\nnor of Pennsylvania, but he declined it. He declared that\\ninasmuch as we enjoy great advantages from the inventions\\nof others, we should be glad of an opportunity to serve others\\nby any invention of ours. Unfortunately, however, the peo-\\nple did not obtain from his generosity all the advantages that\\nFranklin expected, for a London iron manufacturer made\\nsome slight changes in the pattern, not improving the stove\\nin the least, and obtained a patent. From the sale of these\\nstoves he made what was called a small fortune.\\nFranklin s fireplace was but the first in a long series of\\ninventions that have brought to us the stove of to-day. The\\ngreat merit in his work was the idea of giving up the stone\\nfireplace for one of iron. Changes in the form and shape of\\nthe stove have followed as a matter of course. No special\\ncredit is due to any one else, unless it be to Count Rumford,\\nwho, after curing the chimneys, made a cook stove with\\nan oven. Then, for the first time since men knew how to\\ncook over a fire, cooking could be carried on and the cook be\\nprotected from the direct heat of the fire.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "36 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nThus we come to the modern house with its modern\\nstoves. No longer have we but one method of heating a\\ndwelling. Sometimes a stove is set up in each of the rooms.\\nSometimes a larger stove is placed in the cellar, and this fur-\\nnace heats air that is carried by large pipes or flues to the\\nrooms, where the heated air comes out through registers.\\nSometimes a furnace in the cellar heats water, and hot water\\nor steam is sent through small pipes, and passing through\\ncoils or radiators gives out heat. Besides, the cooking range\\nis found in most kitchens.\\nAll these systems of heating houses exist instead of the\\nold-fashioned fireplace. Even when the modern grate is\\nbuilt, it is usual to find a register or steam coil on the op-\\nposite side of the room, because the open fire is apt to warm\\none side of the room only. It is pleasant, however, to look\\ninto a blazing fire, and we are sometimes almost willing to\\nhave the heat unevenly distributed if only we can watch the\\nflames.\\nSome form of the stove, however, is our main dependence,\\nand its various developments have been due, generally, to the\\ndesire of being freed from the discomforts of the old time\\nmethods. Perhaps also the growing scarcity of wood and\\nthe discovery of coal have had some effect upon the develop-\\nment of the stove but that we must leave to another chapter.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V.\\nFUEL.\\nWhat do you burn in the stoves in your houses? was\\nasked of a class of schoolchildren in a small Pennsylvania\\ntown. Hands went up in every direction one said kero-\\nsene oil two others shouted gas a few replied wood\\nmost of the class answered coal. Then the teacher made\\nfurther inquiries to learn why these different substances were\\nused. The three who answered gas and oil agreed that coal\\nwas burned in other stoves in their houses, but that oil and\\ngas stoves were used also because they were so convenient.\\nWhen the question was asked why coal was used, instantly\\nthe answer was given that coal was the best thing to burn\\neverybody burned it. Now this was not quite true, but Miss\\nTurner, the teacher, instead of immediately correcting the\\nerror, turned to the pupils who had answered wood, and\\ninquired why they used wood. One said, We haven t any\\ncoal another thought that it was because wood kindled\\nmore easily than coal a third was sure that he was right\\nWe don t have to buy wood; coal costs money.\\nNow this boy had the correct idea. He lived in the coun-\\ntry, though near the town. His father owned a large farm,\\na part of which was still forest land he could cut his own\\nwood, and therefore did not buy coal. After a few more\\nquestions the teacher discovered that all those who burned\\nwood lived some little distance from town.\\nThen she turned to the class again and asked them if they", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "38 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\ncould now tell why the town families used coal instead of\\nwood. One said, We do not own forests. Another\\nthought that it was because there were not trees enough.\\nA third shook his hand wildly and shouted, Coal is cheaper\\nthan wood A shy little girl ventured to suggest, Because\\ncoal is better than wood; it lasts longer.\\nYou have each of you given a good reason, Miss Turner\\nanswered. Coal is cheaper than wood here in the town be-\\ncause wood is growing more and more scarce. Many of your\\nparents prefer coal because with it the fire needs less atten-\\ntion. But the coal dealers charge more to carry coal out into\\nthe country, and those who still own forests find it cheaper\\nto burn their own wood. What sort of replies would I have\\nreceived if I had asked the same questions of children in\\nPennsylvania Colony, or in any of the colonies, one hundred\\nand fifty or two hundred years ago?\\nThe children had studied history somewhat. They knew\\nthe story of Columbus and his discoveries they had read of\\nthe Pilgrims and the Puritans; they could have answered\\nquestions concerning John Smith and Henry Hudson; and\\nthey were especially familiar with William Penn and the\\nQuakers, with George Washington and Braddock s defeat.\\nBut not one of them remembered that he had ever been told\\nanything about the fires of the colonists.\\nThere was a pause for a time then one boy asked, Didn t\\nthey burn just what we burn? After another pause the\\nshy little girl asked, Didn t they have more forests then\\nthan now? Before the teacher could reply, a boy said,\\nPerhaps they did not have any coal.\\nThe children had thus thought it out for themselves, and\\nthey were right. Miss Turner then told them that it was\\nmany years after the time of Columbus or Hudson or Penn", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "HEAT FUEL. 39\\nbefore coal mines were discovered in this country or coal\\nused. She added that almost all the country, from Maine to\\nGeorgia and westward across the Alleghany Mountains, was\\ncovered with thick forests when the colonists crossed the\\nAltantic Ocean.\\nWhat do you suppose our ancesters thought of these\\nforests? Were they glad to see them, or did they wish that\\nthey covered less ground? asked the teacher.\\nMost of the children answered that the forests must have\\nbeen of great value to the colonists they would not have to\\npay anything for fuel.\\nCan you raise vegetables or grain in the woods? was\\nMiss Turner s next question.\\nThen the pupils began to see that the forests were hin-\\ndrances as well as helps. The teacher told them that they\\ngave the colonists more wood than was needed for fires and\\nfor lumber. She added that every acre of ground that they\\nwished to plant with Indian corn or rye, with potatoes or\\nsquashes, must first be freed from the trees. Before the\\nland could be plowed it must be cleared. If, then, the trees\\nfurnished more wood than could be used, it was natural for\\nthe farmer to burn the trees and stumps in the fields.\\nIf there had been but few settlers and if they had been\\nwidely scattered over a large territory, no harm would have\\nresulted. But the colonists came over by the thousands and\\nhad large families of children. By the time the country had\\nbeen settled a hundred years, great gaps had been made in\\nthe forests. A few of the most foresighted of the colonists\\nbegan to think about the future and to wonder what they\\nwould do for fuel if the wood should give out. In fact, trees\\nbegan to be scarce in the neighborhood of the larger towns,\\nand firewood as well as lumber became expensive.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "40 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nSuppose that all the forests in this country had been\\ndestroyed, the class was asked, what would the people\\nhave done for fuel?\\nUsed coal, replied a boy from a back seat.\\nYes, said Miss Turner, if there were any coal, and if\\nthe colonists knew where to find it and how to use it. But\\nwhat is this coal and where does it come from?\\nWe owe all our knowledge of the origin of coal to the\\ngeologists, who have made a careful study of the surface of\\nthe earth, continued Miss Turner. They tell us that there\\nwas a time when human beings did not live on the earth when\\nnot even animals that need to breathe the air could exist.\\nThe atmosphere which surrounded the earth in those days\\nwas different from the air which we breathe. We need the\\noxygen that is in our air to sustain life poor ventilation in\\nour rooms or halls soon renders them uncomfortable and\\noften causes our heads to ache. The reason for this is the\\npresence in the air of too large a quantity of a gas called car-\\nbonic acid gas; an extra amount of it makes the air unfit to\\nbreathe, but a certain amount is necessary to sustain plant\\nlife.\\nIn the coal-forming or carboniferous age the atmosphere\\naround the earth contained less oxygen than at present and\\ngreat quantities of carbonic acid gas. For this reason, as I\\nhave said, animals did not exist, but plants large shrubs,\\ngreat ferns, and huge trees lived and grew vigorously. If\\nwe have ever seen thick woods we need only imagine all the\\nbushes and trees of the forest to be of enormous size in order\\nto have some idea of the vegetable growth of the carbonifer-\\nous age. The earth was preparing vast quantities of fuel to\\nbe ready, thousands of years later, for the millions of men\\nthat were to come.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "HEAT\u00e2\u0080\u0094 FUEL. 4I\\nThe growth of the forests was but one step in the pre-\\nparation of coal. The second step was the submerging of\\nthe forests, covering them with water as if at the bottom of the\\nsea. Then the streams brought gravel, sand, and mud into\\nthis ocean, and these were hardened into clay and sandstone\\nby the pressure of the water, perhaps aided by the heat of\\nthe earth itself. The trees and ferns were bent down and\\npressed together and driven into the most compact condition\\npossible.\\nBut again earthquakes came and the water disappeared.\\nThe layer of clay and sandstone was covered with soil which\\nbecame dry enough to produce other forests, growing as rank\\nas the first. These were again overwhelmed and covered\\nfirst with water, then with rocks and soil, only to be lifted\\nagain for another growth. This process was repeated in\\nsome cases many times, as we can see with a little study.\\nHere Miss Turner stopped and said Next Saturday, if\\nit is pleasant, we will have our annual spring picnic. We\\nwill go to a new place this time. We will try Rowland s\\nGrove, and then in the afternoon w^e will go down into the\\nJefferson mine and see what it is like.\\nWe have not time to read about the picnic, nor of the\\ninterest that the class showed before the appointed Saturday,\\nas w^ell as all the forenoon of that day. Nor can we tell how\\nthe children went down the shaft of the mine, and how they\\nwere at first so quiet that hardly a word was said. The\\nteacher showed them a layer of coal in the mine which w^as\\nabout three feet thick. Just above it was a rock which was\\ndifferent from the coal. This they were told was sandstone,\\nthe hardened sand which had been heaped upon the forests\\nso many thousand years before. Then below the coal w^as\\nanother rock which was entirely unlike either the coal or", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "42\\nAMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nthe sandstone. This was the seat-stone, the rock made out\\nof the soil in which the forest had grown. Then below\\nthis they found three more layers, sandstone, coal, and\\nseat-stone, and so on until\\nthe bottom of the mine\\nwas reached.\\nBy this time the chil-\\ndren were ready to ask\\nquestions.\\nOh, Miss Turner,\\nwhat is this curious-look-\\ning thing in this part of\\nthe seat-stone? asked\\none of the boys.\\nMiss Turner replied:\\nThat is a fossil. It is\\npart of a root of a tree,\\nand has retained its shape\\nand appearance all these\\nthousands and thousands\\nof years.\\nOne of the miners who had been listening to the conver-\\nsation said: If you will step this way, madam, I can show\\nyou the whole of a tree-trunk in the coal.\\nThe children eagerly crowded around as the miner showed\\nthe fossilized trunk of a tree still standing just as it grew,\\nwith its roots in the seat-stone and its top in the sandstone\\nabove the coal for here the layer of coal was several feet in\\nthickness.\\nA few minutes afterward, as the children were looking\\ncarefully at the sides of the mine to see if they could find more\\nfossils, the shy little girl said quietly to the teacher: I think\\nIN A COAL MINE.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "HEAT FUEL. 43\\nthat I have found something, Miss Turner; won t you please\\nsee?\\nShe led the way to a trunk which showed the various\\nstages in the process of change. One end was still almost\\nlike wood, the middle part was a very soft brown coal, while\\nthe other end was true coal.\\nThat helps us to understand more about the way in\\nwhich the forests were changed to coal, said Miss Turner.\\nNow here is one more proof that coal was formed out of\\nwood.\\nThe teacher picked up a piece of coal and broke it with\\na hammer. Then she showed on the new surface some\\npatches of a black substance. Does not that look like char-\\ncoal? she asked. You know that charcoal is wood partly\\nburned.\\nThus the class learned how nature, ages and ages ago,\\nbegan to prepare for the use of man a fuel which seems inex-\\nhaustible, is superior to wood in many respects, and is freely\\ndistributed in various portions of the world. This coal,\\nwhich has taken the place of wood to a great extent in fur-\\nnishing heat for our houses and stores, is found in large\\nquantities in the United States, but was not mined or used\\nhere until the middle of the last century.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI.\\nCOAL.\\nThe iise of coal for heating purposes is so familiar to every\\none nowadays that probably few have ever thought about the\\ntime when it was unknown. Coal was as plentiful three\\nthousand years ago as it is now. Layers and beds of the\\nfuel existed just under the surface of the ground, and in\\nmany places cropped out through it. But the stones were\\nmerely black rocks, and the idea that rocks would burn\\nwas too absurd to occur to any one. We may well wonder\\nhow it was first discovered that coal would burn.\\nProfessor Greene suggests a possible explanation of this\\ndiscovery. There is in coal a hard, yellow, brassy mineral\\nwhich flies in the fire and not infrequently startles the circle\\nthat has gathered around its cheerful blaze. When exposed\\nto damp air this mineral undergoes chemical change, and\\nduring the process heat is given out, sometimes in sufficient\\nquantities to set the coal alight. In this way it occasionally\\nhappens that seams of coal, when they lie near the surface,\\ntake fire of their own accord. One day a savage on a stroll\\nwas startled by finding the ground warm beneath his feet,\\nand by seeing smoke and sulphurous vapors issuing from\\nit. He laid it first to a supernatural cause but curiosity get-\\nting the better of superstition, he scraped away the earth to\\nfind whence the reek came. Then he saw a bed of black\\nstone, loose blocks of which he had already noticed lying", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "HEAT COAL. 45\\nabout parts of this stone were smouldering, and as soon as\\nair was admitted burst into a blaze.\\nWhether coal was thus discovered or not, its first discovery\\nmust have occurred early in the history of the world. More\\nthan twenty centuries ago the Greek scholar, Theophrastus,\\nwrote of the coals which were used by blacksmiths. There\\nare indications that coal was mined in England before that\\ncountry was conquered by the Romans. But not until the\\ntwelfth century was enough of the mineral mined in New-\\ncastle, the great coal region of England, to warrant its being\\ncarried to London. As this coal was brought in vessels to the\\nmetropolis it received the name of sea-coal, and it was thus\\ncalled for several centuries.\\nHow strange it is that opposition always arises to every\\nnew thing! People are always to be found who think that\\nanything with which they are not familiar cannot be good.\\nSo it was in London. A cry began to arise that the use of\\ncoal was injurious to health. The coal was soft or bitumi-\\nnous, and burned with considerable flame and a dense smoke.\\nThis was before the common use of chimneys, and therefore\\nthe air in the rooms where it was burned became filled with\\nan unpleasant odor. The belief was general that the use of\\ncoal rendered the air unfit to breathe, and Parliament was\\nrequested to put a stop to it. King Edward L issued a proc-\\nlamation forbidding any but blacksmiths to burn sea-coals,\\nand directing that buildings from which coal-smoke was seen\\nto come should be torn down. Though the law was repealed\\nunder a later king, coal was but little used for household pur-\\nposes until the eighteenth century.\\nMost of the coal beds in the United States are situated at\\nsome distance from the ocean therefore the first colonists,\\nsettling along the coast, were for a long time ignorant of", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "46 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\ntheir existence. The first white man to discover coal was\\nFather Hennepin, who more than two hundred years ago,\\nwhile exploring the Mississippi River, found it in Illinois.\\nThe first mines worked were the Richmond fields in Vir-\\nginia, w^here coal was taken out a century and a half ago.\\nThere is a tradition that a boy left home one morning to\\ngo fishing. After trying his luck for a time he found that\\nhis bait was gone. Accordingly he began to hunt for craw-\\nfish, and while searching stumbled over some black stones\\nwhich attracted his attention. He had found the outcrop\\nof a coal bed, and on his return he made known his dis-\\ncovery. A rich vein of coal was soon disclosed, and mining\\non a small scale was begun. We must remember that this\\nstory is only tradition and may not be true. We might won-\\nder, perhaps, how the boy knew that the stones were any\\ndifferent from other rocks except in being black.\\nThe way in which a twelve-foot vein was discovered in\\nPennsylvania is told in Forest and Stream, and is probably\\nquite true.\\nElias Blank, living in Western Pennsylvania in the latter\\npart of the last century, was called to his door one night and\\nfound there Lewis Whetzell, a famous Indian fighter, and\\nJonathan Gates, commonly called Long Arms.\\nFriend Lewis, said Mr. Blank, where have thee and\\nour friend been, and where bound?\\nI want to get out of here at once, said Whetzell, and\\nLong Arms is of the same opinion. This country s bewitched,\\nand Long Arms and I are nearly scared to death.\\nFriend Lewis, thee must not tell such stories to me,\\nsaid old Elias. Thee knows I am thy friend, and I have\\nsaved thee when a price was on thy head. I know thou art\\na man of courage, and friend Jonathan Gates, whom some", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "HEAT COAL. 47\\ncall Long Arms, fears nothing on earth, and I m fearful\\nnothing anywhere else and yet thou tellest me that he and\\nthee are scared even almost to death. Shame on thee so to\\ndeclare before thy friend, who loves ye both as he were thy\\nfather!\\nNo, no, Elias, said Whetzell, dropping into the Quaker\\nspeech. I tell thee no lie. We are scared. Yesterday\\nafternoon we were in hiding about a mile from Dunkard\\nCreek, and in the evening we built a fire under the bank very\\ncarefully and we got some black rocks to prop up a little\\nkettle, and put them beside the fire rather than in it; and the\\nblack rocks took fire and burned fiercely, with a filthy smoke\\nand a bright light; and Long Arms said the devil would\\ncome if we stayed and we grabbed the kettle and poured out\\nthe water, and made our way here, leaving the black rocks to\\nburn.\\nElias Blank was much interested. He did not tell Whet-\\nzell what the black rocks were, but he found out exactly where\\nthe men had made their fire, and the next day hunted up the\\ncamping-ground, found the black rocks in one of the river-\\nhills, and opened a coal bank.\\nThus, a little here and a little there, coal was discovered\\nand used. At first it was mingled with wood, and then\\nburned alone on the hearth. This coal was easily kindled,\\nfor it was bituminous or soft it was not necessary to provide\\nan extra draft, or to spend much more time in lighting it\\nthan had been custgmary with wood. Not many years\\npassed, however, before a variety of coal was found that was\\nhard and would not kindle easily. Accordingly it was\\nthrown aside as useless. This was anthracite coal, and it is\\nnow generally preferred to the bituminous because of this\\nvery quality. Being hard, it does not burn away so rapidly;", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "48 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nbesides, it needs less attention and gives out much less\\nsmoke.\\nJust before the Revolution, Obadiah Gore, a blacksmith in\\nthe Wyoming valley in Pennsylvania, tried hard coal in his\\nforge. At first, even with his great bellows, he was unable\\nto make it burn. He continued the experiment, however,\\nand after a time the lumps began to yield and flames darted\\nfrom them. He thus discovered that pieces of anthracite coal\\ncould be kindled and burned if there was a strong current\\nof air, as he said, sent through them by the bellows;\\nwithout that I could do nothing with them.\\nMr. Gore thus used anthracite coal in his forge, but even\\nhe did not burn it at home. Not until the beginning of this\\ncentury was hard coal used for domestic purposes. Oliver\\nEvans in 1803 successfully burned it in a grate. Many\\nyears passed, however, before hard coal came into common\\nuse. A few people purchased anthracite coal, but they could\\nnot burn it; they used it just as they had been accustomed\\nto use soft coal. After that, great difficulty was experienced\\nin persuading any one to try the new coal.\\nNicholas Allen in Pennsylvania discovered anthracite coal\\nand got out several wagonloads of it. He tried in vain to\\nsell it. No, said the people, we have tried that once,\\nand we do not propose to be cheated again. Mr. Allen be-\\ncame discouraged and sold his interest to his partner, Colonel\\nShoemaker, who took the coal to Philadelphia. Here he\\npraised it so highly that at last a few .people bought a little\\nfor trial. They continually punched the coal and stirred up\\nthe fire, but they did not succeed in making it burn. They\\nbecame enraged with Colonel Shoemaker, and procured a\\nwarrant for his arrest as a common impostor. The colonel\\nheard of the warrant, quietly left the city, and drove thirty", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "HEAT COAL.\\n49\\nmiles out of his route in order to avoid the officer. Fortu-\\nnately a firm of iron factors who had purchased some of the\\ncoal succeeded in making it burn. They announced the\\nfact in the Philadelphia\\nnewspapers, and other\\niron workers tried the\\ncoal. Soon all the fur-\\nnaces were using it.\\nBoth anthracite and\\nbituminous coal are\\nfreely mined in vari-\\nous sections of the\\nUnited States.\\nThere is coal enough\\nunderground to last\\nfor many centuries.\\nIt used to be said\\nthat England was the\\ngreat coal-mining coun-\\ntry, for her coal fields\\nare nearly as extensive as\\nthose of all the rest of Eur-\\nope. But the United States has\\na supply of coal that will apparently\\nbe hardly diminished when that of the\\nBritish Islands is entirely used. The\\nsingle State of Pennsylvania has a greater store of coal than\\nall Europe, and her part is less than one-tenth of the stock\\nof coal in the United States.\\nEven if the forests of the entire country should be de-\\nstroyed, w^e should not want for fuel. But let us remember\\nthat not only would the loss of our forests deprive us of wood\\nBLACKSMITH AT HIS FOKGE,", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "50 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nfor other purposes than merely to keep us warm, but it would\\nalso cause great injury to the farming interests of the coun-\\ntry. If we would have good crops we must have proper\\nrainfalls; without forests the rain would do greater and\\ngreater injury and less and less good. We ought to do all\\nin our power to help preserve our forests, and as far as we\\ncan to increase the number of trees.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII.\\nMATCHES.\\nThomas Thomas The fire is out Get right up and\\ngo over to neighbor Wallace s and borrow some fire. It\\nwas a cold morning, eight degrees below zero, and Mr. Wal-\\nlace lived three-quarters of a mile away. The sun would\\nnot rise for two hours; but, when mother called, the boys in-\\nstantly obeyed. Thomas hurriedly dressed, snatched a shovel\\nwhich was standing by the hearth, and hastily shutting the\\noutside door, ran as fast as he could to the nearest neighbor s.\\nOf course he hurried, for was not mother all dressed and not\\na bit of fire in the house? The fire must have died down too\\nmuch the evening before and although the coals had been\\ncarefully covered with ashes before father and mother went\\nto bed, mother could not find a tiny spark anywhere under\\nthe ashes in the morning.\\nThomas kept up his run until he was tired, and then fell\\ninto a brisk walk. When he reached neighbor Wallace s, he\\nwas glad to warm his numbed fingers over the raging fire in\\nthe fireplace. But he knew that he must not stop long, so he\\nstated his errand, and Mrs. Wallace placed some live coals\\non his shovel and thoroughly covered them with ashes.\\nThomas rested a moment longer and then hastened home\\nfor if those coals should be out when he reached the house\\nhe would have to make the trip over again.\\nThis disaster did not befall him, however, and soon his\\nmother had placed the coals on the hearth and had laid upon", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "52\\nAMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nTHOMAS CARRYING FIRE.\\nthem a few shavings. These kindled at once small sticks\\nwere soon ablaze, and in a very short time the fire was burn-\\ning as vigorously as the neighbor s had been.\\nThe boys of two centuries ago fully realized what it meant\\nto have the fire go out. Perhaps the nearest neighbors were\\nnot always so far distant,\\nbut it was no pleasant task\\nto be sent for coals any\\ndistance on a winter morn-\\ni n g If, however, no\\nneighbors were near and\\ncoals could not be bor-\\nrowed, how under circum-\\nstances like these could a\\nnew fire be kindled? If\\nwe wanted a fire nowadays\\nwe might say, Strike a\\nlight, because we should obtain the light by striking a match\\nbut, before matches were invented, the expression used would\\nprobably have been, Rub a light.\\nAn early method of producing a light, and from this a\\nfire, was by rubbing two sticks together. If this process be\\ncontinued long enough the wood will become heated and\\nsparks will fly off. Then, in order to start the fire, it is only\\nnecessary to catch one of these sparks upon something that\\nwill burn easily. This method was used thousands of years\\nago, and is still common among the savages in various parts\\nof the globe. This seems simple enough, but if you try it\\nyou will find that it is no easy task. It requires considerable\\nmuscular power to rub a light from two sticks of wood,\\nand almost any other process is preferable.\\nThe most important thing in this method of kindling a", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "HEAT MATCHES.\\n53\\nfire is the rapidity with which the sticks are rubbed together.\\nSome one of the savages more keen than the others con-\\nceived the idea that he could save labor and at the same\\ntime increase the rapidity with which the stick moved. He\\ntook his bow and twisted the cord once around a stick. Then\\nhe placed one end on a piece of wood, and by moving the bow\\nback and forth twisted the stick with great rapidity. Soon\\nthe shavings which he had placed at the point of contact\\nwere ablaze. Little by little this drill was improved, and\\nnow among some of the American Indians it furnishes a\\ncomparatively easy way of kindling a fire.\\nMost children have seen a spark caused by the shoe of a\\nhorse striking a stone in the road. Sometimes if one stone\\nstrikes another a spark is produced. All this was perceived\\neven in the earliest times, and the best substances to be used\\nbecame well known. The\\nstone called flint was found\\nto be the best for one of the\\ntwo substances, and steel is\\nusually preferred for the\\nother. When steel and flint\\nstrike each other, if a spark\\nfalls upon some vegetable\\nmatter a fire is soon kindled.\\nPerhaps the most common\\nsubstance used to catch the\\nspark was touchwood, a soft,\\ndecayed wood carefully\\nbroken into small fragments. After a time, in place of the\\ntouchwood, tinder was used, which was made by scorching\\nold linen handkerchiefs. Later the tinder box was invented,\\nin which a steel wheel was spun like a top upon a piece of\\nTINDER BOX, FLINT, AND MATCHES,", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "54 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nflint set in tinder. After the discovery of gunpowder, flint\\nand steel were used in guns. A hammer of flint struck an\\nanvil of steel, and the spark produced fell into a pan of gun-\\npowder, causing the flash which fired the gun.\\nBefore the American Revolution, and even into the pres-\\nent century, the process of kindling a fire w^as not a simple\\none. The most frequent means employed, as has been seen,\\nwas the borrowing of coals from a neighbor. Less often, re-\\ncourse w^as had to the long and difficult process of rubbing a\\nspark from two pieces of wood. Sometimes, among the well-\\nto-do, the tinder box was used but it was seldom satisfactory.\\nFor these reasons the fire was always most carefully watched\\nevery precaution was taken to prevent it from going\\nout. Seldom could the house be left by the whole family\\nfor any length of time, and all because of the lack of a\\nmatch.\\nMatches are a result of the study of chemistry. During\\nthe Dark Ages a few scholars were interested in what they\\ncalled alchemy; but they spent most of their time and\\nthought in trying to discover two things how to change\\niron into gold, and how to keep themselves eternally young.\\nAbout two hundred years ago these two foolish desires came\\nto be considered unpractical, and since then chemists have\\nbeen constantly seeking to discover ways of benefiting man-\\nkind. For many years students in different countries tried\\nto find certain chemicals that could be so combined as to\\nrender the tinder box unnecessary. Several of these at-\\ntempts to make a light seemed successful, but most of them\\nwere dangerous and all were expensive. An account of one\\nof these trials may be of interest.\\nAbout seventy years ago a young man named Lauria, in\\nLyons, France, watched his professor pound some sulphur", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "HEAT MATCHES. 55\\nand chlorate of potash together. The resulting flash and\\nsharp crack set him thinking, and he went home and began\\nto experiment. He had a few sticks of pine wood wtuch\\nhad been partly dipped in sulphur, and a few glass tubes, and\\nhe obtained more sulphur and some chlorate. He tried melt-\\ning and mixing, only to meet with many accidents. Finally\\nhe dipped the end of one of the sticks into sulphur and then\\ninto the chlorate. He observed that some of the chlorate re-\\nmained on the stick. Then he rubbed this prepared end on\\nthe wall where there happened to be a little phosphorus;\\nthe stick immediately blazed. He had discovered for him-\\nself the principle of the match all he needed besides was\\nsomething which would make the chlorate always stick to the\\nsulphured wood.\\nHowever, this match was not satisfactory and was never\\nmanufactured for sale. Phosphorus was dangerous, and it\\nwas not safe to have it spread upon a wall or any other sur-\\nface. The first matches of practical use were made in 1833,\\nand were invented by six different men in six different\\ncountries. These were the original Lucifer matches, which\\ndid not require the use of phosphorus. They were made of\\nthin sticks of wood partly covered with sulphur. The ends\\nof these sticks were then dipped into a compound of chlorate\\nof potash, sulphite of antimony, and gum. When used these\\nmatches were drawn through a bent piece of sandpaper.\\nThey were costly, frequently selling for a cent apiece.\\nA few years later a famous chemist discovered the red\\nform of phosphorus, which is not dangerous to handle.\\nSince that time most matches have contained this substance\\nin the mixture, although during the last half century hun-\\ndreds of different combinations have been invented. To-day\\nhardly any article is manufactured that is so common and", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "56 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\ninexpensive as the match. Without it we should feel almost\\nlost, and surely it would seem to us that the Dark Ages- had\\nreturned. We are told that the inhabitants of the United\\nStates use on an average more than a thousand matches a\\nyear each. There are more than forty manufactories in this\\ncountry, most of them being in California, Connecticut, New\\nYork, and Pennsylvania, yet the entire business is principally\\ncontrolled by one great company.\\nDuring the last two hundred years chimneys have been\\nimproved, stoves have been invented and developed, coal has\\nbeen discovered, and matches have come into universal use.\\nThe log cabins of our ancestors have been replaced by the\\nwell-built houses of to-day. The mammoth fireplaces, send-\\ning much heat up the chimney and much smoke into the room,\\nhave given way to the stoves and furnaces that render life\\ncomfortable. No longer is it necessary to freeze our backs\\nwhile roasting our faces. Cranes, pot-hooks and trammels,\\nand Dutch ovens are chiefly to be seen in museums, and the\\nkitchen range saves the cook much needless labor. Nowa-\\ndays we seldom find the fires out on a winter s morning and\\nthe water frozen in the pitcher. Instead of hastening through\\nthe cold and the snow to a neighbor to borrow fire, we simply\\nstrike a match. We all of us live in comfort that would\\nhave seemed luxury to the wealthiest families two centuries\\nago.\\nCan we look forward to the changes that may come in the\\nfuture in the methods of heating our houses and cooking our\\nfood? Already railroad cars are being heated by steam from\\nthe engines and electric cars are heated by electricity. Al-\\nready oil stoves and gas stoves have come into common use\\nand are found to possess many advantages No ashes need\\nremoval the fire may be started without delay the room is", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "HEAT MATCHES. 57\\nless heated than with a coal fire and the blaze may be turned\\nout when no longer needed. Already in some parts of the\\ncountry natural gas is led by pipes directly from the wells\\ninto houses for cooking and for heating purposes. Already\\nexperiments in heating houses and cooking food by means\\nof electricity are common and to some extent successful. It\\nwould seem that the inventions and improvements of the\\nnext hundred years may render the homes as much more\\ncomfortable than those of to-day as ours surpass those of\\nour ancestors.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "THOMAS A. EDISON.\\nSECTION II.-LIGHT.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "6o\\nAMERICAN IxWENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nKXk X4-^-S\\nriM-^j^^-iiAxr- -.K ^i** j\u00c2\u00abi\u00c2\u00bbs, 5ag\\n..z.*^^fm\\nMINOT S ledge light, MAbSACHUSElTS llAV,", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "SECTION II.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 LIGHT.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nTORCHES.\\nWood and coal, gas and oil, electricity even, aid us in\\nour demand for warm houses. In winter we should suffer\\ngreatly were it not for our fireplaces, our stoves, and our\\nfurnaces. The sun then shines but a short time every day,\\nand sends us little heat. In summer the great orb of day\\nremains many hours in the heavens, and warms us through\\nand through. We have little desire then for artificial heat\\nnatural heat is sometimes more than sufficient.\\nThe sun shines over all the world. His going forth is\\nfrom the end of the heaven, and his circuit unto the ends of\\nit: and there is nothing hid from the heat thereof.\\nThe sun does much more for us than send us its heat-\\nrays all day long we rejoice in the bright sunshine. But\\nat night, when the sun has set, we ask for artificial light.\\nHow shall we get it How did our ancestors obtain it\\nWe have in our day the electric light we can use illuani-\\nnating gas; kerosene is easily obtained if necessary, we can\\nresort to candles. Yet there was a time when the electric\\nlight had not been discovered. Earlier still, gas had not\\nbeen made and kerosene was not known. Indeed, long,\\nlong ago even candles had not been seen by men. What\\ndid the people do for light on a dark night in those times\\nAfter the sun had set and night had settled down upon them,", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "62\\nAMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nwhat could they do during the long winter evenings without\\nsome method of lighting up the darkness?\\nAs we looked to the American Indians for the simplest\\nand rudest methods of obtaining heat, so we can also learn\\nsomething from them of the primitive modes of lighting.\\nMuch of the time the red men found sufficient light for all\\ntheir wants in the wood fire. They needed no candles to\\nread by, for they had\\nno books nor papers.\\nThey cared for no\\nlamp to dress by;\\nthey sought no illu-\\nmination for halls or\\nchurches or theatres.\\nWhat little need they\\nhad for artificial light\\nwas practically satis-\\nfied by that which\\ncame from the blaz-\\ning logs.\\nIf, however, on\\nany special occasion\\nthey wished to light up their long houses more brightly, the\\nIndians used pitch-pine knots. In case they were traveling\\nby night and did not care to proceed stealthily or secretly,\\nthese fagots of pitch pine gave them all the light they\\nwanted. The light from these sticks was dim it flickered so\\nas to hurt the eyes more smoke was given out than light\\nbut the savage was fully content.\\nLong before the red men were known, however, the burn-\\ning fagot was used by the people of Europe and Asia to les-\\nsen the darkness of the night.\\nINDIANS TRAVEUNG AT NIGHT.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "LIGHT TORCHES. 63\\nAn interesting story is told of Hannibal when lie was\\nleading the Carthaginian army against Rome. In the course\\nof his journey he marched his whole force into a valley which\\nwas entirely surrounded by high mountains very difficult to\\ncross. Fabius, his Roman opponent, placed his own army in\\nthe pass and enclosed Hannibal in the valley. Hannibal was\\napparently caught in a trap, but he was a shrewd commander,\\nand he quickly devised a trick to make Fabius withdraw his\\nlegions. Early in the day he sent out a large detail from his\\narmy to gather fagots. What was he about to do with such\\ngreat quantities of pine knots?\\nIn the afternoon, by Hannibal s orders, these fagots were\\nbound to the horns of oxen which had been driven along\\nduring the march for food for the army. At nightfall the\\nfagots were lighted and the oxen were driven directly up the\\nsteep side of one of the mountains. Fabius naturally sup-\\nposed that the lights moving up the mountain-side must be\\ncarried by soldiers, and he thought that Hannibal and all his\\narmy were trying to escape in that direction. Accordingly\\nhe quickly withdrew his troops from the pass in order to at-\\ntack the enemy when they came down the opposite side of\\nthe mountain. Hannibal then quietly marched his army\\nthrough the pass, meeting with no opposition.\\nLong, long centuries before Hannibal the torch was\\nknown. In that strange story of Gideon and his three hun-\\ndred men who overcame the Midianites, the torch or lamp\\nwas one of the weapons used. The vast host of the Midian-\\nites, fearing no hostile attack, was spread over a great val-\\nley. Gideon placed his little band of men on the hills\\naround the enemy s camp, each man at a considerable dis-\\ntance from the next, so that they made a line nearly sur-\\nrounding the entire valley. Every man had a trumpet in", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "64 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\none hand, and a lamp or torch covered by an upturned\\npitcher in the other. This arrangement of the lamp and\\nthe pitcher allowed a little light to be thrown upon the\\nground directly beneath. The men could thus avoid step-\\nping upon dry sticks and making a noise which might alarm\\nthe guards around the camp of the Midianites. At the same\\ntime the light was concealed from the eyes of their enemies.\\nWhen all was ready a shout was raised, The sword of\\nthe Lord and of Gideon and the pitchers were thrown with\\na great crash upon the ground. The sudden noise of voices\\nand of the breaking pitchers awoke the Midianites from a\\ndeep sleep the trumpets and the shouts turned their eyes to\\nthe hills. All along the line of the three hundred men\\nspread out in a circle around them blazed the three hundred\\ntorches. As it was the custom in those days to have a torch\\nor a lamp indicate the headquarters of a general, the Midian-\\nites in their sudden terror naturally thought that an immense\\narmy was surrounding them. They imagined that Gideon\\nhad hired vast forces from Egypt and elsewhere, for they\\nsupposed that each of the several hundred torches indicated\\na general with all his followers. Their only thought, there-\\nfore, was to flee as quickly as possible. They ran against\\neach other, and, unable in the darkness to distinguish friend\\nfrom foe, they killed their own men. The entire army of\\none hundred and thirty-five thousand men perished.\\nIt is not certain whether the lights which were covered\\nby the pitchers came from lamps or torches. Gideon lived\\nthree thousand years ago, and at that time both torches and\\nlamps were used. He was a general of the Israelites, and\\nthey certainly had lamps when in Egypt many years before\\nthe time of Gideon. Lamps were also used by the Greeks\\nand the Romans.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "LIGHT TORCHES.\\n65\\nThe lamp of these ancient times was merely a small ves-\\nsel like a modern cup or bowl, usually having a handle.\\nThis was filled with oil, generally olive, or sometimes only\\nwith grease. In this cup was placed a small piece of cloth\\nhanging over the side, which when lighted served as a wick.\\nIt was the simplest arrangement possible.\\nThe pitch-pine knot and the cup of grease have been more\\nor less used since these early times. When our ancestors\\ncame to this country their\\nhouses were generally\\nlighted by candles. In\\nmany cases, however, the\\nlight from the fireplace\\nwas all that was used ex-\\ncept on rare occasions.\\nThe settlers who gradually\\nmoved westward to take up\\nnew lands retained nearly\\nall the inconvenient methods of the earlier colonists. In the\\nnewer settlements of the Ohio and Mississippi valleys and\\non the great Western plains the logs on the hearth were\\nfrequently the only means for lighting the house during the\\nevenings.\\nOn Knob Creek, in the new State of Kentucky, a little\\nschool was kept nearly eighty-five years ago. Among the\\npupils was a small boy not seven years of age. One of his\\nschoolmates afterward said of him that he was an unusually\\nbright boy at school, and made splendid progress in his studies.\\nHe would get spice-wood brushes, hack them up on a log, and\\nburn two or three together for the purpose of giving light by\\nwhich he might pursue his studies. It does not surprise us\\nto learn that this boy who thus in his earliest years showed\\n5\\nANCIENT LAMPS.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "66 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nsuch eagerness to learn as to utilize the light of the kitchen\\nfire was Abraham Lincoln, afterward the famous President\\nof the United States.\\nMany men are now living who do not remember to have\\nseen in their boyhood days any better light than the grease\\nlamp. One of these primitive lamps was easily made. An\\nold button was covered with cloth, which was tied with a\\nstring close to the button, the edges of the cloth hanging\\nfree. This covered button was placed upon lard in a saucer\\nor other similar vessel, and a light applied. The lard around\\nthe cloth melted, the button acted as a wick, and a rude lamp\\nwas the result.\\nThe hearth fire, the fagot or pitch-pine knot, and the pot\\nof grease or lard with a simple wick were the earliest\\nmethods of artificial lighting. These, though still in use in\\nnewly settled communities, gave place, in the main, centuries\\nago to the candle. As this was the first improved method\\nfor lighting houses, churches, and other buildings, it should\\nnext be considered.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\\nCANDLES.\\nNobody can tell when candles were invented. Candle-\\nsticks are often spoken of in the Bible, but those doubtless\\nheld oil and burned a wick which hung over the side like the\\nRoman lamps of later time. These lamps appear to have\\nbeen used by the Romans in their worship, and after the\\nChristian religion was established at Rome, candles were in-\\ntroduced into the Christian service. During all the centuries\\nsince that time the candle has been used in Catholic churches\\nand cathedrals.\\nThe Romans on the second day of February burned candles\\nto the goddess Februa, the mother of Mars, the Roman god\\nof war, and Pope Sergius adopted the custom and established\\nrites and ceremonies for that day in the offering of candles\\nto the Virgin Mary. This was called Candlemas day. The\\ncommon people supposed that these candles would frighten\\naway ^le devil and all evil spirits not only from the persons\\nwho burned them, but from the houses in which they were\\nplaced. There is an ancient tradition about Candlemas day\\nwhich seems to have traveled all over Europe and found its\\nway into this country if the weather is fine on that day\\nFebruary 2d it indicates a long winter and a late spring.\\nThe Scotch state the legend in this way\\nIf Candlemas day is fair and clear,\\nThere ll be two winters in the year.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "68 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nFor several centuries past candles have been used all over\\nthe world for lighting purposes. We have a variety of can-\\ndles even in these days, as they are now made of tallow,\\nstearin, bleached wax, spermaceti, and paraffine. Those\\ncommonly used by the early colonists were dipped candles,\\noften roughly made at home. For the wicks a loose, soft,\\nfibrous substance was taken, generally cotton. These were\\nhung upon a frame and dipped in melted tallow, taken out,\\nsuffered to cool, and dipped again and again until the re-\\nquired thickness was obtained. Moulded candles were cast\\nin a series of tubes, the wicks first being adjusted in the\\nmiddle of the tubes and melted tallow poured in. The best\\ncandles were made of wax. These were neither dipped nor\\nmoulded. The wicks were warmed, and melted wax poured\\nover them until they acquired the proper thickness, then\\nthey were rolled between flat pieces of wet, hard wood.\\nIt is related of Benjamxin Franklin that when a young\\nman he received an invitation from Gov. William Burnet, of\\nNew York, to call upon him. The governor was delighted\\nwith his conversation, and was surprised to hear him quote\\nfrom Locke on the Understanding. The governor asked\\nhim at what college he had studied Locke.\\nWhy, sir, said Franklin, it was my misfortune never\\nto be at any college, or even at a grammar school, except\\nfor a year or two when I was a child.\\nHere the governor sprang from his seat, and staring at\\nBen, cried out: Well, and where did you get your educa-\\ntion, pray?\\nAt home, sir, in a tallow-chandler s shop.\\nIn a tallow-chandler s shop! exclaimed the governor.\\nYes, sir; my father was a poor old tallow chandler with\\nfifteen children, and I the youngest of all. [His father had,", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "LIGHT CANDLES.\\n69\\nlater, two other children, both girls.] At eight he put me\\nto school; but finding he could not spare the money from the\\nrest of the children to keep me there, he took me home into\\nthe shop, where I assisted him by twisting candlewicks and\\nFRANKLIN MAKING CANDLES.\\nfilling the moulds all day, and at night read by myself. So\\nBenjamin Franklin spent two years of his life, between the\\nages of ten and twelve, in making candles for the good\\npeople of Boston.\\nThe candles gave but a poor light compared with the\\nlights which we have to-day. The combustion was only par-\\ntial, and there was constant trouble from the necessity of\\nsnuffing the candle, that is, cutting off the burnt wick.\\nIn those days, in every well-regulated house, on the little", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "70\\nAMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\ncentre-table stood the candlestick, and by its side upon a\\nsmall tray made for the purpose could always be found the\\nsnuffers a singular instrument, something like a pair of\\nscissors, with a small semi-\\ncircular pocket in which to\\nhold the snuff taken from\\nthe candle.\\nLet us imagine an early\\nNew England family on a\\nwinter s evening sitting be-\\nfore the blazing fire of the\\nopen fireplace. They are\\ngathered around a small\\ntable upon which is a soli-\\ntary candle, giving a feeble,\\nsickly flame. By its light\\nthe mother is sewing and\\nthe father is reading from\\nthe Bible, The Pilgrim s\\nProgress, or it may be\\nBacon s Essays, or Locke\\non the Understanding.\\nThe children are listening\\nand trying to get interested\\nin what is being read to\\nthem, while occasionally one or another of them snuffs\\nthe little candle. By and by the candle burns down to\\nthe socket, and goes out. The mother rises and goes to the\\npantry to get another, but finds to her dismay that she has\\nused her last one. The family must therefore see by the\\nlight of the fire or retire for the night, and to-morrow the\\ngoodwife must dip some more candles.\\nREADING BY CANDLELIGHT", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "LIGHT CANDLES. 7 1\\nWhen the children go to bed they have no brightly burn-\\ning lamp to light them to their several bedrooms, but they\\nclimb the ladder to the open, unfinished loft with no light\\nexcept what comes to them from the embers upon the hearth.\\nThen the father covers up the coals with a great body of ashes,\\nhoping to keep the fire till morning. What a marked con-\\ntrast between the life of those people and the customs of\\nto-day in the same country and among the grandchildren\\nand the great-grandchildren of those same pioneer settlers\\nIn the colonial days for an evening service the churches\\nmust be lighted with candles. Occasionally you will find\\neven now in some ancient church the antique candelabra or\\nchandelier. Sometimes in wealthy churches these were\\nmade of glass, and were of beautiful construction. In the old\\nmeeting-house of the first Baptist church in Providence, Rhode\\nIsland, which was founded by Roger Williams and others in\\n1639, there is one of these ancient glass candelabras. It is\\nof immense proportions, hanging from the ceiling by a long,\\nstout chain, and arranged for a large number of candles. It\\nhas not been used for many years, but it is a beautiful orna-\\nment and a suggestive reminder of the method by which our\\nancestors lighted their churches in the early times.\\nIn these days of brilliant electric lights, how small appears\\nthe light of the ancient candles Have we gained in knowl-\\nedge and manner of living as greatly as in heating and light-\\ning our houses", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III.\\nWHALE OIL.\\nNo one knows when the whale fishery began. Eight\\nhundred years ago whales were caught off the coast of France\\nand Spain, and before the Pilgrim fathers landed at Plymouth\\nthe whale fishery had been carried on to such an extent on the\\nwest coast of Europe that the supply of whales had begun to\\nfail. The American whale fishery began with the earliest\\nsettlers. They found it profitable to catch whales and try\\nout the oil for use in their lamps. It has been said that one\\nof the arguments for settling on Cape Cod was the presence\\nalong the coast of large whales of the best kind for oil and\\nwhalebone.\\nThe first whale fishery in America was carried on from\\nCape Cod, Nantucket, and Martha s Vineyard by large row-\\nboats. A company of hardy pioneers would row out from\\nthe coast into deep water, wait for the appearance of a\\nwhale, strike their harpoons into his side, and let him run.\\nSometimes it would be days before death would result.\\nOften he would sink and later rise and float upon the surface.\\nThe fishermen would then pull him to the shore and try out\\nthe oil. Many whales thus harpooned would be lost to those\\nwho had wounded them. A story is told that in the town of\\nSouthampton, Long Island, before the year 1650, the men\\ndivided themselves into squads to watch night and day for\\nwhales that might come ashore, and this became in a few\\nyears a regular industry.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "LIGHT WHALE OIL.\\n73\\nAfter a time whaling vessels were fitted up and sent out\\nfor the capture of whales. These vessels cruised in all waters.\\nThey coasted along Greenland and into the Arctic Ocean.\\nThey traversed the South Seas, and sailed upon the Pacific\\nthrough all latitudes from Patagonia to Bering Sea. Great\\nvessels barks, brigs, and full-rigged ships manned with\\nlarge crews of stalwart men, with supplies for a three-years\\nvoyage or more, would leave home for a cruise in foreign\\nwaters after these\\nmonsters of the deep.\\nWhen the whale is\\nkilled its body is towed\\nalongside the vessel\\nand is made fast by\\nthe ship s chains.\\nThe huge animal is\\nthen cut up into slices,\\nand these slices taken\\nin between decks.\\nThis cutting up or,\\nas the sailors call it,\\ncutting in occupies the entire ship s company for hours.\\nThe fat or blubber, as they call it, is cut into smaller cubical\\npieces, heated in a large pot, and the oil strained off. This\\nis called trying out. The oil is stored in casks to be con-\\nveyed home. A large whale will give two or three tons of\\nblubber. It is estimated that a ton of blubber will yield\\nnearly two hundred gallons of oil. Sometimes a single\\nwhale will produce oil and whalebone to the value of $3,000\\nor s34,ooo.\\nIt will readily be seen that whale fishing is both a labor-\\nious and a dangerous occupation. The wounded whale is\\nWHALE FISHING.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "74 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\naccustomed to strike violently with its tail in the endeavor\\nto destroy its enemies. Here is a true story about the ex-\\nperiences of one family engaged in the whale fishery. Long\\nbefore the year 1800 and after that date for almost half a\\ncentury, New Bedford, Nantucket, Martha s Vineyard, and\\nProvincetown in Massachusetts, with Warren and Bristol in\\nRhode Island, engaged very largely in this hazardous but\\nprofitable business. In one of these towns an industrious and\\nenterprising man of more than ordinary ability followed this\\noccupation for half a century and amassed a small fortune.\\nHe had several sons. When the oldest grew to manhood he\\nvery naturally followed in the footsteps of his father. He\\nwent to sea on a whaling vessel and was lost during his first\\nvoyage.\\nThe second son shipped on a whaler. In the Arctic\\nwaters he was one day pursuing a whale that had already\\nbeen wounded, rowing with all his might. The whale in\\nhis anger struck at the boat with his huge tail, hit the oar\\nwith which the young man was rowing, and drove the end\\nof it into his mouth, breaking the bones and crushing in the\\nvery interior. Still the young man lived. He was tenderly\\ncared for by his shipmates, and finally reached home. Then\\nhe was turned over to the doctors. Skilful surgery supplied\\nhim with a false lower jaw, a gold roof to his mouth, and a\\nfalse palate. He lived many years and was a successful busi-\\nness man. Had you met him on the street he would have\\ntalked with you like any other man, and you would have\\nobserved nothing unusual except the scars of two cuts on the\\nupper lip.\\nThe third son when eighteen years of age also left home\\non a whaling voyage. At the end of three years his ship\\nreturned with a full cargo of excellent oil. The heavily", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "LIGHT WHALE OIL. 75\\nfreighted .vessel anchored in the bay, and the captain went\\nup to the town in a rowboat to announce his arrival, and to\\ntell the people of the success of the voyage and that all were\\nwell on board. Just as the captain was leaving for the shore\\nsome young men in the crew, wishing to celebrate their safe\\nreturn, proposed firing the ship s swivel-gun. As the cap-\\ntain started over the side of the vessel he cautioned them,\\nsaying that the gun was rusty and that it would not be safe\\nto fire it. But it was our young friend s birthday. He would\\nrisk the old gun. They ran it out on deck, loaded it up, and\\ntouched it off. There was a terrific explosion. The gun\\nburst and blew off both hands of the young man who was\\ncelebrating his birthday. Another boat was pushed off for\\nthe shore and carried the wounded man to his home. Nothing\\ncould save his hands they were both amputated at the wrists.\\nThrough a long life he wore wooden hands covered with kid\\ngloves. He was accustomed frequently to mourn that he had\\nnot at least one thumb. If he could have had a single thumb\\nhe could have done many things. Was it not Emerson who\\nsaid that the thumb is the symbol of civilization? Man\\ncould never have attained his present position without a thumb.\\nFor many years this man, thus maimed for life, kept a\\nstore and sold groceries and ship supplies. A visitor one day\\nsaw him weigh out for a lady customer a quarter of a pound\\nof pepper. It was at the noon hour, when the clerks were\\nall away at dinner. The customer came and asked for a\\nquarter of a pound of pepper. The storekeeper pulled out\\nthe drawer, placed it on the counter, put a piece of paper\\nin the hopper, adjusted the scale to the quarter pound, slipped\\none of his wooden fingers through the handle of the little\\ntin scoop, and scattered the pepper upon the paper until the\\nfull weight was made. He then returned the drawer to its", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "J^ AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nplace, took off the hopper and laid it upon the counter, pulled\\nout the paper and the pepper, doubled the paper over on one\\nside and back from the other side, doubled over one end and\\nthen the other, picked it up between his two wooden hands,\\nand handed it to the customer. She placed the money on the\\nback of his hand. With the other hand he pulled open the\\nmoney drawer and tossed the money in. With both hands\\nhe took off his hat, picked up the change with his lips, placed\\nthe change upon the back of his hand, and passed it to the\\nlady. Three unfortunate experiences in one family would\\nseem to have been enough, so the next son never went to sea.\\nWe may now ask what was the object of all this whale\\nfishery? Man had made a new invention. He had not only\\ndiscovered the value of whale oil as a material for furnishing\\nartificial light, he had also invented the modern lamp. In\\nthe candle the burning material, whether tallow or something\\nelse, is solidified around the wick. The heat from the burn-\\ning wick melts the tallow and the combustion gives light.\\nIn the modern lamp the simple device of a tube or two\\ntubes to hold the wick is all that is needed over and above\\nthose used in ancient times. Tin tubes are placed in the\\ntop of the lamp and the wicks run up through the tubes.\\nThe lamp then being filled with oil, capillary attraction will\\nbring the oil up to the top of the wick. The lamp when\\nlighted will burn until the supply of oil is exhausted.\\nThe invention of this modern lamp, though very simple,\\nhas been of great value. At first it was made of metal\\nlead, block tin, Britannia, brass and finally of glass. Lamps\\nof various patterns and different sizes became common. For\\na long while very little change was made in this new mode\\nof obtaining light. This method continued in common use\\nuntil about the middle of the nineteenth century.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nKEROSENE.\\nIt was a long step from the smoky and ill-smelling whale-\\noil lamp to the clear and brilliant kerosene burner. At the\\npresent time the best illumination is furnished by gas and\\nelectricity, but in the country and to a large extent in the\\ncities the kerosene lamp is still in common use, and doubtless\\nwill remain so for a long time to come. This lamp with its\\nrecent important improvements is mainly of American origin\\nand development.\\nKerosene for lighting purposes has some advantages over\\ngas or electricity. The light produced from it is steady;\\ntherefore it is less harmful to the eyes than the flickering\\nlight of illuminating gas, and even better than the electric\\nlight. It is far cheaper than either. It has a third advan-\\ntage, since it can be used in a hand lamp which can be car-\\nried from place to place. A large portion of our population\\nconsider it so valuable that they would rather give up the\\ngaslight altogether, or indeed the electric light, than be\\nobliged to lose the kerosene lamp.\\nKerosene is a form of petroleum which is obtained from\\nthe earth by deep wells. It is only within the last fifty years\\nthat this oil has been pumped in sufficient quantities to make\\nit a valuable industry, though petroleum was obtained here\\nand there in small quantities far back in the early ages. It\\nseems a little singular that the people of Japan and Persia\\nshould have dug oil wells centuries ago. Herodotus, who", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "78 AMERICAN INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS.\\nwrote history five hundred years before Christ, tells us of the\\nsprings of Zante, one of the Ionian Islands in the Mediterra-\\nnean Sea, from which oil flowed. It is said that these\\nsprings are still flowing.\\nChina seems to have been the first country to draw oil\\nfrom artesian wells. We proud Americans are accustomed\\nto think ourselves a little ahead of all other people. When\\nan American boy in San Francisco, for instance, meets a Chi-\\nnese lad, he is quite apt to look down upon him and to think\\nthat this little Chinese boy came from a country hardly civil-\\nized and certainly far behind the universal Yankee nation\\nyet we are constantly finding traces of a civilization in China\\nmuch earlier than our own.\\nThe first successful oil well in this country was made by\\nCol. E. L. Drake, near Titusville, Pennsylvania. In 1854 the\\nPennsylvania Rock-Oil Company was organized for the pur-\\npose of procuring petroleum in Oil Creek. Four years later\\nthis company employed Colonel Drake to drill an artesian\\nwell. On the 29th of August, 1859, struck oil only\\nsixty-nine feet below the surface of the ground. The next\\nday this well was found to be nearly full of petroleum.\\nOil is now found in large quantities in various sections of\\nPennsylvania, New York, Indiana, and Kentucky, and it has\\nrecently been discovered in California, Wyoming, Colorado,\\nand other portions of our land. The largest part of the oil\\nused in commerce is from Pennsylvania. At the present\\ntime more than fifty million barrels of petroleum are pro-\\nduced annually in the United States alone, which is more\\nthan half of the entire product of the world. A single well\\nhas been known to yield forty thousand gallons a day, flow-\\ning freely without the slightest use of pumping apparatus.\\nThe product of these wells after a time greatly diminishes", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "LIGHT KEROSENE.\\n79\\nand sometimes ceases altogether. In such cases it is custom-\\nary to explode torpedoes at the bottom of the well. This is\\ndone by placing there several gallons of nitroglycerine with\\na fulminating cap on top. This cap is exploded by dropping\\na piece of iron upon it. The explosion opens the seams and\\ncrevices around the bottom of the well so as to renew the\\nflow of oil.\\nIt is now about forty years since the first introduction of\\nkerosene as an article of commerce. To-day it is in almost\\nuniversal use\\nthroughout the civil-\\nized world. It gives\\na convenient light at\\na moderate expense,\\nand has therefore\\nproved a great bless-\\ning to mankind.\\nMeantime the whale\\nfishery has largely\\ndiminished; indeed, it would seem to be almost destroyed.\\nThe reasons for this are not difficult to find. In the first\\nplace, the number of whales is much less than formerly, so\\nthat this business is far less profitable than it used to be. In\\nthe second place, the rapid development of the kerosene in-\\ndustry has so cheapened the product that people cannot af-\\nford to light their houses with whale oil, especially as they\\nfind the kerosene not only cheaper, but more convenient and\\nsatisfactory.\\nCommon whale oil previous to 1850 had been furnished\\nat an average cost of perhaps fifty cents a gallon, while the\\nsperm oil, which is of superior quality, cost as much as one\\ndollar a gallon. The people of the whole country east of the\\nOIL WELLS.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "80 AMERICAN INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS.\\nRocky Mountains feed their lamps to-day with kerosene at a\\ncost of from eight cents to twelve cents a gallon.\\nA few persons have made great fortunes from the oil\\nwells. On the other hand,^it should not be forgotten that\\nthe modern processes of purifying kerosene could not have\\nbeen put in operation without the aid of large fortunes. A\\ncheap and satisfactory light has been furnished to all the\\npeople of the United States only by means of the great capi-\\ntal employed in its production.\\nSo you see civilization is progressing, and we are all en-\\njoying more blessings and conveniences than our fathers\\nhad. In the earlier times every one had to labor diligently\\nto secure food, clothing, and shelter. As civilization ad-\\nvances these require less time and expense, and we have\\ngreater opportunities to attend to the development of our\\nhigher natures, the acquisition of knowledge, the pursuit of\\nscience, and the elevation of the race.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V.\\nILLUMINATING GAS.\\nThus far our various methods of artificial lighting have\\nbeen very simple. At first men burned the pitch from the\\npine, and it produced a flame; then they burned olive oil\\nthrough a wick, and it gave forth a flame. The tallow in\\nthe candle was burned through a wick, and it made a light;\\nthe whale oil in the lamp was burned by means of a wick,\\nand a light was the result. In the same way refined petro-\\nleum, which we call kerosene, was burned by means of a\\nwick, and that gave a strong light. These methods of light-\\ning were all very similar.\\nWe come now to a real invention. What would a boy of\\nthe year 1800, could he return to the earth, say to see you\\nstrike a match, turn a stopcock, and light the gas as you do\\nto-day? He has never seen a match. He is just as ignorant\\nof a stopcock, and surely it would be difficult for him to un-\\nderstand the burning of the gas. Many things would need\\nto be explained to this boy of a hundred years ago. He\\nmust be told all about the production of illuminating gas,\\nthe storing of that gas under pressure, the transportation of\\nit to the place where the light is wanted, and the proper ap-\\nparatus for turning it on, setting it on fire, and regulating its\\npressure so as to produce a steady, uniform light.\\nBefore the year 1700 Dr. John Clayton, an Englishman,\\nprepared gas from bituminous coal, collected it, and burned\\nit for the amusement of his friends. An English bishop in", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "82 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\n1767 showed how gas could be produced from coal and how\\nit might be conveyed in tubes. These were the first two\\nsteps toward our present almost universal illumination by\\ngas: making gas and conveying it in tubes.\\nThe real inventor of practical gas-lighting was William\\nMurdoch, of Cornwall, England, who sometime before, the\\nyear 1800 carried pipes through his house and office, and\\nlighted the various rooms with gas which he had made from\\ncoal. Indeed, Murdoch did more than this: he lighted with\\nhis new gas a small steam carriage in which he rode to and\\nfrom his mines. In 1802 he first publicly exhibited this gas-\\nlighting in Ayrshire, Scotland, and showed two immense\\nflames from coal gas. Nor did he stop here, for in 1805 he\\nsucceeded in lighting some cotton mills by the same method.\\nIn our country various experiments were made, but with-\\nout any practical result until 182 1, when illuminating gas was\\nsuccessfully manufactured and used in Baltimore. In 1827\\nthe New York Gaslight Company introduced this new\\nmethod into many houses and sold the gas to the people for\\nlighting purposes.\\nThat was over seventy years ago. What a change has been\\nmade within these seventy years In cities and large towns\\nalmost every new house is piped for gas. Gas companies\\nare formed for supplying this illuminating product to the in-\\nhabitants. Gas meters have been perfected which measure\\nthe quantity of gas, so that one pays for no more than he\\nuses. Moreover, the towns and cities put up street lights\\nwhich burn this same gas in the night, making it easy, con-\\nvenient, and safe to traverse the streets at any hour.\\nBituminous or soft coal is used in the manufacture of\\nilluminating gas, as anthracite contains less of the needed\\nmaterials. Gases are easily driven off from bituminous coal", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "LIGHT ILLUMINATING GAS.\\n83\\nA GASOMETER.\\nwhenever it is heated, if air is kept from it. At the works,\\ntherefore, the coal is placed in large closed ovens, called\\nretorts. These are directly over furnace fires, which are\\nkept vigorously\\nburning. The gases\\npass out of the coal\\nand, rising, enter a\\nseries of long pipes.\\nThe coal which is\\nleft in the retorts\\nis called coke. This\\nprocess is called dis-\\ntillation.\\nMany substances\\npass off with the gas,\\nfrom which it must\\nbe cleaned. Tar and\\nammonia become liq-\\nuids when cooled,\\nand are left behind as the gas passes through cold water.\\nThe series of iron pipes in which this process is carried on\\nis called the condenser. Then the gas is carried through the\\npurifier, in which all other impurities are removed.\\nWhen thoroughly purified the gas passes into the gas-\\nometer. This usually consists of two round iron cylinders of\\nnearly the same size, one inside of the other. The outside\\ncylinder has no roof; the inside has no floor. The sides of\\nthe inner one go down into a trench filled with water. Its\\ntop is held up by the gas, which comes into it from the\\npurifier.\\nThe roof of the inner cylinder presses down heavily upon\\nthe gas, pushing it into the large main pipes, which run from", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "84 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nthe gasometer through the principal streets. Smaller mains\\nconnect with these and the gas is pushed into the service pipes,\\nwhich enter the houses. When a stopcock is opened in any\\nhouse the pressure of the gasometer pushes the gas through,\\nit may be, miles of pipes, and out through the burner, where\\nit may be lighted.\\nMany houses have a simple electric-lighting attachment,\\nso that by merely turning a stopcock the gas is turned on,\\nand by pulling a chain an electric spark sets the gas on fire,\\nflooding the room with light.\\nWithin a few years illuminating gas has greatly diminished\\nin price. It costs a little more than kerosene, but it is more\\nconvenient in many ways. The danger of carrying lamps\\nfrom room to room is avoided, as well as the disagreeable\\ntask of filling them. Still the gas flame is less steady than\\nthat of the kerosene lamp, and is therefore less serviceable\\nfor reading. For the poor man the kerosene light is a great\\nblessing, while for all who can afford the extra cost the gas-\\nlight is a greater convenience.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI.\\nELECTRIC LIGHTING.\\nThe electric light differs widely from all modes of artifi-\\ncial light previously invented. It is the latest method that\\nman has discovered for the production of light. In its prac-\\ntical form this invention is quite recent. In England the\\narc light was produced in lecture-room experiments as early\\nas 1802. Prof. Michael Faraday, a learned Englishman and\\ncelebrated chemist, experimented many years in electricity\\nand magnetism in the Royal Institution at London. He\\ncontinued his studies and experiments in developing the\\nscience of electricity through his whole life, but he died, an\\nold man, before a single electric arc was seen in the streets\\nof London.\\nIn ancient times an invention was frequently the result\\nof one man s efforts, but at the present time it is often quite\\notherwise. Many men are now engaged in the development\\nof electric lighting. Charles Francis Brush was a farmer s\\nboy in Ohio. He pushed himself through the Cleveland\\nHigh School and graduated at the University of Michigan.\\nHe established a laboratory in Cleveland and turned his at-\\ntention to the invention of apparatus for electric lighting.\\nHe was one of three or four great American inventors who\\nsuccessfully put into operation the dynamo and furnished\\nelectricity for the electrical lamp. This dynamo is a machine\\nwhich produces electric currents by mechanical power.\\nBrush s dynamo at the outset was so perfect and complete", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "86\\nAMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nthat for many years it has continued in regular use with but\\nvery little change.\\nElihu Thomson graduated at the Central High School in\\nPhiladelphia and taught chemistry in that school. He studied\\nwith great care the subject of electricity, giving special atten-\\ntion to lighting. He organized the Thomson-Houston Elec-\\ntric Company, and has pa-\\ntented nearly two hundred\\ninventions relating to electric\\nlighting and other applica-\\ntions of electricity. He was\\nalso the inventor of the sys-\\ntem of electric welding.\\nAmong the great Ameri-\\ncan inventors in electrical\\nscience is Thomas Alva Edi-\\nson. He was an Ohio boy\\nwhose Scotch mother taught\\nhim to read. When he was\\ntwelve years old he was a\\nnewsboy on the Grand Trunk\\nRailroad. Here he acquired\\nthe habit of reading. He studied chemistry and conducted\\nchemical experiments on the train. He learned to set type,\\nand edited and printed a newspaper in the baggage car. He\\nwas constantly noticing the telegraph stations along the road,\\nand he soon began to study electricity.\\nOne day the little child of a station master was playing\\non the track just as a freight car was moving down toward\\nhim. Almost as swift as lightning itself young Edison\\ndashed out, stepped in front of the coming car, and at the\\nrisk of his own life snatched the child from danger. In\\nEDISON S HEROIC ACT.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "LIGHT ELECTRIC LIGHTING. 8/\\ngratitude the station master, knowing the boy s interest in\\nthe telegraph, taught him how to use a machine. After that\\nhe acquired great skill in this art and operated in many sec-\\ntions of the country, perfecting himself in the subject.\\nFor over twenty years he has had a large establishment,\\nwith an immense workshop and many mechanics, at Menlo\\nPark, N. J., where he has devoted his whole attention to in-\\nventing. He has perfected his system of duplex telegraphy\\nand invented the carbon telephone-transmitter, the phono-\\ngraph, the platinum burner, and the carbon burner for the\\nincandescent light. He has patented very many inventions,\\nand his system of electric lighting for houses is now in gen-\\neral use. Edison s whole life is an interesting study for\\nyoung people.\\nAt the present time the two methods of lighting by elec-\\ntricity are the arc light and the incandescent light. The arc\\nlight is used for lighting large buildings like churches, halls,\\nand railway stations, and for lighting the streets of a city.\\nThe incandescent light, or the glow-lamp as it is called in\\nEngland, is in general use for lighting dwelling houses.\\nThis lamp consists of a glass bulb from which air has been\\nexcluded so that it is almost a perfect vacuum and in which\\nis inserted a looped filament of carbon. The electricity is\\nmade to pass through this carbon wire, which is thereby\\nheated to a white heat and thus furnishes the light. Being\\nin a vacuum, the carbon is but slightly burned. It there-\\nfore can be subjected to this heat for a long time without\\nbreaking or wearing out.\\nAt first Edison used a platinum wire in the little electric\\nlamp. He wanted something better. He needed some\\nform of bamboo or other vegetable fibre. He sent a man\\nto explore China and Japan for bamboo. He sent another, who", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "88 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\ntraveled twenty-three hundred miles up the Amazon River\\nand finally reached the Pacific coast, searching for bamboo.\\nHe sent a third to Ceylon to spend years in a similar search.\\nEighty varieties of bamboo and three thousand specimens of\\nother vegetable fibre were brought him. He tested them all\\nthree or four were found suitable.\\nThis system of incandescent lights has been rapidly ex-\\ntended within a few years. There are millions of these\\nlights now in use in this country. They are used not only\\nfor lighting the rooms of hotels and private houses, but also\\nfor lighting steamships, railway trains, and street cars, and\\nfor nearly all indoor illumination. This light is not as cheap\\nas kerosene or gaslight, but it is so convenient and so simple,\\nrequiring no daily care, that it is rapidly coming into use in\\nall towns and cities.\\nAmong its advantages may be named the four following\\npoints. Matches are not needed in making a light. Thus\\nthe danger from accidental fires, which have so frequently\\noccurred from the careless use of matches, is avoided. Very\\nlittle heat results from an electric light, while from kerosene\\nlamps and gaslight much heat is produced. In warm weather\\nthis freedom from heat is agreeable. The burning lamp and\\nthe gas jet make the air of the room impure and unfit for\\nbreathing. This is not true of the electric light. In the use\\nof kerosene and of illuminating gas there is frequently dan-\\nger of explosion. Not so with the electric light.\\nIt will be seen that we are thus using to-day for lighting\\npurposes occasionally the candle, quite largely the kerosene\\nlamp, and to a great extent in towns and cities the gaslight,\\nand best of all the cleanest, the neatest, giving the brightest\\nlight, requiring the least attention from the consumer, and\\nmanifesting the highest development of man s inventive", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "LIGHT ELECTRIC LIGHTING. 89\\ngenius thus far the electric light. Here at present man s\\ninvention in this direction has stopped. What the next step\\nwill be, no one can tell.\\nSlowly through the ages man has been developing. Grad-\\nually he has grown in mental power and advanced morally\\nand spiritually. It is very clear that although he is an ani-\\nmal and has the nature and desires of an animal, he has high\\nmental capacity and is endowed with a spiritual nature, a\\nsoul. At the very beginning of creation we are told, God\\nsaid, Let there be light: and there was light. How and\\nwhence it came we cannot tell. It would almost seem that\\nman in his effort to create light has kept step with his own\\ndevelopment. The first light was produced from the sim-\\nplest substances, solids: wood on the hearth, the pitch-pine\\nknot, and the candle. Then followed light produced from\\nliquids: olive oil, whale oil, refined petroleum. Afterward\\nthe inventive genius of man extracted from coal an invisible\\ngas which would burn and give a bright, clear light. Ris-\\ning higher and higher, man soars above all solids, liquids,\\nand gases, and with a sudden bound leaps almost out of the\\nrealm of matter and produces the electric light, which is\\nmerely a form of motion. How clearly the progress of man,\\nhis elevation, his civilization, his increased conveniences and\\nluxuries of life are made to appear in this study of his\\nmethods of obtaining artificial light", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII.\\nLIGHTHOUSES.\\nWe have seen that artificial light is needed at night not\\nonly in houses, churches, and public halls, but also in the\\nstreets of large towns and cities for the benefit of those who\\nhave occasion to travel after dark. Still further, it has been\\nfound necessary to light the shores of the great sea, so that\\nvessels may not run upon the rocks in the darkness and be\\nstove to pieces.\\nThe building of lighthouses has chiefly developed during\\nthe present century, although a few lighthouses w^erc known\\nto the ancients. The full history of lighthouses, if we could\\ntrace it, would be very interesting. If you were asked where\\nthe first lighthouse was built you would be quite likely to\\nguess right the first time, because you know that the first\\nships and the first sailors were around the eastern part of the\\nMediterranean Sea. You would certainly say somewhere\\nalong the eastern coast of that sea. Now as a matter of\\nfact there was a lighthouse on the island of Pharos, just in\\nfront of the city of Alexandria, which was built over three\\nhundred years before Christ. This was one of the most cele-\\nbrated towers of antiquity; in fact, it is classed among the\\nSeven Wonders of the World. It is quite likely, however,\\nthat this was not the first lighthouse. Probably there w^ere\\ntowers on the Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmora, and the\\nBosphorus which may have preceded the Pharos of Alexan-\\ndria.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "LIGHT LIGHTHOUSES. 9I\\nThe Romans built lighthouses at Ostia, Ravenna, Puteoli,\\nand other ports. All these ancient lighthouses were towers\\non the top of which wood was burned at night, and the blaze\\nof the burning wood furnished the light which was to guide\\nthe mariner.\\nTwo or three centuries ago many lighthouses were built\\nalong the shores of France and England. The first light-\\nhouse on the coast of our country was Boston Light, at the\\nentrance to Boston harbor, which was erected in the year\\n1 7 16. Ever since the United States government has been\\nestablished, much attention has been paid to our system of\\nlighthouses. In 1852 a lighthouse board was established\\nwithin the department of the United States Treasury.\\nGreat skill and engineering ability are needed in the con-\\nstruction of lighthouses. Our country has long Atlantic,\\nPacific, and lake coasts to be protected, besides numerous\\nrivers extending over thousands of miles. All along these\\ncoasts and rivers our government has established and main-\\ntains lighthouses. We have nearly a thousand lights on the\\nAltantic coast, nearly two hundred upon the Pacific, and\\nseveral hundred along the shores of the Northern Lakes. The\\nUnited States has also many fog signals and almost innumer-\\nable buoys. Great sums of money are necessary to build these\\nlighthouses, many of which are now of iron. Twelve of our\\nmost famous lighthouses have cost a total sum of upward of\\n$3,000,000 for their construction. Each year witnesses a\\nsteady improvement in the method of construction and of\\nlighting this multitude of lighthouses.\\nAt fi.rst, fires burning at the tops of lighthouses were the\\nonly signals and guides at night. Then came the use of oil\\nin lamps, with reflectors constructed for the purpose. At\\nfirst in this country fish oil was used, and after that sperm", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "gZ AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\noil. Within the last ten years refined petroleum has been\\nalmost universally adopted for lighthouses in the United\\nStates. At present about a million gallons are used in a\\nyear. We have only a few electric lights, though two are\\nnow in use on the Atlantic coast and two or three upon the\\nlakes.\\nIn late years commerce has been rapidly extended. The\\nmerchant marine of the nations has grown to gigantic pro-\\nportions. The amount of travel not only coastwise but across\\nthe ocean for pleasure and profit has become enormous. The\\nnations are coming closer together and becoming better ac-\\nquainted with each other. All this promotes civilization, and\\nwill ere long, it is to be hoped, operate to prevent interna-\\ntional wars.\\nEngland has many famous lighthouses. Great Britain is\\nan island and her coast shows a continuous series of indenta-\\ntions. Perhaps the most famous of her lighthouses is the\\nEddystone Light, a few miles off from Plymouth.\\nIf you will look on your map of Great Britain you will\\nfind that the county of Northumberland is the extreme\\nnorthern end of England, bordering on the North Sea and\\nadjoining the southeast corner of Scotland. Off that coast\\nyou will see a little group of islands called the Fame Islands.\\nAt low tide there are twenty-five of them. On one of these\\nlittle islands, early in the present century, stood the Long-\\nstone Lighthouse. It was a solitary place, and sometimes\\nweeks would pass without any communication with the main-\\nland. The keeper of this light was William Darling, a man\\nof intelligence, who gave a fair education to each of his large\\nfamily of children. One of these was a daughter whose name\\nwas Grace. Think what the youth of an intelligent girl would\\nbe on one of the Fame Islands. They are extremely desolate.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "LIGHT LIGHTHOUSES. 93\\ncovered with rocks, and have very little vegetation and\\nvery little animal life except sea fowl.\\nThrough the channels between these islands the sea rushes\\nwith great force, and many a brave ship has gone down, dashed\\nto pieces upon the rocks. In 1838 a large steamer named the\\nForfarshire struck these rocks and was broken in two within\\nsight of Longstone Lighthouse. This steamer had on board\\nmore than forty passengers and twenty officers and crew.\\nThree persons only were in the lighthouse Mr. Darling, his\\nwife, and Grace. The storm was furious, the sea was run-\\nning high, and through the mist, with the aid of his glass,\\nMr. Darling could make out the figures of the sufferers who\\nwere still clinging to the broken vessel. The lighthouse-\\nkeeper shrank from attempting their rescue, but Grace in-\\nsisted that they must make the effort to save them from cer-\\ntain death. Even the launching of the boat was extremely\\nhazardous. The old lighthouse -keeper thought it impossible,\\nbut he could not resist the pleadings of his daughter. The\\nmother helped to launch the boat; the father and daughter\\nentered it and each took an oar. It was a terrible undertak-\\ning to row the frail boat, and it required not only great mus-\\ncular power but the most determined courage.\\nThe rescuers succeeded in reaching the rocks, but found\\ngreat difficulty in steadying the boat to prevent it from being\\ndestroyed on the sharp ridges. There were nine persons\\nclinging to the broken vessel. These nine were all rescued.\\nBy tremendous energy, great skill, and almost superhuman\\nefforts they were rowed back to the lighthouse in safety.\\nThis heroic deed of a young woman scarcely twenty-three\\nyears of age was heralded abroad until she became well known\\nall over Europe, and the lonely lighthouse was soon the cen-\\ntre of attraction to thousands of curious and sympathizing", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "94\\nAMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\npersons. The Humane Society sent her a most flattering\\nvote of thanks, and a public subscription was raised amount-\\ning to about thirty-five hundred dollars. Testimonials of\\nall kinds were showered upon her, which produced in her\\nmind only a sense of wonder and grateful pleasure.\\nThis brief outline of Grace Darling is here given because\\nher heroism served to call the attention of the world to\\nthe importance of lighthouses and the isolated life of the\\nkeepers and their\\nfamilies. You will\\nfind a picturesque\\naccount of the life\\nof Grace Darling in\\nthe first volume of\\nChambers s Mis-\\ncellany. This\\nstory does not stand\\nalone in lighthouse\\nannals, but again\\nand again has it\\nbeen matched in\\nlater times and\\nin our own country.\\nOne of the most famous lighthouse heroines in America\\nwas Miss Ida Lewis, whose father kept the Limestone Light-\\nhouse at the entrance to the harbor of Newport, R. L This\\nlighthouse-keeper s daughter very early in life became skilled\\nin rowing and swimming. One day, when she was eighteen\\nyears of age, four young men were upset in a boat in the\\nharbor. Ida quickly launched her own skiff, pushed off, res-\\ncued them, and brought them safely to shore.\\nAt another time three drunken soldiers had stove a hole\\nGRACE DARLING.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "LIGHT LIGHTHOUSES. 95\\nin their boat not far from the lighthouse. Two swam ashore\\nand Ida reached their boat in season to save the third. Two\\nyears afterward a sheep was being driven down the wharf\\nwhen the animal plunged into the water. Three men run-\\nning along the shore in pursuit found a boat and pushed out\\nafter the sheep. A heavy sou wester was blowing and the\\nboat was carried away into deep water. Ida Lewis, in spite\\nof the high wind, rowed out in her little skiff and brought\\nthem safely ashore.\\nOne winter a young scapegrace stole a sailboat from the\\nwharf and put out to sea. About midnight the gale drove\\nthe boat upon the Limestone rocks a mile from the light, but\\nthe boy clung to the mast all night. In the morning Ida\\nLewis found him, as she said, shaking and God-blessing me\\nand praying to be set on shore. By these and other instances\\nin which Miss Lewis rescued those in danger she became\\nfamous, and her praises were heralded in the newspapers and\\nspoken at many firesides. The citizens of Newport presented\\nher with a boat as a token of their admiration of her bravery.\\nThese famous instances and many more that could be added\\nto them would seem to indicate that life in a lighthouse, with\\nthe mind constantly running out to the sea, becoming famil-\\niar with the storms that rise, and observing the dash of the\\nwaves and the roar of the wind life inured to hardship, but\\nshut up within the safe keeping of the solid walls of the little\\ntower high above the raging waves it would seem that such\\na life is calculated to give courage, strength, and fortitude,\\nand to endue the heart with a heroic forgetfulness of self.\\nHow important is the position of a lighthouse-keeper!\\nMany lives are in his hands, and on his fidelity depends the\\nsafety of millions of dollars of property. Boats and ships of\\nall kinds, steamers great and small, sail away from one shore", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "96 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nof the vast sea to the opposite shore, or along the coast, all\\nin comparative safety because of the various beacon lights.\\nIndeed, is not the lighthouse itself a great lesson in morals?\\nEvery one of us every one of the seventy million people of\\nthe United States has a part in the lighthouse. It is we, the\\npeople, who are furnishing the government with its resources,\\nand it is the great government of our country that builds the\\nlighthouses to warn mariners of danger. The modern light-\\nhouse is the symbol of benevolence. It carries with it the\\nlesson of loving thy neighbor as thyself. This is the lesson\\nof the lighthouse to the people of the land, though its service\\nis performed for the people of the sea.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "CYRUS H. MCCORMICK.\\nSECTION III.-FOOD.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "SECTION III.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 FOOD.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nUNCULTIVATED FOODS.\\nHeat and light each is necessary for our bodily comfort\\nand well-being. We have seen that much time and thought\\nhave been spent during the past three hundred years in pro-\\nviding the most satisfactory methods for heating and lighting\\nour houses. We have found that wood and coal in our fire-\\nplaces, stoves, and furnaces have given us the best heat. We\\nhave learned that kerosene and gas made from coal are the\\nmost common sources of light. Even electricity, the latest\\nmeans for producing light and heat, usually needs the power\\nof steam for its development; and heat is necessary to pro-\\nduce steam. We have a common name for the wood, the\\ncoal, the gas, and the oil, from the burning of which heat and\\nlight result; this name is fuel.\\nAnother form of fuel is even more necessary than coal and\\nwood. In the winter we warm our rooms so that we may not\\nsuffer from the cold but the stove does not warm us when out\\nof doors. Then we put on our heavy winter wraps, but these\\ngive us no warmth they merely keep in the heat of the body\\nor keep out the cold blasts of the wind. We all know that the\\nbody is warm of itself; that there is something within us that\\nproduces heat, like a fire. When our fingers become chilled\\nby the frosty air we may warm them with our breath. The", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "lOO AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\ntemperature of a room may be seventy degrees or less, but if\\nwe place the bulb of a thermometer beneath the tongue we\\nshall find that the mercury rises to ninety-eight degrees.\\nThe fire in the body and the fire in the stove act very much\\nalike. If the draughts of the stove are closed tight and no air\\nis admitted, the fire dies down and goes out. If the air which\\nenters the body is foul, the fire feels the effect and our health\\nis injured. If the lungs are filled with water or anything else\\nwhich keeps out the air, the fire goes out and life is lost.\\nThe fuel which we call food is just as necessary for the\\nfire in our body as is wood or coal for the fire in the stove.\\nThree times a day or oftener we take this food-fuel into our\\nbodies; thus we keep the fire steadily burning which makes\\nus warm and keeps us alive.\\nOn the other hand, fuel for the body must be very differ-\\nent from fuel for a stove. In the stove heat alone is wanted;\\ntherefore one form of fuel is enough. In the body bones\\nmust be enlarged and strengthened, muscles must be devel-\\noped, fat must be provided in sufficient quantities, and brain-\\nmatter must be produced. Therefore the food-fuel must pro-\\nvide not only heat but also the different materials of which\\nthe body is made. One kind of food is necessary for the\\nbones, another for the blood, another for the flesh, and an-\\nother for the nerves. Thus while in studying common fuel\\nwe have only to learn about wood, either in the form of trees\\nor pressed into the form of coal, in studying food-fuel we find\\nthat the kinds are almost numberless. Meat and vegetables,\\nfish and fruit, roots and nuts, in their infinite varieties, are\\nall included in the word food.\\nWe are told that all matter belongs to one of three king-\\ndoms the animal, the vegetable, and the mineral kingdoms.\\nFrom two of these three divisions we obtain most of our food.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "FOOD UNCULTIVATED FOODS. lOI\\nFood may be divided into two classes then animal food and\\nvegetable food. In animal food we have the meat of wnld\\nanimals and of domestic animals. In early days, when the\\nnumber of people was small, the supply of wild animals was\\nlarge. A great part of the food in those days was obtained\\nby hunting and fishing. To-day most of the meat comes from\\ndomestic animals, so that the keeping of herds and flocks is\\none of the great industries of the time. Fish are still impor-\\ntant in our lists of foods, but the flesh of wild animals is less\\nand less used for meat.\\nThree hundred years ago the Indians had this country\\nto themselves. They were few in number and were scattered\\nover a vast territory. The forests abounded in wild game and\\nthe lakes and rivers were filled with fish. Love of hunting\\nand fishing held the first place in the pleasures of the red\\nman. The hunting grounds extended far and wide in every\\ndirection. Each tribe had its own hunting and fishing\\ngrounds, and it was considered an act of war for any tribe of\\nIndians to encroach upon the territory of other tribes.\\nSuch places as they chose for their abode, says Hub-\\nbard s History, were usually at the falls of great rivers,\\nor near the seaside, where was any convenience for catching\\nsuch fish as every summer and winter used to come up the\\ncoast. At such times they used, like good fellows, to make\\nall common, and then those who had entertained their neigh-\\nbors at the seaside expected the like kindness from them again\\nup higher in the country.\\nThe kinds of wild animals that the Indians hunted were\\nvery numerous. One man describes the appearance of an\\nIndian s room of skins. He says: There they showed\\nme many hides and horns, both beasts of chase of the stink-\\ning foot such as roes, foxes, jackals, wolves, wildcats,", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "102\\nAMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nraccoons, porcupines, skunks, muskrats, squirrels, and\\nsables and beasts of chase of the sweet foot buck, red deer,\\nreindeer, moose, bear, beaver, otter, hare, and martin.\\nCaptain John Smith tells of the fowl that the red men hunted.\\nHe mentions\\neagles,\\ncranes,\\nducks,\\ndrakes.\\nhawks,\\ngeese,\\nshel-\\nt e al\\ngulls, and tur-\\nkeys.\\nThe variety\\nof fish caught by\\nthe Indians was\\nalso very large.\\nHigher up at\\nthe falls of the\\ngreat rivers they\\nused to take sal-\\nmon, shad, and\\nale wives, that\\nused in great\\nquantities, more than cartloads, in the spring, to pass up into\\nthe fresh-water ponds and lakes. In March, April, May,\\nand half June, says John Smith, here is cod in abundance;\\nin May, June, July, and August, mullet and sturgeon herring,\\nif any desire them; I have taken many. Again he writes\\nof w^hales, grampuses, hake, haddock, mackerel, sharks, cun-\\nners, bass, perch, eels, crabs, lobsters, mussels, and 05^sters.\\nWe may also divide vegetable food into two classes that\\nwhich nature provides without the aid of man, or wild vege-\\ntables, and that which requires cultivation, or cultivated\\nINDIANS HUNTING GAME.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "FOOD UNCULTIVATED FOODS. IO3\\nvegetables. Many forms of nuts, berries and fruits, and\\nsome forms of common ground vegetables grow wild. The\\nred men found these in great abundance.\\nJohn Smith found in New England currants, mulber-\\nries, gooseberries, plums, walnuts, chestnuts, and straw-\\nberries, besides other fruits of which he did not know the\\nnames. He made a journey up the Potomac River, and re-\\nported that the hills yielded no less plenty and variety of\\nfruit than the river furnished abundance of fish.\\nSmith also described acorns whose bark was white and\\nsweetish; he added that these acorns, when boiled, afforded\\na sweet oil that the red men kept in gourds to anoint their\\nheads and joints. The Indians also ate the fruit of this\\nacorn, made into bread. There were plums of three kinds\\nand cherries. Smith discovered also a great abundance of\\nvines that climb the tops of the highest trees in some\\nplaces. Where they are not overshadowed from the sun, they\\nare covered with fruit, though never pruned nor manured.\\nHunting and fishing are carried on in much the same way\\nto-day as they were centuries ago. The gun has taken the\\nplace of the bow and arrow, and fishing implements have\\nbeen somewhat improved. But to capture and kill is now, as\\nformerly, all that is needed to obtain this form of food, if the\\nwild animals themselves can be found. Wild vegetables may\\nbe gathered to-day in just the way that our ancestors gathered\\nthem, though they are not found in so great quantities be-\\ncause of the increase of cultivation. In studying the changes\\nin the modes of living that have occurred in this country dur-\\ning the last three hundred years, we find that almost all the\\nimprovements in the production of food have been in the\\nplanting, cultivating, and harvesting of food, and the bring-\\ning it to market.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER 11.\\nCULTIVATED FOODS.\\nHunting and fishing did not furnish either sufficient or\\nsatisfactory food for the Indians. A portion of their time\\nwas spent in cultivating certain products of the soil. Black\\nHawk, a famous Indian chief, writes When we returned\\nto our village in the\\nspring from our hunting\\ngrounds we would open\\nthe caches and take out\\ncorn and other provi-\\nsions which had been put\\nup in the fall, and then\\ncommence repairing our\\nlodges. As soon as this.\\nis accomplished we re-\\npair the fences around\\nour fields and clean them\\noff ready for planting\\ncorn. This work is done by our women. The men, during\\nthis time, are feasting on dried venison, bear s meat, wild\\nfowl and corn.\\nOur women plant the corn, and as soon as they get done\\nwe make a feast and dance the corn dance. At this feast our\\nyoung braves select the young woman they wish to have for\\na wife. When this is over we feast again and have our\\nnational dance.\\nTHE CORN DANCE.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "FOOD CULTIVATED FOODS. IO5\\nWhen our national dance is over, our corn-fields hoed,\\nand every weed dug up, and our corn about knee high, all\\nour young men would start in a direction toward sundown to\\nhunt deer and buffalo, and the remainder of our people start\\nto fish. Every one leaves the village and remains away about\\nforty days. They then return, the hunting party bringing in\\ndried buffalo and deer meat, the others dried fish.\\nThis is a happy season of the year; having plenty of\\nprovision, such as beans, squashes, and other produce, with\\nour dried meat and fish, we continue to make feasts and visit\\neach other until our corn is ripe.\\nWhen the corn is fit for use another great ceremony takes\\nplace, with feasting and returning thanks to the Great Spirit\\nfor giving us corn. We continue our sport and feasting until\\nthe corn is all secured. We then prepare to leave our village\\nfor our hunting grounds.\\nThus we see that the most important crop among the In-\\ndians was maize or Indian corn. This grain is specially\\nsuited to the climate and soil of a large portion of the coun-\\ntry it was wholly unknown to the Europeans who first came\\nto America.\\nJohn Smith in Virginia and Roger Williams in New Eng-\\nland were much interested in the Indian corn. It is from\\ntheir writings that we learn how the red men cultivated and\\nused this strange product of the New World.\\nAs corn was the Indians main dependence, they ate it at\\nall times and in various ways. They roasted the green ears\\nin the ashes; sometimes they cut the kernels from the cob\\nand boiled them with beans, making a kind of succotash.\\nMeal was made by pounding the kernels in a wooden mortar;\\nif the corn was old it was soaked over night and pounded in\\nthe morning.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "lOO\\nAMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nThis meal also was cooked in different ways. Sometimes\\nit was wrapped in corn husks and boiled at other times it\\nwas mixed with water and made into cakes, which were\\nbaked in the ashes of the fire. Often a pudding was made\\nfrom the meal, in which black-\\nberries were placed. When\\nthe Indians travelled, they\\nwere accustomed to carry-\\nenough of this meal to last\\nseveral days, either in a small\\nbasket or a hollow leathern\\ngirdle.\\nSuch was life among the\\nIndians. Usually food was\\nplenty and feasting was com-\\nmon, but at times food was\\nscarce and fasting was neces-\\nsary. If the Indian had\\nsufficient for to-day, he cared\\nlittle for to-morrow. If the\\ncorn crop failed or if the\\nhunting expedition turned out badly, the red man accepted\\nit as a necessary evil and made no complaint.\\nThe first Englishmen to learn of the foods that could be\\nobtained in the New World were two captains sent out by Sir\\nWalter Raleigh to explore the Atlantic coast of America.\\nThey returned full of enthusiasm for the fertile soil and the\\ndelightful climate of Virginia. They praised also the kind-\\nness of the Indians, who provided them with the best of food\\ndeer, hares, fish, walnuts, melons, cucumbers, peas, and\\ncorn.\\nApparently there was an abundance of food in the New\\nCAPTAIN JOHN SMITH.\\n(From the history of Virginia, by Captain John\\nSmith.)", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "FOOD CULTIVATED FOODS. lO/\\nWorld flesh, fish, fruits, nuts, vegetables, and grain. The\\nsailors were not farmers, however nor were the colonists\\nwho came over the next year. They had no knowledge of\\nthe labor necessary to till the soil and raise the food, and\\nafter a year on Roanoke Island they returned to England.\\nTwenty years later the colonists at Jamestown were no more\\nready to labor at farming than those at Roanoke had been.\\nNumbers died from hunger during the first summer, but the\\nleader, John Smith, was able, from his own strength of char-\\nacter, to hold survivors to the work until a fair abundance of\\ncorn had been obtained. Meanwhile Smith managed to buy\\nor borrow provisions from the Indians.\\nThe settlers at Plymouth arrived in early winter and found\\na climate much colder than that of England or Holland. They\\ncould not hope to harvest a crop before the next autumn, and\\nthey also were dependent upon the red men for many months.\\nSoon after the Mayflozvcr arrived in Provincetown harbor\\nan expedition was sent out to search for the best spot to build\\na village. They followed the tracks of Indians, but could not\\nfind them nor their dwellings. The first sign of human life\\nwas a piece of clear ground which had been planted some\\nyears before. Going a little farther they found a field in\\nwhich the stubble was new, showing that the ground had\\nbeen recently cultivated. Finally they came upon heaps of\\nsand newly paddled with their hands. Led by curiosity the\\nPilgrims digged in these places and found several baskets\\nfilled with corn. This grain seemed to the Pilgrims a very\\ngoodly sight, though they had never seen corn before.\\nThey carried the grain back to the ship, and when the In-\\ndians who owned the corn were found, the Pilgrims gladly\\npaid them its full value.\\nWhen spring came the colonists at Plymouth began mak-", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "I08 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\ning preparations for planting. An Indian, named Squanto,\\nwho had previously been carried to England and had learned\\nto speak some English, showed himself very friendly. He\\ntaught them how to prepare the fish which must be put in\\nevery hill for a fertilizer. He directed the planting and cul-\\ntivating of the fields. As a result they had a good in-\\ncrease. They were not so successful in other ways, for\\ntheir barley crop was very light and their peas dried up with\\nthe sun.\\nA curious story is found in some old records. The dogs\\nin a Plymouth colony town caused the farmers great trouble\\nby digging up the alewives which they were accustomed to\\nplace in the hills. Therefore a law was passed that required\\nthe owner of every dog either to keep him securely tied for\\nforty days after the fields were prepared, or to tie a fore-\\npaw to his head so that it would be impossible for the dog\\nto dig in the newly prepared hill.\\nTwo years later the Pilgrims are said to have had nearly\\nsixty acres of ground well planted with corn, and many gar-\\ndens filled with fruits and vegetables. However, the crop\\nwas light, mainly because the colonists had been too weak,\\nfrom lack of food, properly to attend to it. A famine would\\nhave followed for the third time had not a vessel arrived\\nfrom England, in August, bringing provisions sufficient for\\nthe winter.\\nFor several years the Pilgrims were compelled to live\\npartly upon wild game and fish. One summer their main\\nsupport was obtained by the use of the only boat that re-\\nmained, with which they caught large quantities of bass.\\nThey also obtained clams when they could not get fish, used\\nground-nuts in place of bread, and caught many wild fowl in\\nthe creeks and marshes.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "FOOD CULTIVATED FOODS.\\n109\\nAN ANCIENT PLOW.\\nThe colonists had no milk, butter, nor cheese for the first\\nthree years in Plymouth. There were no domestic animals\\nin New England until, in the spring of 1623, a vessel arrived\\nbringing the first cows. In time beef and veal were added to\\nthe list of foods, and soon other domestic animals were brought\\nover. By the middle of the fourth summer the village of New\\nPlymouth was reported to\\nhave nearly two hundred\\ninhabitants, with some cat-\\ntle and goats, and many\\nswine and poultry.\\nThe tools used by the\\nearly colonists were, like\\ntheir houses and furniture,\\nof the rudest manufacture.\\nAgriculture, such as exists\\nin the United States to-day, was entirely unknown two cen-\\nturies ago. The plow was little used and the few plows\\namong the colonists were inconvenient, heavy tools. The\\nimportant planting and cultivating implement used by the\\nfarmers was the hoe.\\nThe village or plantation blacksmith made the tools for\\nthe farmers, and they were rudely formed and shaped. In\\nharvest time the hoe was again called into use, as well as the\\nroughly constructed scythes and pruninghooks. The mus-\\ncle-developing flail separated the grain from the straw, and\\nthe miller ground it into meal, or flour, taking toll for his\\npay that is, a fixed fraction of the product.\\nHow the system of agriculture has changed during these\\ntwo centuries, or rather during the last century, for few of\\nthe improvements are yet a hundred years old As in the\\nmethods of producing heat and light, inventions have done", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "no AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nwonders in providing us with a greater amount and a larger\\nvariety of food at a reduced cost. Formerly all farm-work\\nwas done by the use of great muscular pow:r. Only a strong\\nman can wield the hoe for hours at a time. To walk behind\\na plow, guiding the horse and holding the plow in place, is\\nno light task. To swing a scythe from early morning until\\nlate in the day severely taxes the strength. To thresh grain\\nupon the barn floor with a flail day after day needs much\\nphysical endurance. The labor of many men was required\\nto manage even a comparatively small farm. To-day all\\nthese conditions are changed.\\nAt the present time the most desirable farm-hand is the\\nman with the cunning brain who can get the most work out\\nof a machine without breaking it. The farm laborer finds\\nhimself advanced to the ranks of skilled labor. The man\\nwho plows uses his muscle only in guiding the machine.\\nThe man who operates the harrow has half a dozen levers to\\nlighten his labor. The sower walks leisurely behind a drill\\nand works brakes. The reaper needs a quick brain and a\\nquick hand not necessarily a strong arm nor a powerful\\nback. The threshers are merely assistants to a machine.\\nThe men who heave the wheat into the bins only press but-\\ntons.\\n38", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III.\\nIMPLEMENTS FOR PLANTING.\\nGeorge was determined to be a farmer. He was but\\ntwelve years of age, yet he felt sure that he knew his own\\nmind. He said to himself and to his friends that life out of\\ndoors, life on a farm, was the best and healthiest kind of life.\\nHe declared that to raise the food of the world was the most\\nimportant service that man could do for his fellow-beings.\\nThe boy lived in a city. He had always lived in a city\\nand had never seen a farm. He had never been away fiom\\nhome. His home was a flat, or apartment, occupying a por-\\ntion of one floor of a ten-story block. His knowledge of life\\nwas limited entirely to city life. He had been to the park;\\nhe had seen there trees and shrubbery, grass and flowers.\\nYet he had never visited the park alone he had never seen\\nany of the work needed in caring for the trees and flowers.\\nHe knew absolutely nothing about gardening or farming he\\ncould not tell the difference between a hoe and a rake he\\nwould not be able to answer the simplest questions about\\nfarm life.\\nYet George had decided to be a farmer, and he had made\\nup his mind to study the subject of farming at once. He\\nproposed to ask Uncle Ben all sorts of questions every chance\\nhe could get. He intended to obtain books from the library\\nthat would tell him what he needed to know. Oh, could he\\nonly go into the country, try for himself life upon a farm,\\nand see with his own eyes what a farmer had to do", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "112 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nSo George went to work. He did not neglect his school\\nduties, but carefully prepared his daily lessons. When these\\nwere done he was ready to study agriculture. He did not\\nknow where to begin with books, so he asked questions.\\nUncle Ben, he said one evening as the family was\\ngathered around the library lamp, how does it happen that\\na farmer sometimes raises tomatoes and sometimes potatoes?\\nWhat does he do if he wants one rather than the other?\\nWell, George, was the laughing reply, I think that\\nyou have much to learn before you make a successful farmer.\\nDon t you know that if he wants potatoes he plants potatoes?\\nWhy, I suppose so, said George. Then if he desires\\napples, does he plants apples?\\nHardly, said his uncle. Seeds would be better than\\nentire apples.\\nGeorge was started and for the rest of the evening he\\nasked no more questions, his whole attention being turned to\\nthe large encyclopedia on his knee. When next he plied his\\nuncle with questions it was evident that he had already learned\\nsomething.\\nWhen a farmer plants a potato, he puts it in a hole and\\ncovers it up. I have read that he plows the ground first.\\nWhat does he do that for?\\nFor two reasons, I suppose, replied Uncle Ben. The\\nroots and sprouts grow better in a soil that has been softened.\\nWhen the ground is unplowed, it is baked hard. Besides,\\nplowing turns the soil over, brings new dirt to the top, and\\ngenerally mixes it all together.\\nOh, yes! said George. Then I must learn about\\nplowing first.\\nGeorge obtained as good a knowledge of plows and tillage\\nas was possible from books. In order fully to understand the", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "FOOD IMPLEMENTS FOR PLANTING. II3\\nsubject, it would be necessary to see the plows and use them.\\nBut that could not come yet. The books told him that the\\nearliest and simplest way to till the soil was with a spade.\\nFrom them George learned, what most boys and girls know,\\nwhat a spade was, and that a spade was all that was absolute-\\nly needed to soften the soil and prepare it for planting.\\nTo spade a piece of ground is slow work; it is also hard\\nwork. Could not some method be devised so that the spad-\\ning or tilling could be done by horses or oxen? This led to\\nthe invention of the plow. This was made thousands of years\\nago. The kooloo plow, still in use in India, was one of the\\nearliest and was very rude. It was made entirely of wood,\\nthe sharp part of the plow being like a thorn in shape, but\\nvery thick and strong.\\nAs the centuries went on, iron began to be used and early\\nin the history, of iron it was applied to plows. They were\\nstill made of wood, but iron plates were placed over the\\nwood, where the instrument tore into the ground. Later the\\nplow itself was made of iron, leaving the handles still formed\\nof wood. This iron plow would sometimes become covered\\nwith soil and so be almost useless. This was corrected by\\nthe use of steel shares instead of iron. This brought George\\nto the modern plow.\\nGeorge was not content with simply obtaining an idea\\nabout plows; he wished to know all that he could about\\nthem. He obtained books that gave complete accounts of the\\nvarieties of plows, the ways in which they were used, and the\\nwork which they should do. He learned that a plow should\\nbe fitted to its task. It should be as light as possible, easily\\ndrawn, and it should run with even steadiness, at a uniform\\ndepth. It should not only turn the soil over, but should\\nthoroughly powder it and bury the Vv^eeds.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "114 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nTo his great surprise George also learned that some of the\\nmodern plows were as much superior to the ordinary plow as\\nthat was to the spade. The sulky plow is easier for the\\nhorses than the common plow it makes furrows of different\\ndepths and it has a seat for the farmer. Sometimes several\\nplowshares are placed side by side and drawm by a large\\nnumber of horses. This is called a gang plow. Steam and\\nwind and water and even electricity are coming into use to fur-\\nnish power for plows, in place of the animal power of horses.\\nWell, Uncle Ben, said George one evening, now I\\nunderstand something about plowing and tillage. The next\\nthing a farmer does in the spring is to plant his potatoes and\\ncorn, is it not?\\nYes, was the reply.\\nWell, then, said George, that w411 not take me long\\nto learn. All there is to do is to dig a hole, put in the potato,\\nand cover it with earth.\\nI am afraid that you will find that the job is not quite\\nso simple as that. Has the farmer nothing to plant but po-\\ntatoes? asked the uncle.\\nYes, said the boy. Corn and turnips and oats and\\nwheat and pumpkins and lots of other things.\\nWould you plant a kernel of corn in just the same way\\nthat you would a potato?\\nNo, I suppose not, was the reply.\\nAnd do you think that every farmer does all his plant-\\ning by hand? Does he not have tools to help him?\\nThus George was started on a new line of thought. He\\nread of the sower, as he slowly walks the length of the field,\\nthrowing the grain right and left. Even this work is better\\nand more quickly done by machinery. The hand sower is a\\nlittle machine which the farmer straps to his shoulders. The", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "FOOD IMPLEMENTS FOR PLANTING. Il5\\nhopper of the sower is filled with grain and, as the handle is\\nturned, the grain is scattered broadcast to as great a distance\\nas possible. More saving of labor still is the horse sower,\\nwhich is simply the hand sower on a larger scale. Some-\\ntimes the seed is inserted in the ground by means of grain\\ndrills, which deposit the grain more evenly and at the same\\ntime cover it with earth.\\nAfter learning how to sow seed, George began to inquire\\ninto the subject of planting. Many machines have been in-\\nvented for this purpose which save much labor. The most\\nimportant are the corn planter and the potato planter. Ma-\\nchines for planting other vegetables are much like these.\\nThe hand corn planter, which is used on small farms, is\\ncarried in tl^ hand of the farmer. At each place where he\\nwishes a hill of corn he strikes into the ground the planter,\\nwhich leaves the kernels at the proper depth and covers them\\nwith soil. The horse corn planter is a form of grain drill,\\nwhich does the same work as the hand planter.\\nThe potato planter is a simple machine, though it does a\\nvariety of work. It cuts the potatoes into slices and drops\\nthem through a tube into a furrow which the plow-like part\\nof the planter makes. The slices are dropped at regular\\nspaces and are covered with dirt by the machine itself. In\\nother words, the farmer puts potatoes in the hopper and\\ndrives the machine the length of the field. The planter does\\nthe rest of the work, saving the farmer the labor of slicing\\nthe potatoes, digging the hole, dropping the vegetable and\\ncovering it with earth.\\nAll this and much more George learned during the next\\ntwo weeks. Then he showed that he was read}^ for a new\\nsubject by asking his uncle what the farmer did betw^een\\nseedtime and harvest.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "Il6 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nI suppose, said the boy, that most farmers get their\\nplanting done almost before summer begins. Then it must\\nbe some time before they begin to harvest the grain and dig\\nthe potatoes. What do they do all summer?\\nI think, replied his uncle, that you will have to go\\ninto the country and see some things for yourself. As the\\nschool term is nearly finished, I believe that you must visit a\\ngood farmer and spend the summer and autumn with him.\\nThen you will know something of a real farmer s life and\\nwork. But to answer your question by asking another, Did\\nyou ever hear of weeds?\\nAfter that George asked few questions. He began to\\nthink that he was showing too much ignorance. From that\\nevening until the end of June he had no thoughts but of the\\nfarm. He read but little and waited to study his subject at\\nclose hand. But he did discover that a farmer s life is not\\ntoo easy in the summer. He learned that the ground must\\nbe kept free from weeds and continually loosened. He\\nfound that the farm^er uses his hoe in deadly hostility to the\\nweeds that he makes his horse do a part of the work of hoe-\\ning; that the harrow and the cultivator keep the soil loose\\nbetween the rows.\\nWhen the summer came, George felt that he had some\\nknowledge of tillage, of sowing and planting, and of weed-\\ning; this was book knowledge. Now he hoped to get into\\nthe inside and learn something of the farmer s methods of\\nharvesting. Then, he thought, I can be a farmer.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nIMPLEMENTS FOR HARVESTING.\\nGeorge awoke the first morning at the farm to hear the\\nroosters crowing, the cows mooing, the sheep bleating, and\\nthe men cheerily whistling as they hurried about the chores.\\nNo thought of turning over for another nap entered his head,\\nbut in quick time he was dressed and ready for the morning\\nmeal. Breakfast over, George hastened out of doors and was\\nsoon eagerly watching Tom, who had been directed to cut the\\ngrass around the edges of one of the fields which had been\\npreviously mowed. Here for the first time he saw a scythe\\nand learned its use.\\nFor a while George w^atched Tom s steady swing of the\\nsc3^the as he slowly cut a swath the length of the field. Then\\nhe hastened to another field where the mowing machine was\\nsteadily moving across the lot. What an improvement!\\nWhat a saving of labor! How easily those knives moved\\nthrough the grass, laying every spire low as soon as it was\\ntouched How much more even the cut, though Tom was\\nskilled with the scythe The horses drew the machine with\\nease and the driver had a comfortable seat. However, it was\\nplain that he must keep his head clear and his eyes open, to\\nproperly attend to every part of the instrument.\\nWhen noon came George was tired and heated, and he\\ngladly remained in the house after dinner. Here he found\\nhis favorite encyclopedia and was soon hunting up the history\\nof the invention of the mower. He was surprised to learn", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "ii8\\nAMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nhow short a time it had been in use. From the beginning of\\nhistory the crooked sickle and the straighter scythe had been\\nalmost the only tools used for cutting grass and grain. Not\\nuntil about the middle of the present century had practical\\nmowing machines come into use. But now, except on very\\nsmall or rocky farms,\\nthe horse mower is\\nan absolute neces-\\nsity.\\nThe next day\\nGeorge again visited\\nthe fields to see the\\nnext step in the proc-\\ness of making hay.\\nFirst he found Tom,\\nwith a fork, turning\\nover the grass which\\nhe had mowed the\\nday before. Then\\nhe went to the other\\nfield, where he saw the same work being done by a machine.\\nThe mower had left the grass in heaps so that the sun could\\nreach only the surface. It is necessary that hay should be\\nthoroughly dried as quickly as possible. Across the field and\\nback again went the hay tedder, its forks picking up the\\ngrass and tossing it in every direction. One horse only was\\nneeded, and the driver was a boy.\\nThe third day George was again in the field. Once more\\nthe grass was turned. Then in the late afternoon it was pre-\\npared for the barn. Tom could only use the small hand rake,\\nfor his work was close to the fence he was simply cleaning\\nup what the machines had failed to reach. But in the field\\nMOWING WITH SCYTHES,\\ni", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "FOOD IMPLEMENTS FOR HARVESTING. II9\\nwhere George had watched the mower and the tedder, ma-\\nchinery and horse power were again in use. A horse went\\nback and forth, drawing a horse rake behind him. Now and\\nthen, at regular intervals, up came the rake, a pile of hay\\nwas left, and on went the horse. Then a hay sweep passed\\nalong at right angles to the rake and soon the hay was in\\npiles. As the field was very smooth and free from stones, a\\nhay loader was used to place the hay upon the wagon. A\\nboy drove the horses, two men laid the load, and soon the\\nwagon was started for the barn. The old-fashioned, slow,\\nhard work of lifting the hay by the forkful into the barn\\nwas no longer necessary. Hay forks, run by horse power^\\ngrappled the hay, and lifted the load. Conveyers carried the\\nhay to the right point and dropped it in the mow.\\nSuch was the work done during the first three days that\\nGeorge spent on the farm. He saw the old-fashioned hand\\nwork and the modern use of labor-saving machinery. Then\\nhe studied his books. In them he found that the hand labor\\nof cutting, drying, and housing the hay used to cost about\\nfive dollars a ton, and that now, with the best of modern\\nmachines, it need cost not more than one dollar a ton. This\\nmachinery is of great value to the farmer and also to those\\nwho buy the hay for the farmer can sell his hay at a lower\\nprice, since it costs him less to make it.\\nThis was the last of the haying. For several weeks\\nGeorge watched the hoes and the harrows, as they kept the\\ngardens and fields in good condition. Then came harvest-\\ntime. Potatoes were first in George s thoughts, and when\\nhe learned that they were to be dug on the morrow he was\\nthoroughly aroused. But he met with a sore disappoint-\\nment. The potatoes were not dug by machinery. The\\ncommon hoe or the specially shaped potato hoe were the only", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "I20\\nAMERICAN INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS.\\ntools. Then the back-aching work of picking up potatoes\\nadded to his disgust, and he declared that he never would\\nraise many potatoes. He learned that plows sometimes help\\nthe hoes, but that potato-digging machines have never come\\ninto general use, though good ones have been invented.\\nAt last grain harvest-time came. This was the time to\\nwhich George had long looked forward. Now he could see\\nthe wheat cut and threshed. This he was sure was the best\\nwork of the farmer.\\nBut when he saw Tom\\ntake the short, crooked\\nsickle, cut some grain\\nwith that, gather it in\\nhis arms, and tie a\\ncord around it, he\\ncould scarcely control\\nhimself. Is that the\\nway grain is harvest-\\ned? he said. Then\\nwhen he saw the grain\\nlaid on the barn floor\\nand struck rapidly by flails in the hands of two men, he de-\\nclared, If that is what the farmer has to do to get a little\\ngrain, then I do not want to be a farmer.\\nWell, said Mr. Miller, that is just what all farmers\\nhad to do until within fifty years.\\nBut George soon saw a different method. This first hand-\\nwork had been merely to harvest a small amount of early\\ngrain; a few days later the machines were brought out.\\nNow George was happy. At last he saw a reaping machine\\nand a combined reaper and binder. This interested him the\\nmost. He watched the machine as the horses drew it along\\nA REAPER AND BINDER.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "FOOD IMPLEMENTS FOR HARVESTING.\\n121\\nthe edge of the standing grain. He saw the grain cut and\\nlaid upon a platform, carried up into the machine, taken by\\ntwo arms called packers, gathered by them into bundles,\\nbound by cords and thrown to, the ground. What more\\ncould be asked of any machine?\\nAnd yet there is a new type of harvester that has been\\nused in San Joaquin valley, California. It cuts a swarth fifty-\\ntwo feet in width. It\\nnot only cuts the grain\\nbut it threshes it as well.\\nIt makes the sacks and\\nfills them as it travels\\nover the field. It is said\\nto cut an area of a hun-\\ndred acres a day, and at\\nthe same time thresh the\\ngrain and fill fifteen hun-\\ndred sacks.\\nLater in the autumn\\ncame the thresher.\\nThat belonging to Farm-\\ner Miller was run by\\nhorse power. Two horses stood upon a platform, constantly\\nstepping forward but not moving from their position. In-\\nstead the platform moved backward and this turned the ma-\\nchinery. The men placed the grain stalks in the hopper and\\nthe threshed grain came out of the machine, flowing into\\nsacks, which when filled were tied by the men and set aside\\nready for the market.\\nThe reaper and the thresher seemed to George the great-\\nest of inventions. He obtained a book on inventions, and for\\nmany days he was buried in it. He read of the Englishman,\\nTHE MCCORMICK REAPER.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "122 AMERICAN INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS.\\nHenry Ogle, whose reaper, made in 1822, aroused the anger\\nof the working people, who threatened to kill the manufac-\\nturers if they continued to make the machines; of Patrick\\nBell s invention, which, though successful, was forgotten for\\ntwenty or thirty years; of Cyrus H. McCormick, the Ameri-\\ncan, whose reaper first obtained a lasting success.\\nMost of all he was interested in the account of the first\\ntrial of reapers in England, at the time of the world s fair in\\n1 85 I. What a joke it was for the London Times to poke fun\\nat the McCormick machine, as it was exhibited in the Crystal\\nPalace How the great newspaper did wish that it had kept\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2quiet when a few days later it was compelled to report the\\ncomplete success of the ridiculed reaper!\\nThe trial took place in Essex, about forty-five miles from\\nLondon. Two hundred farmers were present, ready to laugh\\nat failure or to accept any successful machine. The wheat\\nwas not ripe; the crop was heavy; and the day was rainy.\\nThe Hussey reaper was first tried but was soon clogged by\\nthe green, wet grain. The judges proposed to discontinue\\nthe trial, as the conditions were so unfavorable. But the\\nagent of the McCormick reaper protested. His machine\\nwould work under any conditions; he wished that the gentle-\\nmen who had taken the pains to come to the trial should have\\na chance to see the McCormick. Accordingly it was brought\\nforward and, in spite of everything, it went steadily forward,\\ncutting all before it. Success was evident, and the English\\nfarmers gave three hearty cheers for the American reaping-\\nmachine.\\nAnother trial, at which the reaper was timed, showed that\\nit could cut twenty acres a day with ease. Even the laboring\\nmen realized that the machine would come at once into use\\none, who was among the interested spectators, took the sickle,", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "FOOD IMPLEMENTS FOR HARVESTING.\\n123\\nwhich he happened to have with him, and broke it in two\\nacross his knee he said that he would no longer need that.\\nFour years later a trial took place in France also. Here\\nthree American, two English, and two French machines were\\ntested. McCormick s reaper easily\\ncame out ahead, with the other Ameri-\\ncan machines close behind. At the\\nsame time four threshing machines\\nwere tested. Six men with their flails,\\nworking as hard as they could, ob-\\ntained fifty-four quarts of\\nwheat in half an hour;\\nthe American thresher\\ngave out six hundred and\\nseventy-three quarts in the\\nsame time\\nWe have spent much\\nTHRESHING WITH FLAIL.\\ntime on farming machin-\\nery. We must now leave George to a further study of farm\\nlife and farm v/ork. So far he has only examined tools and\\nmachinery. He has learned from experience, however, that\\na modern farmer has much more than this to learn, and much\\nwork to do that cannot be done by machinery. He realizes that\\nmuch study is needed to make a successful farmer. He finds\\nthat nearly every State in the Union has one or more agricul-\\ntural colleges, and that the United States does its share in\\ngiving aid and information to farmers. He still desires to\\nbe a farmer, but he is glad that it is a modern farmer that he\\nmust be. He goes back to school, eager to prepare himself\\nto enter the best agricultural college that he can find, in or-\\nder that he may be ready for intelligent farming as soon as\\nopportunity comes.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V.\\nSOIL.\\nA LITTLE boat was sailing along the north shore of\\nMassachusetts bay. It was a shallop belonging to the fish-\\ning hamlet of Cape Ann. In it were Gov. Roger Conant\\nand a few of his friends. After a sail of a dozen miles the\\nboat was turned to the westward and entered a harbor. On\\nit went until it reached\\na point of land which\\nseparated two little\\nrivers. Upon this\\npeninsula, which the\\nIndians called Naum-\\nkeag, Conant landed.\\nHe walked across from\\none stream to the\\nother; he carefully\\nexamined the trees, the weeds, the grass, and the remains of\\nan Indian cornfield. Then he sailed back to the cape.\\nA few wrecks later Governor Conant and fourteen compan-\\nions moved from Cape Ann to Naumkeag, now Salem. For\\nthree years the hamlet on the cape had been struggling for\\nlife. The colonists had at last become disheartened and had\\nabandoned the settlement. But what better fortune could\\nthey expect at Naumkeag? Conant s study of the little\\npeninsula had taught him that here was a fertile soil from\\nwhich he could raise food enough for the colonists. Cape\\nCOLONISTS IN A SHALLOP.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "FOOD SOIL. 125\\nAnn had not proved fertile. It was a stern and rock-bound\\ncoast. The entire cape seemed to be one vast ledge of\\ngranite rock, and only here and there could grain and vege-\\ntables be grown.\\nThe settlement of Salem was four years earlier than that\\nof Boston, and but six years after the Pilgrims arrived in\\nPlymouth. Thus early in the history of the colonies was it\\nfound necessary to seek fertile soils for settlements. As\\nthese grew and the number of the colonists increased, the\\nneed of more land and better soil became apparent. Ten\\nyears after Conant went to Naumkeag, the population of\\nthree entire towns near Boston moved, through woods, over\\nhills and valleys, and across streams, to the fertile valley of\\nthe Connecticut River. Farms spread out in every direction\\nuntil, before the middle of the eighteenth century, nearly all\\nof southern New England was dotted with them.\\nThe French and Indian War came, and at its close the\\nvalley of the Ohio River was placed in the hands of the Eng-\\nlish. Then followed the American Revolution, and the North-\\nwest Territory became a part of the United States. The New\\nEngland farmers had become crowded by this time, and\\nmany were eager for more land. A new migration followed.\\nFarmers from New England, New York, and Pennsylvania\\nbegan to journey westward and to settle the Northwest Ter-\\nritory. Ohio soon had sufficient population to be made a\\nState. Indiana and Illinois followed, then Michigan and\\nWisconsin. Meanwhile the United States purchased the\\ngreat province of Louisiana, and Iowa, Minnesota, and Ne-\\nbraska were settled by the Eastern farmers and others who\\nhad come across the ocean from Europe.\\nNever in the history of the world had there been such a\\nrapid settlement of new lands. It has continued even up to", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "126 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nthe present time. A few years ago the new territory of Ok-\\nlahoma was opened to farmers, and its growth has been re-\\nmarkable.\\nThe principal reason for this rapid settlement of Western\\nland may be found in the excellent character of the soil.\\nFor ages it had lain uncultivated, waiting for the coming of\\nthe white man. Unlike the rocky portions of New England,\\nthe ground seldom contains a large stone. Unlike the hills\\nand valleys of the coast States, the interior territory is prairie\\nland, level as far as the eye can see. Here the gang plows\\ncan be run here the mowing machines and the mammoth\\nharvesters can be used to great advantage.\\nThus grew the northern part of the United States. In\\nthe South the westward movement was not so rapid. The\\nconditions of agriculture were different. The climate of\\nSouth Carolina was unlike that of Massachusetts the cold of\\nNew York was unknown in Georgia. In New England small\\nfarms were the rule on these the work was done by the\\nowner, with the aid of his sons or perhaps a hired man or\\ntwo. In Virginia large plantations were common here the\\nproprietor lived at his ease and the land was cultivated by\\nslaves. In Connecticut the crops raised were used for the\\nmost part by the farmer s family or sold in the immediate\\nneighborhood. In North Carolina the products of the planta-\\ntions were exported in great quantities.\\nIn time, however, these Southern people became dissatis-\\nfied with their early territory, as their Northern brothers had\\nbeen, and gradually new States were formed to the west-\\nward. Kentucky and Tennessee were followed by Louisiana;\\nAlabama and Mississippi were formed on one side of the great\\nriver, but a few years before Missouri and Arkansas were on\\nthe other. State after State was admitted to the Union as", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "FOOD SOIL. 12/\\nsoon as a sufficient number of people had flocked into them^\\nand the number of Territories was steadily diminishing.\\nAt the farther end of the continent, the Oregon country,\\nsaved to us by the heroism of Dr. Marcus Whitman, added a\\nlarge territory of extremely fertile soil. South of Oregon\\nthe great State of California was added to the Union, as a\\nresult of Marshall s discovery of gold at Sutter s Fort. Yet\\nCalifornia to-day is a State for the farmer as well as the\\nminer. Thus finally, the Atlantic coast, the region of the\\nGreat Lakes, the Ohio valley, the Gulf States, the valley of\\nthe Father of Waters, and the Pacific slope in fact,\\nalmost all sections of the United States were well peopled\\nby farmers, drawing from the rich virgin soil immense crops\\nof food, more than sufficient for our own people.\\nBut we were not satisfied. In the very heart of the\\ncountry, between Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas on the\\neast, and California, Oregon, and Washington on the west,\\nlay a great region which had no attractions for the farmer.\\nLet him properly plow and cultivate the soil, let him add to\\nit soil-food or fertilizers as much as he pleases, let the spring\\nand the summer come, and let the hot sun add its part to\\nchange the seed into growing grain in spite of all the farm-\\ner s efforts no crop could be obtained. The grain dried up\\nalmost as soon as planted. There was no water. For month\\nafter month no rain fell upon this region. It was called the\\nGreat American Desert.\\nThe first attempt to make this desert soil yield a suitable\\nreturn for the labor of the farmer was made at Salt Lake\\nCity. Fift}^ years ago a band of earnest men braved cold\\nand famine, and the even more deadly Indians, crossed the\\ngreat region west of the Mississippi River, and made a settle-\\nment in the very midst of the desert country. To-day the", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "128\\nAMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\ndesert of Utah blooms like a garden the soil is fertile and\\nyields large returns to the industrious inhabitants. What\\nhas made the change? Nothing but water.\\nIf the heavens refuse to send rain to moisten the parched\\nground, cannot the needed water be obtained in some other\\n^^\u00e2\u0096\u00a0.^j way? The pioneer settlers\\nof Salt Lake led the way in\\nteaching mankind that the\\nground may be irrigated by\\nhuman means. Water may\\nbe carried to the fields\\nwhere, flowing along the\\nsurface of the ground, it\\nsoaks in until it reaches the\\nroots of the crops. The\\nw^ater may be pumped out\\nof the ground or it may be\\nbrought from the moun-\\ntains in trenches or pipes.\\nThis method of helping na-\\nture by providing water\\nwhere rain is scarce is\\ncalled irrigation.\\nIn the same way many\\nother sections of the great\\nWest have been reclaimed.\\nSouthern California, for-\\nmerly fit only for the raising of vast herds of cattle, is now\\nthe great orchard of the country. Large portions of New\\nMexico and Arizona now add to the general stock of food.\\nIrrigation bids fair to be of vast benefit to the country as, lit-\\ntle by little, barren lands are rendered fertile.\\nAN IRRIGATING TRENCH.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "FOOD SOIL.\\n129\\nAt present the principal grain region of our country is the\\ngreat Northwest, the twelve States west of Pennsylvania.\\nThe principal grain is corn, and two-thirds of the entire crop\\nof this country is grown in the seven States of Ohio, Indiana,\\nIllinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri. The banner\\ncorn State is Iowa.\\nThe wheat crop is more valuable to the world than the corn.\\nThe United States raises one-quarter of all the wheat grown\\nin the world, and the great Northwest produces two-thirds\\nof that. Wheat can be profitably raised in a cooler climate\\nthan is suitable for corn therefore the five Northern States\\nMichigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, North and South Dakota\\nadd their quota to the wheat grown in the seven great corn\\nStates. Minnesota leads in the production of wheat. Not\\nall the wheat comes\\nfrom this region, how-\\never, for two Pacific\\n^-V:\\n^s^^^^^-^\\nA RICE FIELD.\\nStates, California and Oregon, produce one-eighth of the entire\\ncrop of our country, and Pennsylvania gives a large share.\\nIowa leads in the production of oats as well as of corn\\nmore than two-thirds of the oat crop comes from the North-", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "I30 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nwest. New York and Pennsylvania add their quota, about\\none-eighth of the total crop. The Northwest thus provides\\ntwo-thirds of the grain, on much less than one-half of the\\ncultivated land of the United States.\\nThough grain is the great agricultural product, it is not\\nthe only crop that we raise in large quantities. Ten of the\\nSouthern States furnish each year more than sixty thousand\\ntons of rice, a large portion of which comes from Louisiana\\nand South Carolina.\\nThe United States is just beginning to take rank as a sugar-\\nproducing country. We now raise about one-eighth of the\\nsugar that w^e use each year. At present most of the sugar\\ncomes from sugar cane, which is grown mainly in Louisiana;\\nbut the central States and California have recently begun the\\nmanufacture of sugar from beets, and beet-growing is becom-\\ning an important industry. The recent annexation of islands\\nin the West Indies and the Pacific Ocean greatly increases our\\nsugar production.\\nTwo other crops which are obtained from the soil must\\nnot be forgotten, although they are neither of them foods.\\nThe Gulf States furnish nine-elevenths of all the cotton\\nraised in the world, and the States north of them produce a\\nlarge portion of the world s tobacco. Kentucky leads in the\\nproduction of the latter staple, raising each year nearly one-\\nhalf of the tobacco grown in the United States.\\nGrain, cotton, tobacco, rice, and sugar are the main prod-\\nucts of the soil in the United States. Each of these is pro-\\nduced in its own special region, depending upon the character\\nof the soil aiid the climate. The value of our agricultural\\nexports is rapidly increasing, and the world is looking more\\nand more to the United States to furnish a large part of the\\nfood necessary for all mankind.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI.\\nA MODERN DINNER.\\nGeorge Baxter and his wife returned to New York, after\\na winter spent in California just a week before Mrs. Baxter s\\nsister and her husband were preparing to start for a second\\nsummer in Europe. A third sister, Alice Smith, decided to\\ngive the travelers a\\n7 !]l! I /iillllll i llHill small dinner, to\\nwhich only the\\nfamily should be in-\\nvited,\\nWhen the even-\\ning arrived, eleven\\nmembers of the At-\\nwood familygathered\\nabout the table in\\nMr. Smith s capa-\\ncious dining room,\\nthe seat of honor\\nbeing given to the\\nmother, Mrs. Atwood. Besides the three married couples,\\nFrank and Alice Smith, Albert and Mary Fremont, and George\\nand Lucy Baxter, there were the four unmarried children.\\nJames, the oldest son, was a banker in the city; Walter,\\nnext younger than Lucy, was a student fitting for Columbia\\nUniversity; Fred and Mabel were still classed as school\\nchildren.\\nA DINNER PARTY.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "132 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nAfter the trim waiter had brought on the soup, the mo-\\nment s quiet was broken by George Baxter, who said to the\\nhostess: How good to get back to New York once more, if\\nonly to get a soup that one can eat without burning the\\nmouth w^ith the sharp condiments. You have no seasoning\\nat all in the soup, have you, Alice?\\nOh, yes, replied the hostess, it is a very simple soup,\\nbut there is the usual pepper and salt. What have you been\\nin the habit of having?\\nI am sure that I could tell what we did not have in some\\nof our Mexican soups much easier than what we did have. I\\nshould think that there must have been both kinds of pepper,\\nginger, garlic, mustard, horseradish, Worcestershire sauce,\\nand everything else. I cannot understand why people living\\nin the tropics want to season their food with such hot stuff.\\nWhat do you mean by two kinds of pepper, brother\\nGeorge? asked Mabel.\\nCayenne pepper and black pepper, was the reply.\\nOh, 3^es, I know! said Fred. Cayenne pepper comes\\nfrom Cayenne in French Guiana. But where do we get black\\npepper?\\nNearly all of it comes from Sumatra, said Mary. Do\\nyou know where Sumatra is, Mabel?\\nSumatra is one of the large islands south and southeast\\nof Asia, which are called the East Indies, replied the school-\\ngirl.\\nThe conversation had now become general, and Mr. Smith\\ncalled attention to the distance that these condiments travel\\nin reaching us.\\nSumatra is almost exactly on the opposite side of the\\nearth from us, said he. Fred, how would the black pepper\\nbe brought to New York from Sumatra?", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "FOOD A MODERN DINNER. I 33\\nAcross the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea, through the\\nSuez Canal and the Mediterranean Sea, I suppose. But I do\\nnot know whether it would then come straight across the\\nAtlantic Ocean, or first go to England.\\nUsually, said Mr. Smith, it would go to England\\nfirst.\\nAlice, broke in Mabel, what else is in the soup beside\\npepper? Oh, I know, salt. Is salt also brought half-way\\nround the world?\\nI know where salt comes from, said Fred; up State.\\nIt is dugout of the ground near Syracuse.\\nThat is right, Fred, said James. But New York State\\ndoes not supply all the salt used in this country. For years\\nmany ships and barks have come yearly into Gloucester har-\\nbor from Sicily, bringing salt for the fishing-schooners.\\nSteamers even are being used to bring salt from the Mediter-\\nranean Sea, in order that the Gloucester fishermen may send\\nsalt fish all over our country.\\nWe must not forget, said Mrs. Smith, that there is\\nrice in our soup also. That comes from South Carolina.\\nJust then the plates were removed and the fish was\\nbrought on.\\nThis is a rarity, said the hostess. Can you tell us\\nwhat it is, James?\\nI think so. It is halibut, is it not?\\nWhy do you call it a rarity? asked Mary.\\nThis halibut came from the Grand Banks, said Mrs.\\nSmith. I do not understand how they get it here so fresh.\\nJames, who seemed to be quite familiar with the Gloucester\\nfisheries, said: The fishermen brought their load of halibut\\nto the Gloucester wharves last night and immediately loaded\\nit upon the Boston steamer. Three o clock in the morning", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "134\\nAMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nwas its time for sailing, and at six it was being unloaded in\\nBoston. The six-hour trains brought some of it to New\\nYork in time for our dinner.\\nSteamers and railroad trains seem necessary for our din-\\nner, do they not? said Albert. But this fish sauce contains\\nonly articles from\\nnearer home, I am\\nsure.\\nDo not be too\\ncertain of that, said\\nMr. Smith. Alice,\\nwhat is there in this\\nsauce?\\nF irst, there are\\neggs.\\nThose came\\nfrom our Long Island\\nfarm, of course, said\\nher husband.\\nThen there is\\nolive oil.\\nThat comes\\nfrom Italy, said Mr. Smith. That is not a home product.\\nThe olives that you are eating are, of course, from Italy\\nalso.\\nI doubt that, said George. I was just about to remark\\nthat these olives had come from California. I can easily de-\\ntect the taste.\\nYes, the hostess added. These olives I bought just\\nto see if George and Lucy would notice that they were not\\nour usual queen olives. They are said to have come from\\nPomona.\\nLOADING FISH AT GLOUCESTER.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "FOOD A MODERN DINNER. 1 35\\nThat is a great olive center, said George.\\nWhat else is there in the sauce, Alice? asked her\\nhusband.\\nPepper and salt, vinegar\\nCider vinegar, I suppose, broke in Mrs. Baxter. How\\nmuch nicer apple vinegar is than grape vinegar! Most of the\\nvinegar that we had in California was made from wine. That\\nState is becoming a great grape-producing region. But do\\nyou know, Frank, where the apples were grown?\\nNo, said Mr. Smith, but probably they were raised\\neither in Vermont or New Hampshire. Last year the New\\nYork apple orchards gave but a poor yield, while those of\\nNew England did much better. Probably this season will\\nprove an off year for Vermont apples, but we shall have all\\nthat we can use in our own State.\\nA little lemon ends the list, said the hostess.\\nLemons from Sicily, I suppose, remarked Mr. Baxter.\\nHave you tried the California lemons yet?\\nYes, said Mr. Smith. We can sometimes get very\\nfine lemons from California, but not always. If the growers\\nof lemons were more particular about the quality of the fruit\\nthat they send out, there would be a better trade in California\\nlemons.\\nWhile this conversation was going on, the fish was re-\\nmoved and a roast of beef was placed on the table, and with\\nit the vegetables. The different members of the family had\\nbecome quite interested in the discussion by this time, and it\\nwas continued as a matter of course.\\nThis is a good piece of beef, remarked James Atwood.\\nWhat are we going to do for meat when the natural increase\\nin the amount of land devoted to cultivation uses up all the\\ngrazing regions?", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "136\\nAMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nYou need not fret about that, said Mr. Baxter; that\\nwill not come in your day. You ought to take a trip through\\nTexas, New Mexico, and Arizona, through Wyoming and\\nMontana, or other sections of the Rocky Mountain region,\\nand you would not fear for our cattle-raising interests.\\nHere, again, the railroads are important, said Mr. Fre-\\nmont. What numbers of long freight trains daily come\\neast, loaded with cattle for\\nNew York and Boston,\\nand even for Great Britain\\nand the Continent. The\\nEuropean consumption of\\nour cattle is of great and\\nrapidly growing impor-\\ntance.\\nThese new potatoes\\ncame from the Bermu-\\ndas, remarked the host.\\nAnd the peas from\\nMaryland, added the\\nhostess. Do you not\\nthink that these are remarkably fresh after having been\\nbrought so far?\\nHow about the lettuce? asked James. That must\\nhave come from some greenhouse.\\nWithout doubt, though I did not inquire, replied ^Irs.\\nSmith.\\nNot willing to leave anything out of the conversation,\\nMabel here inquired about the macaroni and tomatoes.\\nThe macaroni comes from Italy, replied her sister\\nMary. Much of it is shipped from Genoa, the city which\\nclaims to have been the birthplace of Columbus. You would\\nA CATTLE TRAIN.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "FOOD A MODERN DINNER. 13/\\nfind it interesting, Mabel, to read about the production and\\npreparation of macaroni.\\nThe tomatoes were canned on our farm last autumn,\\nsaid Mrs. Smith. We think them much superior to any\\nthat we can buy.\\nAfter this the conversation turned upon the bread. There\\nwere two kinds, white and brown. One of the ladies remarked\\nthat she never ate white bread bread from whole wheat flour\\nwas so much more wholesome. Another said that graham\\nbread was good enough for her. They talked about the\\nwhite flour, made in Minneapolis, from Dakota wheat.\\nThey spoke of the Indian meal made from corn grown in\\nIowa. They wondered why so little rye was used in this\\ncountry, since it is the staple grain in Russia. They then\\ninquired concerning the other substances used in making the\\ntwo kinds of bread.\\nWhere does the butter come from? asked Mrs. Fre-\\nmont.\\nThis particular box is marked from Delaware County,\\nNew York, replied the hostess. Most of the creameries\\nthat send butter to New York City are located at some distance\\nfrom the railroads. The farms nearer the railroads send all\\ntheir milk to the city. But the farmers that are too remote\\nprofitably to send in the milk make the cream into butter\\nand cheese. They then feed the buttermilk to the pigs.\\nThat is a new thought to me, said James. So it seems\\nthat some products are made only where there are no rail-\\nroads.\\nOr where there is no great city within a few hundred\\nmiles, added Walter.\\nI suppose there is molasses in this brown bread, said\\nLucy Baxter.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "138 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nMolasses comes from Porto Rico, said Mabel, who was\\nstudying the West Indies just at this time in her geography\\nlessons at school.\\nSome of it, said her oldest sister. But most of the\\nsugar comes from Cuba.\\nBut not all, said James. This sugar has been travel-\\ning for nearly two weeks to reach New York. First a sea\\nvoyage of more than two thousand miles, and then a railroad\\njourney of more than three thousand miles, and yet the sec-\\ntion where it grew is a part of the United States.\\nIt must have come from Honolulu then, said Walter.\\nI wonder whether the Sandwich Islands, being now a part\\nof the United States, will interfere with the raising of sugar-\\ncane in our Southern States?\\nVery little probably, but now that the United States\\npossesses Hawaii and Porto Rico, it will scarcely be necessary\\nfor us to import any sugar and molasses, said Fred.\\nWhen the dessert and fruit were brought on, new subjects\\nfor conversation were found.\\nWhat do you call this pudding, Alice? asked her hus-\\nband.\\nIt is a peach-tapioca pudding, was the reply. The\\npeaches are from Delaware; canned, of course.\\nHere, again, the West Indies are represented, said\\nJames; the tapioca came from Hayti.\\nAnd the East Indies also, added Walter, for I taste\\nnutmeg, which comes from the Molucca Islands. These\\nislands furnish such an amount of spice that they are com-\\nmonly called the Spice Islands.\\nThe discussion of foods continued throughout the dinner.\\nThe oranges, almost the last of the season, had been brought\\nfrom California. Florida oranges were scarce that year. The", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "FOOD A MODERN DINNER.\\n139\\nbananas were from Mexico and almost a luxury. The war\\nwith Spain had destroyed trade with Cuba, from which island\\nthe great bulk of bananas had usually come.\\nAmong the nuts were almonds that had been imported\\nfrom Italy, filberts that had been sent across the ocean from\\nDRYING COFFEE IN JAVA.\\nEngland, and walnuts that had come from California. Fi-\\nnally the coffee was from the island of Java.\\nBefore the dinner party broke up, Mv. Smith reviewed\\nthe facts which had been learned in the conversation. He\\nespecially called attention to the small number of articles\\nthat are not profitably raised in the United States.\\nWe should miss our coffee very much, he said, if our\\ncountry were blockaded at any time. The loss of the banana\\nwould be the loss of a luxury. Had we no macaroni or\\ntapioca we should still have enough to eat. Perhaps our\\ntaste would become more natural were we deprived of pep-", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "I40 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nper. No other of the foods on this table should we be en-\\ntirely deprived of, even were we separated wholly from the\\nrest of the world. California could furnish us with olives,\\nlemons, and almonds, as well as Italy does. We need not\\ngo to England for filberts, and even if we had not of late\\nobtained new colonies, we could produce in time all the sugar\\nwe needed to supply the entire country. No other nation in\\nthe world is so well prepared to furnish its own food.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "ELI WHITNEY.\\nSECTION IV.-CLOTHING.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "^U\\no\\nJ\\n3\\no\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0*Ma.iii 1,1 I lyMiy", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "SECTION IV.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 CLOTHING.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nCOLONIAL CONDITIONS.\\nYou all know that the United States of America was\\nformed out of thirteen English colonies scattered along the\\nAtlantic coast. Virginia was the first of these colonies to\\nbe founded, dating from 1607. Massachusetts was settled in\\n1620, New York in 1623, and so on until the last of the thir-\\nteen, Georgia, was established in 1733. From the time of\\nthese settlements until the Declaration of Independence in\\n1776, these colonies were subject to Great Britain and under\\nher rule and control. The independence of these American\\ncolonies was a great loss to the British government, but it\\ncreated a new nation of the same race which, together with\\nthe mother country, to-day holds the destiny of the world in\\nits hands.\\nGreat Britain for centuries has been largely a manufac-\\nturing country. It was the policy of the British government\\nto control so far as possible manufactures and commerce for\\nall her provinces and colonies. Hence during our colonial\\nperiod the home government took every possible measure\\nto prevent the introduction of manufactures into the colo-\\nnies. We were dependent upon the mother country for cot-\\nton and woolen goods, cutlery, iron ware, and, indeed, almost\\neverything that could be profitably manufactured in England\\nand shipped to this country. Even after we had secured our", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "144 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nindependence, the strictest care was taken by the officials of\\nEngland that drawings and models of machinery should not\\nbe brought to America.\\nAs late as 1816 an American manufacturer of cotton cloth\\nvisited England. Although he carried letters of introduc-\\ntion which caused him to be treated with great courtesy and\\nattention, he was refused permission to enter any of the cot-\\nton mills. The manufacturers suspected his purpose, which\\nwas to learn the construction of the double speeder. Nev-\\nertheless he persisted, and one day, without permission and\\nin spite of the sign Positively no Admittance, he entered\\nthe carding-room, accompanied by a skilled mechanic. They\\nproceeded as rapidly as possible to examine the machine,\\nwhich was in full operation, but were soon ordered out by\\nthe overseer. They had, however, seen enough of its con-\\nstruction to enable them to make one.\\nAfter their return to this country they made a machine and\\nset it up in the gentleman s cotton mill in the State of New\\nYork. The news of its successful operation reached England\\nand aroused a jealous feeling among manufacturers. In their\\nanger they planned a wicked scheme to destroy the life of\\nthe American manufacturer. A box containing an infernal\\nmachine was sent as freight on a packet ship bound for\\nNew York. Fortunately, when the crew was discharging\\nthe cargo, the box slipped from the car hook and fell with\\na crash upon the wharf. This caused it to explode, but with-\\nout injury to any one.\\nIn colonial times the condition of society was such as to\\nmake it almost impossible for the people to engage to any\\ngreat extent in manufactures. The country was new and\\nthe principal business must be agriculture. After comfort-\\nable shelter for the families had been provided, every exer-", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "CLOTHING COLONIAL CONDITIONS.\\n145\\ntion must be put forth to secure food. Cloth could only be\\nobtained from the mother country. Cotton and linen cloth\\nwere imported for shirts and sheets, woolen goods for clothing,\\na few silks for wedding dresses now and then, and leather for\\nthe shoes of all the people.\\nTAILOR AND COBBLER.\\nthe shoes needed for the\\nIn the early times the\\ntailor, with his goose and\\nhis shears, plied his trade\\nfrom house to house, stay-\\ning with each family long\\nenough to make up the\\nclothes necessary for the\\nseason. In like manner\\nthe shoemaker traveled\\nabout the country, with his\\nkit upon his back, stopping\\nwith each household to make\\nfather, mother, and children.\\nThese were the pioneer days, but, before we became a\\nnation, the houses of the people had greatly improved in\\nstyle of architecture and in comfort. Considerable wealth\\nhad been secured by many, and but little poverty was found\\nanywhere. The mechanic arts were beginning to improve,\\nand manufacturing, after a long and tedious waiting, was\\ngradually making progress. At an early date sawmills had\\nbeen established upon the streams, using the water as motive\\npower. Gristmills had sprung up for grinding the grain\\nraised by every farmer. The spinning wheel and the hand\\nloom had found their place slowly but steadily in all parts of\\nthe country.\\nIt is difficult to comprehend the great differences between\\nthe industries of those early days and the methods of doing\\n10", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "146\\nAMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nbusiness among us to-day. Now almost everything seems to\\nbe done by machinery, and the division of labor has been\\ncarried to such an extent that each laborer seems only an as-\\nsistant to a machine. You press the button, the machine\\ndoes the rest.\\nIn the early days of our country, it was customary for the\\ndifferent members of a family to do almost everything that\\nthe necessities or comfort of the household required. Every-\\nwhere the farmer raised sheep, sheared them, carded the\\nwool, spun it and wove it, all this being done upon the home\\nfarm. A well-to-do farmer would produce all the woolen\\ncloth needed for clothing for himself and his family.\\nThe sheep grazed upon the hills and their\\nwool was clipped in the spring of the year.\\nThis wool was scoured, carded, spun by the\\nfamily in the farmhouse, and then woven\\ninto cloth for the winter s wear. All this was\\ndone within the walls of the house, and the\\ncloth was made up into\\nclothing for the different\\nmembers of the family\\nby the itinerant tailor.\\nWhat a contrast from the\\npresent system, which\\nraises wool upon our\\nWestern hills and prai-\\nries, makes it into cloth\\nin the large factories, and\\nfashions it into trousers,\\nvests, and coats in the\\ngreat wholesale clothing\\nestablishments.\\nSPINNING WHEEL.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "CLOTHING COLONIAL CONDITIONS.\\n147\\nIn some sections of the country the farmers raised flax,\\nand from it made the purest white linen cloth. The writer\\nof this chapter has in his possession a beautiful piece of white\\nlinen, woven upon the farm\\nwhere he was born, from\\nthread which was spun from\\nflax raised upon the same\\nfarm. The flax wheel and\\nthe loom were also made by\\nthe father of the family.\\nIf you could look into that\\nold kitchen what a sight you\\nwould see How quaint it\\nwould appear to each one of\\nyou The kitchen makes an\\nell to the main house. This\\nell was an old house, built more than a century and a half\\nago, and moved up to the new house for a kitchen. In one\\ncorner stands the large spinning wheel near it is the smaller\\nflax wheel in another corner stands the great wooden loom\\nwith its huge beam for the warp and its shuttle which must be\\nthrown back and forth by hand. No carpet, not even an oil-\\ncloth, is upon the floor, which is covered with pure white\\nsand.\\nIt would seem very strange to us if we were obliged to\\nlive surrounded by these primitive conditions. How much\\nstranger would it appear to those who lived at that day if\\nthey could witness the improvements of our time\\nAN OLD-FASHIONED LOOM.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\\nTHE COTTON GIN.\\nIn the quiet times that followed the French and Indian\\nWar, two years after the Treaty of 1763, Eli Whitney was\\nborn in Worcester County in Massachusetts. During the\\nRevolutionary War he was busy making nails by hand, the\\nonly way in which nails were made in those days. He earned\\nmoney enough by this industry and by teaching school to pay\\nhis way through college. But it was a slow process, and he\\nwas nearly twenty-seven years of age when he was gradu-\\nated at Yale. Immediately upon his graduation he went to\\nGeorgia, a long distance from home in those days, having\\nmade an engagement to become a private tutor in a wealthy\\nfamily of that State. On his arrival he found that the man\\nwho had engaged his services, unmindful of the contract, had\\nfilled the position with another tutor.\\nThe widow of the famous Gen. Nathaniel Greene had a\\nbeautiful home at Mulberry Grove, on the Savannah River.\\nMrs. Greene invited young Whitney to make her house his\\nhome while he studied law. She soon perceived that he had\\ngreat inventive genius. He devised several articles of con-\\nvenience which Mrs. Greene much appreciated.\\nAt that time the entire cotton crop of this country might\\nhave been produced upon a single field of two hundred acres.\\nCotton then commanded a very high price, because of the\\nlabor of separating the cotton fibre from the seed. The cot-\\nton clung to the seed with such tenacity that one man could", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "CLOTHING THE COTTON GIN.\\n149\\nseparate the wSeed from only four or five pounds of cotton in\\na day. At that rate it would take him three months to make\\nup a bale of clear cotton. Already inventions in machinery\\nfor the making of cotton cloth\\nhad made the production of\\ncotton a necessity. Some\\nmeans must be provided for\\na more rapid separation of\\ncotton from the seed in or-\\nder to make manufacturing\\nprofitable.\\nOne day, one of Mrs.\\nGreene s friends was regret-\\nting, in conversation with\\nher, that there could be no\\nprofit in the cultivation of\\ncotton. Mrs. Greene had\\ngreat faith in the inventive\\npowers of j^oung Whitney,\\nand she suggested that he be\\nasked to make a machine\\nwhich would separate the\\nseed skillfully and rapidly,\\nfor, said she, Eli Whit-\\nney can make anything.\\nWhen the workmen in the deep mines of England needed\\na safety lamp to shield them from the explosions of the damp,\\nthey applied to the great chemist, Sir Humphrey Davy, and\\nhe invented one. So, these cotton raisers appealed to Mr.\\nWhitney to invent for them a cotton engine or gin. He\\nknew nothing about either raw cotton or cotton seed. Could\\nhe be expected to invent a machine that would separate the\\nA COTTON FIELD.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "ISO\\nAMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\ncotton seed which he had never seen from the raw cotton\\nwhich also he had never seen? But Whitney was an in-\\nventor. Trifles must not stand in his way. He secured\\nsamples of the cotton and the seed even this was not an\\neasy thing to do, for it was not the right season of the year.\\nHe began to work out his idea of the cotton gin, but met\\nwith many obstacles. There were no wire manufactories in\\nthe South and he could not obtain wire even in Savannah.\\nTherefore he had to make his wire himself. Still further,\\nhe was obliged to manufacture his own iron tools. Step by\\nstep he overcame all obstacles,\\nuntil he had a machine that he\\nthought would answer the pur-\\npose.\\nAccordingly, one day, he en-\\ntered the room where Mrs.\\n-Greene Avas conversing with\\nfriends and exclaimed, The\\nvictory is mine All the guests,\\nas well as the hostess, went with\\nthe inventor to examine the ma-\\nchine. He set the model in\\nmotion. It consisted of a cylin-\\nder four feet in length and five\\ninches in diameter. Upon this\\nwas a series of circular saws half\\nan inch apart and projecting two inches above the surface of\\nthe revolving cylinder. The saws passed through narrow\\nslits between bars; these bars might be called the ribs of\\nthe hopper.\\nAt once the saw teeth caught the cotton which had been\\nplaced in the hopper and carried it over between the bars.\\nA COTTON POD.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "CLOTHING THE COTTIN GIN.\\n151\\nTHE COTTON GIN.\\nThe seed was left behind, as it was too large to pass through.\\nThe saws revolved smoothly and the cotton was thoroughly\\nseparated from the seed. But after a few minutes the saws\\nbecame clogged with the cotton and the wheels stopped. Poor\\nWhitney was in despair. Victory was not yet his.\\nMrs. Greene came to the rescue. Her housewifely in-\\nstincts saw the difficulty at once and the remedy as well.\\nHere s what you\\nwant! she e x\\nclaimed. She took a\\nclothes brush hanging\\nnear by and held it\\nfirmly against the\\nteeth of the saws.\\nThe cylinder began\\nagain to revolve, for\\nthe saws were quickly cleaned of the lint, which no longer\\nclogged the teeth. Madam, said the grateful AVhitney,\\nyou have perfected my invention.\\nThe inventor added a second, larger cylinder, near the\\nfirst. On this he placed a set of stiff brushes. As the two\\ncylinders revolved, the brushes freed the saw teeth from the\\ncotton and left it in the receiving pan.\\nThus the cotton gin was invented by the Yankee schoolmas-\\nter, Eli Whitney. Though improved in its workmanship and\\nconstruction, it is still in use wherever cotton is raised. One\\nman with a Whitney cotton gin can clean a thousand pounds\\nof cotton in place of the five pounds formerly cleaned by hand.\\nWhen a safety lamp was needed, Davy invented it.\\nWhen faster water travel was demanded, Fulton constructed\\nthe steamboat. When the world needed vast wheat fields,\\nMcCormick devised his reaper. When the time had come", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "152 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nfor the telegraph, Morse studied it out. In the fullness of\\ntime, Bell, Edison, and others invented the telephone. When\\na cotton gin was needed, Eli Whitney made it. Here again\\nthe law holds that necessity is the mother of invention.\\nWhen a great invention is made, everybody wants the\\nbenefit of it, and people seem to think that the inventor has\\nno rights which they are bound to respect. W hitney se-\\ncured a patent upon his machine, but, unmindful of that, a\\ngreat m^any persons began to make cotton gins. He was im-\\nmediately involved in numerous legal contests. Before he\\nsecured a single verdict in his favor he had sixty lawsuits\\npending. After many delays he finally secured the payment\\nof $50,000 which the Legislature of South Carolina had voted\\nhim. North Carolina allowed him a percentage on all cotton\\ngins used in that State for five years. Tennessee promised\\nto do the same, but did not keep her promise.\\n^Ir. Whitney struggled along, year after year, until he\\nwas convinced that he should never receive a just return for\\nhis invention. Seeing no way to gain a competence from the\\ncotton gin he determined to continue the contest no longer,\\nremoved to New Haven and turned his attention to the mak-\\ning of firearms. Here he eventually gained a fortune. He\\nmade such improvements in the manufacture of firearms as\\nto lay his country under permanent obligation to him for\\ngreatly increasing the means of national defense.\\nRobert Fulton once said: Arkwright, Watt, and Whit-\\nney were the three men that did the most for mankind of\\nany of their contemporaries. Macaulay said What Peter\\nthe Great did to make Russia dominant, Eli Whitney s in-\\nvention of the cotton gin has more than equaled in its relation\\nto the power and progress of the United States.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III.\\nCOTTON.\\nAlmost exactly in the center of England is the Count}^\\nof Derby. A few miles north of the city of Derby, on a\\nsmall river called Derwent, a branch of the Trent, is the lit-\\ntle town of Belper. This town was noted for its early manu-\\nfacture of cotton and silk goods. Here, about the time of\\nthe American Revolution, Richard Arkwright and Jedediah\\nStrutt were successfully engaged in cotton spinning.\\nTn this town, in 1763, was born Samuel Slater. As the\\nlad grew up, his father, a well-to-do farmer, sent him to\\nschool where he received the advantages of a good English\\neducation. His school days, however, ended when he was\\nfourteen years of age. He was greatly interested in machin-\\nery. The hum of the spinning frame was music to his ears.\\nTherefore, he was apprenticed to Mr. Strutt to learn the busi-\\nness of cotton spinning, and gained a thorough mastery of\\nthe process of carding and spinning cotton, and even while\\nan apprentice he made many improvements in machinery.\\nAt the close of the Revolutionary War, the Constitution\\nof the United States was adopted and George Washington\\nbecame President. We have already seen that England did\\nnot permit her American colonies to engage to any great\\nextent in manufacturing. But now, the very first Congress\\nunder Washington passed an act to en :ourage manufactures,\\nand one or two of the States offered bounties for the intro-\\nduction of cotton machinery.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "154 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nYoung Slater, now about twenty-one years of age, deter-\\nmined to emigrate to America. Since the laws of England\\ndid not permit him to take drawings or models with him, he\\nhad to trust entirely to his memory to construct new ma-\\nchinery when he should arrive in this country. He landed\\nin New York in November, 1789, and soon after wrote to\\nMoses Brown, a wealthy merchant of Providence, Rhode\\nIsland, telling him what he could do and asking his help.\\nMr. Brown immediately replied If thou canst do this\\nthing, I invite thee to come to Rhode Island and have the\\ncredit of introducing cotton manufactures into America.\\nSo it happened that on the 21st of December, 1790, Sam-\\nuel Slater, representing the business firm of Almy, Brown\\nand Slater, set up at Pawtucket three eighteen-inch carding\\nmachines, with the necessary drawing heads, roving cases,\\nwinders, and spinning frames, with seventy-two spindles.\\nHere, in an old fulling mill, and by water power, w^as started\\nmachinery for the making of cotton yarn. Mr. Slater had\\nbeen obliged to prepare all the plans of this machinery, and\\neither to construct it with his own hands or to teach others\\nhow to do it. From the first the enterprise was successful.\\nAn excellent quality of yarn was manufactured, quite equal to\\nthe best quality then made in England. No attempts were\\nmade to use water power in weaving the yarn into cloth.\\nThis was still done by hand looms in the farmhouses of the\\ncountry. A second cotton factory was started in the year\\n1800, and within ten years from that date there were many\\nof them in different parts of the land.\\nWhen Mr. Slater came to America, he left at his father s\\nhouse in Belper a little brother. In 1805 this brother, now\\ngrown to manhood, came to America, and went to Pawtucket\\nto find his brother Samuel. Here he found Mr. Wilkinson,", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "CLOTHING COTTON. I55\\na brother-in-law of Mr. Slater. Mr. Wilkinson took him to\\nhis brother s house and said: I have brought one of your\\ncountrymen to see you; can you find anything for him to\\ndo? Mr. Slater asked from what part of England he came.\\nHe replied Derbyshire.\\nWhat part of Derbyshire? said Mr. Slater.\\nI came from the town of Belper, said John.\\nBelper, the town of Belper? Well, that is where I came\\nfrom. What may I call your name?\\nJohn Slater.\\nThe boy had changed so much that his older brother did\\nnot know him. The interview was a delightful one to both;\\nit was like the meeting of Joseph and Benjamin. Questions\\nand answers flew rapidly.\\nIs my mother yet alive? How are my brothers and sis-\\nters? How is my old master, Mr. Strutt? Is the old school-\\nmaster Jackson living?\\nThe next year the two brothers built a cotton mill in\\nSmithfield, Rhode Island, and in 1808 a large stone mill was\\nerected at Blackstone, Massachusetts.\\nSo the business continued to increase. The power loom\\nwas invented, and soon the manufacture of cotton cloth be-\\ncame one of the leading interests of New England. The mills\\nof Lowell became famous. Manchester, in New Hamp-\\nshire, Lawrence and Fall River, in Massachusetts, were soon\\ndotted with great mills turning out cloth of all varieties by\\nthe million yards. The falls upon the rivers of New Eng-\\nland were utilized, by means of the water wheel, to furnish\\npower for moving all the machinery used in the making of\\ncotton goods. The song of the picker, the hum of the spin-\\nning frame, and the whack, whack of the loom are now\\nheard in a thousand mills in various parts of our country.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "156\\nAMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS,\\nMr. Slater was visited at one time by Andrew Jackson\\nwhile he was President. It is related that the following-\\nconversation took place between them\\nI understand, said the President, that you have taught\\nus how to spin so as to rival Great Britain and that it is you\\nwho have set all these thousands of spindles at work, which\\nI have been so delighted to see, and which are making so\\nmany people happy by giving them employment.\\nYes sir, said Mr. Slater, suppose that I gave out the\\nPsalm, and they have been singing the tune ever since.\\nSamuel Slater died in 1835, leaving a large fortune to his\\nfamily. John Slater died a few years after the death of his\\nbrother. It was his son, John F. Slater, who in 1882 placed\\n$1,000,000 in the hands of aboard of trustees, the interest\\nof which was to be\\nused for the educa-\\ntion of the freedmen\\nof the South and their\\ndescendants. The\\ngreat Rhode Island\\norator, Tristam Bur-\\ngess, said in Congress\\non one occasion If\\nmanufacturing estab-\\nlishments are a bene-\\nfit and a blessinof to\\nthe Union, the name\\nof Slater must ever\\nbe held in grateful\\nremembrance by the American people.\\nIt would be next to impossible to give any adequate ac-\\ncount of the improvements which have been made m Amer-\\nPRESIDENT JACKSON AND MR. SLATER.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "CLOTHING COTTON.\\n157\\nlean machinery for the manufacture of cotton cloth. Begin-\\nning with the cotton gin and the introduction of the carding\\nmachine and\\nthe spinning\\nframe by Sla-\\nter, we should\\nhave to record\\nthe great suc-\\ncess of the\\ndouble speed-\\ner, the mod-\\nern drawing-\\nframe, the\\nCrompton and\\nthe W h i t i n\\nlooms, and es-\\npecially the\\nring traveler\\nspinning frame and the self-operating cotton mule.\\nIn 1 79 1, 200,000 pounds of cotton were exported, very\\nlittle being used in this country. In 1891, the cotton pro-\\nduced in America reached more than 3,500,000,000 pounds.\\nThis cotton is now grown in the Southern States upon more\\nthan 20,000,000 acres of ground. The mills of America to-\\nday are using more than 2,000,000 bales of cotton per year.\\nIn 1793, Samuel Slater started seventy-two spindles to spin\\ncotton; in 1893, there were 15,000,000 spindles. To such\\ngreat proportions has this industry grown from the small\\nbeginnings of Samuel Slater s bold attempt to bring over\\nfrom England in his memory the machinery necessary to its\\nmanufacture.\\nTHE INTERIOR OF A MODERN COTTON MILL.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nWOOL.\\nAs civilization has advanced, the clothing of man has im-\\nproved. To-day a great variety of material is necessary to\\nmake up the proper wardrobe for civilized man. Our cloth-\\ning is nearly all fabricated that is, manufactured from the\\nraw material into what we call fabrics. We have cotton,\\nwoolen, silk, and linen fabrics. The two principal articles\\nused for our clothing, however, are wool and cotton. Cotton\\nand linen are more largely used in warm weather and in\\nwarm climates, while woolen has come into general use for\\nwear in colder climates and in colder seasons.\\nThe making of woolen cloth is one of the oldest indus-\\ntries. In the early ages the coarse wool of the sheep was\\nspun into long threads, then woven and made into rude gar-\\nments for the clothing of man. The dyeing of these cloths,\\nby which brilliant colors were produced, was one of the ear-\\nliest of the fine arts. Many centuries ago the Egyptians, the\\nPersians, the Greeks, and the Romans made shawls and robes\\nof beautiful texture and brilliant colors. They also made\\nmats, rugs, tent cloths, curtains, and tapestry hangings.\\nDuring the last four hundred years steady progress has\\nbeen made in the construction of woolen fabrics. Long ago\\nEngland became famous for the manufacture of w^orsted\\ngoods, carpets, and broadcloths. Machinery for making\\nwoolen cloth was introduced into England during the latter\\nhalf of the last century. The spinning jenny came into use", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "CLOTHING WOOL. I 59\\na little after 1750, and the power loom was invented near\\nthe close of the century.\\nNo machinery for making woolen cloth, except by hand\\nspinning and hand weaving, was introduced into our country\\nuntil about the year 1800. How do you suppose our fore-\\nfathers and foremothers managed to make the cloth needed\\nbefore the introduction of machinery and the building of\\nfactories? A single incident may explain how it was done.\\nRev. Dr. Eliphalet Nott was president of Dnion College,\\nSchenectady, New York, for more than sixty years. He was\\nborn in Connecticut just before the American Revolution.\\nHis father was very poor, but a conscientious, godly man.\\nHe lived on a farm four miles from the village and the\\nchurch. During the early boyhood of Eliphalet his father\\nhad no horse, and in bad weather, when the family could not\\nwalk to church, they were drawn over the rough and hilly\\nroads of that long four miles by their only cow. Yet they\\nwere always at church.\\nOne winter, Mr. Nott s overcoat had become so shabby\\nthat Mrs. Nott told her husband it was not fit to be worn to\\nchurch any longer. He had no money to buy a new one.\\nShould he stay away from divine service? Not he! To this\\nproposition neither he nor his wife would assent. Soon,\\nhowever, the good woman devised a plan to free them from\\nthe difficulty. She suggested to her husband that they\\nshould shear their only cosset lamb, and that the fleece\\nwould furnish wool enough for a new overcoat.\\nWhat! said the old man, shear the cosset in Janu-\\nary? It will freeze.\\nAh, no, it will not, said the wife, I will see to that;\\nthe lamb shall not suffer.\\nShe sheared the cosset and then wrapped it in a blanket", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "l6o AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nof burlaps, well sewed on, which kept it warm until its wool\\nhad grown again. This fleece Mrs. Nott carded, spun, and\\nwove into cloth, which she cut and made into a garment for\\nher husband, and he wore it to church on the following Sab-\\nbath.\\nThe first attempt to manufacture woolen cloth other than\\nby hand was made at Newburyport, Massachusetts, by two\\nEnglishmen, Arthur and John Scholfield. They had learned\\nthe business in England, and now put in operation the first\\ncarding machine for wool made in the United States. Upon\\nthis they made the first spinning rolls turned out by ma-\\nchinery. The same year they built a factory, three stories\\nhigh and one hundred feet long, in the Byfield district, at\\nNewburyport. The two brothers carried on the factory for\\na company of gentlemen who were the stockholders. Arthur\\nwas overseer of the carding; John was in charge of the\\nweaving room.\\nThis application of machinery to the making of woolen\\ncloth created much interest in the country, and wool was\\nbrought from long distances. People visited the factory from\\nfar and near. These visitors became so numerous that an\\nadmission fee of ten cents was charged. During the first\\nwinter after the factory was opened sleighing parties came\\nfrom all the neighboring towns.\\nSome years ago an old lady, ninety years of age, wrote, in\\nReminiscences of a Nonagenarian, that she had seen row\\nafter row of sleighs pass over Crane-neck Hill, enlivening\\nthe bright cold days by the joyous tones of their merry bells.\\nShe describes the impression made upon her own mind the\\nfirst time she visited the factory Never shall I forget the\\nawe with which I entered what then appeared the vast and\\nimposing edifice. The large drums that carried the bands", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "CLOTHING WOOL. l6l\\non the lower floor, coupled with the novel noise and hum,\\nincreased this awe, but when I reached the second floor\\nwhere picking, carding, spinning, and weaving were in proc-\\ness, my amazement became complete. The machinery, with\\nthe exception of the looms, was driven by water power. The\\nweaving was by hand. Most of the operatives were males,\\na few young girls being employed in splicing rolls.\\nAfter this John Scholfield established a factory in Mont-\\nville, Connecticut. Subsequently Arthur Scholfield removed\\nto Pittsfield, Massachusetts, where he passed the remainder\\nof his life, and not only carried on the woolen manufacture\\nhimself, but also built carding machines and set them up for\\nothers to operate. Within the next twelve years several\\nwoolen factories had been built in Massachusetts, New\\nHampshire, Rhode Island, and New York.\\nThe new industry had become so firmly established that\\nwhen President Madison was inaugurated, March 4th, 1809,\\nit is said that he appeared in a complete suit of black broad-\\ncloth of American manufacture. This was the first time that\\na President of the United States took the oath of office in a\\nsuit made entirely of home manufacture.\\nFrom time to time the woolen industry has been protected\\nby various tariff bills passed by Congress. This industry to-\\nday is of gigantic proportions. The woolen factories in our\\ncountry are now using about five hundred million pounds of\\nwool per year. More than half of this is raised in our own\\ncountry, and nearly all of the cloth produced is retained in\\nthe country for home consumption.\\nLet us see now if we can understand how woolen cloth is\\nmade. The father of Dr. Nott had in those early days a\\nsingle sheep. Some farmers would have half a dozen, others\\ntwenty-five or fifty. Now times are changed. We have but\\nII", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "1 62\\nAMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nfew sheep in the older settled country along the Atlantic\\ncoast. Those who raise wool to-day are apt to make it their\\nsole business, doing nothing else. Most of the sheep of this\\ncountry are raised upon the great plains and in the great val-\\nleys of the Western country.\\nMany flocks of sheep, numbering from five hundred to\\nseveral thousand, may be seen in Texas, New Mexico, Utah,\\nand Wyoming. There\\nare to-day in Texas more\\nthan three million\\nsheep; about an equal\\nnumber in Wyoming;\\nnearly as many in New\\nMexico, Oregon, Califor-\\nnia, and Ohio. We have\\nin our country at the\\npresent time more than\\nforty million sheep.\\nLet us visit one of\\nthese sheep ranches.\\nIt is in the spring of the\\nyear. The warm weath-\\ner has come. The sheep\\nhave had their thick fleeces to keep them warm through the\\ncold winter. In the summer these thick, shaggy coats would\\nbe as burdensome to them as a winter overcoat would be to\\nus. The ranchmen round up the flock, and taking them\\none by one, cut off with a huge pair of shears the long wool.\\nThe wool is sold to the dealers, and sent away to the\\nmarket. It finds its way to the woolen mill. It is sorted,\\nwashed, and scoured. It is then carded. The cards\\nstraighten out the long fibres of wool so that they may be\\nSHEEP-SHEARING.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "CLOTHING WOOL. 163\\nreadily spun. The mule or the spinning jenny spins it into\\nyarn, twisting this yarn like a rope or thread so that it will\\nbe strong and will hold together. A part of the yarn is then\\narranged upon a great beam for the warp. The warp is the\\nthreads that run lengthwise of the cloth. The rest of it is\\nwound upon little bobbins to be put into shuttles. The\\nshuttle is thrown back and forth across the warp, thus weav-\\ning in the filling. This is done by means of what is called\\na harness. This harness holds up the alternate threads of\\nthe w^arp and presses down the other threads, so that when\\nthe shuttle is thrown through it carries the thread of the\\nfilling under and over that is, under one-half of the w^arp\\nthreads and over the other half.\\nAfter the cloth is w^oven, it is put through the fulling\\nmill, which beats it up thick and firm. After this come the\\nvarious processes of finishing: shearing the surface so as to\\nleave it smooth brushing it so as to set the nap all one way\\nand give it a smooth, even, glossy appearance. The quality\\nof the cloth depends upon the quality of the wool used, the\\nquality of the machinery which makes the cloth, and the skill\\nof the workmen. A great deal of experience is necessary in\\nmaking first-class goods.\\nWe are now using the very best machinery in the world\\nin the manufacture of our w^oolen goods. Possibly in the\\nmaking of broadcloth and a few varieties of the better class\\nof goods we may not yet be quite up to the older manufac-\\ntories of Europe, but in cassimeres, worsted goods, blankets\\nand carpets we are already able to compete with the products\\nof the Old World. Although the price of labor in European\\ncountries is less than in America, our workmen do more\\nwork in a day and our machinery is of such improved pat-\\nterns that we are generally able to compete in price.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V.\\nLEATHER.\\nIn the colonial days, as we have seen, the traveling shoe-\\nmaker was abroad in the land. He was accustomed to travel\\nthrough his section of the country with a kit of tools and bits\\nof leather on his back. He was familiarly called Crispin,\\nfrom the patron saint of his craft, and ofttimes proved a\\ncharacter much appreciated by the farmers and their fami-\\nlies. Sometimes these traveling mechanics were quiet, silent\\nmen, doing their work and going on intent only on obtaining\\ntheir living; but sometimes they were jolly, social people,\\nfacetious, even witty.\\nGood mornin neighbor Heyday, said a Crispin to a\\nfarmer. I hope you and the madam and the childers are\\nall very well, the day.\\nEh, purty fair. The woman is ailin some. She wants\\nbuildin up, buildin up.\\nWell, well, said Crispin, the Lord has laid His hand\\nof blessing heavily upon ye, so He has that.\\nWhat is the meanin of that speech? said the farmer.\\nEh, sorry is it for the joker when he has to explain his\\nown joke. Hasn t He filled your quiver full of childers? and\\nisn t that the greatest blessing the Almighty can bestow on\\nman that is a sinner?\\nBut I have only six childers.\\nYes, yes, I see, but the eldest counts less 3^ears than the\\nclock tell hours and I wish ye had a dozen instead of half", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "CLOTHING LEATHER. 1 65\\nas many. Are ye givin em all good healthy under-\\nstandin\\nWell, them that s old enough goes to school, if that s\\nwhat you mean?\\nWell, there it is again. A man has to interpret his own\\nwit. I mean, have they all good soles on which to keep their\\nbodies healthy?\\nThe good Lord gives em the souls and their parents\\nare responsible only for the bodies.\\nBlunderin again it is that I am. I mean are ye r shoes\\nall in a good, healthy condition, so that the brats will not\\ntake cold and be carried off by a stout, lung fever, that the\\ndoctors call newmony?\\nWell, they ve worn no shoes all summer except what\\nthe Lord gave em, and that s the skin of their feet.\\nWell, now, it s a full twelvemonth since I was around\\nhere afore, and do ye want me to make up their winter shoes\\nfor em?\\nSo the conversation went on until they had struck a bar-\\ngain, that the Crispin should board with the farmer and make\\nup the shoes for himself and the children, the farmer paying\\nfor the leather and so much by the week for the man s work.\\nThe shoemaker then made a strong pair of cowhide boots for\\nthe father of the family a pair of kid shoes for the good\\nwife two pairs of calfskin shoes for the two girls two pairs\\nof ingrain boots for the older boys and two pairs of kid shoes\\nfor the younger boys. The silver jingled in the pocket of\\nthe Crispin when his task was completed, and he traveled\\nonward to the next farm. He had appropriated to himself\\na certain section of villages and country, and he would treat\\nthe matter as a serious misdemeanor should any other Cris-\\npin trespass upon his territory.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "1 66 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nThe Crispins of those days were honest and faithful in\\ntheir work. Slow they were, that cannot be denied. Even\\nas late as the early half of this century a good shoemaker\\nhas been known to labor from morning till night through the\\nsix days of the week on one pair of fine, sewed, calfskin\\nboots, and the entire price which the customer paid for them\\nwas $5, which included both labor and material.\\nWhat a contrast from the ancient method the present sys-\\ntem furnishes Not long since a wedding was to occur in\\nSalem, Massachusetts. A telegram was sent at ten o clock in\\nthe morning to Lynn, ordering a pair of ladies slippers made\\nfrom white kid, to be worn at the ceremony that afternoon.\\nThe shoes were cut out and made up complete and for-\\nwarded to Salem by the two o clock train.\\nMiss Sarah E. Wiltse in her stories for children tells\\nhow little Alice was drinking her cup of milk one night\\nwhen she asked her father to tell her a story about the good\\ncow, for her third finger. She said The cow does three\\nthings for me now. Here is milk for my thumb, butter for\\nthe pointer, cheese for Mr. Tallman, and now my third fin-\\nger, ;Mr, Feebleman, wants something. What can the cow\\ngive me for my third finger?\\nHer father then told her the story of a king in the long,\\nlong ago, I think it must have been in the pre-historic\\ntimes, a king who put into one pile the things which he\\nknew, and into another pile the things which he did not\\nknow. Now the pile which this foolish king did not know\\nwas a great deal larger than the pile of things which he did\\nknow. Neither he nor his people knew much about making\\nhouses or dishes or even clothes for themselves. They went\\nbarefooted and bareheaded all the time. One day the king s\\nhorse fell dead and he was obliged to walk a long distance.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "CLOTHING LEATHER. 16/\\nThe sharp stones cut his feet, and the briars and brambles\\npricked them and tore them. Then the king told his people\\nto put down a carpet for him to walk on. So they all w^ent\\nto work to make coarse carpets for the king to w^alk upon.\\nThey had hard work to make carpets enough to lay down\\nin advance of the king, day after day, as he traveled across\\nthe country. At length one of his servants went away by\\nhimself and worked all night. The next morning he came\\nand knelt before the king and said\\nSire, I have a carpet for the whole earth, though none\\nbut the king may walk upon it. Upon this carpet thou canst\\nclimb mountains and thy feet be not bruised; thou canst\\nwander in the valleys and thy feet never be torn by bram-\\nbles thou canst tread the burning desert and thy feet remain\\nunscorched.\\nThen the king said Bring me that priceless carpet and\\nhalf my kingdom shall be thine. The servant brought to\\nthe king a pair of shoes which he had made in the night.\\nThis was a new carpet for the king; and so this w^as the\\nfourth good thing which the cow gave to Alice the milk she\\nput down for the thumb, the butter for the first finger, the\\ncheese for the middle finger, and now she put leather for\\nthe third finger. What great changes have taken place in\\nthe process of making boots and shoes since this witty ser-\\nvant made the carpet for the king s feet!\\nLet us trace briefly the history of leather and the evolu-\\ntion of a pair of shoes. In the early colonial days the skins\\nof animals were widely used for clothing. Caps were made\\nfor the men and boys from bear skins, wolf skins, and the\\nskins of the catamount. Overcoats with sleeves and hoods\\nwere made of skins of wild animals properly dressed, with\\nthe hair on. Moccasins for winter service were from the", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "i68\\nAMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nsame material. Buckskin breeches with fringed edges were\\nin common use. These costumes in the newly settled regions\\nof our Western country continued until fifty or sixty years ago.\\nIn the winter of 1842-43 Dr. Marcus Whitman made his\\nmemorable journey from Oregon across the country to the\\nStates. On a later occasion he described the dress which he\\nwore on that remarkable horseback ride. He said: I wore\\nbuckskin breeches, fur\\nmoccasins, a blue duf-\\nfle coat, a buffalo over-\\ncoat with hood, and a\\nbearskin cap. Rather\\na fantastic garb for a\\nmissionary, wasn t it?\\nInventions and ma-\\nchinery have done\\nmuch to improve the\\nprocesses of tanning\\nleather. Tanning it-\\nDR. WHITMAN STARTING ON HIS JOURNEY. SClf iS 3. CUHOUS prOC-\\ness. It changes raw\\nhides into a condition in which the skins are useful in the\\narts and manufactures. This process renders the skins\\nnearly impervious to water, and makes them so tough that\\nthey can withstand the ravages of time and remain firm and\\nstrong even for centuries.\\nIt is said that specimens of leather have been discovered\\nin China which are surely three thousand years old. They\\nhad been tanned by the process which is called alum tan-\\nnage. When Columbus discovered America he found, in\\npossession of the Indians, skins that had been tanned. Their\\nprocess of tanning, too, was practically the alum method.\\nfOii^", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "CLOTHING LEATHER. 169\\nSir Edwin Arnold found a pair of slippers in a sarcophagus\\nin India, and nothing else was present except a small heap\\nof dust. In the huts of the Rock Dwellers in Arizona\\ntanned leather has been found. In ancient Babylon they\\nhad a process of tanning, and nearly two thousand years ago\\nthe Russians and Hungarians were skilled in the art. The\\nancient Romans knew how to tan leather with oil, alum, and\\nbark.\\nMost of the early tanning, however, was without bark.\\nThe process was accomplished with oil, clay, sour milk, and\\nsmoke. Later, nutgalls and leaves began to be used. Oak\\nbark is the principal material now employed throughout the\\nworld in tanning. Besides the oak bark, the barks of hem-\\nlock, pine, birch, and willow are utilized.\\nWhen the texture of the skin has been so changed by this\\ntanning process as to become tough and durable, then the\\nname leather is given to it. In the days of the Crispins six\\nmonths was as short a time as the tanner thought needful for\\nthe proper curing of the hides. The process was crude, long,\\nand laborious but the leather, ah the leather it was strong\\nand would wear like iron. Even the children did not need\\ncopper toes. To-day the methods have changed greatly in\\nno way more noticeably than in the shorter time required.\\nThe modern process must be considered an improvement,\\neven though the leather is not as strong as formerly.\\nThe skins of most animals may be used to make leather.\\nThe domestic animals, cows, calves, and sheep, are first called\\nupon to give their skins for leather. Glazed kid is made\\nfrom goat skins. Kangaroo leather is much used for shoes.\\nConsiderable use is made of alligator leather for satchels and\\nbags and even for shoes. Skins of lizards, snakes, and seals\\nare used walrus hides are tanned, and the leather used for", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "I/O AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\npolishing knives and tools. Patent leather is made prin-\\ncipally of cowhide, horsehide, and calfskin. Horsehide\\nleather is very tough and durable, but is too elastic for some\\npurposes. Harness leather is made from steer and cow\\nhides. Russia leather, formerly made only in Russia, has\\nbeen a favorite material for the choicest kinds of pocket-\\nbooks and satchels. Bookbinders prefer it for binding their\\nmost costly volumes.\\nMarshall Jewell was a New Hampshire boy. He learned\\nthe trade of tanning and worked at it with his father.\\nWhile yet a young man, he removed to Hartford, Connecti-\\ncut. There, at first with his father and afterward alone,\\nhe carried on a large business in manufacturing leather\\nbelting. He was three times governor of the State. The\\nyear after leaving the governor s chair he was appointed\\nMinister to Russia. While in that country, through his inti-\\nmate knowledge of the methods of tanning, he discovered the\\nsecret of the Russian process. It had never been known\\nbefore in our country. Under his direction it was intro-\\nduced here, and within the last twenty-five years it has come\\ninto very extensive use. The process is quite simple. It is\\nthus described Steep the leather in a solution of fifty pounds\\neach of oak and hemlock bark and sumach, one pound of\\nwillow bark and nine hundred gallons of water; heat by\\nsteam, and immerse the leather till struck through, and while\\nthe material is still damp smear on the outer side a solution\\nof oil of birch bark dissolved in a little alcohol and ether.\\nThis imparts to the leather its odor and its pliability.\\nA boot or shoe consists principally of two parts: the sole,\\nmade of thick, tough, strong leather, and the uppers, made\\nof a softer, more pliable leather. By the old process the\\nboot or the shoe was made throughout by a single person.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "CLOTHING LEATHER. 17I\\nBy the modern process, one person cuts out the shoe, another\\nbinds it, and a third puts it upon the last; still another man-\\nages the machine which sews the sole and the upper together,\\na different person trims the edges, some one else attends to\\nthe next process in the division of labor, until, it may be, a\\ndozen persons have done something to the making of one\\nshoe.\\nThe modern improved machines for sewing on the soles\\nof shoes are wonderful instruments. Upon one machine a\\ngood workman will sew eight hundred pairs of women s\\nshoes in ten hours. A great part of the boots and shoes\\nworn by the people of this country are made with this im-\\nproved machinery in large establishments in New York,\\nPhiladelphia, Baltimore, and other large cities, and particu-\\nlarly in several towns in Massachusetts, New Hampshire,\\nand Maine. The most important seat of this manufacture\\nis Lynn, Massachusetts, but great quantities of shoes are\\nmade in Brockton, Haverhill, Milford, Marblehead, Danvers,\\nand Worcester in Massachusetts, Portland, Auburn, and\\nAugusta in Maine, and Dover and Farmington, in New\\nHampshire.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI.\\nNEEDLES.\\nIn the earlier times what was the mantle that covered the\\nhuman person? How was it made? How was it held to-\\ngether? With what was the sewing thereof? When was\\nthread first used for the seam How early in human his-\\ntory was the eye made for the needle?\\nFrom the beginning of history we find references to sew-\\ning, even earlier than to weaving. We might naturally sup-\\npose that leather was. sewed before cloth, and that stout\\nleathern thongs served for thread. The leather string for\\nthread and the awl for the needle must have been in use\\nlong, long ago. The stout moccasin, the wolfskin cap, the\\nbuckskin breeches were sewed by punching holes and labo-\\nriously pulling a leather string through them. By and by,\\nhowever, some skillful inventor produced the needle. Per-\\nhaps the first needles were made of bone or ivory. Then\\nmetal was used.\\nWhat a great invention was the eye of the needle No\\none knows who was the inventor, but we have reason to bless\\nthe unknown personage who first devised this ingenious ar-\\nrangement. Would you not like to see the needles that were\\nin use hundreds of years ago? They were not like the finely\\nfinished needles of to-day. Crude and coarse were they, and\\nonly adapted to the crude and coarse sewing which could\\nthen be performed. To-day the needle-woman is often an", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "CLOTHING NEEDLES.\\n173\\nartist. Einbroidery is done with the needle. The plain\\nseam, the hem, the gather, the back stitch, are simply so many\\nforms of the work of an artist.\\nCentury after century our needle-makers have been im-\\nproving in the manufacture of this simple but effective little\\nmachine. In the compli-\\ncated civilization of the pres-\\nent time we have an almost\\ninfinite variety of needles:\\nthe ordinary sewing needle\\nfor the making of garments;\\nsmaller needles for lace work,\\nthe hemming of delicate\\nhandkerchiefs and the seam\\nof fine silk goods and coarse\\nand heavy needles for carpet\\nsewing, bagging, and leather\\nwork.\\nAll this relates to sewing\\nby hand, with a single needle\\nand one thread. It is stitch\\nby stich, first one, then another; it is like the brook, it\\ngoes on forever. It is like the clock that repeats its tick\\ntock, tick tock by the hour, by the day, by the week, by the\\nyear. Perhaps many seamstresses would not recognize the\\nduty of blessing the man who invented the needle. The\\npoet Hood has told this side of the story in his famous poem,\\nThe Song of the vShirt.\\nWith fingers wear} and worn,\\nWith eyelids heavy and red,\\nA woman sits in unwomanly rags,\\nPlying her needle and thread\\nw _\\nSEWING BY HAND.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "174 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nStitch! Stitch! Stitch!\\nIn poverty, hunger, and dirt.\\nWork! Work! Work!\\nWhile the cock is crowing aloof!\\nAnd work work work.\\nTill the stars shine through the roof\\nBand and gusset and seam,\\nSeam and gusset and band.\\nTill the heart is sick,\\nAnd the brain benumbed\\nAs well as the weary hand.\\nIndeed, the time had come long ago when some ingenious\\ndevice was needed by which the seamstress could sew with\\nless wear and tear of nerve and muscle. Efforts were made\\nin England for machine sewing nearly one hundred and fifty\\nyears ago, but they were not successful. A sewing machine\\nwas invented by Thomas Saint about one hundred years ago\\nwhich had some of the features of the sewing machine of\\nto-day.\\nIt was left, however, for American inventors to produce\\nmachines that would do the work easily and successfully the\\nmachines themselves had such simplicity and were so nicely\\nadapted that they were not likely to get out of repair but\\nwould remain serviceable during a long period of years.\\nSewing machines in large numbers were invented during the\\nperiod from 1830 to i860.\\nAs early as 18 18 a sewing machine was invented by Rev.\\nJohn Adams Dodge, of Vermont. He used a needle pointed\\nat each end with the e3 e in the middle. This machine would\\nmake a good backstitch and sew a seam straight forward. It", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "CLOTHING NEEDLES. 1/5\\nwas not patented and did not get into use to any considerable\\nextent. In 1832 Walter Hunt, of New York, brought out a\\nmachine which used two threads, one being carried by a\\nshuttle and the other by a curved needle with the eye in the\\npoint. This machine also was not patented.\\nTen years later, J. J. Greenough patented a machine for\\nsewing leather and other heavy material, but this also did\\nnot acquire any extended use. About the same time George\\nH. Corliss invented a strong, heavy machine for sewing\\nleather, using two needles with the eyes near the points this\\nmachine was evidently an improvement on previous at-\\ntempts. Mr. Corliss soon turned his attention to improve-\\nments of the steam engine and did not continue his efforts to\\nperfect his sewing machine.\\nHence it was that the first really successful sewing ma-\\nchine was that of Elias Howe, patented in 1846. The first\\nform of Howe s machine was far from satisfactory, but it was\\nan improvement on all previous machines. Howe could not\\ninduce the people to appreciate the value of his invention, and\\nhe went to England and there secured patents. But in Eng-\\nland also he became discouraged, and sold out his rights\\nfor that country and returned home.\\nMeantime others had pirated his invention and were mak-\\ning his machines and placing them upon the market. Howe\\nimmediately asserted his rights and, after a series of suits in\\ncourt, he succeeded in establishing them, so that finally his\\nmachine came into extended use and its inventor reaped a\\nlarge pecuniary reward from his genius and skill. Improve-\\nments now came forward rapidly. Patents were soon issued\\nto Allen B. Wilson of Pittsfield, Massachusetts, Isaac M.\\nSinger of New York, and William O. Grover of Boston.\\nLater, the Weed, the Florence, the Wilcox Gibbs, the", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "1/6 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nRemington, Domestic, American, Household, and many oth-\\ners were added to the list of successful machines.\\nIt is unnecessary to describe the difference in these ma-\\nchines and the various wavs in which the stitch is made.\\nSome of them make the lock stitch, others the double loop\\nstitch, and still others the single chain stitch. The best\\nmachines make also a special buttonhole stitch and have par-\\nticular devices by which they gather and ruffle, tuck, hem,\\nbind, and whatever else is required to be done with thread.\\nOne machine or another can be used for almost any kind\\nof sewing. With them we sew shoes and boots, heavy\\nwoolen goods like beaver, several thicknesses of duck, or,\\non the other hand, the very finest and nicest muslin. Sew-\\ning machines are used in the making of gloves, pocketbooks,\\ntraveling bags, and other articles of this character. Special\\nmachines sew seams on water hose, leather buckets, bootlegs,\\nand other articles which require the seam to be made in a\\ncircle.\\nNo other country has so many factories or such large ones\\nfor making sewing machines as the United States. The\\nestablishments which manufacture sewing machines have a\\ncombined capital of more than twenty million dollars, and\\nthe value of their annual product aggregates about fifteen\\nmillion dollars. Meanwhile the price of sewing machines\\nhas diminished so that they are now sold for less than one-\\nhalf, and sometimes as low as one-fourth, of the original\\nprice.\\nIn 1830 a Frenchman, Marthelemy Thimonier, con-\\nstructed of wood eighty machines which made a chain stitch\\nof great strength. These were used for making clothing for\\nthe French army. Laborers were so incensed at this inven-\\ntion, which they thought was contrary to their interests, that", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "CLOTHING NEEDLES. 1/7\\nthey raised a riot and destroyed all of the machines. A few\\nyears later this inventor made other machines constructed of\\nmetal, and these were also destroyed by a mob.\\nMany times it has happened that laborers have supposed\\nthat they would be great losers from the invention of labor-\\nsaving machines. Instead of this proving to be true, it would\\nseem that laborers are benefited by the inventions. There\\nis much evidence showing that while inventions greatly di-\\nminish the amount of labor necessary to accomplish a certain\\nresult, on the other hand they open up new lines of industry\\nwhich fully compensate laborers for the loss which would\\notherwise fall upon them. It is to be noted also that, in our\\ncountry at least, the wages of laborers have increased in the\\nperiod during which labor-saving machines have been in-\\nvented.\\nThe modern sewing machine is an inestimable blessing\\nto a family. In former days, the mother of half a dozen chil-\\ndren would be obliged to ply the needle night after night\\nuntil the small hours in order to keep her little ones prop-\\nerly clad. Now, with the little iron machine standing upon\\nits small table on one side of the room, the good mother can\\nmake up the necessary garments for her children in quick\\ntime, leaving her far more hours for sleep, recreation, and\\nsocial life than would be possible under the old method.\\nMany a one can now call down blessings not only upon the\\nman who invented sleep, but upon the man who invented\\nthe sewing machine which gives one time to sleep.\\n12", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII.\\nTHE STEAM ENGINE.\\nAt the very summit of a mountain near Pasadena, Cali-\\nfornia, stands a huge windmill, which may be seen for many\\nmiles in all directions. Here the wind blows almost con-\\nstantly, and the great arms of the windmill are employed to\\nlift water from a well in\\nthe valley below to irri-\\ngate the orange groves\\non the hillsides. Thus\\nthe wind has been har-\\nnessed by man to serve\\nhis purpose.\\nNature has not only\\nfurnished wind for a\\nmotive force, but it has\\nalso provided man with\\nwater power. The\\nwater wheel, with its ac-\\ncompanying dam across\\nthe stream, has been in general use from the time of the\\nearliest settlements. The weight of the water turned a\\nwheel, thus developing a force which was employed for\\nsawing lumber or grinding grain. When cotton and woolen\\nmanufactories were first introduced, water power was almost\\nuniversally used.\\nAfter wind and water came steam. A very simple steam\\nAN OLD WINDMILL.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "CLOTHING THE STEAM ENGINE. 1 79\\nengine was devised by Hero more than two thousand years\\nago, but it was of little practical value and was soon forgot-\\nten. Not until the beginning of the eighteenth century w^as\\na machine invented which could successfully produce motion\\nby steam. This engine, made by an Englishman named\\nNewcomen, was very wasteful and was used only to pump\\nwater from mines.\\nLess than one hundred and fifty years ago a young Scotch-\\nman named James Watt set himself to the task of improving\\nthe Newcomen engine and of making a steam engine that\\nwould furnish power for different purposes. He devoted his\\nwhole thought to his work, and after twenty years of study\\nhe succeeded. The Watt steam engine is the basis of all\\nengines to-day. James Watt did not discover steam power,\\nbut he made the steam engine of real value.\\nMany of the first engines used in this country for manii-\\nfacturing purposes were made by Boulton and Watt in Bir-\\nmingham. The first steam engines made in America were\\nrough and crude, but the improvement in their construction\\nwas rapid. At the present time engines of the finest con-\\nstruction, with the latest improvements and adapted to all\\nkinds of work, are made in many establishments all over our\\nland. Engines are made for marine purposes steamboats,\\nyachts, and war-vessels, stationary engines for all sorts of\\nmanufactures, and locomotives for the railroads. Perhaps\\nthe greatest improvements in the manufacture of steam en-\\ngines have been the result of the talent and genius of George\\nH. Corliss.\\nIn 1825, when George was only eight years of age, hi\\nfather moved to Greenwich, New York, wdiere the boy grew\\nup to manhood. Here he went to school, was clerk in a\\ncountry store, and was employed in the first cotton factory", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "l8o AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nbuilt in that State. Little did the people of that country\\nvillage think that this quiet boy had in him such wonderful\\nmechanical genius as he afterward displayed.\\nHis father s house was situated near the bank of a small\\nstream which was much swollen every springtime by the\\nfreshets from the melting snows above. A bridge which\\nspanned this stream was carried away one year by the fresh-\\nets. Young Corliss, then twenty-one years of age, proposed\\nto build a cantilever bridge. Everybody said that the scheme\\nwas impossible he could not do it, it would be a failure.\\nNevertheless he succeeded, and the bridge was built. It\\nproved entirely successful. It withstood the freshets and\\nwas in service, scarcely needing repairs, for many years.\\nHe went to Providence when he was twenty-seven years\\nof age, and before he was thirty he had established himself\\nas the head of the firm of Corliss, Nightingale and Company,\\nfor the manufacture of steam engines. He was but a little\\nover thirty years old when he patented his great improve-\\nments, applied to the steam engine. These improvements\\nwere such as to produce uniformity of motion and to prevent\\nthe loss of steam. By connecting the valve with an ingen-\\nious cut-off, which he invented, he made the engine work\\nwith such uniformity that, if all but one of a hundred looms\\nin a factory were suddenly stopped, that one would go on\\nworking at the same rate of speed as before.\\nThe improvements which Mr. Corliss effected at once rev-\\nolutionized the construction of the steam engine. He im-\\nmediately began the erection of immense buildings for his\\nmachine shops, where now are employed more than a thou-\\nsand men. In 1856 the Corliss Steam Engine Company\\nwas incorporated, and Mr. Corliss, purchasing the interest\\nof his partners, soon owned all the stock of this company and", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "CLOTHING THE STEAM ENGINE.\\nI8l\\nwas both president and treasurer. During a long period of\\nmore than forty years Mr. Corliss, who was a large-hearted,\\nbenevolent man interested in public affairs relating to city.\\nState, and nation, devoted himself with great industry to the\\ndevelopment of his in-\\nventions.\\nPerhaps the most\\nconspicuous work which\\nmore than anything else\\ncarried his name to all\\nthe nations of the earth\\nwas the construction of\\nthe great engine which\\nfurnished the motive\\npower for all the ma-\\nchinery in operation in\\nMachinery Hall, at the\\nCentennial Exhibition\\nin Philadelphia in 1876.\\nOf this engine !M. Bar-\\ntholdi, in his report to\\nthe French Government, said It belonged to the category\\nof works of art by the general beauty of its effect and its per-\\nfect balance to the eye. Professor Radinger, of the Poly-\\ntechnic School in Vienna, pronounced the engine one of the\\ngreatest works of the day.\\nThis engine stood in the center of Machinery Hall upon\\na platform 56 feet in diameter. The two working beams\\nwere 40 feet above the platform, and were seen from all\\nparts of the building, being the most conspicuous objects in\\nthe hall. The fly-wheel was 30 feet in diameter with a face\\nof 24 inches.\\nA CORLISS ENGINE.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "l82 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nThis engine carried eight main lines of shafting, each line\\nbeing 650 feet in length, and the larger part of this shafting\\nwas speeded to 120 revolutions a minute, while one line, used\\nprincipally for wood-working machines, made 240 revolutions\\nper minute. The engine weighed 7,000 tons, and its power\\nwas equivalent to 1,400 horse-power. The entire cost, about\\n$200,000, was borne by Mr. Corliss. The engine is now in\\nactive service, furnishing the motive power for the entire\\nworks of the Pullman Car Company.\\nDuring the later years of Mr. Corliss s life he devoted\\nmuch time and thought to inventing improved pumps to be\\nused in connection with city waterworks, for forcing water\\nto higher levels. He made for the city of Providence a ro-\\ntary pump for high service which worked automatically, keep-\\ning the pipes in the upper sections of the city full at all times\\nwhether much or little water was used. This ingenious\\npump was visited by mechanics from all parts of the world.\\nOnly a few years before his death Mr. Corliss built another\\npump, an account of which was published some years ago.\\nThis account included the following incident\\nI went down to Pettaconsett, the other day, to see the\\nfoundations of the building that Mr. Corliss is putting up\\nthere for the new pumping engine which he has engaged to\\nput in for this city. I found that, in digging for the founda-\\ntions, they came upon a deep bed of quicksand. Mr. Corliss,\\never fertile in expedients to overcome obstacles, instead of\\ndriving down wooden piles, sunk in this quicksand great\\nquantities of large cobblestones. These were driven down\\ninto the sand with tremendous force by a huge iron ball\\nweighing four thousand pounds. I said Mr. Corliss, why\\ndid not you drive wooden piles on which to build your foun-\\ndation?", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "CLOTHING THE STEAM ENGINE. 1 83\\nDon t you see, said he, that the piles have 710 discre-\\ntion, and that the cobblestones have?\\nI don t think I understand you, Mr. Corliss, was my\\nreply.\\nIf you drive a pile,* said he, it goes zv here you drive it^\\nand noivJiere else; but a cobblestone will seek the softest place\\nand go where it is most needed. It therefore has discretion,\\nand better answers the purpose.\\nI went away musing that the wooden piles and the\\ncobblestones represent two classes of boys. The piles,\\nsaid Mr. Corliss, have no discretion, and go only where they\\nare driven. I think I have seen boys who represented this\\nquality. But the cobblestones go where they are the most\\nneeded. When boys fit themselves to go where they are the\\nmost needed, they will be pretty likely to meet with tolerably\\ngood success in life.\\nThe great service Mr. Corliss has rendered to the world\\nthrough his inventions is shown by the awards made to him\\nfrom the highest scientific authorities. At the Paris Exposi-\\ntion (1867) he received the highest competitive prize in com-\\npetition with more than a hundred engines. A great Eng-\\nlish engineer, one of the British commissioners at the\\nExposition, said: The American engine of Mr. Corliss\\neverywhere tells of wise forethought, judicious proportion,\\nsound execution, and exquisite contrivance.\\nThe American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1870\\nawarded to Mr. Corliss the Rumford Medal. This medal\\nwas presented by Dr. Asa Gray, who said No invention\\nsince Watt s time has so enhanced the efficiency of the steam\\nengine as this.\\nAt the Vienna Exhibition in 1873 Mr. Corliss sent nei-\\nther engine nor machinery, nor had he any one there to rep-", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "1 84 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nresent him but the grand diploma of honor was awarded to\\nhim. This was done because foreign builders had sent their\\nengines, which they themselves claimed were built on his\\nsystem, and they had placed his name on their productions.\\nThe steam engine to-day is of vastly greater importance\\nthan it has ever been before, especially in its use for furnish-\\ning the motive power for cotton and woolen factories, and for\\nall kinds of manufacturing establishments. What should we\\ndo to-day without the steam engine? Long before the begin-\\nning of this century Erasmus Darwin sang as follows\\nSoon shall thy arm, unconquered steam afar\\nDrag the slow barge, or drive the rapid car.\\nAll this has long been fulfilled. How long will it be before\\nhis next two lines will also prove a reality?\\nOr on wide-waving wings expanded bear\\nThe flying chariot through the field of air.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "ROBERT FULTON.\\nSECTION V.-TRAVEL.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "J?\\nO\\no\\n.2\\ni I", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "SECTION v.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 TRAVEL.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nBY LAND.\\nWell, Charles, how do you purpose to go to the city\\nto-day? The paper this morning contains some news that\\nought to interest you. There was a washout at Turk s\\nBridge last evening, and it will be several hours yet before\\ntrains can run.\\nThis question was asked by Mrs. Barlow, one morning\\nduring the great street-car strike when the motormen and\\nconductors had refused to run cars until their demands were\\ngranted.\\nI see but one way left open for me, replied her hus-\\nband. The roads must be very muddy, and I cannot go on\\nmy bicycle. I suppose that I shall be compelled to walk.\\nThat was the original mode of traveling, and I imagine that\\nin this case of necessity I can try it again. I am not used to\\nso long a walk, but I see no other way. In one respect I am\\nbetter off than my ancestors were, for I have good level side-\\nwalks, most of them paved, instead of rough paths, partly\\ntrodden down. I will start to walk, anyway.\\nMr. Barlow did not own a horse, and could not drive to\\nthe city. He did not feel able to hire a public carriage, as,\\nsince the street-car strike began, so many desired to ride that\\nthe drivers charged very high prices. But he felt that he must", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "1 88 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nattend to his business in the city that day, and immediately\\nafter breakfast he started on his five-mile walk. He was\\nvery tired before he reached the office, and the walk home\\nin the afternoon wearied him still more. He was therefore\\ngreatly pleased the next morning to find that the strike was\\nover, the railroad bridge repaired, the muddy roads nearly\\ndry, and a choice open to him to travel either by steam cars,\\nelectric street cars, or bicycle.\\nMr. Barlow learned an interesting lesson by this one day s\\nexperience. He obtained something of an idea of the life of\\nhis ancestors, who were compelled to walk whenever they\\nhad business to transact. He realized more than ever be-\\nfore what improvements had been made in the last three cen-\\nturies in the means for travel. His thoughts were turned\\ndirectly to these changes, and for several weeks he studied\\nhistories and scientific works to learn the ways in which these\\nimprovements came about. Let us note some of the results\\nof his study.\\nNearly three hundred years ago. Captain Newport, with\\na few small vessels, sailed up the James River, in Virginia.\\nAfter some weeks the fleet returned to England, leaving\\nabout one hundred men, the colonists of Jamestown, the first\\npermanent English settlement in America. Here was a little\\nvillage, with the Atlantic Ocean, thousands of miles wide,\\nseparating the colonists from all their friends and acquaint-\\nances. The great forest which covered the entire Atlantic\\ncoast contained now this clearing on the banks of the James\\nRiver. North of the settlement dense woods extended in\\nevery direction no white men lived nearer than the French\\ncolonies of Quebec and Nova Scotia. To the south also\\nspread the forest the nearest European settlement was the\\nSpanish colony of Saint Augustine. Westward for hundreds", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "TRAVEL BY LAND. 1 89\\nand thousands of miles the almost uninhabited wilderness\\nextended to the Pacific Ocean, the very existence of which\\nwas scarcely suspected by white men. Thus was the James-\\ntown colony almost entirely shut off from the world of civ-\\nilization, a feeble band of Europeans surrounded by savage\\nred men.\\nWhat interest had these colonists in travel? Tossed on\\nthe ocean as they had been for many weeks, worn with sea-\\nsickness and lack of nourishing food, few had any desire to\\nsee more of the world. Besides, if they had wished to travel,\\nwhere could they have gone? Roads through the forests\\nwere unknown rivers were spanned by no bridges swamps\\nand marshes extended in every direction. The most remote\\nhouses were at easy walking distance. The little church\\nwas not far even from the last house in the village. If need\\nfor firewood or lumber led any one into the forest, he must,\\ngo afoot. If any necessity arose for communication with\\nthe Indians, the journey must be made on foot. Thus we\\nsee that in the early days of Virginia what travel there was\\nby land was limited to walking.\\nThirteen years after the building of Jamestown a second\\nEnglish colony was planted in America. Another band of a\\nhundred persons began a settlement at Plymouth in New\\nEngland. The colony of Virginia had become well estab-\\nlished by this time, yet it could be of but little help to Plym-\\nouth.. Many hundred miles distant, it seemed hardly nearer\\nthan old England itself. The Pilgrims at Plymouth lived\\nby themselves, as had the Virginia colonists, and for some\\nyears what travel they had was also on foot.\\nTime passed on in both colonies. New settlers came over\\nthe ocean to Virginia, and other villages were built at some\\ndistance from Jamestown. Thus arose reasons for journeys", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "190 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\ndesire to see friends in other villages necessities of trade\\nor commerce between the settlements. At first, of course,\\nas travel by foot within a village was common, so journeys\\nbetween villages were made in the same way.\\nAn easier means of communication was provided w^hen\\nhorses were brought over from England. These came in\\nsmall numbers at first; there were but six horses in Virginia\\nwhen the settlers had been there nine years. Thousands of\\nyears ago wild horses ranged in great numbers over the\\nwhole continent of America. But, for some reason or other,\\nthese had all perished, and when Columbus discovered the\\nnew world the red men were wholly unacquainted with these\\nanimals or their use. Therefore, when the white settlers in\\nAmerica desired horses they found it necessary to bring them\\nin vessels from Europe.\\nTo the first and most common mode of travel, by foot,\\nwas thus added the second method, namely, on horseback.\\nIn the old world this use of horses had existed for thousands\\nof years. In fact, three hundred and four hundred years\\nago, at the time of the discovery and settlement of America,\\nit was almost the universal means for land travel. It was\\nnatural then that it should be the first form taken up in\\nAmerica. Besides, the making of a bridle path through the\\nwoods, that is, a path wide enough for a man on horseback,\\nwas a comparatively simple matter. To build a carriage\\nroad would have been a much more difficult task.\\nIn New England, as well as in Virginia, the population\\nrapidly increased. The Plymouth colonists began to build\\nother villages. A new colony \\\\vas founded on the coast of\\nMassachusetts Bay, but thirty miles from Plymouth. Here\\nwere established the towns of Salem, Charlestown, Rox-\\nbury, Dorchester, Newtown, and Boston. Other towns were", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "TRAVEL BY LAND.\\n191\\nsoon built and clearings were made in every direction.\\nTravel by horseback became common among those who could\\nafford to keep horses.\\nThose who were too poor\\nmust still travel on foot.\\n;Most of the traveling was\\ndone by men. We read that\\nQueen Elizabeth was an ac-\\ncomplished horsewoman\\nbut as a rule few women\\nwere accustomed to hold\\nthe reins, and few side-sad-\\ndles were in use. The\\nhorses of those days were\\nvery strong. They were\\ntrained to carry heavy bur-\\ndens on their backs rather\\nthan to draw loaded w^agons.\\nThey frequently carried\\nmore than one person it\\nwas not unusual to see a\\nman riding horseback, and\\nbehind him his wife, sitting\\nsideways and holding on to her husband to keep from slip-\\nping off. For her comfort a pillion was used, which was a\\npad or cushion fastened to the saddle.\\nNot only was Massachusetts Bay rapidly settled, but vil-\\nlages were built fifty and even a hundred miles from Bos-\\nton. Providence, Newport, and Portsmouth were founded,\\nforming the colony of Rhode Island and Providence Planta-\\ntions. Hartford, Wethersfield, and Windsor w^ere estab-\\nlished on the Connecticut. Dover and Portsmouth in New\\nMAX\\nAND HIS WIFE TRAVELING\\nHORSEBACK.\\nON", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "192 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nHampshire, New Haven and Saybrook in Connecticut were\\nbuilt, and the village of Agawam, now Springfield, was\\nfounded.\\nAll of these new settlements needed some connection\\nwith Boston, or the Old Bay Colony as it was called. The\\nroads were mere paths, however, and over them carriages\\ncould not have passed, if there had been any. In a story\\nwritten by J. G. Holland, called Bay-Path, he described\\nlife in Agawam more than two and a half centuries ago, and\\nhis description of the roads and travel in those days is well\\nworth reading.\\nThe principal communication with the Eastern settle-\\nment was by a path marked by trees a portion of the dis-\\ntance, and by slight clearings of brush and thicket for the\\nremainder. No stream was bridged, no hill graded, and no\\nmarsh drained. The path led through woods which bore the\\nmarks of centuries, and along the banks of streams that the\\nseine had never dragged. The path was known as the\\nBay-Path, or the path to the bay.\\nIt was wonderful what a powerful interest was attached\\nto the Bay-Path. It was the channel through which laws\\nwere communicated, through which flowed news from distant\\nfriends, and through which came long, loving letters and\\nmessages. That rough thread of soil, chopped by the blades\\nof a hundred streams, was a bond that radiated at each ter-\\nminus into a thousand fibers of love and interest and hope\\nand memory.\\nThe Bay-Path w^as charmed ground a precious passage\\nand during the spring, the summer, and the early autumn\\nhardly a settler at Agawam went out of doors or changed his\\nposition in the fields, or looked up from his labor, or rested\\nhis oars upon the bosom of the river, without turning his", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "TRAVEL BY LAND.\\n193\\neyes to the point at which that path opened from the brow\\nof the wooded hill upon the East. And when some worn\\nand wearied man came in sight upon his half-starved horse,\\nor two or three pedestrians, bending* beneath their packs and\\nswinging their sturdy staves, were seen approaching, the\\nvillage was astir\\nfrom one end to the\\nother.\\nThe Bay-Path\\nbecame better\\nmarked from year to\\nyear as settlements\\nbegan to string them-\\nselves upon it as\\nupon a thread.\\nEvery year the foot-\\nsteps of those who\\ntrod it hurried more\\nand more until, at\\nlast, wheels began\\nto be heard upon it heavy carts creaking with merchandise.\\nA century passed away and the wilderness had retired.\\nThere was a constant roll along the Bay-Path. The finest of\\nthe wheat and the fattest of the flocks and herds were trans-\\nported to the Bay, whose young commerce had already begun\\nto whiten the coast.\\nThe dreamy years passed by, and then came the furious\\nstagecoach, traveling night and day splashing the mud,\\nbrushing up the dust, dashing up to inns, and carving more\\nslowly up to post-offices. The journey was reduced to a day,\\nAnd then miracle of miracles came the railway and the\\nlocomotive. The journey of a day is reduced to three hours.\\n13\\nTHE BAY-PATH.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\\nBY WATER.\\nWhen the Virginia colonists reached the shores of Amer-\\nica, they sailed up the James River until they found a penin-\\nsula extending into the river and there they built James-\\ntown. When the Pilgrims completed their explorations of\\nthe shores of Cape Cod Bay, they chose the harbor of Plym-\\nouth as the best situation for their colony. Lord Baltimore\\nestablished the Maryland colony at St. Mary s on an arm of\\nthe Chesapeake Bay. The Dutch founded New Amsterdam\\non the island of Manhattan, at the mouth of the Hudson\\nRiver. The first settlements in each of the colonies were\\nmade on the shores of the Atlantic Ocean, or but a few miles\\nup large rivers. Why? The colonists had come to this new\\nworld in European vessels which could only bring them to\\nthe shore. Here they chose the most convenient place and\\nbuilt their town.\\nThus these settlers were in the very beginning familiar\\nwith travel by water. But what a poor, inconvenient means\\nof travel it w^as The Jamestown colonists, one hundred and\\nfive in number, were tossed upon the stormy ocean for more\\nthan four months, enduring all the hardships of a severe win-\\nter in vessels that to-day would seldom venture upon the\\nocean, even in coastwise trade. Compare the two months\\nand more of life on the Mayflower, where the passengers were\\ncrowded into the closest quarters, with the short six or seven\\ndays trip to or from England to-day on the ocean steamers.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "TRAVEL BY WATER.\\nalmost\\nwhere travelers find comforts and conveniences\\ngreater than those they are accustomed to at home.\\nAlthough the emigrants suffered greatly in these voyages\\nacross the Atlantic Ocean, the day of the return of the ves-\\nsels to England was a sad one. When the last glimpse of the\\nreceding ship had vanished, the homesick watchers realized\\nPILGRIM EXILES.\\nas never before their isolation their separation from ever)--\\nbody and everything in which they were interested. Until\\nvessels should again arrive from across the ocean they would\\nbe thrown entirely upon their own resources. The settlers\\nwere thus very dependent upon the ships that crossed the\\nAtlantic so infrequently and with such difficulty.\\nSoon after the settlement, however, some of the colonies\\nbegan to build vessels of their own. The forests provided\\nlumber in great quantity and of the best quality. The first", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "196 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nvessel to be built by the Massachusetts Bay Colony was\\nlaunched at Medford the next year after the settlement of\\nBoston. This small vessel was owned by Governor Winthrop\\nand was appropriately called the Blessing of the Bay. The\\nsame year a Dutch ship, twenty times as large, was con-\\nstructed at New Amsterdam.\\nA large part of the colonial shipbuilding was confined to\\nNew England, the Blessing of the Bay being but a leader in\\na long line. Within two years a ship as large as the May-,\\nflower was built at Boston, and another twice as large at\\nSalem. Within thirty-five years Boston had one hundred\\nand thirty sail on the sea. New York built fewer but larger\\nships. Philadelphia was a leading shipbuilding town, and\\nmany vessels were constructed in the Carolinas.\\nThe activity of the colonists in thus providing means for\\ntravel by water was not limited to ocean shipbuilding. The\\nrivers, the inland roads, already prepared by nature, were\\nused from the very beginning. As the settlements grew,\\nboth in population and in numbers, travel between them be-\\ncame more and more necessary, and the rivers and streams\\ncame more and more into use. The settlers were wise\\nenough to follow the example of the Indians and to make\\nthemselves at once familiar with canoes and small boats of\\nevery description.\\nThe earliest form of water travel was, perhaps, the raft. It\\nwas usually made of floating logs or bundles of brush tied to-\\ngether. To-day, even, rafts of single logs, merely pointed at\\nthe ends, are found in Australia, as well as rafts of reeds. On\\nthe coast of Peru rafts seventy feet long and twenty feet broad\\nare common, large enough to use sails as well as paddles.\\nThe next step was to use the single log, made hollow by\\ngradually burning it out or by slowly chipping away pieces", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "TRAVEL BY WATER. 1 9/\\nwith some sharp implement. On the Atlantic coast the most\\ncommon form of canoe was the dugout, made from the cedar\\nlog and singularly enough the same tree was most frequently\\nused on the shores of the Pacific Ocean, especially near Puget\\nSound. These Western boats were frequently of great size,\\nsome on the Alaskan coast being ninety feet in length and\\npropelled by forty paddles. The Indians had found these\\ndugouts very serviceable, and as the European colonists began\\nto travel over the same rivers and streams they patterned\\ntheir river craft after those of the red men.\\nThe lighter form of the canoe was preferred, where ser-\\nviceable, to the dugout. This was made of a light but\\nA BIKCH-BARK CANOE.\\nstrong framework covered by bark or skins. That used by\\nthe Esquimaux was of sealskin stretched over whalebone.\\nBut the more common form was the Indian birch-bark canoe,\\nwhich rapidly became very popular among the colonial hun-\\nters and trappers. No better description of the birch canoe\\ncan be found than that which the children s poet, Longfel-\\nlow, gives in Hiawatha.\\nGive me of your bark, O. Birch Tree\\nOf your yellow bark, O Birch Tree\\nGrowing by the rushing river,\\nTall and stately in the valley\\nI a light canoe will build me,\\nBuild a swift Cheemaun for sailing,\\nThat shall float upon the river,", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "198 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nLike a yellow leaf in Autumn,\\nLike a yellow water-lily!\\nLay aside your cloak, O Birch Tree!\\nLay aside your white-skin wrapper.\\nFor the Summer-time is coming,\\nAnd the sun is warm in heaven.\\nAnd you need no white-skin wrapper\\nWith his knife the tree he girdled\\nJust beneath its lowest branches,\\nJust above the roots, he cut it.\\nTill the sap came oozing outward\\nDown the trunk, from top to bottom.\\nSheer he cleft the bark asunder,\\nWith a wooden wedge he raised it.\\nStripped it from the trunk unbroken.\\nGive me of your boughs, O Cedar!\\nOf your strong and pliant branches,\\nMy canoe to make more steady,\\nMake more strong and firm beneath me\\nDown he hewed the boughs of cedar.\\nShaped them straightway to a framework,\\nLike two bows he formed and shaped them.\\nLike two bended bows together.\\nGive me of your roots, O Tamarack!\\nOf your fibrous roots, O Larch Tree\\nMy canoe to bind together,\\nSo to bind the ends together\\nThat the water may not enter.\\nThat the river may not wet me\\nFrom the earth he tore the fibres,\\nTore the rough roots of the Larch Tree,\\nClosely sewed the bark together,\\nBound it closely to the framework.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "TRAVEL BY WATER. 1 99\\nGive me of your balm, O Fir Tree\\\\\\nOf your balsam and your resin,\\nSo to close the seams together\\nThat the water may not enter,\\nThat the river may not wet me\\nAnd he took the tears of balsam.\\nTook the resin of the fir tree,\\nSmeared therewith each seam and fissure,\\nMade each crevice safe from water.\\nThus the Birch Canoe was builded\\nIn the valley, by the river.\\nIn the bosom of the forest;\\nAnd the forest s life was in it.\\nAll its mystery and its magic.\\nAll the lightness of the birch tree,\\nAll the toughness of the cedar.\\nAll the Larch s supple sinews;\\nAnd it floated on the river\\nLike a yellow leaf in Autumn,\\nLike a yellow water-lily.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III.\\nSTAGECOACHES.\\nBoth by land and by water the methods of travel among\\nthe early colonists were extremely rude. From the early\\ndays of the settlements until the Independence of the United\\nStates the improvement was very slow. During the seven-\\nteenth century practically all of the long-distance traveling\\nwas by water. Schooners made regular trips from New\\nEngland to Virginia, and smaller sloops or packets ran\\nto New York from the different towns to the eastward.\\nThese vessels were dependent, of course, upon the wind, and\\nthe length of the journey varied greatly. Perhaps a packet\\nmight sail from New Haven to New York in two days, but\\ncalms or contrary winds might delay the trip, and make it a\\nweek in going from port to port.\\nOn land, however, the facilities for travel slowly but\\nsurely improved. An interesting account of the rudeness\\nand hardships of New England land journeys is furnished\\nby the journal of Sarah Knight, who went from Boston to\\nNew York. on horseback nearly two hundred years ago. The\\nroads were openings in the forest, made by cutting down trees,\\nand were often blocked by fallen trunks. The streams that\\nmust be crossed caused the most trouble. We came, she\\nwrote, to a river which they generally ride thro but I dare\\nnot venture so the post got a ladd and cannoo to carry me\\nto t other side, and he rid thro and led my hors. The cannoo\\nwas very small and shallow, so that when we were in she", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "TRAVEL STAGECOACHES. 201\\nseemed ready to take in water, which greatly terrified mee\\nand caused mee to be very circumspect, sitting with my\\nhands fast on each side, my eyes stedy, not daring so much\\nas to lodg my tongue a hair s breadth more on one side of\\nmy mouth than t other, nor so much as think on Lott s wife,\\nfor a wry thought would have oversett our wherey. For a\\nwoman to undertake such a journey was very unusual, and\\nafter her return she wrote with a diamond on the glass of a\\nwindow these lines\\nThrough many toils and many frights,\\nI have returned, poor Sarah Knights.\\nOver great rocks and many stones\\nGod has preserved from fractured bones.\\nAbout the time that this long journey was made, car-\\nriages began to come into use. The most common of these\\nwere the large coach, the calash, and a lighter, two-\\nwheeled vehicle, with a calash top, similar to a chaise.\\nBut these carriages were for a time only used within the\\ntowns themselves, where the large number of houses re-\\nquired the building of better roads and streets. Compara-\\ntively few persons could afford to own private carriages,\\nand their use was therefore not general for many years.\\nBefore the middle of the eighteenth century, however, car-\\nriages became more common. Broader and better roads\\nhad been built, and longer journeys could be made. As\\nearly as 1725, carriages had been driven from the Connec-\\nticut River to Boston, and overland travel began to be more\\ncustomary.\\nThe first roads that could be called suitable for carriage\\ntravel were for the most part toll roads. Instead of being\\nmade by the towns or counties, or by the colonies, they were", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "202\\nAMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nbuilt by corporations. These companies were granted the\\nprivilege of charging toll from every traveler over their\\nroads for the purpose of paying a profit to the members of\\nthe company, as well as to keep the roads in repair. In the\\nsame way corporations built bridges, charging a small toll\\nupon every one who crossed them. Thus travel was im-\\nOLD-STYLE CALASHES.\\nproved, time was saved, and less discomfort was caused the\\ntravelers.\\nIn the eighteenth century public carriages began to come\\ninto use. Previously if any one wished to travel by land, he\\nfound it necessary to own or hire horses. If he made a voy-\\nage by sea, he could pay his fare on some vessel that made\\nthe trip he wished to take. This means of public transpor-\\ntation, this carrying a person or his goods for pay, had been\\nlimited, however, to water travel. There were no regular\\nconveyances running from town to town by land which\\nwould carry passengers or freight.\\nThe town of Plymouth had been settled nearly a hundred\\nyears before the first line of stagecoaches in any part of the\\ncountry was put in operation. This stage wagon ran be-", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "TRAVEL STAGECOACHES. 203\\ntween Boston and Bristol ferry, where it connected with the\\npacket line to Newport and New York. Three years later\\na stage line began to run from Boston to Newport, making\\none trip each way every week. The driver advertised to\\ncarry bundles of goods, merchandise, books, men, women,\\nand children.\\nTravel was slow, much slower than seems possible to-day.\\nThe roads were still very poor, in fact scarcely fit to be called\\nroads. Little by little new stage lines were established,\\nnearly always in connection with some packet line. Up to\\nthe middle of the eighteenth century, however, opportuni-\\nties to travel by stage were few and the time required great.\\nThree weeks were needed to make the trip from Boston to\\nPhiladelphia, even under the most favorable conditions.\\nLess than three years before the battle- of Lexington, the\\nfirst stage was run between New York and Boston. The\\nfirst trip was begun on Monday, July 13th, and the journey s\\nend was not reached until Saturday, July 25th. Thirteen\\ndays were thus required for a trip which may now be made\\nin five or six hours. As the amount of travel increased new\\nlines were formed, the roads were improved, and stages were\\nrun more frequently and more rapidly. Sixty years after the\\nfirst trip was made between New York and Boston the time\\nhad been cut down from thirteen days to one day and five\\nhours more than a hundred lines of coaches were then regu-\\nlarly running out of Boston.\\nIn spite, however, of every improvement, travel by stage\\na hundred years ago was no simple or pleasant matter. Pro-\\nfessor McMaster says The stagecoach was little better\\nthan a huge covered box mounted on springs. It had nei-\\nther glass windows nor door nor steps nor closed sides. The\\nroof was upheld by eight posts which rose from the body of", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "204\\nAMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nthe vehicle, and the body was commonly breast-high. From\\nthe top were hung curtains of leather, to be drawn up when\\nthe day was fine and let down and buttoned when rainy or\\ncold. Within were four seats. Without was the baggage.\\nWhen the baggage had all been weighed and strapped on\\nthe coach, when the horses had been attached, the eleven\\npassengers were summoned, and, clambering to their seats\\nthrough the front of the stage, sat down with their faces\\ntoward the driver s\\nseat.\\nThe coach would\\nset out from the inn\\nwith the horses on\\na gallop, which would\\ncontinue until a steep\\nhill was reached.\\nThen would follow\\nthe slow pacing up\\nthe hill, the gallop down again, the dragging through a stretch\\nof muddy road, the careful fording of a river, the watering of\\nthe horses every few miles, and the rapid gallop up to the next\\ninn. Here the mail pouches would be taken out and in,\\nperhaps a change of coaches made or more frequently of\\nhorses only, a delay for a little gossip, and the stage would\\nbe off again. This was all very exhilarating and agreeable in\\npleasant, warm weather, but how fatiguing in the cold and\\nsnows of winter, and even during a chilly summer storm.\\nThese public conveyances were used only when neces-\\nsary. Private carriages were much preferred to the stage-\\ncoach, as being a more comfortable as well as a safer mode\\nof travel. The story is told of one young lady who was vis-\\niting near Boston, eighty years ago. She was very anxious\\nAN OLD-FASHIONED STAGECOACH.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "TRAVEL STAGECOACHES.\\n205\\nto return to her home, but her father was unable to come for\\nher. Her mother wrote Your papa would not trust your\\nlife in the stage. It is a very unsafe and improper convey-\\nance for young ladies. Many have been the accidents, many\\nthe cripples made by accidents in these vehicles. As soon\\nas your papa can, you may be sure he will go or send for\\nyou.\\nMUNROE TAVERN, LEXINGTON, MASS. (BUILT IN 1695.)\\nWhether the traveler went by stage or in his private car-\\nnage, it was necessary to stop at the inns. The taverns had\\na great deal to do with making journeys pleasant or disagree-\\nable. As a general rule, the New England inns were kept\\nby leading men, and in most cases the innkeeper was re-\\nquired to obtain recommendations from the selectmen of the\\ntown before he could get a license or a permission to establish", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "206 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nand keep the tavern. Even the smaller New England vil-\\nlages boasted of inns that compared favorably with the hotels\\nof the large towns. A Frenchman, traveling through the\\nUnited States early in this century, wTote in highest praise\\nof the inns of New England, w^hose windows w^ere without\\nshutters, and whose doors had neither locks nor keys, and\\nyet where no harm ever came to the traveler. He admired\\nthe great room, with its low ceiling and neatly sanded floor;\\nits bright pewter dishes and stout-backed, slat-bottomed\\nchairs ranged along its walls its long table and its huge\\nfireplace, with the benches on either side.\\nHe had less praise for the inns of the rest of the country.\\nThe buildings were poor, the fare was coarse, and the beds\\nwere bad. The roofs leaked, the windows were sometimes\\nmere openings in the wall the bedding was unclean and ex-\\ntremely uninviting.\\nIf a traveler were compelled to stop at the Southern inns,\\nhe found his journey far from agreeable. Fortunately for\\nhim the Southern planter was the most hospitable of persons.\\nAt his home strangers were heartily w^elcome and nobly\\nentertained. Some bade their slaves ask in any traveler that\\nmight be seen passing by. Some kept servants on the watch\\nto give notice of every approaching horseman or of the dis-\\ntant rumble of a coming coach and four. On the plantation\\nthe traveler w^as always treated as a most intimate friend, and\\nin the cheery comfort of the mansion he forgot, for the time\\nbeing, the trials and hardships of travel by land.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nSTEAMBOATS,\\nThe idea of payment for transportation is very old.\\nThousands of years ago we read of vessels sailing upon the\\nMediterranean Sea prepared to transport persons or freight\\nfor sums of money. Where this idea originated is not known,\\nbut it may have occurred to a savage for the first time in some\\nsuch way as the following\\nA hunter lived on the banks of a river in Asia. One day\\nhe shot a duck which fell to the ground on the opposite\\nshore. The hunter needed the bird, for he was hungry, but\\nhow was he to obtain it? The river was very deep at this\\npoint, and he could not swim. He knew that there was a\\nshallow place five miles up the stream, where he might ford\\nthe river, and another ford five miles below. But to cross\\nby either of these would require a journey of ten miles to the\\nbird and ten miles back, just to get across a narrow river.\\nHe remembered that a big log lay upon a sand-bar in the\\nriver not far from where he was. He took a pole, pried off\\nthe log and rolled it into the water. Then seating himself\\non it he poled himself across, obtained the duck, and soon\\nreached his home again. Here was the first water travel.\\nA few days later he heard a cry from over the river.\\nLooking up, he saw a man who desired to cross. The\\nstranger called to him to get his log and take him over, as\\nhe had carried himself. The hunter saw that the stranger\\nhad a deer on his shoulder. He was hungry, and therefore", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "208 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\ncalled out Give me the hind leg and half the loin of your\\ndeer for my labor, and I will bring you safely over. The\\nstranger promptly agreed, and the hunter poled across the\\nriver. In some such way doubtless was the first payment\\nmade for transportation, and the idea soon became common\\nthat it was just and proper to charge a fare for carrying\\nfreight and passengers.\\nWhat powers have we found used in transportation up to\\na hundred years ago? First there was human power, either\\nwalking or plying oars or paddles. This energy is limited\\nwalking is necessarily a slow process, and rowing is seldom a\\nrapid mode of travel. Then came horse power, used first to\\ncarry travelers or goods and later to draw carriages and\\nwagons, conveying passengers and freight. Horse power is\\nsuperior to human power both in speed and in endurance,\\nbut it also has its limits and often fails at important times.\\nThen use was made of the wind, which, blowing against\\nstretches of canvas, propelled vessels. Here was no human\\npower to become wearied; no horse power to fail at the\\nwrong time. Vessels need not stop at night in order to\\nsleep, nor even at noon in order to take dinner. But the\\nwind is fickle it does not always blow it frequently blows\\nfrom the wrong direction; it often blows too much. Human\\npower, horse power, wind power, each was insufficient or un-\\nsatisfactory, and the time was ripe for some power stronger\\nand less fickle to produce more rapid transportation.\\nWhen the necessity of a new power became great, the\\nneeded energy and a way to use it were soon found. Near\\nthe close of the eighteenth century a number of men, un-\\nacquainted with each other s ideas, began to experiment with\\nsteam as a means for propelling vessels. Why had they not\\nbegun earlier? For two reasons. The demand for quicker", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "TRAVEL STEAMBOATS.\\n209\\n^-?L.\\nwater travel had but just commenced, and the fact that steam\\ncould practically be used as a motive power was only begin-\\nning to be understood.\\nIt so happened that James Watt s steam engine was per-\\nfected just as the treaty of peace with Great Britain ac-\\nknowleged the independ\\nence of the United States.\\nNow American inventors\\nwere able to make use of\\nthe steam engine to aid\\ntravel and transportation.\\nAt once they began work.\\nSamuel Morey built a\\nsteamboat on the upper\\nConnecticut River; James\\nRumsey experimented on\\nthe Potomac; John Fitch\\non the Delaware, and Wil-\\nliam Longstreet on the\\nSavannah Oliver Evans\\nwas at work in Philadel-\\nphia, and John Stevens on\\nthe Hudson.\\nOne of these boats used\\nthe steam engine to move oars another pumped water in at\\nthe bow and forced it out again at the stern; a third had a\\nwheel in the stern and a fourth had a paddle wheel on each\\nside. Some of the vessels used upright, and some hori-\\nzontal engines. Most of these inventors succeeded in run-\\nning their boats against the tide or the current of rivers, and\\nproved that steam could be thus used. Each may be said to\\nhave invented a steamboat. But these men were all without\\n14\\nFITCH S STEAMBOAT.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "2IO AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nmeans; they did not succeed in awakening the interest of\\nwealthy men and the public cared little about such inven-\\ntions. Therefore each of these steamboats was given up in\\nturn and soon forgotten the eighteenth century passed away,\\nand no practical result had appeared. It is natural to have\\nmore interest in the account of an invention which proved of\\npractical value than in the stories of even successful at-\\ntempts which were given up almost as soon as made.\\nRobert Fulton was born in Pennsylvania just as Watt\\nbegan his study of the steam engine. Almost as soon as\\nWatt had completed his improvements on the engine, Fulton\\ncame of age, and went to England to study painting with\\nBenjamin West, the famous American artist. In the midst\\nof his art studies he became interested in mechanical pur-\\nsuits. He attracted the attention of some English scientists,\\nand, by their encouragement, he abandoned painting and\\ndevoted himself to inventing. But who knows how much\\nassistance his skill in drawing may have been to him in his\\npreparations of plans and models?\\nJoel Barlow, a noted American poet, was then living in\\nFrance, and upon his invitation Fulton spent several years\\nin his home in Paris. Here he devoted his time to boats, as\\nhe had already done in London. His schemes were of vari-\\nous kinds. He planned diving boats, steamboats, and canal\\nboats, and was particularly interested in a boat which he\\ncalled a marine torpedo. This boat he planned to be used\\nto injure vessels in naval warfare. For a time he neglected\\nthe steamboat, and bent every energy to persuade the French\\nGovernment to adopt the torpedo. Afterward he urged his\\nmarine boats upon the English and American governments,\\nbut in vain. He did not realize the enormously greater\\nfuture value of the steamboat.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "TRAVEL STEAMBOATS. 2 I I\\nIn time, however, Fulton finished his plans, and a steam-\\nboat was built for him upon the river Seine. The next step\\nwas to enlist the cooperation of some one with power and\\nmeans by proving that the invention was valuable. Fulton\\naccordingly sought to bring the boat to the attention of the\\nFrench Emperor. He succeeded in awakening Napoleon s\\ninterest. It was just at the time that the emperor was plan-\\nning to take his great army across the Channel to attack Eng-\\nland. He saw that steamboats, if of practical value, would\\nbe serviceable to him in these plans. Accordingly he directed\\na scientific committee to attend a public trial of the boat.\\nA day was set for the examination. Fulton had worked\\nsteadily for weeks, seeking to make every part as perfect as\\npossible. The night before the appointed day, Fulton re-\\ntired for rest, but sleep would not come to his eyes. His\\nthoughts were so completely fixed upon his invention and\\nwhat the next day meant to him that he could not control\\nthem. Not until morning began to dawn did he catch a nap,\\nand then only to be immediately awakened by a knock at his\\ndoor.\\nA messenger had come to tell him that his boat was at\\nthe bottom of the river. The iron machinery had proved too\\nheavy for the little sixteen-foot boat, and had broken through.\\nFulton s hopes were at an end. Before he could build an-\\nother boat and make another engine the opportunity would\\nbe past. His disappointment was intense. However, he did\\nnot despair, but was soon ready to try again.\\nDoubtless the failure was a blessing in disguise. The\\nboat was probably too small to make a successful trip. The\\nnext time he would have a larger vessel. Instead of again\\ntrying to arouse French interest, he decided to make the\\nnext experiment at home.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "2 12 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nRobert R. Livingston, our minister to France, who to-\\ngether with James Monroe purchased for the United States\\nthe great province of Louisiana, had long been interested in\\nthe possibilities of steam navigation. He entered into Ful-\\nton s plans and assisted him in every way. Soon after the\\ndisaster on the Seine both men returned to America, and the\\nnext six months were spent in building a boat and in putting\\ninto it a steam engine which they had especially ordered in\\nBirmingham, England. A grant had been obtained from\\nthe New York legislature which gave them the exclusive\\nright to run steam vessels on any of the waters of the\\nState.\\nThe new boat was a hundred and thirty feet in length,\\nor eight times as long as that lost in the Seine. It was called\\nthe Clermont, after the country home of Livingston. It\\nwas a side-paddle steamboat, with wheels fifteen feet in diam-\\neter and four feet wide. The trial trip was announced for\\nAugust 7th, 1807, and at one o clock in the afternoon the\\nClermont stood at the wharf in New York ready for the\\njourney.\\nWas the trial to succeed or fail? To succeed, the Cler-\\nmont must steam up the Hudson River at a speed of, at least,\\nfour miles an hour. The trip proposed was from New York\\nto Albany, a distance of one hundred and fifty miles, and\\nreturn. This trip was regularly made by sailing packets,\\nand the average time was four days. Could the Clermont\\nreach Albany in thirty-seven hours, or a day and a half?\\nUnfortunately, a north wind was blowing, which would\\ngreatly decrease the speed.\\nFulton and Livingston were confident that it could be\\ndone. The steamboat left the wharf and slowly sailed up the\\nriver. Soon the faults natural to a new invention began to", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "TRAVEL STEAMBOATS. 213\\nshow themselves. The rudder did not work as it ought the\\nwheels were unprotected by a covering; the vessel sank too\\nfar in the water. But the trial, in spite of all the odds\\nagainst it, was successful. The one hundred and fifty miles\\nwere made in thirty-two hours, with five hours to spare from\\nthe limit set. If we subtract the time spent in stops, but\\ntwenty- eight and a half hours were used, making an average\\nof more than five miles an hour.\\nThe first long steamboat trip had been accomplished.\\nThe indifference of the public at once changed to enthu-\\nsiasmi. Fulton was immediately urged to make regular trips,\\nand, although the Clermont needed many improvements, he\\nconsented. The next winter, however, the boat was re-\\nmoved from the river for repairs but in the spring regular\\ntrips were resumed, and the steamboat became a new and\\npermanent means of transportation.\\nThere was abundant opportunity to improve the steam-\\nboat and develop its use. At first Fulton s Clermont alone\\nsteamed up and down the Hudson River. Soon, however,\\nother steamboats were built to run in opposition to the sail-\\ning packets. Steamers began to ply on Lake Champlain and\\non the Delaware River. Three years after the first voyage\\nof the Clermont, a steamboat was making three trips a week\\nfrom New York to New Brunswick, New Jersey; here the\\ntraveler took stage for Bordentown on the Delaware River,\\nwhence another boat carried him to Philadelphia. Two years\\nlater steam ferryboats ran between New York and the Jersey\\nshore.\\nThe first river steamboat was launched at Pittsburg, and\\nwas sent down the Ohio and the Mississippi to New Orleans\\nin 181 1. Three years later the y^tna steamed from Pitts-\\nburg to New Orleans, and back to Louisville. The same", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "214 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nyear a steamboat was built on the Lakes to run from Buffalo\\nto Detroit, and a company was organized to start a steamship\\nline from New York to Charleston. Five years afterward\\nthe steamship Savannah, using both steam and sails, crossed\\nthe Atlantic Ocean. She made but slow time, and the great\\nspace required to hold the fuel left little room for freight.\\nYear by year, however, improvements were made on the\\nvessels and quicker time was the result. Finally, anthracite\\ncoal came into general use, and thirty years after the trial\\ntrip of the Clermont, the steamers Sirius and the Great West-\\nern began regular trips between Liverpool and New York.\\nThe day of steam navigation had come, and from that time\\non the vexatious delays due to fickle winds no longer need\\nbe a cause of trouble.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V.\\nCANALS.\\nNinety years ago, two brothers, James and John, found\\nit necessary to make the long journey from their home in\\nNew York City to Kentucky. They had frequently traveled\\nthrough the country, and were familiar with stages and\\npackets. This time they proposed to make their first trip\\non the steamboat, since the Clermojtt was again making its\\nregular runs. It was advertised to leave New York at one\\no clock on Wednesday. The brothers felt no need of haste\\nin their preparations for the journey, and it was nearly two\\no clock before they came in sight of the wharf. Just then\\nJohn made the remark that they were very foolish to arrive\\nso early.\\nWe shall have to wait an hour or two, he said the boat\\nwon t be ready to start before three o clock at the earliest.\\nI am not so sure, was the reply. Perhaps the steam-\\nboat will not be as late as the packets.\\nWhen they reached the wharf, no steamboat was there.\\nFar up the river they saw, slowly moving off in the distance,\\na vessel, which they knew must be the Clermont, from the\\nline of smoke that lay behind it. Immediately they began to\\ninquire what it meant and were told, Oh that is one of Ful-\\nton s notions. He has given strict orders that the boat shall\\nalways leave the wharf exactly on advertised time. This\\nwas a novelty almost as great as the steamboat itself. Sail-\\ning vessels had been dependent upon the wind, and stages", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "2l6 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nUpon the conditions of the roads and the weather; neither\\nmade any pretence of running upon schedule time. Fulton s\\nidea of punctuality was new and caused much grumbling for\\na time but with the coming of the railroads it became an\\nabsolute necessity.\\nWhat were the two men to do? But two things could be\\ndone. They might take passage on a packet, or wait for the\\nnext trip of the Clermont. They decided to wait, as they were\\nanxious to try the steamboat they had had enough experi-\\nence with the slow sailing vessels, and their poor accommoda-\\ntions. They did not permit themselves to be late a second\\ntime. In fact, the clocks had hardly struck twelve when they\\nstepped aboard the Clermont.\\nThe hour before the departure of the boat was spent in\\nexamining it from stem to stern. The original Clermont had\\nbeen greatly improved. The wheels were now properly pro-\\ntected a rudder, specially adapted to the boat and the river,\\nhad been constructed. Most noticeable were the accommoda-\\ntions for the passengers, which were almost elegant when\\ncompared with the poor quarters of the packets. In fact the\\nClermont had become a floating palace, gay with ornamental\\npainting, gilding, and polished woods.\\nAt one o clock sharp the boat quietly left the wharf. The\\nwind was blowing freshly down the river and the tide vras\\ngoing out. A packet started at the same moment from a\\nneighboring pier. The steamboat at once turned its prow\\nup the stream, but the packet headed for the Jersey shore,\\nas it could sail against the wind only by making long tacks.\\nThis greatly increased the distance it had to travel, and be-\\nfore sunset the Clermont had left the packet many miles\\nbehind.\\nThe next morning everything was still going smoothly", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "TRAVEL CANALS.\\n217\\nwhen the two passengers saw a little way ahead another\\npacket, which had left New York before the steamboat.\\nThis sloop was making tacks like those they had watched the\\nprevious afternoon, and the Clermont was rapidly gaining on\\nit. Suddenly John exclaimed, What are they doing? Are\\nthey trying to run us down It was evident that the packet\\nwas coming straight for the steamboat; but the captain of\\nthe Clermont shut\\noff steam at once\\nand the packet\\npassed its bow with-\\nout doing harm.\\nSoon a sloop\\nwas met coming\\ndown the river.\\nAgain came the ex-\\nclamation from\\nJohn, They are\\nsurely trying to run\\nCOLLISION OF THK CLERMQi^T AND THE SLOOP.\\ninto us! He had\\nhardly spoken when the crash came the packet struck the\\nwheel box, tore it open, and then, sliding along the side of\\nthe steamboat, passed away down the river. On inquiry\\nJohn ascertained that this was merely an illustration of the\\nenvy of the owners of packets, who feared that they would\\nlose all their business. No serious damage was done, how-\\never, and the steamboat proceeded on its way.\\nThe Clermont arrived at Albany at seven o clock Thurs-\\nday evening and the brothers spent the night at an inn.\\nThe next morning, after an early breakfast, a stage was\\ntaken which in a few hours carried them to Schenectady.\\nThis part of the journey was quickly made, as the road was", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "2l8 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\none of the best in the country. On reaching Schenectady\\nthe travelers learned that they must wait till the next noon\\nto take a boat up the Mohawk River. The hours slowly\\ndragged along, another night was spent at an inn, and about\\nthree o clock the next afternoon the slow trip up the Mohawk\\nbegan. Two days later they reached Utica, and another stage\\ntook them, the next day, to Rome. From this village two\\ndays sail carried them across the Oneida Lake, and down the\\nOswego River to Oswego on the banks of Lake Ontario.\\nAfter a delay of thirty-six hours a lake packet was found\\nready for them, which in time arrived at Lewiston at the\\nmouth of the Niagara River, and so on they went, by land to\\nBuffalo, by water to Erie, by land again to one of the branch-\\nes of the Alleghany River, and down this to Pittsburg.\\nFrom Pittsburg one of the flat-bottomed Western river boats,\\nborne along by the current, conveyed them to Louisville, at\\nthe Falls of the Ohio.\\nThus was made, in several weeks, a trip from New York\\nto Louisville, which to-day requires scarcely more than\\ntwenty-four hours. Ten times had changes been made in\\nthe conveyances used. A steamboat, river rowboats, lake\\npackets, Western flatboats and stages, were all needed, and\\nnights and days even were spent at inns. Slow and cum-\\nbrous was travel in those days and very expensive. There was\\nlittle traveling for pleasure, and only the most important busi-\\nness was worth the hardships and discomforts of such travel.\\nIf it was costly for passengers to travel, it was even more\\nexpensive to carry freight. Enormous charges were placed\\nupon all transportation of goods. New and better roads were\\nbeing built in all directions, but these did little to reduce the\\ncost of transporting goods. The cheapest routes continued\\nto be by the rivers, as the expense of building good roads and", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "TRAVEL CANALS. 219\\nkeeping them in repair added to freight charges. The\\ncharges for freight transportation were so great that it pre-\\nvented entirely the moving of many goods.\\nThe people in Pennsylvania desired the salt which was\\nobtained in New York, but it cost $2.50 a bushel to carry\\nsalt three hundred miles. Citizens of Philadelphia would\\nhave purchased flour which was raised about the sources of\\nthe Susquehanna River had it not cost $1.50 a barrel to carry\\nit to Philadelphia. Hundreds of families were weekly mov-\\ning westward into the new country across the Alleghany\\nMountains; they could not afford to take their household\\ngoods with them. The freight charges from New York to\\nBuffalo were 1 20 a ton from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, $125.\\nSomething new in the line of transportation was needed\\nsome way by which freight could be carried at less expense.\\nPrivate companies w^ere building new toll roads but these\\ndid not accomplish the purpose. Different States expended\\nmoney in improving the highways, and still the expense of\\ntransportation was enormous. The national Government\\nalso took part in the w^ork and constructed a highway from\\nCumberland, Maryland, to Wheeling, on the Ohio River\\nbut this was merely a single road over the mountains, and\\nfreight charges were as high as ever.\\nWhat could be done? Of course the roads everywhere\\nmust be improved and new ones built all of which would\\ntake many years. But was there not some way to avoid car-\\nrying so much freight in wagons drawn by horses? Wher-\\never there were rivers these could be used. Was it possible\\nto make rivers, or at least to make water-ways, upon which\\nboats might be used? The people of the United States began\\nto talk of canals, and soon enthusiasm for canal building be-\\ncame universal.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "220 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nWhat is a canal? It is a trench cut in the ground, filled\\nwith -water deep enough for a well-laden boat, and wide\\nenough for boats to pass each other. On one bank is a path,\\ncalled the towpath, upon which horses or mules travel, pull-\\ning a canal boat behind them by means of a long rope. In\\nmost canals it is found necessary to lift the boats over higher\\nland or up to a higher level. This is done by locks, which are\\nbuilt where the two levels of the canal come together. These\\nlocks are shut off from each part of the canal by gates.\\nWhen the lower gates are shut and the upper gates open,\\nwater is let into the lock from the upper canal until on a\\nlevel with it. Then a canal boat from the upper canal enters\\nthe lock. The upper gates are closed, the lower gates opened,\\nand the water runs out of the lock. The boat, remaining on\\ntop of the water, sinks to the lower level and is ready to pro-\\nceed on its course. In traveling the other way the process is\\nturned about. The boat enters the lock and rises with the\\nwater which is let in from above until it is on the upper\\nlevel.\\nCanals, with their locks, are simple and easily built.\\nThe expense lies mainly in digging the trench. When the\\ncanal is once finished the cost of running is very slight, and\\nfreight can be carried much more cheaply than over roads,\\nor even by the natural rivers. Canal travel is very slow,\\nhowever, as the boat is drawn by a horse at a slow walk.\\nTherefore a canal is used, for the most part, to carry freight,\\nespecially freight not very perishable. Garden vegetables,\\nfruit, and meats, for example, are not carried on canals to\\nany great distance on the other hand, the length of time used\\nin conveying salt, or flour, or household goods, is not of so\\nmuch importance.\\nPlans for canals sprang up all at once throughout the", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "TRAVEL CANALS.\\n221\\ncountry. The Middlesex canal in Massachusetts and the\\nBlackstone canal between Providence and Worcester were\\namong the first built. The Delaware and Hudson canal in\\nNew York, and the Chesapeake and Delaware in Maryland\\nwere of early importance. In time nearly every Atlantic\\nState had one or more canals as aids to transportation. Many\\nof them were of additional\\nimportance because they\\nconnected neighboring\\nbays, and could furnish\\nopportunities for water\\ntravel, even when the har-\\nbors might be blockaded in\\ntime of war.\\nThe greatest and by far\\nthe most important is the\\nErie canal, which connects\\nBuffalo on Lake Erie with\\nAlbany on the Hudson\\nRiver. This canal was due\\nto the energy and persis-\\ntence of Governor De Witt\\nClinton, who dug the first\\nshovelful of earth in 1817, and made the first trip over the\\ncompleted canal in 1825. There was great opposition to\\nbuilding this canal at the expense of the State, and the nick-\\nname of Clinton s Big Ditch was frequently applied to it.\\nGovernor Clinton was wiser, however, than his opponents.\\nEvery cent spent on this canal, which is 363 miles long, 40\\nfeet wide, and 4 feet deep, was wisely spent. On the day\\nthat it was finished the great prosperity of New York City\\nbegan. A large part of the trade and commerce between the\\n-T=^\\nTHE ERIE CANAL.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "222 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nEast and the West was carried over the Erie canal, because\\nit furnished the cheapest route. Freight charges between\\nBuffalo and Albany fell at once to less than one-quarter their\\nformer rates, and continued to decrease until they became\\nless than $io a ton.\\nThus far had travel and transportation improved. From\\nwalking, horseback riding, and rowboats, slow changes had\\nled to stages, packets, steamboats, and canals. From the\\nsimple Indian trail, like the Bay Path, had grown up the\\ngreat highways, like the National Road. From slow and\\ndifficult journeys between neighboring towns, traveling had\\nbecome easy from Maine to Florida, and from the Atlantic\\nOcean to the Mississippi River. Was there any chance for\\nfurther improvement?", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI.\\nRAILROADS.\\nUp to this time progress had been more marked upon the\\nwater than upon the land. On the land travelers were still\\nlimited to human power and horse power. On the water,\\nhowever, not only human power and wind were used, but\\nalso horse power and even steam power. The steamboat\\nwas thought to be the most rapid means of transit possible.\\nNo energy was known greater than that of steam therefore\\nno new source of power was expected.\\nIf steam could aid water navigation, could it not be used\\nin land travel? This question was ever present in the minds\\nof inventors, mechanics, and travelers on both sides of the\\nocean. Little by little an answer was obtained, and the field\\nof steam was enlarged. Even before Fulton s trial trip, the\\nfirst step in the direction of the railroad was taken, though\\nsteam had nothing to do with this first practical experiment.\\nThe city of Boston was built upon three hills, two of\\nwhich have now been almost entirely mbved away. Upon\\nthe third, called Beacon Hill, was built the State House.\\nEarly in this century the top of this hill was lowered by car-\\nrying away the gravel. For this purpose a tramway was\\nbuilt. This consisted of two sets of rails or tracks from the\\ntop to the bottom of the hill, upon which cars were used.\\nThe full car on one track ran down of its own weight, pulling\\nup the empty car on the other track. This was the first use\\nof rails in this country.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "224 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nThe first permanent tramway was built in Pennsylvania.\\nThomas Leifer owned a stone quarry about three-quarters of\\na mile from the nearest wharf on the Delaware River. He\\ndesired to carry his stone to tide water more easily than\\nby the ordinary methods. Accordingly he built a tramway\\nfrom the quarry to the wharf, and placed upon the tracks an\\nordinary wagon. To this he attached horses and had what\\nwe should call a horse car. The rails made a smooth road\\nover which his horses could draw five tons as easily as one\\nton over the common roads. This tram was used regularly\\nfor eighteen years.\\nOne-half of the steam railroad had now been invented.\\nThe tramway was the railroad now steam must be applied.\\nThat was all. But that was not so easy as it would seem\\nnow. Year after year passed and no one attempted it.\\nDoubtless many persons felt certain that the steam railroads\\nwere coming some time and that they would be of value, just\\nas to-day man)^ people expect that travel through the air is\\ncoming some time. At the same time there wxre many who\\ndid not believe that steam could be used for land travel at\\nall while others did not care to have it come for fear that\\ntravel would be made too speedy.\\nOne of the leading English magazines took occasion to\\nexpress its opinion concerning a proposed railway What\\ncan be more absurd and ridiculous than the prospect held out\\nof locomotives traveling tivice as fast as stage coaches! We\\nshould as soon expect the people of Woolwich to suffer them-\\nselves to be fired off upon one of Congreve s rockets as trust\\nthemselves to the mercy of a machine going at such a rate.\\nWe trust that Parliament will, in all railways it may sanction,\\nlimit the speed to ciglit or nme miles an hour, which is as great\\nas can be ventured on with safety. What would this writer", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "TRAVEL RAILROADS. 22$\\nsay to the safety of the trains of to-day, as they make forty,\\nfifty, sixty, and even seventy miles an hour?\\nMany of the inventions which have done the most for\\nmankind have been made by Americans, but we owe the lo-\\ncomotive to an Englishman. George Stephenson from early\\nboyhood devoted himself to the study of engines and machin-\\nery. When but thirteen years of age he assisted his father\\nin the care of an engine at a coal mine near Newcastle.\\nWorking by day as an engineman, and studying by night in\\na night school, he prepared himself for his future work.\\nHe won the confidence of his employers, especially that of\\nLord Ravensworth, who supplied him with funds to build a\\ntraveling engine to run on the rails of the tramroad be-\\ntween the mines and the shipping port, nine miles distant.\\nJuly 25th, 1 8 14, Stephenson made a successful trip with his\\nlocomotive, My Lord, which pulled the coal cars at the\\nrate of four miles an hour.\\nStephenson felt that this locomotive was but a beginning.\\nHe told his friends that there was no limit to the speed of\\nsuch an engine, if the works could be made to stand. He\\nwas still pursuing his studies and experiments when he was\\nappointed engineer of a proposed railroad between Stockton\\nand Darlington. The directors of the road had planned to\\npull their cars by horses, but they were won over by Stephen-\\nson to agree to try an engine. Eleven years after the trial\\ntrip of his first engine, Stephenson was ready to exhibit a\\nlocomotive upon a railroad joining two towns for the purpose\\nof transporting passengers and freight.\\nA short time before the trial trip, Stephenson made a\\nprediction concerning the future of his invention. I ven-\\nture to tell you, he said, that I think that you will live\\nto see the day when railways will supersede almost all other\\n15", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "226 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nmethods of conveyance in this country when mail coaches\\nwill go by railway, and railroads will become the great high-\\nways for the king and all his subjects. The time is coming\\nwhen it will be cheaper for a working man to travel on a rail-\\nway than to walk on foot. I know that there are great and\\nalmost insurmountable difficulties to be encountered, but\\nwhat I have said will come to pass as sure as you now hear\\nme.\\nThe Stockton and Darlington Railway was three years in\\nprocess of construction, and the day of its opening, Septem-\\nber 27th, 1825, was an important one in the history of travel.\\nImagine that first train load the locomotive, guided by Ste-\\nphenson himself, six freight cars, a car carrying distin-\\nguished guests, twenty-one coal cars crammed with passen-\\ngers, and six more freight cars all loaded. Ahead of the\\ntrain, or procession, as it might be called, rode a man on\\nhorseback, carrying a flag bearing the motto, The private\\nrisk is the public benefit. When the train started, crowds of\\npeople ran along by its side, for a time easily keeping up\\nwith it. Finally, however, Stephenson called to the horse-\\nman to get out of the way and, putting on steam, drove the\\nengine at the rate of fifteen miles an hour. The future of\\nthe locomotive was assured.\\nAmericans were ready for new methods of traveling.\\nThree years after the opening of the first passenger steam-\\nrailway in England, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad be-\\ngan to construct a line from Baltimore westward, and in\\ntwo years fourteen miles were opened to travel. For a\\nyear, however, horses were used as motive power; in\\n1 83 1, the road advertised for locomotives. Meanwhile an\\nengine, called the Stombridge Lion, was brought over\\nfrom England, in 1829, and used on a line built by the", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "TRAVEL RAILROADS.\\n227\\nOLD-STYLE RAILROAD TRAIN.\\nDelaware and Hudson Canal Company. It was found to\\nbe too heavy and was abandoned. The second locomotive\\nused in this country, The Best Friend of Charleston,\\nwas built in New York City, and was run on the South\\nCarolina Railroad.\\nThe locomotive and the railroad had come, such as they\\nwere. The locomotive had its boiler and its smokestack, its\\ncylinders and driving wheels but it had no cab for the engi-\\nneer and the fireman, and\\nno brake to stop the train.\\nThe tender was but a flat\\ncar, carrying fuel and\\nwater. The cars were\\nmerely stagecoaches made\\nto run on rails, and in no\\nway were the passengers\\nprotected from the smoke and cinders of the burning wood.\\nYet this poor, inconvenient railroad was a great advance\\nin itself, and it foretold greater advances in the days to\\ncome.\\nIn 1835, five years after the opening of the first steam\\nrailroad in the United States, there were twenty-three\\nroads and over a thousand miles of track. After 1835, an\\naverage of nearly four hundred miles was built yearly until\\n1848. From that time until the beginning of the Civil War,\\nrailroad construction proceeded with great rapidity, nearly\\ntwo thousand miles of railroad being built each year. In\\n1849, a continuous line of railroad was completed between\\nNew York and Boston. Two years later two distinct lines\\nwere finished, connecting New York and Buffalo. At the\\nend of another two years, through connection was had be-\\ntween New York and Chicago. At the same time railroads", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "228 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nwere being built in all sections east of the Mississippi\\nRiver.\\nAfter peace was restored in 1865, came a great period of\\nrailroad building. During ten years the number of miles of\\nrailroad more than doubled, nearly four thousand miles being\\nbuilt each year. This was the period when the continuous\\nlines, which had already reached the Missouri River, were\\ncontinued across the continent. After five years of labor the\\nUnion Pacific Railroad, starting at Omaha, Nebraska, met at\\nOgden, Utah, the Central Pacific, which had been built from\\nSacramento, California. May loth, 1869, the last spike was\\ndriven and the Pacific coast was bound to the Atlantic by\\nbands of steel.\\nSince the completion of the Union and Central Pacific\\nrailroads, four other through lines have been constructed\\nacross the Rocky Mountains, within the territory of the Unit-\\ned States, and one in Canada. It is now possible to go from\\nocean to ocean in less than five days, and to have such a\\nchoice of routes that neither the cold of winter nor the heat\\nof summer need be troublesome.\\nAt last the limit of rapid traveling seems to have been\\nreached. Walking and horseback riding are indulged in\\nonly for pleasure and health stagecoaches are used only for\\nshort lines where the railroad has not yet come but all the\\nlong-distance traveling is now done behind the locomotive.\\nJourneys of weeks have become trips of a few days, days\\nhave been lessened to hours, and the country has become\\nknit together by rapid transit. Is there a chance for further\\nimprovement?", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII.\\nMODERN WATER TRAVEL.\\nJames Greenleaf arrived in Duluth, one bright June\\nday, four hundred and five years after the discovery of\\nAmerica. For nearly forty years he had been a missionary\\namong the Indians of the British Northwest, but he had\\nfinally been persuaded to take a well-earned rest. Leaving\\nhis little settlement of red men, and taking a canoe, he had\\npaddled up stream, carried his canoe over a portage, and\\npaddled down a river until he reached Lake Superior, w^here\\na small sailboat had taken him to the flourishing city at the\\nwestern end of the lake.\\nAt the hotel he found, as he expected, his nephew, Henry\\nTowne. Mr. Towne was a commercial traveler, always on\\nthe road, as he would say, for a large furniture establish-\\nment in New York. In a letter to his uncle he had stated\\nthat business would call him to Minnesota at just that time,\\nand that he would make the journey with his uncle from\\nDuluth to New York.\\nThe next day the two men started. The nephew had\\nmade all the necessary arrangements, having purchased\\ntickets and engaged staterooms on the line of steamboats\\nthat connect Duluth with Buffalo. The first sight of the\\nsteamboat caused Mr. Greenleaf to exclaim at its size.\\nIt is not much like the steamboat that I took on the", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "2 30 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nHudson in the spring of 1856, he said. I imagine,\\nhowever, that I shall see greater differences than this, the\\nfurther I go.\\nAs the two men made a tour through the steamboat, the\\nolder gave expression to his thoughts in many ways.\\nWe did not have the saloon in those old days, when I\\ndid my traveling. Whenever we did not care to remain on\\nthe open deck there was no parlor to which we could go. No\\norchestra helped to while away our hours. No piano or organ\\nadded the charm of music to our journey.\\nBut you had a state room to which you could retire, re-\\nplied his companion, as they came to the rooms numbered 240\\nand 242, which numbers were on the keys that they had\\nobtained at the purser s.\\nYes, said his uncle, a. tiny room, six feet by six, with\\nnarrov/ little berths, and two small stools. I can assure you\\nthat it was nothing like these comfortable sleeping rooms,\\nbrilliantly lighted, with regulation beds, convenient toilet\\narrangements, and carpeted floors. However, I do not imag-\\nine that the machinery will let me sleep any better now than\\nthen.\\nThe next morning, as the travelers went down to break-\\nfast, the younger man asked, Well, uncle, how did you\\nsleep?\\nNever better, was the reply. I tell you, Henry, I\\nwant to look at the machinery, after breakfast. It must be\\nsomewhat unlike the engine of my day, or the boat, large\\nthough it is, would have more of a jar.\\nWhen the two men stood above the mammoth engine and\\nnoted the smooth working parts, the regular and even motion\\nof the great piston rods in and out of the cylinders, the quiet-\\nness and gentleness with which each movement took place,", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "TRAVEL MODERN WATER TRAVEL. 23 I\\nthe uncle said More improvements have been made on the\\nengine of forty years ago than had then been made on that\\nof the Clermont. And we used to think that the steamboats\\nof our day were as much superior to Fulton s boat as his was\\nahead of Fitch s steam-moved paddles.\\nWe cannot take note of all the novel sensations that came\\nto the old missionary, nor can we pause to relate many of the\\nconversations between the two men. We can record a few\\nonly of the greater changes which were discussed as they\\ncontinued their journey, and mention some of the comments\\ncalled forth by the scenes through which Mr. Greenleaf was\\npassing.\\nOn the afternoon of the second day the steamboat passed\\nthrough the locks of the canal at Sault Ste. Marie.\\nUncle, remarked the drummer, how does this canal\\ncompare with the Delaware and Hudson canal, with which\\nyou were familiar?\\nHow can they be compared? replied his uncle. That\\nwas a long trench, hardly more than a scratch on the surface\\nof the ground. This is broad and deep, though not long.\\nYes, said Mr. Towne, but there is no new princi-\\nple here. This canal is somewhat wider and deeper its locks\\nand gates are somewhat larger. Still it is only a canal.\\nBut we could not make such a hole in our day. We\\ncould not afford to hire men enough to dig it it must have\\nrequired many years to make this excavation.\\nOh this canal was not made as large as this when it\\nwas first built. It has been enlarged since. But you know\\nthat we do not do all our digging now by hand. Steam\\nshovels do the work for us. That gives us a great advantage\\nover the day laborer with his pick and shovel.\\nWhat strikes me as most noticeable, said Mr. Green-", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "2 32 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nleaf, is the number of vessels waiting on both sides of the\\nlock. What causes such a crowd to-day, particularly?\\nThis is no unusual number, replied Mr. Towne. You\\ndo not realize what a traffic there is on the great lakes. It\\nis stated that the tonnage passing through this canal is\\ngreater than that through any other strait on the face of the\\nglobe. This growth is very recent and very rapid.\\nBut what causes the traffic and where are all the vessels\\ngoing? asked the missionary.\\nThe great bulk of the freight, answered the younger\\nman, is grain from the Northwest, and iron, copper, coal,\\nand lumber, now being obtained in vast quantities south of\\nLake Superior. So long as the steamboats can carry freight\\nmore cheaply than the steam cars, grain and ores will take\\nthis route. Sometime we shall have canals large enough for\\nocean steamers, which will connect the great lakes with the\\nAtlantic Ocean. Then we can load our freight at Chicago or\\nDuluth and not change it until it is unloaded at some Eng-\\nlish or European port.\\nThe next day, as the steamboat was lying at the wharf\\nat Detroit, conversation was turned to the great ferryboats\\nplying across the river.\\nI notice great changes in the steam ferries, since last I\\ncrossed the North River at New York, remarked Mr. Green-\\nleaf.\\nYes, was the reply, but you see only improvements.\\nThe ferryboats are larger and you might almost say clum-\\nsier; that is all.\\nI do not think so, returned the missionary. There\\nmust be some new invention to enable entire trains, with\\ncars filled with passengers, to be carried across such a river\\nas this.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "TRAVEL MODERN WATER TRAVEL. 233\\nOf course, said his nephew, the boat must be strong\\nand large. However, the ferry docks have been improved.\\nNow, when the boat is fastened, the wharf can be raised and\\nlowered, until it is exactly on the level of the boat. Then\\nnot only passengers, but wagons and steam cars can pass\\nfrom one to the other almost without knowledge of the\\nchange.\\nHow far have these cars come that I see on the ferry?\\nThat, said the drummer, is one of the through trains\\nfrom Montreal to Chicago. The ferryboat next beyond,\\ngoing the other way, bears a train containing cars bound for\\nNew York and Boston.\\nWell, well! This is convenient, said the missionary.\\nThe passengers are saved much trouble by not being re-\\nquired to gather up all their traveling bundles, leave the cars\\nfor the boat, and the boat for a new set of cars. We should\\nhave thought this a great gain, forty years ago.\\nBut do you realize what an inconvenience this ferry\\ncauses? Much time is wasted, not only because of the slow\\nmovement of the boats, but also from the necessary delays in\\nembarking and disembarking the cars.\\nYes, I suppose so. But what would you do? Here is\\nthe river and it is too wide for a bridge.\\nOh, no! replied Mr. Towne. The bridge could be\\nbuilt, but it would be expensive and would not pay. But\\nwhat do you think of a tunnel?\\nA tunnel? What do you mean? said the other man,\\nwith a touch of surprise in his voice for the first time. A\\ntunnel? Where? Not under the river?\\nYes, answered his nephew, a tunnel under the river.\\nThere is one, a few miles north, at Port Huron. There the\\ntrain, instead of being delayed hours by the ferry, passes at", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "234\\nAMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nalmost full speed directly under the river, proceeding on its\\nway as though the river were not there.\\nIs not that something new? asked Mr. Greenleaf.\\nYes. It was opened only a half-dozen years ago. It is\\nsaid to be the greatest river tunnel in the world. It is a lit-\\ntle over a mile long and is fifteen feet below the bed of the\\nSt. Clair River. Half a\\nmile of it is directly un-\\nder the water, yet no one\\npassing through it would\\nrealize that it was differ-\\nent from any one of the\\nhundreds of tunnels\\nthrough which the rail-\\nroads of this country\\npass. It is but a natural\\nfollowing out of such\\ntunnels as the five-mile\\ntunnel under the Hoosac Mountains in Massachusetts, or the\\nthree-quarter-mile tunnels in Jersey City, or the score of\\ntunnels on the line of the Southern Railway over the Blue\\nRidge in North Carolina. It is a great tunnel to-day, of\\ncourse, but when the North River tunnel is finished, from\\nNew York to Jersey City, this will be of little account in\\ncomparison.\\nDetroit was soon left. Lake Erie was reached, and night\\ncame on. The next morning the steamboat reached its\\njourney s end at Buffalo. Our friends hastened across the\\ncity and were soon seated in a sleeper, on the train for New\\nYork.\\nA RIVER TUNNEL.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIII.\\nMODERN LAND TRAVEL.\\nSoon after the train had started from the Buffalo station\\nconversation began between Mr. Greenleaf and his nephew.\\nThe steam is the same as in my day, remarked the former;\\nthe steam pushes the piston in just the same way; there is\\nno change in this direction. But all else is new.\\nYes, said the drummer, you must see great changes;\\ntell me some of them.\\nVery well, was the reply. The most noticeable thing\\nabout a railroad train used to be the jerking motion. We\\nseemed to be going bump-i-ty-bump all the time and start-\\ning and stopping a train would often throw us off our feet.\\nVarious improvements, said Mr. Towne, have helped\\nto produce this easy-riding motion. The roadbeds are laid\\nwith much greater care^long experience and numerous ex-\\nperiments have provided us with the best rails; but more\\nespecially the absence of jar is due to steel springs, and also\\nto the breaks and couplers. When one car was attached to\\nanother by two bolts thrust through a ring, nothing was firm,\\nas the bolts would slide forward and back with every motion\\nof the car. The new automatic couplers hold the two cars\\nmore firmly together. Again, the old hand brakes have been\\nreplaced by the automatic air brake.\\nYes, I have heard of that, but I do not understand it.\\nCan you explain it to me?", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "2 2,6 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nI think so. George Westinghouse, Jr., about thirty\\nyears ago, took out a patent for the air brake. This alone\\nhas been enough to make him famous, although he has twelve\\nhundred patents issued in his name. The Westinghouse air\\nbrake is now almost universally used. Some of the surplus\\nsteam in the locomotive pumps air into tanks in the cars,\\nwhich air presses upon a piston, that moves a rod against the\\nbrakes. Thus the brakes can be held against the wheels\\nwith great force at the will of the engineer.\\nWell, the next thing that I notice, said the missionary,\\nis the improved comfort of the passengers. The cinders\\nfilled the cars in the old days; the air within was always\\nbad; the candles gave more smoke than light; and in win-\\nter, the stoves at the end of the cars gave no heat in the\\ncenter.\\nYes, all that is changed, replied the younger man.\\nSpark arresters keep out the cinders the overhead ventila-\\ntors give us good air; bright light, almost like that of day,\\nsurrounds us in the evening; and, when wanted, the engine\\nsupplies steam in pipes running the entire length of the car,\\nwhich gives even and ample heat.\\nThis car is wider than ours used to be, is it not? que-\\nried Mr. Greenleaf\\nYes, was the reply. When the first Pullman sleeping\\ncar, the Pioneer, was run on the Chicago and Alton Rail-\\nroad, it was wider and higher than the ordinary coaches.\\nSeveral bridges had to be raised to allow the car to pass un-\\nder and all the station platforms were altered to permit it to\\npass. Since then, as Pullmans and Wagners have come into\\nuse on so many roads, many changes in bridges have been\\nfound necessary, and station platforms have almost univer-\\nsally been cut down to the ground.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "TRAVEL MODERN LAND TRAVEL.\\n237\\nDid I understand you to say that this is a sleeper?\\nasked Mr. Greenleaf. Our sleeping cars, few and far be-\\ntween as they were, had berths or bunks three tiers high,\\nfitted in on each side of the car, making it useless except to\\nsleep in.\\nThat was the great feature of Mr. Pullman s invention,\\nwas the reply. He saw that few railroad companies would\\ncare to go to the ex-\\npense of running cars\\nwhich could only be\\nused for sleeping pur-\\nposes. He was famil-\\niar with the old-fash-\\nioned, stuffy cars,\\nwhere men sat in stiff-\\nbacked seats and dozed\\nand yawned and waited\\nfor morning. By put-\\nting people to sleep\\nthis wide-awake man\\nmade a fortune. You\\nare sitting on the bed\\nnow. But here comes\\nthe porter to make up the berths next to us. The lady\\nwishes to put her little boy to sleep.\\nWith much interest Mr. Greenleaf watched the porter\\nmake a sleeping room out of a sitting room. In a trice the\\ncushions in the seats and backs were twisted about and laid\\nfrom seat to seat, making a bed. With a jump, the porter\\nstood on the arm of the seat, and turned a knob in the roof.\\nDown came another bed, a few feet above the first. From\\nthis was pulled a triangular board which was placed between\\nA PULLMAN SLEEPER.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "238 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nthe beds and the next seats. Sheets, blankets, and pillows,\\nwhich had been shut up in the roof, were soon properly\\nspread out, and two good beds were the result. Curtains\\nwere found above the upper bed, which, hung upon poles,\\nshut the beds off from the car aisle. Behind these the moth-\\ner undressed her child and put him to bed.\\nJust at this moment a man went through the car crying\\nFirst call for dinner. Mr. Towne immediately jumped\\nto his feet and said, Let us go and get good seats.\\nYou have forgotten your hat, Henry, said his uncle.\\nI don t need it. Come, hurry, said Henry.\\nPerplexed, the old man followed his nephew through\\nthree cars to the dining car, where they were soon seated\\nat a little table, in front of a large window, from which\\neverything they passed could be seen. It is not neces-\\nsary to describe the dining room, for it was merely a\\nwell-furnished restaurant. The men ordered what they\\ndesired, and settled back to wait until their dinner was\\nbrought on.\\nHow is it, Henry, that we did not feel the wind as we\\npassed from car to car? You hurried me so fast that I did\\nnot have time to notice.\\nDon t you see, said the drummer, how attaching a\\ndining car to a train required another change also? There\\nused to be a rule of every railroad company forbidding the\\npassengers to go from car to car while the train was in mo-\\ntion. When the company put on the diner, it invited the\\npeople to break its own rule. So vestibule cars came next.\\nSide doors are built on the car platforms and with these\\nclosed the regular car doors can be left open. Thus one can\\nwalk the entire length of the train, through sleeper, parlor\\ncar, dining car, smoking saloon, library, bath room, barber", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "TRAVEL MODERN LAND TRAVEL.\\n239\\nshop, and writing room, without once going out of doors.\\nThis is a modern vestibule train.\\nOne more interesting discussion took place the next\\nmorning as they were nearing New York City.\\nTell me something about modern bridges, said Mr.\\nGreenleaf.\\nOh I am afraid that is too long a story to tell during\\nthe time that we have left. There seems to be no limit\\nto the engineering skill of\\nto-day. The world-famous\\nstructures are being sur-\\npassed every little while by\\nnew ones. To-morrow you\\nmust see the Brooklyn\\nBridge. We have supposed\\nthat this great suspension\\nbridge with its sixteen hun-\\ndred feet from tower to\\ntower was about the limit.\\nBut the cantilever bridge\\nover the Forth in Scotland\\nhas a span more than a hundred feet longer than the East\\nRiver bridge. When the North River bridge is built to\\nJersey City, with its proposed span of three thousand feet,\\nthese other great bridges will be small in comparison.\\nOur bridges are mostly of steel rather than wood nowa-\\ndays, he continued. Since the Portage viaduct on the\\nErie road, which was eight hundred feet long and two hun-\\ndred and thirty feet above the river, and contained a million\\nand a half feet of lumber, was wholly burned in 1875, wood-\\nen bridges have usually been but temporary affairs. In these\\ndays of frequent trains, the engineer s skill is needed on the\\nBROOKLYN BRIDGE.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "240 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nshorter bridges as well as on these enormotis structures. Iron\\ntowers were put in place of stone towers, and iron beams in\\nplace of wooden ones, at the Niagara Suspension Bridge,\\nwithout interfering with the trains. I read the other day\\nhow a new iron bridge took the place of an old wooden one.\\nIt was built across the river by the side of the railroad track\\nduring the night, when there was less travel than during the\\ndaytime, the old bridge was moved off, the new one took its\\nplace, and in a few minutes trains were running over it.\\nWhatever engineering work is needed nowadays, some one\\nwill soon be found prepared to provide it.\\nAt last the train entered the long cut and series of tun-\\nnels, which finally brought it to the Grand Central station on\\nForty-Second Street, New York City. Hurried along by the\\ncrowd, the aged sightseer hardly had an opportunity to make a\\nremark about the immensity and grandeur of the brick station.\\nBut this station is poor and far behind the times, said\\nMr. Towne. You should see some of the more modern\\nones that have recently been erected, or wait for the new New\\nYork station, which must soon be built. But let us hasten;\\nI want to get home.\\nThe young drummer, accustomed to travel of all kinds,\\nfamiliar with crowds, and wont to make his way anywhere,\\ndid not realize that his companion was having difficulty in\\nkeeping up with him as he hastened along the street. Re-\\nceiving no answer to a question that he asked, he glanced\\naround to find that his uncle was not with him. Inwardly\\naccusing himself of remissness in forgetting his companion s\\nlack of experience, he turned and rapidly retraced his steps.\\nHe found his uncle standing on a corner, not daring to cross\\nthe street; to the relief of the latter, he decided to take a\\nhorse car across town.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "TRAVEL MODERN LAND TRAVEL. 24 1\\nLeaving the car at Sixth Avenue, the two men climbed\\nthe stairs to the elevated road. They had hardly purchased\\ntheir tickets when a train drew up at the little station and a\\nminute afterward they were off for Harlem. The horse-car\\nride, followed by that on the elevated road, started a discus-\\nsion concerning street-car traffic. The horse car was remem-\\nbered by the old missionary, who remarked that it came be-\\nfore the steam railroad.\\nMr. Towne replied, Yes. But its day is nearly over.\\nNew York City does not seem to have fully outgrown this\\nslow street travel, but elsewhere more rapid transit is the\\nrule. New York is coming to it, however. The elevated\\nroads cannot carry all the travel the horse cars are too slow\\nthe size of the city demands something more than we now\\nhave.\\nWhat do you expect will be done? asked Mr. Green-\\nleaf.\\nWe shall have to build a tunnel, an underground rail-\\nway, a subway. Of course our roads must be either above\\nground, on the ground level, or below ground. The elevated\\nroads have shown themselves to be unpleasant and annoying.\\nIt is not agreeable to look into the upper-story windows of\\ndwellings, nor do people enjoy living on streets w^here the\\nelevated road runs. Rapid transit is impossible in the\\nstreet, where cross streets continually delay the cars, and\\nwhere wagons and carriages of all sorts are regularly pass-\\ning. The subway is the best method, the only decent way\\nleft open.\\nWould not such a tunnel be dark and damp, dirty and\\nunhealthy in every sense? asked his uncle.\\nOh I no, was the reply. Boston has recently com-\\npleted a subway, something like a mile and a half long, with\\n16", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "242\\nAMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\ntwo branches, which has proved its great advantages. Shel-\\ntered in winter, cool in summer, never blocked by teams nor\\ninterfered with by snow or ice, brilliantly lighted, with air\\nwholesome and dry, and less liable to accidents than any\\nother device yet test-\\ned, the Boston Sub-\\nway is a great suc-\\ncess.\\nDid you say that\\nthere was no smoke\\nagain asked Mr.\\nGreenleaf.\\nNo smoke at all.\\nThe cars are run by\\nelectricity, and cin-\\nders are therefore\\nentirely absent,\\nAre electric cars coming into general use? was the\\nnext question.\\nYes; throughout the country, replied Mr. Towne.\\nNew York even now has its electric roads up town. Horse\\ncars have been replaced by electric cars in almost every city.\\nCable cars are used in some places, but the electric is pre-\\nferred. The last few years have seen a wonderful develop-\\nment in electricity in every way, but in no respect greater\\nthan in the increase of electric railways. For shorter lines\\nthey are competing with the steam cars, and seem to be win-\\nning the day. Some steam roads are equipping their lines\\nfor electric service, and report successful results so far as\\ntried. Whether the electric car will wholly replace the\\nsteam car, time only will tell.\\nWhat a relief it must be to ride in a street car and not\\nTHE BOSTON SUBWAY.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "MODERN LAND TRAVEL.\\n243\\nbe obliged to pity the poor horses as they tug and strain to\\npull the heavy loads! added the old missionary.\\nYou know, I suppose, replied the drummer, that not\\nonly from the street cars, but in other ways the horse is being\\nretired. The bicycle has supplanted the horse and buggy\\nfor use in thousands of families, besides being where horses\\ncould never be afforded. And now we have automobiles,\\nor horseless carriages, run by gasoline, naphtha, or electric\\nI ft\\n~-v\\nPi\\nELECTRIC CAR, NEW YORK CITY.\\nmotors. These are expensive, and comparatively few can\\nyet afford them for private use. They are being used to a\\nconsiderable extent in large cities, especially here in New\\nYork, for public service or for the delivery of goods from our\\nlarge stores. But the expenses will gradually lessen, and\\nperhaps the day when the horse is to rest has begun.\\nAll this is wonderful, remarked his uncle. We may\\nwalk still, if we wish. We may ride a horse or drive a car-", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "244 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nriage. We may take the stagecoach, or a private coach, or\\ntally-ho. We may journey across the continent in palace\\nsteam cars. We may ride through a city on horse cars, or\\ncable cars, or electric cars. We may travel on elevated\\ntracks or underground. We may pedal our bicycles or ride\\nin horseless carriages. We find good carriage roads, and\\nexcellent roadbeds for our railroads. Bridges and tunnels\\ncarry us over and under rivers, across ravines and through\\nmountains. On the water, the canoe and the rowboat, the\\nsailing vessel and the steamship, are at our disposal. Naph-\\ntha launches and electric yachts glide across the water. Har-\\nbors are dredged, lighthouses are erected, breakwaters are\\nconstructed, and canals are built, all for the use of travelers\\nand commerce. The last years of the nineteenth century\\nform an era in travel of which the world never dreamed.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "A\\nw^-.\\nSAMUEL F. B. MORSE.\\nSECTION VI.-LETTERS.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "SECTION VI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 LETTERS.\\nCHAPTER I.\\nLANGUAGE.\\nWhat is the difference between a dog and a boy, or,\\nrather, what is the difference between the brute creation and\\nmankind? It is as natural for a dog to think as for a boy;\\nhe sees and hears and touches, smells and tastes as well as\\ndoes the boy; he remembers and, in a certain way, he may\\nbe said to reason he loves and hates and fears he is pleased\\nand frightened is revengeful has his likes and dislikes, his\\ntastes and prejudices; indeed, a dog, or a horse, or an ele-\\nphant has many points of resemblance to a boy or a man.\\nBut there are essential points of difference.\\nOne of the most important differences is that man has the\\npower of speech which is not possessed by the brute creation.\\nThis power of speech is a great boon to mankind, one held\\nin common by all peoples in all ages.\\nTalking or conversation suggests at least two persons, the\\nspeaker and the hearer, and involves the use of the vocal\\norgans on the part of the talker and the ear, the instrument\\nof hearing, on the part of the listener. This power of com-\\nmunicating thought, as has been said, is universal with the\\nhuman race.\\nIn childhood one learns the language of his parents and\\nof the people where he lives. In this country, Great Britain,", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "248 AMERICAN INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS.\\nCanada, and Australia, most of the people speak the English\\nlanguage; in France, the French tongue; in Russia, the Rus-\\nsian in Germany, the German in Turkey, the Arabic and\\nso on. This common speech forms a great bond of unity\\nbetween all people of the same race, and by means of it we\\ncommunicate our ideas one to another.\\nThere is another language differing widely from the gift\\nof speech, yet quite as important for the welfare of the\\nhuman race. Barbarous and savage tribes are dependent\\nupon speech alone, but in civilized countries the people have\\nacquired another art, that of writing, or of using a written\\nlanguage. In speech arbitrary sounds represent ideas. In\\nwriting arbitrary symbols or characters, called letters and\\nwords, are used. They are observed by the eye and not by\\nthe ear. This written language is as extended, as sharp, as\\ndefinite, as full and complete, as is the language of speech.\\nMoreover, it has a great advantage over speech. Words can\\nbe spoken only to a person immediately present, but words\\ncan be written and conveyed to one who is absent. No\\nmatter how far apart two persons are, each can communicate\\nhis ideas to the other just as well as if they were near.\\nThis written language has still greater usefulness. By\\nmeans of it wise men of all countries who have had great\\nthoughts, thoughts of value to the whole human race, have\\nbeen enabled to put those thoughts into a permanent form.\\nThus they have been preserved and handed down from gen-\\neration to generation, so that we inherit to-day the wealth of\\nall the ages. We can make ourselves familiar with the great\\nthoughts uttered by Jesus, by Socrates, Aristotle, Shake-\\nspeare, Milton, Burke, Patrick Henry, Daniel Webster,\\nEmerson, Longfellow, and countless others, so that they be-\\ncome our own property. Moreover, when the eye gathers", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "LETTERS LANGUAGE.\\n249\\nUp these grand truths from the printed page, they are not\\nabsorbed, they still remain there. They may be used and\\ntransmitted again and again in the same book and upon the\\nsame page, even to future generations.\\nOn one occasion King Solomon said Of making many\\nbooks there is no end, and much study is a weariness of the\\nflesh. The second part\\nof this sentence is cer-\\ntainly very true, but that\\nis not saying anything\\nagainst study, for any-\\nthing that is worth doing\\nis a cause of weariness.\\nWhen we get weary the\\nbest thing is to get thor-\\noughly rested, and after\\nthat to work until we be-\\ncome weary again. It does\\nnot injure a strong, well person to get healthily tired; on\\nthe contrary, the weariness which comes from normal exer-\\ncise of the hands or the brain is better than inactive ease.\\nWhat did Solomon mean when he made this sage remark,\\nOf making many books there is no end Under what\\ncircumstances was the remark made? We may not be able\\nto answer the last question literally, but we may be permitted\\nto imagine the circumstances. Let us suppose that the Queen\\nof Sheba had made her famous visit to Jerusalem. She had\\nheard in her own country of the acts and the wisdom of Solo-\\nmon, and had come to the kingdom of Israel to see, with her\\nown eyes, if these reports were true. She heard his wisdom\\nfrom his own lips, for he told her all her questions.\\nThen the Queen of Sheba had said to Solomon It was a\\nANCIENT IMPLEMENTS OF WRITING.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "250 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\ntrue report which I heard in mine own land of thine acts, and\\nof thy wisdom howbeit, I believed not their words, until I\\ncame, and mine eyes had seen it: and, behold, the one half\\nof the greatness of thy wisdom was not told me for thou\\nexceedest the fame that I heard. Happy are thy men, and\\nhappy are these thy servants, which stand continually before\\nthee, and hear thy wisdom. Blessed be the Lord thy God,\\nwhich delighted in thee to set thee on his throne, to be king\\nfor the Lord thy God.\\nThe Queen had gone home, and early one morning Solo-\\nmon had risen from his couch and gone up to the flat roof\\nof his house on Mount Zion just as the sun was rising.\\nThere in his meditations he thought to himself that the\\nQueen of Sheba had paid him great honor and that he ought\\nin courtesy to send her a suitable present. What should it\\nbe? He was impressed with the idea that he would send her\\na copy of the sacred books then in the keeping of the high\\npriest. What present could be more appropriate, more hon-\\norable to him, more welcome to her, or more acceptable to\\nJehovah, the God of his people Israel?\\nIf he sent her a copy of these books it surely ought to be\\na perfect copy. Books were not printed in those days they\\nwere written with the pen, or rather with the stylus. Solomon\\ncalled a servant and said to him, Send for the chief of the\\nscribes. Bring him here. He came, and the king directed\\nhim to select only those scribes that could do perfect work,\\nand to set them at the task of making the finest possible\\ncopy of the books of Moses and the other sacred books.\\nMonth after month went by, until finally the work was\\nfinished and the scribes were ushered into the royal presence,\\nbearing in their arms the product of their long-continued\\nlabor. Roll after roll of the finest parchment was submitted", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "LETTERS LANGUAGE.\\n251\\nto Solomon for inspection. Each skin began with an illumi-\\nnated letter, and the whole work was done in the highest\\nstyle of the art.\\nWell pleased was Solomon when these rolls were all prop-\\nerly packed, secured from rain, placed upon the backs of\\ncamels, and the caravan, with a military escort, had set out\\nfor the distant land\\nof S h e b a Then\\nagain in the gray of\\nthe morning Solo-\\nmon was at his medi-\\ntations upon the\\nhousetop. Again he\\ncalled a inessenger\\nwho should summon\\nto his presence the\\nchief of the scribes.\\nWhat was the\\ncost of making the\\ncopy of our sacred\\nwritings for the\\nQueen of Sheba?\\nHow many shekels\\nhave been paid to\\nthe scribes for their\\nwork?\\nWhen the chief\\nscribe had found out he reported it to the king. Is it in-\\ndeed so much? said the king; and when he had thought how\\nmany months it had taken for that large number of scribes to\\nmake a single copy of the sacred books, then he exclaimed:\\nOf making many books there is no end.\\nAN ANCIENT SCRIBE.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER II.\\nTHE PRINTING PRESS.\\nThe times have changed since King Solomon s day. The\\nart of printing has been discovered. Now it would be possi-\\nble to make not merely one copy but thousands of copies, not\\nonly of the sacred books of the Jews in the time of Solomon,\\nbut of the entire Bible as we have it to-day. Not in the\\nmonths required by the Jewish scribes, but in a single month,\\nthousands of copies of the whole Bible could be printed from\\nthe type set in a single establishment in Boston, Nev/ York,\\nor Philadelphia. Surely, before the art of printing one might\\ntruly say, Of making books there is no end. But to-day our\\nmodern press sends out its volumes by millions, so that no\\nlonger is there any truth in this apparently wise statement\\nof Solomon. It was true in his day, but times have changed.\\nTwo visitors were wending their way through Machinery\\nHall at the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia in 1876.\\nClatter, clatter, clatter clatter, clatter, clatter jigger,\\njigger, jigger jigger, jigger, jigger. What was that great\\nmachine that they were approaching? It was the Walter\\npress, invented in London for the London Times, The\\nThunderer. Well, w^ell! the press does thunder, literally,\\ndoes it not? It was printing that day s issue of the New\\nYork Times, and there were coming from that press about\\ntwelve thousand copies of the double-size sheet in an hour.\\nWell might it make a racket if it accomplished such a work\\nas that.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "LETTERS THE PRINTING PRESS. 253\\nAfter the visitors were done admiring it they passed on,\\nand a little beyond came suddenly upon another printing\\npress which was doing its work in comparative silence. Be-\\nfore them stood a double Hoe perfecting press, printing the\\nPhiladelphia Times, turning off thirty thousand copies per\\nhour. These came out from the machine, folded ready for\\nthe wrappers or for the newsboy to take upon his arm and\\nrun out into the street to sell So marvelous was the work\\nof the American press. The original invention was surpris-\\ning, but the progress that has been made in making type,\\nsetting it, electrotyping and inking, and making paper, as\\nwell as in the presswork, is beyond the power of description.\\nThere are vague, indefinite stories of printing by the\\nChinese a thousand years before Christ. The Greeks and\\nRomans made metal stamps with characters engraved in\\nrelief. It was not, however, until about the middle of the\\nfifteenth century that movable types were made with which\\nbooks could be printed. The period between 1450 and 1500\\nwitnessed a rapid advance of civilization in Europe. It was\\nmarked by a great revival of classical learning and art, and\\nannounced the dawn of modern civilization. At that time\\nEurope began to come out into the light of reason, learning,\\nand both civil and religious liberty. The mariner s compass\\nhad been invented gunpowder had been discovered and\\nnow the art of printing came into use. It would seem that\\nno one man invented this art in the way that Stephenson in-\\nvented the locomotive and Whitney the cotton gin. It grew\\nup, one man doing a little, and another something more, un-\\ntil the system was brought to its present wonderful efficiency.\\nIt has been said that Coster of Haarlem, Holland, in-\\nvented wooden types about 1428 and metal types a little\\nlater. About 1440 John Faust did a little printing, and", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "2 54 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nothers also have claimed the invention. John Gutenberg is\\nthe only claimant who is known to have received honor diar-\\ning his life time as the true inventor. The evidence would\\nseem to show that he was engaged in his secret process before\\nthe year 1440. He certainly had a printing office in 1448 at\\nMentz. About this time Faust came into possession of this\\nprinting office and managed it until his death. Among the\\nearliest books printed were, Letters of Indulgence, two\\neditions of the Bible, and a Latin dictionary.\\nJohn Baskerville, an Englishman, devoted his life and\\nfortune to the improvement of printing. He w^as born in\\n1706 and died in 1775. He published an edition of Vergil in\\nroyal quarto, which was then and is still considered a wonder-\\nful specimen of beautiful printing. His English Bible, Book\\nof Common Prayer, and editions of various classics are still\\nadmired and greatly sought. A Baskerville classic is difficult\\nto find in these days and it commands a high price when\\none is found it shows great skill, judgment, and taste.\\nBaskerville made types much superior in distinctness and\\nelegance to any that had previously been used. He improved\\ngreatly the lines of the letters, their style and appearance,\\nmaking them as artistic as possible. To this end he planned\\nin detail the style of all type which he used. He experi-\\nmented also in the manufacture of ink to get that which had\\nthe most permanent color. He superintended the manu-\\nfacture of the paper he used in order to obtain a finished sur-\\nface best adapted to receive the impressions of the type.\\nPrinting in America during the colonial days was subject\\nto much difficulty. The first printing press in our country\\nwas set up at Cambridge in the house of the president of\\nHarvard College, Rev. Henry Dunster, in 1639. Eliot s\\nBible in the Indian language was printed upon this press be-", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "LETTERS THE PRINTING PRESS.\\n255\\ntween 1660 and 1663. This same printing establishment is\\nstill in existence and has been known for many years as the\\nUniversity Press.\\nThe first Bible printed in America in any European\\nlanguage was a German Bible issued in 1743 by Christopher\\nSower in Germantown,\\nPennsylvania. This was a\\nwonderful w^ork for those\\nearly days. It was a large\\nquarto Bible, consisting of\\n1,284 pages, and it took four\\nyears to complete the print-\\ning of it.\\nHow quaint the early\\nprinting press would appear\\nto us of to-day It was\\nused with very little change\\nfor one hundred and fifty\\nyears. The forms of type\\nwere placed upon wood or\\nstone beds surrounded by\\nframes called coffins,\\nmoved in and out by hand\\nwith great labor, and after each impression the platen which\\nhad pressed the paper down upon the type had to be screwed\\nup again with a bar. The presses which Benjamin Franklin\\nused were made with wooden framework of the simplest\\npossible construction. Iron frames were first used in Eng-\\nland just one hundred years ago.\\nFranklin, in his Autobiography, tells the story of his at-\\ntempt to set up a printing establishment in Philadelphia.\\nAt first he found it difficult to obtain any work, but finally\\nA FRANKLIN PRESS.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "256 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS\\nhe was given the job of printing forty sheets of a History of\\nthe Friends. The price offered was low, but Franklin and\\nhis partner, Meredith, decided to accept it as a beginning.\\nFranklin set up the type for a sheet each day, while\\nMeredith worked it off at the press the next day. The\\ntype had to be distributed every evening in order that it\\nmight be ready for the next day s composition. Therefore\\nit was often late at night before Franklin finished his day s\\ntask, perhaps eleven o clock or even later.\\nOther little jobs came in to delay the printers, but Frank-\\nlin was determined to do a sheet a day of the history. One\\nnight, just as his work was done, one of the forms was ac-\\ncidentally broken, and two pages reduced to pi. Frank-\\nlin, late as it was, distributed the pi and composed the form\\nagain before going to bed.\\nSuch industry and perseverance were sure to bring success\\nin the end. Though, in the clubs and markets, every one\\nwas saying that the establishment must fail, since the two\\nother printers in town had barely enough to do, yet Dr. Baird\\nwas nearer right he used to say The industry of that\\nFranklin is superior to any I ever saw of the kind I see him\\nat work when I go home from the club, and he is at work\\nagain before his neighbors are out of bed.\\nTo-day we have a great variety of printing presses which\\nembody both science and art in skilful fashion. These range\\nfrom the smallest size of hand presses, through numberless\\ngrades, varying in size, strength, power, rapidity, and ease\\nof running, to the modern newspaper press and folder and\\nthe wonderful color printing press. One of the newspaper\\npresses will print at one impression, from a single set of\\nstereotype plates, papers of four, six, eight, ten, twelve,\\nfourteen, or sixteen pages, at the rate of twelve thousand", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "LETTERS ^^THE PRINTING PRESS. 257\\nper hour, all cut at the top, pasted, and folded, with the\\nsupplement inserted at its proper place. With duplicate sets\\nof plates, it will print sets of four, six, or eight page papers\\nat the rate of twenty-four thousand per hour.\\nLet us look for a moment at the method of inking the\\ntype. Until a comparatively recent date the inking was all\\ndone by hand, by means of an inking pad. The ink is now\\nspread over the type with almost perfect regularity by means\\nof flexible rollers.\\nGreat improvements have been made in typesetting.\\nSeveral late inventions largely take the place of the old-\\nfashioned setting by hand. One of these which is much\\nused in newspaper work, and to some extent upon books and\\nmagazines, is called the linotype. By pressing the key of\\nthe proper letter upon a keyboard arranged something like\\na typewriter, the letter is pushed down, and when a line of\\nletters and words has been completed, and the words prop-\\nerly spaced, this matrix is pressed down upon the melted\\ntype metal. The line is already stereotyped for use.\\nThe recent processes of stereotyping and electrotyping\\nhave added greatly to the cheapness, accuracy, and beauty of\\nprinting. Nearly all books formerly printed from movable\\ntype are now either stereotyped or electrotyped, so that edi-\\ntion after edition may be printed from the same plates.\\nThe art of printing has been called the Divine Art. It\\nis the art preservative of all arts. To a large extent all\\ncivilization depends upon the art of printing.\\n17", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER III.\\nTHE POSTAL SYSTEM.\\nWe have already seen that letters may be written and\\nsent by mail to distant countries or cities. To send a letter\\nto any place in our own country will cost us but two cents\\nto any country in Europe, but five cents. Indeed, we may\\nsend a letter to any one of the countries within the postal\\nleague, and this includes most of the countries of Asia and\\nSouth America, some parts of Africa and many islands of\\nthe sea, for the same simple postage of five cents.\\nBut the time was when nothing of the kind could have\\nbeen done. In the long ago there was no post-office\\nsystem in any country no mails, regular or irregular, were\\nsent from one place to another.\\nThe modern postal system evidently grew out of the\\npractice among kings of sending couriers to carry messages\\nfrom one to another. In the early times some powerful\\nrulers organized a staff of government couriers. After a\\ntime it came about that these government couriers began to\\ncarry letters from private individuals of high rank to their\\nfriends. So, in the process of time, this grew into a per-\\nmanent system; that is, the government couriers were ac-\\ncustomed to carry private correspondence as well as the mis-\\nsives of the king.\\nThis transmission of letters by special couriers sent out\\nby the king dates back to very early times. Explorations in\\nEgypt have brought to light specimens of these letters dating", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "LETTERS THE POSTAL SYSTEM. 259\\nback to a period of two thousand and even three thousand\\nyears ago. Upon what do you suppose those letters, sent so\\nlong ago and preserved to the present time, were written?\\nThey could not have been written upon paper, for paper was\\nnot known in those days, and could not have been preserved\\nthrough so many ages neither were they written upon parch-\\nment or upon the skins of animals. These letters which\\nhave stood the test of time for twenty or twenty-five cen-\\nturies were written upon tablets of clay or of stone.\\nThe development of the modern postal system seems to\\nhave been begun in Great Britain. Some of the account\\nbooks of the kings of England who lived about six hundred\\nyears ago have been preserved to the present time. In these\\nare found records of letter-carrying on regular lines and at\\nstated intervals. From this beginning the English postal\\nsystem increased in efficiency and importance when the\\ncolonists came to America they early made arrangements for\\nthe carrying of letters.\\nThe records of the General Court of Massachusetts show\\nthat in 1639 it was enacted that notice be given Richard\\nFairbanks that his house in Boston is to be the place ap-\\npointed for all letters which are brought from beyond the\\nseas or are to be sent thither to be left with him, and he is to\\ncare for them, that they are to be delivered or sent according\\nto the directions; he is allowed for every letter a penny, and\\nmust answer all mistakes from his own nesflect of this kind.\\nIn 1657 the colonial law of Virginia required that every\\nplanter was to provide a messenger to convey the dispatches\\nas they arrived, to the next plantation and so on, paying and\\nforfeiting a hogshead of tobacco for default.\\nIn 1672 it was agreed between some of the colonies along\\nthe coast that a post be sent once a month from New York to", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "26o AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nBoston. How should we be able to-day to transact business\\nunder such conditions? Now we have many mails a day be-\\ntween these two cities. Gradually the postal system was ex-\\ntended, and in 1730, Colonel Spotswood of Virginia was\\nmade Postmaster-General of the colonies by the British Gov-\\nernment. In 1753, Dr. Franklin was made Postmaster-\\nGeneral. Franklin was very efficient in this office; he\\nvisited nearly all of the offices in the country in person, and\\nintroduced many improvements. In 1774, by his loyalty to\\nthe colonies, Franklin incurred the enmity of the British\\nGovernment and was dismissed from the office. The next\\nyear, however, he was appointed Postmaster-General by the\\nContinental Congress. In 1792, regular rates of letter post-\\nage were fixed by Congress, based on the distance to be sent.\\nThe writer remembers that when he was a boy he re-\\nceived a letter from his mother fifteen miles away for which\\nhe had to pay six cents postage. At another time a letter\\nwas received from his sister who was a little over thirty miles\\naway, for which he had to pay eight cents; and when a\\nschoolmate who lived more than sixty miles distant sent him\\na letter, he had to pay the postmaster ten cents in order to\\nget it. These letters were written on coarse, heavy paper\\nwith quill pens. The letter was folded, and the fold of one\\nside was tucked into the fold of the other side so as to leave\\nbut one thickness of paper outside of that fold. The letter\\nwas sealed by a wafer or by sealing wax dropped upon the\\npaper where the two edges came together, and stamped with a\\nseal. On the opposite side the letter was properly addressed.\\nThere were no envelopes in those days.\\nSee what changes have taken place within the memory of\\npersons still living. To-day we write a letter, fold it, insert\\nit in an envelope, and place on it a two-cent stamp; the car-", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "LETTERS THE POSTAL SYSTEM.\\n261\\nrier comes to the house, puts the letter in his pouch, carries\\nit to the post office, and it is sent to California or any of the\\nUnited States, Mexico or Canada, and delivered to the per-\\nson to whom it is addressed.\\nPostage stamps were not used on mail matter by govern-\\nment direction until the year 1840, and it was not until 1847\\nthat the Government issued the first stamps for general use.\\nPrior to that, however, in-\\ndividual postmasters, on\\ntheir own responsibility,\\nhad printed and sold post-\\nage stamps. Within a few\\nyears their use became quite\\ngeneral in many countries.\\nAbout the year 1850, it\\nwas noticed that stamps of\\ndifferent colors and design\\nwere received in the mails\\nfrom various parts of the\\nw^orld. Then the idea of\\ncollecting stamps came into\\nvogue. After a time children and young people generally\\nbegan to collect and to study stamps. Every minute varia-\\ntion of paper, with style of printing, gum, water mark, and\\nother differences was considered as making a different issue,\\nand in some cases as many as fifty distinct styles of a single\\nstamp have been collected.\\nAn extra fee of ten cents secures the immediate special\\ndelivery by messenger of any letter thus sent. Merchandise\\nparcels can be sent as well as letters and papers. There is a\\nmoney order system and at the present time a great deal of\\nthought is put upon the question of post-office savings banks,\\nPOSTAGE STAMPS.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "262\\nAMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nwhich have already been successfully established in Great\\nBritain and other countries of Europe.\\nBy the Constitution of the United States, Congress has\\npower to establish post-\\noffices and post-roads.\\nBefore roads were com-\\nmon between one State\\nand another, the mail\\nwas carried on horse-\\nback. Later, mail wag-\\nons were used to con-\\nvey the mails from one\\noffice to another. As\\nstagecoaches multiplied\\nthey were used as mail\\nwagons, the Government\\npaying the stage com-\\npany a sum of money\\nfor carrying the mail\\npouches.\\nThe general intro-\\nduction of railroads\\nmodified this system of\\nmail carriage. Almost\\nevery railroad has be-\\ncome a postal road, the mail being carried upon its trains.\\nMost of the trains upon the main lines of railroads have each\\na postal car fitted up with the proper conveniences for re-\\nceiving and delivering the mail at the various stations and\\nsorting it while the train is moving.\\nSuppose a mail pouch to be received at New Haven be-\\nfore reaching Bridgeport its contents are sorted; all that is\\nfc^^\\nASSORTING MAIL ON THE TRAIN.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "LETTERS THE POSTAL SYSTEM. 263\\nto go to Bridgeport is put into a separate pouch and dropped\\noff at that place that which is to go to Greenwich is put into\\nanother pouch and left there, and so on. The mail of New\\nYork City is put into various pouches according to its desti-\\nnation. The mail matter for the sub-offices, like Station A\\nand Station B, is put into separate pouches and sent from the\\nrailroad station on 426. Street directly to these offices, while\\nthat for the central office is so sorted that there is no delay\\nin sending it out after its arrival at the office. The letters\\nfor lock boxes are placed together by sections, while those\\nfor carriers are put up in divisions so as to be delivered at once\\nto the several carriers. Meantime mail matter which is to go\\nbeyond New York is put into proper pouches so that one can\\nbe dropped off at Trenton, another at Philadelphia, and so on.\\nIt will readily be seen that vast improvements have been\\nmade in postal arrangements. The condition of the United\\nStates postal system has been greatly improved each year.\\nIt seems almost marvelous that the mail service is so reliable\\nand that the transmission of mail matter is so expeditious and\\nsatisfactory. If mail matter should happen to be lost, which\\nis very rarely the case, the facilities for finding it are some-\\ntimes quite surprising, as the following incident will show.\\nA young lady in Iowa sent by mail a piece of crocheted\\nedging to her cousin in Dorchester, which is a part of Boston,\\nMassachusetts. The contents slipped out somewhere and the\\nwrapper was delivered to its proper address, but without the\\nedging. A letter had already been received in which the send-\\ning of the article was mentioned, so that the receiver knew\\nfrom whom the wrapper came. She notified the sub-post-\\nmaster in charge of the Dorchester office, and he began the\\nsystem of tracing by means of blanks prepared for that pur-\\npose. He wrote out the description of the article and the", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "264 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nfacts of the case, and sent these blanks to the postmaster at\\nBoston. The Boston postmaster forwarded them to Chicago;\\nfrom Chicago the blanks were sent to the several offices west\\nof Chicago until they reached the point of departure, in Iowa.\\nNo trace was found to answer the description, and the blanks\\ncame back to Chicago. They were then sent eastward. At\\nCleveland the missing article was found and forwarded to the\\npostmaster at Chicago, whence the blanks had last been sent\\nout. The Chicago postmaster forwarded the same to Boston\\nwith the missing article; from Boston the description and\\nthe merchandise were sent to Dorchester. Meantime the\\nfamily had moved to Salem, and the Dorchester postmaster\\nforwarded them to Salem. The receiver secured the missing\\narticle and receipted for the same, while the description with\\nits various entries of travel, from Dorchester to Boston, from\\nBoston to Chicago, from Chicago to the various offices in\\nIowa, then back to Chicago, thence to the different offices as\\nfar as Cleveland, and then from Cleveland to Chicago, Boston,\\nDorchester, and Salem, furnished a document of considerable\\ninterest.\\nIn 1790 there were 70 post offices and 1,875 niiles of\\npost roads. That year the number of letters and papers de-\\nlivered did not exceed 2,000,000. In 1890, one hundred\\nyears afterward, there were more than 65,000 post offices\\nand more than 30,000 mail routes. During that year more\\nthan 10,000,000,000 pieces of mail matter were handled.\\nThe receipts and expenditures of the post-office department\\nin the United States amount annually to about $75,000,000.\\nThis resume of the postal service plainly shows the energy,\\nenterprise, and intelligence of our people, the success attained\\nby our Government, and the tremendous growth and de-\\nvelopment of our country.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER IV.\\nSIGNALING.\\nThe transmission of letters from one point to another al-\\nways requires time. Even when a letter is dropped into the\\npost office it will not go until the next regular mail. It was\\nlong ago seen that occasions frequently arose when it was\\nnecessary to send messages quickly. This was especially\\nimportant in times of war, when each army desired to know\\nimmediately the movements of the enemy. This necessity\\nled to various devices for transmitting messages instantane-\\nously. Any form of signaling would be satisfactory if the\\nsignals were visible to the eye of the distant observer.\\nThe earliest method of signaling was the use of the\\nbeacon fire or the sending of messages by light. In the\\nearly colonial period in this country, during the anxious\\ntimes of Indian hostilities, beacon poles were here and there\\nset up and from them large kettles were suspended which\\nheld combustible matter. The burning of this material con-\\nveyed the intelligence that danger was at hand.\\nOne of the earliest beacon poles was erected on Beacon\\nHill, in Boston, about 1634. A watchman was constantly at\\nthe place to give the signal on the approach of danger. That\\nbeacon pole was a tall mast, firmly supported, about seventy\\nfeet in height. Tree nails were driven into it to enable the\\nwatchman to ascend, and near its top an iron crane pro-\\njected which supported an iron skeleton frame. In this\\nframe was placed a barrel of tar to be fired when the occasion", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "266\\nAMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nrequired the signal. This beacon was more than two hundred\\nfeet above the sea level, and the light of it, therefore, could be\\nseen for a great distance inland. Many of the early settle-\\nments in New England were made upon the tops of hills in\\norder that the people might the more quickly and easily see\\nthe approach of Indians and\\nsignal the news to other set-\\ntlements by bonfires.\\nA second method of sig-\\nnaling was by the use of the\\nsemaphore. This was invent-\\ned by Claude Chappe and\\nwas adopted by the French\\nGovernment in 1794. It con-\\nsists of an upright post, which\\nsupports a horizontal bar or\\narm, which can be put at\\nvarious angles. In order to\\ncarry out this system of sig-\\nnaling, stations must pre-\\nviously be agreed upon and\\nsignal officers constantly on\\nduty. If the intelligence\\nwas to be conveyed to a considerable distance intermediate\\nstations must be had. The second station received the signal\\nfrom the first and transmitted it to the third, and so on.\\nThis proved to be a very difficult operation and was never\\nextensively used,\\nA third and successful form of signaling was by the mo-\\ntion of flags. During our Civil War the army made much\\nuse of military signals. The system was devised by Major\\nMyer and was continued through the war, not only in the\\nSIGNALING BY BEACON FIRES.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "LETTERS SIGNALING. 26/\\narmy but on naval vessels. When the stations were less\\nthan five miles apart signaling was considered to be at very\\nshort range. Messages have been sent ten miles by means\\nof a pocket handkerchief attached to a twelve-foot rod.\\nWith the regular flags and staffs used by the signal corps\\nduring the war, signals were often read twenty-five miles\\naway, and it is said that single words have been read at a\\ndistance of forty miles.\\nIn the early spring of 1863 General Peck was in com-\\nmand of the Union forces at Suffolk, Virginia. He had under\\nhim about ten thousand men and had thoroughly fortified the\\nplace by a connected system of forts, redoubts, and breast-\\nworks. His outmost signal station was placed on an elevated\\nplateau across the Nansemond River. This station was made\\nby sawing off the top of a tall pine tree and placing thereon\\na small platform surrounded by a railing. The signal officer\\nwould tie his horse at the foot of the tree and mount to the\\nplatform by a rope ladder.\\nEarly one morning in March, this signal officer suddenly\\nobserved the head of a column of troops emerging from the\\nwoods in the rear. This was the advance guard of two Con-\\nfederate corps under General Longstreet. Instantly he\\ncaught up his signal flag and as quickly as possible signaled\\nto the town the approach of the enemy. Picking up his\\nsignal book he hurried down the ladder, mounted his horse\\nand galloped away. Before he could reach his saddle, how-\\never, the Confederates were within rifle range and fired at\\nhim. They did not succeed in hitting him and he escaped\\nsafely to his friends.\\nThe signal had been seen and was quickly repeated to all\\nparts of the fortified town. The drums instantly beat the\\nlong roll and, within five minutes from the time his signal", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "268 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nwas given, and before General Longstreet could swing out\\nhis light battery and open fire, the entire Federal force was\\nunder arms and the artillery in the nearest battery had opened\\na raking fire. The briskness of this fire from the Federal\\nbattery soon obliged Longstreet to withdraw his forces to the\\ncover of the woods. Had it not been for the promptness of\\nthe signal officer it is possible that the town might have been\\ncaptured.\\nA notable use of this system of army signals occurred in\\nthe campaign of General Miles against the Apaches in New\\nMexico and Arizona in 1886. He established a system of\\nthirteen signal stations in that country, over which, during\\na period of four months, more than eighteen hundred mes-\\nsages were sent. The savages were surprised and con-\\nfounded by the way intelligence of their movements became\\nknown hundreds of miles distant.\\nAs early as 1861 Moses G. Farmer introduced a success-\\nful method of signaling which afterward was employed by\\nthe officers of the United States Coast Survey on Lake\\nSuperior. This system was by means of mirrors which were\\nable to reflect the sunlight between stations ninety miles\\napart. This method is called the heliographic system. The\\nFrench have used it among the islands of the Indian Ocean\\nwhere the stations are on mountain peaks sometimes 135\\nmiles apart. Even this long-range signaling has been sur-\\npassed by our own Signal Corps, which has succeeded in send-\\ning messages by our method from Mount Uncompahgre in\\nColorado to Mount Ellen in Utah, a distance of 183 miles.\\nDuring the siege of Paris, messages by the use of the calcium\\nlight, concentrated and directed by lenses, were sent from\\none point to another.\\nA very unique form of signaling was employed by New", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "LETTERS SIGNALING. 269\\nYork State at the opening of the Erie Canal, in 1825. The\\ncannon, which had been captured by Commodore Perry at\\nthe time of his famous victory on Lake Erie, were placed at\\nintervals along the line of the canal. When the first canal\\nboat started from Buffalo, the first cannon was fired. When\\nthe sound was heard at the second cannon, that was dis-\\ncharged; and so on, the entire length of the canal. Two\\nhours after the start at Buffalo the news had reached New\\nYork.\\nAll these various methods of communication at long\\nrange have proved more or less objectionable and unsatis-\\nfactory. It was natural, therefore, that as soon as it was\\nknown that electricity could be conducted by wires from one\\nplace to another, experiments should be begun in the hope\\nof finding some possible means of conveying intelligence by\\nit, Perhaps the earliest suggestion was in a letter published\\nin The Scots Magazine, of February, 1753. The letter was\\nsigned C. M. which probably meant Charles Morrison, a\\nyoung Scotch surgeon. He proposed to use as many in-\\nsulated conductors as there were letters in the alphabet.\\nEach wire was to represent one letter only, and the message\\nwould be sent by charging the several wires in succession so\\nthat the operator in receiving it would be obliged to notice\\nthe order of movement among the wires. From that simple\\nbeginning inventors proceeded to suggest first one thing\\nand then another, but they found so many difficulties that it\\nseemed impossible to overcome them all.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER V.\\nTHE TELEGRAPH.\\nOn the second day of April, 1872, in the city of New\\nYork, the life of a benefactor of his race, an aged man who\\nhad seen more than fourscore years of mingled trial and\\ntriumph, was ended. That man was Prof. Samuel Finley\\nELECTRIC WIRES.\\nBreese Morse, the inventor of the electric telegraph. His\\nname is as widely known the world over as that of Washing-\\nton, or Caesar, or Aristotle. His long life had been ex-\\ntremely checkered. He had passed through troubles, trials,\\nanxieties, disappointments, bereavements; he had been sub-\\nject to persecutions, losses, poverty, toil, discouragements;\\nhe had met with successes, gains, wealth, luxury, honors,\\nfame; and finally the homage of republics, kingdoms, em-\\npires had been laid at his feet. He was never cast down,\\nnever unduly elated. He bore all his poverty and disap-", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "LETTERS THE TELEGRAPH. 2/1\\npointments and wore all his honors and wealth with the\\ngrace of a Christian and the calmness of a philosopher.\\nProfessor Morse was born at the foot of Breed s Hill in\\nCharlestown, Massachusetts, April 27th, 1791. He was the\\noldest of three brothers. His father was a very distinguished\\nman in his day for more than thirty years the pastor of a\\nchurch in Charlestown, a noted preacher, a good historian,\\nthe author of many books, and, particularly, the father of the\\nscience of geography in the United States. Professor Morse\\ninherited from both his father and his mother those traits of\\ncharacter which enabled him to succeed in his great life work,\\nin spite of discouragements, obstacles, and opposition. His\\nancestors were all noted for their intelligence, energy, origi-\\nnal thinking, perseverence, and integrity.\\nHow we would like to step into the little schoolroom and\\nsee Samuel at his first school. He was four years of age.\\nHis teacher was known as Old Ma am Rand, an invalid\\nwho could not leave her chair. She governed the uneasy\\nlittle urchins with a long rattan that would reach across the\\nsmall room where she kept her school. At seven years of age-\\nSamuel was sent to Andover to a preparatory school, kept by\\nMr. Foster; here he fitted for Phillips Academy and, in that\\nfamous institution, under the direction of Mark Newman, he\\nprepared for Yale College, where he was graduated in 18 10.\\nWhile in college he was under the instruction of Jeremiah\\nDay in natural philosophy and paid great attention to the\\nsubject of electricity, getting everything that was known\\nabout it at that time. Professor Day said Morse was often\\npresent in my laboratory during my preparatory arrange-\\nments and experiments, and thus was made acquainted with\\nthem. On leaving college Morse had a burning ambition\\nto be a portrait painter. He put himself under the instruc-", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "2/2 AMERICAN INVENTORS AND INVENTIONS.\\ntion of Washington Allston, and went with him to England\\nto pursue his favorite study. Is it not a little singular that\\nMorse, who invented the telegraph, was a student under\\nAllston, and that Robert Fulton, who invented the American\\nsteamboat, was a student under West, another famous\\nAmerican painter?\\nOne day Mr. Allston introduced young Mor^ to Benjamin\\nWest, whose fame at that time was as wide as the world of\\nart. West was in his studio painting his Christ Rejected.\\nAfter a time he began a critical examination of Mr. Morse s\\nhands and at length said Let me tie you with this cord,\\nand take that place while I paint the hands of our Saviour.\\nMorse of course complied; West finished his work and, re-\\nleasing him, said, You may say now, if you please, you had\\na hand in this picture.\\nMorse had many interesting experiences in England dur-\\ning his four years study under Allston. He returned to\\nAmerica in 1815, and from that time for about fifteen years\\ndevoted himself to painting and inventing. He was for\\nsome time professor of the fine arts in the University of\\nthe City of New York, and during all these years he paid\\nmuch attention to the study of electricity.\\nAfter three years spent in Europe, he returned in 1832\\non the packet ship Sully. In the early part of the voyage,\\none day at the dinner table, the conversation turned to the\\nsubject of electro-magnetism. Professor Morse remarked:\\nIf the presence of electricity can be made visible in any\\npart of the circuit, I see no reason why intelligence may not\\nbe transmitted by electricity.\\nHis mind could think of nothing else this one idea had\\ntaken complete possession of his soul; all that he had learned\\nin former years, his experiments with Professor Day at Yale", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "LETTERS THE TELEGRAPH. 2/3\\nCollege, and his later studies, were all revived and drawn\\nupon for ways and means to accomplish the thing he had in\\nmind. He withdrew from the table and went upon deck.\\nHe was in mid-ocean, the sky everywhere above him, the sea\\neverywhere below him. As the lightning comes out of the\\neast and shines unto the west, so swift and so far was that\\ninstrument to. work which was taking shape in his mind.\\nHe could not fail, for patience, perseverance, and hope\\nwere hereditary traits in his character. He was just at the\\nmaturity of manhood, forty-one years of age; from that time\\nthis one idea absorbed his mind. All his powers were con-\\ncentrated upon this one subject, the electric telegraph.\\nNow began a series of experiences such as probably no\\nother man ever passed through. Scarcely did any one ever\\nsuffer so much, endure so much, fail so many times to ac-\\ncomplish his darling object, as did Morse. He completed\\nhis invention he perfected it. He devised his alphabet\\nconsisting of long and short marks and dots he obtained a\\npatent for it; but he had not the money to put the invention\\nin operation. Years of trouble and even abject poverty fol-\\nlowed. He was so reduced at one time that he was without\\nfood for twenty-four hours. He applied to Congress again\\nand again for a grant to enable him to build and put in\\noperation a trial line between Baltimore and Washington,\\nOn the morning of the 4th of March, 1843, ^s Professor\\nMorse came down to breakfast, at his hotel in Washington,\\na young lady met him and said\\nI have come to congratulate you, sir.\\nFor what, my dear friend? asked the professor.\\nOn the passage of your bill.\\nThat bill was for the appropriation by Congress of $30,000\\nfor the purpose of constructing a line of electric-magnetic\\n18", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "2 74\\nAMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\ntelegraph under the direction of Professor Morse. The bill\\nhad passed the House some days before. It had been favor-\\nably reported to the Senate, but there were a hundred and\\nforty bills before it upon the calendar which were to be\\ntaken up in their regular order. Professor Morse had re-\\nmained in the Senate\\nchamber till late in the\\nevening. His friends in-\\nformed him that it was im-\\npossible for the bill to be\\nreached, as the Senate was\\nto adjourn at midnight.\\nHe had, therefore, retired\\nto his hotel thoroughly\\ndiscouraged. Imagine\\nthen, if you can, his sur-\\nprise and his joy when\\nMiss Ellsworth, the daugh-\\nter of his friend, Hon. H.\\nL. Ellsworth, of Connecti-\\ncut, the commissioner of\\npatents, told him that in the closing moments of the session\\nthe bill had passed without a division.\\nHe had invented the recording electric telegraph eleven\\nyears before on board the packet ship Sully, upon his return\\nvoyage from Europe. He had spent eleven years in perfect-\\ning his plans, and in striving to secure the means for placing\\nthis great invention before the American people. During\\nthis time he had converted all his property into money and\\nused all that money in pushing the enterprise. His only\\nhope now was the bill before Congress. That bill had\\npassed! With streaming eyes Professor Morse thanked\\nMORSE HEARS OF HIS SUCCESS.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "LETTERS THE TELEGRAPH. 275\\nMiss Ellsworth for her joyous announcement, and promised\\nher that she should dictate the first message which should be\\nsent over the wires.\\nAnd so it came to pass that on the 24th of May, 1844,\\nthese words furnished by Miss Ellsworth were telegraphed\\nby Professor Morse from the Capitol at Washington, to his\\nfriend and assistant, Mr. Alfred Vail, at Baltimore, and im-\\nmediately repeated back again\\nWhat hath God wrought!\\nWell may we believe that the inventor spoke from the\\nheart when he said years later No words could have been\\nselected more expressive of the disposition of my own mind\\nat that time, to ascribe all the honor to Him to whom it truly\\nbelongs.\\nA singular circumstance brought this invention to the at-\\ntention of the people of the whole country as hardly anything\\nelse could have done. The National Democratic convention\\nwas in session at Baltimore. They had unanimously nomi-\\nnated James K. Polk for the Presidency. They then nomi-\\nnated Silas Wright as their candidate for Vice-President.\\nThis information was immediately telegraphed by Mr. Vail\\nto Professor Morse and at once communicated by him to Mr.\\nWright, then in the Senate chamber. A few minutes later\\nthe convention was astonished by receiving a telegram from\\nMr. Wright, declining the nomination. The members were\\nincredulous and declared that it was a trick of Mr. Wright s\\nenemies. They voted to send a committee to Washington to\\ninterview Mr. Wright, and adjourned until the next morning.\\nOn the return of this committee the truth of the message\\nwas corroborated, and thus this new telegraph, just completed,\\nwith a line just open for public patronage, was advertised\\nthrough the delegates of this national convention to the peo-", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "2/6 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\npie of every State in the Union. Astonishment was the sen-\\nsation of the hour. The work bordered upon the miraculous.\\nOrdinarily the motto is true that To see is to believe, but\\nthis result staggered everybody.\\nAlthough the invention was complete and now in prac-\\ntical operation, yet Professor Morse s trials were not over.\\nHe received the congratulations of his friends, but he was\\nalso brought to the notice of his enemies. Let us pass over\\nthese trials and give attention to the more pleasant duty of\\nconsidering his triumphs. The telegraph rapidly came into\\ngeneral use between the great cities of the country. Nor was\\nits use confined to America almost immediately it was suc-\\ncessfully introduced into the various countries of Europe.\\nIn 1854, the Supreme Court of the United States decided\\nunanimously in favor of Professor Morse on all points involv-\\ning his right to the claim of having been the original invent-\\nor of the electro-magnetic telegraph. In 1846, Yale College\\nconferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Lav/s (LL.D.).\\nHe was made a member of various learned societies in France,\\nBelgium, and the United States. He received a diamond\\ndecoration from the Sultan of Turkey, a gold snuff box con-\\ntaining the Prussian gold medal for scientific merit, the great\\ngold medal of Arts and Science from Wiirtemberg, and the\\ngreat gold medal of Science and Art from the Emperor of\\nAustria. Other honors were conferred upon him by Den-\\nmark, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Great Britain. At the in-\\nstance of Napoleon III., Emperor of the French, representa-\\ntives from various countries met in Paris in 1858 and decided\\nupon a collective testimonial to Professor Morse, and the re-\\nsult of their deliberations was a vote of 400,000 francs.\\nNo invention in ancient or modern times has wrought\\nsuch a revolution a revolution in all business, in commerce,", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "LETTERS THE TELEGRAPH. 2/7\\ntrade, manufacturing and the mechanic arts, in politics, gov-\\nernment, and in religious affairs. It is not given to mortal\\nman to comprehend the greatness, to duly appreciate the\\ngrandeur, or to measure the utility, of this remarkable inven-\\ntion. Over the mountains, through the valleys, under tho\\nseas flies the electric current, conveying all-important items\\nof news from place to place, from country to country, from\\ncontinent to continent.\\nThis electric chain from East to West\\nMore than mere motal, more than mammon can.\\nBinds us together kinsmen, in the best\\nBrethren as one and looking far beyond\\nThe world in an electric union blest.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VI.\\nTHE ATLANTIC CABLE.\\nThe growth of the telegraph was very much like that of\\nthe railroad. In 1844, the first line was opened, as we have\\nseen, between Baltimore and Washington, a distance of forty\\nmiles. Within a few years lines wore extended to the prin-\\ncipal cities of the United States. In 1847, the Morse tele-\\ngraph was introduced into Germany and rapidly spread over\\nthe entire continent of Europe. For the most part the wires\\nwere placed by the side of the railroad tracks,- wherever the\\nrailroad penetrated the telegraph went also.\\nBefore many years had passed time was in a sense obliter\\nated. Whatever happened in New York might be immedi-\\nately known in Chicago. Incidents that took place in New\\nv^iieans might be narrated in Boston almost as soon as they\\noccurred. London and Rome, Madrid and St. Petersburg,\\nwere united by the lightning rapidity of the telegraphic cur-\\nrent. Meanwhile London and New York were as far apart\\nas ever. News could be conve5^.ed between the two hemi-\\nspheres only by the comparatively slow-moving steamers.\\nThe next step in the development of communication must be\\nthe connecting of Europe with America by a telegraph wire.\\nThe year before the passage of the act by which Congress\\nprovided Professor Morse with the means for completing the\\nfirst telegraph line, he had stretched a wire under the water\\nfrom Castle Garden, New York City, to Governor s Island\\nin the harbor. He had thus proved that telegraph messages", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "LETTERS THE ATLANTIC CABLE. 279\\ncould be sent under water. Ten years later a submarine\\ntelegraph was constructed, connecting England with the\\ncontinent of Europe. Other short submarine cables were\\nlaid and successfully operated. To undertake, however, to\\nlay a cable from Europe to America, thousands of miles long\\nand hundreds of fathoms below the surface of the ocean, was\\nan entirely different matter. A few enthusiastic men, among\\nthem Professor Morse, believed that it could be done, but the\\nmajority of people viewed it as an impossibility.\\nWas there any other way to connect the two worlds by an\\nelectric wire? Might it not be possible to build a telegraph\\nline from Europe, starting from some point in Russia, across\\nNorthern Asia, to the Behring Straits? Might not a com-\\nparatively short cable be laid to Russian America (for Alaska\\nhad not then been sold to the United States), which could\\nconnect with a telegraph line to be erected across the con-\\ntinent to New York City\\nThink of the magnitude of this proposition In place of\\nlaying a submarine cable across the Atlantic Ocean it was\\nproposed to traverse the entire circuit of the earth, except\\nthe Atlantic, by a telegraph line. It was proposed to con-\\nstruct across the wilds of Siberia, where no railroad had\\nbeen built, a telegraph line thousands of miles in length\\nand, besides laying a cable, to build another line of great\\nlength from the Aleutian Islands to the Pacific coast of the\\nUnited States, and thence across the Rockies, where at that\\ntime there was no railroad.\\nThe undertaking was a great one, but a company was\\nformed for the purpose of erecting a Russian-American tele-\\ngraph. Experienced men were selected from English and\\nAmerican telegraphers and sent to Siberia to push the work.\\nThe- prospects of success for the great enterprise were favor-", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "2 So AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nable when the news arrived that the long-talked-of Atlantic\\ncable was at last laid and in complete working order. The\\nRussian-American telegraph could not hope to compete with\\nthe cable, and the project was abandoned.\\nTo Cyrus W. Field belongs the honor of pushing forward\\nto successful completion the Atlantic cable. At the early-\\nage of fifteen Cyrus left the parsonage at Stockbridge, Con-\\nnecticut, the horne of his father, Rev. David Dudley Field,\\nfor New York. On arriving in the city he obtained employ-\\nment as an errand boy in the dry-goods establishment of A. T.\\nStewart. Three years later, when he decided to give up his\\nplace as clerk in the store, the proprietor showed his appre-\\nciation of the boy s merits by urging him to remain, making\\nhim a liberal offer if he would do so. He decided to make a\\nchange, however, and was soon engaged with a brother in\\nLee, Massachusetts.\\nWhen young Field was twenty years of age he wxnt into\\nbusiness for himself, and for the next thirteen years was\\nknown as one of New York s successful merchants. He then\\nretired from active business, but found it a difficult task to\\ndo nothing. After a long voyage to South America, he re-\\nturned to New York, where he gladly welcomed the oppor-\\ntunity that then came to busy himself.\\nThe Newfoundland Electric Telegraph Company had\\nbeen engaged for a year in the work of erecting a line on that\\nisland, preparatory to connecting it with the mainland by a\\ncable. The company was compelled to stop work, however,\\nfor lack of the necessary means to continue. The leading\\nmember of the company, Frederick N. Gisborne, appealed\\nto Mr. Field for material assistance. After several inter-\\nviews, in the course of which he became deeply interested in\\nthe scheme, Mr. Field came to the conclusion not only that", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "LETTERS THE ATLANTIC CABLE. 28 I\\nthe plan of connecting Newfoundland with the United States\\nwas feasible, but also that Newfoundland was the best start-\\ning point for a cable to Ireland.\\nWith characteristic energy Mr. Field went at once to\\nwork. He formed a new company and obtained extensive\\nprivileges from the governments of Newfoundland, Prince\\nEdwards Island, and the State of Maine. Many months were\\nspent in erecting the land telegraph across Newfoundland,\\nover wild marsh and waste moor, rocks, hills, and forests. A\\ncable, obtained in England, was unsuccessfully laid across\\nthe Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1855.- The next year a second\\nattempt was successful. The preliminary work was now\\ncompleted.\\nMore means and more influence were needed. Mr. Field\\norganized in London the Atlantic Telegraph Company, and\\nshowed his own faith by personally subscribing for one-\\nquarter of the stock. The governments of Great Britain and\\nthe United States liberally aided the new company and fur-\\nnished ships for laying down the cable.\\nOn the 7th of August, 1857, the Niagara and the Agamem-\\nnon sailed from Ireland, each carrying 1,250 miles of cable.\\nThe Niagara began paying out her line and all went well for\\nthree days. At nine o clock on the evening of the tenth,\\nhowever, the cable ceased working. Three hours later the\\nelectric current returned, to the intense relief of all; but\\nbefore morning came the cry, Stop her! back her! the cable\\nhas parted!\\nWith flags at half-mast the ships returned to Ireland.\\nHalf a million dollars had been lost already. Disheartened,\\nbut not discouraged, the company voted to increase its capital\\nand try again the next year. This time the two steamers\\nsailed directly to mid-ocean, spliced the two parts of the", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "282\\nAMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\ncable, and sailed away from each other, the Agamemnon for\\nIreland and the Niagara for Newfoundland. On the 17th\\nof August the extremities of the cable were connected with\\nthe instruments and the work was done. In the space of\\nLAYING AN OCEAN CABLE.\\nthirty-five minutes there was flashed under the ocean the\\nmessage\\nEurope and America are united by telegraph. Glory to\\nGod in the highest; on earth peace; good will toward men.\\nMessages and replies from the Queen to the President of\\nthe United States and from the mayor of London to the mayor\\nof New York followed. The American people were wild\\nwith enthusiasm they declared the Atlantic cable to be the\\ngreatest achievement of the age, and they heaped boundless", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "LETTERS THE ATLANTIC CABLE.\\n283\\npraise upon the head of the persistent and courageous Field.\\nEighteen days afterward, the signals became unintelligible\\nand the first Atlantic cable ceased to work.\\nWas all the time and money so far spent thrown away?\\nNo! for this first experim.ent paved the way for another and\\nsuccessful attempt. It is said also that one message, sent\\nduring these few days, _\u00e2\u0080\u009e__ _ \u00e2\u0080\u009e_\\nsaved the commercial\\nworld no less a sum\\nthan two hundred and\\nfifty thousand dollars.\\nFor the time being,\\nhowever, the project\\nof an Atlantic cable\\nwas allowed to remain\\nquiet.\\nMr. Field was fi-\\nnancially ruined.\\nThe Civil War in the\\nUnited States occu-\\npied the thoughts of all for several years. But in time the\\ncompany was ready to try again. A newly prepared cable\\nwas made, the twenty-three hundred miles of which weighed\\nmore than four thousand tons. The largest vessel in the\\nworld, the Great Eastern, was employed to carry and lay it.\\nOn July 23d, 1865, the steamer started from Ireland and con-\\ntinued on its westward course until August 2d; then the\\ncable parted, more than a thousand miles from the starting\\npoint. Nine days were spent in attempts to grapple for the\\ncable, but all in vain.\\nThe next year the Great Eastern again set sail, with a\\nnew cable and with sufficient wire to complete the cable of\\nTHE GREAT EASTERN.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "284 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nthe previous year, if possible. In fourteen days the steamer\\nentered the harbor in Newfoundland. Two months later the\\nsame steamer again reached Newfoundland, having captured\\nthe missing end of the other wire, thereby completing two\\ncables from Europe to America.\\nJuly 27th, 1866, was a joyous day in the life of Cyrus W.\\nField. For thirteen years he had thought of little else but\\nthe submarine cable. Failure after failure had not discour-\\naged him loss of property only stimulated him to further\\nefforts. Now success had come. The new cable was more\\nsubstantial than the other of eight years before. That had\\nfailed, but this would succeed. It did succeed. From that\\nday to this telegraphic communication between Europe and\\nAmerica has been constant.\\nSubmarine cables are now in extensive operation in all\\nparts of the world. More than half a dozen cross the At-\\nlantic, and lines have been constructed from England to India,\\nfrom India to Australia, and from the United States to Mexico\\nand South America. At the present time there are perhaps\\ntwo hundred cables belonging to companies, and about five\\nhundred belonging to government systems. These cables,\\nall told, cover a distance of nearly a hundred thousand miles.\\nA recent incident is told that shows something of the\\ngreatness of the telegraph. In June, 1897, a great celebra-\\ntion took place in London, in honor of the sixty years that\\nQueen Victoria had been upon the British throne. The\\nQueen rode in a procession through streets packed with mil-\\nlions of people. Just as she left the palace she pressed an\\nelectric button. Instantly this message was sent to her\\ncolonies all over the world\\nFrom my heart I thank my beloved people. May God\\nbless them. Victoria, R. I.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "LETTERS THE ATLANTIC CABLE. 285\\nTo forty different points in her empire sped the electric\\nmessage. In sixteen minutes a reply came from Ottawa in\\nCanada; then one by one answers came in from more remote\\nprovinces; until, before the Queen reached London Bridge,\\nthe Cape of Good Hope, the Gold Coast of Africa, and the\\ngreat continent of Australia had sent responses to her message.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VII.\\nTHE TELEPHONE.\\nWhen the telegraph was invented, years ago, it seemed\\nlittle less than a miracle that a message could be dictated in\\none city and received almost instantaneously in another city\\nfar distant from the sender. Scientists, however, began at\\nonce on the invention of something more wonderful. The\\ntelegraph lacks in one respect. By it messages must be\\nsent exactly as dictated and cannot be corrected until the re-\\nply is received. In a sense, sending and receiving messages\\nby telegraph is a form of conversation, but a conversation at\\narm s-length. To carry on a real conversation at long dis-\\ntances would be a great .advance. An instrument prepared\\nfor this purpose would be called a telephone.\\nIn 1875 Alexander Graham Bell invented the first success-\\nful electric telephone. This was exhibited at Salem, Massa-\\nchusetts, and at Philadelphia at the Centennial Exhibition,\\nand a patent for it was obtained. The apparatus of Bell s\\ntelephone is very simple, and practically consists of four\\nparts the battery, the wire which runs from the speaker to\\nthe hearer, a diaphragm against which the vibrations of the\\nair produced by the voice of the speaker strike, and another\\ndiaphragm at the other end of the wire which reproduces\\nsimilar vibrations and sends them to the ear of the listener.\\nElisha Gray of Boston made a similar invention and applied\\nfor a patent two hours after Bell s application was filed.\\nThe invention of Mr. Bell has proved a decided success.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "LETTERS THE TELEPHONE.\\n287\\nAll telephonic operations, since this invention, have been\\nbased upon the instrument which he patented in 1876.\\nMr. Bell was the son of a distinguished Scotch educator,\\nAlexander Melville Bell. The father is noted for the inven-\\ntion of a new method for improving impediments in speech.\\nThis system of instruction is called\\nBell s Visible Speech. It is used\\nwith great success in teaching deaf-\\nmutes to speak.\\nHis son Alexander was born in\\nEdinburgh in 1847 and was educated at\\nthe University of Edinburgh. He re-\\nmoved to London when he was twenty\\nyears of age and was for a time in the\\nUniversity there. Three years later he\\nwent to Canada with his father, and at\\nthe age of twenty-five took up his res-\\nidence in the United States, and be-\\ncame professor of vocal physiology in\\nBoston University. He had been in\\nthis country but three years when he\\nmade his great invention, and its com-\\nplete success gave him immense wealth. Later he invented\\nthe photophone, in which a vibratory beam of light is\\nsubstituted for a wire in conveying speech. This instrument\\nhas attracted much attention but has not proved of practical\\nuse. Professor Bell is a member of various learned societies\\nand has published many scientific papers. His present home\\nis in Washington.\\nWithin ten years the art of telephoning has rapidly de-\\nveloped. This has stimulated inventions and brought into\\nuse a vast number of special contrivances for local and long-\\nA TELEPHONE.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "288\\nAMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\ndistance transmission. The principal inventors of these nev:\\ncontrivances are Bell, Berliner, Edison, Hughes, Dolbear,\\nGray, Blake, and Peirce.\\nNearly all of the telephone business of our country is\\ncarried on under licenses from the American Bell Telephone\\nCompany. The telephone lines at present in the United\\nStates would aggregate a distance of more than six hundred\\nthousand miles, and there are more than half a million in-\\nstruments in our country alone. The longest telephone line\\nextends from Portland, Maine, via Boston, New York, and\\nChicago, to Milwaukee, a\\ndistance of more than thir-\\nteen hundred miles.\\nLet us consider for a\\nmoment the wonders of this\\nmarvelous invention, as\\ncompared with another no\\nless marvelous in its way.\\nIn 1867 Anson Burlin-\\ngame was appointed by the\\nChinese Government special\\nenvoy to the United States\\nand the great European\\ngovernments, with power\\nto frame treaties of friend-\\nship with those nations. This was an honor never before\\nconferred on a foreigner. Mr. Burlingame accepted the\\nappointment and, at the head of a large mission of distin-\\nguished Chinese officials, arrived in this country early in\\n1868, negotiated with our Government the Burlingame\\nTreaty, proceeded the same year to England, thence to\\nFrance, the next year to Denmark, Sweden, Holland, and\\nALEXANDER BELL USING A LONG-DISTANCE\\nTELEPHONE.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "LETTERS THE TELEPHONE. 289\\nPrussia, and finally reached Russia early in 1870. He died in\\nSt. Petersburg after a few days illness, on the 2 3d of February.\\nNow see what the telegraph did. His death occurred\\nabout half-past nine in the morning. As soon as possible\\nthe fact was telegraphed to our minister in Paris. He for-\\nwarded the news to our minister in London by him it was\\ncabled across the Atlantic, transmitted from the cable to\\nWashington and delivered to Nathaniel P. Banks, a member\\nof the Plouse of Representatives from Massachusetts. Gen-\\neral Banks read the dispatch to the House, and delivered\\noffhand an extended eulogy upon the distinguished son of\\nMassachusetts. That speech of General Banks was written\\nout, sent to the telegraph office, transmitted by the electric\\ncurrent to the various cities of the country, put into type,\\nprinted in the evening newspapers, and the writer of this\\nchapter read it at four o clock in the afternoon of the same day\\nthat Mr. Burlingame died. This was done as early as 1870.\\nBut what is that compared to the greater wonders of the\\ntelephone? That a man can talk into the little instru-\\nment, and his voice be heard and recognized, and his words\\nunderstood, by his friend in a city five hundred or one thou-\\nsand miles away, is indeed a miracle. Consider for a moment\\nwhat is done by means of the switchboard in the central tele-\\nphone office of a great city. Every one of the thousands of\\nsubscribers has his own instrument for transmitting and re-\\nceiving messages. One of these subscribers rings a bell in\\nhis house or his business office which rings another bell at the\\ncentral station; the attendant inquires Hello! what num-\\nber? and receives a reply, four, naught, eight, Tremont.\\nThe attendant by a simple switch, turned by a touch of the\\nhand, makes the connection and rings the bell of that sub-\\nscriber whose number is 408 Tremont. Number 408", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "290 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nTremont steps to the instrument and in a quiet voice says:\\nHello! who is it? Thus these two persons are placed in\\ndirect communication, and can talk with each other, back\\nand forth, as long as they please.\\nThis conversation is carried on between two different\\nsections of the city where these two men live, but the same\\nconversation may with equal ease be carried on between\\nBoston and New York, between Boston and Washington, or be-\\ntween New York and Chicago. Thus time and distance are an-\\nnihilated and the whole world stands, as it were, face to face.\\nBut the marvel does not end here. The above conversa-\\ntion is carried on by means of a continuous wire which runs\\nfrom one place to the other. If there are parallel wires,\\nstrange to say, the vibrations carried on in the one wire are\\nliable to create, by induction, similar vibrations in the parallel\\nwire. Here is an illustration\\nNearly twenty years ago, soon after the invention came\\ninto use, three gentlemen in Providence, Rhode Island, put\\nup a private line between their three houses, making a circuit.\\nUpon this line they carried on experiments and made a\\nnumber of important discoveries. The evening was the time\\nwhen they principally used their private telephone line. On\\na certain Tuesday evening these three gentlemen, conversing\\none with another, suddenly found themselves listening to\\nstrains of music. All three of them heard the same thing;\\nthe sound of a cornet and of one or two other musical instru-\\nments; then singing and a soprano voice. They wrote down\\nthe names of the pieces that were sung and the tunes that\\nwere played upon the instruments. They had no knowledge\\nof the source of these sounds.\\nThe next day, and for days following, these gentlemen\\nwent about the city inquiring of their friends everywhere if", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "LETTERS THE TELEGRAPH. 29I\\nthey knew of a concert on that Tuesday night where such\\npieces were sung and such tunes were played. Nobody had\\nany knowledge of the affair. At length one of the gentle-\\nmen published an article in the Providence Journal, describ-\\ning what he had heard through his telephone wire on that\\nTuesday evening, giving the date, and asking any one who\\ncould inform him what the concert was and where it was, to\\ngive him the desired information. Then it transpired that\\nthis concert was a telephonic experiment.\\nThe performers were at Saratoga, New York, and they\\nwere connected by a telephone wire with friends in New York\\nCity. The experim.ent had plainly demonstrated that the\\nsounds made in singing and in playing numerous instruments\\ncould be clearly understood, by means of the telephone, from\\nSaratoga to New York City. But it proved more than this.\\nThe vibrations in that telephone wire between Saratoga and\\nNew York induced the same vibrations in the parallel wire\\nof the Western Union Telegraph Company. These vibra-\\ntions were continued through New York City to Providence\\nand onward. The private telephone line of these gentlemen\\nwas parallel to the wire of the Western Union Company\\nwhich had been thus affected, and these vibrations were\\npicked off from the telegraph wire and conveyed by this\\nparallel telephone wire to the receivers at these three houses.\\nWhat will be the next wonderful invention? The tele-\\ngraph transmits your thoughts and delivers them in writing\\nthe telephone transmits your thoughts and delivers them to\\nthe ear by sounds. Some day, perhaps, you may step into a\\ncabinet in Boston and have your photograph taken in New\\nYork City by aid of an electric wire, the telephote. Just as\\nthe telephone transmits the sounds, the telephote may trans-\\nmit the light and give not only light and shade, but the\\ncolors of the solar spectrum.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "CHAPTER VIII.\\nCONCLUSION.\\nWe have now considered six groups of topics connected\\nwith the growth and development of our country. We have\\nlooked into the houses of the Indians and of the settlers in\\nthe colonial times, and into the larger and more elaborate\\nhomes of to-day. We have considered improved means of\\nheating and better methods of lighting. We have noticed\\nimprovements in machinery for planting, cultivating, and\\nharvesting the products of the soil. We have seen the great\\nadvance that has been made in the manufacture of our cloth-\\ning, through improved cotton and woolen machinery and the\\nsewing machine. We have traveled by land and by water,\\nat home and abroad, on foot, on horseback, in stagecoaches,\\nby canals, steamboats, and railroads. Finally we have read\\nand thought and studied about language, the printing press,\\nour postal system, the telegraph and the telephone.\\nWe have seen our country when it was wholly east of the\\nMississippi River, whereas now it is extended even to the\\ngreat western ocean. A century ago our territory embraced\\nabout eight hundred thousand square miles; now it is nearly\\nfive times as great, with large areas of recently acquired\\nSpanish islands to be added to that. The population of the\\nUnited States in 1790 was less than four millions; a hundred\\nyears later it was sixty-three millions. It is now probably\\nbetween seventy and seventy-five millions. Our exports then\\nwere about fifty million dollars in value this year they are", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "CONCLUSION. 293\\nmore than one thousand millions. A century since, we im-\\nported into this country goods to the value of about seventy\\nmillion dollars. This was largely in excess of our exports.\\nTo-day our exports are of far greater value than our imports.\\nAt the beginning of our national government we were\\nalmost altogether engaged in the pursuits of agriculture.\\nNow our people are largely massed in cities and large towns,\\nwhile our mechanical and manufacturing interests are of\\nimmense proportions.\\nA hundred years ago the people speaking the seven prin-\\ncipal languages of Europe numbered about one hundred and\\nfifty millions. To-day they number about four hundred\\nmillions. The present number is therefore almost three\\ntimes that of a century ago. At that time the English-speak-\\ning people ranked fifth among the seven, and numbered but\\ntwenty millions. To-day they lead the list, and number one\\nhundred and twenty millions there are six times as many\\npeople to-day using the English language as there were a\\ncentury ago. The inhabitants of our country outnumber all\\nother English-speaking people in the whole world.\\nOur country occupies, all things considered, the best por-\\ntion of the world. This includes the Atlantic slope, the\\ngreat Mississippi basin, and the Pacific slope, and our whole\\nterritory, except our new colonial possessions, lies within the\\nnorth temperate zone. We therefore have a great variety of\\nsoil and climate the soil is the most fertile and the climate\\nthe most salubrious of the whole earth. We have an almost\\ninfinite variety of productions and our people are engaged in\\nthe entire round of human industries.\\nThe United States has made vast strides in industry, in\\nwealth, in intelligence, and in the comforts of life. Civiliza-\\ntion has rapidly advanced during the whole of this century.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "294 AMERICAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTORS.\\nIf the great contest of the future is to be between the\\nAnglo-Saxon race and the rest of the world, surely this great\\nrepublic must have the leading position in that contest.\\nThe American people to-day form a nation of readers.\\nIn newspapers, magazines, and books of all sorts and upon\\nevery subject the American press is prolific. We have a\\nsystem of public schools well established in every State and\\nevery Territory of our Union, and supported by taxation, and\\nvery generally the children are obliged by compulsory law^s\\nto attend school. We are living in an age of great activity\\nand rapid advancement. The young people of our republic\\nwho are attending school to-day are to be congratulated upon\\ntheir good fortune and it becomes them to magnify their\\nopportunities, to appreciate their advantages, and to be es-\\npecially loyal to their country, its government, and its in-\\nstitutions.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n-i^tna, 213\\nAir brakes, 236\\nAllen, Nicholas, 48\\nAllston, Washington, 272\\nAncient writing, 249\\nArc light, 87\\nArnold, Edwin, 169\\nAtlantic Telegraph Co., 281\\nAutomobile, 243\\nAxe, 25\\nBaltimore and Ohio Railroad, 226\\nBaskerville, John, 254\\nBay-Path, 192\\nBell, Alexander. Graham, 286\\nBicycle, 243\\nBinder, 120\\nBlackstone canal, 221\\nBouLTON and Watt, 179\\nBrooklyn bridge, 239\\nBrush, Charles Francis, 85\\nBURLINGAME, AnSON, 288\\nCarrying fire, 52\\nCentral Pacific Railroad, 228\\nChappe, Claude, 266\\nChesapeake and Delaware Canal,\\n221\\nChicago and Alton Railroad, 236\\nChimneys, 31\\nClayton, John, 81\\nClermont, 212-215\\nClinton s big ditch, 221\\nCoal, 44 anthracite, 47 bituminous,\\n47: sea. 45\\nCoffee, 139\\nColonial conditions, 143\\nColonial cooking, 29, 30\\nColonial homes, 24\\nCon ANT, Roger, 124\\nCooking, colonial, 29, 30\\nCorliss, George H., 175-179\\nCorn, Indian, 105\\nCotton, 150-153\\nCotton gin, 148-151\\nCable, Atlantic, 278\\nCable cars, 242\\nCables, submarine, 284\\nCabot, John, 18\\nCalashes, 201\\nCanals, 215\\nCandelabra, 71\\nCandles, 67\\nCanoe, 197\\nDarling, Grace, 92\\nDelaware and Hudson canal, 221\\nDinner, a modern, 131\\nDodge, John Adams, 174\\nDrake, E. L., 78\\nDugout, 197\\nDuNSTER. Rev, Henry, 254\\nDutch ovens, 27\\nDynamo, 85", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "296\\nINDEX.\\nEdison, Thomas A., 86\\nElectric cars, 242\\nElectric lighting, 85\\nElectrotyping. 257\\nEliot s Indian Bible, 254\\nEllsworth, Miss, 274\\nErie canal. 221\\nEvans, Oliver, 209\\nFabius. 63\\nFairbanks, Richard, 259\\nFaraday, Michael, 85\\nFarmer, Moses G., 268\\nFaust, John. 253\\nField, Cyrus W., 280\\nFire, 14\\nFire, carrying, 52\\nFireplace. Pennsylvania, 34\\nFireplaces, 26\\nFishing, whale, 73\\nFitch, John, 209\\nFlail, iog-120\\nFlax, 147\\nFlint, 53\\nFoods, uncultivated, 99\\nFork, 118\\nFranklin, Benjamin, 34-68\\nFranklin press, 255\\nFranklin stove, 34\\nFreight, cost of transportation, 2ii\\nFuel, 37\\nFulton, Robert, 210-272\\nFurnaces, 36\\nGang plow, 114\\nGas, illuminating, 81\\nGasometer, 83\\nGideon, 63\\nGin, cotton, 148-151\\nGore, Obadiah, 48\\nGreene, Nathaniel, 148\\nGreenough, J. J., 175\\nGrist mills, 145\\nGrover, William O., 175\\nGutenberg, John, 254\\nHannibal, 63\\nHarvesting, implements for, 117\\nHeat, II\\nHennepin, Father, 46\\nHoe, 109\\nHoe perfecting press, 253\\nHomes, colonial, 24\\nHomes, Indian, 17\\nHood. Thomas, 173\\nHorseback, 191\\nHowe, Elias, 175\\nHunt, Walter, 175\\nIlluminating gas, 81\\nImplements for harvesting, 117; for\\nplanting, 11 1\\nIncandescent light, 87\\nIndian Bible, Eliot s, 254\\nIndian corn, 105\\nIndian homes, 17\\nInns, 205\\nIroquois, 19\\nIrrigation, 127\\nJackson, Andrew, 156\\nJewel, Marshall, 170\\nKerosene, 77\\nKitchen, a New England, 10\\nKnight, Sarah, 200\\nLamp, modern, 76\\nLamps, ancient, 65\\nLanguage, 247\\nLeather, 164\\nLeifer, Thomas, 224", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "INDEX.\\n297\\nLetters, 274\\nLewis, Ida, 94\\nLight, arc, 87\\nLighthouses, go\\nLighting, electric, 85\\nLinotype, 257\\nLivingstone, Robert R., 212\\nLog cabin, 26\\nLONGSTREET, WlLLIAM, 20g\\nLoom, 147\\nLord of Padua, 32\\nMail car, 262\\nMatches, 51\\nMcCoRMicK, Cyrus H., 122\\nMenlo Park, 87\\nMessage, first, across the Atlantic, 282\\nMiddlesex canal, 221\\nMiles, General, in New Mexico, 268\\nModern land travel, 235 water travel,\\n229\\nMoney orders, 261\\nMoREY, Samuel. 209\\nMorse, Samuel F. B., 270; his titles\\nand honors, 276\\nMower, 117\\nMurdoch, William, 82\\nMyer, Major, 266\\nNeedles, 172\\nNoTT, Eliphalet, 159\\nOgle. Henry, 122\\nOil wells, 79\\nOvens, Dutch, 27\\nPadua, Lord of, 32\\nPeck, General, at Suffolk, 267\\nPepper, 132\\nPme knots, 62\\nPlanter. 115\\nPlanting, implements for, iii\\nPlow. 109-112\\nPlow, sulky, 114\\nPostage stamps, 261\\nPostal system, 258\\nPostmaster-general, 260\\nPower of speech, 247\\nPrinting press. Franklin, 255 mod-\\nern, 246\\nPrometheus, 15\\nPruning hook, 109\\nPullman sleeper, 237\\nQueen of Sheba, 249\\nRailroad train, old-style, 227\\nRailroads, 223\\nRake, 118\\nRaleigh, Walter, 106\\nRand, Old Ma am. 271\\nRange, 36\\nReaper, 120\\nRumford, Count, 33-35\\nRumsey, James, 209\\nScholfield, Arthur, 160\\nScholfield. John, 160\\nScots Magazine, 269\\nScribe, ancient, 251\\nScythe, 109-117\\nSea coal, 45\\nSewing machines, 175, 176\\nShoemaker, Colonel, 48\\nSignal station, Suffolk, 267\\nSignaling, 265\\nSinger, Isaac M., 175\\nSlater, John F., 155, 156\\nSlater, Samuel, 153\\nSoil, 124\\nSolomon, 249\\nSower, 114", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "298\\nINDEX.\\nSower, Christopher, 255\\nSpecial delivery, 261\\nSpotswood, Colonel, 260\\nSquanto. 108\\nStagecoaches, 200\\nvSteamboats, 207\\nSteam engine, 178\\nStephenson, George, 225\\nStereotyping, 257\\nStevens, John, 209\\nStockton and Arlington Railway, 226\\nStoves, 36\\nSubway, Boston, 232\\nSulky plow, 114\\nSully, packet ship, 272\\nSuspension bridge. Niagara, 240\\nTaverns, 206\\nTelegraph, 270\\nTelephone, 286\\nTelephone incident, 23c\\nThimonier. Barthelemy, 176\\nThompson, Benjamin, 33\\nThomson, Elihu, 86\\nThresher, 121\\nThreshing, 123\\nTinder box, 53\\nTorches, 61\\nTravel by horseback, 191 by land,\\n187 by water, 194\\nUncultivated foods, 99\\nUnion Pacific Railroad, 228\\nUnited States post offices, 264\\nUniversity press, 255\\nVestal Virgin, 14\\nVictoria Jubilee, 284\\nVinegar, 135\\nWalter press, 252\\nWatt, James, 179\\nWells, oil, 79\\nWest, Benjamin, 272\\nWestinghouse, George, Jr., 236\\nWhale fishing, 73\\nWhale oil, 72\\nWhitman, Marcus, 168\\nWhitney, Eli, 149\\nWilson, Allen B. ,-175\\nWool, 158", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "First Steps in the History\\nof Our Country.\\nBy WILLIAM A. MOWRY and ARTHUR MAY MCWRY.\\nFew books are so fascinating and stirring to boys and girls, either\\nin school or under the evening lamp at home, as First Steps in the\\nHistory of Our Country.\\nThe book consists of the personal narratives of 39 of the most dis-\\ntinguished Americans, from Columbus to Edison. Through the\\nstories of these leading personages the history of our country is woven.\\nThe personal narratives are told with all the spirit and bright interest\\nof an accomplished story-teller, and abound in anecdote and conver-\\nsation, and are equally readable both to children and adults.\\nWhen a young person finishes this book, he has gained a very fair\\nidea of what AMERICA stands for, and he has also gained a proud\\nidea of what it is to be an American citizen.\\nIt is also a most fair book. It gives both sides of disputed ques-\\ntions. Thus, it recognizes what Lord Baltimore did for religious\\ntoleration in Maryland as distinctly as it describes what Roger\\nWilliams did for religious liberty in Rhode Island. In its portrayal\\nof Calhoun, Clay and Lee, it gives to the South as fair a showing as\\nthe North receives in the stories of Webster, Lincoln and Grant.\\nThe book is up-to-date in its recognition of the Spanish war,\\nwhich is treated in the interesting narrative of the beautiful work\\ndone by Clara Barton and the Red Cross Society.\\nThere is not a dull page in it. Though a history, it reads more\\nlike a romance. The dullest child who once begins to read this book\\nv/ill not want to lay it down until it is finished.\\nAs a school text-book for elementary grades, or for supplementary\\nreading, or as a book for a child s library, it leads all others.\\nJ20 Pages. 21 J Illustrations. Retail price cents.\\n(For introductory price to Schools, send for Circular.)\\nIt starts out with the idea that the main thing that the child needs,\\nin order to get his interest aroused in detailed history, is to get first of all\\na succession of powerful impressions of what the course of American life\\nfor the last four centuries means. So it is the significant epochs which\\nare thrown up, and it is a combination of biography and episodes that\\n^ves the color and connects the facts. Emerson s saying that every\\ninstitution is but the lengthened shadow of a man was evidently one of\\nthe inspirations of this delightful little book. The School Journal.\\nSilver, Burdett and Company, Publishers,\\nBoston. New York. Chicago.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "Stepping Stones to Literature*\\nA Unique Series of Eight School Readers\\nupon an entirely New Plan, Brilliantly Illus-\\ntrated with Masterpieces and Original Drawings.\\nBy Sarah Louise Arnold, Supervisor of Schools, Boston, Mass.,\\nand Charles B. Gilbert, Superintendent of Schools, Newark, N. J.\\nThis series marks a new era in School Readers. It combines with the necessary\\ntechnique of reading, a real course in literature. It has the sincere literary atmos-\\nphere. The early volumes create the beginnings of a literary judgment. The\\nadvanced volumes comprehend the whole range of the world s best writing. The\\npupil, at the end of the course, knows what literature means.\\nIn this achievement these Readers stand absolutely alone. They justify the\\nfollowing deliberate characterizations\\nThey are the most interesting Readers ever published.\\nThey surpass all other Readers in wise technique.\\nThey are superlative in stimulating thought and creating taste.\\nThey are unequaled in attractiveness of illustration.\\nThey give a better idea of the world s great literature, and more of it, than\\ncan be found anywhere else in the same space.\\nA Mark of Their Acceptability,\\nIn their first year they were adopted by Boston, New York, Brooklyn, Phila-\\ndelphia, Chicago, St. Louis, Baltimore, Atlanta; by over a thousand smaller towns\\nby hundreds of counties and by the State of Virginia.\\nPatriotism in These Readers.\\nThe entire series is peculiarly rich in selections and pictures closely connected\\nwith American history and American greatness, well fitted to stimulate love of\\ncountry in the pupil. The Reader for vSeventh Grades, is distinctively and \\\\vhoIly\\nAmerican, and its tales, poems, historical extracts, and illustrations are alive with a\\nproud patriotism. Send for Descriptive Circular.\\nSilver, Burdett and Company, Publishers,\\nNew York. Boston. Chicago.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "The World and Its People*\\nA Series of Eight Geographical Readers,\\nCharmingly Illustrated, for Supplementary\\nWork in Schools, and for the Interest\\nof the Family at Home.\\nUnder the Editorial supervision of LARKIN DUNTON, LL.D.,\\nHead Master of Boston Normal School.\\nBook I. First Lessons 36 cts. Book V. Modern Europe 60 cts.\\nBook II. Glimpses of the y^ L^f^ 60 cts.\\nWorld 3 3 cts.\\nBook III. Our Own Country 50 cts. Book VII. Views in Africa 72 cts.\\nBook IV. Our American Book VIII. Australia and the\\nNeighbors 60 cts. Islands of the Sea 68 cts.\\nThis series of fascinating books makes geography a study of absorbing interest.\\nThe maps, the boundaries, the spots called cities, begin to be alive as the pupil\\nreads these graphic and ample descriptions of the countries of the world, their\\nindividual characteristics, their people s ways. Behind the map he sees a real\\nworld, tangible and bright-hued as his own surroundings.\\nThis circling picture of the world comes, not as a task, but as a wise direction\\nof the home reading, in which all the family are often impelled to join.\\nOf peculiar and timely interest just now is Book VIII., which vividly describes,\\namong the Islands of the Sea, those new possessions over which our gallant\\nsailors and soldiers have raised the Stars and Stripes.\\nSend for Specimen Pages.\\nSongs of the Nation^\\nA Superb Collection of the Most Representative American\\nSongs, for Schools, Societies, and Homes.\\nBy Col. Charles W. Johnson, 10 years Chief Clerk of U. S. Senate.\\nIn these days, when the sentiment of country is calling for a new and fuller\\nexpression, this collection is most timely.\\nIt embodies the patriotic songs most in demand (25 of them), together with\\nmany more songs for Anniversaries and occasions, American folk-songs, a group\\nof old religious favorites, the best College songs, etc.\\nSent by mail on receipt of price 60 cents.\\nSilver, Burdett and Company, Publishers,\\nNew York. Boston. Chicago.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "Other Publications of Silver, Burdett\\nand Co7npany,\\nBy the Marshes of Minas.\\nBy Prof. Charles G. D. Roberts, author of The Forge in the\\nForest, A Sister to Evangeline, etc. Illustrated. 296pp. $1.25\\nA volume of connected romances of the old Acadian country. Professor Roberts\\nis now the recognized celebrant of that picturesque and pathetic period when Nova\\nScotia passed from the French to the English regime.\\nA Circle in the Sand. A Novel,\\nBy Kate Jordan (Mrs. F. M. Vermilye). 304 pp. $1.50\\nA story of New York, with sketches of life in the office of a great newspaper and\\na strike in the coal mines of Pennsylvania. The story abounds in touches of delicate\\nhumor and pathos.\\nMusic and the Comrade Arts.\\nBy Hugh A. Clarke, Mus. Doc, Professor of Music in the Uni-\\nversity of Pennsylvania. 128 pp. Gilt, uncut edges 75 cents\\nShows, in concise and pleasing style, how the Arts depend upon each other, how\\nthey relate with Science, and yet are subject to aesthetic laws, and how Art s unifying\\nprinciple is Form.\\nAmerican Writers of To-day.\\nBy Henry C. Vedder. 340 pp $1.50\\nCritical and sympathetic analyses of nineteen recent American authors and their\\nbooks, interwoven with graphic personal details.\\nThe Old Northwest. The Beginnings of Our Colonial System.\\nBy B. A. Hinsdale, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor in the University of\\nMichigan. New edition, revised. 420 pp. $1.75\\nThe only adequate monograph on the development of a section which is as much\\na historic unit as New England.\\nOne of the most valuable additions to American history that has recently been\\nmade, says the New York Sun.\\nHistoric Pilgrimages in New England.\\nBy Edwln M. Bacon. 476 pp. 131 illustrations $1.50\\nThe narrative of early New England and its high-souled founders, told pictur-\\nesquely to readers who are supposed to be standing on the very spots where the\\nstirring Colonial drama was enacted. Of keenest interest to all lovers of Yankee-land.\\nThe Rescue of Cuba. An Episode in the Growth of Free Gov-\\nernment.\\nBy Andrew S. Draper, LL.D., President of the University of\\nIllinois. 192 pp. Elegantly and profusely illustrated $1.00\\nA judicious and inspiring presentation of the War with Spain as another and im-\\nportant step in the world s movement towards human liberty. The best book on the\\nWar, and the problems it has left for our solution. It reads like a novel, says\\nLyman Abbott. It is accurate, says Gen. Wesley Merritt.\\nThe above books are sold by leading booksellers., or will be mailed., postpaid.^\\non receipt 0/ price.\\nSilver, Burdett and Company, Publishers,\\nBoston. New York. Chicago.", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "p-i Mln:l\\\\ .HI S\\nli^i^\\nLIBRARY OF CONGRESS\\n030 005 059 1", "height": "3480", "width": "2364", "jp2-path": "americaninventio00mowr_0312.jp2"}}