{"1": {"fulltext": "ru UU U. U\\n\u00c2\u00abH Mf# 5\\nAf^WM^rf**** -rAM +rvici\\nfh HKf r #i *^l W *^V* T+Htiiry**- 4\\nit*tU\u00e2\u0096\u00a0*** +**-*i* t t i r j y*\\\\*t t 4\\nX y~ p*-J \u00e2\u0099\u00a6W*j t\\nt *rr^ k\\n1* ,4* \u00c2\u00bb-t T\u00e2\u0080\u0099** f*1*1*tf*Hi*\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2*/,iu f f4#m r rv*^\u00e2\u0080\u0098t tt\u00c2\u00bb i v*ir^ f *rw* T*v**\\n11 ^*tff\\nn\\nH 4\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00bai\u00c2\u00bbVf*W\u00c2\u00bbW*4**-wW\u00c2\u00bb\\ni J \u00c2\u00abu^*Vr\u00e2\u0080\u0098M^4v\\n*\u00e2\u0099\u00a6#**\u00c2\u00bb*/Wr W**\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00c2\u00bb#H.s*,W l\u00c2\u00ab\\n^*r*^*.4 4-*r-", "height": "4921", "width": "3468", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0001.jp2"}, "2": {"fulltext": "Class_ AJjl I Q 5\\nBank_ \u00c2\u00abN _", "height": "4723", "width": "3333", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0002.jp2"}, "3": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4723", "width": "3333", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0003.jp2"}, "4": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4840", "width": "3252", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0004.jp2"}, "5": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4823", "width": "3376", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0005.jp2"}, "6": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4840", "width": "3252", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0006.jp2"}, "7": {"fulltext": "THOMAS A. EDISON IN HIS LABORATORY.", "height": "4823", "width": "3376", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0007.jp2"}, "8": {"fulltext": "TOMB OK NAPOLEON L, PARIS", "height": "4894", "width": "3315", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0008.jp2"}, "9": {"fulltext": "STANDARD\\nAMERICAN BOOK\\nof KNOWLEDGE\\nCONTAINING\\nrnsiriSE SPECIAL ARTICLES OF RESEARCH UPON ALL THE LATEST TOPICS OF\\nSCIENCE ARTS, MECHANICS, EDUCATION, HISTORY AND TRAVEL, SUCH As,\\nTHE AUTOMOBILE, AERIAL TRANSPORTATION, LIQUID AIR, CINEMATO\u00c2\u00ac\\nGRAPH, SUBMARINE NAVIGATION, WONDERS OF THE ARMY AND\\nNAVY, TELEPHOTOGRAPHY, WIRELESS TELEGRAPH, UNDER\u00c2\u00ac\\nGROUND PNEUMATIC TUBES, WAR BALLOONS, DIS\u00c2\u00ac\\nCOVERIES IN MEDICINE AND SURGERY, CIVIL\\nGOVERNMENT, EXPANSION, ETC.\\nAll the Latest Inventions and Discoveries\\nINSTRUCTIONS IN THE USE OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE ELOCUTION; PENMANSHIP.\\n,NSTRUCT.ONS orrespondence _ sqc|al et|QUETTE; b ooK-KEEP.NG;\\nCOMMERCIAL AND LEGAL FORMS, ETC.\\nCourtship, Marriage and Social Life\\nrnnn HEALTH AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT; GYMNASTICS; SPORTS AND PASTIMES;\\nINDOOR OCCUPATIONS AND AMUSEMENTS; HELPS FOR HOUSEKEEPER\\nValuable receipts; cultivation of plants, flowers, etc.\\nThe Countries of the World\\nmAxnmrAI AND STATISTICAL INFORMATION; LATEST DISCOVERIES IN ELECTRICITY\\nASTRONOMW UGHT AND HEAT; READY RECKONER: DICTIONARY OF DATES\\nAND HANDY FACTS; TABLES OF INTEREST, WEIGH TS, MEASURES, E\\nTHE WHOLE FORMING A\\nComplete Guide and Self-Instructor\\nON SCIENTIFIC, COMMERCIAL, HISTORICAL, ARTISTIC AND. ALL OTHER SUBJECTS\\nBY HENRY DAVENPORT NORTHROP\\nAuthor of Story of the New World,- Golden Manual, Feerles, Rec.er, Etc., Etc.\\nMagnificently Embell ished with4 00 Pine Engravings\\nNATIONAL PUBLISHING COMPANY\\nNo. 241 AMERICAN STREET\\nPHILADELPHIA, PA.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0009.jp2"}, "10": {"fulltext": "two copies received.\\nLibrary of Ccrsgpag^,\\nOffice c f the\\nMAS 2 9 1900\\nK glster of Copy right 14\\n57048\\n4G OS\\nN?\\nENTERED ACCORDING TO ACT OF CONGRESS, IN THE YEAR 1900, BY\\nGEORGE W. BERTRON\\nIN THE OFFICE OF THE LIBRARIAN OF CONGRESS, AT WASHINGTON, D. C.\\no\\n4\\nf\\nC 1\\nSECOND COPY*\\nV\u00c2\u00bb~3 c\\ncAj\u00c2\u00bb V\\no o.\\nr", "height": "4894", "width": "3315", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0010.jp2"}, "11": {"fulltext": "vj\\nf^pefetee=\\n-5I\\\\ -5A -oA A J*\\nLL Useful Information on all Subjects and for all People, truthfully describes\\nthis new and peerless volume. The first subject treated is Education, the\\nTraining of Mind and Body. How to Write and Speak Correctly comes\\nnext, including full instructions in Penmanship, Grammar, Elocution, Delsarte\\nSystem of Physical Culture and Expression, Synonyms and Antonyms.\\nHow to Remember, or Loisette\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Famous Memory System, is fully explained.\\nCourtship and Marriage should be carefully read by all parents and young people.\\nIn glowing, eloquent language it teaches the true Relations of the Sexes, the Laws of\\nLove, How to Choose a Wife or Husband, what Temperaments should Marry, how to\\nmake Married Life Happy, how to avoid the mistakes and follies of love-making, how to\\nplant and nurture that sweetest and most beautiful of all flowers, domestic bliss.\\nHelps for Housekeepers may be said to form a volume by itself, including the Care of\\nPlants, Flowers and Household Pets a very large and choice collection of the newest and\\nbest Receipts for all kinds of Cooking, Renovating Clothing, Furniture, etc., and for\\nCosmetics.\\nGood Health and How to Preserve It, is fully treated, with more than fifty Graphic\\nIllustrations of Gymnastics, showing how to develop and strengthen every part of the body.\\nThis is followed by What to Do in Emergencies, in other words, How to Save the Lives\\nof Persons in danger from accidents, poisons, etc. This is followed by Etiquette of Polite\\nSociety; the Art of Correspondence, including Forms for Letters; Sports and Pastimes, etc.\\nThen come The Largest Things on the Globe\u00e2\u0080\u0094the Highest Mountains, Longest\\nRivers, Largest Trees, Buildings, etc.; Greatest Inventions, Earthquakes, Conflagrations,\\nWorks of Art, Libraries, Railroad Magnates, Land-owners, etc. Would you know the\\nDate of any Important Occurrence Here is the full list, a history by itself.\\nThe reader now beholds, depicted in brilliant colors, the Grand Panorama of Nations\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nthe Countries of the World, containing Historical, Geographical and Statistical Informa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion\u00e2\u0080\u0094the Proud Achievements of Great Discoverers, Navigators, Commanders, Statesmen,\\nand Patriots, with the Laws, Customs and Thrilling Events, comprising a full description\\nof all Civilized Countries.\\nThe Latest Discoveries in Electricity; the Wonders of Astronomy; Photography by\\nthe new X-Rays; Phenomena of Light; Famous Gems; Indoor Amusements; Weather\\nand Weather Signals, are among the multitude of subjects fully treated. Then comes a\\nVast Compendium of Curious Facts, gathered from History, Science, Literature, Treasures\\n111", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0011.jp2"}, "12": {"fulltext": "IV\\nPREFACE.\\nof Art; Discoveries of every description all arranged and presented in a foi in most conve*\\nnient for the reader. This part of itself is a vast storehouse of piactical knowledge.\\nThe Department of Business includes the Best System of Book-keeping ever taught\\nin America, and can easily be learned by every boy and gill. This is followed by full\\ninstructions showing How to Do Business, and furnishing horms for Notes, Checks, Drafts,\\netc. The convenience of having these in correct form is apparent to all who have business\\nto transact.\\nEvery man should have such information as will enable him to be his own lawyer, and\\nwith this volume, which contains a full set of Legal Forms, he has a Hand-Book of Law\\nthat is always ready for use. Here are forms for Agreements, Mortgages, Contracts, Wills,\\nLeases, all in the correct phraseology and suitable for reference or copy. Pull directions\\nare given for drawing Notes, Checks, Drafts, etc., and forms are given.\\nThe Lightning Calculator shows at a glance the cost of any article at any price; and\\nit Aever makes a mistake. This is a vast saving of time and trouble, enabling one to make\\nreckonings almost instantly without going through the tedious process of multiplication,\\naddition and division. In short, this volume is a time-saver, a practical help and is\\nprepared and intended for constant use in every household.\\nThere is a vast collection of Important PMcts, relating to the Government of the\\nUnited States; Presidents and Vice-Presidents; Electoral Votes; Discoveries and Settling\\nof Countries Wealth of the Principal Nations; Money and How to Make It; Value of\\nMetals; Interest Rules and Tables; Exports of Various Countries Tables of Mortality;\\nTables for Telling the Age of any Person; Percentage of Nutrition in Various Articles of\\nFood, etc., etc. This part is an encyclopedia, stored with the most useful information,\\nwhile at the same time it is full of entertainment for all readers.\\nEvery one prizes a book that puts much into a small space; that conducts the reader\\nat once into a flower garden, and does not compel him to roam through acres of weeds\\nbefore coming to a single blossom. This peerless work has gems of knowledge on every\\npage, and the part containing facts for reference is both a surprise and delight.\\nThe Population of the United States during the Nineteenth Century is shown by a\\ncomprehensive table, which is interesting to all intelligent readers. Here the marvellous\\ngrowth of our country is fully shown, as westward the course of Empire takes its way.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThis table is one of the most suggestive in the volume.\\nThis outline, necessarily brief and imperfect, will aid the reader somewhat in forming\\nan estimate of the Contents, which cover every subject of importance and value. A full\\nIndex completes the volume.\\nThe publishers feel that the effort to furnish a complete and comprehensive work that\\nis a fountain of unlimited knowledge and a self-educator on every subject upon which the\\nreader needs to be informed, has been entirely successful. The vast stores of information\\nare drawn fiom sources that are accurate and reliable, thus rendering this volume a\\nstandard work. Moreovei, it is fully up to date, containing the latest discoveries in every\\ndepartment of science, history, education, and all other branches of knowledge.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0012.jp2"}, "13": {"fulltext": "PAGE\\nPAGE\\nEDUCATION. 17\\nTraining of Mind and Body. 17\\nTrue Motto... 18\\nSelf-Culture.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2. 19\\nValue of Rfady Information. 20\\nTHE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 21\\nHow to Writf and Speak Correctly 21\\nPenmanship. 23\\nHow to Speed Correctey. 27\\nUse of Capitae Letters. 29\\nRuees of Punctuation. 31\\nGenerae Principees of Grammar 39\\nErrors in Writing and Speaking 47\\nVOCAL CULTURE AND ELOCUTION 53\\nExercises in Breathing. 54\\nArticueation. 56\\nPronunciation. 56\\nForce. 57\\nStress. 58\\nMeeody 58\\nPitch. 58\\nInfeection. 60\\nTime and Pauses. 60\\nEmphasis. 62\\nGesture, with Ieeustrations 63\\nExampees Ieeustrating Eeocution 73\\nDELSARTE SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CUL\u00c2\u00ac\\nTURE AND EXPRESSION. 79\\nWhat Deesarte Taught. 82\\nCUETURE OF THE BODY. 87\\nFree Gymnastics. 89\\nHOW TO REMEMBER. 90\\nLoisette Memory System. 90\\nSYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS. 98\\nCOURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.118\\nThe Temperaments.121\\nWhat Temperaments Shoued and\\nShould Not Marry.127\\nThe True Genteeman.132\\nCurse of Extravagance.134\\nAnimae Propensities.1 4\\nHow Love-Making Shoued Be Con\u00c2\u00ac\\nducted .135\\nBeind Errors of Courtship.148\\nLove Begets Love.149\\nProposae and Acceptance.151\\nHow to Make Married Life Happy 155\\nThe Modee Husband 162\\nThe Model Wife. 170\\nHOUSE PLANTS AND FLOWERS.180\\nThe Liey.180\\nVerbenas, Petunias. 182\\nPansies.184\\nChrysanthemums.185\\nMignonette, Sweet Pea.18(\\nCarnations and Picotees.190\\nDaheias.192\\nThe Rose.196\\nCARE OF BIRDS AND OTHER PETS 197\\nHELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER 214\\nReceipts for Everyday Use.214\\nReceipts for Cooking.215\\nooups.216\\nFish.221\\nMeats and How to Carve Them 225\\nPouetry and Game.. 238\\nSauces for Meats.242\\nVegeta bees.244\\nSaeads.246\\nBread, Biscuit, Roees, Cake, Etc. 248\\nReceipts for Renovating Ceothing 252\\nReceipts for Renovating Furniture 258\\nReceipts for Cosmetics.260\\nGOOD HEALTH AND HOW TO PRE\u00c2\u00ac\\nSERVE IT.262\\nWholesome Food and Air .262\\nHeaethfue Dwellings .264\\nGood Drainage.265\\nV", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0013.jp2"}, "14": {"fulltext": "VI\\nCONTENTS.\\nAbundance of Fresh Air\\nBest Methods of Ventilation\\nWater Supply.\\nUse of Disinfectants.\\nTruths to be Remembered\\nFree Gymnastics.\\nExercises with Dumb-Bells\\nThe Swing and Stirrups\\nPAGE\\n267\\n268\\n272\\n275\\n278\\n280\\n295\\n303\\nWHAT TO DO IN EMERGENCIES 320\\nDrowning.\\nAccidents by Fire.323\\nHemorrhage.323\\nFainting .324\\nSunstroke.324\\nPersons who are Frozen .326\\nPoisons.327\\nHydrophobia .327\\nScalds and Burns .328\\nCuts and Wounds .329\\nSimple Cure for Sprains. 330\\nETIQUETTE OF POLITE SOCIETY 331\\nIntroductions and Salutations 332\\nArt of Conversation.333\\nVisiting Cards.335\\nCalls and Visits.338\\nWeddings and Wedding Anniversaries 341\\nDinner Giving 344\\nBreakfasts, Luncheons and Teas 347\\nEvening Parties.350\\nReceptions and Suppers.350\\nEtiquette of Funerals.354\\nDress for Special Occasions.355\\nHE HOUSE BEAUTIFUL. 361\\nArtistic Home Decorations.361\\nCharming Colors.362\\nCosy Recesses.362\\nTHE ART OF CORRESPONDENCE 367\\nForms for Letters.367\\nNotes of Invitation.368\\nLove Letters.370\\nLetters of Congratulation.373\\nLetters of Condolence.375\\nBusiness Letters.377\\nSPORTS AND PASTIMES.382\\nLawn Tennis..\\nFootball..\\nPAGE\\nBase Ball 390\\nCricket ..392\\nGolf. 402\\nFoot Racing. 405\\nRowing. 407\\nBoxing. 409\\nBicycling.411\\nTHE LARGEST THINGS IN THE WORLD 415\\nMiscellaneous Wonders.415-418\\nGrandest Temple of Worship.418\\nCostliest Private Mansion.418\\nHighest Building in the World 419\\nLargest Hotel in the United States 419\\nGreatest Land Proprietor ..420\\nLargest Hanging Bell in the World 420\\nLargest Gun in the United States 420\\nLongest Tunnels in the World 420\\nLargest Steam Hammer.422\\nMost Notable Bridges .4z2\\nGreatest City in the World.423\\nLargest Trees in the World.424\\nYellowstone National Park.425\\nWashington Monument.425\\nHeight of Principal Monuments and\\nBuildings. 425\\nLargest Churches and Halls.426\\nHighest Mountains.426\\nLoftiest Volcanoes.126\\nGreatest Depth of the Ocean 427\\nDeepest Lake in the World.427\\nLongest Rivers in the World.427\\nSize of Lakes, Seas and Oceans 427\\nGreatest Catastrophes of History 428\\nFloods and Freshets.428\\nGreatest Conflagrations.428\\nChicago\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Great Fires. 428\\nMost Noted Facts in Turf History 429\\nDimensions of Bartholdi\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Statue of\\nLiberty. 430\\nGreat Wall of China.430\\nCoal Area of the World.430\\nRailroad Facts.430\\nFastest Locomotive ever Built 432\\nOne Railroad in Palestine.432\\nSeven Wonders of the World 432\\nWonders of the New World .432", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0014.jp2"}, "15": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nVII\\nPAGE\\nPATES OE FIRST OCCURRENCES 433\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD 439\\nHistorical and Statistical Informa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion .439\\nThe United States.440\\nFac-similE of Original Copy of the\\nStar Spangled Banner.450\\nFac-similE of Original Copy of Our\\nNational Hymn.451\\nAutographs of the Presidents 452\\nCoats-of-Arms of the States.453\\nDominion of Canada 457\\nMexico.460\\nEngland.461\\nScotland.464\\nIreland.465\\nFrance.466\\nGerm/ n Empire.468\\nAustro-Hungarian Empire.471\\nRussian Empire.472\\nNorway and Sweden.475\\nDenmark.476\\nHolland\u00e2\u0080\u0094the Netherlands.477\\nBelgium.479\\nSwitzerland.480\\nItaly.481\\nSpain.483\\nPortugal.484\\nGreece.485\\nTurkey.486\\nEgypt.488\\nPalestine.. 489\\nArabia.490\\nChina.490\\nJapan.491\\nBritish India.492\\nAfghanistan and Beloochistan 495\\nSiam.496\\nPersia.497\\nBarbary States.498\\nAbyssinia.499\\nRepublics in South Africa.500\\nCape Colony.501\\nMadagascar.502\\nAustralia.502\\nOceanica ..503\\nPAGE\\nVENEZUELA. .504\\nBrazil.505\\nPeru.506\\nChili.507\\nUnited States of Colombia.508\\nCentral America.508\\nCuba.509\\nHawaii.510\\nASTRONOMY.513\\nHow To Read the Sky.513\\nUniverse of Wonders.514\\nVast Size of the Sun.514\\nThe Sun a Revolving Body.515\\nRapid Movement of Sun Spots.517\\nPictures Made by the Sun. 520\\nMicroscopic Photography.522\\nEclipse of the Sun.. 523\\nBrilliant Corona. 524\\nWonderful Eruptions.525\\nHow the Sun is Colored.529\\nMagnificent Halos.530\\nOur Solar System.536\\nMercury.536\\nVenus. 537\\nMars.539\\nJupiter. 541\\nSaturn. 542\\nUranus.543\\nNeptune ..544\\nThe Earth\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Satellite.546\\nCraters on the Moon\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Surface 547\\nA Desert World.548\\nAmazing Distances.555\\nInfinite Clusters of Stars.558\\nMagnificent Constellations.559\\nGreat Bear.559\\nCassiopeia.. 560\\nThe Twins.561\\nCastor and Pollux.562\\nLion.562\\nCopernicus. 562\\nOrion.563\\nStrange Wanderers in Space.564\\nVelocity of Comets.565\\nMeteorites.567\\nSplendors of the Aurora.569", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0015.jp2"}, "16": {"fulltext": "CONTENTS.\\nvi 11\\nELECTRICITY.\\nLatest Discoveries.\\nThe Phonograph.-\\nWhy the Wheels Go Round\\nGreat Motive Power.\\nThe Telephone.\\nElectric Light.\\nEdison\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Mimeograph.\\nEdison\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Kinetoscope.\\nElectric Rifles.\\nOcean Cables.\\nWONDERFUL PHOTOGRAPHY.\\nLight Piercing Opaque Substances\\nPAGE\\n573\\n573\\n574\\n576\\n577\\n578\\n580\\n582\\n583\\n584\\n585\\n586\\n586\\nForeign Bodies Seen Under the Human\\nSkin.687\\nBullets Located.588\\nPHENOMENA OF LIGHT.589\\nReflection 589\\nLong Distance Signals.. 591\\nSingular Shadow-Pictures.591\\nFAMOUS GEMS.593\\nQueen of Jewels.593\\nFamous French Gems.594\\nDiamond Cutting.595\\nTHE WEATHER AND WEATHER SIGNALS 596\\nStorm and Wind Signals.597\\nWeather Signs.598\\nRAILROAD SIGNALLING.598\\nAmerican Railway Signals.599\\nConstruction of the Signal-Box 600\\nBUILDING SOCIETIES.601\\nConstitution.601\\nEarning Powers ..603\\nINDOOR AMUSEMENTS.604\\nChess.604\\nNames of Pieces and their Powers 604\\nLaws of the Game.608\\nBackgammon.610\\nLaws of the Game.611\\nCOMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY.612\\nPhrenology.615\\nCURIOUS FACTS.*.616\\nThings not Generally Known 616\\nThe Alps.616\\nAlcohol.616\\nThe Human Body.616\\nPAGE\\nFictitious Names of Cities 617\\nEarth\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Centre 617\\nEl Dorado.6 8\\nFlying Dutchman \u00e2\u0080\u009d.618\\nJohn Bull. 618\\nLiberty Bell.618\\nBoats Used in Duck Shooting.620\\nMonroe Doctrine.620\\nHow Our Presidents Died.621\\nThe Silver Question.621\\nFictitious Names of States and Terri\u00c2\u00ac\\ntories .622\\nStock Brokers\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Technicalities 623\\nUncle Sam.623\\nBUSINESS TERMS AND RULES.624\\nBOOKKEEPING.630\\nMethod of Keeping Books.632\\nAccounts.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2 632\\nBooks of Account.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2 632\\nBills and Books of Original Entry 633\\nDay Book.633\\nCash Book.634\\nInvoice Book s .634\\nSales Book.634\\nDay-Book Journal.637\\nRules for Debit and Credit.637\\nLedger.638\\nCash Account.639\\nMerchandise Account.640\\nPersonal Accounts.641\\nBills Receivable Account.642\\nBills Payable Account.643\\nExpense Account.644\\nCapital Account.646\\nLoss and Gain Account.648\\nTrial Balances.651\\nClosing the Ledger.653\\nHow to Do Business.655\\nLEGAL FORMS.659\\nHand-Book of Law.659\\nBusiness Agreements. 660\\nGeneral Form of Agreement.660\\nLaws of Partnership.661\\nPartnership Agreement.661\\nDeeds.662\\nMortgages.663", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0016.jp2"}, "17": {"fulltext": "I\\nCONTENTS.\\nIX\\nPAGE\\nReal Estate Mortgage. 663\\nLandlords and Tenants. 664\\nForm of Lease of a Farm and Buildings 664\\nLast Wills and Testaments. 665\\nGeneral Form of Will. 665\\nSTATUTES OF LIMITATIONS.666\\nLIGHTNING CALCULATOR.667\\nReady Reckoner.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2 667\\nENCYCLOPEDIA OF INFORMATION 673\\nPresidents of th\u00c2\u00a3 United States 673\\nEducation, Marriage, Children, etc.,\\nPAGE\\nSmallest Republic in Europe.685\\nWhat Royalty Costs England 685\\nCarlisle Tables of Mortality 686\\nHow Human Life is Spent.686\\nHow to Tell the Age of Any Person 686\\nA Lady\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Chance of Marrying.687\\nMode of Execution in Every Country 687\\nAntidotes for Poisons.687\\nPowers of Locomotion of Animals 687\\nThe Pulse.688\\nPeriods of Digestion.688\\nof the Presidents.674\\nVice-Presidents.675\\nVotes for President.675\\nPolitics of the Presidents.676\\nPopular Vote for President by States 676\\nSalaries of United States Officers 677\\nPresident\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Salary.677\\nCabinet Facts ..677\\nReligion of the Presidents.678\\nThe White House ..678\\nFacts about Washington, D. C.678\\nOriginals of the New Testament 679\\nBible Printed in 300 Tongues 679\\nCuriosities of the Bible. 679\\nValuable Bibles.679\\nRoman Catholic Bible.679\\nDiscoveries and Settling of Countries 679\\nSize of the Different Nations 681\\nWealth of Principal Nations.681\\nMoney.682\\nWeight of a Million Dollars.682\\nFoundations of Fortunes.682\\nA Business Lesson.682\\nAvoid Debt.682\\nGetting Rich by Small Inventions 683\\nResults of Saving Money.683\\nWhat a Dollar Earns Each Day 683\\nValue of Metals.683\\nAverage Rainfall.684\\nAverage Annual Temperature 684\\nDerivations of Names of Months 684\\nNames of the Days of the Week 684\\nExports of Various Countries 684\\nSalaries of Heads of Governments 685\\nSovereigns of England. 685\\nNutrition in Articles of Food 688\\nPercentage of Alcohol in Liquors 688\\nWeight of Eggs.688\\nFood in an Egg.689\\nManagement of Poultry. 689\\nBox Measures.689\\nHow to Drive Flies from Stables 689\\nWeight of Cattle by Measurement 689\\nPOPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES\\nIN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 690\\nTHE LANGUAGE AND SENTIMENT OF\\nFLOWERS. 691\\nFlower Language 692\\nLIQUID AIR.701\\nDewar Bulb. 702\\nTHE HORSELESS AGE.705\\nAutomobiles. 705\\nElectric Mobile. 706\\nStorage Batteries. 707\\nCompressed Air 709\\nMARVELS OF THE RAILWAY.711\\nLuxury and Ease of Traveling 712\\nSiberian and Chinese Railways 713\\nCape to Cairo Railway. 716\\nCecil Rhodes. 717\\nNinety Miles an Hour. 717\\nWIRELESS TELEGRAPHY.719\\nHertzian Waves. 719\\nMODERN WONDERS OF THE ELECTRI\u00c2\u00ac\\nCAL WORLD. 724\\nRapid Telegraphing. 724\\nPicture Telegraphy 724\\nWireless Light 725\\nNEW STUDIES OF THE STORMY SKIES 726\\nSize of The Whole Universe. 727", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0017.jp2"}, "18": {"fulltext": "X\\nCONTENTS.\\nPAGE\\nWhence Comes the Heat.727\\nThe Sun.728\\nLargest Known Meteor.730\\nYerkes\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Great Telescope.730\\nGREAT CANALS OF THE WORLD 733\\nThe Panama Route .733\\nThe Nicaragua Canal.733\\nThe Keil Ship Canal.734\\nChicago Drainage Canal.735\\nSTUPENDOUS POWER OF THE FALLS\\nOF NIAGARA.736\\n40,000 Horse Power.736\\nTurbines.737\\nCINEMATOGRAPH-MOVING PICTURES 738\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cZeotrope\u00e2\u0080\u009d. 738\\nThe Kinetoscope.739\\nWHITE MAN\u00e2\u0080\u0099S GREED FOR THE LAND\\nOF THE BLACK.740\\nSCIENTIFIC FARMING.741\\nReclaiming Bad Lands.741\\nSpraying and Sprinkling Plants 743\\nDISCOVERIES IN THE ART OF HEALING 744\\nCures by Liquid Air.744\\nFinsen Light Cure.745\\nPasteur Serum.746\\nAnti-Toxin.746\\nThe X-Ray.746\\nHydrophobia.748\\nAppendicitis.749\\nSkin and Bone Grafting.750\\nVOYAGING AT BOTTOM OF THE SEA 751\\nThe \u00e2\u0080\u009cGymnote\u00e2\u0080\u009d.751\\nThe Argonoaut \u00e2\u0080\u009d.752\\nDiving Apparatus.755\\nUniversal Disarmament.756\\nCourt of Arbitration.756\\nOUR NEW POSSESSIONS.757\\nLadrone Islands.759\\nSamoan Islands.759\\nPorto Rico.760\\nTHE MODERN NEWSPAPER.762\\nPhoto-Engraving.764\\nZinc Etching.764\\nThe Lineotype Machine.766\\nStereotyping.768\\nPAGE\\nMonster Presses.769\\nDEATH-DEALING MACHINES OF WAR 772\\nDum Dum Bullet. .774\\nTorpedoes.775\\nAmerican Navy.776\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cSKYSCRAPERS\u00e2\u0080\u009d ..778\\nChicago Construction .778\\nThe Tallest Building.778\\nFire-Proof Brick.780\\nCOMPRESSED AIR AND PNEUMATIC\\nTUBES.781\\nMODERN ILLUSTRATING.782\\nThe Colortype.783\\nTHE MEAT MARKET OF THE WORLD 784\\nThe Pens.785\\nGREAT GOVERNMENTS OF THE EN\u00c2\u00ac\\nTIRE WORLD.789\\nFrance.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2 789\\nGermany.792\\nGreat Britain 794\\nRussia 796\\nUnited States of America.798\\nCOLONIAL GOVERNMENT OF THE\\nUNITED STATES.802\\nPorto Rico.802\\nCuba.804\\nThe Philippines.806\\nThe Hawaiian Islands.806\\nTRAVELING IN THE AIR.808\\nSTEEL ROLLING MILLS.812\\nACETYLENE GAS\u00e2\u0080\u0094THE NEW ILLUM-\\nINANT.816\\nPHOTOGRAPHY IN 1900 818\\nMicro-Photography.821\\nRECENT OCCURRENCES.822\\nTRYING TO FIND THE POLES.823\\nThe Antarctic Ocean.824\\nTHE PARTITION OF CHINA.825\\nAMERICAN EXPANSION.826\\nOur War With Spain.827\\nRICHES GREATER THAN KING SOLO\u00c2\u00ac\\nMON\u00e2\u0080\u0099S .828\\nCOMBINATIONS OF WEALTH.831\\nSOUTH AFRICA AND THE BOERS 833\\nTransvaal Government.834\\nDiscovery of Diamonds.834", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0018.jp2"}, "19": {"fulltext": "PAGE\\nCorrect Position of a Lady in Writing 23\\nSpecimen of Ornamental Pen Work 24\\nIncorrect Mode of Holding the Pen 25\\nProper Mode of Holding the Pen 25\\nCorrect Position of the Hand 25\\nSpecimen of Pen Flourishing. 26\\nLadies\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Handwriting. 28\\nSpecimen of Ornamental Pen Flourish 30\\nWhole-arm Capitals. 32\\nSigns Used by the Deaf and Dumb 34\\nOrnamental Pen Flourish. 36\\nSpecimen of Ornamental Penmanship 38\\nSpecimens of Visiting Cards. 40\\nThe Graceful Speaker. 57\\nThe Awkward Speaker*. 57\\nPresenting or Receiving. 63\\nAnnouncing 64\\nDeclaring 64\\nWonderment. 65\\nGladness. 65\\nMeditation 65\\nDesignating. 66\\nSilence. 66\\nRepulsion. 67\\nAnguish. 67\\nRemorse. 67\\nProtecting\u00e2\u0080\u0094Soothing. 68\\nExaltation. 68\\nDenying\u00e2\u0080\u0094Rejecting. 69\\nDiscerning. 69\\nAwe\u00e2\u0080\u0094Appeal. 70\\nDefiance. 70\\nDispersion. 71\\nIndecision. 71\\nThe Lover\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Day Dreams.120\\nMotive-vital Temperament.122\\nMental Temperament.123\\nVital Temperament.124\\nMental-vital Temperament .125\\nMotive-mental Temperament.126\\nf*AGE\\nGallantry of the Eighteenth Century 131\\nCross and Obstinate.133\\nJealousy.138\\nA Rival Discovered.140\\nThe Proposal.141\\nThe Lovers\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Reconciliation.145\\nThe Wedding Ceremony.156\\nSelfish Propensities Large.163\\nA Family Jar.165\\nThe Ideal Wife.171\\nThe Economical Wife.175\\nThe Happy Mother.177\\nVoice of the Flowers.183\\nFast Friends.208\\nFish Globe.210\\nAquarium .211\\nMiddle Cut of Salmon.212\\nJoints of Beef.226\\nSirloin of Beef.227\\nJoints of Veal.228\\nHalf of Calf\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Head.230\\nJoints of Mutton.231\\nJoints of Pork.234\\nHaunch of Venison.237\\nRoast Fowl.239\\nBoiled Turkey.240\\nHealth and Beauty.263\\nReady for the Tennis Court.266\\nA Model Home.270\\nNature\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Beverage.273\\nFree Gymnastics, with Twenty-six Illustra\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions 281-294\\nDumb-Bells, with Thirteen Illustrations 296-302\\nAthletic Exercises for Training the Body 304\\nSport in the Gymnasium.307\\nSwing and Stirrups, with Twenty-seven Il\u00c2\u00ac\\nlustrations 308-319\\nA Rescue from Drowning.321\\nMethod of Grasping the Arm.323\\nPressing upon the Artery.324\\nxi", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0019.jp2"}, "20": {"fulltext": "XU\\nLIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nPAGE\\nIn the Sick Chamber.325\\nA Morning Call.339\\nEtiquette of the Drawing Room 340\\nEtiquette of the Table.348\\nA Lawn Party.351\\nEntertaining the Guests with a Song 352\\nTravelling Costume.357\\nHer Morning Ride.359\\nArtistic Fireplace.363\\nRich Pieces of Furniture.364\\nSelecting Paintings for Home Decoration 365\\nWhat Shall the Answer Be?.371\\nA Letter of Sympathy.376\\nA Letter of Recommendation.378\\nHealthful Exercises.381\\nDiagram of Lawn Tennis Ground 384\\nOutdoor Sports.885\\nThe Social Part of the Game.386\\nBackhand Stroke.387\\nDiagram of Football Grounds.389\\nDrop-kick.390\\nDiagram of a Baseball Ground 391\\nCricket.392\\nA Critical Moment.*. 393\\nThe Wicket. 394\\nNet Practice. 394\\nBatter\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Position. 395\\nReady for Play. 395\\nHitting the Leg. 399\\nStraight-arm Delivery. 399\\nHigh-arm Delivery. 399\\nCatching a Ftigh Hit.400\\nStopping a Ground Ball.401\\nStopping a Grounder with One Hand 401\\nGolf Clubs.403\\nThe Finish of the Race.406\\nA Boating Party. 493\\nPosition in Boxing ,.410\\nLeading Off with the Left.410\\nHitting with the Left at the Body 410\\nQuadricycle, 1776. 412\\nCeleripede, 1816.412\\nDraisine, 1816.412\\nHobbyhorse, 1821. 412\\nLallement\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Velocipede.412\\nA Dash Across the Country.41 3\\nPAGE\\nA Bicycle Railroad.413\\nThe Cycle in Use on the Water 414\\nThe Eiffel Tower.416\\nView of the National Capitol.417\\nSt. Peter\u00e2\u0080\u0099s and the Vatican, Rome 418\\nLargest Pillars in the World\u00e2\u0080\u0094Karnak 421\\nGreat Suspension Bridge between New\\nYork and Brooklyn.423\\nOne of the Big Trees of California 424\\nThe Bartholdi Statue of Liberty 431\\nThe Pilgrims at Plymouth.443\\nFacsimile of the Original Copy of the\\nStar-Spangled Banner.450\\nFacsimile of the Original Copy of Our\\nNational Hymn.451\\nAutographs of the Presidents.452\\nCoats-of-Arms of the United States, with\\nForty-six Illustrations. 453\u00e2\u0080\u0094456\\nUniversity of Toronto.458\\nParliament House, Ottawa.459\\nFrench Entering the City of Mexico 460\\nBattle of Hastings\u00e2\u0080\u0094Death of Harold 462\\nCharlemagne and His Nobles.469\\nCatharine the Great at the Head of Her Army 47 3\\nView of Dort.478\\nNaples, Showing Mt. Vesuvius.482\\nPagoda at Chillenbaum, India.493\\nEnglish Troops on the March in India 494\\nThe Grand Mauna Loa in Action 511\\nThe Sun and Its Remarkable Spots 515\\nA Typical Sun-Spot.516\\nThe Earth Floating in Space.519\\nWreaths Copied by the Sun.521\\nThe Sun Eclipsed.523\\nRemarkable Corona.525\\nBanyan Grove on the Sun.526\\nExplosive Phenomona in the Sun 527\\nStriking Appearances of Cloud-land 528\\nHalos and Parhelia. 531\\nParhelia Observed by Gassendi.532\\nParhelia Observed by Hevelius.532\\nParhelia Observed in Tennessee. 533\\nBright Halo in Norway. 534\\nIntersection of Two Wave Systems 535\\nCelebrated Astromoners. 537\\nCrescent and Spots of Venus. 530", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0020.jp2"}, "21": {"fulltext": "LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nPAGE\\nThe Sun, Planets and Comet.540\\nRelative Sizes of the Sun and Planets 542\\nThe Planet Saturn.543\\nVolcanic Craters on the Moon\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Surface 547\\nTelescopic View of the Moon.549\\nSection of Moon\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Crescent.550\\nThe Earth as Seen from the Moon 552\\nSingular Aspect of the Moon\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Surface 553\\nCyclone of Spiral Nebula.558\\nUrsa Major, or Great Bear.560\\nUrsa Minor, or Eittle Bear.560\\nTaurus or Bull.561\\nCassiopeia.561\\nThe Twins.561\\nLeo or the Eion.562\\nOrion. 563\\nThe Scorpion .563\\nVarious Forms of Comets 665\\nThe Great Comet of 1843 566\\nThe Great Meteor Seen at Hurworth 567\\nA Shower of Brilliant Meteors on the Ocean568\\nAuroral Flames in the Northern Sky. 570\\nBrilliant Aurora in the Arctic Seas 571\\nEdison Talking into the Phonograph 574\\nListening to Sounds from the Phonograph 575\\nDiagram of Trolley Car.577\\nCommunicating by Telephone.578\\nThe Bell Telephone ,.579\\nThe Microphone.580\\nThe Voltaic Arc.581\\nEdison\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Marvelous Incandescent Lamp 582\\nElectric Rifle. 584\\nGiving a Shock to People.584\\nAn Electrical Fright.585\\nPhotograph by the X-Rays.587\\nPhotograph of Shot in a Rat\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Body 587\\nHow You See Yourself in a Mirror 589\\nThe Famous Pepper Ghost.590\\nHand-shadows of Animals.592\\nWeather Signals.596\\nWayside Signal Box.599\\nInterior of a Signal Box.600\\nChess Board.605\\nBackgammon Board.610\\nApe\u00e2\u0080\u0094Apish.613\\nA Striking Pair.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2 613\\nPuss, You Remind Me of-\u00e2\u0080\u009d 613\\nXlll\\nPAGE\\nOwl\u00e2\u0080\u0094Owlish.614\\nMarked Resemblance.614\\nLocation of Organs by Phrenologists 615\\nThe Old Liberty Bell.618\\nLayman Boat Used in Duck-shooting 619\\nPassage of Hell-Gate in the Layman Boat 620\\nHead for Books.632\\nAn Expert Accountant.633\\nHead for Mechanics.634\\nAlcohol Frozen in Liquid Air.702\\nLiquid Air Boiling on Ice.703\\nAn Electric Automobile.706\\nAutomobiles Passing in Review 708\\nAutomobile of English Design 710\\nModern Dining Car.711\\nGentlemen\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Club on Wheels 712\\nTrans-Siberian and Chinese Railway 713\\nConvict Camp on the Trans-Siberian\\nRailway.715\\nRoute of the Cape to Cairo\u00e2\u0080\u009d Railway 716\\nNinety Miles an Hour.- 718\\nM. Guiglielmo Marconi 720\\nWireless Telegraph Station.721\\nExterior View of a Wireless Telegraph\\nStation.722\\nPhotograph of the Milky Way 727\\nAn Eclipse of the Sun.728\\nPeary\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Great Meteor\u00e2\u0080\u0094Largest Ever\\nFound. 729\\nYerkes\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Telescope\u00e2\u0080\u0094Largest in the World 730\\nOutlet of a Modern Canal Lock 734\\nCalifornia Jack-Rabbit Drive.742\\nElectrical Machine for X-Ray Work 746\\nSo-called X-Ray Exhibition.747\\nMaking a Skiagraph Examination 749\\nThe Gymnote\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Traveling at the Surface 752\\nThe \u00e2\u0080\u0098\u00e2\u0080\u0098Argonaut Floating at the Surface 752\\nSubmarine Voyage of the \u00e2\u0080\u009cArgonaut\u00e2\u0080\u009d 754\\nGasoline Engines.755\\nLinotype Machine and Operator 763\\nStereotyping Room of a Large Daily\\nNewspaper.765\\nWaiting for Papers at 4 o\u00e2\u0080\u0099clock A. M. 767\\nThe Foundry.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2 768\\nEngraving Half-Tones.769\\nFinishing Department of Electrotype\\nFoundry.771", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0021.jp2"}, "22": {"fulltext": "XIV\\nLIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.\\nPAGE\\nEnglish Dum-Dum Bullet.774\\nCaring for the Wounded.776\\nA Modern Sky-Scraper \u00e2\u0080\u009d.779\\nKnocking\u00e2\u0080\u009d Cattle.784\\nKilling \u00e2\u0080\u009cKosher\u00e2\u0080\u009d Cattle 785\\nIn the Hog Sticking-Pen \u00e2\u0080\u009d.786\\nInspectors Marking Hogs to be Shipped 787\\nChicken Killing.788\\nGas-Kite Propelled Through Mid-Air 809\\nDanilewsky\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Dirigible Flying Machine 810\\nFlying.811\\nBlast Furnaces.812\\nPAGE\\nUnloading Iron Ore.813\\nA Steel Rail Mill ,.814\\nFifteen Thousand Tons of Steel Rails 815\\nMagnetic Traveling Cranes.815\\nAcetylene Gas Lamp.817\\nView of a Cocoanut Tree.818\\nCocoanuts on the Tree.. 819\\nSnap-Shot Camera.819\\nPhotograph of an Electrical Discharge 820\\nElectric Spark on a Photographic Plate 821\\nAlmost at the North Pole 824\\nHydraulic Mining in Alaska.829", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0022.jp2"}, "23": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES BATTLESHIP TEXAS\\nUNITED STATES TORPEDO BOAT CUSHING", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0023.jp2"}, "24": {"fulltext": "t", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0024.jp2"}, "25": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0025.jp2"}, "26": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES MONITOR MIANTONOMOH\\nUNITED STATES BATTLESHIP INDIANA", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0026.jp2"}, "27": {"fulltext": "UNITED 8TATES BATTLESHIP IOWA\\nUNITED STATES PROTECTED CRUISER COLUMBIA", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0027.jp2"}, "28": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0028.jp2"}, "29": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0029.jp2"}, "30": {"fulltext": "UNITED STATES ARMORED CRUISER BROOKLYN\\nUNITED STATES ARMORED CRUISER NEW YORK", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0030.jp2"}, "31": {"fulltext": "EDUCATION\\nMONG the wist and\\npithy sayings cn one\\nof our best known\\nmodern writers is\\nthis If a man emp\u00c2\u00ac\\nties his purse into\\nhis head, no man\\ncan take it away\\nfrom him. An investment in\\nknowledge always pays the\\nbest interest.\\nIt is by diligent attention\\nto this rule that the highest\\nsuccess is gained. It is im\u00c2\u00ac\\npossible to have the noblest\\ntype of man, physically, intellectually or\\nmorally, without education. An uneducated\\nploughboy cannot reach the commanding\\nheights of the widest influence; with educa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion he may rise to the highest position his\\ncountry can bestow.\\nThe biographies of the greatest statesmen,\\nscholars, men of letters, philosophers and\\nothers who have gained distinction, invaribly\\nrepresent them as possessed of an eager thirst\\nfor knowledge. Sir Isaac Newton was in the\\nhabit of spending whole nights in the study\\nof astronomy and the laws that govern the\\nheavenly bodies. Without such close appli\u00c2\u00ac\\ncation he could not have made those immortal\\ndiscoveries which have been the wonder of\\nall thoughtful minds from his time until the\\npresent.\\nIt is the observation of one of our modern\\nwriters that a human being is not, in any\\nproper sense, a human being until he is edu\u00c2\u00ac\\ncated. Thus his slumbering faculties are\\naroused. The magnificent displays of knowl\u00c2\u00ac\\nedge dawn upon him as the morning light\\nbrings beauty and fruitfulness to the earth.\\nThe word education means to train, to in\u00c2\u00ac\\nstruct, to awaken our faculties to action; or,\\ntaking the word in its primary sense, it means\\nto draw out.\u00e2\u0080\u009d It aims at the growth and\\nhighest possible culture of the whole man,\\nand the most valuable means for securing\\nthis grand result are found in books of use\u00c2\u00ac\\nful knowledge and information. These are\\nthe tools with which the rough block is\\nchiselled into symmetry and beauty.\\nThe fruits of the earth do not more\\nobviously require labor and cultivation to\\nprepare them for our use and subsistence,\\nthan our faculties demand instruction and\\nregulation in order to qualify us to become\\nupright and valuable members of society,\\nuseful to others, or happy in ourselves. We\\nmust be disciplined and trained.\\n17\\nI", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0031.jp2"}, "32": {"fulltext": "18\\nEDUCATION.\\nEducation is a friend which no misfortune\\ncan estrange; a companion that never be\u00c2\u00ac\\ncomes wearisome a light that never grows\\ndim; a solace that never fails. It is the\\nhelper of the poor and unfortunate, the hand\u00c2\u00ac\\nmaid of genius, an introduction abroad, and\\nan ornament in every walk of society. With\u00c2\u00ac\\nout it, what is man\u00e2\u0080\u0094what can be but an\\nuntutored savage\\nWhat sculpture is to a block of marble,\\neducation is to the mind. The philosopher,\\nthe saint, the hero, the wise, the good, the\\ngreat, often lie hidden and concealed in some\\nunnoticed individual, which a proper education\\nmight have disinterred and brought to light.\\nThe True Motto.\\nEducation begins with life. Before we are\\naware the foundatioms of the future structure\\nare laid. Busy pursuits, the struggle for\\ndaily bread, and the toil that cannot be\\nescaped, crowd out the opportunity to engage\\nin the pursuit of knowledge, but if we take\\nthe correct view of this most important mat\u00c2\u00ac\\nter, we shall hold that education is never\\nfinished, that there is always something new\\nto learn, that the highest summit has not\\nbeen reached, and we shall still, in the spirit\\nof Longfellow\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Excelsior,\u00e2\u0080\u009d press upward\\nwith a noble resolve, and a determination\\nthat is daunted by no difficulty or failure.\\nToo apt are we to take a narrow, limited\\nview of self-training. One boy is educated\\nto be a bookkeeper; another, to be a draughts\u00c2\u00ac\\nman another, to be a stenographer; another,\\nto be an electrician another, to be a lawyer\\nor journalist. It is true that special training\\nis needed for special pursuits, and no less true\\nthat the whole man needs to be educated,\\nwhatever may be the subsequent calling to\\nbe followed. All other training is like lop\u00c2\u00ac\\nping off the branches on one side of the tree\\nand causing them to grow only on the other\\nside\u00e2\u0080\u0094very good branches, perhaps, but a\\nvery misshapen tree.\\nHear what Daniel Webster said Knowl\u00c2\u00ac\\nedge does not comprise all which is contained\\nin the large term of education. The feelings\\nare to be disciplined; the passions are to be\\nrestrained true and worthy motives are to\\nbe inspired; a profound religious feeling is to\\nbe instilled, and pure morality inculcated\\nunder all circumstances. All this is com\u00c2\u00ac\\nprised in education.\\nSaid Washington\u00e2\u0080\u0094and our entire history\\nsince his day has proved the sagacity of his\\nremark Promote, as an object of primary\\nimportance, institutions for the general dif\u00c2\u00ac\\nfusion of knowledge. In proportion as the\\nstructure of a government gives force to\\npublic opinion, it is essential that public\\nopinion should be enlightened. The Father\\nof his Country was firm in the conviction\\nthat ignorance should have no place among\\na free people.\\nAn Old Legend.\\nThere is an old fable in classical My\u00c2\u00ac\\nthology which pictures Hydra as a serpent\\ncrawling in the slime of marshy Lerna\u00e2\u0080\u0094a\\nmonster with many heads, anyone of which,\\nif cut off, was replaced by two others unless\\nthe wound was cauterized. The horrid crea\u00c2\u00ac\\nture was slain by Hercules; this was one of\\nthe giant\u00e2\u0080\u0099s famous achievements. No less\\ntrue is it that ignorance is a hydra with a\\nthousand heads, ugly, dangerous, demonish,\\nand the Hercules that alone can slay it is\\nchat knowledge which comes from enlight\u00c2\u00ac\\nened education.\\nOne of our martyred Presidents said\\nNext in importance to freedom and justice is\\npopular education, without which neither\\nfreedom nor justice can be maintained. This\\nmeans that more than banks, railroads, fac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntories, commercial structures thirteen stories", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0032.jp2"}, "33": {"fulltext": "EDUCATION.\\n19\\nhigh\u00e2\u0080\u0094more than all the sails of commerce\\nand all the ploughs that turn up golden har\u00c2\u00ac\\nvests from prairies, is that thorough training\\nwhich fits the citizens of a free common\u00c2\u00ac\\nwealth for their duties and responsibilties.\\nWilliam Penn, writing to his wife concern\u00c2\u00ac\\ning their children, said For their learning\\nbe liberal. Spare no cost; for by such par\u00c2\u00ac\\nsimony all is lost that is saved but let it be\\nuseiul knowledge, such as is consistent with\\ntruth and godliness, not cherishing a vain\\nconversation or idle mind ingenuity, mixed\\nwith industry, is good for the body and the\\nmind too.\\nThus have the fathers and founders of our\\nnation urged, insisted upon, demanded, all\\nthe advantages of liberal education, and,\\nfortunately, these have been provided for all.\\nfife*\\nO one will deny that a large and\\nvery important part of mental\\nand physical training is fur\u00c2\u00ac\\nnished by parents and teachers,\\nwho are the proper guardians\\nand instructors of the young.\\nTheir influence is vast and far-\\nreaching. If it were not so, if the school\u00c2\u00ac\\nmaster and professor had no hand in form\u00c2\u00ac\\ning mind and character, the doors of our\\nschools and academies might as well be \u00c2\u00abhut\\nand nailed up.\\nAs wrapt and hidden in the stone\u00e2\u0080\u0099s embrace\\nThe future statue lies yet undefined\\nTill the nice chisel clears the form dt igned,\\nThe trunk, the moving limbs, the speak^ag face\\nDevelops so instruction\u00e2\u0080\u0099s hand must trace\\nThe intellectual form, which lies enshrined\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0099Mid nature\u00e2\u0080\u0099s rude materials and the mind\\nInvest with due proportion, strength and grace.\\nGod, to thy teaching, delegates the art\\nTo form the future man the care be thine,\\nNo shape unworthy from the marble start,\\nReptile or monster but with j ust design\\nCopy the heavenly model, and impart,\\nAs best thou canst, similitude divine.\\nBut what can others do for us compared\\nwith what we can do for ourselves Books\\nare our teachers and the printer\u00e2\u0080\u0099s type rules\\nthe world.\\nVery justly it has been said by a recent\\nwriter: We all have two educations, one\\nfrom others, and another, and the most valu\u00c2\u00ac\\nable, which we give ourselves. It is this last\\nwhich fixes our grade in society, and eventu\u00c2\u00ac\\nally our actual condition in this life, and the\\ncolor of our fate hereafter. All the pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nfessors and teachers in the world would not\\nmake you a wise or good man without your\\nown co-operation; and if such you are\\ndetermined to be, the want of them will not\\nprevail. We are to make the most of our\u00c2\u00ac\\nselves. It should be the duty of education\\nto make men first and discoveries afterward.\\nThe educated man is die one who wears\\nthe crown\u00e2\u0080\u0094the man who can learn from\\nreading and observation and then apply\\nwhat he knows. Every manufacturer, and\\nevery other employer knows the vast differ-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0033.jp2"}, "34": {"fulltext": "20\\nEDUCATION.\\nence between an educated and uneducated\\nworkman. Two men come, soliciting work.\\nOne is boorish in appearance, ungrammatical\\nin speech, dull in comprehension because his\\nfaculties have never been sharpened he\\nseems to be little less than a machine and\\nwith scarcely more comprehension. The\\nother is bright, quick, speaks correctly, gives\\nevidence of self-training and capacity. By his\\nside the other presents a pitiable spectacle,\\nand in the competition is distanced, as a trained\\nsprinter outstrips a man on wooden legs. This\\nis something occurring around us every day\\nand within the commonest observation.\\nGreat Value of Ready Information.\\nIn all education a knowledge of men and\\nthings is indispensable. For this reason the\\ncultured classes of Europe, and to some\\nextent of our own country, have considered\\nit essential for the boy or girl who has\\npassed through the schoolroom and mas\u00c2\u00ac\\ntered the course of study, to seek informa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion from other sources to take a trip\\nthrough the outside world and lay in a fund\\nof such knowledge as can be obtained only\\nby observing the daily doings of ordinary\\nlife and the people who are the actors in\\nevents of constant occurrence. The eye is\\nthe prime teacher. Open it and keep it\\nopen. Look, examine, ask questions, and\\ndo not be ashamed to ask.\\nKnock on the lids of books, packed with\\nuseful information, and say, I am here to\\nlearn what you have to tell me. We are to\\nbecome well acquainted I am going to keep\\ncompany with you teach me, surprise me,\\nstore my mind with knowledge unfold your\\nsecrets let me into the sanctum I have\\ncome to stay, and mean to traverse your\\ncharming pages until they are worn to a\\nbeaten path.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nSay this to your books of thought, of\\nknowledge, of all practical information. We\\nsay practical, for there is much that you do\\nnot need to know, and would not make you\\nwiser if you did know. Common sense is\\nthe most uncommon, but it is the best.\\nWhat will be useful for everyday life, teach-\\ning you how to think, to feel, to act, to suc\u00c2\u00ac\\nceed, to make the most of yourself, to step\\nup higher and higher on the ladder of fame\\nand fortune\u00e2\u0080\u0094this is what your book should\\nteach.\\nGold Must be Refined.\\nThere is sure to come a time when those\\nwho have neglected self-culture in early life\\nsee the great mistake they have made they\\nregret it when perhaps it is too late. Al\u00c2\u00ac\\nthough they are conscious of their own\\ndefects, their ignorance and sad lack of\\neducation, they have not time and opportu\u00c2\u00ac\\nnity to apply the remedy. You should,\\ntherefore, make the most of your advantages\\nwhile you have them.\\nVery bright minds may remain in eclipse\\nfor want of cultivation. The diamond is not\\nallowed to continue in its rough state it\\nmust be cut and polished. Gold must be\\nseparated from the rude ore it is of small\\naccount until this is done. Cicero says,\\ncultivation to the mind is as necessary as\\nfood to the body. Soil uncultivated may\\nproduce the most luxuriant weeds, yet only\\nweeds it must be plowed, hoed, harrowed\\nbefore it will produce good fruit.\\nChesterfield said I am very sure that any\\nman of common understanding may, by\\nculture, care, attention and labor, make him\u00c2\u00ac\\nself whatever he pleases, except a great\\npoet. This is only a part of the testimony\\nthat is given by the great minds of all ages,\\naffirming that close application and rigorous\\ndiscipline are essential to the highest attain\u00c2\u00ac\\nments and the most brilliant success.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0034.jp2"}, "35": {"fulltext": "SPECIMEN OF BLACK-BOARD FLOURISHING.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0035.jp2"}, "36": {"fulltext": "SPECIMEN OE BLACK-BOARD FLOURISHING", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0036.jp2"}, "37": {"fulltext": "The E nglish Language\\nHow to Write and Speak Correctly\\nNY mode by which\\nideas are commu\u00c2\u00ac\\nnicated is a correct\\ndefinition of lan\u00c2\u00ac\\nguage. In a nar\u00c2\u00ac\\nrower sense it\\nembraces human\\nspeech, and con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsists of sounds expressive of\\nthought, made by the organs of\\nthe mouth and throat. It also\\nincludes written characters.\\nWriting is the art of expressing\\nideas by visible signs or char\u00c2\u00ac\\nacters inscribed on some material.\\nIt is either ideographic or phonetic. Ideo\u00c2\u00ac\\ngraphic writing may be either pictorial, rep\u00c2\u00ac\\nresenting objects by imitating their forms, or\\nsymbolic, by indicating their nature or prop\u00c2\u00ac\\nerties. Phonetic writing may be syllabic or\\nalphabetic; in the former, each character\\nrepresents a syllable; in the latter, a single\\nletter. The first mention of written letters\\nis in the account given in the Book of Exodus\\nof the Tables of the Law.\\nWe are told that the Ten Commandments\\nwere written by the finger of God on tables\\nor tablets of stone. This statement has led\\nsome writers to believe that letters were\\ndivinely invented upon this occasion.\\nThere is no necessity, however, for taking\\nthis view of the case; for at the time of the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cgiving of the Law,\u00e2\u0080\u009d a written language\\nbelonged to each of the nations on the\\nsouthern shore of the Mediterranean. The\\nPhoenician alphabet, upon which that of the\\nHebrews was modelled had been in exist\u00c2\u00ac\\nence for several centuries before this time,\\nand as Phoenicia was then a dependency of\\nEgypt, and engaged in active commerce with\\nthat country, Moses was doubtless acquainted\\nwith the Phoenician system.\\nHow We Get the Alphabet.\\nThe fact that the Hebrew alphabet was\\nmodelled upon the Phoenician seems almost\\na positive proof of this theory. The early\\nhistory of the alphabet has to be recon\u00c2\u00ac\\nstructed from inscriptions, as nothing in the\\nshape of manuscripts is now in existence to\\ntell us what were the forms of the letters.\\nThese are handed down in bronze and stone.\\nThe date of the invention of the Phoenician\\nalphabet, which was the first purely phonetic\\nsystem ever used, is now definitely settled.\\nIt was during the supremacy of the Shep\u00c2\u00ac\\nherd Kings over Egypt. These were princes\\nof Canaanitish origin, who had conquered\\nLower Egypt, and were contemporary with\\nAbraham, Isaac, Jacob and Joseph. The\\n21", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0037.jp2"}, "38": {"fulltext": "22\\nMANUAL OF PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS.\\ndiscoveries of science give us reason to\\nbelieve that it was the Shepherd Kings of\\nAvaris, who borrowed from the Egyptian\\nhieratic writing a certain number of alpha\u00c2\u00ac\\nbetical characters, employed them to re\u00c2\u00ac\\npresent the sounds of their own language,\\nand thus produced the Phoenician alphabet\\nof twenty-two letters, the origin of most of\\nthe other alphabets of the world. The\\nPhoenicians not only invented the alphabet;\\nthey taught the use of it to all nations with\\nwhom they had commercial transactions..\\nWith the progress of the world, the art of\\nwriting and the characters employed were\\ngreatly simplified, until the system in use at\\npresent was adopted by the civilized nations\\nof the world.\\nPenmanship is the art of writing well.\\nIt is one of the most important accomplish\u00c2\u00ac\\nments a person can possess. No matter what\\nyour position in life, the ability to write a\\ngood, clear, legible hand, is a priceless pos\u00c2\u00ac\\nsession. To a young man starting out to\\nmake his way in life, it is so much genuine\\ncapital, which he can turn to advantage at\\nalmost every step. The great object should\\nbe to write a firm, clear hand, with uniformly\\nmade, well-shaped, and properly shaded\\nletters. An abundance of flourishes or\\nmarks is a defect, except where ornamental\\nwriting or \u00e2\u0080\u009cflourishing\u00e2\u0080\u009d is intended.\\nThe present system of forming and com\u00c2\u00ac\\nbining letters seems to be perfect. It enables\\nthe writer to put, his thoughts on paper\\nalmost with the rapidity of speech, and it is\\nnot probable that it will ever be improved\\nupon.\\nIn this country two styles of penmanship\\nare in use. One is known as the round\\nhand, the other as the angular. A new sys\u00c2\u00ac\\ntem, known as the semi-angular, has been\\nintroduced, mainly through the efforts of the\\nSpencer^ and of Payson, Dunton and\\nScribner, and is winning its way to favor.\\nThe \u00e2\u0080\u009ccopy books\u00e2\u0080\u009d prepared by these masters\\npresent the best and most progressive system\\nof penmanship now accessible to the learner,\\nand we cordially commend them to all.\\nPractice Necessary.\\nThe only way in which a person can\\nacquire the art of writing a good hand is by\\nconstant and conscientious practice. With\\nsome persons good penmanship is a gift, but\\nall may acquire it by persistent practice.\\nSelect a good system of copies\u00e2\u0080\u0094the series\\nreferred to above cannot be improved upon\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094and try faithfully to form your hand upon\\nthe model selected. Do not be satisfied until\\nyou can do as well as the master you .are\\nseeking to imitate.\\nWriting- 3Iaterials.\\nIt is of the greatest importance that the\\nwriting materials used by you should be of\\nthe best quality.\\nThe pen should be of steel or of gold.\\nMany persons prefer the gold pen, because it\\nmore nearly approaches the quill in flexi\u00c2\u00ac\\nbility. It is also the most durable pen. A\\ngood gold pen, properly used, should last for\\nyears. For general use, and especially for\\nornamental writing, a good steel pen is by\\nfar the best. It enables you to make a finer\\nand sharper line than can possibly be made\\nwith the gold or quill pen.\\nThe paper should be of the best quality\\nand texture, clearly ruled, and not toe\\nrough in surface. It is most common now\\nto use copy books, regularly prepared and\\nruled. It is a good plan, after you have\\ncompleted a copy book, to go over the same\\nset of copies again. This may be done by\\ntaking half a dozen sheets of foolscap and\\ncutting them in half. Place the half sheets\\nwithin each other, and stitch them together,\\nprotecting the whole with a cover of stiff", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0038.jp2"}, "39": {"fulltext": "ART OF WRITING WELL.\\n2 3\\npaper. Then use the copies of the book\\nyou have just finished, writing on the new\\n!x ok you have thus made.\\nBlotters and Ink.\\nA slip of blotting-paper should be pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nvided for every copy book. In writing\\nrest the hand upon this, especially in warm\\nweather. The perspiration thrown off by\\nthe hand is greasy in its nature, and soils the\\npaper upon which the hand rests, and lenders\\nit unfit to receive the ink.\\nNever use poor ink. Black ink should\\nalways be used in learning to write, and in\\nordinary correspondence. Blue and red inks\\nare designed for special purposes, and not for\\nordinary use. An ink that flows freely and\\nis nearly black when first used is best. Do\\nnot use a shallow or light inkstand. The\\nfirst will not allow you to fill your pen\\nproperly; the latter will be easily turned\\nover. The inkstand should be heavy and\\nflat, and of such a form that you can at once\\nsee the amount of ink in it, and thus know\\nhow deep to dip your pen. Dip your pen\\nlightly into the ink, and see that it does not\\ntake up too much. The surplus ink should\\nbe thrown back into the inkstand, and not\\nupon the floor. By stopping the mouth of\\nthe bottle when you have finished using it,\\nyou will prevent the ink from evaporating\\ntoo fast, and also from becoming too thick.\\nA pen wiper should always be provided.\\nThis should be of some substance that will\\nnot leave a fibre in the slit of the pen. A\\nlinen rag or a piece of chamois or buckskin\\nwill answer.\\nPosition of the Writer.\\nAfter you have learned to write, it is well\\nto provide your desk with a lead pencil, a\\npiece of India rubber, a ruler, and a bottle of\\nmucilage and a brush.\\nIn writing in a sitting position, a flat table\\nis the best.\\nThe position of the writer is a matter of\\nthe greatest importance, as it decides his\\ncomfort at the time, and exercises a powerful\\ninfluence upon his general health.\\nThe main object is to acquire an easy and\\ngraceful position, one in which the right\\narm has full play of the muscles used in\\nwriting.\\nThe table should be sufficiently high to\\ncompel you to sit upright. Avoid stooping,\\nas destructive of a good hand and of good\\nhealth. Your position should be such as will\\nenable you to fill your lungs without much\\nCORRECT POSITION OF A LADY IN WRITING.\\neffort. Sit with your right side next to the\\ndesk or table, and in such a position that the\\nlight will fall over your right shoulder upon\\nthe paper.\\nThe right forearm must be placed on the\\ndesk so as to rest the muscle front of the\\nelbow, and the hand placed on the book so\\nas to rest the nails of the third and fourth\\nfingers.\\nThe forearm must be at right angles with\\nthe copy, the book being steadied by the\\nfingers of the left hand placed on the paper at\\nthe left of the pen-point. Hold the wrist\\nnaturally over the desk, and you will see that\\nthe inner side is raised a little higher than", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0039.jp2"}, "40": {"fulltext": "24", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0040.jp2"}, "41": {"fulltext": "ART OF WRITING WELL.\\n25\\nthe outer. Keep the wrist free from the desk,\\nand do not let it turn over to the right or the\\nleft, or bend down or up, or otherwise.\\nHow to Hold the Pen.\\nHold the pen lightly between the thumb\\nand first two fingers, letting it cross the\\nforefinger in front of the third joint. Rest\\nthe base of the holder at the nail of the\\nmiddle finger. Place the forefinger over the\\nholder. Bend the thumb and fingers out\u00c2\u00ac\\nward, and the third and fourth fingers under\\nto rest the hand on the nails. Let the nibs\\nof the pen press the paper evenly.\\nThe movements in writing are produced\\nby the extension and retraction of the pen-\\nfingers and the thumb; by the action of the\\nforearm on the arm-rest as a centre of motion;\\nthe whole arm movement, which is the\\naction of the whole arm from the shoulder\\nas the centre of motion; and the union of all\\nthese move\u00c2\u00ac\\nments. In or\u00c2\u00ac\\ndinary writing,\\nthe first is suffi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncient. In orna\u00c2\u00ac\\nmental writing,\\nflourishing,\\netc., all the\\nvarious move\u00c2\u00ac\\nments are em\u00c2\u00ac\\nployed.\\nThe fingers\\nshould be kept\\nflexible, and\\ntheir move-\\nmentsaswell as\\nthose of the\\nhand and wrist,\\nshould be free\\nand unrestrain\u00c2\u00ac\\ned. Cramping or stiffening either the fingers or\\nthe wrist causes the handwriting to be\\ncramped and awkward, and greatly fatigues\\nthe writer. The pen should be held as\\nlightly as though the least pressure would\\ncrush it, and not grasped as though you\\nthought it would fly away.\\nThe Standing- Position.\\nI11 standing at a desk to write, stand up\u00c2\u00ac\\nright, and with the chest well thrown out.\\nThe desk should be high enough to compel\\nyou to do this. It should slightly incline\\nfrom the outer edge upwards, and should\\nproject far enough to allow you to place\\nyour feet well under it. The principal\\nweight of the body should rest upon the left\\nfoot, the right being thrown forward. Stand\\nwith your left side toward the desk, and rest\\nyour body on the left elbow, which should\\nbe laid upon the desk in such a manner as to\\nenable-you to steady your paper or book\\nwith the left hand. This position will en\u00c2\u00ac\\nable you to write freely in the ordinary\\nmanner, or to use the whole forearm should\\nyou desire to do so. The pen-holder should\\npoint towards the right shoulder.\\nA great saving of fatigue is made by\\nassuming and keeping a correct position\\nwhile writing either sitting or standing. By\\nconscientiously attending to this matter, you\\nwill soon acquire the habit of maintaining\\na correct position, and will reap the benefit\\nin the ease with which you perform your\\ntask, and in improved health.\\nNo one should be satisfied with a bad\\nhandwriting when it is in his power to im\u00c2\u00ac\\nprove it. Any one can procure a copy\u00c2\u00ac\\nbook, and can spare an hour, or half an\\nhour, a day for this effort at improvement.\\nYou should begin at the beginning, and\\npractise faithfully until you have reached a\\nsatisfactory result. Remember that a good\\nhand is not acquired in a week or a month;\\nit takes long and diligent practice to produce\\nPROPER MODE OF HOLDINU\\nTHE PEN.\\nCORRECT POSITION OF THE HAND.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0041.jp2"}, "42": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0096\u00a026\\nSPECIMEN OF PEN FLOURISHING,", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0042.jp2"}, "43": {"fulltext": "ART OF WRITING WELL.\\nthis result. The end, however, is worth all\\nthe labor necessary to its accomplishment.\\nPlain Writing* Always the Best.\\nThe great aim should be to make the\\nhandwriting legible. An ornamental hand\\nis very attractive, but it may be this and ye\\nnot easily read. This is to fail in the first\\nrequisite of good writing.\\nThe advantages of writing well are\\nnumerous, and will readily suggest them\u00c2\u00ac\\nselves. In the first place, it is alwavs a\\npleasure to prepare a plainly and neatly-\\nwritten letter or paper. The writer is then\\nnever afraid or ashamed for his friends to see\\nhis writing, and is never disgraced by a\\nwretched scrawl in addressing a letter to a\\nstranger.\\nA good hand is also an invaluable aid to a\\nyoung man seeking employment. A mer\u00c2\u00ac\\nchant in employing clerks and salesmen w r ill\\nalways give the preference to the best pen\u00c2\u00ac\\nman. A young man applying by letter for\\na situation can scarcely offer a better refer\u00c2\u00ac\\nence than the appearance of his letter.\\nShould you wish to become a book-keeper or\\naccountant, a good handwriting is a neces\u00c2\u00ac\\nsity.\\nHow to Spell Correctly.\\nWhether a person is a good penman or\\nnot, it is necessary that he should know how\\nto make use of his ability to write, or, in\\nother words, how to transfer correctly his\\nthoughts to paper.\\nThe first requisite is to know how to spell\\ncorrectly. This is even more important\\nthan writing a good hand. A badly-spelled\\nletter is much more of a disgrace to the\\nwriter than one badly w 7 ritten. The habit\\nof spelling correctly may be easily acquired,\\nand once mastered is rarely lost. Our\\nlanguage is so rich in w r ords that even the\\nbest of spellers may sometimes be unable to\\ngive the proper orthography of a word, but\\n2 7\\nthe knowledge of the general principles\\nwhich govern the formation of English\\nwords will enable him to meet all the ordi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnary demands likely to be made upon him,\\nThese may be found in almost any spelling-\\nbook, or work upon the principles of com\u00c2\u00ac\\nposition. It is well, however, to give a few\\nof the most important here. We may remark,\\nin passing, that writing words out in full on\\npaper, or on a slate, is an admirable means of\\nimpressing them upon the memory.\\nAll words of one syllable ending in with\\na single vowel before it, have double l at the\\nclose: as mill, sell.\\nAll words of one syllable ending in\\nwith a double vowel before it, have one l\\nonly at the close: as mail sail.\\nWords of more than one syllable ending\\nin when compounded, retain but one\\neach: as, fulfil, skilful.\\nWords of more than one syllable ending\\nin have one l only at the close: as, delight\u00c2\u00ac\\nful, faithful, except befall, downfall, recall\\nunwell etc.\\nAll derivations from words ending in l\\nhave one l only: as, equality from equal;\\nfulness, from full; except they end in er or\\nly: as, mill, miller; full, fully.\\nAll participles in ing from verbs ending in\\ne lose the e final: as, have having; amuse,\\namusing; unless they come from verbs end\u00c2\u00ac\\ning in double e, and then they retain both:\\nas, see, seeing; agree, agreeing.\\nAll adverbs in ly and nouns in merit retain\\nthe e final of the primitives: as, brave,\\nbravely; refine, refinement; except acknowl\u00c2\u00ac\\nedgment and judgment.\\nAll derivations from words ending in er\\nretain the e before the r as, refer, reference\\nexcept hindrance, from hinder; remembrance.,\\nfrom remember; disastrous, from disaster;\\nmonstrous, from monster; wondrous, from\\nwonder; cy.m rous, from cumber, etc.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0043.jp2"}, "44": {"fulltext": "28", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0044.jp2"}, "45": {"fulltext": "SPECIMEN OF BLACK-BOARD FLOURISHING-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0045.jp2"}, "46": {"fulltext": "m\\nm\\nmm\\njpl\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0I\\nSPECIMEN OF BLACK-BOARD FLOURISHING.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0046.jp2"}, "47": {"fulltext": "ART OF WRITING WELL.\\n.2 9\\nCompound words, if both end not in\\nretain their primitive parts entire: as, mill\u00c2\u00ac\\nstone, changeable, raceless; except always\\ndeplorable, although, almost, admirable\\netc.\\nAll one-syllables ending in a consonant,\\nwith a single vowel before it, double that\\nconsonant in derivatives; as, .wac, sinner#\\nship, shipping big bigger; glad gladder,\\netc.\\nOne-syllables ending in a consonant, with\\na double vowel before it, do not double the\\nconsonant in derivatives: as, sleep, sleeper;\\ntroop, trooper.\\nAll words of more than one syllable end-\\nJ\\ning in a single consonant, preceded by a\\nsingle vowel, and accented on the last syllable,\\ndouble that consonant in derivatives: as,\\ncommit, committee compel, compelled; appal,\\nappalling distil, distiller.\\nNouns of one syllable ending in y, pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nceded by a consonant, change y into ies in\\nthe plural; and verbs ending in y, preceded\\nby a consonant, change y into ies in the\\nthird person singular of the present tense,\\nand into ied in the past tense and past\\nparticiple: as, fly, flies I apply, he applies\\nwe reply, we replied, or have replied. If the\\ny be preceded by a vowel, this rule is not\\napplicable as, key, keys play, he plays\\nwe have enjoyed ourselves.\\nCompound words whose primitives end in\\ny, change y into i: as, beauty, beautiful;\\nlovely, loveliness.\\nHow to Use Capital Letters.\\nIt is an excellent plan to keep a small\\ndictionary at hand, in order that you may\\nrefer at once to the word if you are in doubt\\nas to its orthography. The standard recog\u00c2\u00ac\\nnized in the United States is either Worcester\\nor Webster. Johnson\u00e2\u0080\u0099s is good, or Walker\u00e2\u0080\u0099s,\\nand for students\u00e2\u0080\u0099 use, Stormonth\u00e2\u0080\u0099s is available\\nand handy.\\nThere is no surer mark of an educated\\nperson than the proper use of capital letters.\\nTo omit them when they should be used is a\\nserious blunder, and to make too profuse a\\ndisplay of them is to disfigure your writing,\\nand proclaim yourself ignorant of one of the\\nfirst principles of correct writing.\\nThe rules governing the use of these let\u00c2\u00ac\\nters are few, simple, and easily remembered.\\nThey may be stated as follows:\\nThe first word of every book, chapter,\\nletter, note, or any other piece of writing\\nshould begin with a capital letter.\\nThe names of the months and the days of\\nthe week should always begin with a capital\\nletter.\\nThe first word after a period should begin\\nwith a capital letter.\\nThe first word after every interrogation,\\nor exclamation, should begin with a capital\\nletter; unless a number of interrogative or\\nexclamatory sentences occur together, and\\nare not totally independent.\\nThe various names or appellations of the\\nDeity should begin with a capital letter: as,\\nGod, Jehovah, the Almighty, the Supreme\\nBeing, the Lord, Providence, the Messiah,\\nthe Holy Spirit, etc.\\nAll proper names, such as the names of\\npersons, places, streets, mountains, lakes,\\nrivers, ships, etc., and adjectives derived\\nfrom them, should begin with a capital letter.\\nThe first word of a quotation after a colon,\\nor when it is in direct form, should begin\\nwith a capital letter.\\nThe first word of an example, every sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nstantive and principal word in the titles of\\nbooks, and the first word of every line in\\npoetry, should begin with a capital letter.\\nThe pronoun I, and the interjection O, are\\nalways wricten in capitals.\\nAny words, when remarkably emphatic,\\nor when they are the principal subject of the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0047.jp2"}, "48": {"fulltext": "SPECIMEN OF ORNAMENTAL PEN FLOURISHING.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0048.jp2"}, "49": {"fulltext": "ART OF WRITING WELL.\\ncomposition, may begin with capitals. The\\nobservance of these rules is important.\\nHow to Punctuate Correctly.\\nA knowledge of punctuation is very im\u00c2\u00ac\\nportant. A document not punctuated, or\\nnot punctuated properly, may present a neat\\nappearance if written in a good hand and\\ncorrectly spelled, but its value may often be\\nentirely destroyed by incorrect punctuation.\\nA notable instance of this occurred in Eng\u00c2\u00ac\\nland, and is thus noticed in the London\\nTimes\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThe contract lately made for lighting\\nthe town of Liverpool, during the ensuing\\nyear, has been thrown void by the misplac\u00c2\u00ac\\ning of a comma in the advertisement, which\\nran thus: 1 The lamps at present are about\\n4050 in number, and have in general two\\nspouts each, composed of not less than twenty\\nthreads of cotton.\u00e2\u0080\u0099 The contractor would have\\nproceeded to furnish each lamp with the said\\ntwenty threads but, this being but half the\\nusual quantity, the commissioner discovered\\nthat the difference arose from the comma\\nfollowing, instead of preceding the word\\neach. The parties agreed to annul the con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntract, and a new one was ordered.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nPunctuation Marks.\\nA Mr. Sharpe once engraved a portrait of a\\ncertain Richard Brothers, and gave the fol\u00c2\u00ac\\nlowing certificate to that effect. The docu\u00c2\u00ac\\nment was designed as a simple statement of\\nfact. The misplacement of a comma, how\u00c2\u00ac\\never converted it into a piece of gross pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nfanity. It read as follows: Believing\\nRichard Brothers to be a prophet sent, by\\nGod I have engraved his portrait.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Had the\\ncomma been placed after the name of the\\nDeity, the effect would have been very dif\u00c2\u00ac\\nferent.\\nPunctuation is the art of dividing a written\\ncomposition into sentences; and is princi\u00c2\u00ac\\npally used to mark the grammatical divisions\\nof a sentence. The marks employed in\\npunctuation are sometimes used to note the\\ndifferent pauses and tones of voice, which\\nthe sense and accurate pronounciation re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquire.\\nThe characters or marks used in punctua\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion are as follows:\\nThe Comma, f\\nThe Semicolon,\\nThe Colon,\\nThe Period,\\nThe Quotation Marks,\\nThe Diaeresis,\\nThe Crotchets,\\nThe Brackets,\\nThe Exclamation,\\nThe Interrogation,\\nThe Dash,\\nThe Ellipsis,\\nThe Hyphen,\\nThe Breve,\\nThe Apostrophe\\nThe Brace,\\nThe Acute Accent,\\nThe Grave Accent, v\\nThe Circumflex Accent, a\\nThe Caret,\\nThe Cedilla, c\\nIn addition to these the following marks\\nof reference are used\\nThe Asterisk, The Section,\\nThe Obelisk, f The Parallels,\\nThe Index, The Paragraph,\\nThe Double Obelisk, J\\nRules of Punctuation.\\nWhen two or more words are connected\\nwitnout the connecting word being expressed,\\nthe comma supplies the place of that word;\\nas Alfred was a brave, pious, patriotic\\nprince.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThose parts of a sentence which contain the\\nrelative pronoun, the case absolute, the nom\u00c2\u00ac\\ninative case independent, any parenthetical\\nclause, and simple members of sentences,\\nconnected by words expressing a comparison,\\nmust be separated by commas; as, The\\nelephant, which you saw in the menagerie,\\ntook the child up with his trunk into his\\ncage.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Shame being lost, all virtue is lost.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nPeace, O Virtue, peace is all thine own.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nBetter is a dinner of herbs with love, thai\\na stalled ox and hatred therewith.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe following words and phrases, and\\nothers similar to them, are generally separated", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0049.jp2"}, "50": {"fulltext": "32", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0050.jp2"}, "51": {"fulltext": "ART OF WRITING WELL.\\n33\\nby commas from the rest of the sentence;\\nnamely, Nay, so, however, hence, besides,\\nperhaps, finally, in short, at least, moreover,\\nagain, first, secondly, thirdly, lastly, once\\nmore, on the contrary, etc.\\nThe words of another writer, not formally\\nintroduced as a quotation, and words and\\nclauses expressing contrast or opposition,\\nthough closely connected in construction,\\nare separated by a comma; as, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI pity the\\nman, who can travel from Dan to Beersheba\\nand cry, \u00e2\u0080\u0099Tis all barren.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThough deep, yet clear though gentle, yet not dull;\\nStrong, without rage without o\u00e2\u0080\u0099erflowing, full.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nWhen the absence of a word is indicated\\nin reading or speaking by a pause, its place\\nmay be suppled by a comma; as, From law\\narises security from security, inquiry; from\\ninquiry, knowledge.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nNouns in apposition, accompanied by ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nplanatory words or phrases, are separated by\\ncommas; but if such nouns are single, cr\\nonly form a proper name, they are not\\ndivided; as, \u00e2\u0080\u009cPaul the Apostle cf the\\nGentiles was eminent for his zeal and knowl\u00c2\u00ac\\nedge.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nSemicolons, Colons anil Periods.\\nWhen a sentence consists of several mem\u00c2\u00ac\\nbers, each constituting a distinct proposition,\\nand having a dependence upon each other,\\nor upon some common clause, they are\\nseparated by semicolons; as, \u00e2\u0080\u009cWisdom has\\nbuilded her house; she hath hewn out her\\nseven pillars; she hath killed her beasts;\\nshe hath mingled her wine; she hath also\\nfurnished her table.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe colon is used to divide a sentence into\\ntwo or more parts, which, although the\\nsense be complete in each, are not wholly\\nindependent; as, Nature felt her inability\\nto extricate herself from the consequences of\\nguilt: the Gospel reveals the plan of Divine\\n3\\ninterposition and aid.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Here the clauses\\nare complete in sense, yet form one sentence.\\nThe colon is used when an example, a\\nquotation, or a speech is introduced; as,\\nThe Scriptures give us an amiable repre\u00c2\u00ac\\nsentation of the Deity in these words: God\\nis love.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe period is used at the end of a complete\\nand independent sentence. It is also placed\\nafter initial letters when used alone; and,\\nlikewise, after all abbreviations; as, One\\nclear and direct path is pointed out to man.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nFear God.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Have charity towards all\\nmen.\u00e2\u0080\u009d G. W.,\u00e2\u0080\u009d for \u00e2\u0080\u009cGeorge Washington.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cGeo.,\u00e2\u0080\u009d for \u00e2\u0080\u009cGeorge.\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009cBenj.,\u00e2\u0080\u009d for \u00e2\u0080\u009cBen*\\njamin.\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009cO. S.,\u00e2\u0080\u009d for \u00e2\u0080\u009cOld Style.\u00e2\u0080\u009d F. R.\\nS.,\u00e2\u0080\u009d for \u00e2\u0080\u009cFellow of the Royal Society.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nIn a general view, the period separates the\\nparagraph into sentences; the semicolon\\ndivides a compound sentence into simple\\nones; and the comma collects into clauses\\nthe scattered circumstances of manner, time,\\nplace, relation, etc., belonging to every verb\\nand to every noun.\\nInterrogation anil Exclamation Marks.\\nThe note of interrogation, or the question,\\nas it is sometimes called, is placed after every\\nsentence which contains a question; as,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cWho is this?\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009cWhat have you in your\\nhand?\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe Cyprians said to me, Why\\ndo you weep\\nThe exclamation point is used to express\\nany sudden or violent emotion; such as sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nprise, joy, grief, love, hatred, anger, pity,\\nanxiety, ardent wish, etc. It is also used to\\nmark an exalted idea of the Deity; and is\\ngenerally placed after the nominative case in\u00c2\u00ac\\ndependent; and after the noun or pronoun\\nwhich follows an interjection; as, How\\nmischievous are the effects of w-ar!\u00e2\u0080\u009d O\\nblissful days Ah me how soon we pass\\nThe exclamation point is also used after", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0051.jp2"}, "52": {"fulltext": "ONE-HAND ALPHABET.\\nSIGNS USED FOR LETTERS BY THE DEAF AND DUMB.\\n34", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0052.jp2"}, "53": {"fulltext": "ART OF WRITING WELL.\\n35\\nsentences containing a question when no\\nanswer is expected; as, What is more amia-\\nable than virtue!\\nSeveral exclamation points are sometimes\\nused together, either in a parenthesis or by\\nthemselves, for the purpose of expressing\\niidicule or a great degree of surprise.\\nThe Parenthesis, Bracket, Hyphen, Etc.\\nA parenthesis is a sentence, or a part of a\\nsentence, inserted within another sentence,\\nbut which may be omitted without injuring\\nthe sense or construction, and is enclosed\\nbetween two closed lines like these:\\nThe curved lines between which a paren\u00c2\u00ac\\nthesis is enclosed are called crotchets.\\nSometimes a sentence is enclosed between\\nmarks like these, which are called\\nbrackets.\\nThe following difference is to ?_ e noticed\\nin the use of crotchets and brackets: Crotchets\\nare used to enclose a sentence, or part of a\\nsentence, which is inserted between the parts\\nof another sentence: Brackets are generally\\nused to separate two subjects or to enclose an\\nexplanatory note or observation standing by\\nitself. When a parenthesis occurs within\\nanother parenthesis, brackets enclose the\\nformer, and crotchets the latter as in the\\nfollowing sentence from Stern \u00e2\u0080\u009cI know the\\nbanker I deal with, or the physician I usually\\ncall in [there is no need, cried Dr. Slop (wak\u00c2\u00ac\\ning), to call in any physician in this case],\\nto be neither of them man of much\\nreligion.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nIt may be here remarked that a parenthe\u00c2\u00ac\\nsis is frequently placed between commas, in\u00c2\u00ac\\nstead of crotchets, etc.; but the best writers\\navoid the use of parenthesis as much as\\npossible.\\nThe hyphen is a small mark placed between\\nthe parts of a compound word; as, sea-water,\\nsemi-circle.\\nThe hyphen is also used to denote the\\nlong sound of a vowel; as, Epicure-an,\\ndeco-rum.\\nThe hyphen must always be put at the end\\nof the line when part of the word is in one\\nline and part in another; but in this case,\\nthe letters of a syllable must never be sep\u00c2\u00ac\\narated as, extraor\u00c2\u00ac\\ndinary, not ext\u00c2\u00ac\\nraordinary.\\nThe dash is a straight mark longer than a\\nhyphen; thus,\\nThe proper use of the dash is to express ar\\nsudden stop or change of the subject; but\\nby modern writers, it is employed as a sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nstitute for almost all of the other marks:\\nbeing used sometimes for a comma, semi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncolon, colon or period; sometimes for a\\nquestion or an exclamation, and sometimes\\nfor crotchets and brackets to enclose a paren\u00c2\u00ac\\nthesis.\\nAn ellipsis or omission of words, syllables\\nor letters, is indicated by various marks:\\nsometimes by a dash as, the k-g, for tne\\nking; sometimes by asterisks or stars, like\\nthese, sometimes by hyphens, thus,.\\nsometimes by small dots or periods,,\\nlike these,\\nThe breve (thus is placed over a vowel\\nto indicate its short sound St. Helena.\\nThe apostrophe is the comma placed above\\nthe line. It is used as the sign of the pos\u00c2\u00ac\\nsessive case, and sometimes indicates the\\nomission of a letter or several letters; as,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cJohn\u00e2\u0080\u0099s;\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009c\u00e2\u0080\u0099tis\u00e2\u0080\u009d for \u00e2\u0080\u009cit is;\u00e2\u0080\u009d tho\u00e2\u0080\u0099\u00e2\u0080\u009d for\\nthough;\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009clov\u00e2\u0080\u0099d\u00e2\u0080\u009d for \u00e2\u0080\u009cloved;\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009cI\u00e2\u0080\u0099ll\u00e2\u0080\u009d tor\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cI will.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe quotation marks, or inverted commas^\\nas they are sometimes called, consist of four\\ncommas, two inverted, or upside down, at the\\nbeginning of a word, phrase or sentence\\nwhich is auoted or transcribed from some\\nJL\\nauthor in his own words and two others, iv", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0053.jp2"}, "54": {"fulltext": "36", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0054.jp2"}, "55": {"fulltext": "ART OF WRITING WELL.\\n37\\ntheii direct position, placed at the conclu\u00c2\u00ac\\nsion as, an excellent poet says:\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThe proper study of mankind is man.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nSometimes the quotation is marked by sin\u00c2\u00ac\\ngle instead of double commas.\\nThe diaeresis consists of two periods placed\\nover the latter of two vowels to show that\\nthey are to be pronounced in separate sylla\u00c2\u00ac\\nbles as, Laocoon, Zoonomia, cooperate.\\nThe brace is employed to unite several\\nlines of poetry, or to connect a number of\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2words with one common term and it is also\\nused to prevent a repetition in writing or\\nprinting thus,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cWaller was smooth; but Dryden taught him to join j\\nThe varying verse, the full-resounding line, 1\\nThe long majestic march and energy divine.\u00e2\u0080\u009d j\\nC-e-o-u-s j\\nC-i-o-u-s\\no _ o I are pronounced like shus.\\n1 \u00e2\u0080\u009cO\u00e2\u0080\u009d IT\u00e2\u0080\u009dS\\nT-i-o-u-s J\\nThe cedilla, or cerilla, is a curve line\\nplaced under the letter c to show that it has\\nthe sound of It is used principally in\\nwords derived from the French language.\\nThus gargon, in which word the g is to be\\npronounced like j.\\nThe accents are marks used to signify the\\nproper pronounciation of words.\\nThe accents are three in number\\nThe grave accent, thus, v\\nThe acute accent, thus,\\nThe circumflex accent, thus, A\\nThe grave accent is represented by a mark\\nplaced over a letter, or syllable, to show that\\nit must be pronounced with the falling in\u00c2\u00ac\\nflection of the voice as, Reuthamir.\\nThe acute accent is represented by a\\nsimilar mark, pointing in the opposite\\ndirection, to show that the letter or syllable\\nmust be pronounced with the rising inflec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of the voice thus, Epicurean, European.\\nThe meaning of a sentence often depends\\non the kind of accent which is used; thus\\nthe following sentence, if the acute accent\\nbe used on the word alone becomes a ques-\\ntion:\\nPleased thou shalthear, and thou alone shalthear?\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nBut if the grave accent be placed on the\\nword alone it becomes a simple declaration\\nas,\\nPleased thou shalt hear, and thou alone shalt hear.\\nThe circumflex accent is the union of the\\ngrave and acute accents, and indicates that\\nthe syllable on which it is placed should\\nhave both the rising and falling inflection of\\nthe voice.\\nThe caret is a mark resembling an in\u00c2\u00ac\\nverted V placed under the line. It is never\\nused in printed books, but, in manuscripts,\\nshows that something has been accidentally\\nomitted; as,\\nrecited\\nGeorge has his lesson.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nA\\nWhen many notes occur on a page, and\\nthe reference marks given above are ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nhausted, it is customary to double them.\\nSome writers prefer to use the numerals, i,\\n2, 3, 4, etc., as simpler. This is a matter of\\ntaste with the writer.\\nSections and Paragraphs.\\nThe section and the paragraph If are\\nused to mark the parts of a composition that\\nshould be separated. Where you wish the\\ncompositor to separate a paragraph into two\\nor more paragraphs, it is not necessary to\\nrewrite the page. Place the 1 where you\\nwish each new paragraph to begin, and the\\ncompositor will understand your wishes.\\nA paragraph denotes the beginning of a\\nnew subject, or a sentence not connected\\nwith the foregoing.\\nA section is used for subdividing a chapter\\ninto smaller parts.\\nIt is proper here to add, that every com\u00c2\u00ac\\nposition should be divided into paragraphs,", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0055.jp2"}, "56": {"fulltext": "38", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0056.jp2"}, "57": {"fulltext": "ART OF WRITING WELL.\\n39\\nwhen the sense will allow the separation.\\nDifferent subjects, unless they are very short,\\nor very numerous in a small compass, should\\nbe separated into paragraphs.\\nUnderscoring.\\nMany mistakes arise from improperly\\nunderscoring the words of a manuscript or\\nletter. It is well to refrain from underscor\u00c2\u00ac\\ning a word wherever you can do so with\\npropriety, just as you would avoid unduly\\nemphasizing your words in speaking. A\\nsingle line drawn under a word indicates\\nthat it must be set by the compositor in\\nitalics; as, I dearly love her.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Two lines\\nindicate small capitals; as, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI honor him.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThree lines indicate large capitals as, Help,\\nhelp, I cry.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nGENERAL PRIN CIPLES OF GRA MMAR.\\nAlthough the details of Grammar and\\ngrammatical rule are not embraced in the\\nplan of this work, we may with propriety\\npresent some observations with regard to\\nthose principles which are most frequently\\nforgotten or disregarded by careless writers.\\nThese are here presented in the form of\\ndirections.\\nDirection ist. In determining the\\nnumber of a verb, regard must be had to\\nthe idea which is embraced in the subject\\nor nominative. Whenever the idea of plu\u00c2\u00ac\\nrality is conveyed, whether it be expressed\\nby one word or by one hundred, and how\u00c2\u00ac\\never connected, and in whatever number the\\nsubject may be, whether singular or plural,\\nall verbs relating to it must be made to\\nagree, not with the number of the word or\\nwords but with the number of the idea con\u00c2\u00ac\\nveyed by the words.\\nDirection 2d. In the use of pronoun,\\nthe same remark applies: namely, that the\\nnumber of the pronoun must coincide with\\nthe idea contained in the word, or words, to\\nwhich the pronoun relates. If it imply\\nunity, the pronoun must be singular; if it\\nconvey plurality, the pronoun must be plural.\\nThese directions will be better understood by\\nan example.\\nThus, in the sentence, \u00e2\u0080\u009cEach of them, in\\ntheir turn, receive the benefits to which they\\nare entitled,\u00e2\u0080\u009d the verbs and pronouns are in\\nthe wrong number. The word each, although\\nit includes all implies but one at a time The\\nidea therefore, is the idea of unity and the\\nverb and pronoun should be singular; thus,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cEach of them in his turn receives the\\nbenefit to which he is entitled.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe same remark may be made with re\u00c2\u00ac\\ngard to the following sentences: \u00e2\u0080\u009cEvery per\u00c2\u00ac\\nson, whatever be their (his) station, is bound\\nby the duties of morality.\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe wheel\\nkilled another man, who is the sixth that\\nhave (has) lost their (his) lives (life) by these\\nmeans.\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009cI do not think that any one\\nshould incur censure for being tender of\\ntheir (his) reputation.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nDirection 3d. In the use of verbs and\\nwords which express time, care must be\\ntaken that the proper tense be employed to\\nexpress the time that is intended. Perhaps\\nthere is no rule more frequently violated\\nthan this, even by good writers; but young\\nwriters are very prone to the error; thus the\\nauthor of the Waverley Novels has the fol\u00c2\u00ac\\nlowing sentence:\\nDescription,\u00e2\u0080\u0099 he said, was (is) to the\\nauthor of a romance exactly what drawing\\nand tinting were (are) to a painter; v 7 ords\\nwere (are) his colors, and, if properly em\u00c2\u00ac\\nployed, they coidd (can) not fail to place the\\nscene which he wished (wishes) to conjure\\nup as effectually before the mind\u00e2\u0080\u0099s eye as the\\ntablet or canvas presents it to the bodily or\u00c2\u00ac\\ngan. The same rules,\u00e2\u0080\u0099 he continued, ap\u00c2\u00ac\\nplied (apply) to both, and an exuberance of", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0057.jp2"}, "58": {"fulltext": "40\\nSPECIMENS OF VISITING CARDS.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0058.jp2"}, "59": {"fulltext": "ART OF WRITING WELL.\\ndialogue in the former case was (is) a verbose\\nand laborious mode of composition, which\\nwent (goes) to confound the proper art of the\\ndrama, a widely different species of compo\u00c2\u00ac\\nsition, of which dialogue was (is) the very\\nessence because all, excepting the language\\nto be made use of, was (is) presented to the\\neye by the dresses, and persons, and actions\\nof the performers upon the stage.\u00e2\u0080\u0099\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe author was misled throughout in the\\ntenses of the verbs in this extract by the\\ntense of the verb said with which he intro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduces it.\\nDirection 4th. Whenever several verbs\\nbelonging to one common subject occur in a\\nsentence, the subject or nominative must be\\nrepeated whenever there is a change in the\\nmood, tense, or form of the verb.\\nDirection 5th. In the use of the com\u00c2\u00ac\\nparative and superlative degrees of the adjec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntive it is to be remarked, that when two\\nthings or persons only are compared, the\\ncomparative degree, and not the superlative,\\nshould be used. Thus, in the sentence,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cCatharine and Mary are both well attired\\nbut, in their appearance, Catharine is the\\nneatest, Mary the most showy,\u00e2\u0080\u009d the superla\u00c2\u00ac\\ntive degree of the adjective is improperly ap\u00c2\u00ac\\nplied. As there are but two persons spoken\\nof, the adjectives should be in the compara\u00c2\u00ac\\ntive degree namely, neater and more showy.\\nDirection 6th. Neuter and intransitive\\nverbs should never be used in the passive\\nform. Such expressions as was gone is\\ngrown is fallen is come may be relied on\\netc., although used by some good writers, are\\nobjectionable.\\nDirection 7th. In the use of irregular\\nverbs, a proper distinction should be made in\\nthe use of the imperfect tense and the perfect\\nr\\nparticiple.\\nHe done (did) it at my request; he run\\nIran) a great risk he has mistook (mistaken)\\n7 T C\\n4r\\nhis true interest the cloth w T as wave (woven)\\ni of the finest wool; he writes as the best au\u00c2\u00ac\\nthors would have wrote (written) had they\\nwrit (written) upon the subject; the bell has\\nbeen rang (rung); I have spoke (spoken) to\\nhim upon the subject These sentences are\\ninstances where the proper distinction be\u00c2\u00ac\\ntween the preterite and participle has not\\nbeen preserved.\\nDirection 8th. The negative adverb\\nmust be followed by the negative conjunc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion as, \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe work is not capable of pleas\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the understanding, nor (not or) the imag\u00c2\u00ac\\nination.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The sentence would be improved\\nby using the conjunction in pairs, substitut\u00c2\u00ac\\ning neither for not.\\nIn the following sentences, the conjunc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion but is improperly used \u00e2\u0080\u009cI cannot deny\\nbut that I was m fault.\u00e2\u0080\u009d It cannot be\\ndoubted but that this is a state of positive\\ngratification.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nDirection 9th. There must be no\\nellipsis of any word, when such ellipsis\\nwould occasion obscurity. Thus, when we\\nspeak of the laws of God and man,\u00e2\u0080\u009d it is\\nuncertain whether one or tw T o codes of laws\\nare meant; but, in the expression, the laws\\nof God and the laws of man,\u00e2\u0080\u009d the obscurity\\nvanishes. A nice distinction in sense is\\nmade by the use or omission of the articles.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cA white and red house\u00e2\u0080\u009d means but one\\nhouse; but \u00e2\u0080\u009cA white and a red house\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nmeans two houses. In the expression, \u00e2\u0080\u009cShe\\nhas a little modesty,\u00e2\u0080\u009d the meaning is posi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntive; but by omitting the article, \u00e2\u0080\u009cShe has\\nlittle modesty,\u00e2\u0080\u009d the meaning becomes nega\u00c2\u00ac\\ntive. The position of the article, also, fre\u00c2\u00ac\\nquently makes a great difference in the\\nsense, as will be seen in the following\\nexamples: \u00e2\u0080\u009cAs delicate a little thing;\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nAs a delicate little thing.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nDirection 10th. The adverb should\\nalways be placed as near as possible to the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0059.jp2"}, "60": {"fulltext": "42\\nMANUAL OF PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS.\\nword which it is designed to qualify. Its j\\nproper position is generally before adjectives,\\nafter verbs and frequently between the\\nauxiliary and the verb. The following\\nsentence exhibits an instance of the im\u00c2\u00ac\\nproper location of the adverb: \u00e2\u0080\u009cIt had\\nalmost been his daily custom, at a certain\\nhour, to visit Admiral Priestman.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The\\nadverb almost should have been placed before\\ndaily\\nDirection nth. In the use of passive\\nand neuter verbs, care must be taken that\\nthe proper nominative is applied. That\\nwhich is the object of the active verb must\\nin all cases be the subject or nominative of\\nthe passive verb. Thus, we say, with the\\nactive verb, \u00e2\u0080\u009cThey offered him mercy\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n(i. e to him): and, with the passive verb,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cMercy was offered to him;\u00e2\u0080\u009d not \u00e2\u0080\u009cHe was\\noffered mercy,\u00e2\u0080\u009d because \u00e2\u0080\u009cmercy,\u00e2\u0080\u009d not \u00e2\u0080\u009che,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nis the thing which was offered. It is better\\nto alter the expression by substituting a\\nsynonym with a proper nominative or sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nject, than to introduce such confusion of\\nlanguage, as must necessarily result from a\\nchange in the positive, fixed and true signifi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncations of words, or from a useless violation\\nof grammatical propriety.\\nIn accordance with this direction (see, also,\\nDirection 6th),\\nInstead of\\nHe was prevailed on,\\nHe was spoken to,\\nShe was listened to,\\nThey were looked at,\\nIt is approved of,\\nHe was spoken of,\\nIt is contended for,\\nIt was thought cf,\\nHe was called on by his friend,\\nThese examples are commented\\nupon with much humor,\\nHe was referred to as an oracle,\\nIt would be better to say\\nHe was.persuaded.\\nHe was addressed.\\nShe was heard.\\nThey were seen, or viewed.\\nIt is liked, or commended.\\nHe was named, or mentioned.\\nIt is maintained, or contested.\\nIt was remembered ,or conceived.\\nHe was visited by his friend.\\nThese examples are ridiculed\\nwith much humor.\\nHe was consulted as an oracle.\\nDirection 12th. All the parts of a sen\u00c2\u00ac\\ntence should be constructed in such a man\u00c2\u00ac\\nner that there shall appear to be no want of\\nagreement or connection among them. Thus,\\nthe following sentence, He was more be\u00c2\u00ac\\nloved, but not so much admired as Cynthio,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nis inaccurate, because when it is analyzed, it\\nwill be, He was more beloved as Cynthio,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\netc. The adverb more requires the conjunc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion than after it; and the sentence should\\nbe, He was more beloved than Cynthio, but\\nnot so much admired.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nAgain, in the sentence, If a man have a\\nhundred sheep, and one of them goes astray,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\netc., the subjunctive word, have is used after\\nthe conjunction if, in the first part of the\\nsentence, and the indicative ^0^, in the sec\u00c2\u00ac\\nond. Both of these verbs should be in the\\nindicat* or both in the subiunctive mood.\\nNo definite rule can be given which will\\nenable the learner to make the parts of a sen\u00c2\u00ac\\ntence agree in themselves, and with one an\u00c2\u00ac\\nother. They should be diligently compared,\\nand a similarity of construction be carefully\\nmaintained while the learner will recollect\\nthat no sentence can be considered grammat\u00c2\u00ac\\nically correct, wdiich cannot be analyzed or\\nparsed by the authorized rules of Syntax.\\nConstruction of Sentences.\\nIn fue construction of sentences care\\nshould be taken ,0 choose the simplest\\nwords, and those which most directly and\\nstrikingly convey the meaning you w T ish to\\nexpress. Three things are necessary in a\\ncorrect sentence\u00e2\u0080\u0094 purity propriety and pre\u00c2\u00ac\\ncision.\\nPurity consists in using such words and\\nexpressions as belong to the idiom of the\\nEnglish language, in place of words or\\nphrases drawn from foreign or dead lang\u00c2\u00ac\\nuages, or that are either ungrammatical, ob\u00c2\u00ac\\nsolete, newly coined or not sanctioned by\\nusage. The use of words that are not Eng\u00c2\u00ac\\nlish is a violation of this rule, and is termed\\na barbarism. The rule is also violated by\\nthe use of words or phrases not constructed", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0060.jp2"}, "61": {"fulltext": "ART OF WRITING WELL. 43\\n111 the English idiom This fauL is termed clearly and strikingly expressed, are the\\na solecism By using words or phrases to best.\\nconvey a meaning different from that as- The Best Style.,\\nsigned to them by custom, you also violate Style,\u00e2\u0080\u009d says Dr. Blair, is the peculiar\\nthe rule. This is termed an impropriety. manner in which a writer expresses his\\nPropriety in writing consists in the use of thoughts bv words.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nwords sanctioned by tile usage of the best\\nwriters to convey your meaning, and in the\\navoidance of low-, vulgar or less elegant and\\nsignificant words. In order to remain faith\u00c2\u00ac\\nful to this principle, a waiter should bear in\\nmind the following rules\\nAvoid low or slang expressions.\\nSupply words that are wanting.\\nDo not use the same word in different\\nsenses. Wherever it is possible, avoid the\\nuse of technical terms, by which is meant\\nterms or expressions used in some art, occu\u00c2\u00ac\\npation or profession.\\nDo not use ambiguous or equivocal words.\\nAvoid unintelligible and inconsistent\\nwords or phrases.\\nWhen words or phrases are not adapted to\\nthe ideas you intend to communicate, avoid\\nthe use of them.\\nPrecision means to make your writing a clear\\nmid concise statement of your thoughts, so\\nclear that no one reading it can fail to com\u00c2\u00ac\\nprehend your exact meaning. You may use\\nwords that convey a meaning different from\\nthat you intend or they may not entirely\\nconvey your meaning or they may convey\\nmore than you intend. Precision is des\u00c2\u00ac\\nigned to express neither more nor less than\\nyour exact thought.\\nDo not make your sentences very long\\nneither make them very short. When a\\nsentence is too long, the attention of the\\nreader is draw-11 off from the first part while\\nconsidering the last, and he finds it difficult\\nto perceive the connection between them.\\nShort sentences generally weaken the\\nthought. Sentences of moderate length,\\nVarious terms are applied to style to ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npress its character, as a harsh style, a dry\\nstyle, a tumid or bombastic style, a loose\\nstyle, a terse style, a laconic or a verbose\\nstyle, a flowing style, a lofty style, an ele\u00c2\u00ac\\ngant style, an epistolary style, a formal style,\\na familiar style, etc.\\nThe divisions of style, as given by Dr.\\nBiair, are as follows The diffuse and the\\nconcise, the nervous and the feeble, the dry,\\nthe plain, the neat, the elegant, the florid,\\nthe simple, the affected, and the vehement.\\nThese terms are altogether arbitrary, and\\nare not uniformly adopted in every treatise\\non rhetoric. Some writers use the terms\\nbarren and luxuriant, forcible and vehe\u00c2\u00ac\\nment. elevated and dignified, idiomatic, easy\\nand animated, etc., in connection with the\\nterms, or some of the terms employed by\\nDr. Blair.\\nThe character of the style, and the term\\nby which it is designated, depends partly on\\nthe clearness, the fulness, and the force with\\nwhich the idea is expressed; partly on the de\u00c2\u00ac\\ngree of ornament or of figurative language\\nemployed while the character of the\\nthoughts or ideas themselves is expressed by\\nthe names of simple or natural, affected and\\nvehement.\\nA concise writer compresses his ideas in\u00c2\u00ac\\nto the fewest words, and these the most ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npressive.\\nA diffuse writer unfolds his idea fully, b\\nplacing it in a variety of lights.\\nA nervous writer gives us a strong idea oi\\nhis meaning\u00e2\u0080\u0094his words are always express\u00c2\u00ac\\nive\u00e2\u0080\u0094every phrase and every figure renders", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0061.jp2"}, "62": {"fulltext": "44\\nMANUAL OF PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS.\\nthv picture which he would set before us\\nmore striding and complete.\\nA feeble writer has an indistinct view of\\nhis subject unmeaning words and loose\\nepithets escape him his expressions are\\nvague and general, his arrangements indis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinct, and our onception of his meaning\\nwiL be faint and confused.\\nA dry writer uses no ornament of any\\nkind, and, content with being understood,\\naims not to please the fancy or the ear.\\nA plain writer employs very little orna\u00c2\u00ac\\nment he observes perspicuity, propriety,\\npurity, and precision in his language, but\\nattempts none of the graces of composition.\\nA dry writer is incapabL of ornament\u00e2\u0080\u0094a\\nplain writer goes not in oursuit of it\\nA neat writer is careful in the choice of\\nhis words, and the graceful collocation of\\nthem. His sentences are free from the en\u00c2\u00ac\\ncumbrances of superfluous words, and his\\nfigures are short and accurate, rather than\\nbold and glowing.\\nAn elegant writer possesses all the graces\\nof ornament\u00e2\u0080\u0094polished periods, figurative\\nlanguage, harmonious expressions, and a\\ngreat degree of purity in the choice of his\\nwords, all characterized by perspicuity and\\npropriety. He is one, in short, who delights\\nthe fancy and the ear, while he informs the\\nunderstanding.\\nA florid or flowery writer is characterized\\nby excess of ornament; and seems to be more\\nintent on beauty of language than solidity\\nof thought.\\nA simple or natural writer is distinguished\\nby simplicity of plan; he makes his thoughts\\nappear to rise naturally from his subject; he\\nhas no marks of art in his expressions, and\\nalthough he may be characterized by great\\nrichness both of language and imagination,\\nhe appears to write in that way not because\\nhe had studied it, but because it is the mode of\\nexpression most natural to him. The charm\\nof such a style is evident to all readers.\\nAn affected writer is the very reverse of a\\nsimple one. He uses words in uncommon\\nmeanings\u00e2\u0080\u0094employs pompous expressions\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nand his whole manner is characterized by\\nsingularity rather than by beauty.\\nA vehement writer uses strong expressions\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094is characterized by considerable warmth of\\nmanner\u00e2\u0080\u0094and presents his ideas clearly and\\nfully before us.\\nThe following directions are given by Dr.\\nBlair for attaining a good style:\\nThe first direction is, study clear ideas of\\nthe subject on which you are to write or\\nspeak. What we conceive clearly and feel\\nstrongly, we naturally express with clearness\\nand strength.\\nSecondly, to the acquisition of a good\\nstyle, frequency of composing is indispens\u00c2\u00ac\\nably necessary. But it is not every kind of\\ncomposition that will improve style. By a\\ncareless and hasty habit of writing, a bad\\nstyle will be acquired. In the beginning,\\ntherefore, we ought to write slowly and with\\nmuch care. Facility and speed are the fruit\\nof experience.\\nThirdly, acquaintance with the style of the\\nbest authors is peculiarly requisite. Hence\\na just taste will be formed, and a copious fund\\nof words supplied on every subject. No ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nercise, perhaps, will be found more useful for\\nacquiring a proper style than translating some\\npassage from an eminent author in our own\\nwords, and then comparing what we have\\nwritten with the style of the author. Such\\nan exercise will show us our defects, will\\nteach us to correct them, and, from the\\nvariety of expression which it will exhibit,\\nwill conduct us to that which is most beau\u00c2\u00ac\\ntiful.\\nFourthly, caution must be used against\\nservile imitation of any author whatever*", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0062.jp2"}, "63": {"fulltext": "ART OF WRITING WELL.\\n45\\nDesire of imitation hampers genius, and\\ngenerally produces stiffness of expression.\\nThey who copy an author closely, commonly\\ncopy his faults as well as his beauties. It is\\nmuch better to have something of our own,\\nthough of moderate beauty, than to shine in\\nborrowed ornaments, which will at last betray\\nthe poverty of our genius.\\nFifthly, always adapt your style to the\\nsubject, and likewise to the capacity of your\\nhearers or readers. When we are to write\\nor speak, we should previously fix in our\\nminds a clear idea of the end aimed at; keep\\nthis steadily in view, and adapt our style to it\\nLastly, let no attention to style engross us\\nso much as to prevent a higher degree of\\nattention to the thoughts. He is a contemp\u00c2\u00ac\\ntible writer who looks not beyond the dress\\nof language; who lays not the chief stress\\nupon his matter, and employs not such\\nornaments of style as are manly, not foppish.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cIt is a useful admonition to young\\nwriters,\u00e2\u0080\u009d says Archbishop Whately, \u00e2\u0080\u009cthat\\nthey should always attempt to recast a sen\u00c2\u00ac\\ntence that does not please; altering the\\narrangement and entire structure of it, instead\\nof merely seeking to change one word for\\nanother. This will give a great advantage in\\npoint of copiosness also for there may be,\\nsuppose a substantive (or noun) which, either\\nbecause it does not fully express our mean\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, or for some other reason, we wish to\\nremove, but can find no other to supply its\\nplace. But the object may be easily accom\u00c2\u00ac\\nplished by means of a verb, adverb, or other\\npart of speech, the substitution of which\\nimplies an alteration in the construction. It\\nis an exercise, accordingly, which may be\\ncommended as highly conductive to improve\u00c2\u00ac\\nment of style to practice casting a sentence\\ninto a variety of different forms.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe foregoing practical rules shonld be\\ncasefully noted and followed.\\nTHE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.\\nThe English language consists of about\\nthirty-eight thousand words. This includes,\\nof course, not only radical woids, but all\\nderivatives; except the preterits and partici\u00c2\u00ac\\nples of verbs to which must be added some\\nfew terms, which, though set down in the\\ndictionaries, are either obsolete or have never\\nceased to be considered foreign.\\nOf these, about twenty-three thousand, or\\nnearly five-eighths, are of Anglo-Saxon\\norigin. The majority of the rest, in what\\nproportion we cannot say, are Latin and\\nGreek; Latin, however, has the larger share.\\nThe names of the greater part of the objects\\nof sense\u00e2\u0080\u0094in other words, the terms which\\noccur most frequently in discourse, or which\\nrecall the most vivid conceptions\u00e2\u0080\u0094are Anglo-\\nSaxon. Thus, for example, the names of\\nthe most striking objects in visible nature,\\nof the chief agencies at work there, and of\\nthe changes which pass over it, are Anglo-\\nSaxon. This language has given names to\\nthe heavenly bodies, the sun, the moon, and\\nstars to three of the four elements, earth,\\nfire, and water; three out of the four seasons,\\nspring, summer and winter; and, indeed, to\\nall the natural divisions of time, except one\\nas, day, night, morning, evening, twilight,\\nnoon, midday, midnight, sunrise, sunset;\\nsome of which are amongst the most poetical\\nterms we have.\\nTo the same language we are indebted foi\\nthe names of light, heat, cold, frost, rain,\\nsnow, hail, sleet, thunder, lightning, as well\\nas almost all of those subjects which form the\\ncomponent parts of the beautiful in external\\nscenery, as sea and land, hill and dale, wood\\nand stream, etc.\\nIt is from this language we derive the\\nwords which are expressive of the earliest\\nand dearest connections, and the strongest\\nand most powerful feelings of nature and", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0063.jp2"}, "64": {"fulltext": "46\\nMANUAL OF PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS.\\nwhich are, consequently, invested with our\\noldest and most complicated associations. It\\nis this language which has given us names\\nfor father, mother, husband, wife, brother,\\nsister, son, daughter, home, kindred, friends.\\nIt is this which has furnished us with the\\ngreater part of those metonymies, and other\\nfigurative expressions, by which we represent\\nto the imagination, and that in a single w r ord,\\nthe reciprocal duties and enjoyments of hos\u00c2\u00ac\\npitality, friendship, or love. Such are hearth,\\nroof, fireside. The chief emotions, too, of\\nwhich we are susceptible, are expressed in\\nthe same language, as love, hope, fear,\\nsorrow, shame; and what is of more conse\u00c2\u00ac\\nquence to the orator or poet, as well as in\\ncommon life, the outward signs by which\\nemotion is indicated are almost all Anglo-\\nSaxon such are tear, smile, blush, to laugh,\\nto weep, to sigh, to groan.\\nMost of those objects, about which the\\npractical reason of man is employed in com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmon life, receive their names from the Anglo-\\nSaxon. It is the language for the most part\\nof business; of the counting-house, the shop,\\nthe market, the street, the farm and, how\u00c2\u00ac\\never miserable the man who is fond of phil\u00c2\u00ac\\nosophy or abstract science might be, if he had\\nno other vocabulary but this, we must recol\u00c2\u00ac\\nlect that language was made not for the few,\\nbut the many, and that portion of it which\\nenables the bulk of a nation to express their\\nwants and transact their affairs, must be\\nconsidered of at least as much importance to\\ngeneral happiness, as that which serves the\\npurpose of philosophical science.\\nNearly all our national proverbs, in which,\\nit is truly said, so much of the practical wis\u00c2\u00ac\\ndom of a nation resides, and which constitute\\nthe manual and vade mecum of hobnailed\\nphilosophy, are almost wholly Anglo-Saxon.\\nA very large proportion (and that always the\\nstrongest) of the language of invective,\\nhumor, satire, colloquial pleasantry, is Anglo-\\nSaxon. Almost all the terms and phrases by\\nwhich we most energetically express anger,\\ncontempt, and indignation, are of Anglo-\\nSaxon origin. The Latin contributes most\\nlargely to the language of polite life, as well\\nas to that of polite literature.\\nAgain, it is often necessary to convey ide r\\nwhich, though not truly and properly offen\u00c2\u00ac\\nsive in themselves, would, if clothed in the\\nrough Saxon, appear so to the sensitive\\nmodesty of a highly refined state of society\\ndressed in Latin, these very same ideas w T ill\\nseem decent enough. There is a large num\u00c2\u00ac\\nber of words, which, from the frequency\\nwith which they are used, and from their\\nbeing so constantly in the mouths of the\\nvulgar, would not be endured in polished\\nsociety, though more privileged synonyms\\nof Latin origin, cr some classical circum\u00c2\u00ac\\nlocution, expressing exactly the same thing,\\npass unquestioned.\\nThere may be nothing dishonest, nothing\\nreally vulgar about the old Saxon word, yet\\nit would be thought as uncouth in a drawinr-\\nO o\\nroom, as the ploughman to wdiose rude use it\\nis abandoned. Thus, the word \u00e2\u0080\u009cstench y\\nis lavendered over into unpleasant effluvia or\\nor an ill odor \u00e2\u0080\u009csweat,\u00e2\u0080\u009d diluted into four\\ntimes the number of syllables, becomes a\\nvery inoffensive thing in the shape of \u00e2\u0080\u009cper\u00c2\u00ac\\nspiration.\u00e2\u0080\u009d To \u00e2\u0080\u009csquint\u00e2\u0080\u009d is softened into\\nobliquity of vision to be \u00e2\u0080\u009cdrunk is vulgar;,\\nbut, if a man be simply intoxicated or in\u00c2\u00ac\\nebriated, it is comparatively venial. Indeed,\\nwe may say of the classical names of vices,\\nwhat Burke more questionably said of vices\\nthemselves, \u00e2\u0080\u009cthat they lose half their de\u00c2\u00ac\\nformity by losing all their grossness.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nIn the same manner, we all know that It\\nis very possible for a medical man to put to\\nus questions under the seemly disguise of\\nscientific phraseology and polite circumlocu-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0064.jp2"}, "65": {"fulltext": "ART OF WRITING WELL.\\ntion, which, if expressed in the bare and rude\\nvernacular, would almost be as nauseous as\\nhis draughts and pills. Lastly, there are\\nmany thoughts which gain immensely by\\nmere novelty and variety of expression.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0099This the judicious poet, who knows that the\\nconnection between thoughts and words is as\\nintimate as that between body and spirit, well\\nunderstands. There are thoughts in them\u00c2\u00ac\\nselves trite and common-place, when ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npressed in the hackneyed terms of common\\nlife, which, if adorned by some graceful or\\nfelicitous novelty of expression, assume an\\nunwonted air of dignity and elegance. What\\nwas trivial, becomes striking and what was\\nplebeian, noble.\\nCOMMON ERRORS TN WRITING AND\\nSPEAKING.\\nThere are many popular errors in writing\\nRnd speaking our language. It may be well\\nto notice some of them here.\\nWe often hear the phrase, from educated\\nlips at that, Between you and I.\u00e2\u0080\u009d It should\\nbe, Between you and me.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nMany persons say, What beautiful bread!\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nIt should be, \u00e2\u0080\u009cWhat nice breaa!\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cA new pair of shoes,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cA\\npair of new shoes.\\nDo not say, Restore it back to me,\u00e2\u0080\u009d but\\nRestore it to me.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI seldom or ever meet her,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nsay, I seldom meet her.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, If I am not mistaken,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\nIf I mistake not.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nDo not say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cNot no such thing,\u00e2\u0080\u009d but\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cNot any such thing.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI had rather walk,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, I\\nwould rather walk.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cLet you and I,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cLet\\nyou and me.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cRather warmish,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cRather warm.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n47\\nInstead of, What a nice view,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\nWhat a beautiful view.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nDo not say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cBred and born.\u00e2\u0080\u009d It should\\nbe, Born and bred.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, If I was him,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cIf I\\nwere he.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nDo not say, I have less friends than you. 5\\nIt should be, I have fewer friends than\\nyou.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nIn reply to the question, \u00e2\u0080\u009cWho is there?\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nor, \u00e2\u0080\u009cWho is it?\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or, \u00e2\u0080\u009cIt is I;\u00e2\u0080\u009d and\\nnot, Me,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or, It is me.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cWhether I be present or no,\u00e2\u0080\u009d is wrong.\\nIt should be, \u00e2\u0080\u009cWhether I be present or not.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI had better go,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cIt\\nwere better that I should go.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cA quantity of people,\u00e2\u0080\u009d is wrongs It\\nshould be, \u00e2\u0080\u009cA number of people.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nSix weeks back,\u00e2\u0080\u009d is a barbarism. It\\nshould be, \u00e2\u0080\u009cSix weeks ago.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cA new pair of gloves.\u00e2\u0080\u009d It should be,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cA pair of new gloves.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of saying, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHe was in emkie nt\\ndanger,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, He was in imminent dam\\nger.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThinks I to myself,\u00e2\u0080\u009d Thinks I,\u00e2\u0080\u009d S; ys\\nI,\u00e2\u0080\u009d Says he,\u00e2\u0080\u009d are vulgarisms and shoulf be\\navoided.\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI only want ten cents,\u00e2\u0080\u009d s ly\\nI want only ten cents.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n1 Because why is a barbarism. It should\\nbe simply, \u00e2\u0080\u009cWhy?\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe best of the two,\u00e2\u0080\u009d is wrong. Say,\\nThe better of the two.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThere\u00e2\u0080\u0099s fifty,\u00e2\u0080\u009d is incorrect. It should be,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThere are fifty.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nHe need not do it,\u00e2\u0080\u009d is wrong. Say, He\\nneeds not do it.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, It was spoke in my presence,\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nsay, \u00e2\u0080\u009cIt was spoken in my presence^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cShe said, said she,\u00e2\u0080\u009d is vulgar, as well as\\nincorrect. It should be, \u00e2\u0080\u009cShe said.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of saying, \u00e2\u0080\u009cMy clothes have grown", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0065.jp2"}, "66": {"fulltext": "48\\nMANUAL OF PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS.\\ntoo small for me,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, I have grown too\\netout for my clothes.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The change is in you,\\nnot in your clothes.\\nDo not say, On either side of the street.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nIt should be, On each side of the street.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nI took you for another person,\u00e2\u0080\u009d is in\u00c2\u00ac\\ncorrect. It should be, u I mistook you for\\nanother person.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, His health has been shook,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nsay, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHis health has been shaken.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, That there man,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cThat\\nman.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, Somehow or another,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\nSomehow or other.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cWill I do this for you?\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n-say, Shall I do this for you\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cWhat will I do?\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\nWhat shall I do\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cFollowing up a principle,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nSay, Guided by a principle.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of saying, I belong to the Ma\u00c2\u00ac\\nsonic order,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, I am a member of the\\nMasonic order.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, I enjoy bad health,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\nMy health is not good.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nBetter nor that, is vulgar and wrong.\\nIt should be, Better than that.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of saying, \u00e2\u0080\u009cShe was remarkable\\npretty,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, She was remarkably pretty.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, We think on you,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cWe think of you.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, By this means,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, By\\nthese means.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, All that was wanting,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\nAll that was wanted.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, He is a bad statesman,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\nHe is not a statesman.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of saying, I am going over the\\nbridge,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, I am going across the\\nbridge.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of saying, I left you behind at\\nOmaha,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, I left you behind me at\\nOmaha.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of saying, He ascended up the\\nmountain,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, He ascended the moun\u00c2\u00ac\\ntain.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, Mine is so good as yours,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nsay, Mine is as good as yours.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cAdequate for,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cAde\u00c2\u00ac\\nquate to.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe phrase, Pure and unadulterated,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nis a repetition of terms. If a thing is pure,\\nit is necessarily unadulterated.\\nInstead of saying, \u00e2\u0080\u009cThey are not what\\nnature designed them,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, They are not\\nwhat nature designed them to be.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, How do you do say,\\nHow are you\\nInstead of, To be given away gratis,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nsay, To be given away.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, I acquit you from,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, I\\nacquit you of.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI live opposite the park,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cI live opposite to the park.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe want of wisdom, truth\\nand honor are more visible,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe want\\nof wisdom, truth and honor is more visible.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, A surplus over and above,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nsay, A surplus.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cA winter s morning,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cA winter, or wintry, morning.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI will send it conformable to\\nyour orders,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, I will send it conformably\\nto your orders.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cThis ten days or more,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\nThese ten days or more.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI confide on you,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI\\nconfide in you.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cAs soon as ever,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cAs\\nsoon as.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI differ with you,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, I\\ndiffer from you.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI am averse from that,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cI am averse to that.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, The very best,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or. \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe very\\nworst,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe best,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or, \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe worst\u00e2\u0080\u009d", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0066.jp2"}, "67": {"fulltext": "ART OF WRITING WELL.\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u0098No one has\u00e2\u0080\u0099nt called,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cNo one has called.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nTwo negatives make an affirmative. Thus,\\nto say, Don\u00e2\u0080\u0099t give that child no more\\nsugar,\u00e2\u0080\u009d is equivalent to saying, Give that\\nchild some more sugar.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of saying, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI won\u00e2\u0080\u0099t never do it\\nagain,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI will never do it again.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI am conversant about it,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nsay, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI am conversant with it.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHe died by consumption,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nsay, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHe died of consumption.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe effort I am making for\\narranging this matter,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe effort I am\\niiaking to arrange this matter.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of saying, \u00e2\u0080\u009cYour obedient humble\\nservant,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cYour obedient servant.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cYou are taller than me,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cYou are taller than I.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cYou are mistaken,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cYou\\nmistake.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI suspect the veracity of his\\n-story,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI doubt the truth of his story.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, He was too young to have\\nsuffered much,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHe was too young to\\nsuffer much.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI hope you\u00e2\u0080\u0099ll think nothing\\non it,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI hope you\u00e2\u0080\u0099ll think nothing of\\nit\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, His opinions are approved of\\nby all,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, His opinions are approved by\\nall.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, Handsome is as handsome\\ndoes,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHandsome is who handsome\\ndoes.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cIn case I succeed,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cIf I\\nsucceed.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cThey loved one another,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThey loved each other.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe cake is all eat up,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\nc The cake is eaten.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe river is all froze up,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThe river is frozen.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n4\\n49\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cA large enough house,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cA house large enough.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cWe are travelling slow,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cWe are travelling slowly,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, It is raining hard,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, It\\nis raining fast.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of saying, \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe box Tell on the\\nfloor,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe box fell to the floor.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of saying, He is noways to\\nblame,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHe is nowise to blame.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of saying, He is tall in compari\u00c2\u00ac\\nson to her,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHe is tall in comparison\\nwith her.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI went for to see him,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say*\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009c1 went to see him.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, He jumped off the platform,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nsay, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHe jumped from the platform.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cA man ot eighty years of\\nage,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cA man eighty years old.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cNo, thank\u00e2\u0080\u0099ee,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cNo, I\\nthank you.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI cannot continue without\\nfarther means,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI cannot continue\\nwithout further means.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI thought I should have won\\nthis game,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI thought I should win\\nthis game.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHe has got money,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHe\\nhas money.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI have got to be there,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cI must be there.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of \u00e2\u0080\u009cHave you saw?\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHave\\nyou seen?\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, I seen him do it,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI saw\\nhim do it.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cNo other but,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cNo\\nother than.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHe rose up from his chair,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nsay, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHe rose from his chair.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI knew it previous to his tell\u00c2\u00ac\\ning me,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI knew it previously to bis\\ntelling me.\u00e2\u0080\u009d", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0067.jp2"}, "68": {"fulltext": "50\\nMANUAL OF PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS.\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cIt is equally of the same\\nvalue,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cIt is of the same value.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI could scarcely believe but\\nwhat,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI could scarcely believe but\\nthat.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cYou was out when he was\\nhere,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cYou were out when he was\\nhere.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cShe was a woman notorious\\nfor her beauty,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cShe was a woman\\nnoted for her beauty.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI do so every now and then,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nsay, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI do so occasionally.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cNobody else but me,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cNobody but me.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHe fell down from the roof,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nsay, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHe fell from the roof.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cExcept I am detained,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cUnless I am detained.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cWhat may, or what might\\nyour name be?\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cWhat is your name?\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cShe was a woman celebrated\\nfor her wickedness,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, She was a woman\\nnotorious for her wickedness.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI find him in clothes,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cI provide him with clothes.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHe stands six foot high,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cHe is six feet high.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe two first, the three first,\\netc.,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe first two, the first three, etc.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, The first of all,\u00e2\u0080\u009d The last\\nof all,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe first,\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe last.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cShay,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say \u00e2\u0080\u009cChaise.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, The then Government,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\nThe Government of that time, period, etc.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cFor ought I know,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cFor aught I know.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, Before I do that I must first\\nask leave,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, Before I do that I must ask\\nleave.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI never dance whenever I can\\nhelp it,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, I never dance when I can\\nhelp it.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, The observation of the\\nsay, The observance of the rule.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cTo get over this trouble,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\nTo overcome this trouble.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHe is a very rising person,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nsay, He is rising rapidly.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI expected to have found\\nyou, say, I expected to find you.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI said so over again,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI\\nrepeated it.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cWill you enter in?\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cWill you enter?\\nInstead of, Undeniable references,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\nUnexceptionable references.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, Undisputable proofs,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\nIndisputable proofs.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, Whatsomever,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, What\u00c2\u00ac\\nsoever.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, When he was come back,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nsay, He had come back.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, Two spoonsful of sugar, n\\nsay, Two spoonfuls of sugar.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cWas you talking just now\\nsay, Were you talking just now\\nInstead of, Him and me went together,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nsay, He and I went together.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, He has went home,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\nHe has gone home.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI intend to summons him,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nsay, I intend to summon him.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, She is now forsook by her\\nfriends,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, She is now forsaken by her\\nfriends.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, Who done it? say, Who\\ndid it\\nInstead of, Who\u00e2\u0080\u0099s got my book say,\\nWho has my book\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI have rode ten miles to\u00c2\u00ac\\nday,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI have ridden ten miles to-day.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, Set down,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, Sit down.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, Have you lit the fire? say,\\nHave you lighted the fire\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI have always gave him", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0068.jp2"}, "69": {"fulltext": "ART OF WRITING WELL.\\ngood advice,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, u I have always given\\nhim good advice.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHave you seen the Miss\\nBrowns yet say, Have you seen the\\nMisses Brown yet\\nInstead of, French is spoke in polite so\u00c2\u00ac\\nciety,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, French is spoken in polite\\nsociety.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHe is now very decrepid.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nsay, He is now very decrepit.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cYou have drank too much,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nsay, \u00e2\u0080\u009cYou have drunk too much.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, He has broke a window,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nsay, He has broken a window.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cWho do you mean?\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cWhom do you mean\\nInstead of, It was them who did it,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nsay, \u00e2\u0080\u009cIt was they who did it.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, It is me who am in fault,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nsay, \u00e2\u0080\u009cIt is I who am in fault.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, If I was rich, I would do\\nthis,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, If I were rich, I would do\\nthis.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, It is surprising the fatigue\\nhe undergoes,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, The fatigue he under\u00c2\u00ac\\ngoes is surprising.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, He knows little or nothing\\nof the matter,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, He knows little, if\\nanything, of the matter.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, He is condemned to be\\nhung,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, He is condemned to be\\nhanged.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cWe conversed together on\\nthe subject,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cWe conversed on the\\nsubject.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHe had sank before we could\\nreach him,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHe had sunk before we\\ncould reach him.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHis loss shall be long re\u00c2\u00ac\\ngretted,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHis loss will be long re\u00c2\u00ac\\ngretted.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHe speaks distinct,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHe\\nspeaks distinctly.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n5 1\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cWe laid down to sleep,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cWe lay down to sleep.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cLet it be never so good,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\nLet it be ever so good.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, He is known through the land,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nsay, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHe is known throughout the land.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI lost near ten dollars,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cI lost nearly ten dollars.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, I am stopping with a friend,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nsay, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI am staying with a friend.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHe was now retired from\\npublic life,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHe had now retired from\\npublic life.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cWho did you inquire for?\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nsay, \u00e2\u0080\u009cFor whom did you inquire?\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cSuch another mis\\\\ake,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cAnother such mistake.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, He combined together these\\nfacts,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHe combined these facts.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, He covered it over with earth,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nsay, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHe covered it with earth.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI acquiesce with you,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI\\nacquiesce in your proposal, or in your\\nopinion.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHe is a distinguished anti\u00c2\u00ac\\nquarian,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHe is a distinguished anti\u00c2\u00ac\\nquary.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, He did it unbeknown to us,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nsay, He did it unknown to us.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI fear I shall discommode\\nyou,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI fear I will incommode you.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI could not forbear from doing\\nit,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI could not forbear doing it.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHe is a man on whom you\\ncan confide,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHe is a man in whom\\nyou can confide.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI can do it equally as well as\\nhe,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI can do it as well as he.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI am thinking he will soon\\narrive,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI think he will soon arrive.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, He was obliged to fly the\\ncountry,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, He was obliged to flee the\\ncountry.\u00e2\u0080\u009d", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0069.jp2"}, "70": {"fulltext": "52\\nMANUAL OF PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS.\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cA house to let,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cA house\\nto be let.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, Before I do that I must first\\nbe paid,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, Before I do that I must be\\npaid.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cA couple of dollars,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cTwo dollars.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The word couple implies a\\nunion of two objects.\\nInstead of, You are like to be,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cYou\\nare likely to be.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cAll over the land,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, Over\\nall the land.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI shall fall down,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, I\\nshall fall.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cEither of the three,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cAny\\nof the three.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cThey both met,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cThey\\nmet.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cFrom hence,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cHence.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cFrom thence,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cThence.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, From here to there,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\n44 From this place to that.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cEither of them are,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cEach of them is.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cA most perfect work,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cA perfect work.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, The other one,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or, \u00e2\u0080\u009cAnother\\none,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe other,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or, \u00e2\u0080\u009cAnother.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, My every hope,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cAll\\nmy hopes.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cFor good and all,\u00e2\u0080\u009dsay, \u00e2\u0080\u009cFor\\never.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, He lives at Troy,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, He\\nlives in Troy.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI am coming to your house,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nsay, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI am going to your house.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI suspicioned him,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, 44 I\\nsuspected him.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cThey mutually loved each\\nother,\u00e2\u0080\u009d say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cThey loved each other.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, \u00e2\u0080\u009cOf two evils choose the least,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nsay, \u00e2\u0080\u009cOf two evils choose the less.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nInstead of, If I were her, I would do it,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nsay, \u00e2\u0080\u009cIf I were she, I would do it\u00e2\u0080\u009d", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0070.jp2"}, "71": {"fulltext": "VOCAL CULTURE\\nAND\\nELOCUTION\\nMHMK\\nO much depends on the\\nvoice in effective read\u00c2\u00ac\\ning and singing that\\nits thorough cultiva\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion is indispensable\\nto all who would ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ncel in these noble arts.\\nA sedentary moae of life,\\nthe want of invigorating\\nexercise, close and long-\\ncontinued application of\\nmind, and, perhaps, an\\nimpaired state of health,\\nor o. feeble constitution, prevent,\\nin many instances, the free and\\nforcible use of those muscles on\\nwhich voice is dependent. Hence arises, to\\nstudents of elocution, the necessity of prac\u00c2\u00ac\\nticing physical exercises, adapted to promote\\ngeneral muscular vigor, as a means of attain\u00c2\u00ac\\ning energy in vocal functions, the powei of\\nany class of muscles being dependent on the\\ntone of the whole system.\\nThe art of cultivating the voice, however,\\nhas, in addition to the various forms of bodily\\nexercise practiced for the general purpose of\\npromoting health, its own specific presetip-\\ntions for securing the vigor of the vocal\\norgans, and modes of exercise adapted to the\\ntraining of each class of organs separately.\\nThe results of such practice are of indefinite:\\nextent; they are limited only by the energy\\nand perseverance of the student, excepting,\\nperhaps, in some instances of imperfect or\u00c2\u00ac\\nganization. A few weeks of diligent cultiva\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion are usually sufficient to produce such an\\neffect on the vocal organs, that persons who\\ncommence practice with a feeble and inef\u00c2\u00ac\\nfective utterance attain, in that short period,\\nthe full command of clear, forcible, and varied\\ntone.\\nExpanding the Chest.\\nGymnastic and calisthenic exercises are in\u00c2\u00ac\\nvaluable aids to the culture and development\\nof the voice, and should be sedulously prac\u00c2\u00ac\\nticed when opportunity renders them acces\u00c2\u00ac\\nsible. But even a slight degree of physical\\nexercise, in any form adapted to the expan\u00c2\u00ac\\nsion of the chest, and to the freedom and\\nforce of the circulation, will serve to impart\\nenergy and glow to the muscular apparatus\\nof voice, and clearness to its sound.\\nThere is, therefore, a great advantage in\\nalways practicing some preliminary muscidar\\nactions as an immediate preparation for vocal\\nexercise. These actions may be selected\\nfrom the system of preparatory movements\\ntaught at gymnastic establishments, or they\\nmay be made to consist in regulated walking,\\nwith a view to the acquisition of a firm, easy\\n53", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0071.jp2"}, "72": {"fulltext": "54\\nVOCAL CULTURE AND ELOCUTION.\\nand graceful carriage of the body, with appro\u00c2\u00ac\\npriate motion of the arms and limbs\u00e2\u0080\u0094in the\\nsystematic practice of gesture in its various\\nforms, for the purpose of obtaining a free,\\nforcible and effective use of the arm as a\\nnatural accompaniment to speech\u00e2\u0080\u0094or in the\\npractice of attitude and action combined, in\\nthe most vivid style of lyric and dramatic\\nrecitation, so as to attain a perfect control\\nover the whole corporeal frame, for the pur\u00c2\u00ac\\nposes of visible expression.\\nEXERCISES IN BREATHING.\\nSome preliminary exercises, such as the\\npreceding, having been performed, and a suf\u00c2\u00ac\\nficient period of rest and tranquil breathing\\nhaving elapsed, the next stage of preparatory\\naction may be as in the following directions:\\ni. Attitude of the Body.\\nPlace yourself in a perfectly erect but\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2easy posture, the weight of the body resting\\non one foot, the feet at a moderate distance,\\nthe one in advance of the other, the arms\\nakimbo, the fingers pressing on the abdomi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnal muscles in front, and the thumbs on the\\ndorsal muscles on each side of the spine, the\\nchest freely expanded and fully projected,\\nthe shoulders held backward and downward,\\nthe head perfectly vertical.\\nThe object in view, in this apparently\\nminute direction, is to secure perfect free\u00c2\u00ac\\ndom and repose of body. A constrained or\\na lounging posture is utterly at variance with\\na free, unembarrassed use of the voice or the\\noroduction of a clear and full sound.\\n2. Exercises in Deep Breathing.\\nHaving thus complied with the preliminary\\nconditions of a free and unembarrassed action\\nof the organs, draw in and give out the\\nbreath very fully and very slowly, about a\\ndozen times in succession. Let the breath\u00c2\u00ac\\ning be deep and tranquil, but such as to\\ncause the chest to rise fully and fall freely at\\nevery effort.\\n3. Effusive, or Tranquil Breathing.\\nDraw in a very full breath, and send it\\nforth in a prolonged sound of the letter h.\\nIn the act of inspiration, take in as much\\nbreath as you can contain. In that of ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npiration, retain all you can and give out as\\nlittle as possible\u00e2\u0080\u0094merely sufficient to keep\\nthe sound of h audible. But keep it going\\non, as long as you can sustain it. In this\\nstyle of respiration the breath merely effuses\\nitself into the surrounding air.\\n4. Expulsive, or Forcible Breathing.\\nDraw in a very full breath, as before, and\\nemit it with a lively expulsive force in the\\nsound of h but little prolonged\u00e2\u0080\u0094in the style\\nof a moderate whispered cough. The breath,\\nin this style of expiration, is projected into the\\nair. Repeat this exercise, as directed, in the\\nstatement preceding.\\n5. Explosive, or Abrupt Breathing.\\nDraw in the breath, as already directed,\\nand emit it with a sudden and violent explo\u00c2\u00ac\\nsion in a very brief sound of the-letter h\\nin the style of an abrupt and forcible but\\nwhispered cough. The breath is, in this\\nmode of expiration, thrown out with abrupt\\nviolence. Repeat this exercise as before\\ndirected.\\nThe habit of keeping the chest open and\\nerect, is indispensable to the production of a\\nfull, round tone of voice. But it is of still\\nhigher value, as one of the main sources of\\nhealth, animation and activity.\\nThe effect, on the student, of the preced\u00c2\u00ac\\ning exercises in breathing, is usually soon\\nperceptible in an obvious enlargement of\\nthe chest, an habitually erect attitude, an", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0072.jp2"}, "73": {"fulltext": "VOCAL CULTURE AND ELOCUTION.\\n55\\nenlivened style of movement, a great acces\u00c2\u00ac\\nsion of general bodily vigor, an exhilarated\\nstate of feeling, and an augmented activity\\nof mind. To persons whose habits are\\nstudious and sedentary, and especially to\\nfemales, the vigorous exercise of the organs\\nof respiration and of voice, is, in every point\\nof view, an invaluable discipline.\\nELEMENTARY EXERCISES.\\nThe following exercises are intended to\\nprevent, or to correct, the prevalent errors\\nof colloquial usage; they embrace all the\\nelementary sounds of the English language,\\nwith the most important among those that\\noccur in combinations which are liable to\\nmispronunciation. A correct and careful\\narticulation of them, if practiced with due\\nfrequency and continued for a length of\\ntime sufficient to re?ider acairacy habitual, will\\nsecure a distinct and appropriate enunciation,\\nin all exercises of reading and speaking.\\nTo attain this result, the following points\\nrequire particular attention.\\nFirst.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 That the exercises be always per\u00c2\u00ac\\nformed with great force and clearness of\\narticulation, so as to become a useful form\\nof discipline to the organs. The aim should\\nbe, in every case, to give the utmost articulate\\nforce of which the voice is capable.\\nSecond. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The sound of each element\\nshould be perfectly at command, before\\nproceeding to the enunciation of the words\\nin which they are exemplified.\\nThird. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Great care must be taken to avoid\\na formal and fastidious prominence of sound,\\non unaccented syllables every word, though\\nuttered with the utmost energy, must retain\\nthe proportio 7 is of accented and unaccented\\nsyllables in their natural and appropriate\\npronunciation. It is grotesque to hear a\\nspeaker laying great stress on some unim\u00c2\u00ac\\nportant syllable.\\nTable of Elementary Sounds of the\\nEnglish Language.\\nThe elements contained in this table should\\nbe practiced, with and without the words in\\nwhich they are exemplified, with great aU\\ntention to accuracy, and repeated as a daily\\npreliminary exercise.\\nVowel Sounds.\\nA, as in the word Fate; A/, as in Ail\\nAY, as in Lay; A, as in Far; AU, as in\\nLaunch; A, as in Fall; AW, as in Awe;\\nAU, as in Laud; A, as in Fat; A, as in\\nWash A, as in Rare; AJ as in Air;\\nA Y, as in Prayer; E, as in Me EE, as in\\nEel; EA, as in Eat; IE, as in Field E, as\\nin Met; EA, as in Head E, as in Err;\\nEA, as in Heard; I, as in Firm as in\\nPine Y f as in Rhyme I, as in Pin Y, as\\nin Hymn 0 as in No OA, as in Oak\\nOU, as in Course; OW, as in Own; 0 as\\nin Move 00 as in Mood U, as in True.\\n0 as in Nor; 0 as in Not; 0 as in Done;\\nU as in Tub; U, as in Tube U, as in Pull;\\n0 as in Wolf.\\nDiphthongs.\\n01 as in Oil; OY, as in Boy; OU, as in\\nPound; OW, as in Down.\\nConsonants.\\nLabial Sounds B, as in Bulb P, as in\\nPulp; M, as in Mime; W, as in Wan\\nV t as in Vane; F, as in Fife; PH, as in\\nPhial; GH, as in Laugh.\\nDental Sounds. D, as in Dead T, as in\\nTent; TH, as in Thin TH, as in Thine\\nf as in Joy G, as in Giant; CH\\\\ as in\\nChurch; SH, as in Shape; 77 as in\\nNation; Cl, as in Gracious; CE, as in\\nOcean; S, as in Hiss; C, as in Cipher\\nS, as in Trees Z, as in Haze S, as in\\nMeasure.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0073.jp2"}, "74": {"fulltext": "56\\nVOCAL CULTURE AND ELOCUTION.\\nPalatic Sounds. K, as in Key; C, as in\\nCake CH as in Chorus Q as in Queen\\nG, as in Gag; Y as in Ye.\\nAspirate. H as in Hail.\\nNasal Sounds. N, as in No NG, as in\\nSing; N y as in Finger, Sink.\\nLingual Sounds. L, as in Lull; R, as in\\nRude R as in War.\\nPalatic and Dental Sounds combined. X, as\\nin Ox X y as in Example.\\nThese sounds constitute all the elements\\nof articulation in the English language. The\\nexercises which follow are merely various\\nexamples of these rudiments as they occur\\nin different combinations. The exercises are\\nalso designed for lessons in pronunciation, as\\nthis branch, not less than that of articulation,\\nis much neglected in early instruction, and\\nthe practice of the one conveniently com\u00c2\u00ac\\nprises that of the other.\\nThe main purpose of reading and speaking\\nis to communicate thought. The most im\u00c2\u00ac\\nportant point in elocution, therefore, is a dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinct and correct enunciation, without which\\nit is impossible to be rightly and clearly\\nunderstood. The chief design, accordingly,\\nof this department of education is, by appro\u00c2\u00ac\\npriate exercise, to cultivate the organs of\\nspeech, to strengthen and discipline the\\nvoice, and, at the same time, to eradicate\\nincorrect habits of utterance which may\\nhave been contracted through early neglect.\\nErrors in Articulatior\\nThe common hindrances to distinct enun\u00c2\u00ac\\nciation may, as far as articulation is concerned,\\nbe classed as follows\\nFirst. Feebleness, arising from a want of\\nfull and forcible emission of voice, and of\\ndue energy in the action of the organs, par\u00c2\u00ac\\nticularly the tongue, the teeth and the lips.\\nSecond. Omission a fault occasioned by\\nundue rapidity or hurry, and sometimes by\\nan inadvertent compliance with incorrect\\ncustom.\\nThird.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Obscurity caused by the want of\\nprecision and accuracy in the functions of\\nthe organs, and a consequent want of defi\u00c2\u00ac\\nniteness or correctness in the sounds of\\nletters and syllables.\\nThe rule of practice, therefore, in regard\\nto the exercises of reading and speaking,\\nshould be Always to articulate with such\\nenergy deliberateness and accuracy that every\\nsound of the voice may be fully and exactly\\nformed distinctly heard and perfectly under\u00c2\u00ac\\nstood. A drawling slowness, however, and\\na pedantic or irregular prominence of unac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncented syllables, should be carefully avoided.\\nFaults arising from slovenliness, and those\\nwhich seem to spring from misdirected study,\\nare equally objectionable.\\nPRONUNCIATION.\\nThis department of elocution is sometimes\\ntermed orthoepy (correct speech). Speech\\nbeing merely a collection of arbitrary sounds,\\nused as signs of thought or feeling, it is indis\u00c2\u00ac\\npensable to intelligible communication that\\nthere be a general agreement about the sig\u00c2\u00ac\\nnification assigned to given sounds, as other\u00c2\u00ac\\nwise there could be no common language.\\nIt is equally important that there be a com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmon consent and established custom to regu\\nlate and fix the sounds used in speech, tha.\\nthese may have a definite character and sig\u00c2\u00ac\\nnification, and become the current expression\\nof thought.\\nHence the necessity that individuals con\u00c2\u00ac\\nform in their habits of speech to the rules\\nprescribed by general usage\u00e2\u0080\u0094or, more prop\u00c2\u00ac\\nerly speaking, to the custom of the educated\\nand intellectual classes of society, which is,\\nby courtesy, generally acknowledged as the\\nlaw of pronunciation. Individual opinion,\\nwhen it is at variance with this important and", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0074.jp2"}, "75": {"fulltext": "VOCAL CULTURE AND ELOCUTION.\\n57\\nuseful principle of accommodation, gives rise\\nto eccentricities, which neither the authority\\nof profound learning, nor that of strict accu\u00c2\u00ac\\nracy and system, can redeem from the charge\\nof pedantry.\\nIt is a matter of great importance to recog\u00c2\u00ac\\nnize the rule of authorized custom, and\\nneither yield to the influence of those errors\\nwhich, through inadvertency, will creep into\\noccasional or local use, nor, on the other\\nhand, be induced to follow innovations or\\nchanges adopted without sufficient sanction.\\nA cultivated taste is always perceptible in\\npronunciation, as in every other expression\\nof mind, and errors in pronouncing are un\u00c2\u00ac\\navoidably associated with a deficiency in the\\nrudiments of good education.\\nAn occasional appeal to the dictionary\\nmust, therefore, be useful to the majority of\\npersons. Persons who are desirous of per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfecting their pronunciation would do well to\\nread aloud, daily, a few columns, and mark\\nwith a pencil those words which they find\\nthey have been accustomed to mispronounce\\nthemselves or to hear mispronounced by\\nothers.\\nFORCE.\\nA primary characteristic of utterance, as\\nexpressive of emotion, is the degree of its\\nenergy or force. The effect of any feeling\\non sympathy is naturally inferred from the\\ndegree of force with which the sound of voice,\\nin the utterance of that feeling, falls upon the\\near of the hearer. The cause of this impres\u00c2\u00ac\\nsion upon the mind is, obviously, the law of\\norganic sympathy, by which one part of the\\nTHE AWKWARD SPEAKER.\\nhuman frame naturally responds to another.\\nA powerful emotion not only affects the heart\\nand the lungs, and the other involuntary\\nagents of life and of expression, but starts the\\nexpulsory muscles into voluntary action and\\nproduces voice, the natural indication and\\nlanguage of feeling.\\nThe degree of force, therefore, in a vocal\\nsound is intuitively taken as the measure of\\nthe emotion which causes it. Except, only,\\nthose cases in which the force of feeling\\nparalyzes, as it were, the organs of the voice", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0075.jp2"}, "76": {"fulltext": "58\\nVOCAL CULTURE AND ELOCUTION.\\nand suggests the opposite measure of infer\u00c2\u00ac\\nence, by which a choked and struggling\\nutterance, a suppressed or inarticulate voice,\\nor even absolute silence, becomes the index\\n.to the heart.\\nThe command of all degrees of force of\\nvoice must evidently be essential to true and\\n^natural expression, whether in reading or\\nspeaking. Appropriate utterance ranges\\nthrough all stages of vocal sound, from the\\nwhisper of fear and the murmur of repose to\\nthe boldest swell of vehement declamation\\nand the shout of triumphant courage. But to\\ngive forth anyone of these or the intermediate\\ntones, with just and impressive effect, the\\norgans must be disciplined by appropriate\\nexercise and frequent practice, for every day\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2observation proves to us that mere natural\\ninstinct and animal health, with all the aids\\nof informing intellect, and inspiring emotion,\\nand exciting circumstances, are not sufficient\\nto produce the effects of eloquence, or even\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2of adequate utterance.\\nThe want of due training for the exercise\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2of public reading or speaking is evinced in\\nthe habitual undue loudness of some speakers\\nand the inadequate force of others, the for\u00c2\u00ac\\nmer subjecting their hearers to unnecessary\\npain, and the latter to disappointment and\\nuneasiness.\\nSTRESS.\\nThe term stress\u00e2\u0080\u009d is applied to the mode\\nin which force is rendered perceptible or\\nimpressive in single sounds. The classifica\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of the forms of stress is as follows\\nFirst .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Radical stress or that in which the\\nforce of utterance, is usually more or less\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cexplosive,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and falls on the \u00e2\u0080\u009cradical\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n(initial, or first) part of a sound.\\nSecond .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Median stress that in which the\\nforce is \u00e2\u0080\u009cexpulsive\u00e2\u0080\u009d or \u00e2\u0080\u009ceffusive,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and\\nswells out, whether slowly or rapidly, at\\nthe middle of a sound.\\nThird. Vanishing stress or that which\\nwithholds the expulsive or explosive\\nforce till the \u00e2\u0080\u009cvanish,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or last moment of\\nthe sound.\\nFourth .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Compound stress or that in which\\nthe voice, with more or less of \u00e2\u0080\u009cexplosive\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nforce, touches forcefully and distinctly on\\nboth the initial and the final points of a\\nsound, but passes slightly and almost im\u00c2\u00ac\\nperceptibly over the middle part.\\nFifth .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Thorough stress, in which the initial,\\nmiddle and final portions of a sound are all\\ndistinctively and impressively marked by\\nspecial \u00e2\u0080\u009cexpulsive force\u00e2\u0080\u009d of voice.\\nSixth.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Tremor, tremulous, or intermittent\\nstress.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nMELODY.\\nThe word \u00e2\u0080\u009cmelody\u00e2\u0080\u009d may be applied to\\nspeech in the same general sense as in the\\ntechnical language of music, to designate\\nthe effect produced on the ear, by the suc\u00c2\u00ac\\ncessive notes of the voice, in a passage of\\nmusic or of discourse.\\nThe use of this term presupposes, both in\\nmusic and in speech, a certain \u00e2\u0080\u009cpitch,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or\\ninitial note, whether predominating in a\\npassage, or merely commencing it, and to\\nwhich the subsequent sounds stand in the\\nrelation of higher or lower or identical.\\nThe term \u00e2\u0080\u009cmelody,\u00e2\u0080\u009d used as above, does\\nnot necessarily imply a melodious or pleasing\\nsuccession of sounds, or the reverse. It has\\nregard merely to the fact just mentioned,\\nthat the successive sounds to which this term\\nis applied, are comparatively higher or lower\\non the musical scale, or in strict unison with\\nthe first sound of a series. In this technical\\nsense, the word melody\u00e2\u0080\u009d applies to speech\\nas well as to music.\\nPITCH.\\nThe word \u00e2\u0080\u009cmelody,\u00e2\u0080\u009d used in its technical\\nsense, occupies, then, the same ground in", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0076.jp2"}, "77": {"fulltext": "VOCAL CULTURE\\nelocution a~ m music, and refers us, in the\\nfirst instance, to an initial or commencins\\no\\nsound to which others in a series may be\\ncompared as high or low or neither. To this\\nsound the term \u00e2\u0080\u009cpitch is applied, as desig\u00c2\u00ac\\nnating the particular point of the scale, as\\nhigh or low, on which the voice is thrown\\nout. Thus, we speak of the deep tones or\\nlow notes of an organ, as contrasted with the\\nshrill sound of a fife, of the grave tone of the\\nvoice of a man, or of the comparatively high\\npitch of that of a woman or of the low voice\\nof devotion, as contrasted with the high,\\nshrill scream of excessive fear, or the piercing\\n.shriek of terror.\\nThe correct practice of elocution, as in\\nappropriate speaking, recitation, or reading,\\nimplies the power of easily and instantly\\nshifting the \u00e2\u0080\u009cpitch\u00e2\u0080\u0099\u00e2\u0080\u0099 of the voice, according\\nto the natural note of emotion required for\\nevery shade of expression depicted in the\\ncomposition which is spoken, recited, or read.\\nMiddle Pitch.\\nThe middle pitch of the voice is that of\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2our habitual utterance, on all occasions of\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ordinary communication in conversation or\\naddress. It implies a medium or average\\nstate of feeling, or a condition of mind free\\nfrom every strong or marked emotion. It\\nis the natural note of unimpassioned utter\u00c2\u00ac\\nance, seeking to find its way to the under\u00c2\u00ac\\nstanding rather than to the heart, and hence\\navoiding high or low pitch, as belonging to\\nthe language of feeling or of fancy.\\nCommon conversation, a literary or a\\nscientific essay, a doctrinal sermon, or a\\nplain practical discourse on any subject\\nlimited to purposes of mere utility, and de\u00c2\u00ac\\nmanding the action of judgment and reason,\\nprincipally, may be mentioned as examples\\nof \u00e2\u0080\u009cmiddle\u00e2\u0080\u009d pitch, which is natural in or\u00c2\u00ac\\ndinary speech.\\nAND ELOCUTION. 59\\nLow Pitch.\\nThis designation applies to the utterance\\nof those feelings which we are accustomed\\nto speak of as deeper\u00e2\u0080\u009d than ordinary. Low\\nnotes seem the only natural language of grave\\nemotions, such as accompany deeply serious\\nand impressive thoughts grave authority or\\naustere manner.\\nThe transition in the voice from \u00e2\u0080\u009cmiddle\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nto \u00e2\u0080\u009clow\u00e2\u0080\u009d pitch would be exemplified in\\npassing from the utterance of a thought\\nwhich is merely serious \u00e2\u0080\u0094and so termed in\\ncontradistinction father to one of an animated\\nand sprightly character\u00e2\u0080\u0094to that of one still\\ndeeper in its shade of feeling, and which\\nwould be appropriately termed grave. At\\nthe stage of voice expressive of the latter, we\\nshould perceive an obvious though not very\\nstrikingly marked deepening of tone, or\\ndescent on the scale.\\nVery Low Pitch.\\nThis designation applies to the notes of\\nthose emotions which are of the deepest\\ncharacter, and which are accordingly asso\u00c2\u00ac\\nciated with the deepest utterance. These\\nare, chiefly, the following deep solemnity\\nawe, amazement horror despair melancholy\\nand deep grief.\\nThis lowest form of pitch is one of the\\nmost impressive means of powerful natural\\neffect in the utterance of all deep and im\u00c2\u00ac\\npressive emotions. The pervading and\\nabsorbing effect of awe amazement horror\\nor any similar feeling, can never be produced\\nwithout low pitch and deep successive notes\\nand the depth and reality of such emotions\\nare always in proportion to the depth of voice\\nwith which they are uttered. The grand\u00c2\u00ac\\nest descriptions in the Paradise Lost, and\\nthe profoundest meditations in the Night\\nThoughts, become trivial in their effect on\\nthe ear, when read with the ineffectual", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0077.jp2"}, "78": {"fulltext": "60\\nVOCAL CULTURE AND ELOCUTION.\\nexpression inseparable from the pitch of\\nordinary conversation or discourse.\\nHigh Pitch.\\nThe higher portion of the musical scale is\\nassociated with the notes of brisk gay and\\njoyous emotions, with the exception of the\\nextremes of pain, grief and fear, which, from\\ntheir preternaturally exciting power, com\u00c2\u00ac\\npress and render rigid the organic parts that\\nproduce vocal sound, and cause the pecu\u00c2\u00ac\\nliarly shrill, convulsive cries and shrieks\\nwhich express those passions.\\nA \u00e2\u0080\u009cpitch\u00e2\u0080\u009d too low for the natural effect\\nof gay and exhilarated feeling deadens the\\neffect of wit and vivacity, and renders, per\u00c2\u00ac\\nhaps, a most expressive strain of composi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion tame and dull, when it should abound\\nin the tones of life and brilliancy.\\nVery High Pitch.\\nThe extreme of the upper part of the\\nmusical scale, as far as it is practicable to\\nindividuals in the management of the voice,\\nis the natural range of pitch for the utter\u00c2\u00ac\\nance of ecstatic and rapturous or uncontrollable\\nemotion. It belongs, accordingly, to high-\\nwrought lyric and dramatic passages, in strains\\nof joy, grief astonishment delight tenderness\\nand the hysterical extremes of passionate\\nemotion generally.\\nINFLECTION.\\nReading without inflections becomes life\u00c2\u00ac\\nless, as nny be observed in what is usually\\ncalled a schoolboy tone.\u00e2\u0080\u009d This fault not\\nonly divests language of its meaning, but\\nsubstitutes a ludicrous monotony for the\\nnatural, animated and varied expression of\\nthe voice in actual communication. The\\nhearer unavoidably loses all interest in what\\nis monotonously read, for it makes no appeal\\neither to his feelings or to his understanding.\\nThere are two inflections\u00e2\u0080\u0094the rising and\\nthe falling. The falling appropriately termi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnates a sentence the rising may be seen in\\nany ordinary interrogation. The variations\\nof voice between these two inflections pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nvent monotony.\\nThe two simple inflections, the rising and\\nthe falling, are superseded, in the tones of\\nkeen and ironical emotion or peculiar signifi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncance in expression, by a double turn, or slide\\nof voice, which unites both in one continuous\\nsound, called the circumflex or wave.\\nWhen no inflection is used, a monotone, or\\nperfect level of voice, is produced. This\\ntone belongs to emotions arising from sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nlimity and grandeur. It characterizes, also,\\nthe extremes of amazement and horror.\\nTIME.\\nThe study of time, as a measure of speech,\\nwill lead to the primary classification of single\\nvowel sounds as long or short in duration,\\naccording to their character and expression,\\nas elements of language. The contrast in\\nthe duration of the \u00e2\u0080\u009ctonic element,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or vowel\\nsound, a, in the words male and female, will\\nfurnish examples, the a in the former being\\nmuch longer, or, in other words, occupying a\\nmuch larger space of time in utterance, than\\nthe a in the latter. The technical designa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of this property of vocal sounds is\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cquantity\u00e2\u0080\u009d\u00e2\u0080\u0094implying quantity of time, or\\nduration. The a of male is, accordingly,\\ntermed a \u00e2\u0080\u009clong, the a in female a \u00e2\u0080\u009cshort\\nquantity.\\nPAUSES.\\nTime, when applied as a measure of speech,\\nprescribes not only the length, or \u00e2\u0080\u009cquan\u00c2\u00ac\\ntity,\u00e2\u0080\u009d of sounds, but also that of the pauses, or\\ncessations of voice, which intervene between\\nsentences and between their parts, as the\\nintermissions of the voice are, virtually, con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstituents of \u00e2\u0080\u009cexpression,\u00e2\u0080\u009d whether we regard", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0078.jp2"}, "79": {"fulltext": "VOCAL CULTURE AND ELOCUTION.\\n61\\nthought or feeling. Without distinct and\\nappropriate pauses we cannot understand\\noral communication, and without occasional\\nimpressive cessations of voice there can be\\nno true sympathy between speaker and\\nhearer.\\nPauses, as classified in elocution, are of\\ntwo kinds I st, those which express emotion\\n2 d, those which modify sense or meaning.\\nPausing, like utterance, is regulated by the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2character of the emotion or the thought\\nwhich is the subject of expression. The\\npauses used in the \u00e2\u0080\u009cexpression\u00e2\u0080\u009d of all\\ngrave, deep and solemn emotions, which in\u00c2\u00ac\\ncline to prolonged quantities,\u00e2\u0080\u009d are com\u00c2\u00ac\\nparatively long and thus correspond in\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0character to the vocal sounds between\\nwhich they occur, and which they aid by\\ntheir harmonious effect. Brisk, gay and\\nlively feelings are distinguished by brief\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cquantities\u00e2\u0080\u009d and corresponding short\\npauses.\\nThe pauses of sense or meaning are of\\nvarious lengths, according to the portions\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2of speech which they are employed to sepa\u00c2\u00ac\\nrate thus, we observe the long pauses be\u00c2\u00ac\\ntween the principal parts of a discourse, the\\n.somewhat shorter pauses at its subdivisions,\\nthe shorter still at paragraphs, and the\\n.shorter than even these at periods.\\nMOVEMENT.\\nThe term \u00e2\u0080\u009cmovement,\u00e2\u0080\u009d for which the\\nword rate is sometimes substituted refers\\nto the slowness or to the rapidity of utter\u00c2\u00ac\\nance required by the sentiment.\\nThe \u00e2\u0080\u009cslowest,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or \u00e2\u0080\u009cvery slow move\u00c2\u00ac\\nment,\u00e2\u0080\u009d is exemplified in the expression of\\nthe deepest emotions of the soul; as horror,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0awe, profound reverence and solemnity and\\nadoration\\nThe slow movement characterizes the\\nutterance of gloom melancholy, grief pathos,\\nsublimity solemnity and reverence in their\\nusual form, profound repose, grandeur, majesty,\\nvast ness, power and splendor.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cModerate movement\u00e2\u0080\u009d is the usual rate\\nof utterance in unimpassioned language. It;\\nbelongs to common narration and description,\\nand to didactic thought. The rhetorical\\nmodes of style to which it is applicable, are\\nthose which are denominated the dry,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nthe \u00e2\u0080\u009cplain,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and the \u00e2\u0080\u009cneat.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cLively movement\u00e2\u0080\u009d implies emotion in\\nthat gentle form which does not exceed\\nliveliness or animation. The lower degrees of\\nall vivid feeling, are expressed by this style\\nof movement.\u00e2\u0080\u009d A slight degree of joy is\\nusually the under current of its effect.\\nGay and Mirthful.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cQuick\u00e2\u0080\u009d or \u00e2\u0080\u009cbrisk movement,\u00e2\u0080\u009d is char\u00c2\u00ac\\nacteristic of gay, exhilarated and glad emo\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion the full feeling of joy is implied in its\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cexpression.\u00e2\u0080\u009d It gives utterance to all\\nplay fid, humorous and mirthful moods. It\\nsometimes, on the other hand, gives its\\ncharacteristic effect to fear.\\nThe movement designated as quick\u00c2\u00ac\\nest,\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009cvery quick,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or \u00e2\u0080\u009crapid,\u00e2\u0080\u009d is that of\\nhaste, hurry, alarm, confusion and fear, when\\nrising to terror.\\nIt is evident from the very nature of\\nmovement,\u00e2\u0080\u009d that it must be an element of\\nimmense power, in expression. The funeral\\nmarch suggests to the ear its effect, in music,\\nas associated with awe, gloom and grief; and\\nthe music of the dance reminds us of its\\npower over the feelings of gladness and\\nexhilaration. The grave psalm, and the\\nsong of serious sentiment, express, in their\\nmeasured regularity, the adaptation of gentle\\nand moderate movement to tranqidl and\\nsedate feeling.\\nThe power of movement,\u00e2\u0080\u009d in the elocu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of a skilful reader or speaker, is indefi-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0079.jp2"}, "80": {"fulltext": "62\\nVOCAL CULTURE AND ELOCUTION.\\nnite as we may observe in the difference\\nbetween a schoolboy gabbling through his\\ntask, in haste to get rid of it, and a great\\ntragedian, whose whole soul is rapt in the\\npart of Cato uttering the soliloquy on im\u00c2\u00ac\\nmortality, or Hamlet musing on the great\\nthemes of duty, life and death.\\nA command over the \u00e2\u0080\u009clively\u00e2\u0080\u009d and \u00e2\u0080\u009cbrisk\\nmovements\u00e2\u0080\u009d of the voice, is not less im\u00c2\u00ac\\nportant than the power of slow and solemn\\nutterance. The style of reading which is\\nmost frequently introduced to enliven the\\nevening circle at home, requires of the\\nreader the power to \u00e2\u0080\u009ctrip it as he goes,\u00e2\u0080\u009d in\\nthe mood of gay description light satire vivid\\ndialogue and droll humor.\\nThe three principal faults of \u00e2\u0080\u009cmovement,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nwhich are exemplified in the common prac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntice of reading, are uniform slowness or, per\u00c2\u00ac\\nhaps, a drawling style habitual rapidity\\nwhich prevents all deep and impressive effect,\\nand, perhaps, causes indistinctness of enuncia\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion a uniform \u00e2\u0080\u009cmoderate \u00e2\u0080\u009cmovement,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nwhich never yields to any natural influence\\nof emotion\u00e2\u0080\u0094so as to become appropriately\\nexpressive, and pass from grave to gay or\\nthe reverse, by a change in the gait of the\\nvoice\u00e2\u0080\u0094but utters, automaton-like, all feelings\\nin the same unmeaning and mechanical style\\nthe voice marching on, with one uniform\\nmeasured step, over all varieties of surface,\\nas regards the tenor of language and the\\nsubject.\\nEMPHASIS.\\nEvery sentence contains one or more\\nwords which are prominent, and peculiarly\\nimportant in the expression of meaning.\\nSpecial force on such words is what is called\\nemphasis. Its use is to impress more strik\u00c2\u00ac\\ningly on the mind of the hearer the thought,\\nor portion of thought, embodied in the par\u00c2\u00ac\\nticular word or phrase on which it is laid.\\nIt gives additional energy to important pomes,\\nin expression, by causing sounds which are\\npeculiarly significant, to strike the ear with\\nan appropriate and distinguishing force. It\\npossesses, in regard to the sense of hearing,\\na similar advantage to that of \u00e2\u0080\u009crelief,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or\\nprominence to the eye, in a well executed\\npicture in which the figures seem to stand\\nout from the canvass.\\nEmphasis, then, being the manner of pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nnouncing the most significant words, its\\noffice is of the utmost importance to an\\nintelligible and impressive utterance. It is\\nthe manner of uttering emphatic words which\\ndecides the meaning of every sentence that\\nis read or spoken. A true emphasis conveys\\na sentiment clearly and forcibly to the mind,\\nand keeps the attention of an audience in\\nactive sympathy with the thoughts of the\\nspeaker; it gives full value and effect to all\\nthat he utters, and secures a lasting im\u00c2\u00ac\\npression on the memory.\\nErrors of Emphasis.\\nThe prevailing fault, as regards emphasis,,\\nis the omission or slighting of it.\\nHence arises a feebleness of expression, or\\na general monotony, in consequence of\\nwhich the voice fails in giving those dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinctions, or conveying that force of feeling,,\\nwhich are inseparable from a distinct and\\nanimated manner.\\nAn omission of emphasis leaves the sense\\nof whole passages obscure; and an error in\\nthe application of it, may cause an entire\\nsubversion of the meaning intended to be\\nexpressed. A sentence read without just\\nemphasis, is an inert mass of sound, like a\\nbody destitute of life; the same sentence\\nread with the discrimination and significance\\nof true emphasis, becomes, as it were, a\\nliving and active being, exerting its appro\u00c2\u00ac\\npriate energies.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0080.jp2"}, "81": {"fulltext": "VOCAL CULTURE AND ELOCUTION.\\n6$\\nThe opposite fault is that of excessive\\nanxiety about emphasis and an unnecessary\\nand formal marking of it by studied force of\\nexpression.\\nThis obtrusive tone is carefully to be\\navoided, as savoring of fastidiousness and\\npedantry, and indicating the presumption\\nthat the audience are so dull in intellect as\\nnot to appreciate the force of the speaker\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nlanguage, unless he remind them of it by\\npeculiar and pointed distinctions of voice, a\\nthing which he does not need to do.\\nDDRESS, as a combination of\\nspeech and action, directs itself\\nto the mind through the ear\\nand the eye. Regarded as an\\nart, it consists, accordingly, of\\ntwo parts\u00e2\u0080\u0094elocution, or the regu\u00c2\u00ac\\nlated functions of the voice, and gesture, or\\nthe proper management of the body.\\nGesture derives its existence from the\\nnecessary sympathy of mind and body. It\\nis by no means a mere product of art. A 1\\nsympathetic action of the outward frame, in\\ncorrespondence with the activity of the mind,\\nis necessarily exerted in the communication\\nof thought and feeling, and results from a\\nlaw of man\u00e2\u0080\u0099s constitution. The repression\\nof such action may, it is true, become a\\nhabitual trait in the character of individuals\\nand of nations so may the opposite charac\u00c2\u00ac\\nteristic of redundancy in gesture. Examples\\nof these extremes are furnished in the rigid\\nstillness of body which is customary in the\\nelocution of Scotland or of New England,\\nand in the ceaseless movement and gesture\\nof the French.\\nEducation, too, has a powerful influence\\non delivery. The exclusive application of\\nthe understanding, a too passive continuance\\nof attention, or a native sluggishness of habit,\\nindulged, has a tendency to quell or prevent\\nemotion, and to keep back its bodily indica\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions while the habitual and unrestrained\\nplay of imagination, or of feeling, impels ta\\nvivid expression in tone, and to the visible-\\nmanifestations of attitude and action. Hence\\nthe contrasts of manner exhibited in the\\nPRESENTING OR RECEIVING.\\ndelivery of the studious and sedentary, or\\nthe phlegmatic, and that of the active, the\\ngay, or the imaginative\u00e2\u0080\u0094both of which usu\u00c2\u00ac\\nally run to excess, producing the morbid\\nstyle of lifelessness and inaction, or the\\npuerile manner of mere animal vivacity.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0081.jp2"}, "82": {"fulltext": "64 VOCAL CULTURE\\nThe genuine style of eloquence is that,\\nsurely, which gives the strongest, freest and\\ntruest expression to the natural blending of\\nthought and emotion within the human\\nbreast\u00e2\u0080\u0094breaking through all arbitrary re\u00c2\u00ac\\nstraint, and submitting only to the guidance\\nof reason, or, rather, listening intuitively to\\nits suggestions.\\nThe common errors of judgment and taste\\non this subject seem to lie in the supposition\\nthat thought and feeling may be separated\\nin their expression. Every day furnishes\\nexamples of speakers, who, from the cold\u00c2\u00ac\\nness of their manner, seem-to think that they\\ncan succeed in imparting sentiment without\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2emotion, and of those whose rhetorical and\\nmechanical warmth appears to aim at elo\u00c2\u00ac\\nquence by emotion not founded on thought.\\nThe tendency of deep interest, and of\\nearnest, cordial emphasis, is always to impart\\nimpulse to the arm, as well as to the voice.\\nThe instruction, therefore, or the example,\\nwhich inculcates the suppression of gesture,\\nis defective and injurious, as it checks the\\nfree action both of body and mind. The\\nAND ELOCUTION.\\nunlimited indulgence in fancy, or the ungov\u00c2\u00ac\\nerned expression of feeling, on the other\\nhand, leads either to a puerile or merely\\npassionate manner, and loses the influence of\\nintellect in a false excitement of emotion.\\nA good address is that which, in the firs\\nplace, may be briefly characterized by the\\nepithet manly. It possesses force \u00e2\u0080\u0094conse\u00c2\u00ac\\nquently exemption from all forms of weak\u00c2\u00ac\\nness freedoin (a natural consequence of\\nforce), implying exemption from constraint\\nand embarrassment. These are the first and\\nindispensable rudiments of action.\\nNext in importance is an appropriate or\\ndiscriminating style\u00e2\u0080\u0094the result of genius, or\\nof successful discipline\u00e2\u0080\u0094which adapts itself\\nto different occasions, subjects and sentiments\\nvarying as circumstances require, and avoid\u00c2\u00ac\\ning every impropriety of manner, whether\\nDECLARING.\\narising from personal habit or temporary\\ninadvertency and error.\\nLast in order, and as a negative quality;\\nchiefly, may be mentioned grace, or those\\nmodes of action which obey nature\u00e2\u0080\u0099s laws of\\nsymmetry and motion, from the intuitive", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0082.jp2"}, "83": {"fulltext": "VOCAL CULTURE AND ELOCUTION.\\n*5\\nperception of beauty, and the disciplined or\\nnatural subjection of the muscular system to\\nthe ascendancy of mind and taste.\\nThese elementary principles are all that\\nhave been deemed important in the instruc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion attempted in the following pages. All\\nelse, it is thought, may best be left to the\\nmind and manner of the individual\u00e2\u0080\u0094which,\\nif not perverted or neglected, would, perhaps,\\nrender direct instruction, in any case, com\u00c2\u00ac\\nparatively unimportant.\\nATTITUDE.\\nOratory consists of two parts\u00e2\u0080\u0094one ad\u00c2\u00ac\\ndressing the ear through the voice, and the\\nother, the eye by action or gesture. The\\nlatter implies a certain attitude of body as\\nessential to it, and hence the necessity of\\nattending, in the first instance, to the attitude\\nWONDERMENT.\\nor position in which the speaker presents\\nhimself to the eye. The characteristics of\\ngood attitude are firmness freedom appro\u00c2\u00ac\\npriateness and grace.\\nIt becomes necessary here to advert to the\\nmanner in which young speakers introduce\\nthemselves to their audience, the introduc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntory bow being seldom what it should be\u00e2\u0080\u0094a\\nsalutation of respect, actually addressed to\\nthe assembly, but commonly a very awk\u00c2\u00ac\\nward attempt at a bow, and one so performed\\nas to cast down the eyes towards the floor\\nof the room or the feet of the speaker, and\\nto show, not his countenance, but the crown\\nof his head. A bow, or any other mark of\\nrespect (except prostration), has no meaning\\nin it, unless the eye of the individual who\\nperforms it is directed to the eyes of those\\nto whom it is addressed.\\nPOSITION OF THE FEET.\\nIt is of the utmost consequence to observe\\na correct position of the feet, not merely\\nbecause an incorrect position is ungraceful,\\nbut because the easy and natural movement\\nof every part of the body, depends on the\\nfeet being properly placed. Awkward and\\n1 constrained movements of the feet, and rigid,\\nunseemly action, are inseparable from a bad\\nattitude. An easy and graceful position, on\\nthe contrary, favors appropriate and becom-\\n6", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0083.jp2"}, "84": {"fulltext": "66\\nVOCAL CULTURE AND ELOCUTION.\\ning movement, and tends to render it\\nhabitual.\\nIn the various positions of the feet, care is\\nto be taken that the grace which is aimed at\\nbe attended with simplicity. The position\\nof the orator is equally removed from the\\nawkwardness of the rustic, with toes turned\\nin and knees bent, and from the affectation\\nof the dancing-master, whose position runs\\nto the opposite extreme. The orator is to\\nadopt such positions only as consist with\\nmanly and simple grace.\\nThe toes are to be moderately turned out\u00c2\u00ac\\nward, but not to be constrained the limbs\\nare to be disposed so as to support the body\\nwith ease, and to admit of flowing and grace\u00c2\u00ac\\nful movement. The sustaining foot is to be\\nplanted firmly the leg braced, but not con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntracted the other foot and limb must press\\nlightly, and be held relaxed, so as to be\\nready for immediate change and action.\\nIn changing the positions of the feet, the\\nmotions are to be made with the utmost\\nsimplicity, and free from the parade and\\nsweep of dancing. The speaker must ad\u00c2\u00ac\\nvance, retire or change almost imperceptibly;\\nand it is to be particularly observed that\\nchanges should not be too frequent. Fre\u00c2\u00ac\\nquent change gives the idea of anxiety or\\ninstability, both of which are unfavorable.\\nErrors.\\nThe common faults in the position of the\\nfeet, are\\nFirst .\u00e2\u0080\u0094That of resting on both feet equally\\nwhich gives the whole frame a set and rigid\\nattitude.\\nSecond.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Pointing the toes straightforward.\\nwhich, when combined with the preceding\\nfault, forms the climax of awkwardness and\\nsquareness of attitude, and, even when unac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncompanied by any other error, has the bad\\neffect of exposing the speaker\u00e2\u0080\u0099s side, instead\\nof his full front, and consequently assimi\u00c2\u00ac\\nlating all his movements and gestures to\\nthose of attack in fencing.\\nThird .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Placing the feet too close to one\\nanother, which gives the whole body a feeble\\nand constrained appearance, and destroys the\\npossibility of energy in gesture.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0084.jp2"}, "85": {"fulltext": "VOCAL CULTURE\\nFourth .\u00e2\u0080\u0094The placing of the feet too widely\\ndistant and parallel to each other, which\\ngives the speaker\u00e2\u0080\u0099s attitude a careless and\\nslovenly air.\\nFifth .\u00e2\u0080\u0094The placing of the feet at too wide\\na distance from each other but with the one in\\nadvance of the other. This is the attitude of\\nassumption, or of a boasting and overbearing\\nmanner.\\nThe observance of the different positions\\nwill produce a firm, easy and graceful atti\u00c2\u00ac\\ntude, appropriate to earnest and natural de\u00c2\u00ac\\nlivery. In complying with rules however\\nthere should be no anxiety about measured\\nexactness and no appearance of studied pre\u00c2\u00ac\\ncision. Force and freedom, and general\\npropriety of manner, are the main points to\\nbe aimed at, and strict accuracy is apt to\\nbecome but a mechanical excellence.\\nMOVEMENT OF THE FEET.\\nAn occasional change of the position of\\nthe feet is a natural and necessary relief to\\nthe speaker in the delivery of a speech or\\npiece of considerable length it associates,\\nalso, in an appropriate and agreeable man\u00c2\u00ac\\nAND ELOCUTION. 67\\nner, with the introduction of a new train of\\nthought or a new topic of discourse, and it is\\nthe instinctive expression of energy, warmth\\nand liveliness of manner. Without move\u00c2\u00ac\\nment, the speaker\u00e2\u0080\u0099s body becomes, as it\\nwere, a mass of inanimate matter. Motion,\\nANGUISH. REMORSE.\\nwhen carried to excess, however, becomes\\nchildish in its effect, as it substitutes rest\u00c2\u00ac\\nlessness for animation.\\nThe motion of the feet should be carefully\\ntimed, so as to occur at the commencement\\nof the parts or divisions of a speech or dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ncourse, at the introduction of new and dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinct thoughts, or in the expression of for\u00c2\u00ac\\ncible or lively emotion. The true time of\\nmovement is in exact coincidence with\\nemphasis, and falls appropriately on the\\naccented syllable of the emphatic word.\\nThe voice and the bodily frame are thus\\nkept in simultaneous action with the mind.\\nMovement, so performed, never obtrudes\\nitself on the attention, but becomes a natural\\npart of the whole delivery. The changes of\\nposition should always be made (except only\\nthe retiring movement, at the close of a", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0085.jp2"}, "86": {"fulltext": "68\\nVOCAL CULTURE AND ELOCUTION.\\nparagraph or of a division of the subject)\\nduring the act of speaking and not at the\\npauses; and even the change of posture\\nwhich necessarily follows the bow, and opens\\nthe delivery of the piece, should not be made\\nbefore beginning to speak, but along with the\\nutterance of the commencing clause.\\nPROTECTING-SOOTHING.\\nAll changes made before speaking, or in\\nthe intervals of speech, become apparent\\nand formal, and particularly all preparatory\\nmotions that seem to adjust or fix the atti\u00c2\u00ac\\ntude of the speaker and produce the effect\\nof suspending the attention of the audience.\\nThe frequency of movement depends on the\\nspirit of the composition An animated ad\u00c2\u00ac\\ndress or a declamatory harangue requires\\nfrequent movement. In a grave discourse,\\non the contrary, the movements are made\\nmore seldom. Poetry requires, from its\\nvividness of emotion, many changes of posi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion prose, from its more equable character,\\ncomparatively few.\\nYour movements should always be easy\\nand natural, never forced and constrained,\\nnever apparently studied beforehand.\\nMOVEMENT OF THE LIMBS.\\nThe general air and expression of the\\nwhole body depend much on the position of\\nthe legs as we may observe by adverting to\\nthe feeble limbs of infancy and of old age,\\nthe rigid and square attitude of men who\\nfollow laborious occupations, or the artificial\\ndisplay of limb sometimes acquired at the\\ndancing-school, or exemplified on the stage.\\nA firm, free and graceful position of the\\nlimbs is natural to most human beings, till\\nthe influence of awkward custom, or of im\u00c2\u00ac\\nperfect health, has destroyed or impaired it.\\nCorrect and appropriate posture, therefore,\\nbecomes an important point in preparatory\\npractice and training, intended to aid the\\nformation of habits of rhetorical delivery.\\nIncorrect Attitudes.\\nErrors in the position of the legs occur in\\nthe following forms\\nFirst A rigid and inflexible posture\\nentirely at variance with freedom and grace\\ncausing the limbs to resemble supporting\\nposts, rather than parts of the human frame;", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0086.jp2"}, "87": {"fulltext": "VOCAL CULTURE AND ELOCUTION.\\n69\\nand interfering with the force, ease and\\ngracefulness of gesture.\\nSecond .\u00e2\u0080\u0094A feeble, though perhaps slight\\nbending of the knees, which gives the general\\nattitude an appearance of timid inefficiency;\\nand which, when accompanied, as it often is,\\nby a sinking and rising motion, seeming to\\nkeep time to the beat of the arm in gesture,\\nproduces a childishness of mien which\\nthrows over the speaker\u00e2\u0080\u0099s whole manner an\\nair of silliness.\\nThird. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A fault very prevalent in public\\ndeclamation arises from overlooking the fact\\nthat a free and natural attitude reqidres the\\nknee of the leg which is not supporting the\\nweight of the body, to fall into the natural bend\\nof freedom and rest. The neglect of this\\npoint\u00e2\u0080\u0094a neglect which very naturally arises\\nfrom general embarrassment or constraint\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nhas a very unfavorable effect on the whole\\nattitude.\\nThe influence of this attitude is quite at\\nvariance with the speaker\u00e2\u0080\u0099s aim in delivery,\\nwhich is to convince or persuade; the effect\\nof which, on his attitude, would be to incline\\nit somewhat forward, as in the natural man-,\\nner of earnest address. No error, apparently\\nso slight, is attended with so many bad con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsequences as this nothing tends so much to\\ngive the speaker the air of speaking at his\\naudience, rather than to them; yet no fault\\nis more common in the declamation of school\\nand college exhibitions. All that is objec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntionable in this attitude, however, would be\\ndone away by the speaker merely allowing\\nthe knee of the leg which does not support\\nthe body to drop into its natural bend.\\nMOVEMENT OF THE TRUNK.\\nThe actions of a human being differ from\\nthe motions of a machine, chiefly in that\\nsympathy of the entire frame which makes\\naction appear to proceed from the whole\\nsurface and terminate in the arm, the hand,\\nor the foot.\\nNo gesture, therefore, seems to have life or\\nenergy unless the whole body partake in it,\\nby a moderate yet perceptible swaying or\\nyielding to accommodate it, and a general im\u00c2\u00ac\\npulse of the muscles to enforce it, or impart\\nto it additional and sympathetic energy.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0087.jp2"}, "88": {"fulltext": "70\\nVOCAL CULTURE AND ELOCUTION.\\nGesture, destitute of such aid, becomes nar\u00c2\u00ac\\nrow, angular and mechanical. It is of the\\nutmost consequence, then, that the position\\nand general bearing of the body should be\\nfree and unconstrained.\\nThe gesture of the arms and hands must\\nreceive a slight accompanying movement of\\nthe trunk, and not proceed from it as from a\\nrigid log. Whilst care is taken to avoid\\naffected and ridiculous contortions, there\\nmust be a manly and free exertion of the\\nmuscles of the whole body, the general con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsent of which is indispensable to graceful\\naction.\\nMOVEMENT OF THE HEAD AND\\nTHE COUNTENANCE.\\nThe bearing of the head decides the\\ngeneral mien of the body, as haughty and\\ncondescending, as spiritless, dejected, em\u00c2\u00ac\\nbarrassed, or as free from the influence of\\nsuch feelings, and wearing an easy, self-\\npossessed and unassuming expression, arising\\nfrom tranquility and serenity of mind. The\\nfirst-mentioned of these states of feeling\\no\\ninclines the head upward; the second causes\\nit to droop or keeps it fixed by constraint;\\nthe last preserves it from these extremes, and\\nallows it an .easy and natural motion.\\nThe recitation of poetry may, in particular\\ninstances, authorize or require a very erect,\\nor a drooping posture of the head; but\\ndeclamation, or public speaking, implies a\\nstate of self-command, a rational consider\u00c2\u00ac\\nation of effect, and an avoiding of the appear\u00c2\u00ac\\nance s of extreme emotion. In the latter\\nexercise, therefore, the general air of the\\nhead bespeaks respect for the audience,\\nmingling with a just self-respect, and avoids\\nalike a lofty or a submissive carriage. The\\neyes and the other features correspond to\\nthis manner.\\nThe head should neither be hung bash\u00c2\u00ac\\nfully down nor carried haughtily erect it\\nshould turn easily, but not rapidly, from side\\nto side the eyes being directed generally to\\nthose of the persons who are addressed, but\\nnot fastening particularly on individuals.\\nThe abstraction of the mind, implied in\\nthe appropriate recitation of some pieces of", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0088.jp2"}, "89": {"fulltext": "VOCAL CULTURE AND ELOCUTION.\\n71\\npoetry, may, however, render it inconsistent 1\\nto give to delivery the air of address; as, for\\nexample, in the reciting of any passage in\\nwhich a distant or imaginary scene is called\\nup vividly to the thoughts. The eyes should,\\nin such cases, be directed away from those\\nof the audience and be fixed on vacancy.\\nAll inappropriate and ungraceful play or\\nworking of the features, should be carefully\\navoided.\\nPOSITION AND MOVEMENT OF THE\\nHAND.\\nThe hand is, in most forms of action, the\\ngreat organ of the mind. Its power of ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npression in communication, when used alone,\\nor accompanied by speech, is peculiar and\\nextensive. The position or action of the\\nhand invites, repels, refuses, rejects, implores\\nor threatens more forcibly than even the\\nvoice or the countenance. The language and\\nmeaning of gesture lie in the hand and these\\ncannot be expressed without an appropriate\\nuse of this organ. The arm is, in gesture,\\nbut the inferior agent to move and exert the\\nl hand, the great instrument of all expression\\naddressed to the eye.\\nThe tones of the voice and the action of\\nthe features are, no doubt, the chief vehicles\\nof meaning. But next to these comes the\\nhand as an important agent in delivery; and\\nin some kinds of emotion it even takes the\\nprecedence of the voice in all those passions,\\nfor instance, which by their excess tend to\\nrender the tongue mute. In unimpassioned\\nspeaking, the gesture of the hand is not so\\nprominent; but it still serves a useful purpose\\nin accompanying, aiding and enforcing the\\nimpressions produced by the voice. It helps\\nto concentrate the action of the senses\\ntoward the objects which are presented to\\nthe mind, and, though a subordinate, is yet\\nan indispensable instrument of appropriate\\nand impressive delivery.\\nThe hand should be used naturally. Point\\nwith the finger; open the palm; close the\\nhand and form a rigid fist; let the hand\\ndroop in a languid attitude; in short, speak\\nwith it, according to the thought or emotion\\nyou wish to express.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0089.jp2"}, "90": {"fulltext": "72\\nVOCAL CULTURE AND ELOCUTION.\\nMOVEMENT OF THE ARM.\\nThe freedom and force of gesture depend\\nentirely on the appropriate action of the arm.\\nThe free play of the arm gives scope to ges\u00c2\u00ac\\nture, which would otherwise be narrow, con\u00c2\u00ac\\nfined and inexpressive. The elevated thoughts\\nand grand images abounding in poetry re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquire a free, lofty and energetic sweep of the\\narm in gesture; but speaking which has\\npersuasion for its object, is naturally charac\u00c2\u00ac\\nterized by a less commanding and less imag\u00c2\u00ac\\ninative style of action.\\nReasoning, arguing or inculcating, in the\\nusual manner of speech, requires chiefly\\nenforcing or emphatic gesture. Poetry\\nabounds so in variety of emotion, that the\\naction which accompanies the recitation of it\\nis frequent and forcible, and marked by vivid\\ntransitions, with a predominance of grace\u00c2\u00ac\\nfulness in the whole manner. The style of\\nspeaking adapted to prose is more calm and\\nmoderate, and more plain in its character,\\ncoinciding thus with the tenor of thought\\nand language which usually pervades prose\\ncomposition.\\nAction is the first, the simplest and the\\nmost striking expression of feeling. It can\u00c2\u00ac\\nnot, therefore, be dispensed with, but at the\\nrisk of losing the natural animation of man\u00c2\u00ac\\nner. Under the regulation of taste, it\\nbecomes a harmonious and powerful accom\u00c2\u00ac\\npaniment to speech, imparting additional\\nforce to language in all its forms, and aiding\\na full and clear conception of what is\\nexpressed.\\nGesture is not a mere matter of ornament,\\nas is sometimes supposed. Its main object\\nis force of impression the beauty or grace\\nwhich it imparts to delivery is but an inferior\\nconsideration. To the young learner, how\u00c2\u00ac\\never, whose habits are yet forming, the\\ncultivation of correct and refined taste in\\nregard to gesture, is a matter of great\\nimportance.\\nThe following are the principal gestures\\nappropriate in address:\\nThe descending used with great energy in\\nstrong assertion and vehement argumenta\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, in emphatic declaration and forcible\\nappeal.\\nThe horizontal (the hand rising to a hori\u00c2\u00ac\\nzontal level with the shoulder), appropriate\\nin elevated and general thought or descrip\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion and in geographical and historical\\nallusions.\\nThe ascending (the hand rising to a level,\\nnearly, with the head), expressive of sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nlimity of thought or feeling.\\nRULES FOR GESTURE.\\nThe movement or sweep of the arm, in\\npreparing for gesture, should always be free\\nand graceful, but avoiding too much extent of\\nspace and performed in strict time with the\\nmovement of the voice in utterance. The line\\nof motion in gesture describes a curve and\\navoids in all action but that of the humorous\\nstyle a confined or angular movement.\\nThe frequency of gesture must be pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nscribed by the character of sentiment in the\\npiece which is spoken, and by the style of\\nlanguage, as moderate and plain, or impas\u00c2\u00ac\\nsioned and figurative the former requiring\\nlittle use of gesture, and the latter much.\\nAll action must arise directly from the\\nsense of what is spoken and never from arbi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrary notions of variety or grace True variety\\nis the result of a due observance of the\\npreparatory and terminating lines of gesture;\\nand grace consists merely in preserving these\\nfrom awkward deviations.\\nThe use of the left hand, whether singly\\nor in conjunction with the right, depends not\\non arbitrary opinions of propriety or grace,\\nbut usually on necessity felt by the speaker,", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0090.jp2"}, "91": {"fulltext": "VOCAL CULTURE\\neither as regards himself or his audience.\\nThis form of gesture, as far as it is a matter\\nof choice, should be sparingly adopted.\\nGesture should be fluent and connected\\nnot abrupt and desultory, or appearing and\\ndisappearing in a capricious manner.\\nThe placing of the hand on the heart had\\nbetter be omitted, if any risk must be in\u00c2\u00ac\\nAND ELOCUTION. 73\\ncurred of an incorrect or objectionable action\\nby performing it.\\nGesture appropriate to the prevailing style\\nof prose unites force and grace with sim\u00c2\u00ac\\nplicity, and has generally an outward and\\ndownward tendency combined; avoiding\\naction which runs across the body of the\\nspeaker or sweeps inwardly.\\nEXAMPLES WHICH ILLUSTRATE\\nPRINCIPLES OF ELOCUTION.\\nDeclamatory Force.\\nF OR, as the ages, come and go,\\nThe leaders of the van\\nAre proof that this is ever so\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThe hour begets the man\\nHe\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Nature s heir, and he alone\\nHas right and title to her throne.\\nNot wealth, nor yet a long descent\\nThrough many a famous line,\\nCan give this power to mankind lent\\nFrom Nature\u00e2\u0080\u0099s hand divine,\\nFor with the call there comes the might\\nOf those who teach, or preach, or fight.\\nModerate Force.\\nCHEERFULNESS.\\nthis a time to be gloomy and sad,\\nWhen our mother Nature laughs around\\nWhen even the deep blue heavens look glad,\\nAnd gladness breathes from the blossoming ground\\nThe clouds are at play, in the azure space,\\nAnd their shadows at play on the bright green\\nvale,\\nAnd here they stretch to the frolic chase,\\nAnd there they roll on the easy gale.\\nAnd look at the broad-faced sun how he smiles\\nOn the dewy earth that smiles on his ray,\\nOn the leaping waters and gay young isles,\\nAy, look, and he\u00e2\u0080\u0099ll smile thy gloom away.\\nPATHOS.\\naLM on its leaf-strewn bier,\\nUnlike a gift of Nature to decay,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nToo rose-like still, too beautiful, too dear,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThe child at rest before its mother lay\\nEven so to pass away,\\nWith its bright -mile !\u00e2\u0080\u0094Elysium, what were thou\\nTo her that wept o\u00e2\u0080\u0099er that young slumberer\u00e2\u0080\u0099sbrow-\\nSOLEMNITY.\\nHOU unrelenting Fast!\\nStrong are the barriers round thy dark domain;\\nAnd fetters, sure and fast,\\nHold all that enter thy unbreathing reign.\\nFar in thy realm withdrawn\\nOld empires sit in sullenness and gloom\\nAnd glorious ages gone\\nLie deep within the shadow of thy womb.\\nChildhood, with all its mirth,\\nYouth, Manhood, Age, that draws us to the ground,\\nAnd last, Man\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Life on earth,\\nGlide to thy dim dominions, and are bound.\\nRANQUILITY.\\nT T(J\\\\HY weep ye, then, for him, who, having w r on\\n\\\\J\\\\J The bound of man\u00e2\u0080\u0099s appointed years,\u00e2\u0080\u0094at last\\nLife\u00e2\u0080\u0099s blessings all enjoyed, life\u00e2\u0080\u0099s labors done,\\nSerenely to his final rest has passed\\nWhile the soft memory of his virtues yet,\\nLingers like twilight hues, when the bright sun is\\nset!", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0091.jp2"}, "92": {"fulltext": "74\\nVOCAL CULTURE AND ELOCUTION.\\nHis youth was innocent liis riper age,\\nMarked with some act of goodness, every day\\nAnd, watched by eyes that loved him, calm and sage\\nFaded his late declining years away.\\nCheerful he gave his being up, and went\\nTo share the holy rest that waits a life well spent.\\nSPRIGHTLY HUMOR.\\nAYS Patrick to Biddy, \u00e2\u0080\u009cGood mornin\u00e2\u0080\u0099, me dear,\\nIt\u00e2\u0080\u0099s a bit av a sacret I\u00e2\u0080\u0099ve got for yer ear;\\nIt\u00e2\u0080\u0099s yersel\u00e2\u0080\u0099 that is lukin\u00e2\u0080\u0099 so charmin\u00e2\u0080\u0099 the day,\\nThat the heart in me breast is fast slippin\u00e2\u0080\u0099 away.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0099Tis you that kin flatther,\u00e2\u0080\u009d Miss Biddy replies,\\nAnd throws him a glance from her merry blue eyes.\\nImpassioned Force.\\nFEAR.\\nHILE throng the citizens with terror dumb,\\nOr whispering with white lips, The foe\\nthey come, they come\\nANGER AND SCORN.\\nHOU slave, thou wretch, thou coward,\\nThou little valiant, great in villany\\nThou ever strong upon the stronger side,\\nThou fortune\u00e2\u0080\u0099s champion, that dost never fight\\nBut when her humorous ladyship is by\\nTo teach thee safety.\\nHORROR.\\nGOD that horrid, horrid dream\\nBesets me now awake\\nAgain, again, with dizzy brain,\\nThe human life I take\\nAnd my red right hand grows raging hot\\nLike Cranmer\u00e2\u0080\u0099s at the stake.\\nREPROACH.\\nOD is my judge May I never see such a look\\nof despairing, desolate anguish, as that which\\nthe woman cast on her master, griping her\\nbreast with her little hand, as if he had stabbed her.\\nANGUISH.\\nWOMAN Yes, only a woman\\nNo surely it wasn\u00e2\u0080\u0099t his wife\\nShe seemed dead and he wrestled for freedom,\\nAs a doomed man will struggle for life.\\nIt is she gracious God Is she dying\\nOr dead, sirs ?\u00e2\u0080\u0094say, tell if you can\\nUnhand me who murdered my poor wife?\\nAnd a voice answered\u00e2\u0080\u0094\u00e2\u0080\u009c Thou art the man\\nMILITARY COMMAND.\\nExplosive Whispering.\\nARK I hear the bugles of the enemy They\\nare on their march along the bank of the river.\\nWe must retreat instantly, or be cut off from\\nour boats. I see the head of their column already\\nrising over the height. Our only safety is in the\\nscreen of this hedge. Keep close to it be silent;\\nand stoop as you run. For the boats Forward\\nREPULSION.\\nEPART depart, O child\\nOf Israel, from the temple of thy God;\\nFor He has smote thee with His chasten\\ning rod,\\nAnd to the desert wild\\nFrom all thou lov\u00e2\u0080\u0099st, away thy feet must flee,\\nThat from thy plague His people may be free.\\nINVOCATION.\\nT(TAIRGINIUS tottered nigh\\nAnd stood before the judgment seat, and held\\nthe knife on high\\nO dwellers in the nether gloom, avengers of the\\nslain,\\nBy this dear blood I cry to you, do right between us\\ntwain\\nAnd e\u00e2\u0080\u0099en as Appius Claudius hath dealt by me and\\nmine,\\nDeal you by Appius Claudius and all the Claudian\\nline.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nVanishing Stress.\\nEARNEST PURPOSE.\\nE\u00e2\u0080\u0099VE sworn, by our country\u00e2\u0080\u0099s assualters,\\nBy the virgins they\u00e2\u0080\u0099ve dragged from our\\naltars,\\nBy our massacred patriots, our children in chains,\\nBy our heroes of old, and their blood in our veins,\\nThat living, we will be victorious,\\nOr that dying, our deaths shall be glorious.\\nSTERN REBUKE.\\nHAT shall I say to thee, Lord Scroop, thou\\ncruel,\\nUngrateful savage, and inhuman creature!\\nThou didst bear the keys of all my counsels,\\nThat knew\u00e2\u0080\u0099st the very bottom of my soul,\\nThat almost might have coined me into gold,\\nWouldst thou have practised on me for thy use?\u00e2\u0080\u0099*\\nGRIEF.\\nY captain does not answer, his lips are pale\\nand still.\\nMy father does not feel my arm, he has no\\npulse nor will.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0092.jp2"}, "93": {"fulltext": "VOCAL CULTURE AND ELOCUTION.\\n75\\nThe ship is anchored safe and sound, its voyage\\nclosed and done,\\nFrom fearful trip the victor ship comes in with\\nobject won\\nExult, O shores, and ring, O bells!\\nBut I, with mournful tread,\\nWalk the deck, my captain lies\\nFallen cold and dead.\\nExercises on Pitch.\\nLOW NOTES.\\nOT a drum was heard, nor a funeral note,\\nAs his corse to the rampart we hurried\\nNot a soldier discharged his farewell shot\\nO\u00e2\u0080\u0099er the grave where our hero we buried.\\nWe buried him darkly, at dead of night,\\nThe sod with our bayonets turning,\\nBy the struggling moonbeam\u00e2\u0080\u0099s misty light,\\nAnd the lantern dimly burning.\\nMIDDLE NOTES.\\nY thoughts, I must confess, are turned on\\npeace\\nAlready have our quarrels filled the world\\nWith widows and with orphans Scythia mourns\\nOur guilty wars; and earth\u00e2\u0080\u0099s remotest regions\\nLie half unpeopled by the feuds of Rome.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0099Tis time to sheath the sword and spare mankind.\\nWe took up arms, not to revenge ourselves,\\nBut free the Commonwealth. When this end fails\\nArms have no further use. Our country\u00e2\u0080\u0099s cause,\\nThat drew our swords, now wrests them from our\\nhands,\\nA.nd bids us not delight in Roman blood\\nTJnprofitably shed. What men could do,\\nIs done already. Heaven and earth will witness,\\nIf Rome must fall, that we are innocent.\\nHIGH NOTES.\\nUT thou, O Hope with eyes so fair,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nWhat was thy delighted measure\\nStill it whispered promised pleasure,\\nAnd bade the lovely scenes at distance hail!\\nStill would her touch the strain prolong\\nAnd from the rocks, the woods, the vale,\\nShe called on Echo still through all her song\\nAnd where her sweetest theme she chose,\\nA soft responsive voice was heard at every close\\nAnd Hope enchanted smiled, and waved her golden\\nhair.\\nExercises on Time.\\nSLOWEST RATE.\\nIGHT, sable goddess from her ebon throne,\\nIn rayless majesty now stretches forth\\nHer leaden sceptre o\u00e2\u0080\u0099er a slumbering world,\\nSilence, how dead and darkness how profound\\nNor eye nor listening ear an object finds\\nCreation sleeps. \u00e2\u0080\u0099Tis as the general pulse\\nOf life stood still, and Nature made a pause\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nAn awful pause\u00e2\u0080\u0094prophetic of her end.\\nSLOW.\\nENEATH those rugged elms, that yew tree\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nshade,\\nWhere heaves the turf in many a mouldering\\nheap,\\nEach in his narrow cell forever laid,\\nThe rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep.\\nFor them no more the blazing hearth shall burn,\\nOr busy housewife ply her evening care\\nNo children run to lisp their sire\u00e2\u0080\u0099s return,\\nOr climb his knees, the envied kiss to share.\\nMODERATE.\\nF the relation of sleep to night, and, in some\\ninstances, its converse be real, we cannot reflect\\nwithout amazement, upon the extent to which\\nit carries us. Day and night are things close to us\\nthe change applies immediately to our sensations;\\nof all the phenomena of nature, it is the most ob\u00c2\u00ac\\nvious, and the most familiar to our experience but,\\nin its cause, it belongs to the great motions which\\na*u passing in the heavens. Whilst the earth glides\\naronnd her axle, she ministers to the alternate\\nnecessities of the animals dwelling upon her surface,\\nat the same time that she obeys the influence of those\\nattractions which regulate the order of many thous\u00c2\u00ac\\nand worlds.\\nThe relation, therefore, of sleep to night, is the\\nrelation of the inhabitants of the earth to the rotation\\nof their globe probably it is more it is a relation\\nto the system of which that globe is a part; and still\\nfarther, to the congregation of systems of which\\ntheirs is only one. If this account be true, it con\u00c2\u00ac\\nnects the meanest individual with the universe itself;\\na chicken roosting upon its perch, with the spheres\\nrevolving in the firmament.\\nLIVELY.\\nN thy right hand lead with thee\\nThe mountain nymph, sweet Liberty\\nAnd, if I give thee honor due,\\nMirth, admit me of thy crew,\\nTo live with her, and live with thee,\\nIn unreproved pleasures free\\nTo hear the lark begin his flight,\\nAnd, singing, startle the dull night\\nFrom his watch-tower in the skies,\\nTill the dappled dawn doth rise\\nThen to come, in spite of sorrow,\\nAnd at my window bid good morrow,\\nThrough the sweet briar or the vine,\\nOr the twisted eglantine.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0093.jp2"}, "94": {"fulltext": "76\\nVOCAL CULTURE AND ELOCUTION.\\nQUICK.\\nOW the storm begins to lower\\n(Haste, the loom of hell prepare\\nIron sleet of arrowy shower\\nHurtles in the darkened air.\\nEre the ruddy sun be set,\\nPikes must shiver, javelins sing,\\nBlade with clattering buckler meet,\\nHauberk crash, and helmet ring.\\nSisters, hence with spurs of speed\\nEach her thundering falchion wield\\nEach bestride her sable steed\\nHurry, hurry, to the field\\nExercises on Inflection.\\nFALLING.\\nHEN night\\nCloses round the ghastly fight,\\nIf the vanquished warrior bow,\\nSpare him ;\u00e2\u0080\u0094by our holy vow,\\nBy our prayers and many tears,\\nBy the mercy that endears,\\nSpare him !\u00e2\u0080\u0094he our love hath shared\\nSpare him, as thou wouldst be spared\\nRISING.\\nUT while they sit contriving, shall the rest,\\nMillions that stand in arms, and longing wait\\nThe signal to ascend, sit lingering here,\\nHeaven\u00e2\u0080\u0099s fugitives and for their dwelling-place\\nAccept this dark opprobious den of shame,\\nThe prison of his tyranny who reigns\\nBy our delay\\nExercises in Movement.\\nSLOWEST.\\nHAD a dream which was not all a dream.\\nThe bright sun was extinguished and the stars\\nDid wander darkling in the eternal space,\\nRayless and pathless and the icy earth\\nSwung blind and blackening in the moonless air\\nMorn came, and went\u00e2\u0080\u0094and came, and brought no day.\\nThe world was void\\nThe populous and the powerful was a lump,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nSeasonless, herbless, treeless, manless, lifeless,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nA lump of death\u00e2\u0080\u0094a chaos of hard clay.\\nThe rivers, lakes, and ocean, all stood still\\nAnd nothing stirred within their silent depths.\\nShips, sailorless, lay rotting on the sea\\nAnd their masts fell down piecemeal: as they dropped\\nThey slept on the abyss without a surge\\nThe waves were dead the tides were in their grave\\nThe moon, their mistress, had expired before\\nThe winds were withered in the stagnant air\\nAnd the clouds perished Darkness had no need\\nOf aid from them\u00e2\u0080\u0094She was the universe.\\nSLOW.\\nNON out of the earth a fabric huge\\nRose like an exhalation, with the sound\\nOf dulcet symphonies, and voices sweet,\\nBuilt like a temple, where pilasters round\\nWere set, and Doric pillars, overlaid\\nWith golden architrave nor did there want\\nCornice, or frieze, with bossy sculptures graven\\nThe roof was fretted gold. Not Babylon,\\nNor great Alcairo, such magnificence\\nEqualled in all their glories, to enshrine\\nBelus, or Serapis, their gods or seat\\nTheir kings, when Egypt with Assyria strove\\nIn wealth and luxury. The ascending pile\\nStood fixed her stately height; and straight the doors\\nOpening their brazen folds, discover wide\\nWithin, her ample spaces, o\u00e2\u0080\u0099er the smooth\\nAnd level pavement from the arched roof,\\nPendent by subtle magic, many a row\\nOf starry lamps, and blazing cressets, fed\\nWith naphtha and asphaltus, yielded light.\\nMODERATE.\\nHE city and republic of Carthage were destroyed\\nby the termination of the third Punic war,\\nabout one hundred and fifty years before\\nChrist. The city was in flames during seventeen\\ndays; and the news of its destruction caused the\\ngreatest joy at Rome. The Roman senate imme\u00c2\u00ac\\ndiately appointed commissioners, not only to raze\\nthe walls of Carthage, but even to demolish and burn\\nthe very materials of which they were made and, in\\na few days, that city, which had once been the seat\\nof commerce, the model of magnificence, the com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmon storehouse of the w r ealth of nations, and one of\\nthe most powerful states in the world, left behind no\\ntrace of its splendor, of its power, or even of its\\nexistence.\\nThe history of Carthage is one of the many proofs\\nthat we have of the transient nature of worldly\\nglory for. of all her grandeur, not a wreck remains.\\nHer own w T alls, like the calm ocean, that conceals\\nforever the riches hid in its unsearchable abyss, now\\nobscure all her magnificence.\\nANIMATED, OR LIVELY.\\nHAVE lived to see generals who once had crowds\\nhallooing after them wherever they went, who\\nwere bepraised by newspapers and magazines,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nthose echoes of the voice of the vulgar and yet they\\nhave long sunk into merited obscurity, with scarce\\neven an epitaph left to flatter. A few years ago, the\\nherring fishery employed all Grub street: it was the\\ntopic in every coffee-house, and the burden of ewery\\nballad.\\nWe were to drag up oceans of gold from the bottom", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0094.jp2"}, "95": {"fulltext": "VOCAL CULTURE AND ELOCUTION.\\n77\\nof the sea we were to supply all Europe with her\u00c2\u00ac\\nrings, upon our terms. At present, we hear no more\\nof all this. We have fished up very little gold that\\nI can learn nor do we furnish the world with her\u00c2\u00ac\\nrings, a9 was expected. Let us wait but a few years\\nlonger, and we shall find all our expectations a\\nherring-fishery.\\nGAY, OR QUICK.\\n/^NND gaiety on restless tiptoe hovers,\\nIjL Giggling with all the gallants who beset her\\nJ And there are songs and quavers, roaring,\\nhumming,\\nGuitars, and every other sort of strumming.\\nAnd there are dresses, splendid, but fantastical,\\nMasks of all times and nations, Turks and Jews,\\nAnd harlequins and clowns, with feats gymnastical,\\nGreeks, Romans, Yankee-doodles, and Hindoos.\\nRAPID, OR QUICKEST.\\n~\\\\WAY !\u00e2\u0080\u0094away !\u00e2\u0080\u0094and on we dash\\nTorrents less rapid and less rash.\\nAway, away, my steed and I,\\nUpon the pinions of the wind,\\nAll human dwellings left behind\\nWe sped like meteors through the sky,\\nWhen with its crackling sound the night\\nIs chequered with the northern light\\nFrom out the forest prance\\nA trampling troop\u00e2\u0080\u0094I see them come\\nA thousand horse\u00e2\u0080\u0094and none to ride\\nWith flowing tail, and flying mane,\\nWide nostrils, never stretched by pain,\\nMouths bloodless to the bit or rein,\\nAnd feet that iron never shod,\\nAnd flanks unscarred by spur or rod\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nA thousand horse,\u00e2\u0080\u0094the wild, the free\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nLike waves that follow o\u00e2\u0080\u0099er the sea,\\nCame thickly thundering on\\nThey stop,\u00e2\u0080\u0094they start\u00e2\u0080\u0094they snuff the air,\\nGallop a moment here and there,\\nApproach, retire, wheel round and round,\\nThen plunging back with sudden bound\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThey snort\u00e2\u0080\u0094they foam\u00e2\u0080\u0094 neigh\u00e2\u0080\u0094swerve aside,\\nAnd backward to the forest fly,\\nBy instinct, from a human eye.\\nExercises in Pauses.\\n[In the following examples the upright parallels show the\\nlength of the pauses and where they should be made.]\\nALARM AND FEAR.\\nall went merry as a marriage bell\\nBut hush hark a deep sound strikes\\nlike a rising knell\\ny?\\nAWE AND TERROR.\\nI ANY ports will exult at the gleam of her mast:\\nHush! hush thou vain dreamer! this\\nhour is her last.\\nHer keel hath struck on a hidden rock\\nAnd her planks are torn asunder\\nAnd down come her masts with a reeling shock.\\nAnd a hideous crashl| like thunder\\nHORROR.\\nLOWLY knee to earth he bent,\u00e2\u0080\u0094his father\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nhand he took\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nWhat was there in its touch, that all his fiery\\nspirit shook?\\nThat hand was cold a frozen thing:\u00e2\u0080\u0094 it\\ndropped from his like lead\\nHe looked up to the face above\u00e2\u0080\u00941| the face was of\\nthe dead\\nA plume waved o\u00e2\u0080\u0099er the noble brow\u00e2\u0080\u0094 l| that brow\\nwas fixed and white\\nHe met, at last, his father\u00e2\u0080\u0099s eyes\u00e2\u0080\u0094 l| but in them\\nwas no sight\\nUp from the ground he sprang, and gazed\u00e2\u0080\u0094 but\\nwho could paint that gaze\\nThey hushed their very hearts, that saw its horror\\nand amaze.\\nSTILLNESS, AND AWE.\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0^V REATION sleeps \u00e2\u0080\u0099t is as the general pulse\\nof life stood still\\nAnd nature made a pause, an awful pause,\\nProphetic of her end\\nSOLEMNITY, AND TRIUMPH.\\nHE stars shall fade away, J| the sun himself\\nGrow dim with age, and Nature sink in\\nyears\\nBut thou shalt flourish in immortal youth,\\nUnhurt amidst the war of elements,\\nThe wreck of matter, and the crush of worlds.\\nGRIEF.\\nFAIREST of creation last and best\\nOf all God\u00e2\u0080\u0099s works, creature in whom ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ncelled\\nWhatever can to sight or thought be formed,\\nHoly, divine, good, amiable, or sweet!\\nHow art thou lost, how on a sudden lost,\\nDefaced, deflowered, and how to death devote I\\nHORROR.\\nO completely did these masters in their art,\\nHyder Ali, and his more ferocious son, absolve\\nthemselves of their impious vow, that when\\nthe British armies traversed, as they did, the Car\u00c2\u00ac\\nnatic, for hundred of miles, in all directions,\u00e2\u0080\u0094", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0095.jp2"}, "96": {"fulltext": "78\\nVOCAL CULTURE AND ELOCUTION.\\nthrough the whole line of their march, they did\\nnot see one man, not one woman not one child,\\nnot one four-footed beast of any description what\u00c2\u00ac\\never. One dead I uniform silence reigned over\\nthe whole region.\\nORATORICAL INTERROGATION.\\nHO\u00e2\u0080\u0099S here so base that would be a bonds\u00c2\u00ac\\nman If any, speak for him have I\\noffended. Who\u00e2\u0080\u0099s here so rude, that\\nwould not be a Roman? If any, speak for\\nhim have I offended. Who\u00e2\u0080\u0099s here so vile, that\\nwill not love his country \u00e2\u0080\u00941| If any, sueak for\\nhim have I offended.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 I pause for a \u00c2\u00b1ply.\\nExercises in Emphasis.\\nFIERCE ANGER AND DEFIANCE.\\nALL, me their traitor !\u00e2\u0080\u0094Thou injurious tri\u00c2\u00ac\\nbune\\nWithin thine eyes sat twenty thousand deaths\\nIn thine hands clutched as many millions, in\\nThy longing tongue BOTH numbers, I would say,\\nThou LIEST, unto thee, with a voice as .ree\\nAs I do pray the gods.\\nANGER AND THREATENING.\\nOU souls of geese,\\nThat bear the shapes of men, how have you\\nrun\\nFrom slaves that apes would beat!\u00e2\u0080\u0094P luto and\\nHELL\\nAll hurt behind; backs red and faces pale\\nWith flight and agued fear \u00e2\u0080\u0094Mend, and charge\\nhome,\\nOr by the fires of heaven, I\u00e2\u0080\u0099ll leave the foe,\\nAnd make my wars on YOU look tod Come on\\nDEFIANCE.\\nHAT in the world he is,\\nThat names me traitor, villian-like he LIES\\nCall by thy trumpet: he that dares approach,\\nOn him, on you, \u00e2\u0080\u0094WHO NOT ?\u00e2\u0080\u0094I will maintain\\nMy truth and honor firmly.\\nEMPHATIC PHRASES.\\nPON the whole, I will beg leave to tell the\\nHouse in a few words what is really my opin\u00c2\u00ac\\nion. It is, that the Stamp Act ought to be\\nrepealed absolutely totally and immedi\u00c2\u00ac\\nately.\\n2 And were I an American, as I am an English\u00c2\u00ac\\nman, while a single foreign troop remained in my\\ncountry, I would never lay down my arms\u00e2\u0080\u0094NEVER\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nNEVER\u00e2\u0080\u0094NEVER.\\nCOMPARISON AND CONTRAST.\\nN Homer, we discern all the Greek vivacity in\\nVirgil all the Roman stateliness Homer s\\nimagination is by much the more rich and copi\u00c2\u00ac\\nous Virgil s the more chaste and correct. The\\nstrength of the former lies, in his power of warm\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the fancy; that of the latter, in his power of\\ntouching the heart. Homer s style is more simple\\nand animated; Virgil s more elegant and uniform.\\nThe first has, on many occasions, a sublimity to\\nwhich the latter never attains but the latter, in\\nreturn, never sinks below a certain degree of epic\\ndignity which cannot so clearly be pronounced of\\nthe former.\\nSTRONG ANTITHESIS.\\nFT any man resolve to do right now, leaving\\nthen to do as it can and if he were to live to\\nthe age of Methuselah, he would never do\\nwrong.\u00e2\u0080\u0094But the common error is to resolve to act\\nright after breakfast, or after dinner, or to-morrow\\nmorning, or next time But now just now, this\\nonce, we must go on the same as ever.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0096.jp2"}, "97": {"fulltext": "The Delsarte System\\nPHYSICAL CULTURE and EXPRESSION\\nOF\\nc-%V\\nAAA A A\\nASE and naturalness\\nare among the chief\\nrequisites for effec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntive reading and re\u00c2\u00ac\\nciting on all occa\u00c2\u00ac\\nsions. There is a\\nnatural way of ex-\\npressing every\\nthought and emotion. Mind\\nand body should work to\u00c2\u00ac\\ngether in perfect harmony.\\nDelsarte aims to show how\\nthis can be done.\\nTo the uninformed, his\\nname stands hazily for some\\nkind of mysticism. The sim\u00c2\u00ac\\nple fact is, that there is no more mysticism\\nconnected with his teachings and philosophy\\nthan there is about any philosophy which\\nhas to do with mind rather than with matter.\\nIt would be impracticable here to give an\\nexhaustive account of Delsarte\u00e2\u0080\u0099s life and\\nphilosophy, even were that possible. The\\nobject will be simply to state such facts as\\nwill enable the young student of the art of\\nexpression to understand why Delsarteism,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\npopularly so-called, exercises tb^ authority\\nit does.\\nIn this particular field Delsarte was the\\ngreatest teacher of modern times, and the\\nonly one who can be said to have attained\\nto a philosophy of expression. He did not\\nleave, nor did he even formulate, a peda\u00c2\u00ac\\ngogical method, but he did formulate and\\nleave rules and principles that are funda\u00c2\u00ac\\nmental.\\nBirth and Early History.\\nFrancois Delsarte was born November 11,\\n1811, at Solesmes, France. Early orphaned\\nand impoverished, he drifted like many\\nanother waif to Paris, where, in the bitter\\nwinter of 1821, he lived in a loft with his\\nyounger brother. As morning dawned after\\none awful night, he woke to find he clasped\\na lifeless body in his arms. Hunger and\\nexposure had proved fatal to the younger\\nchild. As FranQois lay weeping on the\\ngrave of the brother just buried in the pot\u00c2\u00ac\\nter\u00e2\u0080\u0099s field, a ragpicker, pursuing his calling,\\nwas attracted by what appeared to be a bun\u00c2\u00ac\\ndle of rags. He found the object to be a\\nhalf-starved child. Moved with compassion,\\nhe took the lad to his own miserable abode,\\nand from this squalor the future teacher and\\nphilosopher began his career as a ragpicker.\\nFor two years he followed his wretched\\navocation, but within his soul burned the\\npassion for music, and in his daily wander\u00c2\u00ac\\nings he gratified his passion as best he could^\\n79", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0097.jp2"}, "98": {"fulltext": "80\\nTHE DELSARTE SYSTEM.\\ndrinking in the ditties of itinerant vocalists,\\nthe playing of military bands, snatches of\\nsongs, or instrumental performances that\\nfloated truant to his hungry ear.\\nAt twelve, attracted by music in the gar\u00c2\u00ac\\nden of the Tuileries, he was observed tracing\\nsome curious marks in the sand by one of\\nthe musical masters of the time\u00e2\u0080\u0094Bambini.\\nAt the request of the professor, the boy\\ntranslated his hieroglyphics into song. To\\nthe question as to where he learned them,\\nhe replied, Nobody taught me sir, I found\\nit out myself.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Bambini recognized genius.\\nHe took the lad to his home and began his\\neducation in music. During two years, such\\nwas the progress of the boy, that Bambini\\nbecame the pupil, Delsarte the teacher.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nPoor and Friendless.\\nJust then came a great misfortune\u00e2\u0080\u0094the\\ndeath of his kind protector. Fortunately\\nBambini had secured Delsarte\u00e2\u0080\u0099s admission to\\nthe Conservatory. Again, poor and friend\u00c2\u00ac\\nless, he had to face the world. He was not\\na favorite at the Conservatory, because he\\ndared to question the methods of the pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nfessors, reputed as they were. In after life he\\nproved their methods incorrect and injurious.\\nIn consequence of what they termed his\\naudacity, he was given little opportunity for\\npublic singing, and when occasion was\\nafforded, his style and manner were so\\nessentially unlike the methods of the Con\u00c2\u00ac\\nservatory, that the public were not prepared\\nfor approval. We are told that only two\\npersons of the vast audience comprehended\\nand appreciated, but the opinion of those two\\noverbalanced all the rest\u00e2\u0080\u0094Marie Malebran,\\nthe queen of song,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and Adolphe Nourrit,\\nthe king of tenors.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nIn due time he left the Conservatory.\\nFailing to obtain a position, he was forced\\nto subject himself to the humiliation of ask\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the directors for a diploma that he might\\nsecure a position in a lyric theatre. He was\\nscornfully refused and told that such genius\\nshould have gravitated to its proper sphere\\nwithout difficulty or without assistance.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThen he sought opportunity to sing at\\nthe Opera House, begging the manager for\\njust one chance. When the latter eyed\\nhim contemptuously, Delsarte, sensitive and\\nkeenly observant, said, Monsieur, though\\nmy clothes are poor my art is genuine.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nA Brilliant Triumph.\\nThe manager, tired of his persistence and\\nanxious to be rid of him, ushered him upon\\nthe stage between the acts of an opera and\\nroughly addressed him: \u00e2\u0080\u009cSing, Delsarte!\\nIn five minutes the curtain will rise. Show\\nthe stuff you are made of, or if you ever\\nappear here again I will have you arrested\\nas a vagrant.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nAnd we are told that the beggar with\\nthe manners of a prince walked to the\\npiano amid the jeers of the audience, and\\nwith tears in his eyes and his heart on his\\nlips, sang. But what singing The long\\npent-up fires of his genius burst forth. The\\npeople were electrified the house rang with\\nbravos. Again and again he was recalled,\\nand every heartstring was made to vibrate\\nin unison with his soulful utterances. He\\nleft the threatre the first singer of Paris.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nSoon after this, neatly attired and bearing\\nhis appointment at the Opera Comique, he\\nmade a brief call at the Conservatory to\\nconfirm the directors in their judgment that\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009ctrue genius should find its proper sphere.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nHe gave tangible proof of it in his commis\u00c2\u00ac\\nsion, and smiling, pointedly observed, \u00e2\u0080\u009cGen\u00c2\u00ac\\ntlemen, you would not give me a recom\u00c2\u00ac\\nmendation as a chorister, but the public\\nhave awarded me this.\u00e2\u0080\u009d This occurred in\\n1830.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0098.jp2"}, "99": {"fulltext": "PHYSICAL CULTURE AND EXPRESSION.\\n81\\nHe soon won a European reputation. But\\nhis voice, injured by incorrect methods of\\ntraining and the physical strain of years of\\nhardship, lost its power, and he left the lyric\\nstage at the age of twenty-three. In spite\\nof this, every inducement was given him to\\nappear in tragedy with Rachel at the\\nTheatre Franqais, the belief prevailing that\\nhis vocal, difficulties were but temporary.\\nHe believed them incurable, and turned\\nhis attention to acting, because deeply inter\u00c2\u00ac\\nested in expression as an art. He deter\u00c2\u00ac\\nmined to search the laws of an art hitherto\\nleft to the caprice of mediocrity or the\\ninspiration of genius.\u00e2\u0080\u009d He found little to\\naid him in the accepted teachings of the\\ntime and was left to pursue his investigations\\naccording to his own independent methods.\\nThe World His Schoolroom.\\nThe true genius of the man led him to\\nthe right fountain\u00e2\u0080\u0094nature, the only funda\u00c2\u00ac\\nmental source. He studied life and its\\nnatural expression in all its manifestations,\\nin all conditions, and such a course of study\\ntook him everywhere\u00e2\u0080\u0094through hospitals,\\nmorgues, asylums, prisons, patiently unearth\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the sentiments of past genius.\\nHe studied children at their play, weigh\u00c2\u00ac\\ning humanity everywhere and in every way.\\nHe studied years in medical colleges to\\nunderstand the construction of the human\\nbody. He studied a lifetime to formu\u00c2\u00ac\\nlate its expression, to convey through the\\nbody, beautifully and rythmically, the senti\u00c2\u00ac\\nments of the soul. He was a keen observer\\nand a careful thinker and reasoner. After\\nyears of observation of the manifestations of\\nthe mind through the body, he sought for\\nthe underlying philosophy of these mani\u00c2\u00ac\\nfestations.\\nAll this time he was teaching, and among\\nhis pupils were Rachel, Carvalto, Macready,\\n6\\nPasca, Sontag and Barbot. Jenny Lind con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsulted him. Pere Hyacinth and Pere La-\\ncordaire, of pulpit fame, were also among\\nhis pupils.\\nHe became so great a teacher that he won\\na recognition that would have brought him\\nwealth and a fame more widely understood\\nand recognized, had not death cut short his\\ncareer. He was offered an annual salary of\\n$20,000 to found a conservatory in the\\nUnited States. The King of Hanover, re\u00c2\u00ac\\ncognizing him as an artist, sent him the\\nGuelph Cross. A street in his native town,\\nSolesmes, was named in his honor.\\nHis Own Words.\\nHis last public appearance was in 1865,\\nat the Sorbonne, where the lectures of the\\nPhilotechnique Society were given.\\nIt is recorded that during the evening he\\nremarked: Many persons feel confident\\nthey are to hear me recite or sing. Nothing\\nof the sort, gentlemen; I shall not recite\\nand I shall not sing, because I desire less to\\nshow you what I can do than to tell you\\nwhat I know. I count on the novelty\u00e2\u0080\u0094the\\nabsolute novelty\u00e2\u0080\u0094of the things I shall teach\\nyou. Art is the subject of this conversa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion. Art is divine in its principle, divine in\\nits essence, divine in its action, divine in its\\naim. Ah! gentlemen, there are no pleasures\\nmore lasting, more noble, and more sacred\\nthan those of art.\\nLet us glance around us. There is not\\na pleasure which is not followed by disap\u00c2\u00ac\\npointment or satiety not a joy which does\\nnot entail some trouble not an affection\\nwhich does not conceal some bitterness,\\nsome grief, and often some remorse. Every\u00c2\u00ac\\nthing is disappointing to man. Everything 1\\nabout him changes and passes away.\\nEverything betrays him. Even his senses,\\nso closely allied to his being and to which", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0099.jp2"}, "100": {"fulltext": "82\\nTHE DELSARTK SYSTEM.\\nhe sacrifices everything, like faithless ser\u00c2\u00ac\\nvants betray him in their turn.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nDelsarte married, in 1833, Rosina Adrien,\\nthe daughter of the director of the Grand\\nOpera House\u00e2\u0080\u0094a beautiful young girl of only\\nfifteen years, whose talent as a pianist had\\nalready won her a first prize at the Conser\u00c2\u00ac\\nvatory. Seven children were born to them.\\nHis son Gustave died prematurely. It is\\nsaid of him that, although not approaching\\nhis father as a dramatist, he had a most mar\u00c2\u00ac\\nvellous quality of voice, and when you had\\nonce heard that voice, which was developed\\nby his father\u00e2\u0080\u0099s grand method, you never\\nforgot its sincerity and melancholy. It\\nhaunted you and left you longing to hear it\\nagain.\\nDelsarte left Paris with his family in 1870,\\ntaking refuge until the close of the war in\\nhis native town of Solesmes. Already ill,\\nhe was disheartened and crushed by the\\nmisfortunes of his country. He worked\\nsteadily on, however, his intellect having lost\\nnone of its vigor, though his nature had\\nbecome more or less shadowed. After his\\nvoluntary exile he returned to Paris in\\nMarch, 1871.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cAfter Delsarte had gathered so abundant\\na harvest of laurels, fate decreed he had\\nlived long enough. When he reached his\\nsixtieth year he was attacked by hypertrophy\\nof the heart, which left his rich organization\\nin ruins. He was no longer the artist of\\ngraceful, supple expression and harmonious\\nmovements, no longer the thinker with pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nfound and luminous ideas; but in the midst\\nof this physical and intellectual ruin, the\\nChristian\u00e2\u0080\u0099s sentiment retained its strong,\\nsweet energy.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cAfter lingering for months in a state that\\nwas neither life nor death, surrounded by his\\npious wife and weeping, praying children, he\\nsurrendered his soul to God on the 20th of\\nJuly, 1871.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nELSARTE was a man of re\u00c2\u00ac\\nligious feeling, and knew\\nreligious books better than\\nother books. He was ac\u00c2\u00ac\\nquainted with the lore of\\nthe priests, to which he was\\nindebted for his philosophy.\\nTradition affirms that he was much inter\u00c2\u00ac\\nested in, and studied Swedenborg. This\\ntheory is confirmed by the fact that cer\u00c2\u00ac\\ntain fundamental ideas in his philosophy and\\nthe expression of them are intrinsically\\nSwedenborgian.\\nOne of the fundamental principles of\\nDelsarte\u00e2\u0080\u0099s philosophy is the law of corres\u00c2\u00ac\\npondence, which was discovered by Sweden\u00c2\u00ac\\nborg, who held that the material world\\ncorresponds to the spiritual world and is the\\nmanifestation of man\u00e2\u0080\u0099s mental being. In\\nother words, that the spiritual world is\\nsymbolized in the physical world. Applied\\nto expression, the interpretation of this law\\nis Every expression of the face, every\\nposture of the body, corresponds to, or is\\nbut an outward expression of, an inner emo\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion or condition of the mind.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nGoldsmith has pithily said that language\\nwas invented to conceal our thoughts,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and\\nthe truth of this every one knows by per\u00c2\u00ac\\nsonal experience; but there is a revealer\\nthat the will is not always strong or alert\\nenough to control. The involuntary gesture\\nreveals the inmost heart of man 1- vond a]/\\nconcealment or denial.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0100.jp2"}, "101": {"fulltext": "PHYSICAL CULTURE AND EXPRESSION.\\n83\\nIn the correspondence of the different\\nparts of the body, Delsarte\u00e2\u0080\u0099s idea was not\\nthat mental and moral atrributes dwell in\\nthese parts, but that certain parts best repre\u00c2\u00ac\\nsent, best express, certain attributes. For\\nexample, the head in its poise, etc., repre\u00c2\u00ac\\nsents intellect better than any other part of\\nthe body the trunk, affection the limbs,\\npower. Each part can represent a certain\\nattribute better than it can represent other\\nattributes.\\nWe See It Illustrated.\\nFor proof of the fundamental truth of this\\nprinciple we need appeal only to our intui\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, the highest of all the powers of judg\u00c2\u00ac\\nment, exercising it upon the familiar illustra\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of everyday life and expression. The\\nmother presses her child to her breast in\\ntoken of affection, not to her head or to her\\narms. The head is bent in thought. We\\nencircle a friend with the forearm in friendly\\ndemonstration, not with the upper arm; with\\nthat we push aside. In this short discussion\\nonly the merest index to lines of thought\\ncan be suggested to the student.\\nDelsarte held that in gesture or movement\\nof the body, the parts should move in oppo\u00c2\u00ac\\nsition. In proof of the correctness of his\\ntheory he appealed, as before, to the intui\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, judging by common observation. When\\nwalking normally, the right arm goes for\u00c2\u00ac\\nward with the left foot. Parallelism offends\\nour idea of fitness and grace. Opposition\\nof movement marks not only beauty but\\nsincerity, according to his ideas, and these\\nthings prove themselves by their appeal to\\nour observation.\\nThe workings of this law can be demon\u00c2\u00ac\\nstrated and proven through all parts of the\\nbody\u00e2\u0080\u0094there is opposition everywhere. It\\nhas been claimed by some that Delsarte did\\nnot announce this as a law, but close\\nstudents of his philosophy, for whom there\\nwas access to his notes, find sufficient evi\u00c2\u00ac\\ndence that he so regarded it. Delsarte was\\ntoo close an observer and too long a student\\nof the manifestations of the human body not\\nto perceive this very evident principle of\\naction.\\nFundamentally, underlying the law of\\nopposition, is the law of equilibrium. To\\nmaintain equilibrium of parts there must be\\nopposition. Again, another great teacher\\nin support of this law has called our atten\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion to a fact of common observation \u00e2\u0080\u009cIn\\ntrue acting you will see opposition of\\nmovement in a farce, parallelisms. In the\\nhighest Greek art, the law of opposition is\\nfully illustrated and strictly followed; one\\nof the features which distinguishes ideal\\nGreek art from the lower forms is the obedi\u00c2\u00ac\\nence to this law. In the old Egyptian\\nstatues, the arms and legs are always par\u00c2\u00ac\\nallel. In the Phidian, the highest period of\\nGreek art, not one instance of disobedience\\nto the law of opposition can be found.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nAnother law of movement which claims\\nthe student\u00e2\u0080\u0099s attention is that of\\nSuccession.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cIf two parts are used at the same time\\nthey move in opposition but, if moved\\nsuccessively, as to time, they move in the\\nsame direction\u00e2\u0080\u0094parallel directions.\u00e2\u0080\u009d For\\nexample, if a cultivated person hears some\u00c2\u00ac\\nthing when listening, the eye is turned away\\nfrom the ear; when he turns toward the\\ndirection of the sound to examine, the eye\\nis turned first, then the head, then the body.\\nThe uncultivated person turns all at\\nonce\u00e2\u0080\u0094has no parts. The uncultivated body\\nmoves in the mass, is lumbering, stiff, in one\\nword, awkward. The cultivated body is\\nsupple and responsive to mental impulses;\\nin one word, graceful. Thus ease and nat-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0101.jp2"}, "102": {"fulltext": "84\\nTHE DELSARTE SYSTEM.\\nuralness always exhibit themselves in per\u00c2\u00ac\\nsons who have all their powers under con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrol, and have reached the highest point of\\nmental and physical training.\\nAnother law relating to movement in\u00c2\u00ac\\nvolves this idea Every gesture takes its\\nvalue from the point of departure\u00e2\u0080\u0094it is\\nmental, moral, or vital, according to its point\\nof departure.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nA gesture of mentality takes its point of\\ndeparture from the head. A gesture takes\\nits moral value from the chest as a point of\\ndeparture. The gesture of vitality is from\\nthe vital part of the body. If the emotion\\nbe anger, and intellectual anger, because of\\nopposition to truth, the finger will come up\\nto the head\u00e2\u0080\u0094\u00e2\u0080\u009c I declare this to be so and\\nso.\u00e2\u0080\u009d If the anger involve the sense of right,\\nthe point of departure will be the region of\\nthe heart. If the offense be physical, the\\ngesture will be low, in the region of the hips.\\nThen there is the law of\\nUnity of Movement.\\nNo part acts alone. The parts assist one\\nanother, and thus in the matter of gesture\\nconfirm one another otherwise, there would\\nbe discord and lack of symmetry.\\nIn this line Delsarte did a great deal of\\npioneer work, and those who have followed\\nhis methods have had much work to do\\nproperly and thoroughly to insist upon this\\nlaw of action, obvious as it is.\\nShould any agent of the body make a\\ngesture which the other parts of the body\\nseem to deny, there is evident mental dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nagreement and physical awkwardness. The\\ngesture will seem not suitable to the thought,\\nalthough upon close discrimination the lead-\\ning agent will be found to be responding\\ncorrectly.\\nMany an actor and public reader has been\\ntermed untrue and justly termed awkward\\nbecause of a lack of unity in all the parts\\ntaken together.\\nThis is the fundamental law of all grace\\nand beauty in nature. \u00e2\u0080\u009cNo part of the\\nbody is used without a definite purpose in\\nview, and no part is used more than is abso\u00c2\u00ac\\nlutely necessary to the end sought.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nAwkward People.\\nThis law, as do all these fundamental laws\\nof nature, appeals to our intuition for proof.\\nThe awkward, clumsy person moves parts\\nnot necessary to the action, indulges in\\nsuperfluous movements and finds himself in\\nhis own way.\\nFollowing close in logical sequence and\\ninseparable in action, is the law of centers,\\nradically involving the preceding law. The\\ncenter seems to impel all the other parts.\\nThat which impels the whole body is the\\ncenter of the chest.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Note that the upright,\\neasy, graceful walker seems impelled by the\\nchest. Should the head lead, we have a\\nmincing, weak walk. If the hips lead, there\\nis an appearance of vulgarity. Obedience to\\nthis law secures grace.\\nThese laws, as has been indicated, prove\\nthemselves, and their collaboration and appli\u00c2\u00ac\\ncation in the art of expression show the care\u00c2\u00ac\\nful and extensive observation and philoso\u00c2\u00ac\\nphical generalization of Delsarte\u00e2\u0080\u0099s thought\\nand work. These are the laws underlying\\nhis philosophy.\\nAs has been said, Delsarte was a great\\npioneer in his espescial field of work\u00e2\u0080\u0094the\\nart of expression. He made valuable dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ncoveries and continued making them so long\\nas he lived. He was profound and pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ngressive in his art. Without Delsarte the\\nevolution of expression would not be where\\nit is to-day.\\nThere are, however, certain limitations\\nwhich stand in the way of his philosophy as", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0102.jp2"}, "103": {"fulltext": "PHYSICAL CULTURE AND EXPRESSION.\\n85\\na working force, and they have been a fruit\u00c2\u00ac\\nful source of criticism, both just and unjust,\\nintelligent and ignorant. The endeavor\\nwill be briefly to point out these limitations.\\nOnce understood, the remedies suggest\\nthemselves and the thoughtful student sees\\nall the more clearly how grand and philoso\u00c2\u00ac\\nphical a foundation this master laid for his\\nart, which needed only time and its concomi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntant work and progress to develop.\\nYou Must Exercise Your Will.\\nAs a first limitation, Delsarte made no\\nprovision in his psychology for the human\\nwill. It is needless to state to the intelli\u00c2\u00ac\\ngent student or teacher that any system of\\neducation in any art or science whatsoever\\nthat does not provide a method which shall\\nexercise and develop all the mental attributes\\nin their natural order and action, has a most\\nvital and fatal error in it, which will be shown\\nirrevocably in the results produced.\\nThe will is the \u00e2\u0080\u0098\u00e2\u0080\u0098chief corner-stone in\\nevery sound form of psychology,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and to\\ndisregard it as a mental force is to ignore\\nthat which makes man what he is.\\nDelsarte rested his psychology upon a\\ntrinity. Psychology in its most modern and\\nprogressive stages recognizes a fraternity:\\nconsciousness or life, affection, will, intellect.\\nOmit one of these and the result cannot but\\nbe wrong.\\nAgain, Delsarte made no provision for the\\nrelations and responsive action of groups of\\nmuscles. By the very law of opposition in\\nthe human body, certain groups of muscles\\nact in response to other groups of muscles.\\nThe parts of the body are not isolated and\\nindependent. There is absolute unity in this\\nmost perfect of all architectures.\\nBecause of this non-provision, a system of\\nphysical culture based rigidly and absolutely\\non his principles, could not be a satisfactory\\nsystem. It would fail to provide for and\\ncultivate one of the most vital necessities of\\nthe human body\u00e2\u0080\u0094the interaction of all the\\nmuscles. There would be obvious lack of\\nunity and hence lack of grace in a body so\\ncultivated.\\nAnd this involves a further omission\u00e2\u0080\u0094he\\nmade no provision for reflex action in the\\nhuman body, which is the secret spring of all\\nnatural gesture. It seems incomprehensible\\nthat so keen and thoughtful a student as\\nDelsarte should fail to take cognizance of\\nthe fact that the muscles react from muscular\\nsense. However, in his time this sixth sense\\nwas not recognized and understood as it is\\nto-day.\\nSpontaneous Action.\\nNot to understand this, paved the way to\\nslip into another error all the more easily.\\nDelsarte leaves out spontaneity It can be\\nseen, of course, that it is implied in his phil\u00c2\u00ac\\nosophy, but it is not definitely recognized\\nand provided for. Right here is the vital\\nflaw which justly calls forth the criticism that\\nDelsarte\u00e2\u0080\u0099s method implicitly followed dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nappoints in developing the orator and the\\nactor, in that it makes them mechanical.\\nHis ideas are absolutely correct, proven\\nby common observation, but some of his\\nmethods of producing results to conform to\\nthem are not only insufficient but erroneous,\\nbecause of the non-recognition of all the\\nmental and physical forces and their funda\u00c2\u00ac\\nmental principles of action.\\nArt rests right upon that law of spon\u00c2\u00ac\\ntaneity.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Nature is spontaneous in action,\\nby means of that secret spring of reflex\\naction.\\nOne of the truest of his followers, com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmenting upon this very point, has put and\\nanswered these most pertinent questions\\nHow did Delsarte learn his various prin-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0103.jp2"}, "104": {"fulltext": "8 G\\nTHE DELSARTE SYSTEM.\\nciples were true How did he learn what\\ngestures mean By watching what people\\ndid when excited by their emotions. What\\ndid these spring from From the sponta\u00c2\u00ac\\nneity of the mind.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Thus all expression\\nshould come from an inward impulse, and\\nwhere mind and body are in perfect harmony\\nthe expression will be exactly suited to the\\nthought and emotion\u00e2\u0080\u0094nothing forced about\\nit, nothing mechanical, but rather the free\\nact of a living being in distinction from a\\nmere machine.\\nSpecial Training.\\nIt goes without saying, that both the\\nvoice and the ability to express thought and\\nfeeling must be developed and cultivated.\\nBut it is not so quickly and generally recog\u00c2\u00ac\\nnized that physical culture is a necessary con\u00c2\u00ac\\ncomitant of education in expression. Be the\\nmind never so well trained, profound and\\nagile in thought, if the body, its medium of\\nmanifestation, be uncultivated, muscles stiff\\nor inert, and unable to respond quickly and\\nintelligently to the mental impulses, the\\nresult must be awkwardness, weakness, and\\ninaccuracy of gesture.\\nCultivate the muscles, rendering the whole\\nphysique in every part pliable and quick to\\nrespond to the emotions, and there will be\\nnaturally the conformity to the laws which\\nDelsarte primarily deduced from nature.\\nThat a student may effectively render a selec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, it is not necessary that he should care\u00c2\u00ac\\nfully and mechanically formulate what emo-\\ntions are appropriate to the thoughts\\nexpressed in it, and then select and learn\\nthe gestures appropriate to such states of\\nmind.\\nLet him work upon the selection, calling\\nupon the imagination until he can live those\\nscenes and have those states of mind de\u00c2\u00ac\\nscribed, and the body will respond. The\\nall-wise Creator took care that the body\\nshould not wander through the world with\u00c2\u00ac\\nout a motive power and controller. Nature\\ntakes care of these things if mind and body\\nare normal and free to respond.\\nThe formula is simple: Objects appeal\\nto the mind, the mind acts, the body ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npresses.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nDoes this need proof? \u00e2\u0080\u009cGive a dog\\nsomething he wants some secret spring will\\nmove his eyes and wriggle his tail just right.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nIt will not be necessary to look up the proper\\nrules first and then instruct him to place and\\nmove his parts to correspond. Children act\\nnaturally, and their actions are spontaneous.\\nThey have no rules for expression, yet in the\\nmain no expression is more effective. They\\nare natural in all things.\\nTalking with the Body.\\nGesture is the delineation in the air, by\\nthe physical agents of the body, of mental\\nconceptions. \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe basis of oratory is to\\nget the body to respond to the thought.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nIn every act of the human being we have to\\nrecognize the close and subtle relation oi\\nbody and soul. The mind is the divine in\\nman, the only source of instruction to the\\nbody.\\nGesture is in the soul.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Man is a\\nstream whose source is hidden,\u00e2\u0080\u009d says the\\nphilosopher, Ralph Waldo Emerson; \u00e2\u0080\u009calways\\nour being is descending into us from we\\nknow not whence.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The human body is\\ngiven, as shown in its very construction, to\\nbe the instrumentality of expression to the\\nsoul it incarnates. It has not been limited\\nto one way of expression. It has been\\nrichly gifted in this as in other things.\\nOne way is gesture.\\nGesture was, undoubtedly, man\u00e2\u0080\u0099s first and\\nonly language. Gesture includes more than\\nthe movements of the hands and arms, or", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0104.jp2"}, "105": {"fulltext": "PHYSICAL CULTURE AND EXPRESSION.\\n87\\nthe body as a whole. It necessarily includes\\nall the physical agents, all parts of the body,\\nthe most subtle of all being the eye and\\nmouth. In reference to the mouth, this does\\nnot mean its action in speech. There is a\\nsubtle movement of the mouth accompany\u00c2\u00ac\\ning both speech and silence that is most\\nsignificant.\\nGultupe of the\\nOW, how can we cultivate this\\nresponsive power of the body\\nto enable the body to oe a\\nmore ready, more transparent\\nmedium for the mind Ob\u00c2\u00ac\\nviously, the first essential con\u00c2\u00ac\\ndition is a healthy body, and\\nphysical culture aids in effecting this as pow\u00c2\u00ac\\nerfully as in rendering the muscles elastic.\\nExercising any groups of muscles impels,\\nphysiologically, to the instinctive adjustment\\nof all the muscles to effect unity with the\\ngroup exercised.\\nFor example, exercise the muscles of the\\nhand, put the hand in a certain attitude the\\nwhole body, if it be in a normal, pliable con\u00c2\u00ac\\ndition, will feel constrained, uncomfortable,\\nunless it is permitted to adjust itself in an\\nattitude agreeing with that of the hand. Ii\\nthe body be allowed to assume, in all its\\nparts, the corresponding attitude, there is a\\ncomfortable muscular feeling. This instinc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntive feeling in the muscles is muscular sense,\\nand very good common sense it is, too.\\nTo sum up, in a few words, the trend of\\nthese statements concerning gesture is only\\nto say to the sincere student, let nature work\\nin her own divine way. Cultivate the mind\\nto comprehend, the body to respond, and\\nyour gestures will take care of themselves,\\nas have always the gestures of every God-\\ninspired orator and reader.\\nYet, to have some practical instruction,\\nbased on the principles already stated, will\\naid the young student.\\nDelsarte taught his criteria of gesture of\\nthe hand with a cube. Holding the hand\\nout straight, palm up, so that the cube can\\nrest on it, signifies upholding, sustaining.\\nDelsarte adds, giving,\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009creceiving;\u00e2\u0080\u009d but\\nit will be observed the action of the hand is\\nthe same for both. The hand passed to the\\nside gives the position of separation, which\\nDelsarte calls definition.\u00e2\u0080\u009d If the hand be\\nraised to attract attention, the forefinger will\\nbe inclined to act, thus separating the person\\ndesired from others. The hand passed to\\nthe top of the cube covers it, protects thus\\nheld flat, signifies protection; curved, im\u00c2\u00ac\\nplies something more tender\u00e2\u0080\u0094a caress.\\nUse of the Hand.\\nThe san. gesture is a true one when de\u00c2\u00ac\\nscribing certain actions, as of animals running\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094they cover so much ground. The term\\ncover is considered by one of our own\\ngreat teachers a more generic term than\\nprotect.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The hand passed to the opposite\\nside gives the attitude of rejection, a familiar\\ngesture. The hand passed to the outer end,\\npalm toward the cube, signifies limitation\\npassed to the end next the person, back of\\nhand to cube, fingers pointing up, signifies\\nrevelation. The palm may mean repulsion\\nor attraction, depending on the sentiment.\\nA person of great responsiveness is apt to\\nuse both hands and also both arms. The\\nwhole personality is interested. In merely\\nmental activity\u00e2\u0080\u0094reasoning\u00e2\u0080\u0094one hand, one\\nfinger will be employed.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0105.jp2"}, "106": {"fulltext": "88\\nTHE DELSARTE SYSTEM.\\nThe perpendicular movements of the\\narm are those of appellation, salutation,\\naffirmation. The lateral movements are\\nthose of declaration, negation, rejection.\\nThe forward\u00e2\u0080\u009d movements are those of re\u00c2\u00ac\\npulsion, attraction, supplication.\\nThe altitude of gesture depends somewhat\\non the position of the object of thought.\\nThe hand will move in curves\u00e2\u0080\u0094nature\u00e2\u0080\u0099s own\\nlines. All gestures are affected by the alti\u00c2\u00ac\\ntude which indicates the moral plane.\\nGreater intellectuality gives higher gestures.\\nThe more vividly the imagination works,\\nrendering the thought brilliant, the higher\\nthe gestures. Tendencies of character will\\nmodify the gestures. A great and profound\\nteacher sums up the matter thus The\\nrounded, the complete individual is one\\nwhose gestures, like the singer\u00e2\u0080\u0099s voice, play\\nup and down the scale.\\nIt must be remembered that we have\\nspoken of the gestures of only one agent,\\nthe hand. The nobler and subtler gestures\\nare of the face and chest. The eye has a\\nlanguage of its own it is a wonderful agent\\nof expression. Look your thought; speak\\nit with your eyes. All the features of your\\nface were made to talk. Let your face speak\\nall emotions\u00e2\u0080\u0094surprise, joy, fear, hope, ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npectancy, anguish, in short, every mood of\\nthe inner being. Feel the emotions make\\nthem your own, and then express them\\nnaturally.\\nExercises for the Body.\\n1 With body erect and hands at sides,\\nmove the head to right and left, and forward\\nand backward cultivates the muscles of the\\nneck.\\n2 With hands on the hips, move the\\nupper part of the body to right and left, and\\nforward and backward this cultivates the\\nmusc^ the chest and back.\\n3 Close the hands, extend the arms in\\nfront, and bring the hands together behind\\nthe back; repeat at least twenty times.\\n4 Stand erect, with arms straight at the\\nsides; move the arms outward from the\\nsides, and elevate them, bringing the hands\\nabove the head; repeat at least twenty times.\\n5 Hold the right arm out horizontally,\\npalm of hand upward double the left arm,\\nthe tips of the fingers resting on the shoulder;\\nthen stretch out the left arm, at the same\\ntime doubling the right arm and placing the\\ntips of the fingers on the right shoulder;\\nrepeat, and then make the movements with\\nboth arms simultaneously.\\nHands and Arms.\\n6. Holding the arms straight, swing them\\nwith a rotary motion, thrusting them forward\\nas they are elevated and backward as they\\nare lowered, bringing them to the sides, and\\nthen repeat.\\n7 Lift the hands from the sides to the\\nshoulders, then raise the arms at full length\\nabove the head, and also extend them hori\u00c2\u00ac\\nzontally, dropping them at the sides repeat.\\n8. Standing erect, with the hands on the\\nhips, lower the body, bending the knees, the\\nweight resting on the toes, and rise; repeat\\nat least fifteen times, but not too fast.\\n9 Placing the hands on the hips, right leg\\nforward and left leg slightly bent thrust\\nthe body forward, thus straightening the left\\nleg and bending the right; then placing the\\nleft leg forward, repeat movements.\\n10 With the body bent forward, closed\\nhands between the knees, raise the body and\\nelevate the hands above the head, taking\\ncare to keep the arms straight; repeat.\\n11 Place the hands on the front side of\\nthe hips, bend the body forward, and then\\nrise to an erect position, at the same time\\nthrowing the head backward repeat.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0106.jp2"}, "107": {"fulltext": "PHYSICAL CULTURE AND EXPRESSION.\\n89\\n12. Steady yourself with one hand on a\\nchair; place the other hand on the hip and\\nswing the leg forward across the other;\\nthen backward repeat, and then swing the\\nother leg in like manner.\\n13. Steady yourself with one hand on a\\nchair, place the other hand on the hip, and\\nswing the leg forward and backward repeat,\\nand then swing the other leg in like manner.\\nFree Gymnastics.\\n14. Stretch the body forward, placing the\\nhands on the bottom of a chair; then\\nstraighten the arms and raise the body.\\nThis must not be repeated so many times as\\nto render the muscles sore and stiff.\\n15. Extend the arms forward at full\\nlength, palms downward; then move the\\nhands backward and forward as far as pos\u00c2\u00ac\\nsible this renders the fingers d muscles\\nof the wrist pliant.\\n16. Stand erect with hands on the hips\\nand light weight on the head then rise on\\nthe toes and fall.\\n17. Extend the arms slightly from the\\nsides, close the hands and then rotate them;\\nthis cultivates the muscles of the arms.\\n18. With body erect and hands on the\\nhips, fill the lungs to their utmost capacity\\nthen slowly emit the breath. Fill the lungs\\nagain, and emit more rapidly again, and\\nemit with a quick, explosive force.\\nThe parts primarily and directly con\u00c2\u00ac\\ncerned in the production of the human voice\\nin speech and song are the articulating\\norgans and chambers of resonance, the vocal\\ncords, the lungs, and the muscles of respira\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion. We cannot, however, separate the\\nvoice from any of the vital parts.\\nThe prime physical aid to the cultivation\\nof the voice is a healthy body. All the\\nvocal organs should respond quickly and\\neasily to mind and will, to the thought and\\nemotion, and the mental effort employed in\\nexpressing them.\\nThe reader must always remember that\\nhis work is distinctly and wholly for others.\\nKeep ever in mind that you read your selec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion to please, to instruct, to inspire your\\nfellow-beings, and not to exhibit yourself\\nand your powers then there will be no\\ndanger of self-consciousness.\\nThen be thoroughly and entirely alive.\\nNo perfection of manner can atone for lack\\nof life. Again, although there is no human\\ndevice by which to measure it, time is neces\u00c2\u00ac\\nsary for the transmission of thought. It takes\\ntime for your voice to reach the physical\\near of the listener, then time for the thought\\nto reach his consciousness and produce its\\neffect. Give time for the thought to implant\\nitself. In addition to this, there is no more\\nsuggestive emphasis than a pause.\\nYou Must Think on Your Feet.\\nTake care not to do all your thinking\\nbeforehand cultivate the power to think on\\nyour feet, at the time you are speaking,\\notherwise your reading will indeed be a reci\u00c2\u00ac\\ntation\u00e2\u0080\u0094a mere mechanical recapitulation of\\npast thinking\u00e2\u0080\u0094and it will lack the fire of the\\nsoul\u00e2\u0080\u0099s present action, which alone touches\\nand inflames the hearts of others. A selec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion just committed, on the other hand, with\u00c2\u00ac\\nout having had time to be well-grounded and\\nanalyzed, will be given in a mass\u00e2\u0080\u0094all alike.\\nTalk with your audience, not at them or\\nover their heads. Cultivate a conversational\\nstyle. It has been said of one of the greatest\\nof our orators\u00e2\u0080\u0094Wendell Phillips\u00e2\u0080\u0094that his\\noratory was that of a gentleman talking.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nRemember, the greatest thing you bring\\nto an audience is your own personality.\\nWould you succeed in your art, cultivate all\\nthat goes to make up the great artist\u00e2\u0080\u0094body,\\nheart and soul.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0107.jp2"}, "108": {"fulltext": "w* f 7111, III! 1\\nH]\\nHow to Remember\\nThe Loisette Memory System\\n,|l it\\nm\\nUlMf S li\\n11 ill\\nin..\\n*Ss^ Os\\nC\\nHi,\\n,;5K\\n5 s\\nWhatever win aid the\\nmemory\u00e2\u0080\u0099, render it\\nmore quick and re\u00c2\u00ac\\ntentive, enable it to\\nlay hold of facts,\\nfigures and circum\u00c2\u00ac\\nstances, and store\\nthem away, only to\\nbe instantly\u00e2\u0080\u0099 brought forth when\\nrequired, cannot fail to be of\\ngreat value to every individual.\\nSo much has been said about\\nLoisette\u00e2\u0080\u0099s memory system, the\\nart has been so widely advertised,\\nand so carefully guarded from all\\nthe profane who do not send five or many\\ndollars to the professor, that a few pages\\nshowing how every man may be his own\\nLoisette may be both interesting and valu\u00c2\u00ac\\nable.\\nIn the first place, the system is a good\\none, and well worth the labor of mastering,\\nand if the directions are implicitly followed\\nthere can no doubt that the .memory will be\\ngreatly strengthened and improved, and that\\nmnemonic feats otherwise impossible may\u00e2\u0080\u0099 be\\neasily performed.\\nLoisette, however, is not an inventor, but\\nan introducer. He stands in the same rela-\\n90\\ntion to Dr. Pick that the retail dealer hold.*!\\nto the manufacturer: the one produced the\\narticle; the other brings it to the public.\\nEven this statement is not quite fair to Loi\u00c2\u00ac\\nsette, for he has brought much practical\\ncommon sense to bear upon Pick\u00e2\u0080\u0099s system,\\nand, in preparing the new art of mnemonics\\nfor the market, in many ways he has made\\nit his own. New and valuable rules and\\nsuggestions have been added.\\nIf each man would reflect upon the\\nmethod by which he himself remembers\\nthings, he would find his hand upon the key\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nof the whole mystery\u00e2\u0080\u0099. For instance, the\\nauthor was once trying to remember the\\nword blytlie. There occurred to my mind\\nthe words \u00e2\u0080\u009cbellman,\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009cbelle,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and then the\\nverse:\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009c-the peasant upward climbing\\nHears the bells of Buloss chiming,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cBarcarole,\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009cbarrack,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and so on until fin\u00c2\u00ac\\nally the word \u00e2\u0080\u009cblythe\u00e2\u0080\u009d presented itself with\\na strange insistence, long after I had ceased\\ntrying to recall it.\\nOn another occasion, when trying to recall\\nthe name Richardson,\u00e2\u0080\u009d I got the words \u00e2\u0080\u009chay\u00c2\u00ac\\nrick,\u00e2\u0080\u009d Robertson,\u00e2\u0080\u009d Randallstown,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and\\nfinally wealthy,\u00e2\u0080\u009d from which, naturally, I got\\nrich and Richardson almost in a breath.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0108.jp2"}, "109": {"fulltext": "THE LOISETTE MEMORY SYSTEM.\\n91\\nStill anotner example: trying to recall the\\nname of an old schoolmate, \u00e2\u0080\u009cGrady,\u00e2\u0080\u009d I got\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cBrady,\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009cgrave,\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009cgaseous,\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009cgastro\u00c2\u00ac\\nnome,\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009cgracious,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and I finally abandoned\\nthe attempt, simply saying to myself that it\\nbegan with a G,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and there was an \u00e2\u0080\u009ca\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nsound after it. The next morning, when\\nthinking of something entirely different, the\\nname \u00e2\u0080\u009cGrady\u00e2\u0080\u009d came up in my mind with as\\nmuch distinctness as though some one had\\nwhispered it in my ear.\\nWords of Similar Sounds.\\nThis remembering was done without any\\nconscious effort on my part, and was evi\u00c2\u00ac\\ndently the result of the exertion made the\\nday before when the mnemonic processes\\nwere put to work. Every reader must have\\nhad a similar experience which he can recall,\\nand which will fall in line with the examples\\ngiven.\\nIt follows, then, that when we endeavor,\\nwithout the aid of any system, to recall a\\nforgotten fact or name, our memory presents\\nto us words of similar sound or meaning in\\nits journey toward the goal to which we\\nhave started it. This goes to show that our\\nideas are arranged in groups in whatever\\nsecret cavity or recess of the brain they\\noccupy, and that the arrangement is one not\\nalphabetical exactly, and not entirely by mean\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, but after some fashion partaking of both.\\nIf you are looking for the word meadow,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nyou may reach middle before you come to\\nit, or \u00e2\u0080\u009cMexico,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or many words beginning\\nwith the \u00e2\u0080\u009cm\u00e2\u0080\u009d sound, or containing the \u00e2\u0080\u009cdow,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nas \u00e2\u0080\u009cwindow\u00e2\u0080\u009d or \u00e2\u0080\u009cdough,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or you may get\\nfield or farm \u00e2\u0080\u009d\u00e2\u0080\u0094but you are on the right\\ntrack, and if you do not interfere with your\\nintellectual process you will finally come to\\nthe idea which you are seeking.\\nHow often have you heard people say, I\\nforeet his name it is something like Beadle\\nor Beagle\u00e2\u0080\u0094at any rate it begins with a B.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nEach and all of these were unconscious Loi-\\nsettians, and they were practicing blindly,\\nand without proper method or direction, the\\nexcellent system which he teaches. The\\nthing, then, to do\u00e2\u0080\u0094and it is the final and\\nsimple truth which Loisette teaches\u00e2\u0080\u0094is to\\ntravel over this ground in the other direc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion\u00e2\u0080\u0094to cement the fact you wish to remem\u00c2\u00ac\\nber to some other fact or word which you\\nknow will be brought out by the implied\\nconditions\u00e2\u0080\u0094and thus you will always be\\nable to travel from your given starting-point\\nto the thing which you wish to call to mind.\\nHow the Mind Works.\\nTo illustrate let the broken line in the\\nannexed diagram represent a train of thought.\\nIf we connect the idea \u00e2\u0080\u009ca with V\u00e2\u0080\u009d through\\nthe steps b, c and d the tendency\\nof the mind ever afterwards will\\nbe to get to e from a that way, or\\nfrom any of the intermediates that\\nd way. It seems as though a chan\u00c2\u00ac\\nnel were cut in our mind-stuff\\nalong which the memory flows.\\nHow to make it flow this way will be seen\\nlater on. Loisette, in common with all\\nmnemonic teachers, uses the old device of\\nrepresenting numbers by letters\u00e2\u0080\u0094and as this\\nis the first and easiest step in the art, this\\nseems to be the most logical place to intro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduce the accepted equivalents of the Arabic\\nnumerals.\\n0 is always represented by 5, z or c soft.\\n1 is always represented by t, th or d.\\n2 is always represented by n.\\n3 is always represented by m.\\n4 is always represented by r.\\n5 is always represented by\\n6 is always represented by sh,j, ch soft or g soft.\\n7 is always represented by g hard, k c hard, q or;\\nfinal ng.\\n8 is always represented by f or v.\\n9 is always represented by p or", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0109.jp2"}, "110": {"fulltext": "92\\nHOW TO REMEMBER.\\nAll the other letters are simply to fill up.\\nDouble letters in a word count only as one.\\nIn fact, the system goes by sound, not by\\nspelling\u00e2\u0080\u0094for instance, \u00e2\u0080\u009cthis\u00e2\u0080\u009d or \u00e2\u0080\u009cdizzy\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nwould stand for ten; \u00e2\u0080\u009ccatch\u00e2\u0080\u009d or \u00e2\u0080\u009cgush\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nwould stand for 76 and the only difficulty is\\nto make some word or phrase which will\\ncontain only the significant letters in the\\nproper order, filled out with non-significants\\nin some guise of meaning or intelligibility.\\nYou can remember the equivalents by noting\\nthe fact that z is the first letter of \u00e2\u0080\u009czero,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nand c of \u00e2\u0080\u009ccipher,\u00e2\u0080\u009d t has but one stroke, n\\nhas two, in three. The script f is very like\\n8 the script p like 9 r is the last letter of\\nfour is the Roman numeral for fifty, which\\nsuggests five. The others may be retained\\nby memorizing these two nonsense lines:\\nSix shy Jewesses chase George.\\nSeven ^reat \u00c2\u00a3ings came quarreling.\\nSuppose you wished to get some phrase\\nor word that would express the number\\n3 685 you arrange the letters this way:\\nYou can make out \u00e2\u0080\u009cimage of law,\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009cmy\\nshuffle,\u00e2\u0080\u009d matchville,\u00e2\u0080\u009d etc., etc., as far as\\nyou like to work it out.\\nNow, suppose that you wished to memo\u00c2\u00ac\\nrize the fact that $1,000,000 in gold weighs\\n3,685 pounds, you go about it in this way,\\nand here is the kernel and crux of Loisette\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nsystem\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cHow much does 1 000,000 in gold\\nweigh\\nWeigh\u00e2\u0080\u0094scales.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cScales\u00e2\u0080\u0094statue of Justice.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cStatue of Justice \u00e2\u0080\u0094image of law.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe process is simplicity itself. The thing\\nyou wish to recall, and that you fear to for\u00c2\u00ac\\nget, is the weight; consequently you cement\\nyour chain of suggestion to the idea which\\nis most prominent in your mental question.\\nWhat do you weigh with? Scales. What\\ndoes the mental picture of scales suggest\\nThe statue of Justice, blindfolded and weigh\\ning out award and punishment to man.\\nFinally, what is the statue of Justice but the\\nimage of law? and the words \u00e2\u0080\u009cimage of\\nlaw,\u00e2\u0080\u009d translated back from the significant\\nlexers g soft,/ and give you 3\u00e2\u0080\u00946\u00e2\u0080\u00948\u00e2\u0080\u00945,\\nthe number of pounds in $1,000,000 in gold.\\nThe process is plain and simple.\\nFirmly Fixed.\\nYou bind together in your mind each\\nseparate step in the journey, the one sug\u00c2\u00ac\\ngests the other, and you will find a year from\\nnow that the fact will be as fresh in your\\nmemory as it is to-day. You cannot lose it.\\nIt is chained to you by an unbreakable\\nmnemonic tie. Mark, that it is not claimed\\nthat \u00e2\u0080\u009cweight\u00e2\u0080\u009d will of itself suggest \u00e2\u0080\u009cscales,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nand \u00e2\u0080\u009cscales,\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009cstatue of Justice,\u00e2\u0080\u009d etc., but\\nthat, having once passed your attention up\\nand down that ladder of ideas, your mental\\ntendency will be to take the same route, and\\nget to the same goal again and again. In\u00c2\u00ac\\ndeed, beginning with the weight of $1,000,-\\n000 \u00e2\u0080\u009cimage of law\u00e2\u0080\u009d will turn up in your\\nmind without your consciousness of any in\u00c2\u00ac\\ntermediate station on the way, after some\\niteration and reiteration of the original chain.\\nAgain, so as to fasten the process in the\\nreader\u00e2\u0080\u0099s mind even more firmly, suppose that\\nit were desired to fix the date of the battle", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0110.jp2"}, "111": {"fulltext": "93\\nTHE LOISETTE MEMORY SYSTEM.\\nof Hastings (A. D. 1066 in the memory\\n1066 may be represented by the words \u00e2\u0080\u009cthe\\nwise judge\u00e2\u0080\u009d {th\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1, J 0, j 6, dg 6;\\nthe others are non-significants); a chain\\nmight be made thus\\nBattle of Hastings\u00e2\u0080\u0094arbitrament of war.\\nArbitrament of war\u00e2\u0080\u0094arbitration.\\nArbitration\u00e2\u0080\u0094-j udgment.\\nJudgment\u00e2\u0080\u0094the wise judge.\\nMake mental pictures, connect ideas, re\u00c2\u00ac\\npeat words and sounds, go about it any way\\nyou please, so that you will form a mental\\nhabit of connecting the \u00e2\u0080\u009cbattle of Hastings\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nwith the idea of \u00e2\u0080\u009carbitrament of war,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and so\\non for the other links in the chain, and the\\nwork is done.\\nOne Idea Suggests Another.\\nLoisette makes the beginning of his sys\u00c2\u00ac\\ntem unnecessarily difficult, to say nothing\\nof his illogical arrangement in the grammar\\nof the art of memory, which he makes the\\nfirst of his lessons. He analyzes suggestion\\ninto\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n1 Inclusion.\\n2 Exclusion.\\n3 Concurrence.\\nAll of which looks scientific and orderly,\\nbut is really misleading, and badly named.\\nThe truth is that one idea will suggest\\nanother:\\n1 By likeness or opposition of meaning,\\nas \u00e2\u0080\u009chouse\u00e2\u0080\u009d suggests \u00e2\u0080\u009croom\u00e2\u0080\u009d or door,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\netc.; or, \u00e2\u0080\u009cwhite\u00e2\u0080\u009d suggests \u00e2\u0080\u009cblack;\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009ccruel,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009ckind,\u00e2\u0080\u009d etc.\\n2 By likeness of sound, as \u00e2\u0080\u009charrow\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nand \u00e2\u0080\u009cbarrow;\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009cHenry\u00e2\u0080\u009d and \u00e2\u0080\u009cHennepin.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n3 By mental juxtaposition, a peculiarity\\ndifferent in each person, and depending upon\\neach one\u00e2\u0080\u0099s own experience. Thus, St.\\nCharles suggests railway bridge to me,\\nbecause I was vividly impressed by the\\nbreaking of the Wabash bridge at that point.\\nStable\u00e2\u0080\u009d and \u00e2\u0080\u009cbroken leg\u00e2\u0080\u009d come near each\\nother in my experience, so do \u00e2\u0080\u009ccow\u00e2\u0080\u009d and\\nshot-gun and licking.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nOut of these three sorts of suggestions, it\\nis possible to get from any one fact to any\\nother in a chain certain and safe, along which\\nthe mind may be depended upon afterwards\\nalways to follow.\\nNecessity of Attention.\\nThe chain is, of course, by no means all.\\nIts making and its binding must be accom\u00c2\u00ac\\npanied by a vivid, methodically directed\\nattention, which turns all the mental light\\ngettable in a focus upon the subject passing\\nacross the mind\u00e2\u0080\u0099s screen. Before Loisette\\nwas thought of this was known. In the old\\ntimes in England, in order to impress upon\\nthe mind of the rising generation the parish\\nboundaries in the rural districts, the boys\\nwere taken to each of the landmarks in\\nsuccession, the position and bearing of each\\npointed out carefully, and, in order to deepen\\nthe impression, the young people were then\\nand there vigorously thrashed, a mechanical\\nmethod of attracting attention, which was\\nsaid never to have failed.\\nThis system has had its supporters in\\nmany of the old-fashioned schools, and there\\nare men who will read these lines who can\\nrecall with an itching sense of vivid expres\u00c2\u00ac\\nsion the 144 lickings which were said to go\\nwith the multiplication table.\\nIn default of a thrashing, however, the\\nstudent must cultivate as best he can an\\nintense fixity of perception upon every fact\\nor word or date that he wishes to make per\u00c2\u00ac\\nmanently his own. It is easy. It is a\\nmatter of habit. If you will you can pho\u00c2\u00ac\\ntograph an idea upon your cerebral gelatine\\nso that neither years nor events will blot it\\nout or overlay it.\\nYou must be clearly and distinctly aware", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0111.jp2"}, "112": {"fulltext": "94\\nHOW TO REMEMBER.\\nof the thing you are putting into your mental\\ntreasure-house, and drastically certain of the\\ncord by which you have tied it to some other\\nthing of which you are sure. Unless it is\\nworth your while to do this, you might as\\nwell abandon any hope of mnemonic improve\u00c2\u00ac\\nment, which will not come without the hardest\\nkind of hard work, although it is work that\\nwill grow constantly easier with practice and\\nreiteration.\\nYou need, then\\n1. Methodic suggestion.\\n2. Methodic attention.\\n3. Methodic reiteration.\\nAnd this is all there is to Loisette, and a\\ngreat deal it is. Two of them will not do\\nwithout the third. You do not know how\\nmany steps there are from your hall-door to\\nyour bed-room, although you have attended\\nto and often reiterated the journey. But if\\nthere are twenty of them, and you have once\\nbound the word nice,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or nose,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or\\nnews,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or hyenas,\u00e2\u0080\u009d to the fact of the\\nstairway, you could never forget it.\\nThe Mental Discipline.\\nThe Professor makes a point, and very\\nwisely, of the importance of working through\\nsome established chain, so that the whole\\nmay be carried away in the mind\u00e2\u0080\u0094not alone\\nfor the value of the facts so bound together,\\nbut for the mental discipline so afforded.\\nHere, then, is the President Series,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nwhich contains the name and date of inaugu\u00c2\u00ac\\nration of each president from Washington to\\nCleveland. The manner in which it is to be\\nmastered is this Beginning at the top, try\\nto find in your mind some connection be\u00c2\u00ac\\ntween each word and the one following it.\\nSee how you can, at some future time, make\\none suggest the next, either by suggestion\\nof sound or sense, or by mental juxtaposition.\\nWhen you have found this, dwell on it atten\u00c2\u00ac\\ntively for a moment or two. Pass it back\u00c2\u00ac\\nward and forward before you, and then go\\non to the next step.\\nThe chain runs thus, the names of the\\npresidents being in small caps, the date words\\nin italics\\nPresident.Chosen as the first word as the\\none most apt to occur to the\\nmind of any one wishing to\\nrepeat the names of the presi\u00c2\u00ac\\ndents.\\nDentist. President and dentist.\\nDraw.What does a dentist do?\\nTo give up .When something is drawn from\\none it is given up. This is a\\ndate phrase meaning 1789.\\nSelf-sacrifice.There is an association of thought\\nbetween giving up and self-sac\u00c2\u00ac\\nrifice.\\nWashington _Associate the quality of self-sacri\u00c2\u00ac\\nfice with Washington\u00e2\u0080\u0099s char\u00c2\u00ac\\nacter.\\nMorning wash. JFashington and wash.\\nDew.Early wetness and dew.\\nFlower beds.Dew r and flowers.\\nTook a bouquet .Flowers and bouquet. Date\\nphrase (1797).\\nGarden...Bouquet and garden.\\nEden.The first garden.\\nAdam.Juxtaposition of thought.\\nAdams .Suggestion by sound.\\nFall.Juxtaposition of thought.\\nFailure.Fall and failure.\\nDeficit .Upon a failure there is usually a\\ndeficit. Date word (1801).\\nDebt.The consequence of a deficit.\\nBonds.Debt and bonds.\\nConfederate bonds.Suggestion by meaning.\\nJefferson Davis.Juxtaposition of thought.\\nJefferson.\\nNow follow out the rest for yourself,\\ntaking about ten at a time, and binding\\nthose you do last to those you have done\\nbefore, each time, before attacking the next\\nbunch.\\n1\\nJefferson\\nJudge Jeffreys\\nbloody assize\\nbereavement\\ntoo heavy a sob\\n2\\ntough make\\noaken furniture\\nbureau\\nVan Buren\\nrent\\n3\\nTheophilus\\nfill us\\nFlREMORE\\nmore fuel\\nthe flame", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0112.jp2"}, "113": {"fulltext": "THE LOISETTE MEMORY SYSTEM.\\n95\\nparental griel\\nside-splitting\\nflambeau\\nmad son\\ndivert\\nbow\\nMadison\\nannoy\\narrow\\nMadeira\\nharassing\\nPierce\\nfirst-rate wine\\nHarrison\\nhurt\\nfrustrating\\nOld Harry\\nfeeling\\ndefeating\\nthe tempter\\nwound\\nfeet\\nthe fraud\\nsoldier\\ntoe the line\\npainted clay\\ncannon\\nrow\\nbaked clay\\nBuchanan\\nMonroe\\ntiles\\nrebuke\\nrow\\nTyeer\\nofficial censure\\nboat\\nWat Tyler\\nto officiate\\nsteamer\\npoll tax\\nwedding\\nthe funnel\\ncompulsory\\nlinked\\nwindpipe\\nfree will\\nLincoen\\nthroat\\nfree offering\\nlink\\nquinzy\\nburnt offering\\nstroll\\nQuincy Adams\\npoker\\nsea shore\\nquince\\nPoek\\nthe heavy shell\\nfine fruit\\nend of dance\\nmollusk\\nthe fine boy\\ntermination \u00e2\u0080\u0098ly\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nunfamiliar word\\nsailor boy\\nadverb\\ndictionary\\nsailor\\npart of speech\\nJohnson\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\njack tar\\npart of a man\\nJohnson\\nJackson\\nTayeor\\nson\\nstone wall\\nmeasurer\\nbad son\\nindomitable\\ntheodolite\\ndishonest boy\\nthievish boy\\nhazy\\nwell fed\\ntake\\nclear\\nwell read\\ngive\\nvivid\\nauthor\\nGrant\\nbrightly lighted\\nArthur\\naward\\ncamp fire\\nround table\\nschool premium\\nw r ar field\\ntea table\\nexamination\\nGarfieed\\ntea cup\\ncramming\\nGuiteau\\nhalf full\\nfagging\\nmurderer\\ndivide\\nlaborer\\nprisoner\\ncleave\\nhay field\\nprison fare\\nCeEveeand\\nHayes\\nhalf fed\\nIt will be\\nnoted that some of the date\\nwords, as free will,\u00e2\u0080\u009d only give three figures\\nof the date, 845; but it is to be supposed\\nthat if the student knows that many figures\\nin the date of Polk\u00e2\u0080\u0099s inauguration he can\\nguess the other one.\\nThe curious thing about this system will\\nnow become apparent. If the reader has\\nlearned the series so that he can say it down\\nfrom President to Cleveland, he can with no\\neffort, and without any further preparation,\\nsay it backward from Cleveland up to the\\ncommencement! There could be no better\\nproof that this is the natural mnemonic sys\u00c2\u00ac\\ntem. It proves itself by its works.\\nThe series should be repeated backwards\\nand forwards every day for a month, and\\nshould be supplemented by a series of the\\nreader\u00e2\u0080\u0099s own making, and by this one, which\\ngives the numbers from 0 to 100, and which\\nmust be chained together before they can be\\nlearned:\\n0\u00e2\u0080\u0094hoes\\n1 wheat\\n34 mare\\n67 jockey\\n2 hen\\n35 mill\\n68 shave\\n3 home\\n36 image\\n69 ship\\n4 hair\\n37 mug\\n70 eggs\\n5 oil\\n38 muff\\n71 gate\\n6 shoe\\n39 mob\\n72 gun\\n7 hook\\n40 race\\n73 comb\\n8 off\\n41 hart\\n74 hawker\\n9 bee\\n42 horn\\n75 coal\\n10 daisy\\n43 army\\n76 cage\\n11 tooth\\n44 warrior\\n77 cake\\n12 dine\\n45 royal\\n78 coffee\\n13 time\\n46 arch\\n79 cube\\n14 tower\\n47 rock\\n80 vase\\n15 dell\\n48 wharf\\n81 feet\\n16 ditch\\n49 rope\\n82 vein\\n17 duck\\n50 wheels\\n83 fame\\n18 dove\\n51 lad\\n84 fire\\n19 tabby\\n52 lion\\n85 vial\\n20 hyenas\\n53 lamb\\n86 fish\\n21 hand\\n54 lair\\n87 fig\\n22 nun\\n55 lily\\n88 fife\\n23 name\\n56 lodge\\n89 fib\\n24 owner\\n57 lake\\n90 pies.\\n25 nail\\n58 leaf\\n91 putty\\n26 hinge\\n59 elbow\\n92 pane\\n27 ink\\n60 chess\\n93 bomb\\n28 knife\\n61 cheat\\n94 bier\\n29 knob\\n62 chain\\n95 bell\\n30 muse\\n63 sham\\n96 peach\\n31 mayday\\n64 chair\\n97 book\\n32 hymen\\n65 jail\\n98 beef\\n33 mama\\n66 judge\\n99 pope\\n100\u00e2\u0080\u0094diocese\\nBy the use of this table, which should be\\ncommitted as thoroughly as the President\\nseries, so that it can be repeated backwards\\nand forwards, any date, figure or number\\ncan be at once constructed, and bound by", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0113.jp2"}, "114": {"fulltext": "HOW TO REMEMBER.\\nm\\nthe usual chain to the fact which you wish it\\nto accompany.\\nWhen the student wishes to go farther\\nand attack larger problems than the simple\\nbinding of two facts together, there is little in\\nLoisette\u00e2\u0080\u0099s system that is new, although there\\nis much that is good. If it is a book that is\\nto be learned as one would prepare for an\\nexamination, each chapter is to be considered\\nseparately.\\nMake a Synopsis.\\nOf each a Precis is to be written in which\\nj.\\nthe writer must exercise all his ingenuity to\\nreduce the matter in hand to its final skeleton\\nof fact. This he is to commit to memory,\\nboth by the use of the chain and the old\\nsystem of interrogation. Suppose after much\\nlabor through a wide space one boils a\\nchapter or an event down to the final irredu\u00c2\u00ac\\ncible sediment: Magna Charta was exacted\\nby the barons from King John at Runny\u00c2\u00ac\\nmede.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nYou must now turn this statement this\\nway and that way, asking yourself about\\nit every possible and impossible question,\\ngravely considering the answers, and, if you\\nfind any part of it especially difficult to\\nremember, chaining it to the question which\\nwill bring it out. Thus, What was exacted\\nby the barons from King John at Runny\u00c2\u00ac\\nmede?\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009cMagna Charta.\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009cBy whom\\nwas Magna Charta exacted from King John\\nat Runnymede \u00e2\u0080\u009cBy the barons.\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009cFrom\\nwhom was,\u00e2\u0080\u009d etc., etc.? \u00e2\u0080\u009cKing John.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cFrom what king,\u00e2\u0080\u009d etc., etc.? \u00e2\u0080\u009cKing\\nJohn.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Where was Magna Charta,\u00e2\u0080\u009d etc.,\\netc.? \u00e2\u0080\u009cAt Runnymede.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nAnd so on and so on, as long as your\\ningenuity can suggest questions to ask, or\\npoints of view from which to consider the\\nstatement. Your mind will be finally satu\u00c2\u00ac\\nrated with the information, and prepared to\\nspill it out at the first squeeze of the ex\u00c2\u00ac\\naminer. This, however, is not new. It was\\ntaught in the schools hundreds of years\\nbefore Loisette was born. Old newspaper\\nmen will recall in connection with it Horace\\nGreeley\u00e2\u0080\u0099s statement that the test of a news\\nitem was the clear and satisfactory manner\\nin which a report answered the interroga\u00c2\u00ac\\ntories, \u00e2\u0080\u009cWhat?\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009cWhen?\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009cWhere?\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cWho?\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009cWhy?\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nIn the same way Loisette advises the\\nlearning of poetry. For example\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThe Assyrian came down like a wolf on\\nthe fold.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cWho came down\\nHow did the Assyrian come down\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cLike what animal did etc.\\nAnd so on and so on, until the verses are\\nexhausted of every scrap of information to\\nbe had out of them by the most assiduous\\ncross-examination.\\nRemembering Figures.\\nWhatever the reader may think of the\\navailability or value of this part of the sys\u00c2\u00ac\\ntem, there are so many easily applicable\\ntests of the worth of much that Loisette has\\ndone, that it may be taken with the rest.\\nFew people, to give an easy example, can\\nremember the ratio between the circumfer\u00c2\u00ac\\nence and the diameter of the circle\u00e2\u0080\u0094beyond\\nfour places of decimals, or at most six\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n3.141592 Here is the value to 108\\ndecimal places\\n3.14159265-3589793238-4626433832-795\\n0288419-71693993754 j58209749-445\\n9230781-6406286208*998620348-2534\\n211706-7982148086\\nBy a very simple application of the numeri\u00c2\u00ac\\ncal values these 108 decimal places can be\\ncarried in the mind and recalled about as fast", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0114.jp2"}, "115": {"fulltext": "THE LOISETTE MEMORY SYSTEM.\\n97\\nas you can write them down. All that is to\\nbe done is to memorize these nonsense lines\\nMother Day will buy any shawl.\\nMy love pick up my new muff.\\nA Russian jeer may move a woman.\\nCables enough for Utopia.\\nGet a cheap ham pie by my cooley.\\nThe slave knows a bigger ape.\\nI rarely hop on my sick foot.\\nCheer a sage in a fashion safe.\\nA baby fish now views my wharf.\\nAnnually Mary Ann did kiss a jay.\\nA cabby found a rough savage.\\nNow translate each significant into its\\nproper value and you have the task accom\u00c2\u00ac\\nplished. \u00e2\u0080\u009cMother Day,\u00e2\u0080\u009d m 3, th 1,\\nr 4, d 1, and so on. Learn the lines\\none at a time by the method of interroga\u00c2\u00ac\\ntories. \u00e2\u0080\u009cWho will buy any shawl?\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nWhich Mrs. Day will buy a shawl? \u00e2\u0080\u009cIs\\nMother Day particular about the sort of\\nshawl she will buy? Has she bought a\\nshawl?\u00e2\u0080\u009d etc., etc. Then cement the end of\\neach line to the beginning of the next\\none thus, Shawl warm garment\\n4i warmth love my love,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and go\\non as before. Stupid as the work may seem\\nto you, you can memorize the figures in fif\u00c2\u00ac\\nteen minutes in this way so that you will not\\nforget them in fifteen years. Similarly you\\ncan take Haydn\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Dictionary of Dates, and\\nturn fact after fact into nonsense lines like\\nthese which you cannot lose.\\nAnd this ought to be enough to show\\nanybody the whole art. If you look back\\nacross the sands of time and find out that it\\nis that ridiculous old Thirty days hath\\nSeptember\u00e2\u0080\u009d which comes to you when you\\nare trying to think of the length of October\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094if you can quote your old prosody,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cO datur ambiguis,\u00e2\u0080\u009d etc.,\\nwith much more certainty than you cai\\nserve up your Horace if, in fine, jingles\\nand alliterations, wise and otherwise, have\\nstayed with you, while solid and serviceable\\ninformation has faded away, you may be\\ncertain that here is the key to the enigma of\\nmemory.\\nYou can apply it to yourself in a hundred\\nways. If you wish to clinch in your mind\\nthe fact that Mr. Love lives at 485 Dear\u00c2\u00ac\\nborn Street, what is more easy than to turn\\n485 into the word \u00e2\u0080\u009crifle\u00e2\u0080\u009d and chain the\\nideas together, say thus Love\u00e2\u0080\u0094happiness\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094good\u00e2\u0080\u0094time picnic\u00e2\u0080\u0094forest\u00e2\u0080\u0094wood rangers\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094range\u00e2\u0080\u0094rifle range\u00e2\u0080\u0094 rifle \u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0080\u0094fine weapon\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\ncostly weapon\u00e2\u0080\u0094dearly bought\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Dearborn.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nOr, if you wish to remember Mr. Bow\u00c2\u00ac\\nman\u00e2\u0080\u0099s name, and you notice he has a mole\\non his face which is apt to attract your\\nattention when you next see him, cement the\\nideas thus: Mole, mark, target, archer,\\nBowman.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n7", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0115.jp2"}, "116": {"fulltext": "lowing list the Synonyms are first given;\\nthen follow, in parenthesis, the Antonyms,\\nor words of opposite meaning.\\nAll persons who would acquire an elegant\\nstyle in literary composition, correspondence\\nor ordinary conversation, will find this com\u00c2\u00ac\\nprehensive Dictionary of Synonyms and\\nAntonyms of great value. Jewels of thought\\nshould be set in appropriate language.\\nk OR the purpose of avoiding too\\nmuch repetition in writing and\\nspeaking it is necessary to have\\na Dictionary of words of simi\u00c2\u00ac\\nlar meaning. A Synonym is\\none of two or more words of\\nsimilar significance which may\\noften be used interchangeably. An Antonym\\nis a word of opposite meaning. In the fol-\\nIn this Table the lette* a means adjective\\nABANDON\u00e2\u0080\u0094forsake., desert, renounce, relinquish.\\n(Keep, cherish.)\\nABANDONED deserted, forsaken, profligate,\\nwicked, reprobate, dissolute, flagitious, corrupt,\\ndepraved, vicious. (Respected, esteemed, cher\u00c2\u00ac\\nished, virtuous.)\\nABASEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094degradation, fall, degeneracy, hu\u00c2\u00ac\\nmiliation, abjectness, debasement, servility. (Ele\u00c2\u00ac\\nvation, promotion, honor.)\\nABASH\u00e2\u0080\u0094disconcert, discompose, confound, confuse,\\nshame, bewilder. (Embolden.)\\nABBREVIATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094shorten, curtail, contract, abridge,\\ncondense, reduce, compress. (Lengthen, extend,\\nenlarge, expand.)\\nABDICATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094renounce, resign, relinquish. (Usurp.)\\nABET\u00e2\u0080\u0094incite, stimulate, whet, encourage, back up,\\nsecond, countenance, assist. (Dampen, discour\u00c2\u00ac\\nage, dispirit, depress, repress, oppose.)\\nABETTOR\u00e2\u0080\u0094instigator, prompter, assistant, coad\u00c2\u00ac\\njutor, accomplice, accessory, particeps criminis.\\n(Extinguisher.)\\nABHOR\u00e2\u0080\u0094loathe, abominate, (Love, admire.)\\nABILITY\u00e2\u0080\u0094power, skill, gumption, efficiency, mas\u00c2\u00ac\\ntery, qualification, faculty, expertness. (Incom\u00c2\u00ac\\npetence, inefficiency, inability.)\\nABJECT\u00e2\u0080\u0094despised, despicable, vile, grovelling,\\nmean, base, worthless, servile. (Supreme, august,\\ncommanding, noble.)\\nA BJURE\u00e2\u0080\u0094forswear, disclaim, unsay, recant, revoke,\\ndeny, disown. (Attest, affirm.)\\n98\\nJ means verb n means noun or substantive.\\nABLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094competent, qualified, skilled, efficient, capa\u00c2\u00ac\\nble, clever, adroit, adept, strong, telling, masterly.\\n(Incompetent, weak, unskilful, unqualified.)\\nABODE\u00e2\u0080\u0094dwelling, residence, domicile, home, quar\u00c2\u00ac\\nters, habitation, lodging, settlement. (Transition,\\nshifting, wandering, pilgrimage, peregrination.)\\nABOLISH\u00e2\u0080\u0094efface, extinguish, annihilate, nullify,\\ndestroy, undo, quash, annul, cancel, abrogate,\\nquench, suppress, vitiate, revoke. (Introduce,\\nestablish, enforce, restore.)\\nABOMINABLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094detestable, hateful, odious, exe\u00c2\u00ac\\ncrable. (Choice, excellent, attractive, select.)\\nABORTIVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094ineffectual, futile, inoperative, defec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntive, inadequate. (Efficient, productive, complete.)\\nABOUT\u00e2\u0080\u0094around, near to, nearly, approximately,\\ncontiguous. (Remote from, distant.)\\nABSCOND \u00e2\u0080\u0094take oneself off, vamoose,\u00e2\u0080\u009d disappear,\\ndecamp, run away. (Thrust oneself into notice.)\\nABSENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094not present, wanting, absentminded,\\nabstracted, inattentive, listless, dreamy, visionary.\\n(Present, collected, composed, vigilant* observant.)\\nABSOLUTE\u00e2\u0080\u0094certain, unconditioned, unconditional,\\nunlimited, unrestricted, transcendent, authorita\u00c2\u00ac\\ntive, paramount, imperative, arbitrary, despotic.\\n(Conditional, limited, hampered, fettered.)\\nABSORB\u00e2\u0080\u0094suck up, imbibe, engross, drain away,\\nconsume. (Reserve, save, spare, husband, econ\u00c2\u00ac\\nomize, hoard up.)\\nABSURD\u00e2\u0080\u0094unreasonable, nonsensical, foolish, vain,\\nimpracticable. (Reasonable, prudent, veracious.)", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0116.jp2"}, "117": {"fulltext": "SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS.\\n99\\nABUSE, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094pervert, deprave, traduce, debase, dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nparage, slander, calumniate, rail at, reproach,\\ndepreciate. (Improve, develop, cultivate, promote,\\nbless, magnify, appreciate.)\\nABUSE, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094perversion, ill-usage, depravation, de\u00c2\u00ac\\nbasement, slander, reproach. (Cultivation, use,\\npromotion, development, appreciation, praise.)\\nACCEDE\u00e2\u0080\u0094-join, assent, acquiesce in, comply, agree,\\nconcur, coincide, approve. (Dissent, object,\\ndecline, refuse.)\\nACCELERATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094hasten, hurry, speed, expedite,\\nquicken, precipitate, facilitate. (Retard, delay,\\nprocrastinate, arrest, stop, impede, suspend.)\\nACCEPT\u00e2\u0080\u0094take, receive, assume, acknowledge, en\u00c2\u00ac\\ndorse. (Refuse, repudiate, protest, disown.)\\nACCEPTABLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094pleasant, grateful, welcome. (Re\u00c2\u00ac\\npugnant, displeasing.)\\nACCIDENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094casualty, contingency, hap, mishap,\\nchance, mischance, misadventure. (Law, order.)\\nACCOMMODATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094adjust, adapt, fit, conform, rec\u00c2\u00ac\\noncile, suit, oblige, furnish, convenience. (Cross,\\nthwart, counteract, plot against, checkmate, de\u00c2\u00ac\\nfeat, inconvenience.)\\nACCOMPLICE\u00e2\u0080\u0094confederate, ally, associate, acces\u00c2\u00ac\\nsory, particeps criminis. (Adversary, rival, spy,\\nopponent, enemy.)\\nACCOMPLISH\u00e2\u0080\u0094complete, perform, finish, fulfil,\\nexecute, perfect, consummate, achieve, effect, carry\\nout. (Fail, miscarry, undo, wreck, frustrate.)\\nACCOMPLISHMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094success, fulfilment, comple\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, performance, execution, achievement, con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsummation, attainment. (Failure, miscarriage,\\nwreck, ruin.)\\nACCORD\u00e2\u0080\u0094harmonize, agree, allow, grant, concede.\\n(Jar, clash with, deny, disallow.)\\nACCOST\u00e2\u0080\u0094address, confront, speak to, greet, salute.\\n(Evade, fight shy of.)\\nACCOUNT, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094compute, estimate, reckon up, take\\nstock of. (Leave unexplained, unsolved.)\\nACCOUNT, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094reckoning, relation, charge, bill.\\n(Riddle, mystery, puzzle, unknown quantity.)\\nACCOUNTABLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094answerable, responsible, amen\u00c2\u00ac\\nable. (Exempt, free, irresponsible.)\\nACCUMULATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094heap up, save, collect. (Scatter,\\ndissipate, diffuse, spend, squander.)\\nACCUMULATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094heap, amount, glut, (Dissi\u00c2\u00ac\\npation, dissemination, distribution, diminution.)\\nACCURATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094definite, precise, correct, exact. (In\u00c2\u00ac\\naccurate, wrong, erroneous, blundering, careless.)\\nACHIEVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094complete, gain, win.\\nACHIEVEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094feat, exploit, distinguished per\u00c2\u00ac\\nformance, acquirement. (Abortion, frustration,\\nfailure, shortcoming, defect.)\\nACKNOWLEDGE\u00e2\u0080\u0094avow, confess, own, recognize,\\nadmit, grant, concede. (Repudiate, disclaim,\\ndisallow, disown, deny.\\nACQUAINT\u00e2\u0080\u0094make known, apprise, inform, com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmunicate, intimate, notify. (Leave ignorant, keep\\nsecret, conceal.)\\nACQUAINTANCE\u00e2\u0080\u0094knowledge, familiarity, fellow\u00c2\u00ac\\nship, companionship. (Ignorance, stranger.)\\nACQUIESCE\u00e2\u0080\u0094yield, concur, agree, assent. (Protest,\\nobject, dissent, secede, oppose.)\\nACQUIT\u00e2\u0080\u0094set free, release, discharge, clear, absolve,\\nexculpate, exonerate, liberate, deliver. (Accuse,\\nimpeach, charge, blame, convict.)\\nACT, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094do, perform, commit, operate, work, prac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntice, behave, personate, play, enact. (Neglect,\\ncease, desist, rest, wait, lie idle, refrain.)\\nACTION\u00e2\u0080\u0094working, agency, operation, business,\\ngesture, engagement, fight, deed, battle, feat.\\n(Inaction, repose, rest, idleness, ease, indolence,\\ninertia, passiveness, quiescence, dormancy.)\\nACTIVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094energetic, busy, stirring, alive, brisk,,\\noperative, lively, agile, nimble, diligent, sprightly,\\nalert, quick, supple, prompt, industrious. (Passive,,\\ninert, dead, extinct, dull, torpid, sluggish, indo\u00c2\u00ac\\nlent, lazy, dormant, quiescent, asleep.)\\nACTUAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094real, positive, existing, certain. (False,\\nimaginary, theoretical, illusive, fictitious.)\\nACUTE\u00e2\u0080\u0094sharp, pointed, penetrating, piercing,\\nkeen, poignant, pungent, intense, violent, shrill,\\nsensitive, sharp-witted, shrewd, discriminating,\\nclever, cunning. (Obtuse, blunt, bluff, dull, flat,\\ncallous, stupid, apathetic.)\\nADAPT\u00e2\u0080\u0094fit, suit, adjust, conform, regulate. (Misfit,\\ndiscommode, dislocate.)\\nADDICTED\u00e2\u0080\u0094committed to, devoted, prone, given\\nup to, inclined, habituated. (Uncommitted, free,\\nuncompromised, neutral.)\\nADDITION\u00e2\u0080\u0094annexation, accession, supplement,\\nadjunct, affix, appendage, accessory, increment,\\nincrease, complement, plus more. (Subtraction,\\ndeduction, retrenchment, curtailment, deprivation,\\nminus less, loss, impoverishment.)\\nADDRESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094speech, salutation, accost, appeal also\\nskill, dexterity, adroitness also direction, name\\nalso residence. (Response, answer, reply, rejoin\u00c2\u00ac\\nder; also awkwardness, maladroitness, clumsiness,\\nslovenliness\\nADHESION\u00e2\u0080\u0094sticking, adherence, adoption, attach\u00c2\u00ac\\nment, espousal. (Repulsion, revulsion, antipathy,\\naversion, hostility, incompatibility, dislike.)\\nADJACENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094next, near, nigh, at hand, alongside,\\nclose by, adjoining, contiguous, bordering, neigh\u00c2\u00ac\\nboring, proximate. (Remote, foreign, distant,\\naloof, far, apart, asunder.)\\nADJOURN\u00e2\u0080\u0094put off, postpone, defer, delay, keep in\\nabeyance, prorogue, suspend, procrastinate, retard,\\nwaive, remand, reserve. (Conclude, clinch, ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncelerate, precipitate.)\\nADJUNCT\u00e2\u0080\u0094appendage, affix, annex, annexation,\\nappendix, adhesion, appurtenance. (Curtailment,\\nretrenchment, lop, mutilation, reduction, clipping,\\ndocking, filching.)\\nADJUST\u00e2\u0080\u0094make exact, set right, fit, adapt, dovetail,\\narrange, harmonize, settle, regulate. (Confound,\\nconfuse muddle, disorder, perplex, embarrass,\\nentangle, clash, jar, jumble, disarrange, unsettle.)\\nADMIRABLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094wonderful, excellent, choice, noble,\\ngrand, estimable, lovely, ideal, surpassing, extra\u00c2\u00ac\\nordinary, eminent. (Detestable, vile, mean, con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntemptible, despicable, worthless, wretched, villain\u00c2\u00ac\\nous, pitiful.)\\nADMIT\u00e2\u0080\u0094allow, permit, suffer, receive, usher, grant,\\nacknowledge, confess, concede, accept. (Deny,\\nrefuse, shut out, forbid, disown, disclaim.)", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0117.jp2"}, "118": {"fulltext": "100\\nSYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS.\\nADVANTAGEOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094profitable, serviceable, useful,\\nbeneficial, helpful, of value. (Disadvantageous,\\ndetrimental, prejudicial, injurious, hurtful, harm\u00c2\u00ac\\nful, deleterious, obnoxious, pernicious.)\\nAFFECTION\u00e2\u0080\u0094bent, inclination, partiality, attrac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, impulse, love, desire, passion, fascination\\nalso suffering, disease, morbidness. (Repulsion,\\nrevulsion, antipathy, dislike, recoil, aversion,\\nestrangement, indifference, coldness, alienation\\nalso wholeness, soundness, healthiness.)\\nAFFECTIONATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094loving, kind, fond, doting, ten\u00c2\u00ac\\nder, amiable, cordial, hearty, good-hearted. (Cold,\\nunloving, unkind, heartless, selfish, crabbed, sour,\\nmalign, malicious, malevolent, misanthropic, cyn\u00c2\u00ac\\nical, ill-natured, cruel, hating.)\\nAGREEABLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094pleasant, acceptable, grateful, re\u00c2\u00ac\\nfreshing, genial, pleasing, palatable, sweet, charm\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, delectable. (Disagreeable, displeasing, un\u00c2\u00ac\\npleasant, ungrateful, harsh, repellent, painful,\\nnoxious, plaguy, irritating, annoying, mortifying.)\\nALTERNATING\u00e2\u0080\u0094reciprocal, correlative, inter\u00c2\u00ac\\nchangeable, by turns, vice versa. (Monotonous,\\nunchanging, continual.)\\nAMBASSADOR\u00e2\u0080\u0094messenger, envoy, emissary, le\u00c2\u00ac\\ngate, nuncio, diplomatist, diplomate, representa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntive, vicegerent, plenipotentiary, minister, agent.\\n(Principal, government, sovereign, power.)\\nAMEND\u00e2\u0080\u0094improve, correct, better, meliorate, rec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntify, prune, repair, revise, remedy, reform. (Injure,\\nimpair, damage, harm, hurt, mar, mangle, blemish,\\ndeteriorate, ruin, spoil.)\\n.ANGER\u00e2\u0080\u0094resentment, animosity, wrath, indignation,\\npique, umbrage, huff, displeasure, dungeon, irrita\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, irascibility, choler, ire, hate. (Kindness,\\nbenignity, bonhomie good nature.)\\nAPPROPRIATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094assimilate, assume, possess one\u00c2\u00ac\\nself of, take, grab, clutch, collar, snap up, capture,\\nsteal. (Relinquish, give up, surrender, yield, re\u00c2\u00ac\\nsign, forego, renounce, abandon, discard, dismiss.)\\nARGUE\u00e2\u0080\u0094reason, discuss, debate, dispute, contend.\\n(Obscure, darken, mystify, mislead, misrepresent,\\nevade, sophisticate.)\\nARISE\u00e2\u0080\u0094rise, ascend, mount, climb, soar, spring,\\nemanate, proceed, issue. (Descend, fall, gravitate,\\ndrop, slide, settle, decline, sink, dismount, alight.)\\nARTFUL\u00e2\u0080\u0094cunning, crafty, skilful, wily, designing,\\npolitic, astute, knowing, tricky. (Artless, naive,\\nnatural, simple, plain, ingenuous, frank, sincere,\\nopen, candid, guileless, straightforward, direct.)\\nARTIFICE\u00e2\u0080\u0094contrivance, stratagem, trick, design,\\nplot, machination, chicanery, knavery, jugglery,\\nguile, jobbery. (Artlessness, candor, openness,\\nsimplicity, innocence, ingenuousness.)\\nASSOCIATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094partnership, fellowship, solidarity,\\nleague, alliance, combination, coalition, federa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, junto, cabal. (Opposition, antagonism, con\u00c2\u00ac\\nflict, counteraction, resistance, hinderance, count\u00c2\u00ac\\nerplot, detachment, individualism.)\\nATTACK\u00e2\u0080\u0094assault, charge, onset, onslaught, incur\u00c2\u00ac\\nsion, inroad, bombardment, cannonade. (Defence,\\nprotection, guard, ward, resistance, stand, repulse,\\nrebuff, retreat.)\\nAUDACITY\u00e2\u0080\u0094boldness, defiance, prowess, intre\u00c2\u00ac\\npidity, mettle, game, pluck, fortitude, rashness,\\ntemerity, presumption, foolhardiness, courage,\\nhardihood. (Cowardice, pusillanimity, timidity,\\nmeekness, poltroonery, fear, caution, calculation,\\ndiscretion, prudence.)\\nAUSTERE\u00e2\u0080\u0094severe, harsh, rigid, stern, rigorous,\\nuncompromising, inflexible, obdurate, exacting,\\nstraight-laced, unrelenting. (Lax, loose, slack,\\nremiss, weak, pliant, lenient, mild, indulgent,\\neasy-going, forbearing, forgiving.)\\nAVARICIOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094tight-fisted, griping, churlish, par\u00c2\u00ac\\nsimonious, stingy, penurious, miserly, niggardly,\\nclose, illiberal, ungenerous, covetous, greedy,\\nrapacious. (Prodigal, thriftless, improvident, ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ntravagant, lavish, dissipated, freehanded.)\\nAVERSION\u00e2\u0080\u0094antipathy, revulsion, repulsion, dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nlike, recoil, estrangement, alienation, repugnance,\\ndisgust, nausea. (Predilection, fancy, fascination,\\nallurement, attraction, magnet.)\\nAWE\u00e2\u0080\u0094dread, fear, reverence, prostration, admira\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, bewilderment. (Familiarty, indifference,\\nheedlessness, unconcern, contempt, mockery.)\\nAXIOM\u00e2\u0080\u0094maxim, aphorism, apophthegm, adage,\\nmotto, dictum theorem, truism, proverb, saw.\\n(Absurdity, paradox.)\\nBABBLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094splash, gurgle, bubble, purl, ripple, prat\u00c2\u00ac\\ntle, clack, gabble, clash, jabber, twaddle, prate,\\nchapter, blab. (Silence, hush.)\\nBAD\u00e2\u0080\u0094depraved, defiled, distorted, corrupt, evil,\\nwicked, wrong, sinful, morbid, foul, peccant, nox\u00c2\u00ac\\nious, pernicious, diseased, imperfect, tainted,\\ntouched. (Good, whole, sound, healthy, benefi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncial, salutary, prime, perfect, entire, untouched,\\nunblemished, intact, choice, worthy.)\\nBAFFLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094thwart, checkmate, defeat, disconcert,\\nconfound, block, outwit, traverse, contravene,\\nfrustrate, balk, foil. (Aid, assist, succor, further,\\nforward, expedite, sustain, second, reinforce.)\\nBASE\u00e2\u0080\u0094crude, undeveloped, low, villainous, mean,\\ndeteriorated, misbegotten, ill-contrived, ill-consti\u00c2\u00ac\\ntuted. (Noble, exalted, lofty, sublime, excellent,\\nelect, choice, aristocratic, exquisite, capital.)\\nBEAR\u00e2\u0080\u0094carry, hold, sustain, support, suffer, endure,\\nbeget, generate, produce, breed, hatch. (Lean,\\ndepend, hang, yield, sterile, unproductive.)\\nBEASTLY\u00e2\u0080\u0094bestial, animal, brutal, sensual, gross,\\ncarnal, lewd. (Human, humane, virtuous, moral,\\nethical, intellectual, thoughtful, spiritual.)\\nBEAT\u00e2\u0080\u0094strike, smite, thrash, thwack, thump, pum\u00c2\u00ac\\nmel, drub, leather, baste, belabor, birch, scourge,\\ndefeat, surpass, rout, overthrow. (Protect, de\u00c2\u00ac\\nfend, soothe.)\\nBEAUTIFUL\u00e2\u0080\u0094-fair, complete, symmetrical, hand\u00c2\u00ac\\nsome. (Ugly, repulsive, foul.)\\nBECOMING\u00e2\u0080\u0094suiting, accordant, fit, seemly. (Dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ncrepant, improper, in bad form.)\\nBEG\u00e2\u0080\u0094beseech, crave, entreat. (Offer, proffer.)\\nBEHAVIOR\u00e2\u0080\u0094carriage, deportment, conduct.\\nBENEFICENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094bountiful, generous, liberal. (Sor\u00c2\u00ac\\ndid, mercenary.)\\nBENEFIT\u00e2\u0080\u0094good, advantage, service. (Loss, detri\u00c2\u00ac\\nment, injury.)\\nBENEVOLENCE\u00e2\u0080\u0094well-wishing, charity. (Male\u00c2\u00ac\\nvolence, malice, hate.)\\nBLAME\u00e2\u0080\u0094censure, reproach. (Approve, honor.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0118.jp2"}, "119": {"fulltext": "SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS.\\n101\\nBLEMISH\u00e2\u0080\u0094flaw, stain, spot, imperfection, defect.\\n(Ornament, decoration, embellishment, adorn\u00c2\u00ac\\nment, finery, gilding.)\\nBLIND\u00e2\u0080\u0094dimsighted, ignorant, uninformed. (Sharp-\\nsighted, enlightened.)\\nBLOT\u00e2\u0080\u0094efface, cancel, expunge, erase. (Record.)\\nBOLD\u00e2\u0080\u0094brave, daring, fearless, intrepid, courageous.\\n(Cowardly, timid, shy, chicken-hearted.)\\nBORDER\u00e2\u0080\u0094margin, boundary, frontier, confine,\\nfringe,_ hem, selvedge, valance. (Inclosure, in\u00c2\u00ac\\nterior, inside.)\\nBOUND\u00e2\u0080\u0094circumscribe, limit, restrict, confine, en\u00c2\u00ac\\nclose also leap, jump, hop, spring, vault, skip.\\n(Enlarge, clear, deliver; also plunge, dip, sink.)\\nBRAVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094dare, defy. (Cave in, show the white\\nfeather.)\\nBREAK\u00e2\u0080\u0094bruise, crush, pound, squeeze, crack, snap,\\nsplinter. (Bind, hold together, knit, rivet.)\\nBREEZE\u00e2\u0080\u0094blow, zephyr. (Stillness, hush, calm.)\\nBRIGHT\u00e2\u0080\u0094shining, lustrous, radiant. (Dull, dim.)\\nBRITTLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094frangible, fragile, frail. (Tough.)\\nBURIAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094interment, sepulture, obsequies. (Exhu\u00c2\u00ac\\nmation, disinterment.)\\nBUSINESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094occupation, employment, pursuit, voca\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, calling, profession, craft, trade. (Leisure,\\nvacation, play.)\\nBUSTLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094stir, fuss, ado, flurry. (Quiet, stillness.)\\nCALAMITY misfortune, disaster, catastrophe.\\n(Good luck, prosperity.)\\nCALM\u00e2\u0080\u0094still, motionless, placid, serene, composed.\\n(Stormy, unsettled, restless, agitated, distracted.)\\nCAPABLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094competent,able,efficient. (Unqualified.)\\nCAPTIOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094censorious, cantankerous. (Concilia\u00c2\u00ac\\ntory, bland.)\\nCARE\u00e2\u0080\u0094solicitude, concern. (Negligence, careless\u00c2\u00ac\\nness, nonchalance.)\\nCARESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094fondle, love, pet. (Spurn, disdain.)\\nCARNAGE\u00e2\u0080\u0094butchery, gore, massacre, slaughter.\\nCAUSE\u00e2\u0080\u0094origin, source, ground, reason, motive\\nCENSURE\u00e2\u0080\u0094reprehend, chide. (Approve.)\\nCERTAIN\u00e2\u0080\u0094sure, infallible. (Doubtful, dubious.)\\nCESSATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094discontinuance, stoppage, rest, halt.\\n(Perseverance, persistence, continuance.)\\nCHANCE\u00e2\u0080\u0094accident, luck. (Intention, purpose.)\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0099CHANGE\u00e2\u0080\u0094exchange, bourse mart, emporium.\\nCHANGEABLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094mutable, variable, fickle. (Stead\u00c2\u00ac\\nfast, firm.)\\nCHARACTER\u00e2\u0080\u0094constitution, nature, disposition.\\nCHARM\u00e2\u0080\u0094fascination, enchantment, witchery, at\u00c2\u00ac\\ntraction. (Nuisance, mortification, bore, plague.)\\nCHASTITY\u00e2\u0080\u0094purity, virtue. (Concupiscence.)\\nCHEAP\u00e2\u0080\u0094inexpensive, worthless. (Dear, costly.)\\nCHEERFUL\u00e2\u0080\u0094blithe, lightsome, brisk, sprightly.\\n(Melancholy, sombre, morose, gloomy, sad.)\\nCHIEF\u00e2\u0080\u0094sachem, head, ruler. (Vassal, henchman.)\\nCIRCUMSTANCE\u00e2\u0080\u0094situation, predicament.\\nCLASS\u00e2\u0080\u0094division, category, department, order, kind,\\nsort, genus, species, variety.\\nCLEVER\u00e2\u0080\u0094adroit, dexterous, expert, deft, ready,\\nsmart. (Awkward, dull, shiftless, clumsy.)\\nCLOTHED\u00e2\u0080\u0094dressed, arrayed, apparelled. (Dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nrobed, stripped.)\\nCOARSE\u00e2\u0080\u0094crude, unrefined. (Refined, cultivated.)\\nCOAX\u00e2\u0080\u0094cajole, wheedle, fawn, lure, induce, entice.\\n(Dissuade, indispose, warn, admonish.)\\nCOLD\u00e2\u0080\u0094frigid, chill, inclement. (Hot, glowing.)\\nCOLOR\u00e2\u0080\u0094hue, tint, tinge, tincture, dye, shade, stain.\\n(Pallor, paleness, wanness, blankness, achroma\u00c2\u00ac\\ntism, discoloration.)\\nCOMBINATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094coalescence, fusion, faction, coali\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, league. (Dissolution, rupture, schism.)\\nCOMMAND\u00e2\u0080\u0094empire, rule. (Anarchy, license.)\\nCOMMODITY\u00e2\u0080\u0094goods, effects, merchandise, stock.\\nCOMMON\u00e2\u0080\u0094general, ordinary, mean, base. (Rare,\\nexceptional, unique.\\nCOMPASSION\u00e2\u0080\u0094pity, commiseration, sympathy.\\n(Cruelty, severity.)\\nCOMPEL\u00e2\u0080\u0094force, coerce, oblige, necessitate, make,\\nconstrain. (Let alone, tolerate.)\\nCOMPENSATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094amends, atonement, requital.\\n(Withholding.)\\nCOMPENDIUM\u00e2\u0080\u0094abstract, epitome, digest. (Am\u00c2\u00ac\\nplification, expansion.)\\nCOMPLAIN\u00e2\u0080\u0094lament, murmur, regret, repine, de\u00c2\u00ac\\nplore. (Rejoice, exult, boast, brag, chuckle.)\\nCOMPLY\u00e2\u0080\u0094consent, yield, acquiesce. (Refuse,\\ndeny, decline.)\\nCOMPOUND, a. \u00e2\u0080\u0094composite, complex, blended.\\n(Simple, elementary.)\\nCOMPREHEND\u00e2\u0080\u0094comprise, contain, embrace, in\u00c2\u00ac\\nclude, enclose, grasp. (Exclude, reject, mistake,\\neliminate, loss.)\\nCONCEAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094hide, secrete, cover, screen, shroud,\\nveil, disguise. (Publish, report, divulge\\nCONCEIVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094grasp, apprehend, devise, invent.\\n(Ignorant of.)\\nCONCLUSION\u00e2\u0080\u0094result, finding. (Undetermined.)\\nCONDEMN\u00e2\u0080\u0094convict, find guilty, sentence, doom.\\n(Acquit.)\\nCONDUCT, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094direct, manage, govern. (Follow,\\nobey, submit.)\\nCONFIRM\u00e2\u0080\u0094corroborate, ratify, endorse, support,\\nuphold. (Weaken, enfeeble, reduce.)\\nCONFLICT\u00e2\u0080\u0094contend, contest, wrestle, tussle, clash,\\nwrangle. (Harmonize, agree, fraternize, concur.)\\nCONFUTE\u00e2\u0080\u0094refute, disprove. (Demonstrate.)\\nCONQUER\u00e2\u0080\u0094defeat, vanquish, overcome. (Fail, be\\nbeaten, lose.)\\nCONSEQUENCE\u00e2\u0080\u0094effect, derivation, result, event,\\nissue. (Cause, origin, source, antecedent.)\\nCONSIDER\u00e2\u0080\u0094reflect, deliberate. (Forget, ignore.)\\nCONSISTENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094accordant, concordant, compatible,\\nconsonant, congruous, reconcilable, harmonious.\\n(Discordant, discrepant.)\\nCONSOLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094relieve, soothe, comfort. (Embitter.)\\nCONSTANCY\u00e2\u0080\u0094continuance, tenacity, stability.\\n(Irresolution, fickleness.)\\nCONTAMINATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094Pollute, stain, taint, tarnish,\\nblur, smudge, defile. (Cleanse, purify, purge.)", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0119.jp2"}, "120": {"fulltext": "102\\nSYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS.\\nCONTEMN\u00e2\u0080\u0094despise, disdain, scorn. (Esteem, ap-\\nprecite, admire.)\\nCONTEMPLATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094survey, scan, observe, intend.\\n(Disregard.)\\nCONTEMPTIBLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094despicable, paltry, shabby, beg\u00c2\u00ac\\ngarly, worthless, vile, cheap, trashy. (Estimable.)\\nCONTEND\u00e2\u0080\u0094fight, wrangle, vie. (Be at peace.)\\nCONTINUAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094perpetual, endless, ceaseless. (Mo\u00c2\u00ac\\nmentary, transient.)\\nCONTINUE\u00e2\u0080\u0094remain, persist, endure. (Desist,stay.)\\nCONTRADICT\u00e2\u0080\u0094deny, gainsay, oppose. (Affirm,\\nassert, declare.)\\nCORRECT\u00e2\u0080\u0094mend, rectify. (Impair, muddle.)\\nCOST\u00e2\u0080\u0094expense, charge, price, value.\\nCOVETOUSNESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094avarice, cupidity, extortion.\\n(Generosity, liberality.)\\nCOWARDICE poltroonery, faint heartedness.\\n(Courage, boldness, intrepidity.)\\nCRIME\u00e2\u0080\u0094offence, trespass, misdemeanor, felony,\\ntransgression. (Innocence, guiltlessness.)\\nCRIMINAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094culprit, felon, convict. (Paragon.)\\nCROOKED\u00e2\u0080\u0094twisted, distorted, bent, awry, wry,\\naskew, deformed. (Straight, upright.)\\nCRUEL\u00e2\u0080\u0094brutal, ferocious, barbarous, blood-thirsty,\\nfiendish. (Kind, benignant, benevolent.)\\nCULTIVATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094tillage, culture. (Waste.)\\nCURSORY\u00e2\u0080\u0094fugitive, hurried, perfunctory. (Per\u00c2\u00ac\\nmanent, thorough.)\\nCUSTOM\u00e2\u0080\u0094habit, wont, usage, fashion, practice.\\nDANGER\u00e2\u0080\u0094peril, hazard, jeopardy. (.Safety\\nDARK\u00e2\u0080\u0094obscure, sombrous, opaque, unintelligible.\\n(Light, luminous, shining, clear, lucid.)\\nDEADLY\u00e2\u0080\u0094mortal, fatal, destructive, lethal.\\nDEAR\u00e2\u0080\u0094costly, precious, high-priced, beloved, dar\u00c2\u00ac\\nling, pet, favorite. (Cheap, disliked, despised.)\\nDEATH\u00e2\u0080\u0094decease, demise, dissolution. (Birth, life.)\\nDECAY, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094decline, consumption, atrophy. (De\u00c2\u00ac\\nvelopment, growth.)\\nDECEIVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094cheat, defraud, cozen, overreach, gull,\\ndupe, swindle, victimize. (Truthfulness.)\\nDECEIT, n .\u00e2\u0080\u0094imposition, fraud, deception. (Vera\u00c2\u00ac\\ncity, honesty.)\\nDECIDE\u00e2\u0080\u0094determine, resolve, conclude, settle, ad\u00c2\u00ac\\njudicate, arbitrate, terminate. (Hesitate, dilly\u00c2\u00ac\\ndally, shuffle.)\\nDECIPHER\u00e2\u0080\u0094interpret, explain, construe, unravel.\\n(Mistake, confound.)\\nDECISION\u00e2\u0080\u0094determination, conclusion, firmness.\\n(Wavering, hesitancy.)\\nDECLAMATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094harangue, oration, recitation,\\ntirade, speech.\\nDECLARATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094affirmation, assertion. (Denial.)\\nDECREASE\u00e2\u0080\u0094diminish, lessen, reduce, wane, de\u00c2\u00ac\\ncline. (Increase, grow, enlarge.)\\nDEDICATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094consecrate, devote, offer, apportion.\\nDEED\u00e2\u0080\u0094act, transaction, exploit, document.\\nDEEM\u00e2\u0080\u0094judge, estimate, consider, esteem, suppose.\\nDEEP\u00e2\u0080\u0094profound, abtruse, hidden, extraordinarily\\nwise. (Shallow, superficial.)\\nDEFACE\u00e2\u0080\u0094mar, spoil, injure, disfigure. (Beautify.)\\nDEFAULT\u00e2\u0080\u0094shortcoming, deficiency, defect, im\u00c2\u00ac\\nperfection. (Sufficiency, satisfaction.)\\nDEFENCE\u00e2\u0080\u0094fortification, bulwark, vindication, jus\u00c2\u00ac\\ntification, apology.\\nDEFEND\u00e2\u0080\u0094shield, vindicate. (Assault, accuse.)\\nDEFICIENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094incomplete, lacking. (Entire, per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfect, whole.)\\nDEFILE\u00e2\u0080\u0094soil, smutch, besmear, begrime.\\nDEFINE\u00e2\u0080\u0094limit, bound. (Enlarge, expand.)\\nDEFRAY\u00e2\u0080\u0094pay, settle, liquidate, satisfy, clear.\\nDEGREE\u00e2\u0080\u0094grade, extent, measure, ratio, standard.\\nDELIBERATE, a. \u00e2\u0080\u0094circumspect, wary, cautious.\\n(Heedless, thoughtless.)\\nDELICACY\u00e2\u0080\u0094nicety, dainty, tit-bit, taste, refine\u00c2\u00ac\\nment, modesty. (Grossness, coarseness, vulgarity,\\nindecorum.)\\nDELICATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094dainty, refined. (Coarse, beastly.)\\nDELICIOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094savory, palatable, luscious, charm\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, delightful. (Offensive, nasty, odious, shock\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, nauseous.)\\nDELIGHT\u00e2\u0080\u0094gratification, felicity. (Mortification,\\nvexation.)\\nDELIVER\u00e2\u0080\u0094transfer, consign, utter, liberate, de\u00c2\u00ac\\nclare. (Keep, retain, restrain, check, bridle.)\\nDEMONSTRATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094prove,show, manifest. (Mystify,\\nobscure.)\\nDEPART\u00e2\u0080\u0094quit, vacate, retire, withdraw, remove.\\nDEPRIVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094strip, bereave, despoil. (Invest, equip.)\\nDEPUTE\u00e2\u0080\u0094commission, delegate, accredit, entrust.\\nDERISION\u00e2\u0080\u0094ridicule, scoffing, mockery, raillery,\\nchaff, badinage. (Awe, dread, reverence.)\\nDERIVATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094origin, source, spring, emanation,\\netymology.\\nDESCRIBE\u00e2\u0080\u0094delineate, portray, style, specify,\\ncharacterize.\\nDESECRATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094profane, blaspheme, revile. (Con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsecrate, sanctify.)\\nDESERVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094merit, be entitled to, earn, justify.\\nDESIGN, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094delineation, illustration, sketch, plan,\\ndrawing, portraiture, draught, projection, scheme\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nproposal, outline.\\nDESIRABLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094eligible, suitable, acceptable. (Unfit,\\nobjectionable.)\\nDESIRE, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094wish, longing, hankering, appetite.\\nDESOLATE, a. \u00e2\u0080\u0094lonely, solitary, bereaved, forlorn,\\nforsaken, deserted, bleak, dreary. (Befriended\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nsocial, festive.)\\nDESPERATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094frenzied, frantic, furious. (Calm\\ncomposed, moderate.)\\nDESTINY\u00e2\u0080\u0094fatality, doom, predestination, decree,\\nfate. (Casualty, accident, contingency, chance.)\\nDESTRUCTIVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094mischievous, disastrous, deleteri-\\n(Creative, beneficial.)\\nDESUETUDE\u00e2\u0080\u0094disuse, discontinuance. (Use, habit\\npractice.)\\nDESULTORY\u00e2\u0080\u0094immethodical, disconnected, ramb\u00c2\u00ac\\nling, discontinuous, interrupted, fitful,\u00e2\u0080\u0099 inter\u00c2\u00ac\\nmittent. (Continuous, consecutive, constant.\\nDETAIL, n.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 particular, item, count, specialtv\\nindividuality.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0120.jp2"}, "121": {"fulltext": "SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS.\\n103\\nDETAIL, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094particularize, enumerate, specify.\\n(Generalize.)\\nDETER\u00e2\u0080\u0094discourage, dissuade. (Encourage, incite.)\\nDETRIMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094damage, loss. (Benefit, improve\u00c2\u00ac\\nment, betterment.)\\nDEVELOP- unfold, expand, increase. (Extirpate.)\\nDEVOID\u00e2\u0080\u0094wanting, destitute, bereft, denuded, bare,\\nemptied, void. (Provided, supplied, furnished.)\\nDEVOTED\u00e2\u0080\u0094destined, consecrated, sworn to.\\nDICTATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094enjoin, order, prescribe, mark out.\\nDICTATORIAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094authoritative, imperative, over\u00c2\u00ac\\nbearing, imperious, arbitrary, domineering.\\nDIE\u00e2\u0080\u0094expire, perish, depart this life, cease.\\nDIET\u00e2\u0080\u0094food, victuals, nourishment, aliment, board,\\nsustenance, fare, viands, meal, repast, menu.\\nDIFFER\u00e2\u0080\u0094vary, diverge, disagree, bicker, nag,\\nsplit. (Accord, harmonize.)\\nDIFFERENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094various, diverse, unlike. (Identical.)\\nDIFFICULT\u00e2\u0080\u0094hard, tough, laborious, arduous, for\u00c2\u00ac\\nmidable. (Easy, facile, manageable, pliant.)\\nDIFFUSE\u00e2\u0080\u0094discursive, digressive, diluted. (Con\u00c2\u00ac\\ndensed, concise, terse.)\\nDIGNIFY\u00e2\u0080\u0094elevate, exalt, ennoble, honor, advance,\\npromote. (Degrade, disgrace, demean, vulgarize.)\\nDILATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094widen, extend, enlarge, expand, descant,\\nexpatiate. (Contract, narrow, compress, reduce.)\\nDILATORY\u00e2\u0080\u0094slow, tardy, slow-paced, procrastina\u00c2\u00ac\\nting, lagging, dawdling. (Prompt, peremptory,\\nquick, instant.)\\nDILIGENCE\u00e2\u0080\u0094zeal, ardor, assiduity. (Indolence.)\\nDIMINISH\u00e2\u0080\u0094lessen, reduce, curtail, retrench, bate,\\nabate, shorten, contract. (Increase, augment,\\naggrandize, enlarge.)\\nDISABILITY\u00e2\u0080\u0094incapacity, unfitness. (Power.)\\nDISCERN\u00e2\u0080\u0094descry, perceive, distinguish, espy, scan,\\nrecognize, understand, discriminate. (Ignore.)\\nDISCIPLINE\u00e2\u0080\u0094order, training, drill, schooling.)\\n(Laxity, disorder, confusion, anarchy.)\\nDISCOVER\u00e2\u0080\u0094detect, find, unveil, reveal, open, ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npose, publish, disclose. (Cover, conceal, hide.)\\nDISCREDITABLE disreputable, reprehensible,\\nblameworthy, shameful, scandalous, flagrant.\\n(Exemplary, laudable, commendable.)\\nDISCREET\u00e2\u0080\u0094prudent, politic, cautious, wary,\\nguarded, judicious. (Reckless, heedless, rash,\\nunadvised, foolhardy, precipitate.)\\nDISCREPANCY\u00e2\u0080\u0094disagreement, discordance, incon\u00c2\u00ac\\ngruity, disparity, unfitness, clash, jar. (Concord,\\nunison, harmony, congruity.)\\nDISCRIMINATION distinction, differentiation,\\ndiscernment, appreciation, acuteness, judgment,\\ntact, nicety. (Confusion.)\\nDISEASE\u00e2\u0080\u0094illness, sickness, ailment, indisposition,\\ncomplaint, malady, disorder. (Health, sanity,\\nsoundness, robustness.)\\nDISGRACE, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094stigma, reproach, brand, dishonor,\\nshame, scandal, odium, infamy. (Honor.)\\nDISGUST\u00e2\u0080\u0094distate, loathing, nausea, aversion, re\u00c2\u00ac\\nvulsion, abhorrence. (Predilection, partiality, in\u00c2\u00ac\\nclination, bias.)\\nDISHONEST\u00e2\u0080\u0094fraudulent, unfair, tricky, unjust.\\n(Straightforward, open, sincere, honest, fair, right,\\njust impartial.)\\nDISMAY, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094alarm, startle, scare, frighten, affright,\\nterrify, astound, appal, daunt. (Assure, cheer.)\\nDISMAY, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094terror, dread, fear, fright. (Courage.)\\nDISMISS\u00e2\u0080\u0094send off, discharge, disband. (Instal,\\nretain, keep.)\\nDISPEL\u00e2\u0080\u0094scatter, disperse, dissipate, drive off,\\nchase. (Collect, rally, summon, gather.)\\nDISPLAY, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094exhibit, show, parade. (Conceal.)\\nDISPOSE\u00e2\u0080\u0094arrange, place, order, marshal, rank,\\ngroup, assort, distribute, co-ordinate, collocate.\\n(Derange, embroil, jumble, muddle, huddle.)\\nDISPUTE, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094discuss, debate, wrangle, controvert,\\ncontend. (Homologate, acquiesce in, assent to.)\\nDISPUTE, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094argument, controversy, contention,\\npolemic. (Homologation, acquiesence.)\\nDISTINCT\u00e2\u0080\u0094separate, detached. (Joined, involved.)\\nDISTINGUISH\u00e2\u0080\u0094perceive, separate. (Confound.)\\nDISTINGUISHED\u00e2\u0080\u0094famous, noted, marked, emi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnent, celebrated, illustrious. (Obscure, mean.)\\nDISTRACT\u00e2\u0080\u0094divert, disconcert, perplex, bewilder,\\nfluster, dazzle. (Observe, study, note, mark.)\\nDISTRIBUTE\u00e2\u0080\u0094disperse, disseminate, dispense, re\u00c2\u00ac\\ntail, apportion, consign, dole out. (Accumulate.)\\nDISTURB\u00e2\u0080\u0094derange, displace, unsettle, trouble, vex,\\nworry, annoy. (Compose, pacify, quiet, soothe.)\\nDIVIDE\u00e2\u0080\u0094disjoin, part, separate, sunder, sever,\\ncleave, split, rend, partition, distribute. (Con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstitute, unite.)\\nDIVINE, a. \u00e2\u0080\u0094God-like, holy, heavenly. (Devilish.)\\nDIVINE, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094clergyman, churchman, priest, pastor,\\nshepherd, parson, minister. (Layman.)\\nDO\u00e2\u0080\u0094effect, make, accomplish, transact, act.\\nDOCILE\u00e2\u0080\u0094teachable, willing. (Refractory, stub\u00c2\u00ac\\nborn, obstinate.)\\nDOCTRINE\u00e2\u0080\u0094teaching, lore, tenet, dogma, articles\\nof faith, creed. (Ignorance, superstition.)\\nDOLEFUL\u00e2\u0080\u0094woeful, dismal. (Joyous, merry.)\\nDOOM, n y \u00e2\u0080\u0094sentence, fate, lot, destiny, decree.\\nDOUBT\u00e2\u0080\u0094uncertainty, skepticism, hesitation. (Cer\u00c2\u00ac\\ntainty, faith.)\\nDRAW\u00e2\u0080\u0094pull, attract, inhale, sketch, delineate.\\nDREAD, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094fear, horror, alarm, terror, dismay,\\napprehension. (Confidence, fearlessness.)\\nDREADFUL\u00e2\u0080\u0094fearful, alarming, formidable, por\u00c2\u00bb\\ntentous, direful, terrible, horrid, awful. (Mild,\\nwinsome, gentle.)\\nDRESS, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094clothing, raiment, attire, apparel,\\nclothes, trousseau. (Nudity, nakedness.)\\nDRIFT\u00e2\u0080\u0094tendency, direction, course, bearing, tenor.\\nDROLL\u00e2\u0080\u0094funny, laughable, grotesque, farcical, odd.\\n(Dull, serious, solemn, grave.)\\nDRY, a. \u00e2\u0080\u0094arid, parched, bald, flat, dull. (Aqueous,\\ngreen, fresh, juicy, interesting.)\\nDUE\u00e2\u0080\u0094owing, indebted, just, fair, proper.\\nDULL\u00e2\u0080\u0094heavy, sad, commonplace, gloomy, stupid.\\n(Bright, gay, brilliant.)", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0121.jp2"}, "122": {"fulltext": "104\\nSYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS.\\nDUNCE\u00e2\u0080\u0094blockhead, ignoramus, simpleton, donkey,\\nninny, dolt, booby, goose, dullard, numskull, dun-\\nderpate, clodhopper. (Sage, genius, man of\\ntalent, wit.)\\nDURABLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094abiding, lasting. (Evanescent.)\\nDWELL\u00e2\u0080\u0094stay, abide, sojourn, remain, tarry, stop.\\n(Shift, wander, remove, tramp.)\\nDWINDLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094pine, waste, shrink, shrivel, diminish.\\nEAGER\u00e2\u0080\u0094keen, desirous, craving, ardent, impatient,\\nintent, impetuous. (Loth, reluctant.)\\nEARN\u00e2\u0080\u0094gain, win, acquire. (Lose, miss, forfeit.)\\nEARNEST, a serious, resolved. (Trifling, giddy,\\nirresolute, fickle.)\\nEARNEST, n pledge, gage, deposit, caution.\\nEASE, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094content, rest, satisfaction, comfort, re\u00c2\u00ac\\npose. (Worry, bother, friction, agitation, turmoil.)\\nEASE, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094calm, console, appease, assuage, allay,\\nmitigate. (Worry, fret, alarm, gall, harass.)\\nEASY\u00e2\u0080\u0094light, comfortable, unconstrained. (Hard,\\ndifficult, embarrassed, constrained.)\\nECCENTRIC\u00e2\u0080\u0094wandering, irregular, peculiar, odd,\\nunwonted, extraordinary, queer, nondescript.\\n(Orderly, customary.)\\nECONOMICAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094frugal, thrifty, provident. (Squan\u00c2\u00ac\\ndering, wasteful.)\\nEDGE\u00e2\u0080\u0094verge, brink, brim, rim, skirt, hem.\\nEFFECT, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094produce, bring about, execute.\\nEFFECTIVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094efficient, operative, powerful, effi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncacious, competent. (Impotent, incapable, in\u00c2\u00ac\\ncompetent, inefficient.)\\nEFFICACY\u00e2\u0080\u0094efficiency, virtue, competence, agency,\\ni nstrumentality.\\nELIMINATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094expel, weed, thin, decimate, exclude,\\nbar, reject, repudiate, winnow, eject, cast out.\\n(Include, comprehend, incorporate, embrace.)\\nELOQUENCE\u00e2\u0080\u0094oratory, rhetoric, declamation, fa-\\ncundity, grandiloquence, fluency. (Mumbling,\\nstammering.)\\nELUCIDATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094clear up, unfold, simplify, explain,\\ndecipher, unravel, disentangle. (Darken, obscure.)\\nELUDE\u00e2\u0080\u0094escape, avoid, shun, slip, disappear, shirk.\\nEMBARRASS\u00e2\u0080\u0094perplex, entangle, involve, impede.\\n(Relieve, unravel.)\\nEMBELLISH\u00e2\u0080\u0094adorn, decorate, beautify. (Tar\u00c2\u00ac\\nnish, disfigure.)\\nEMBOLDEN\u00e2\u0080\u0094animate, encourage, cheer, instigate,\\nimpel, urge, stimulate. (Discourage, dispirit,\\ndampen, depress.)\\nEMINENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094exalted, lofty, prominent, renowned,\\ndistinguished, famous, glorious, illustrious. (Base,\\nobscure, low, unknown.)\\nEMIT\u00e2\u0080\u0094send out, despatch, spirt, publish, promul\u00c2\u00ac\\ngate, edit. (Reserve, conceal, hide.)\\nEMOTION\u00e2\u0080\u0094feeling, sensation, pathos, nerve, ardor,\\nagitation, excitement. (Apathy, frigidity, phlegm,\\nnonchalance\\nEMPLOY\u00e2\u0080\u0094occupy, engage, utilize, exercise, turn\\nto account, exploit, make use of.\\nENCOMPASS\u00e2\u0080\u0094encircle, surround, gird, beset.\\nENCOUNTER, v .\u00e2\u0080\u0094meet, run against, clash.\\nENCOUNTER, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094attack, conflict, assault, onset,\\nengagement.\\nEND, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094object, aim, result, purpose, conclusion,\\nupshot, termination. (Beginning, motive.)\\nENDEAVOR, z/.\u00e2\u0080\u0094attempt, try, essay, strive.\\nENDURANCE\u00e2\u0080\u0094stay, stability, stamina, fortitude.\\nENDURE\u00e2\u0080\u0094sustain, bear, brook, undergo.\\nENEMY\u00e2\u0080\u0094foe, antagonist, adversary, opponent.\\n(Friend, ally.)\\nENERGETIC\u00e2\u0080\u0094active, vigorous, sinewy, nervous,\\nforcible. (Lazy, languid, inert, flabby, flaccid,\\nslack, effete.)\\nENGAGE\u00e2\u0080\u0094occupy, busy, entice, captivate.\\nENGROSS\u00e2\u0080\u0094monopolize, absorb, take up.\\nENGULF\u00e2\u0080\u0094swallow up, drown, submerge, bury.\\nENJOIN\u00e2\u0080\u0094order, command, decree, ordain, direct,\\nappoint, prescribe, bind, impose, stipulate.\\nENJOYMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094pleasure, relish, zest. (Privation,\\ngrief, misery.)\\nENLARGE\u00e2\u0080\u0094expand, widen, augment, broaden, in\u00c2\u00ac\\ncrease, extend. (Diminish, narrow, straighten.)\\nENLIGHTEN\u00e2\u0080\u0094illumine, instruct. (Darken, be\u00c2\u00ac\\nfog, mystify.)\\nENLIVEN\u00e2\u0080\u0094cheer, animate, exhilarate, brighten,\\nincite, inspire. (Sadden, deaden, mortify.)\\nENMITY\u00e2\u0080\u0094hostility, hatred, antipathy, aversion,\\ndetestation. (Love, fondness, predilection.)\\nENORMOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094huge, immense, vast, stupendous,\\nmonstrous, gigantic, colossal, elephantine. (Tiny,\\nlittle, minute, puny, petty, diminutive, infinites\u00c2\u00ac\\nimal, dwarfish.)\\nENOUGH\u00e2\u0080\u0094sufficient, adequate. (Short, scrimp,\\ninsufficient.)\\nENRAGED\u00e2\u0080\u0094infuriated, wrathful, wroth, rabid, mad,\\nraging. (Pacified, calmed, lulled, assuaged\\nENRAPTURE\u00e2\u0080\u0094captivate, fascinate, enchant, be\u00c2\u00ac\\nwitch, ravish, transport, entrance. (Irritate, gall,\\nshock, repel.)\\nENROLL\u00e2\u0080\u0094enlist, register, enter, record.\\nENTERPRISE\u00e2\u0080\u0094undertaking, endeavor, adven\u00c2\u00ac\\nture, pursuit.\\nENTHUSIASM\u00e2\u0080\u0094ardor, zeal, glow, unction, fervor.\\n(Coolness, indifference, apathy, nonchalance\\nENTHUSIAST\u00e2\u0080\u0094visionary, fanatic, devotee, zealot.\\nEQUAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094even, level, co-ordinate, balanced, alike,\\nequable, equitable. (Unequal, disproportionate.)\\nERADICATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094root out, extirpate. (Cherish.)\\nERRONEOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094fallacious, inaccurate, incorrect,\\nuntrue, false, inexact. (Accurate, just, right.)\\nERROR\u00e2\u0080\u0094mistake, blunder, slip, delusion, fallacy,\\ndeception. (Truth, fact, verity, gospel, veracity.)\\nESPECIALLY\u00e2\u0080\u0094chiefly, particularly, peculiarly.\\nESSAY\u00e2\u0080\u0094endeavor, experiment, trial, attempt, ven\u00c2\u00ac\\nture, dissertation, treatise, disquisition, tract.\\nESTABLISH\u00e2\u0080\u0094settle, fix, set, plant, pitch, lay down,\\nconfirm, authenticate, substantiate, verify.\\nESTEEM, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094value, appreciation, honor, regard.\\n(Contempt, depreciation, disparagement.)\\nESTIMATE, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094value, assess, rate, appraise, gauge.\\nETERNAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094everlasting, perpetual, endless, immor\u00c2\u00ac\\ntal, infinite. (Finite, transitory, temporary.)", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0122.jp2"}, "123": {"fulltext": "SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS.\\n10$\\nEVADE\u00e2\u0080\u0094avoid, shun, elude, dodge, parry.\\nEVEN\u00e2\u0080\u0094plain, flat, level, smooth. (Uneven, rough,\\nindented, protuberant.)\\nEVENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094occurrence, incident, affair, transaction,\\ncontingency.\\nEVIU\u00e2\u0080\u0094ill, harm, mischief, disaster, bane, calamity,\\ncatastrophe. (Good, benefit, advantage, boon.)\\nEXACT, a. \u00e2\u0080\u0094precise, literal, particular, correct.\\nEXAMINATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094investigation, inquiry, search,\\nresearch, scrutiny, exploration, test, sitting, trial.\\nEXCEED\u00e2\u0080\u0094excel, outdo, transcend, surpass.\\nEXCEPTIONAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094uncommon, unusual, rare, extra\u00c2\u00ac\\nordinary. (General, ordinary, regular, normal.)\\nEXCITE\u00e2\u0080\u0094urge, rouse, stir, awaken. (Assuage,\\ncalm, still, tranquilize.)\\nEXCURSION\u00e2\u0080\u0094tour, trip, expedition, ramble.\\nEXEMPT\u00e2\u0080\u0094free, absolved, cleared, discharged.\\n(Implicated, included, bound, obliged.)\\nEXERCISE, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094operation, practice, office, action^\\nperformance. (Stagnation, rest, stoppage.)\\nEXHAUSTIVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094complete, thorough, out-and-out.\\nEXIGENCY\u00e2\u0080\u0094predicament, emergency, crisis, push,\\npass, turning point, conjecture.\\nEXPRESS, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094utter, tell, declare, signify.\\nEXTRAVAGANT excessive, prodigal, profuse,\\nwasteful, lavish, thriftless. (Penurious, stingy.)\\nFABLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094parable, tale, myth, romance. (Truth,\\nfact, history, event, deed.)\\nFACE\u00e2\u0080\u0094aspect, visage, countenance.\\nFACETIOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094pleasant, j ocular. (Serious.)\\nFACTOR\u00e2\u0080\u0094manager, agent, officer.\\nFAIL\u00e2\u0080\u0094fall short, be deficient. (Accomplish.)\\nFAINT\u00e2\u0080\u0094feeble, languid. (Forcible.)\\nFAIR\u00e2\u0080\u0094clear. (Stormy.)\\nFAIR\u00e2\u0080\u0094equitable, honest, reasonable. (Unfair.)\\nFAITH\u00e2\u0080\u0094creed. (Unbelief, infidelity.)\\nFAITHFUL\u00e2\u0080\u0094true, loyal, constant. (Faithless.)\\nFAITHLESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094perfidious, treacherous. (Faithful.)\\nFALL\u00e2\u0080\u0094drop, droop, sink, tumble. (Rise.)\\nFAME\u00e2\u0080\u0094renown, reputation.\\nFAMOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094celebrated, renowned. (Obscure.)\\nFANCIFUL\u00e2\u0080\u0094capricious, fantastical, whimsical.\\nFAN C Y\u00e2\u0080\u0094imagination.\\nFAST\u00e2\u0080\u0094rapid, quick, fleet, expeditious. (Slow.)\\nFATIGUE\u00e2\u0080\u0094weariness, lassitude. (Vigor.)\\nFEAR\u00e2\u0080\u0094timidity, timorousness. (Bravery.)\\nFEELING\u00e2\u0080\u0094sensation, sense.\\nFEELING\u00e2\u0080\u0094sensibility. (Insensibility.)\\nFEROCIOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094fierce, savage, wild. (Mild.)\\nFERTILE\u00e2\u0080\u0094fruitful, prolific, plenteous. (Sterile.)\\nFICTION\u00e2\u0080\u0094falsehood, fabrication. (Fact.)\\nFIGURE\u00e2\u0080\u0094allegory, emblem, metaphor, symbol,\\npicture, type.\\nFIND\u00e2\u0080\u0094descry, discover, espy. (Lose, overlook.)\\nFINE, a. \u00e2\u0080\u0094delicate, nice. (Coarse.)\\nFINE, n\u00e2\u0080\u0094 forfeit, forfeiture, mulct, penalty.\\nFIRE\u00e2\u0080\u0094glow, heat, warmth.\\nFIRM\u00e2\u0080\u0094constant, solid, steadfast, fixed. (Weak.)\\nFIRST\u00e2\u0080\u0094foremost, chief, earliest. (Last.)\\nPTT\u00e2\u0080\u0094accommodate, adapt, adjust, suit.\\nFIX\u00e2\u0080\u0094determine, establish, settle, limit.\\nFLAME\u00e2\u0080\u0094blaze, flare, flash, glare.\\nFLAT\u00e2\u0080\u0094level, even.\\nFLEXIBLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094pliant, pliable, ductile. (Inflexible.)\\nFLOURISH\u00e2\u0080\u0094prosper, thrive. (Decay.)\\nFLUCTUATING\u00e2\u0080\u0094wavering, hesitating, oscillating,,\\nvacillating, change. (Firm, steadfast, decided.)\\nFLUENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094flowing, glib, voluble, unembarrassed,\\nready. (Hesitating.)\\nFOLKS\u00e2\u0080\u0094persons, people, individuals.\\nFOLLOW\u00e2\u0080\u0094succeed, ensue, imitate, copy, pursue.\\nFOLLOWER\u00e2\u0080\u0094partisan, disciple, adherent, retainer,\\npursuer, successor.\\nFOLLY\u00e2\u0080\u0094silliness, foolishness, imbecility, weak\u00c2\u00ac\\nness. (Wisdom.)\\nFOND\u00e2\u0080\u0094enamored, attached, affectionate. (Distant.}\\nFONDNESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094affection, attachment, kindness, love.\\n(Aversion.)\\nFOOLHARDY\u00e2\u0080\u0094venturesome, incautious, hasty, ad\u00c2\u00ac\\nventurous, rash. (Cautious.)\\nFOOLISH\u00e2\u0080\u0094simple, silly, irrational, brainless, im\u00c2\u00ac\\nbecile, crazy, absurd, preposterous, ridiculous,\\nnonsensical. (Wise, discreet.)\\nFOP\u00e2\u0080\u0094dandy, dude, beau, coxcomb, puppy, jacka\u00c2\u00ac\\nnapes. (Gentlemen.)\\nFORBEAR\u00e2\u0080\u0094abstain, refrain, withhold.\\nFORCE, n strength, vigor, dint, might, energy,\\npower, violence, army, host.\\nFORCE, v compel. (Persuade.)\\nFORECAST\u00e2\u0080\u0094forethought, foresight, premeditation,\\nprognostication.\\nFOREGO\u00e2\u0080\u0094quit, relinquish, let go, waive.\\nFOREGOING\u00e2\u0080\u0094antecedent, anterior, preceding, pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nvious, prior, former.\\nFORERUNNER\u00e2\u0080\u0094herald, harbinger, precursor.\\nFORESIGHT\u00e2\u0080\u0094forethought, forecast, premeditation.\\nFORGE\u00e2\u0080\u0094coin, invent, frame, feign, fabricate.\\nFORGIVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094pardon, remit, absolve, acquit, excuse.\\nFORLORN\u00e2\u0080\u0094forsaken, abandoned, deserted, deso\u00c2\u00ac\\nlate, lone, lonesome.\\nFORM, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094ceremony, solemnity, observance, rite,\\nfigure, shape, conformation, fashion, appearance,\\nrepresentation, semblance.\\nFORM, v .\u00e2\u0080\u0094make, create, produce, constitute, ar\u00c2\u00ac\\nrange, fashion, mould, shape.\\nFORMAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094ceremonious, precise, exact, stiff, me\u00c2\u00ac\\nthodical, affected. (Informal, natural.)\\nFORMER\u00e2\u0080\u0094antecedent, anterior, previous, prior,\\npreceding, foregoing.\\nFORSAKEN\u00e2\u0080\u0094abandoned, forlorn, deserted, deso\u00c2\u00ac\\nlate, lone, lonesome.\\nFORTHWITH\u00e2\u0080\u0094immediately, directly, instantly,\\ninstantaneously. (Anon.)\\nFORTITUDE\u00e2\u0080\u0094endurance, resolution, fearlessness,\\ndauntlessness. (Weakness.)\\nFORTUNATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094lucky, happy, auspicious, successful,\\nprosperous. (Unfortunate.)", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0123.jp2"}, "124": {"fulltext": "106\\nSYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS.\\nFORTUNE\u00e2\u0080\u0094chance, fate, luck, doom, possession,\\ndestiny, property, riches.\\nFOSTER\u00e2\u0080\u0094cherish, nurse, tend, harbor. (Neglect.)\\nFOUL\u00e2\u0080\u0094impure, nasty, filthy, dirty, unclean, defiled.\\n(Pure, clean.)\\nFRACTIOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094cross, captious, petulent, splenetic,\\ntouchy, testy, peevish, fretful. (Tractable.)\\nFRAGILE\u00e2\u0080\u0094brittle, frail, delicate, feeble. (Strong.)\\nFRAGMENTS\u00e2\u0080\u0094pieces, scraps, leavings, remnants,\\nchips, remains.\\nFRAILTY\u00e2\u0080\u0094weakness, failing, foible, imperfection,\\nfault, blemish. (Strength.)\\nFRAME, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094construct, invent, coin, fabricate, feign,\\nforge, mold, make, compose.\\nFRANCHISE\u00e2\u0080\u0094right, exemption, immunity, privi\u00c2\u00ac\\nlege, freedom, suffrage.\\nFRANK\u00e2\u0080\u0094artless, candid, sincere, free, easy, open,\\nfamiliar, ingenious, plain. (Tricky, insincere.)\\nFRANTIC distracted, furious, raving, frenzied,\\nmad. (Quiet, subdued.)\\nFRAUD\u00e2\u0080\u0094deceit, deception, duplicity, guile, cheat,\\nimposition. (Honesty.)\\nFREAK\u00e2\u0080\u0094fancy, humor, vagary, whim, caprice,\\ncrochet. (Purpose, resolution.)\\nFREE, a. \u00e2\u0080\u0094liberal, generous, bountiful, bounteous,\\nmunificent, frank, artless, candid, familiar, open,\\nindependent, unconfined, unreserved, unrestricted,\\nexempt, clear, loose, easy, careless. (Slavish,\\nstingy, artful, costly.)\\nFREE, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094release, set free, deliver, rescue, liberate,\\nenfranchise, affranchise, emancipate, exempt.\\n(Enslave, bind.)\\nFREEDOM liberty, independence, unrestraint,\\nfamiliarity, franchise, exemption. (Slavery.)\\nFREQUENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094often, common, general. (Rare.)\\nFRET\u00e2\u0080\u0094gall, chafe, agitate, irritate, vex.\\nFRIENDLY\u00e2\u0080\u0094amicable, social, sociable. (Distant,\\nreserved, cool.)\\nFRIGHTFUL\u00e2\u0080\u0094fearful, dreadful, dire, direful, awful,\\nterrific, horrible, horrid.\\nFRIVOLOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094trifling, trivial, petty. (Serious.)\\nFRUGAL-\u00e2\u0080\u0094provident, economical, saving. (Waste\u00c2\u00ac\\nful, extravagant.)\\nFRUITFUL\u00e2\u0080\u0094fertile, prolific, productive, abundant,\\nplentiful, plenteous. (Barren, sterile.)\\nFRUITLESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094vain, useless, idle, bootless, unavail\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, without avail.\\nFRUSTRATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094defeat, foil, balk, disappoint.\\nFULFILL\u00e2\u0080\u0094accomplish, effect, complete.\\nFULLY\u00e2\u0080\u0094completely, abundantly, perfectly.\\nFULSOME coarse, gross, sickening, offensive,\\nrank. (Moderate.)\\nFURIOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094violent, boisterous, vehement, dashing,\\nsweeping, rolling, impetuous, frantic, distracted,\\nstormy, angry, raging, fierce. (Calm.)\\nFUTILE\u00e2\u0080\u0094trifling, trivial, frivolus. (Effective.)\\nGAIN, n \u00e2\u0080\u0094profit, emolument, advantage, benefit,\\nwinnings, earnings. (Loss.)\\nGAIN, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094get, acquire, obtain, attain, procure,\\nearn, win, achieve, reap, realize, reach. (Lose.)\\nGALLANT\u00e2\u0080\u0094brave, bold, courageous, gay, showy,\\nfine, intrepid, fearless, heroic.\\nGALLING\u00e2\u0080\u0094chafing, irritating. (Soothing.)\\nGAME\u00e2\u0080\u0094play, pastime, diversion, amusement.\\nGANG\u00e2\u0080\u0094band, horde, company, troop, crew.\\nGAP\u00e2\u0080\u0094breach, chasm, hollow, cavity, cleft, device,\\nrift, chink.\\nGARNISH\u00e2\u0080\u0094embellish, adorn, beautify, decorate.\\nGATHER\u00e2\u0080\u0094pick, cull, assemble, muster, infer, col\u00c2\u00ac\\nlect. (Scatter.)\\nGAUDY\u00e2\u0080\u0094showy, flashy, tawdry, gay, glittering, be\u00c2\u00ac\\nspangled. (Sombre.)\\nGAUNT\u00e2\u0080\u0094emaciated, scraggy, skinny, meagre, lank,\\nattenuated, spare, lean, thin. (Well-fed.)\\nGAY\u00e2\u0080\u0094cheerful, merry, lively, jolly, sprightly,\\nblitfe. (Solemn.)\\nGENERATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094form, make, beget, produce.\\nGENERATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094formation, race, breed, stock,\\nkind, age, era.\\nGENEROUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094beneficent, noble, honorable, bounti\u00c2\u00ac\\nful, li eral, free. (Niggardly.)\\nGENIAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094cordial, hearty, festive. (Distant, cold.)\\nGENIUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094intellect, invention, talent, taste, nature,\\ncharacter, adept.\\nGENTEEL\u00e2\u0080\u0094refined, polished, fashionable, polite,\\nwell-bred. (Boorish.)\\nGENTLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094placid, mild, bland, meek, tame, docile.\\n(Rough, uncouth,)\\nGENUINE\u00e2\u0080\u0094real, true, unaffected. (False.)\\nGESTURE\u00e2\u0080\u0094attitude, action, posture.\\nGET\u00e2\u0080\u0094obtain, earn, gain, attain, procure, achieve.\\nGHASTLY\u00e2\u0080\u0094pallid, wan, hideous, grim, shocking.\\nGHOST\u00e2\u0080\u0094spectre, sprite, apparition, phantom.\\nGIBE\u00e2\u0080\u0094scoff, sneer, flout, jeer, mock, taunt, deride.\\nGIDDY\u00e2\u0080\u0094unsteady, thoughtless. (Steady.)\\nGIFT\u00e2\u0080\u0094donation, benefaction, grant, alms, gratuity,\\nboon, present, faculty, talent. (Purchase.)\\nGIGANTIC\u00e2\u0080\u0094colossal, huge, enormous, prodigious,\\nvast, immense. (Diminutive.)\\nGIVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094grant, bestow, confer, yield, impart.\\nGLAD\u00e2\u0080\u0094pleased, cheerful, joyful, gladsome, cheer\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, gratified. (Sad.)\\nGLEAM\u00e2\u0080\u0094glimmer, glance, glitter, shine, flash.\\nGLEE\u00e2\u0080\u0094gayety, merriment, mirth, joviality, joy,\\nhilarity. (Sorrow.)\\nGLIDE\u00e2\u0080\u0094slip, slide, run, roll on.\\nGLIMMER, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094gleam, flicker, glitter.\\nGLIMPSE\u00e2\u0080\u0094glance, look, glint.\\nGLITTER\u00e2\u0080\u0094gleam, shine, glisten, glister, radiate.\\nGLOOM\u00e2\u0080\u0094cloud, darkness, dimness, blackness, dull\u00c2\u00ac\\nness, sadness. (Light, brightness, joy.)\\nGLOOMY\u00e2\u0080\u0094lowering, lurid, dim, dusky, sad, gium.\\n(Bright, clear.)\\nGLORIFY\u00e2\u0080\u0094magnify, celebrate, adore, exalt.\\nGLORIOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094famous, renowned, distinguished, ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nalted, noble. (Infamous.)\\nGLORY honor, fame, renown, splendor, grandeur.\\n(Infamy.)\\nGLUT\u00e2\u0080\u0094gorge, stuff, cram, cloy, satiate, block up.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0124.jp2"}, "125": {"fulltext": "SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS.\\nGO\u00e2\u0080\u0094depart, proceed, move, budge, stir.\\nGOD\u00e2\u0080\u0094Creatoi, Lord, Almighty, Jehovah, Omnipo\u00c2\u00ac\\ntence, Providence.\\nGODLY\u00e2\u0080\u0094righteous, devout, holy, pious, religious.\\nGOOD\u00e2\u0080\u0094benefit, weal, advantage, profit. (Evil.)\\nGOOD, a. \u00e2\u0080\u0094virtuous, righteous, upright, -just, true.\\n(Wicked, bad.)\\nGORGE, glut, fill, cram, stuff, satiate.\\nGORGEOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094superb, grand, magnificent, splendid.\\n(Plain, simple.)\\nGOVERN\u00e2\u0080\u0094rule, direct, manage, command.\\nGOVERNMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094rule, state, control, sway.\\nGRACEFUL\u00e2\u0080\u0094becoming, comely, elegant, beautiful.\\n(Awkward.)\\nGRACIOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094merciful, kindly, beneficent.\\nGRADUAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094slow, progressive. (Sudden.)\\nGRAND\u00e2\u0080\u0094majestic, stately, dignified, lofty, elevated,\\nexalted, splendid, gorgeous, superb, magnificent,\\nsublime, pompous. (Shabby.)\\nGRANT\u00e2\u0080\u0094bestow, impart, give, yield, cede, allow,\\nconfer, invest.\\nGRANT\u00e2\u0080\u0094gift, boon, donation.\\nGRAPHIC\u00e2\u0080\u0094forcible, telling, picturesque, pictorial.\\nGRASP\u00e2\u0080\u0094catch, seize, gripe, clasp, grapple.\\nGRATEFUL\u00e2\u0080\u0094agreeable, pleasing, welcome, thank\u00c2\u00ac\\nful. (Harsh.)\\nGRATIFICATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094enjoyment, pleasure, deiight,\\nreward. (Disappointment.)\\nGRAVE, a. \u00e2\u0080\u0094serious, sedate, solemn, sober, pressing,\\nheavy. (Giddy.)\\nGRAVE, n .\u00e2\u0080\u0094tomb, sepulchre, vault.\\nGREAT\u00e2\u0080\u0094big, huge, large, majestic, vast, grand,\\nnoble, august. (Small.)\\nGREEDINESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094avidity, eagerness. (Generosity.)\\nGRIEF\u00e2\u0080\u0094affliction, sorrow, trial, tribulation. (Joy.)\\nGRIEVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094mourn, lament, sorrow, pain, wound,\\nhurt, bewail. (Rejoice.)\\nGRIEVOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094painful, afflicting, heavy, unhappy.\\nGRIND\u00e2\u0080\u0094crush, oppress, grate, harass, afflict.\\nGRISLY\u00e2\u0080\u0094terrible, hideous, grim, ghastly, dreadful.\\n(Pleasing.)\\nGROSS\u00e2\u0080\u0094coarse, outrageous, unseemly, shameful,\\nindelicate. (Delicate.)\\nGROUP\u00e2\u0080\u0094assembly, cluster, collection, clump, order.\\nGROVEL\u00e2\u0080\u0094crawl, cringe, fawn, sneak.\\nGROW\u00e2\u0080\u0094increase, vegetate, expand, advance. (De\u00c2\u00ac\\ncay, diminution,)\\nGROWL\u00e2\u0080\u0094grumble, snarl, murmur, complain.\\nGRUDGE\u00e2\u0080\u0094malice, rancor, spite, pique, hatred.\\nGRUFF\u00e2\u0080\u0094rough, rugged, blunt, rude, harsh, surly,\\nbearish. (Pleasant.)\\nGUILE\u00e2\u0080\u0094deceit, fraud. (Candor.)\\nGUILTLESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094harmless, innocent.\\nGUILTY\u00e2\u0080\u0094culpable, sinful, criminal.\\nHABIT\u00e2\u0080\u0094custom, practice.\\nHAIL\u00e2\u0080\u0094accost, address, greet, salute, welcome.\\nHAPPINESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094beatitude, blessedness, bliss, felicity.\\n(Unhappiness.)\\n107\\nHARBOR\u00e2\u0080\u0094haven, port.\\nHARD\u00e2\u0080\u0094firm, solid. (Soft.)\\nHARD\u00e2\u0080\u0094arduous, difficult. (Easy.)\\nHARM\u00e2\u0080\u0094injury, huit, wrong, infliction. (Benefit.)\\nHARMLESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094safe, innocuous, innocent. (Hurtful.)\\nHARvSH \u00e2\u0080\u0094rough, rigorous, severe, gruff. (Gentle.)\\nHASTEN\u00e2\u0080\u0094accelerate, dispatch, expedite. (Delay.)\\nHASTY\u00e2\u0080\u0094hurried, ill-advised. (Deliberate.)\\nHATEFUL\u00e2\u0080\u0094odious, detestable. (Lovable.)\\nHATRED\u00e2\u0080\u0094enmity, ill-will, rancor. (Friendship.)\\nHAUGHTINESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094arrogance, pride. (Modesty.)\\nHAUGHTY\u00e2\u0080\u0094arrogant, disdainful, supercilious.\\nHAZARD\u00e2\u0080\u0094risk, venture.\\nHEALTHY\u00e2\u0080\u0094salubrious, salutary. (Unhealthy.)\\nHEAP\u00e2\u0080\u0094accumulate, amass, pile.\\nHEARTY\u00e2\u0080\u0094cordial, sincere, warm. (Insincere.)\\nHEAVY\u00e2\u0080\u0094burdensome, ponderous. (Light.)\\nHEED\u00e2\u0080\u0094care, attention.\\nHEIGHTEN\u00e2\u0080\u0094enhance, exalt, elevate, raise.\\nHEINOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094atrocious, flagrant. (Venial.)\\nHELP\u00e2\u0080\u0094aid, assist, relieve, succor. (Hinder.)\\nHERETIC\u00e2\u0080\u0094sectary, sectarian, schismatic, dissenter,\\nnon-conformist.\\nHESITATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094falter, stammer, stutter.\\nHIDEOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094grim, ghastly, grisly. (Beautiful.)\\nHIGH\u00e2\u0080\u0094lofty, tall, elevated. (Deep.)\\nHINDER\u00e2\u0080\u0094impede, obstruct, prevent, (Help.)\\nHINT\u00e2\u0080\u0094allude, refer, suggest, intimate, insinuate.\\nHOLD\u00e2\u0080\u0094detain, keep, retain.\\nHOLINESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094sanctity, piety, sacredness.\\nHOLY\u00e2\u0080\u0094devout, pious, religious.\\nHOMELY\u00e2\u0080\u0094plain, ugly, coarse. (Beautiful.)\\nHONESTY\u00e2\u0080\u0094integrity, probity, uprightness. (Dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nhonesty.\\nHONOR, v .\u00e2\u0080\u0094respect, reverence. (Dishonor.)\\nHOPE\u00e2\u0080\u0094confidence, expectation, trust.\\nHOPELESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094desperate.\\nHOT\u00e2\u0080\u0094ardent, burning, fiery. (Cold.)\\nHOWEVER\u00e2\u0080\u0094nevertheless, notwithstanding, yet.\\nHUMBLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094modest, submissive, plain, unostenta\u00c2\u00ac\\ntious, simple. (Haughty.)\\nHUMBLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094degrade, humiliate, mortify. (Exalt.)\\nHUMOR\u00e2\u0080\u0094mood, temper.\\nHUNT\u00e2\u0080\u0094seek, chase.\\nHURTFUL\u00e2\u0080\u0094noxious, pernicious. (Beneficial.)\\nHUSBANDRY\u00e2\u0080\u0094cultivation, tillage.\\nHYPOCRITE\u00e2\u0080\u0094dissembler, imposter, canter.\\nHYPOTHESIS\u00e2\u0080\u0094theory, supposition.\\nIDEA\u00e2\u0080\u0094thought, imagination.\\nIDEAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094imaginary, fancied. (Actual.)\\nIDLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094indolent, lazy. (Industrious.)\\nIGNOMINIOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094shameful, scandalous, infamous.\\n(Honorable.)\\nIGNOMINY\u00e2\u0080\u0094shame, disgrace, obloquy, reproach.\\nIGNORANT\u00e2\u0080\u0094unlearned, illiterate, uninformed,\\nuneducated. (Knowing.)", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0125.jp2"}, "126": {"fulltext": "108\\nSYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS.\\nILL, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094evil, wickedness, misfortune, mischief,\\nharm. (Good.)\\nILL, ci. \u00e2\u0080\u0094sick, indisposed, diseased. (Well.)\\nILL-TEMPERED\u00e2\u0080\u0094crabbed, sour, acrimonious,\\nsurly. (Good-natured.)\\nILL-WILL\u00e2\u0080\u0094enmity, antipathy. (Good-will.)\\nILLEGAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094unlawful, illicit, contraband, illegiti\u00c2\u00ac\\nmate. (Legal.)\\nILLIMITABLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094boundless, immeasurable, infinite.\\nILLITERATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094unlettered, unlearned, untaught,\\nuninstructed. (Learned, educated.)\\nILLUSION\u00e2\u0080\u0094fallacy, deception, phantasm.\\nILLUSORY\u00e2\u0080\u0094imaginary, chimerical. (Real.)\\nILLUSTRATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094explain, elucidate, clear.\\nILLUSTRIOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094celebrated, noble, eminent, famous,\\nrenowned. (Obscure.)\\nIMAGE\u00e2\u0080\u0094likeness, picture, representation, effigy.\\nIMAGINARY\u00e2\u0080\u0094ideal, fanciful, illusory. (Real.)\\nIMAGINE\u00e2\u0080\u0094conceive, fancy, apprehend, think.\\nIMBECILITY\u00e2\u0080\u0094silliness, senility, dotage.\\nIMITATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094copy, ape, mimic, mock, counterfeit.\\nIMMACULATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094unspotted, spotless, unsullied,\\nstainless. (Soiled.)\\nIMMEDIATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094pressing, instant, next, proximate.\\nIMMEDIATELY\u00e2\u0080\u0094instantly, forthwith, directly.\\nIMMENSE\u00e2\u0080\u0094vast, enormous, huge, prodigious.\\nIMMUNITY\u00e2\u0080\u0094privilege, prerogative, exemption.\\nIMPAIR\u00e2\u0080\u0094injure, diminish, decrease.\\nIMPART\u00e2\u0080\u0094reveal, divulge, disclose, discover, afford.\\nIMPARTIAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094just, equitable, unbiased. (Partial.)\\nIMPASSIONED\u00e2\u0080\u0094glowing, burning, fiery, intense.\\nIMPEACH\u00e2\u0080\u0094accuse, charge, arraign, censure.\\nIMPEDE\u00e2\u0080\u0094hinder, retard, obstruct. (Help.)\\nIMPEDIMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094obstruction, hindrance, obstacle,\\nbarrier. (Aid.)\\nIMPEL\u00e2\u0080\u0094animate, induce, incite, instigate, em\u00c2\u00ac\\nbolden. (Retard.)\\nIMPENDING\u00e2\u0080\u0094imminent, threatening.\\nIMPERATIVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094commanding, authoritative.\\nIMPERFECTION\u00e2\u0080\u0094fault, blemish, defect, vice.\\nIMPERIL\u00e2\u0080\u0094endanger, hazard, jeopardize.\\nIMPERIOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094commanding, dictatorial, imperative,\\nauthoritative, lordly, overbearing, domineering.\\nIMPERTINENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094intrusive, meddling, officious,\\nrude, saucy, impudent, insolent.\\nIMPETUOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094violent, boisterous, furious, vehe\u00c2\u00ac\\nment. (Calm.)\\nIMPIOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094profane, irreligious. (Reverent.)\\nIMPLICATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094involve, entangle, embarrass.\\nIMPLY\u00e2\u0080\u0094involve, comprise, infold, import, denote.\\nIMPORTANCE\u00e2\u0080\u0094signification, significance, avail,\\nconsequence, weight, gravity, moment.\\nIMPOSING\u00e2\u0080\u0094impressive, striking, majestic, august,\\nnoble, grand. (Insignificant.)\\nIMPOTENCE\u00e2\u0080\u0094weakness, incapacity, infirmity,\\nfraility, feebleness. (Power.)\\nIMPOTENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094weak, feeble, helpless, enfeebled,\\nnerveless, infirm. (Strong.)\\nIMPRESSIVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094stirring, forcible, exciting, moving.\\nIMPRISON\u00e2\u0080\u0094incarcerated, shut up, immure, con\u00c2\u00ac\\nfine. (Liberate.)\\nIMPRISONMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094captivity, durance.\\nIMPROVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094amend, better, mend, reform, rectify,\\nameliorate, apply, use, employ. (Deteriorate.)\\nIMPROVIDENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094careless, incautious, imprudent\\nprodigal, wasteful, reckless, rash. (Thrifty.)\\nIMPUDENCE\u00e2\u0080\u0094assurance, impertinence, confidence,\\ninsolence, rudeness.\\nIMPUDENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094saucy, brazen, bold, impertinent,\\nforward, rude, insolent, immodest, shameless.\\nIMPULSE\u00e2\u0080\u0094incentive, incitement, instigation.\\nIMPULSIVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094rash, hasty, forcible. (Deliberate.)\\nIMPUTATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094blame, censure, reproach, charge.\\nINADVERTENCY\u00e2\u0080\u0094error, oversight, blunder, in\u00c2\u00ac\\nattention, carelessness, negligence.\\nINCENTIVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094motive, inducement, impulse.\\nINCITE\u00e2\u0080\u0094instigate, excite, provoke, stimulate,urge,\\nencourage, impel.\\nINCLINATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094leaning, slope, disposition, bent,,\\ntendency, bias, affection, attachment, wish, liking,\\ndesire. (Aversion.)\\nINCLINE, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094slope, lean, slant, tend, bend, turn,\\nbias, dispose.\\nINCLOSE\u00e2\u0080\u0094surround, shut in, fence in, cover, wrap.\\nINCLUDE\u00e2\u0080\u0094comprehend, comprise, contain, take\\nin, embrace.\\nINCOMMODE\u00e2\u0080\u0094annoy, plague, molest, disturb,\\ninconvenience, trouble. (Accommodate.)\\nINCOMPETENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094incapable, unable, inadequate.\\nINCREASE, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094extend, enlarge, augment, dilate,\\nexpand, amplify, raise, enhance, aggravate, mag\u00c2\u00ac\\nnify, grow. (Diminish.)\\nINCREASE, n augmentation, accession, addition,\\nenlargement, extension. (Decrease.)\\nINCUMBENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094obligatory.\\nINDEFINITE\u00e2\u0080\u0094vague, uncertain, unsettled, loose,\\nlax. (Definite.)\\nINDICATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094point out, show, mark.\\nINDIFFERENCE apathy, carelessness, listless\u00c2\u00ac\\nness, insensibility. (Application, assiduity.)\\nINDIGENCE\u00e2\u0080\u0094want, neediness, penury, poverty,\\ndestitution, privation. (Affluence.)\\nINDIGNATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094anger, wrath, ire, resentment.\\nINDIGNITY\u00e2\u0080\u0094insult, affront, utrage, opprobrium,\\nobloquy, reproach, ignominy. (Honor.)\\nINDISCRIMINATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094promiscuous, chance, indis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinct, confused. (Select, chosen.)\\nINDISPENSABLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094essential, necessary, requisite,\\nexpedient. (Unnecessary, supernumerary.)\\nINDISPUTABLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094undeniable, undoubted, incon\\ntestable, indubitable, unquestionable, infallible.\\nINDORSE\u00e2\u0080\u0094ratify, confirm, superscribe.\\nINDULGE\u00e2\u0080\u0094foster, cherish, fondle. (Deny.)\\nINEFFECTUAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094vain, useless, unavailing, fruit\u00c2\u00ac\\nless, abortive, inoperative. (Effective.)\\nINEQUALITY\u00e2\u0080\u0094disparity, disproportion, dissimi\\nlarity, unevenness. (Equality.)\\nINEVITABLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094unavoidable, not to be avoided", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0126.jp2"}, "127": {"fulltext": "SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS.\\n109\\nINFAMOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094scandalous, shameful, ignominious,\\nopprobrious, disgraceful. (Honorable.)\\nINFERENCE\u00e2\u0080\u0094deduction, corollary, conclusion.\\nINFERNAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094diabolical, fiendish, devilish, hellish.\\nINFEST\u00e2\u0080\u0094annoy, plague, harass, disturb.\\nINFIRM\u00e2\u0080\u0094week, feeble, enfeebled. (Robust.)\\nINFLAME\u00e2\u0080\u0094anger, irritate, enrage, chafe, incense,\\nnettle, aggravate, embitter, exasperate. (Allay.)\\nINFLUENCE, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094bias, sway, prejudice, preposess.\\nINFLUENCE, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094credit, favor, reputation, weight,\\ncharacter, authority, sway, ascendency.\\nINFRINGE\u00e2\u0080\u0094invade, intrude, contravene, break,\\ntransgress, violate.\\nINGENUOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094artless, candid, generous, sincere,\\nopen, frank, plain. (Crafty.)\\nINHUMAN\u00e2\u0080\u0094cruel, brutal, savage, barbarous, ruth\u00c2\u00ac\\nless, merciless, ferocious. (Humane.)\\nINIQUITY\u00e2\u0080\u0094injustice, wrong, grievance.\\nINJURE\u00e2\u0080\u0094damage, hurt, deteriorate, wrong, spoil,\\naggrieve, harm, mar, sully. (Benefit.)\\nINJURIOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094hurtful, baneful, pernicious, deleteri\u00c2\u00ac\\nous, noxious, prejudicial, wrongful. (Beneficial.)\\nINJUSTICE\u00e2\u0080\u0094wrong, iniquity, grievance. (Right.)\\nINNOCENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094guiltless, sinless, harmless, inoffen\u00c2\u00ac\\nsive, innoxious. (Guilty.)\\nINNOCUOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094harmless, safe, innocent. (Hurtful.)\\nINORDINATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094intemperate, irregular, disorderly,\\nexcessive, immoderate. (Moderate.)\\nINQUIRY\u00e2\u0080\u0094investigation, examination, research,\\nscrutiny, disquisition, question, interrogation.\\nINQUISITIVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094prying, peeping, curious, peering.\\nINSANE\u00e2\u0080\u0094deranged, delirous, demented. (Sane.)\\nINSANITY\u00e2\u0080\u0094madness, mental aberration, lunacy,\\ndelirium. (Sanity.)\\nINSINUATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094hint, intimate, suggest, infuse, intro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduce, ingratiate.\\nINSIPID\u00e2\u0080\u0094dull, fiat, mawkish, tasteless, inanimate,\\nvapid, lifeless. (Bright, sparkling.)\\nINSOLENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094rude, saucy, impertinent, abusive, pert,\\nscurrilous, opprobrious, insulting, offensive.\\nINSPIRE\u00e2\u0080\u0094animate, exhilarate, enliven, breathe,\\ncheer, inhale.\\nINSTABILITY\u00e2\u0080\u0094mutability, fickleness, mutableness,\\nwavering. (Stability, firmness.)\\nINSTIGATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094stir up, persuade, animate, stimulate,\\nincite, urge, encourage.\\nINSTIL\u00e2\u0080\u0094implant, inculcate, infuse, insinuate.\\nINSTRUCT\u00e2\u0080\u0094inform, teach, educate, enlighten.\\nINSTRUMENTAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094 conducive, assistant, helping.\\nINSUFFICIENCY incompetency, incapability,\\ninadequacy, deficiency, lack.\\nINSULT\u00e2\u0080\u0094affront, outrage, indignity. (Honor.)\\nINSULTING\u00e2\u0080\u0094insolent, impertinent, abusive, rude.\\nINTEGRITY\u00e2\u0080\u0094uprightness, honesty, completeness,\\nprobity, entirety, entireness, purity. (Dishonesty.)\\nINTELLECT\u00e2\u0080\u0094understanding, sense, brains, mind,\\nintelligence, ability, talent, genius. (Body.)\\nINTELLECTUAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094 mental, metaphysical. (Brutal.)\\nINTELLIGIBLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094clear, obvious, plain. (Abstruse.)\\nINTEMPERATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094immoderate, excessive, drunken,\\nnimious, inordinate. (Temperate.)\\nINTENSE\u00e2\u0080\u0094ardent, earnest, glowing, fervid, burn\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, vehement.\\nINTENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094design, purpose, intention, drift, view,\\naim, purport, meaning.\\nINTERCOURSE\u00e2\u0080\u0094commerce, connection, intimacy.\\nINTERDICT\u00e2\u0080\u0094forbid, prohibit, inhibit, proscribe,\\ndebar, restrain from. (Allow.)\\nINTERFERE\u00e2\u0080\u0094meddle, intermeddle, interpose.\\nINTERMINABLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094endless, interminate, infinite,\\nunlimited, illimitable, boundless. (Brief.)\\nINTERPOSE\u00e2\u0080\u0094intercede, arbitrate, mediate, inter\u00c2\u00ac\\nfere, meddle.\\nIMTERPRET\u00e2\u0080\u0094explain, expound, elucidate, unfold.\\nINTIMATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094hint, suggest, insinuate, express, tell,\\nsignify, impart.\\nINTIMIDATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094dishearten, alarm, frighten, scare,\\nappal, daunt, cow, browbeat. (Encourage.)\\nINTOLERABLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094insufferable, unbearable, insup\u00c2\u00ac\\nportable, unendurable.\\nINTREPID\u00e2\u0080\u0094bold, brave, daring, fearless, daunt\u00c2\u00ac\\nless, undaunted, courageous, valorous, valiant,\\nheroic, gallant, chivalrous, doughty. (Cowardly,\\nfaint-hearted.)\\nINTRIGUE\u00e2\u0080\u0094plot, cabal, conspiracy, combination,\\nartifice, ruse, amour.\\nINTRINSIC\u00e2\u0080\u0094real, true, genuine, sterling, native,\\nnatural. (Extrinsic.)\\nINVALIDATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094quash, cancel, overthrow, vacate,\\nnullify, annul.\\nINVASION\u00e2\u0080\u0094incursion, irruption, inroad, aggres\u00c2\u00ac\\nsion, raid, fray.\\nINVECTIVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094abuse, reproach, railing, censure,\\nsarcasm, .satire.\\nINVENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094devise, contrive, frame, find out, discover.\\nINVESTIGATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094examination, search, inquiry,\\nresearch, scrutiny.\\nINVETERATE confirmed, chronic, malignant.\\n(Inchoate.)\\nINVIDIOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094envious, hateful, odious, malignant.\\nINVIGORATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094brace, harden, nerve, strengthen,\\nforti fy. (E ne rvate.)\\nINVINCIBLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094unconquerable, impregnable, insur\u00c2\u00ac\\nmountable.\\nINVISIBLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094unseen, imperceptible, impalpable.\\nINVITE\u00e2\u0080\u0094ask, call, bid, request, allure, attract.\\nINVOKE\u00e2\u0080\u0094invocate, call upon, appeal, refer, im\u00c2\u00ac\\nplore, beseech.\\nINVOLVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094implicate, entangle, compromise.\\nIRKSOME\u00e2\u0080\u0094wearisome, tiresome, tedious, annoy\u00c2\u00ac\\ning. (Pleasant.)\\nIRONY\u00e2\u0080\u0094sarcasm, satire, ridicule, raillery.\\nIRRATIONAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094foolish, silly, imbecile, brutish,\\nabsurd, ridiculous. (Rational.)\\nIRREGULAR\u00e2\u0080\u0094eccentric, anomalous, inordinate,\\nintemperate. (Regular.)\\nIRRELIGIOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094profane, godless, impious, sacri\u00c2\u00ac\\nlegious, desecrating.\\nIRREPROACHABLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094blameless, spotless.\\nIRRESISTIBLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094resistless, irrepressible.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0127.jp2"}, "128": {"fulltext": "110\\nSYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS.\\nIRRESOLUTE \u00e2\u0080\u0094wavering, undetermined, unde\u00c2\u00ac\\ncided, vacillating (Determined.)\\nIRRITABLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094excitable, irascible, susceptible, sensi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntive. (Calm.)\\nIRRITATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094aggravate, worry, embitter, madden.\\nISSUE, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094emerge, rise, proceed, flow, spring.\\nISSUE, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094end, upshot, effect, result, offspring.\\nJADE\u00e2\u0080\u0094harass, weary, tire, worry.\\nJANGLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094wrangle, conflict, disagree.\\nJARRING\u00e2\u0080\u0094conflicting, discordant, inconsonant.\\nJAUNT\u00e2\u0080\u0094ramble, excursion, trip.\\nJEALOUSY\u00e2\u0080\u0094suspicion, envy.\\nJEOPARD\u00e2\u0080\u0094hazard, peril, endanger.\\nJEST\u00e2\u0080\u0094-joke, sport, divert, make game of.\\nJOURNEY\u00e2\u0080\u0094travel, tour, passage.\\nJOY\u00e2\u0080\u0094gladness, mirth, delight. (Grief.)\\nJUDGE\u00e2\u0080\u0094justice, referee, arbitrator.\\nJOYFUL\u00e2\u0080\u0094glad, rejoicing, exultant. (Mournful.)\\nJUDGMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094discernment, discrimination.\\nJUSTICE\u00e2\u0080\u0094equity, right. Justice is right as estab\u00c2\u00ac\\nlished by law; equity according to the circum\u00c2\u00ac\\nstances of each particular case. (Injustice.)\\nJUSTNESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094accuracy, correctness, precision.\\nKEEP\u00e2\u0080\u0094preserve, save. (Abandon.)\\nKILL\u00e2\u0080\u0094assassinate, murder, slay.\\nKINDRED\u00e2\u0080\u0094affinity, consanguinity, relationship.\\nKNOWLEDGE\u00e2\u0080\u0094erudition, learning. (Ignorance.)\\nLABOR\u00e2\u0080\u0094toil, work, effort, drudgery. (Idleness.)\\nLACK\u00e2\u0080\u0094need, deficiency, scarcity, insufficiency.\\n(Plenty.)\\nLAMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094mourn, grieve, weep. (Rejoice.)\\nLANGUAGE\u00e2\u0080\u0094dialect, idiom, speech, tongue.\\nLASCIVIOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094loose, unchaste, lustful, lewd, lech\u00c2\u00ac\\nerous. (Chaste.;\\nLAST\u00e2\u0080\u0094final, latest, ultimate. (First.)\\nLAUDABLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094commendable. (Blamable.)\\nLAUGHABLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094comical, droll, ludicrous. (Serious.)\\nLAWFUL\u00e2\u0080\u0094legal, legitimate, licit. (Illegal.)\\nLEAD\u00e2\u0080\u0094conduct, guide. (Follow.)\\nLEAN\u00e2\u0080\u0094meager. (Fat.)\\nLEARNED\u00e2\u0080\u0094erudite, scholarly. (Ignorant.)\\nLEAVE, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094quit, relinquish.\\nLEAVE, n .\u00e2\u0080\u0094liberty, permission. (Prohibition.)\\nLIFE\u00e2\u0080\u0094existence, animation, spirit. (Death.)\\nLIFELESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094dead, inanimate.\\nLIFT\u00e2\u0080\u0094erect, elevate, exalt, raise. (Lower.)\\nLIGHT\u00e2\u0080\u0094clear, bright. (Dark.)\\nLIGHTNESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094flightiness, giddiness, levity, volatil\u00c2\u00ac\\nity. (Seriousness.)\\nLIKENESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094resemblance, similarity. (Unlikeness.)\\nLINGER\u00e2\u0080\u0094lag, loiter, tarry, saunter. (Hasten.)\\nLITTLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094diminutive, small. (Great.)\\nLIVELIHOOD\u00e2\u0080\u0094living, maintenance, subsistence.\\nLIVELY\u00e2\u0080\u0094jocund, merry, sportive, sprightly, viva\u00c2\u00ac\\ncious. (Slow, languid, sluggish.)\\nLONG\u00e2\u0080\u0094extended, extensive. (Short.)\\nLOOK\u00e2\u0080\u0094appear, seem, aspect, glance, peep.\\nLOSE\u00e2\u0080\u0094miss, forfeit. (Gain.)\\nLOSS\u00e2\u0080\u0094detriment, damage, deprivation. (Gain.)\\nLOUD\u00e2\u0080\u0094clamorous, high-sounding, noisy. (Low,\\nquiet.)\\nLOVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094affection. (Hatred.)\\nLOW\u00e2\u0080\u0094abject, mean. (Noble.)\\nLUNACY\u00e2\u0080\u0094derangement, insanity, mania, madness.\\n(Sanity.)\\nLUSTER\u00e2\u0080\u0094brightness, brilliancy, splendor.\\nLUXURIANT\u00e2\u0080\u0094exuberant. (Sparse.)\\nMACHINATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094plot, intrigue, cabal, conspiracy.\\n(Artlessness.)\\nMAD\u00e2\u0080\u0094crazy, delirious, insane, rabid, violent, frantic.\\n(Sane, rational, quiet.)\\nMADNESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094insanity, fury, rage, frenzy.\\nMAGISTERIAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094august, dignified, majestic, pomp\u00c2\u00ac\\nous, stately.\\nMAKE\u00e2\u0080\u0094form, create, produce. (Destroy.)\\nMALEDICTION\u00e2\u0080\u0094anathema, curse, imprecation.\\nMALEVOLENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094malicious, virulent, malignant.\\n(Benevolent.)\\nMALICE\u00e2\u0080\u0094spite, rancor, ill-feeling, grudge, ani\u00c2\u00ac\\nmosity, ill-will. (Benignity.)\\nMALICIOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094see malevolent.\\nMANACLE, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094shackle, fetter, chain. (Free.)\\nMANAGE\u00e2\u0080\u0094contrive, concert, direct.\\nMANAGEMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094direction, superintendence, care.\\nMANGLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094tear, lacerate, mutilate, cripple, maim.\\nMANIA\u00e2\u0080\u0094madness, insanity, lunacy.\\nMANIFEST, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094reveal, prove, evince, exhibit, dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nplay, show.\\nMANIFEST, a. \u00e2\u0080\u0094clear, plain, evident, open, appar\u00c2\u00ac\\nent, visible. (Hidden, occult.)\\nMANIFOLD\u00e2\u0080\u0094several, sundry, various, divers.\\nMANLY\u00e2\u0080\u0094masculine, vigorous, courageous, brave,\\nheroic. (Effeminate.)\\nMANNER\u00e2\u0080\u0094habit, custom, way, air, look.\\nMANNERS\u00e2\u0080\u0094morals, habits, behavior, carriage.\\nMAR\u00e2\u0080\u0094spoil, ruin, disfigure. (Improve.)\\nMARCH\u00e2\u0080\u0094tramp, tread, walk, step, space.\\nMARGIN\u00e2\u0080\u0094edge, rim, border, brink, verge.\\nMARK, n\u00e2\u0080\u0094 sign, note, symptom, token, indication,\\ntrace, vestige, track, badge, brand.\\nMARK, v\u00e2\u0080\u0094 impress, print, stamp, engrave, note.\\nMARRIAGE\u00e2\u0080\u0094wedding, nuptials, matrimony.\\nMARTIAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094military, warlike, soldierlike.\\nMARVEL\u00e2\u0080\u0094wonderful, miracle, prodigy.\\nMARVELOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094wondrous, wonderful, miraculous.\\nMASSIVE bulky, heavy, weighty, ponderous,\\nsolid, substantial. (Flimsy.)\\nMASTERY\u00e2\u0080\u0094dominion, rule, sway, ascendancy.\\nMATCHLESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094unrivaled, unequaled, unparalleled,\\npeerless, incomparable, inimitable, surpassing!\\n(Common, ordinary.)\\nMATERIAL, a\u00e2\u0080\u0094 corporeal, bodily, physical, tem\u00c2\u00ac\\nporal, momentous. (Spiritual, immaterial.)\u00e2\u0080\u0099", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0128.jp2"}, "129": {"fulltext": "SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS.\\nIll\\nMAXIM\u00e2\u0080\u0094adage, apothegm, proverb, saying, by\u00c2\u00ac\\nword, saw.\\nMEAGER\u00e2\u0080\u0094poor, lank, emaciated, barren, dry, un\u00c2\u00ac\\ninteresting. (Rich.)\\nMEAN, a stingy, niggardly, low, abject, vile,\\nignoble, degraded, contemptible, vulgar, despic\u00c2\u00ac\\nable. (Generous.)\\nMEAN, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094design, purpose, intend, contemplate,\\nsignify, denote, indicate.\\nMEANING signification, import, acceptation,\\nsense, purport.\\nMEDIUM\u00e2\u0080\u0094organ, channel, instrument, means.\\nMEDLEY\u00e2\u0080\u0094mixture, variety, diversity, miscellany.\\nMEEK\u00e2\u0080\u0094unassuming, mild, gentle. (Proud.)\\nMELANCHOLY \u00e2\u0080\u0094low-spirited, dispirited, dreamy,\\nsad. (Jolly, buoyant\\nMELLOW\u00e2\u0080\u0094ripe, mature, soft. (Immature.)\\nMELODIOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094tuneful, musical, silver, dulcet,\\nsweet. (Discordant.)\\nMEMORABLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094signal, distinguished, marked.\\nMEMORIAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094monument, memento.\\nMEMORY\u00e2\u0080\u0094remembrance, recollection.\\nMENACE, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094threat.\\nMEND\u00e2\u0080\u0094repair, amend, correct, better, ameliorate,\\nimprove, rectify.\\nMENTION\u00e2\u0080\u0094tell, name, communicate, impart, di\u00c2\u00ac\\nvulge, reveal, disclose, inform, acquaint.\\nMERCIFUL\u00e2\u0080\u0094compassionate, lenient, clement,\\ntender, gracious, kind. (Cruel.)\\nMERCILESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094hard-hearted, cruel, unmerciful, piti\u00c2\u00ac\\nless, remorseless, unrelenting. (Kind.)\\nMERRIMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094mirth, joviality,jollity. (Sorrow.)\\nMERRY\u00e2\u0080\u0094cheerful, mirthful, joyous, gay, lively,\\nsprightly, hilarious, blithe, blithesome, jovial,\\nsportive, jolly. (Sad.)\\nMETAPHORICAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094figurative, allegorical.\\nMETHOD\u00e2\u0080\u0094way, manner, mode, process, order,\\nrule, regularity, system.\\nMIEN\u00e2\u0080\u0094air, look, manner, aspect, appearence.\\nMIGRATORY\u00e2\u0080\u0094roving, strolling, wandering, va\u00c2\u00ac\\ngrant. (Settled, sedate, permanent.)\\nMIMIC\u00e2\u0080\u0094imitate, ape, mock.\\nMINDFUL\u00e2\u0080\u0094observant, attentive. (Heedless.)\\nMISCELLANEOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094promicuous, indiscriminate.\\nMISCHIEF\u00e2\u0080\u0094injury, harm, damage, hurt. (Benefit.)\\nMISCREANT\u00e2\u0080\u0094caitiff, villain, ruffian.\\nMISERABLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094unhappy, wretched, distressed, af\u00c2\u00ac\\nflicted. (Happy.)\\nMISERLY\u00e2\u0080\u0094stingy, niggardly, avaricious, griping.\\nMISERY\u00e2\u0080\u0094wretchedness, woe, destitution, penury,\\nprivation, beggary. (Happiness.)\\nMISFORTUNE\u00e2\u0080\u0094calamity, disaster, mishap, catas\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrophe. (Good luck.)\\nMISS\u00e2\u0080\u0094omit, lose, fall, miscarry.\\nMITIGATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094alleviate, relieve, abate. (Aggravate.)\\nMODERATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094temperate, abstemious, sober, absti\u00c2\u00ac\\nnent. (Immoderate.)\\nMODEST\u00e2\u0080\u0094chaste, virtuous, bashful. (Immodest.)\\nMOIST\u00e2\u0080\u0094wet, damp, dank, humid. (Dry.)\\nMONOTONOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094unvaried, tiresome. (Varied.)\\nMONSTROUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094shocking, dreadful, horrible, huge..\\nMONUMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094memorial, record, remembrancer.\\nMOOD\u00e2\u0080\u0094humor, disposition, vein, temper.\\nMORBID\u00e2\u0080\u0094sick, ailing, sickly, diseased, corrupted.\\n(Normal, sound.)\\nMOROSE\u00e2\u0080\u0094gloomy, sullen, surly, fretful, crabbed*\\ncrusty. (Joyous.)\\nMORTAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094deadly, fatal, human.\\nMOTION\u00e2\u0080\u0094proposition, proposal, movement.\\nMOTIONLESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094still, stationary, torpid, stagnant.\\n(Active, moving.)\\nMOUNT\u00e2\u0080\u0094arise, rise, ascend, soar, tower, climb.\\nMOURNFUL\u00e2\u0080\u0094sad, sorrowful, lugubrious, grievous*\\ndoleful, heavy, (Happy.)\\nMOVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094actuate, impel, induce, prompt, instigate*\\npersuade, stir, agitate, propel, push.\\nMULTITUDE\u00e2\u0080\u0094crowd, throng, host, mob, swarm.\\nMURDER, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094kill, assassinate, slay, massacre.\\nMUSE, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094meditate, contemplate, think, reflect,\\ncogitate, ponder.\\nMUSIC\u00e2\u0080\u0094harmony, melody, symphony.\\nMUSICAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094tuneful, melodious, harmonious, sweet.\\nMUSTY\u00e2\u0080\u0094stale, sour, fetid. (Fresh, sweet.)\\nMUTE\u00e2\u0080\u0094dumb, silent, speechless.\\nMUTILATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094maim, cripple, disable, disfigure.\\nMUTINOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094insurgent, seditious, tumultuous, tur\u00c2\u00ac\\nbulent, riotous. (Obedient, orderly.)\\nMUTUAL reciprocal, interchanged, correlative.\\n(Sole, solitary.)\\nMYSTERIOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094dark, obscure, hidden, secret, dim,\\nmystic, enigmatical, unaccountable. (Open, clear.\\nMYSTIFY\u00e2\u0080\u0094confuse, perplex. (Clear, explain.)\\nNAKED\u00e2\u0080\u0094nude, bare, uncovered, unclothed, rough*\\nrude, simple. (Covered, clad.)\\nNAME, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094denominate, entitle, style, designate,\\nterm, call, christen.\\nNAME, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094appellation, designation, denomination*\\ntitle, cognomen, reputation, character, fame,\\ncredit, repute.\\nNARRATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094tell, relate, detail, recount, describe,\\nenumerate, rehearse, recite.\\nNASTY\u00e2\u0080\u0094filthy r foul, dirty, unclean, impure, gross,\\nindecent, vile.\\nNATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094people, community, realm, state.\\nNATIVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094indigenous, inborn, vernacular.\\nNATURAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094original, regular, normal, bastard.\\n(Unnatural, forced.)\\nNEAR\u00e2\u0080\u0094nigh, neighboring, close, adjacent, contig\u00c2\u00ac\\nuous, intimate. (Distant.)\\nNECESSARY\u00e2\u0080\u0094needful, expedient, essential, indis\u00c2\u00ac\\npensable, requisite. (Useless.)\\nNECESSITATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094compel, force, oblige.\\nNECESSITY\u00e2\u0080\u0094need, occasion,exigency, emergency,\\nurgency, requisite.\\nNEED, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094necessity, distress, poverty, indigence,\\nwant, penury.\\nNEED, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094require, want, lack.\\nNEGLECT, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094disregard, slight, omit, overlook.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0129.jp2"}, "130": {"fulltext": "112\\nSYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS.\\nNEGLECT, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094omission, failure, default, slight,\\nnegligence, remisness, carelessness.\\nNEIGHBORHOOD\u00e2\u0080\u0094environs, vicinity, nearness,\\nadjacency, proximity.\\nNERVOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094timid, timorous, shaky.\\nNEW\u00e2\u0080\u0094fresh, recent, novel. (Old.)\\nNEWS\u00e2\u0080\u0094tidings, intelligence, information.\\nNICE\u00e2\u0080\u0094exact, accurate, good, particular, precise,\\nfine, delicate. (Careless, coarse, unpleasant.)\\nNIMBLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094active, brisk, lively, alert, quick, agile,\\nprompt. (Awkward.)\\nNOBILITY\u00e2\u0080\u0094aristocracy, greatness, grandeur.\\nNOBLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094exalted, elevated, illustrious, great, grand,\\nlofty. (Low.)\\nNOISE\u00e2\u0080\u0094cry, outcry, clamor, row, din, uproar,\\ntumult. (Silence.)\\nNONSENSICAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094irrational, absurd, silly, foolish.\\n(Sensible.)\\nNOTABLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094plain, evident, remarkable, striking,\\nsignal, rare. (Obscure.)\\nNOTE, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094token, symbol, mark, sign, indication,\\nremark, comment.\\nNOTED\u00e2\u0080\u0094distinguished, remarkable, eminent, re\u00c2\u00ac\\nnowned. (Obscure.)\\nNOTICE, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094advice, notification, intelligence.\\nNOTICE, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094mark, note, observe, attend to, heed.\\nNOTIFY, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094publish, acquaint, apprise, inform.\\nNOTION\u00e2\u0080\u0094conception, idea, belief, opinion.\\nNOTORIOUS conspicuous, open, obvious, ill-\\nfamed. (Unknown.)\\nNOURISH nurture, cherish, ^foster, supply.\\n(Starve, famish.)\\nNOURISHMENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094food, diet, sustenance, nutrition.\\nNOVEL\u00e2\u0080\u0094modern, new, fresh, recent, unused, rare,\\nstrange. (Old.)\\nNOXIOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094hurtful, deadly poisonous, deleterious,\\nbaneful. (Beneficial.)\\nNULLIFY\u00e2\u0080\u0094annul, vacate, invalidate, quash, can\u00c2\u00ac\\ncel, repeal. (Affirm.)\\nNUTRITION\u00e2\u0080\u0094food, diet, nutriment, nourishment.\\nOBDURATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094hard, callous, hardened, unfeeling,\\ninsensible. (Yielding, tractable.)\\nOBEDIENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094compliant, submissive, dutiful, re\u00c2\u00ac\\nspectful. (Obstinate.)\\nOBESE\u00e2\u0080\u0094corpulent, fat, adipose. (Attenuated.)\\nOBEY, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094conform, comply, submit. (Rebel.)\\nOBJECT, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094aim, end, purpose, design, mark.\\nOBJECT, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094oppose, except to, contravene, im\u00c2\u00ac\\npeach, deprecate. (Assent.)\\nOBNOXIOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094offensive. (Agreeble.)\\nOBSCURE\u00e2\u0080\u0094undistinguished, unknown. (Distin\u00c2\u00ac\\nguished.\\nOBSTINATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094contumacious, headstrong, stubborn,\\nobdurate. (Yielding.)\\nOCCASION\u00e2\u0080\u0094opportunity.\\nOFFENCE\u00e2\u0080\u0094affront, misdeed, misdemeanor, trans\u00c2\u00ac\\ngression, trespass.\\nOFFENSIVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094insolent, abusive. (Inoffensive.)\\n-OFFICE\u00e2\u0080\u0094charge, function, place.\\nOFFSPRING\u00e2\u0080\u0094issue, progeny, children, posterity.\\nOLD\u00e2\u0080\u0094aged, superanuated, ancient, antique, anti\u00c2\u00ac\\nquated, obsolete, old-fashioned. (Young, new.)\\nOMEN\u00e2\u0080\u0094presage, prognostic.\\nOPAQUE\u00e2\u0080\u0094dark. (Bright, transparent.)\\nOPEN\u00e2\u0080\u0094candid, unreserved, clear, fair. (Hidden.)\\nOPINION\u00e2\u0080\u0094notion, view, judgment, sentiment.\\nOPINIONATED\u00e2\u0080\u0094conceited, egotistical. (Modest.)\\nOPPOSE\u00e2\u0080\u0094resist, withstand, thwart. (Give way.)\\nOPTION\u00e2\u0080\u0094choice.\\nORDER\u00e2\u0080\u0094method, system, regularity. (Disorder.)\\nORIGIN\u00e2\u0080\u0094cause, occasion, beginning. (End.)\\nOUTLIVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094survive.\\nOUTWARD\u00e2\u0080\u0094external, outside, exterior. (Inner.)\\nOVER\u00e2\u0080\u0094above. (Under.)\\nOVERBALANCE\u00e2\u0080\u0094outweigh, preponderate.\\nOVERBEAR\u00e2\u0080\u0094bear down, overwhelm, overpower.\\nOVERBEARING\u00e2\u0080\u0094haughty, arrogant. (Gentle.)\\nOVERFLOW\u00e2\u0080\u0094inundation, deluge.\\nOVERRULE\u00e2\u0080\u0094supersede, suppress.\\nOVERSPREAD\u00e2\u0080\u0094overrun, ravage.\\nOVERTURN\u00e2\u0080\u0094invert, overthrow, reverse, subvert.\\n(Establish, fortify.)\\nOVERWHELM\u00e2\u0080\u0094crush, defeat, vanquish.\\nPAIN\u00e2\u0080\u0094suffering, qualm, pang, agony, anquish.\\n(Pleasure.)\\nPALLID\u00e2\u0080\u0094pale, wan. (Florid.)\\nPART\u00e2\u0080\u0094division, portion, share, fraction. (Whole.)\\nPARTICULAR\u00e2\u0080\u0094exact, distinct, singular, strange,\\nodd. (General.)\\nPATIENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094passive, submissive. (Obdurate.)\\nPEACE\u00e2\u0080\u0094calm, quiet, tranquility. (War, trouble,\\nriot, turbulence.)\\nPEACEABLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094pacific, peaceful, quiet. (Trouble\u00c2\u00ac\\nsome, riotous.)\\nPENETRATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094bore, pierce, perforate.\\nPENETRATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094acuteness, sagacity. (Dullness.)\\nPEOPLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094nation, persons, folks.\\nPERCEIVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094note, observe, discern, distinguish.\\nPERCEPTION\u00e2\u0080\u0094conception, notion, idea.\\nPERIL\u00e2\u0080\u0094danger, pitfall, snare. (Safety.)\\nPERMIT\u00e2\u0080\u0094allow, tolerate. (Forbid.)\\nPERSUADE\u00e2\u0080\u0094allure, entice, prevail upon.\\nPHYSICAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094corporeal, bodily, material. (Mental.)\\nPICTURE\u00e2\u0080\u0094engraving, print, representation, illus\u00c2\u00ac\\ntration, image.\\nPITEOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094doleful, woeful, rueful. (Joyful.)\\nPITILESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094see merciless.\\nPITY\u00e2\u0080\u0094compassion, sympathy. (Cruelty.)\\nPLACE, ii. spot, site, position, post, situation.\\nPLACE, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094order, dispose.\\nPLAIN\u00e2\u0080\u0094open, manifest, evident. (Secret.)\\nPLAY\u00e2\u0080\u0094game, sport, amusement. (Work.)\\nPLEASE\u00e2\u0080\u0094gratify, pacify. (Displease.)\\nPLEASURE\u00e2\u0080\u0094charm, delight, j oy. (Pain.)\\nPLENTIFUL\u00e2\u0080\u0094abundant, ample, copious, plenteous.\\n(Scarce.)", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0130.jp2"}, "131": {"fulltext": "113\\nSYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS.\\nPOISE\u00e2\u0080\u0094balance, equilibrium, evenness.\\nPOSITIVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094absolute, peremptory, decided, certain.\\n(Negative, undecided.)\\nPOSSESSOR\u00e2\u0080\u0094owner, proprietor.\\nPOSSIBLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094practical, practicable. (Impossible.)\\nPOVERTY\u00e2\u0080\u0094penury, indigence, need. (Wealth.)\\nPOWER\u00e2\u0080\u0094authority, force, strength, dominion.\\nPOWERFUL\u00e2\u0080\u0094mighty, potent. (Weak.)\\nPRAISE\u00e2\u0080\u0094commend, extol, laud. (Blame.)\\nPRAYER\u00e2\u0080\u0094entreaty, petition, request, suit.\\nPRETENCE, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094pretext, subterfuge.\\nPREVAILING\u00e2\u0080\u0094predominant, prevalent, general.\\n(Isolated, sporadic.)\\nPREVENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094obviate, preclude.\\nPREVIOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094antecedent, introductory, preparatory,\\npreliminary. (Subsequent.)\\nPRIDE\u00e2\u0080\u0094vanity, conceit. (Humility.)\\nPRINCIPALLY\u00e2\u0080\u0094chiefly, essentially, mainly.\\nPRINCIPLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094ground, reason, motive, impulse,\\nmaxim, rule, rectitude, integrity.\\nPRIVILEGE\u00e2\u0080\u0094immunity, advantage, favor, claim,\\nprerogative, exemption, right.\\nPROBITY\u00e2\u0080\u0094rectitude, uprightness, honesty, integ\u00c2\u00ac\\nrity, sincerity, soundness. (Dishonesty.)\\nPROBLEMATICAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094uncertain, doubtful, dubious,\\nquestionable, disputable, suspicious. (Certain.)\\nPRODIGIOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094huge, enormous, vast, amazing,\\nastonishing, astounding, surprising, remarkable,\\nwonderful. (Insignificant.)\\nPROFESSION\u00e2\u0080\u0094business, trade, occupation, office,\\nvocation, employment, engagement, avowal.\\nPROFFER\u00e2\u0080\u0094volunteer, offer, propose, tender.\\nPROFLIGATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094abandoned, dissolute, depraved,\\nvicious, degenerate, corrupt. (Virtuous.)\\nPROFOUND\u00e2\u0080\u0094deep, fathomless, penetrating, recon\u00c2\u00ac\\ndite, solemn, abstruse. (Shallow.)\\nPROFUSE\u00e2\u0080\u0094extravagant, prodigal, lavish, copious,\\nimprovident, excessive, plentiful. (Succinct.)\\nPROLIFIC\u00e2\u0080\u0094productive, generative, fertile, fruitful,\\nteeming. (Barren\\nPROLIX\u00e2\u0080\u0094diffuse, long, prolonged, tedious, wordy,\\ntiresome, verbose, prosaic. (Concise, brief.)\\nPROMINENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094eminent, conspicuous, marked, im\u00c2\u00ac\\nportant, leading. (Obscure.)\\nPROMISCUOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094mixed, unarranged, mingled, in\u00c2\u00ac\\ndiscriminate. (Select.)\\nPROMPT\u00e2\u0080\u0094See punctual.\\nPROP, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094maintain, sustain, support, stay.\\nPROPAGATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094spread, circulate, diffuse, dissemin\u00c2\u00ac\\nate, extend, breed, increase. (Suppress.)\\nPROPER\u00e2\u0080\u0094legitimate, right, just, fair, equitable,\\nhonest, suitable, fit, adapted, meet, becoming,\\nbefitting, decent, pertinent. (Wrong.)\\nPROSPER\u00e2\u0080\u0094flourish, succeed, grow rich, thrive,\\nadvance. (Fail.)\\nPROSPERITY\u00e2\u0080\u0094well-being, weal, welfare, happi\u00c2\u00ac\\nness, good luck. (Poverty.)\\nPROXY\u00e2\u0080\u0094agent, representative, substitute, deputy.\\nPRUDENCE\u00e2\u0080\u0094carefulness, judgment, discretion,\\nwisdom. (Indiscretion.)\\n8\\nPRURIENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094itching, craving, hankering, longing.\\nPUERILE\u00e2\u0080\u0094youthful, juvenile, boyish, childish,\\ninfantile, trifling, weak, silly. (Mature.)\\nPUNCTILIOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094nice, particular, formal, precise.\\n(Negligent.)\\nPUNCTUAL exact, precise, nice, particular,\\nprompt, timely. (Dilatory.)\\nPUTREFY\u00e2\u0080\u0094rot, decompose, corrupt, decay.\\nPUZZLE, v .\u00e2\u0080\u0094preplex, confound, embarrass, pose,\\nbewilder, confuse, mystify. (Enlighten.)\\nQUACK\u00e2\u0080\u0094imposter, pretender, charlatan, empiric,\\nmountebank. (Savant.)\\nOUAINT\u00e2\u0080\u0094artful, curious, far-fetched, fanciful, odd.\\nQUALIFIED\u00e2\u0080\u0094competent, fitted. (Incompetent.)\\nQUALITY\u00e2\u0080\u0094attribute, rank, distinction.\\nQUERULOUS doubting, complaining, fretting,\\nrepining. (Patient.)\\nQUESTION\u00e2\u0080\u0094query, inquiry, interrogatory.\\nQUIBBLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094cavil, evade, equivocate, shuffle.\\nQUICK\u00e2\u0080\u0094lively, ready, prompt, alert, nimble, agile,\\nactive, brisk, expeditious, adroit, fleet, rapid, im\u00c2\u00ac\\npetuous, swift, sweeping, dashing, clever. (Slow.)\\nQUOTE\u00e2\u0080\u0094note, repeat, cite, adduce.\\nRABID\u00e2\u0080\u0094mad, furious, raging, frantic. (Rational.)\\nRACE\u00e2\u0080\u0094course, match, pursuit, career, family, clan,\\nhouse, ancestry, lineage, pedigree.\\nRACK\u00e2\u0080\u0094agonize, wring, torture, excruciate, harass,\\ndistress. (Soothe.)\\nRACY\u00e2\u0080\u0094spicy, pungent, smart, spirited, vivacious,\\nlively. (Dull, insipid.)\\nRADIANCE\u00e2\u0080\u0094splendor, brightness, brilliance, bril\u00c2\u00ac\\nliancy, lustre, glare. (Dullness.)\\nRADICAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094organic, innate, fundamental, original,\\nconstitutional, inherent, complete, entire. (Super\u00c2\u00ac\\nficial. In a political sense, uncompromising;\\nantonym, moderate.)\\nRANCID\u00e2\u0080\u0094fetid, rank, stinking, sour, tainted, foul.\\n(Fresh, sweet.)\\nRANCOR\u00e2\u0080\u0094malignity, hatred, hostility, antipathy,\\nanimosity, enmity, ill-will, spite. (Forgiveness.)\\nRANK\u00e2\u0080\u0094order, degree, dignity, consideration.\\nRANSACK\u00e2\u0080\u0094rummage, pillage, overhaul, explore.\\nRANSOM\u00e2\u0080\u0094emancipate, free, unfetter.\\nRANT\u00e2\u0080\u0094bombast, fustian, cant.\\nRAPACIOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094ravenous, voracious, greedy, grasp\u00c2\u00ac\\ning. (Generous.)\\nRAPT\u00e2\u0080\u0094ecstatic, transported, ravished, entranced,\\ncharmed. (Distracted.)\\nRAPTURE\u00e2\u0080\u0094ecstacy, transport, bliss. (Dejection.)\\nRARE\u00e2\u0080\u0094scarce, singular, uncommon, unique.\\nRASCAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094scoundrel, rogue, knave, vagabond.\\nRASH\u00e2\u0080\u0094hasty, precipitate, foolhardy, adventurous,\\nheedless, reckless, careless. (Deliberate.)\\nRATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094value, compute, appraise, estimate, abuse.\\nRATIFY\u00e2\u0080\u0094confirm, establish, substantiate, sanction.\\n(Protest, oppose.)\\nRATIONAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094reasonable, sagacious, judicious, wise,\\nsensible, sound. (Unreasonable.)\\nRAVAGE\u00e2\u0080\u0094overrun, overspread, desolate, despoil.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0131.jp2"}, "132": {"fulltext": "114\\nSYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS.\\nRAVISH\u00e2\u0080\u0094enrapture, enchant, charm, delight.\\nRAZE\u00e2\u0080\u0094demolish, destroy, overthrow, dismantle,\\nruin. (Buildup.)\\nREACH\u00e2\u0080\u0094touch, stretch, attain, gain, arrive at.\\nREADY\u00e2\u0080\u0094prepared, ripe, apt, prompt, adroit, handy.\\n(Slow, dilatory.)\\nREAD\u00e2\u0080\u0094actual, literal, practical, positive, certain,\\ngenuine, true. (Unreal.)\\nREALIZE\u00e2\u0080\u0094accomplish, achieve, effect, gain, get,\\nacquire, comprehend.\\nREAP\u00e2\u0080\u0094gain, get, acquire, obtain.\\nREASON, n .\u00e2\u0080\u0094motive, design, end, proof, cause,\\nground, purpose.\\nREASON, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094deduce, draw from, trace, conclude.\\nREASONABLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094rational, wise, honest, fair, right,\\njust. (Unreasonable.)\\nREBELLION\u00e2\u0080\u0094insurrection, revolt.\\nRECANT\u00e2\u0080\u0094recall, abjure, retract, revoke.\\nRECEDE\u00e2\u0080\u0094retire, retreat, withdraw, ebb.\\nRECEIVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094accept, take, admit, entertain.\\nRECEPTION\u00e2\u0080\u0094receiving, levee, receipt, admission.\\nRECESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094retreat, depth, niche, vacation.\\nRECREATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094sport, pastime, play, amusement,\\ngame, fun.\\nREDEEM\u00e2\u0080\u0094ransom, recover, rescue, deliver, save.\\nREDRESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094remedy, repair, remission, abatement.\\nREDUCE\u00e2\u0080\u0094abate, lessen, decrease, lower, shorten.\\nREFINED\u00e2\u0080\u0094polite, courtly, polished, cultured, puri\u00c2\u00ac\\nfied, genteel. (Boorish.)\\nREFLECT\u00e2\u0080\u0094consider, cogitate, think, muse, censure.\\nREFORM amend, correct, better, restore, im\u00c2\u00ac\\nprove. (Corrupt.)\\nREFORMATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094improvement, reform, amend\u00c2\u00ac\\nment. (Corruption.)\\nREFUGE\u00e2\u0080\u0094asylum, protection, harbor, shelter.\\nREFUSE, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094deny, reject, repudiate, decline, with\u00c2\u00ac\\nhold. (Accept.)\\nREFUSE, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094dregs, dross, scum, rubbish, leavings.\\nREFUTE\u00e2\u0080\u0094disprove, falsify, negative. (Affirm.)\\nREGARD, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094mind, heed, notice, behold, respect,\\nview, consider.\\nREGRET, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094grief, sorrow, lamentation, remorse.\\nREGULAR\u00e2\u0080\u0094orderly, uniform, customary, ordinary,\\nstated. (Irregular.)\\nREGULATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094methodize, arrange, adjust, organize,\\ngovern, rule. (Disorder.)\\nREIMBURSE\u00e2\u0080\u0094refund, repay, satisfy, indemnify.\\nRELEVANT\u00e2\u0080\u0094fit, proper, suitable, appropriate, apt,\\npertinent. (Irrelevant.)\\nRELIANCE\u00e2\u0080\u0094trust, hope, dependence, confidence.\\n(Suspicion.)\\nRELIEF\u00e2\u0080\u0094succor, aid, help, redress, alleviation.\\nRELINQUISH\u00e2\u0080\u0094give up, forsake, resign, surrender,\\nquit, leave, forego. (Retain.)\\nREMEDY\u00e2\u0080\u0094help, relief, redress, cure, specific.\\nREMORSELESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094pitiless, relentless, cruel, ruth\u00c2\u00ac\\nless, merciless, barbarous. (Merciful, humane.)\\nREMOTE\u00e2\u0080\u0094distant, far, secluded, indirect. (Near.)\\nREPRODUCE\u00e2\u0080\u0094propagate, imitate, represent, copy.\\nREPUDIATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094disown, discard, disavow, renounce,\\ndisclaim. (Acknowledge.)\\nREPUGNANT\u00e2\u0080\u0094antagonistic, distasteful. (Agree\u00c2\u00ac\\nable.\\nREPULSIVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094forbidding, odious, ugly, disagree\u00c2\u00ac\\nable, revolting. (Attractive.)\\nRESPITE\u00e2\u0080\u0094reprieve, interval, stop, pause.\\nREVENGE\u00e2\u0080\u0094vengeance, retaliation, requital, retri\u00c2\u00ac\\nbution. (Forgiveness.)\\nREVENUE\u00e2\u0080\u0094produce, income, fruits, proceeds.\\nREVERENCE, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094honor, respect, awe, veneration,\\ndeference, worship, homage. (Execration.)\\nREVISE\u00e2\u0080\u0094review, reconsider.\\nREVIVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094refresh, renew, renovate, animate, resus\u00c2\u00ac\\ncitate, vivify, cheer, comfort.\\nRICH\u00e2\u0080\u0094wealthy, affluent, opulent, copious, ample,\\nabundant, exuberant, plentiful, fertile, gorgeous,\\nsuperb, fruitful. (Poor.)\\nRIVAL, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094antagonist, opponent, competitor.\\nROAD\u00e2\u0080\u0094way, highway, route, course, path, path\u00c2\u00ac\\nway, anchorage.\\nROAM\u00e2\u0080\u0094ramble, rove, wander, stray, stroll.\\nROBUST\u00e2\u0080\u0094strong, lusty, vigorous, sinewy, stalwart,\\nstout, sturdy, able-bodied. (Puny.)\\nROUT, v .\u00e2\u0080\u0094discomfit, beat, defeat, overthrow.\\nROUTE\u00e2\u0080\u0094road, course, march, way, journey, path.\\nRUDE\u00e2\u0080\u0094ragged, rough, uncouth, unpolished, harsh,\\ngruff, impertinent, saucy, flippant, impudent, inso\u00c2\u00ac\\nlent, saucy, churlish. (Polite, polished.)\\nRULE\u00e2\u0080\u0094sway, method, system, law, maxim, guide,\\nprecept, formula, regulation, government, test,\\nstandard.\\nRUMOR\u00e2\u0080\u0094hearsay, talk, fame, report, bruit.\\nRUTHLESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094cruel, savage, barbarous, inhuman,\\nmerciless, remorseless, relentless. (Considerate.)\\nSACRED\u00e2\u0080\u0094holy, hallowed, divine, consecrated, dedi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncated, devoted. (Profane.)\\nSAFE\u00e2\u0080\u0094secure, harmless, trustworthy. (Perilous.)\\nSANCTION\u00e2\u0080\u0094confirm, countenance, encourage, sup\u00c2\u00ac\\nport, ratify, authorize. (Disapprove.)\\nSANE\u00e2\u0080\u0094sober, lucid, sound, rational. (Crazy.)\\nSAUCY\u00e2\u0080\u0094impertinent, rude, impudent, insolent,\\nflippant, forward. (Modest.)\\nSCANDALIZE\u00e2\u0080\u0094shock, disgust, offend, calumniate,\\nvilify, revile, malign, traduce, defame, slander.\\nSCANTY bare, pinched, insufficient, slender,\\nmeager. (Ample.)\\nSCATTER strew, spread, disseminate, disperse,\\ndissipate, dispel. (Collect.)\\nSECRET\u00e2\u0080\u0094clandestine, concealed, hidden sly un\u00c2\u00ac\\nderhand, latent, private. (Open.)\\nSEDUCE\u00e2\u0080\u0094allure, attract, decoy, entice, abduct,\\ninveigle, deprave.\\nSENSE\u00e2\u0080\u0094discernment, appreciation, view, opinion\\nfeeling, perception, sensibility, susceptibility, sig\u00c2\u00ac\\nnificance, thought, judgment, signification, mean\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, import, purport, wisdom.\\nSENSIBLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094wise, intelligent, reasonable, sober\\nsound, conscious, aware. (Foolish.)\\nSETTLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094arrange, adjust, regulate, conclude.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0132.jp2"}, "133": {"fulltext": "SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS.\\n115\\nSEVERAL,\u00e2\u0080\u0094sundry, divers, various, many.\\nSEVERE\u00e2\u0080\u0094harsh, stern, stringent, unmitigated, un\u00c2\u00ac\\nyielding, rough. (Eenient.)\\nSHAKE\u00e2\u0080\u0094tremble, shudder, shiver, quake, quiver.\\nSHALLOW superficial, flimsy, slight. (Deep,\\nthorough.)\\nSHAME\u00e2\u0080\u0094disgrace, dishonor. (Honor.)\\nSHAMEFUL\u00e2\u0080\u0094degrading, scandalous, disgraceful,\\noutrageous. (Honorable.)\\nSHAMELESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094immodest, impudent, indecent, in\u00c2\u00ac\\ndelicate, brazen.\\nSHAPE\u00e2\u0080\u0094form, fashion, mold, model.\\nSHARE\u00e2\u0080\u0094portion, lot, division, quantity, quota.\\nSHARP\u00e2\u0080\u0094acute, keen. (Dull.)\\nSHINE\u00e2\u0080\u0094glare, glitter, radiate, sparkle.\\nSHORT\u00e2\u0080\u0094brief, concise, succinct, summary. (Long.)\\nSHOW, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094exhibition, sight, spectacle.\\nSICK\u00e2\u0080\u0094diseased, sickly, unhealthy. (Healthy.)\\nSICKNESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094illness, indisposition, disease, disorder.\\n(Health.)\\nSIGNIFICANT, a. \u00e2\u0080\u0094expressive, material, important.\\n(Insignificant.)\\nSIGNIFICATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094import, meaning, sense.\\nSILENCE\u00e2\u0080\u0094speechlessness, dumbness. (Noise.)\\nSILENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094dumb, mute, speechless. (Talkative.)\\nSIMILE\u00e2\u0080\u0094comparison, similitude.\\nSIMPLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094single, uncompounded, artless, plain.\\n(Complex, compound.)\\nSIMULATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094dissimulate, dissemble, pretend.\\nSINCERE\u00e2\u0080\u0094candid, hearty, honest, pure, genuine,\\nreal. (Insincere.)\\nSITUATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094condition, plight, predicament, state.\\nSIZE\u00e2\u0080\u0094bulk, greatness, magnitude, dimension.\\nSLAVERY servitude, enthrallment, thralldom.\\n(Freedom.)\\nSLEEP\u00e2\u0080\u0094doze, drowse, nap, slumber.\\nSLEEPY\u00e2\u0080\u0094somnolent. (Wakeful.)\\nSLOW\u00e2\u0080\u0094dilatory, tardy. (Fast.)\\nSMELL\u00e2\u0080\u0094fragrance, odor, perfume, scent.\\nSMOOTH\u00e2\u0080\u0094even, level, mild. (Rough.)\\nSOAK\u00e2\u0080\u0094drench, imbrue, steep.\\nSOCIAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094sociable, friendly, communicative. (Un\u00c2\u00ac\\nsocial.)\\nSOFT\u00e2\u0080\u0094gentle, meek, mild. (Hard.)\\nSOLICIT\u00e2\u0080\u0094importune, urge.\\nSOLITARY\u00e2\u0080\u0094sole, only, single.\\nSORRY\u00e2\u0080\u0094grieved, poor, paltry, insignificant. (Glad,\\nrespectable.)\\nSOUL\u00e2\u0080\u0094mind, spirit. (Soul is opposed body,\\nmind to matter.)\\nSOUND, a. \u00e2\u0080\u0094healthy, sane. (Unsound\\nSOUND, 7i. \u00e2\u0080\u0094tone, noise, silence.\\nSPACE\u00e2\u0080\u0094room.\\nSPARSE\u00e2\u0080\u0094scanty, thin. (Luxuriant.)\\nSPEAK\u00e2\u0080\u0094converse, talk, confer, say, tell.\\nSPECIAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094particular, specific. (General.)\\nSPEND\u00e2\u0080\u0094 expend, exhaust, consume, waste, disi-\\npate. (Save.)\\nSPORADIC\u00e2\u0080\u0094isolated, rare. (General, prevalent.)\\nSPREAD\u00e2\u0080\u0094disperse, diffuse, expand, disseminate.\\nSPRING\u00e2\u0080\u0094fountain, source.\\nSTAFF\u00e2\u0080\u0094prop, support, stay.\\nSTAGGER\u00e2\u0080\u0094reel, totter.\\nSTAIN\u00e2\u0080\u0094soil, discolor, spot, sully, tarnish.\\nSTATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094commonwealth, realm.\\nSTERILE\u00e2\u0080\u0094barren, unfruitful. (Fertile.)\\nSTIFLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094choke, suffocate, smother.\\nSTORMY\u00e2\u0080\u0094rough, boisterous, tempestuous. (Calm.)\\nSTRAIGHT\u00e2\u0080\u0094direct, right. (Crooked.)\\nSTRAIT, a. \u00e2\u0080\u0094narrow, confined.\\nSTRANGER\u00e2\u0080\u0094alien, foreigner. (Friend.)\\nSTRENGTHEN\u00e2\u0080\u0094fortify, invigorate. (Weaken.)\\nSTRONG\u00e2\u0080\u0094robust, sturdy, powerful. (Weak.)\\nSTUPID\u00e2\u0080\u0094dull, foolish, obtuse, witless. (Clever.)\\nSUBJECT\u00e2\u0080\u0094exposed to* liable, obnoxious. (Exempt.)\\nSUBJECT inferior, suborbinate. (Superior to,\\nabove.)\\nSUBSEQUENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094succeeding, following. (Previous.)\\nSUBSTANTIAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094solid, durable. (Unsubstantial.)\\nSUIT\u00e2\u0080\u0094accord, agree. (Disagree.)\\nSUPERFICIAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094flimsy, shallow, untrustworthy.\\n(Thorough.)\\nSUPERFLUOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094unnecessary. (Necessary.)\\nSURROUND\u00e2\u0080\u0094encircle, encompass, environ.\\nSUSTAIN\u00e2\u0080\u0094maintain, support.\\nSYMMETRY\u00e2\u0080\u0094proportion.\\nSYMPATHY\u00e2\u0080\u0094commiseration, compassion.\\nSYSTEM\u00e2\u0080\u0094method, plan, order.\\nSYSTEMATIC orderly, regular, methodical.\\n(Chaotic.)\\nTAKE\u00e2\u0080\u0094accept, receive. (Give.)\\nTALKATIVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094garrulous, loquacious, communica\u00c2\u00ac\\ntive. (Silent.)\\nTASTE\u00e2\u0080\u0094flavor, relish, savor. (Tastelessness.)\\nTAX\u00e2\u0080\u0094custom, duty, impost, excise, toll.\\nTAX\u00e2\u0080\u0094assessment, rate.\\nTEASE\u00e2\u0080\u0094taunt, tantalize, torment, vex.\\nTEMPORARY, a. \u00e2\u0080\u0094fleeting, transient, transitory.\\n(Permanent.)\\nTENACIOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094pertinacious, retentive.\\nTENDENCY\u00e2\u0080\u0094aim, drift, scope.\\nTENET\u00e2\u0080\u0094position, view, conviction, belief.\\nTERM\u00e2\u0080\u0094boundary, limit, period, time.\\nTERRITORY\u00e2\u0080\u0094dominion.\\nTHANKFUL\u00e2\u0080\u0094grateful, obliged. (Thankless.)\\nTHANKLESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094ungracious, profitless, ungrateful,\\nunthankful.\\nTHAW\u00e2\u0080\u0094melt, dissolve, liquefy. (Freeze.)\\nTHEATRICAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094dramatic, showy, ceremonious.\\nTHEFT\u00e2\u0080\u0094robbery, depredation, spoliation.\\nTHEME\u00e2\u0080\u0094subject, topic, text, essay.\\nTHEORY\u00e2\u0080\u0094speculation, scheme, plea, hypothesis,\\nconjecture.\\nTHEREFORE\u00e2\u0080\u0094accordingly, consequently, hence.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0133.jp2"}, "134": {"fulltext": "116\\nSYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS.\\nTHICK\u00e2\u0080\u0094dense, close, compact, solid, coagulated,\\nmuddy, turbid, misty, vaporous. (Thin.)\\nTHIN\u00e2\u0080\u0094slim, slender, slight, Aims} 7 lean, scraggy,\\nattenuated.\\nTHINK\u00e2\u0080\u0094cogitate, consider, reflect, ponder, muse,\\ncontemplate, meditate, conceive, fancy, imagine,\\napprehend, hold, esteem, reckon, consider, deem,\\nregard, believe, opine.\\nTHOROUGH\u00e2\u0080\u0094accurate, correct, trustworthy, com\u00c2\u00ac\\nplete, reliable. (Superficial.)\\nTHOUGHT\u00e2\u0080\u0094idea, conception, imagination, fancy,\\nconceit, notion, supposition, care, provision, con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsideration, opinion, view, sentiment, reflection,\\ndeliberation.\\nTHOUGHTFUL considerate, careful, cautious,\\nheedful, contemplative, reflective, provident, pen\u00c2\u00ac\\nsive, dreamy. (Thoughtless.)\\nTHOUGHTLESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094inconsiderate, rash, precipitate,\\nimprovident, heedless.\\nTIE, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094bind, restrain, restrict, oblige, secure, o:n,\\nunite. (Loose.)\\nTIME\u00e2\u0080\u0094duration, season, period, era, age, date,\\nspan, spell.\\nTOLERATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094allow, admit, receive, suffer, permit,\\nlet, endure, abide. (Oppose.)\\nTOP\u00e2\u0080\u0094summit, apex, head, crown, surface. (Base,\\nbottom.)\\nTORRID\u00e2\u0080\u0094burning, hot, parching, scorching.\\nTORTUOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094twisted, winding, crooked, indirect.\\nTORTURE\u00e2\u0080\u0094to:ment, anguish, agony.\\nTOUCHING\u00e2\u0080\u0094tender, affecting, moving, pathetic.\\nTRACTABLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094docile, manageable, amenable.\\nTRADE\u00e2\u0080\u0094traffic, commerce, dealing, occupation,\\nemployment, office.\\nTRADITIONAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094oral, uncertain, transmitted.\\nTRAFFIC\u00e2\u0080\u0094trade, exchange, commerce.\\nTRAMMEL, n fetter, shatter, clog, bond, impedi\u00c2\u00ac\\nment, chain, hindrance.\\nTRANQUIL still, unruffled, peaceful, hushed,\\nquiet. (Noisy, boisterous.)\\nTRANSACTION\u00e2\u0080\u0094negotiation, occurrence, proceed\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, affair.\\nTRAVEL\u00e2\u0080\u0094trip, peregrination, excursion, journey,\\ntour, voyage.\\nTREACHEROUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094traitorous, disloyal, treasonable,\\nfaithless, false-hearted. (Trustworthy, faithful.)\\nTRITE\u00e2\u0080\u0094stale, old, ordinary, commonplace, hack\u00c2\u00ac\\nneyed. (Novel.)\\nTRIUMPH\u00e2\u0080\u0094achievement, ovation, victory, jubila\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, conquest. (Failure, defeat.)\\nTRIVIAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094trifling, petty, small, frivolous, unim\u00c2\u00ac\\nportant, insignificant. (Important.)\\nTRUE\u00e2\u0080\u0094genuine, actual, sincere, unaffected, true\u00c2\u00ac\\nhearted, honest, upright, veritable, real, veracious,\\nauthentic, exact, accurate, correct.\\nTUMULTUOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094turbulent, riotous, disorderly, dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nturbed, confused, unruly. (Orderly.)\\nTURBID\u00e2\u0080\u0094foul, thick, muddy, impure, unsettled.\\nTYPE\u00e2\u0080\u0094emblem, symbol, figure, sign, kind, letter.\\nTYRO\u00e2\u0080\u0094novice, beginner, learner.\\nUGLY\u00e2\u0080\u0094unsightly, plain, homely, ill-favored, hid\u00c2\u00ac\\neous. (Beauti.ul.)\\nUMBRAGE\u00e2\u0080\u0094offense, dissatisfaction, resentment.\\nUMPIRE\u00e2\u0080\u0094referee, arbitrator, judge, arbiter.\\nUNANIMITY\u00e2\u0080\u0094accord, agreement, unity, concord.\\n(Discord.)\\nUNBRIDLED\u00e2\u0080\u0094wanton, licentious, dissolute, loose.\\nUNCERTAIN\u00e2\u0080\u0094doubtful, dubious, questionable, fit\u00c2\u00ac\\nful, equivocal, ambiguous, indistinct, fluctuating.\\nUNCIVIL \u00e2\u0080\u0094rude, discourteous, disrespectful, dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nobliging. (Civil.)\\nUNCLEAN\u00e2\u0080\u0094dirty, foul, filthy, sullied. (Clean.)\\nUNCOMMON\u00e2\u0080\u0094rare, strange, scarce, singular,choice.\\n(Common, ordinary.)\\nUNCONCERNED\u00e2\u0080\u0094careless, indifferent, apathetic.\\n(Anxious.)\\nUNCOUTH\u00e2\u0080\u0094strange, odd, clumsy. (Graceful.)\\nUNCOVER\u00e2\u0080\u0094reveal, strip, expose, lay bare. (Hide.)\\nUNDER\u00e2\u0080\u0094below, underneath, beneath, subordinate,\\nlower, inferior. (Above.)\\nUNDERSTANDING\u00e2\u0080\u0094knowledge, intellect, intelli\u00c2\u00ac\\ngence, faculty, comprehension, mind, reason.\\nUNDO\u00e2\u0080\u0094annul, frustrate, untie, unfasten, destroy.\\nUNEASY\u00e2\u0080\u0094restless, disturbed, unquiet, awkward,\\nstiff. (Quiet.)\\nUNEQUAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094uneven, not alike, irregular. (Even.)\\nUNEQUALED\u00e2\u0080\u0094matchless, unique, novel, new.\\nUNFIT, a. \u00e2\u0080\u0094improper, unsuitable, inconsistent, un\u00c2\u00ac\\ntimely, incompetent. (Fit.)\\nUNFIT, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094disable, incapacitate, disqualify. (Fit.)\\nUNFORTUNATE calamitous, ill-fated, unlucky,\\nwretched, unhappy, miserable. (Fortunate.)\\nUNGAINLY clumsy, awkward, lumbering, un\u00c2\u00ac\\ncouth. (Pretty.)\\nUNHAPPY\u00e2\u0080\u0094miserable, wretched, distressed, pain\u00c2\u00ac\\nful, afflicted, disastrous, drear, dismal. (Happy.)\\nUNIFORM\u00e2\u0080\u0094regular, symmetrical, equal, even,\\nalike, unvaried. (Irregular.)\\nUNINTERRUPTED\u00e2\u0080\u0094continuous, perpetual, un\u00c2\u00ac\\nceasing, incessant, endless. (Intermittent.)\\nUNION\u00e2\u0080\u0094junction, combination, alliance, confeder\u00c2\u00ac\\nacy, league, coalition, agreement. (Disunion.)\\nUNIQUE\u00e2\u0080\u0094unequal, uncommon, rare, choice, match\u00c2\u00ac\\nless. (Common, ordinary.)\\nUNITE\u00e2\u0080\u0094join, conjoin, combine, concert, add, attach.\\n(Separate, disrupt, sunder.)\\nUNIVERSAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094general, all, entire, total, catholic.\\n(Sectional.)\\nUNLIMITED\u00e2\u0080\u0094absolute, undefined, boundless, infi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnite. (Limited.)\\nUNREASONABLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094foolish, silly, absurd, prepos\u00c2\u00ac\\nterous, ridiculous.\\nUNRIVALED unequaled, unique, unexampled,\\nincomparable, matchless. (Mediocre.)\\nUNRULY\u00e2\u0080\u0094ungovernable, unmanageable, refrac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntory. (Tractable, docile.)\\nUNUSUAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094rare, unwonted, singular, uncommon,\\nremarkable, strange. (Common.)\\nUPHOLD\u00e2\u0080\u0094maintain, defend, sustain, suppo^ -in\u00c2\u00ac\\ndicate. (Desert, abandon.)", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0134.jp2"}, "135": {"fulltext": "SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS.\\n117\\nUPRIGHT vertical, perpendicular, erect, just,\\nequitable, fair, pure, honorable. (Prone.)\\nUPRIGHTNESS\u00e2\u0080\u0094honesty, integrity, fairness, good\u00c2\u00ac\\nness, probity, virtue, honor. (Dishonesty.)\\nURGE\u00e2\u0080\u0094incite, impel, push, drive, instigate, stimu\u00c2\u00ac\\nlate, press, induce, solicit.\\nURGENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094pressing, imperative, immediate, serious,\\nv,\u00e2\u0080\u0099anted. (Unimportant.)\\nUSAGE\u00e2\u0080\u0094custom, fashion, practice, prescription.\\nUSE, n usage, practice, habit, custom, avail,\\nadvantage, utility, benefit, application. (Disuse.)\\nUSUAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094ordinary, common, accustomed, habitual,\\nwonted, customary, general. (Unusual.)\\nUTMOST\u00e2\u0080\u0094farthest, remotest, uttermost, greatest.\\nUTTER, a. \u00e2\u0080\u0094extreme, excessive, sheer, mere, pure.\\nUTTER, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094speak, articulate, pronounce, express.\\nUTTERLY\u00e2\u0080\u0094totally, completely, wholly, altogether.\\nVACANT\u00e2\u0080\u0094empty, unfilled, unoccupied, thought\u00c2\u00ac\\nless, unthinking. (Occupied.)\\nVAGRANT, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094wanderer, beggar, tramp, rogue.\\nVAGUE\u00e2\u0080\u0094unsettled, undetermined, pointless, un\u00c2\u00ac\\ncertain, indefinite. (Definite.)\\nVAIN\u00e2\u0080\u0094useless, fruitless, empty, worthless, inflated,\\nproud, conceited, unreal. (Effectual, humble.)\\nVALIANT\u00e2\u0080\u0094brave, bold, valorous, courageous, gal\u00c2\u00ac\\nlant. (Cowardly.)\\nVALID\u00e2\u0080\u0094weighty, strong, powerful, sound, binding,\\nefficient. (Invalid.)\\nVALOR\u00e2\u0080\u0094courage, gallantry, boldness, bravery,\\nheroism. (Cowardice.)\\nVALUE, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094appraise, assess, reckon, appreciate,\\nestimate, prize, esteem, treasure. (Despise,)\\nVARIABLE changeable, unsteady, inconstant,\\nshifting, wavering, fickle, restless. (Constant.)\\nVARIETY\u00e2\u0080\u0094difference, diversity, change, diversi\u00c2\u00ac\\nfication, mixture, medley, miscellany. (Same\u00c2\u00ac\\nness, monotony.)\\nVAST\u00e2\u0080\u0094spacious, boundless, mighty, enormous, im\u00c2\u00ac\\nmense, colossal, gigantic, prodigious. (Confined.)\\nVAUNT\u00e2\u0080\u0094boast, brag, puff, hawk, advertise, parade.\\nVENERABLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094grave, sage, wise, old, reverend.\\nVENIAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094pardonable, excusable, justifiable. (Se\u00c2\u00ac\\nrious, grave.)\\nVENOM\u00e2\u0080\u0094poison, virus, spite, malice, malignity.\\nVENTURE, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094speculation, chance, peril, stake.\\nVERACITY\u00e2\u0080\u0094truth, truthfulness, credibility, accu\u00c2\u00ac\\nracy. (Falsehood.)\\nVERBAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094oral, spoken, literal, parole, unwritten.\\nVERDICT\u00e2\u0080\u0094judgment, finding, decision, answer.\\nVEXATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094chagrin, mortification. (Pleasure.)\\nVIBRATE\u00e2\u0080\u0094oscillate, swing, sway, wave, thrill.\\nVICE\u00e2\u0080\u0094vileness, corruption, depravity, pollution,\\nimmorality, wickedness, guilt, iniquity. (Virtue.)\\nVICIOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094corrupt, depraved, debased, bad, unruly,\\ncontrary, demoralized, profligate, faulty. (Gentle,\\nvirtuous.)\\nVICTIM\u00e2\u0080\u0094sacrifice, food, prey, sufferer, dupe, gull.\\nVICTUALS\u00e2\u0080\u0094viands, bread, meat, provisions, fare,\\nfood, repast.\\nVIOLENT\u00e2\u0080\u0094boisterous, furious, impetuous, vehe\u00c2\u00ac\\nment. (Gentle.)\\nVIRTUOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094upright, honest, moral. (Profligate.!\\nVISION\u00e2\u0080\u0094apparition, ghost, phantom, specter.\\nVOLUPTUARY\u00e2\u0080\u0094epicure, sensualist.\\nVOUCH\u00e2\u0080\u0094affirm, asserverate, assure, aver.\\nWAIT\u00e2\u0080\u0094await, expect, look for, wait for.\\nWAKEFUL\u00e2\u0080\u0094vigilant, watchful. (Sleepy.)\\nWANDER\u00e2\u0080\u0094range, ramble, roam, rove, stroll.\\nWANT\u00e2\u0080\u0094lack, need. (Abundance.)\\nWARY\u00e2\u0080\u0094circumspect, cautious. (Foolhardy.)\\nWASH\u00e2\u0080\u0094clean, rinse, wet, moisten, stain, tint.\\nWASTE, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094squander, dissipate, lavish, destroy,,\\ndecay, dwindle, wither.\\nWAY\u00e2\u0080\u0094method, plan, system, means, manner, mode,,\\nform, fashion, course, process, road, route, track,,\\npath, habit, practice.\\nWEAKEN\u00e2\u0080\u0094debilitate, enfeeble, enervate, invali\u00c2\u00ac\\ndate. (Strengthen.)\\nWEARY\u00e2\u0080\u0094harass, jade, tire, fatigue. (Refresh.)\\nWEIGHT gravity, heaviness, burden, load.\\n(Lightness.)\\nWELL-BEING\u00e2\u0080\u0094happiness, prosperity, welfare.\\nWHOLE\u00e2\u0080\u0094entire, complete, total, integral. (Part.)\\nWICKED\u00e2\u0080\u0094iniquitous, nefarious. (Virtuous.)\\nWILL\u00e2\u0080\u0094wish, desire.\\nWILLINGLY\u00e2\u0080\u0094spontaneously, voluntarily. (Un\u00c2\u00ac\\nwillingly.\\nWIN\u00e2\u0080\u0094get, obtain, gain, procure, effect, realize,\\naccomplish, achieve. (Lose.)\\nWINNING\u00e2\u0080\u0094attractive, charming, fascinating, be\u00c2\u00ac\\nwitching, enchanting, dazzling. (Repulsive.)\\nWISDOM prudence, foresight, far-sightedness,\\nsagacity. (Foolishness.)\\nWONDER, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094admire, amaze, astonish, surprise.\\nWONDER, n. \u00e2\u0080\u0094marvel, miracle, prodigj^.\\nWRONG\u00e2\u0080\u0094injustice, injury. (Right.)\\nYAWN\u00e2\u0080\u0094gape, open wide.\\nYEARN\u00e2\u0080\u0094hanker after, long for, desire, crave.\\nYELL\u00e2\u0080\u0094bellow, cry out, scream.\\nYELLOW\u00e2\u0080\u0094golden, saffron-like.\\nYELP\u00e2\u0080\u0094bark, sharp cry, howl.\\nYET\u00e2\u0080\u0094besides, nevertheless, notwithstanding, how\u00c2\u00ac\\never, still, ultimately, at last, so far, thus far.\\nYIELD\u00e2\u0080\u0094bear, give, afford, impart, communicate,\\nconfer, bestow, abdicate, resign, cede, surrender.\\nYIELDING\u00e2\u0080\u0094supple, pliant, bending, compliant,\\nsubmissive, unresisting. (Obstinate.\\nYOKE, v. \u00e2\u0080\u0094couple, link, connect.\\nYORE\u00e2\u0080\u0094long ago, long since.\\nYOUTH\u00e2\u0080\u0094boy, lad, minority, adolescence.\\nYOUTHFUL\u00e2\u0080\u0094juvenile, puerile. (Old.)\\nZEAL\u00e2\u0080\u0094energy, fervor, ardor, earnestness, enthu-\\nsiam, eagerness. (Indifference.)\\nZEALOUS\u00e2\u0080\u0094warm, ardent, fervent, enthusiastic,\\nanxious. (Indifferent, careless.)\\nZEST\u00e2\u0080\u0094relish, gusto, flavor. (Disgust.)", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0135.jp2"}, "136": {"fulltext": "UR capacity to love and\\nawaken this tender\\npassion, is as much a\\ngift, a real genius, as\\nany other; and the\\nbasis of all conjugal\\nexcellence. On it\\nrests the entire superstructure\\nof wedlock. Out of it, like\\nlimbs and fruit from their trunk,\\ngrow. all marital virtues and\\nenjoyments. Its full and per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfect action perfectly fulfils them\\nall. They are complete when\\nits action is perfect, but incom\u00c2\u00ac\\nplete when it is weak.\\nThose in whom it is vigorous and normal,\\ncannot make poor husbands or wives, though\\nfaulty in other respects; nor those good ones\\nin whom it is deficient, however many or\\ngreat their excellences. The former are\\nalways extra fond, loving, doting, devoted,\\nand happy in wedlock when fond at all, yet\\nwhen antagonistic, become the more so the\\nbetter it is developed for, like a two-edged\\nsword, it cuts fearfully, the wrong way when\\nit does not cut the right.\\nLove is stronger in some, and weaker in\\nothers. As some excel in one gift, yet lack\\nanother, are good in music but poor in fig-\\n118\\nures, etc. so this loving, lovable capacity is\\nstrong in some but weak in others. The\\ndifference between different persons in this\\nrespect is indeed heaven-wide. Those in\\nwhom it is large and normal, instinctively\\nmake good husbands or wives without\\neffort; yet those who lack it make poor\\nones, though they try their best. A man\\never so industrious, steady, provident, liberal,\\npious, moral, intelligent, if this faculty is\\nweak, is only a poor, commonplace husband,\\nunloving and unloved comparatively soul\u00c2\u00ac\\nless, withered, barren, indifferent, cold-\\nhearted, rigid, uncouth, and cares little for\\nwoman in general, or wife in particular, and\\nis cared little for by either; while he in\\nwhom it is hearty and normal, is rich in\\nconjugal affection.\\nNoble Men and Women.\\nHe loves woman in general, and wife in\\nparticular, which both awakens their love,\\nand teaches him instinctively just how to\\ncomport himself toward both. He is all\\nwarmth, glowing and rich in all the mascu\u00c2\u00ac\\nline attributes while he in whom it is defi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncient is unmanned, emasculated in soul and\\nbody, and proportionally worthless as a hus\u00c2\u00ac\\nband.\\nA woman whose love is weak, is cold.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0136.jp2"}, "137": {"fulltext": "COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\n119\\nspiritless, passive, tame and barren in all the\\nfeminine attractions and virtues half dead\\nand alive; like leather as compared with\\nskin, having the female groundwork, but\\nlacking its life and soul; may indeed be a\\ngreat worker and a good housekeeper; the\\nkindest and best of neighbors refined,\\nproper and much besides but will be bar\u00c2\u00ac\\nren in womanliness, and therefore lack this\\n4 one thing needful\u00e2\u0080\u009d in conjugality, this very\\nheart\u00e2\u0080\u0099s core of female nature, and the lovable\\nwife. Though good in all other respects,\\nyet as a wife proper she is proportionally\\ngood for nothing. I would as soon marry\\na post as her,\u00e2\u0080\u009d said a well-sexed man of an\\nextra nice, refined, intellectual, squeamish,\\nunmarried woman of thirty, in whom this\\nfaculty was wanting.\\nLove and Marriage.\\nIn all who are indifferent to marriage this\\nfaculty is feeble and vice versa. It may be\\nnaturally strong, yet temporarily weakened\\nby physical debility, or sexual impairments,\\nor surfeited, or deadened by early errors, or\\ndisappointed love. Yet this alone is the\\nmarrying and marriageable element, all else\\nbeing subservient to this great prerequisite.\\nExpect an insipid marriage if it is feeble\\nin yourself or companion and that minor\\ndifferences will alienate you, where hearty\\nlove would harmonize. Yet to those who\\nmarry for station, home or money, it is less\\nimportant.\\nAll hail this love element, this conjugal\\ninspiration and gift. So far from being\\nmean, low-lived, sensualizing, it takes its\\ndignified rank among the human capacities.\\nIts perversion alone is despicable; yet so is\\nthat of all the others. As worship is self-\\nexalting when rightly exercised, yet degrades\\nwhen perverted to idolatry; so perverted\\nlove creates the vilest of the vices yet no\\nhuman virtue is more praiseworthy, purifying\\nor elevating than its proper exercise; and\\nwhen powerful and normal, becomes a real\\ngenius, and as much to be prized and culti\u00c2\u00ac\\nvated as a talent for invention, poetry, ora\u00c2\u00ac\\ntory, logic. As we honor a gifted musician\\nmuch, why not a prime husband or wife\\nmore? Is not love as great a human en\u00c2\u00ac\\ndowment as reason, and as useful Then\\nwhy not honor and nurture it as much more\\nas its end is more indispensable\\nA Peerless Passion.\\nHow infinitely glorious this loving, lovable\\ncapacity! What sacrifices for its object it\\ninspires What faults it hides What vir\u00c2\u00ac\\ntues it develops What other felicity equals\\nit What ecstasy as ecstatic What a zest\\nit imparts to every other life function and\\nenjoyment! What joy in being loved Girl,\\nyou little realize the intrinsic worth of that\\ntender regard for you existing in your lover\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nsoul, or you would not trifle with it. No\\nemotion, not even worship, is any more sacred.\\nYe who have never loved stand aside, for\\nnovices are counted out; as are ye who have\\nloved only indifferently. But all ye who\\nhave loved heartily was not that love-season\\nyour most sacred life-epoch? Were you not\\nregenerated by it? To love and be loved\\ntamely, passively, is something but to love\\nand be loved with a whole-souled and a\\npowerful affection, is life\u00e2\u0080\u0099s most luxurious\\nand delicious feast perpetually served up.\\nHave and prize musical gift, poetical talent,\\nor any other you may possess but to what\u00c2\u00ac\\nsoever other gift I possess let me superadd\\nan intense, a dotingly-devoted love-nature\\nand a lovable object. Be rich, yet unloving,\\nif you will, but let me be affectionate though\\npoor. Give me a clear head along with a\\nwarm heart, yet if but one, the warm, doting,\\nlovine heart first.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0137.jp2"}, "138": {"fulltext": "LOVE AMONG THE ROSES", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0138.jp2"}, "139": {"fulltext": "COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\n121\\nLove How inexpressibly sacred Less\\nso than divine worship only. What other\\nhuman emotion except divine worship pene\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrates quite as deeply into the very rootlets\\nand soul of human existence as does this\\ntender sentiment? For what does a man\\nlaunch out\u00e2\u0080\u009d so freely as to the devoted,\\naffectionate, responsive wife whom he loves\\nso tenderly and devotedly? All human\\nexperience concurs in pronouncing this\\nman\u00e2\u0080\u0099s grand master-passion.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Say, all ye\\nwho have ever loved\u00e2\u0080\u0094and who that has\\nreached maturity but has\u00e2\u0080\u0094what one senti\u00c2\u00ac\\nment ever struck away down into the very\\ndepths of your innermost consciousness as\\ndid this holy sentiment.\\nTake that dashing, heartless beauty to i\\nyour home and heart ye who will, but give\\nme one brimful of love and devotion, even\\nthough less handsome, and if I must be\\nenraptured, let it be in my devotion to my\\nconjugal partner. Let memory decline,\\nfinance and ambition wane but, oh, let\\naffection die last, and \u00e2\u0080\u009clive again\u00e2\u0080\u009d first, and\\nbe forever completely intertwined with one\\nwho loves with equal devotion.\\nAh, now, in youth, how beautiful,\\nIs the enchanted land\\nWhat matchless flowers my hand doth cull\\nWithin its haunted strand\\nWhat gorgeous visions spread the wing\\nAmid its twilight shades\\nAnd oh what shapes go, beckoning,\\nAlong its moonlit glades\\nThe dewy showers and silver gleams\\nThat sweeten all the land of dreams\\nTl).\\nN order to prepare the reader\\nfully to comprehend and appre\u00c2\u00ac\\nciate the important practical\\ndetails which follow, it is neces\u00c2\u00ac\\nsary to describe the different\\ntemperaments. When we com\u00c2\u00ac\\npare man with the other animals,\\nwe observe that he is distinguished by char\u00c2\u00ac\\nacteristic features which do not permit us,\\nfor a moment, to confound him with any of\\nthem and when we compare man with man,\\nwe are struck by the no less obvious fact,\\nthat there exists between individuals differ\u00c2\u00ac\\nences analogous to those which mark the\\ndifferent species. One is tall and muscular,\\nanother short and plump, a third small and\\nslender. We observe, also, that the func\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions of life are not performed in all with the\\nsame degree of force or rapidity, and that\\ntheir likes and dislikes have neither the same\\ndirection nor the same intensity.\\nThese differences are the result and indi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncation of what we call temperament, which\\nis defined as the peculiar physical and mental\\ncharacter of an individual.\\nIn their last analysis, the temperaments\\nare as numerous and varied as the individuals\\nof the race, no two persons being found with\\nprecisely the same physical constitution.\\nTracing them back to their simpler forms,\\nhowever, we shall find them all to result\\nfrom the almost infinite combinations of a\\nfew simple elements.\\nThe human body is composed of three\\ngrand classes or systems of organs, each of\\nwhich has its special function in the general\\neconomy. These are:\\n1. The Motive or Mechanical System,\\n2. The Vital or Nutritive System, and\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n3. The Mental or Nervous System.\\nOn this basis rests the true doctrine of the\\ntemperaments, of which there are primarily", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0139.jp2"}, "140": {"fulltext": "122\\nCOURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\nthree, corresponding with the three systems\\nof organs just named. We call them:\\n1. The Motive Temperament,\\n2. The Vital Temperament, and\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n3. The Mental Temperament.\\nIt is the predominance of the class of organs\\nfrom which it takes its name that determines\\neach of these temperaments. Thus the first\\nis marked by the superior development of the\\nosseous and muscular systems, forming the\\nMOTIVE-VITAL TEMPERAMENT.\\nBones, muscles and joints large and strong;\\nvitality abundant; the whole structure indicating\\nfirmness, toughness, energy and activity; percep\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions clear; sound in judgment and quick in de\u00c2\u00ac\\ncision admirably adapted to all out-door activities\\nand pursuits.\\nlocomotive apparatus; in the second, the vital\\norgans, the principal seat of which is in the\\ntrunk, give the tone to the organization; and\\nin the third, the brain and nervous system\\nexert the controlling power.\\nThe simple or primary temperaments are,\\nhowever, practically, little better than ab\u00c2\u00ac\\nstractions but they serve as points of\\ndeparture from which to arrive at their\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0various combinations.\\nI.\u00e2\u0080\u0094THE MOTIVE TEMPERAMENT.\\nThe bony framework of the human body\\ndetermines its general configuration, which\\nis modified in its details by the muscular\\nfibers and cellular tissues which overlay\\nthem. In the motive temperament the\\nbones are proportionately large, and gener\u00c2\u00ac\\nally long rather than broad, and the outlines\\nof the form manifest a tendency to angular\u00c2\u00ac\\nity. The muscles are well developed, but\\nonly moderately rounded, and correspond in\\nform with the bones.\\nThe figure is commonly tall, elegant and\\nstriking; the face oblong; the neck rather\\nlong; the shoulders broad and definite; the\\nchest moderate in size and fulness the ab\u00c2\u00ac\\ndomen proportional; and the limbs long and\\ntapering. The complexion and eyes are\\ngenerally, but not always, dark, and the hair\\ndark, strong and abundant. Firmness of\\ntexture characterizes all the organs.\\nStrong Characters.\\nMen of this temperament are naturally\\nvigorous, active, energetic and impassioned,\\nand possess strongly marked, if not idiosyn\u00c2\u00ac\\ncratic, characters. They manifest great\\ncapacity for conception, receiving and com\u00c2\u00ac\\nbining rapidly many and varied impressions,\\nand are constantly carried away, bearing\\nothers with them, by the torrent of their\\nimagination and passions. They are leaders,\\nrulers and conquerors in the sphere in\\nwhich they move. This is the temperament\\nfor rare talents, great works, great errors,\\ngreat faults and great crimes.\\nThe motive temperament was the prevail\u00c2\u00ac\\ning one, apparently, among the ancient\\nRomans. An aquiline nose, great ambition\\nand an insatiable love of power and con\u00c2\u00ac\\nquest very frequently accompany it.\\nIn a woman of this temperament the\\nbosom is only moderately developed, the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0140.jp2"}, "141": {"fulltext": "123\\nCOURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\nwaist remarkable for its fine proportions, the\\nhaunches not very broad, the limbs ele\u00c2\u00ac\\ngantly formed and indicative of agility and\\nlightness.\\nThe Diana of Grecian sculpture furnishes\\na fine classic representation of this type of\\nfeminine beauty.\\nHelen of Troy, according to the descrip\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions we have of her, must have been of this\\ntemperament; for we are told that she was\\ntall, and that she had \u00e2\u0080\u009ca very long and\\nwhite neck, whence she was said to be the\\ndaughter of a swan.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nRounded Plumpness.\\nThe motive temperament, in its typical\\nform, is less proper to woman than to man\\nbut we may note two or three modifications\\nof it which constitute the more feminine\\nphases\\nThe first is that in which the bones, except\\nthose of the pelvis, are proportionately small,\\nwhich gives the figure additional delicacy and\\ngrace. This conformation, while it adds to\\nthe beauty of the female figure, detracts from\\nthe strength and consequently from the beauty\\nof the masculine form.\\nThe second is that in which the develop\u00c2\u00ac\\nment of the ligaments and the articulations\\nwhich they form are proportionately small,\\nwhich adds to the beauty of the female\\nfigure by correcting the tendency to angu\u00c2\u00ac\\nlarity and abrupt bendings which, as we have\\nseen, is characteristic of this temperament,\\nand rounding and softening the contour of\\nthe joints. This will be practically apparent\\nin the wrists and ankles.\\nThe third is that which presents propor\u00c2\u00ac\\ntionally shorter bones, and, except around\\nthe pelvis, smaller and more rounded mus\u00c2\u00ac\\ncles, affording less strongly marked reliefs\\nand more of that rounded plumpness essen-\\ntial to the highest beauty in woman.\\nAn abnormal development of the motive\\ntemperament, in which both the vital and the\\nmental systems are sacrificed to mere animal\\nstrength, forms what the ancients called the\\nathletic temperament. It is marked by a\\nhead proportionately small, especially in\\nthe coronal region; a thick neck; broad\\nshoulders; expanded chest; and strongly\\nmarked muscles, the tendons of which are\\napparent through the skin.\\nFeatures delicately cut; countenance very expres\u00c2\u00ac\\nsive hair fine and soft; eyes brilliant and pene\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrating; figure graceful, rather than imposing;\\nmuscles small and compact, adapted to rapid action\\nrather than strength the whole structure distin\u00c2\u00ac\\nguished for fineness and delicacy.\\nThe Farnese Hercules furnishes a model\\nof the physical attributes of this abnormal\\nconstitution, in which brute force usurps the\\nenergies necessary to the production of\\nthought, and leaves its possessor decidedly\\ndeficient in all the higher mental manifesta\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions. This temperament does not occur\\nso frequently in women. They present a\\nmarked contrast to the brute force and dull\\nsensibilities of the mere animal.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0141.jp2"}, "142": {"fulltext": "124\\nCOURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\nII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094THE VITAL TEMPERAMENT.\\nAs this temperament depends upon the\\npredominance of the vital or nutritive organs\\nwhich occupy the great cavities of the trunk,\\nit is necessarily marked by a breadth and\\nthickness of body proportionately greater,\\nand a stature and size of limbs proportion\u00c2\u00ac\\nately less than in the motive temperament.\\nIts most striking physical characteristic is\\nVITAL TEMPERAMENT.\\nStature above the medium chest broad face full\\nand limbs well rounded expression lively, frank\\nand good-natured; may have complexion either\\nlight or dark fond of good living, play and out\u00c2\u00ac\\ndoor life social affections strong.\\nrotundity or plumpness. The face inclines\\nto roundness; the neck is rather short; the\\nshoulders broad and round; the chest full\\nthe abdomen well developed; the arms and\\nlegs plump, but tapering and delicate, and\\nterminating in hands and feet relatively\\nsmall. The complexion is generally rather\\nflorid; the countenance smiling; the eyes\\nblue and the hair soft, light and abundant.\\nIn a woman of this temperament (which\\nseems peculiarly the temperament of woman y\\nthe shoulders are softly rounded, and owe\\nany breadth they may possess rather to the\\nexpanded chest containing these organs, than\\nto the bony or muscular size of the shoulders,\\nthemselves; the bosom, a vital organ, in its\\nluxuriance seems laterally to protrude on the\\nspace occupied by the arms; the waist,\\nthough sufficiently marked, is, as it were,\\nencroached on by that plumpness of all the\\ncontiguous parts which the powerful nutri\u00c2\u00ac\\ntive system affords; the locomotive organs,,\\nthe limbs and arms, tapering and becoming\\ndelicate, terminate in feet and hands which,\\ncompared with the ample trunk, are pecu\u00c2\u00ac\\nliarly small; the complexion, depending upon\\nnutrition, has the rose and lily so exquisitely\\nblended that we are surprised it should defy\\nthe usual operation of the elements; and\\nthere is a luxuriant profusion of soft and fine\\nflaxen or auburn hair. The whole figure is\\nsoft and voluptuous in the extreme.\\nArts of Oriental Women.\\nSuch forms and faces have had more\\nnumerous admirers than those of any other\\nstyle, and enter into almost every descrip\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of beauty in the works of both Asiatic\\nand European writers. Americans are said\\nto be the only people who manifest a decided\\npassion for slenderness. The arts which\\nwomen have practiced in order to acquire\\nthe desired plumpness are detailed at length\\nby various writers. Camus tells us that the\\nwomen of Egypt were wont to bathe them\u00c2\u00ac\\nselves several days in lukewarm water, eat\u00c2\u00ac\\ning and drinking while in the bath. The\\nEmpress Theodora also \u00e2\u0080\u009cmade abundant use\\nof the bath, remaining in it long, and leaving\\nit only to eat and rest in bed, during the\\ngreater part of the day and night,\u00e2\u0080\u009d to increase\\nher plumpness and heighten her charms.\\nPersons of this temperament are charac-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0142.jp2"}, "143": {"fulltext": "COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\n125\\nterized mentally by activity, ardor, impul\u00c2\u00ac\\nsiveness, enthusiasm, versatility, and some\u00c2\u00ac\\ntimes by fickleness. They have more elas\u00c2\u00ac\\nticity than firmness, more diligence than\\npersistence, more brilliancy than depth.\\nThey are frequently violent and passionate,\\nbut are as easily calmed as excited; are\\ngenerally cheerful and amiable, and almost\\nalways very companionable and fond of good\\nliving.\\nAn undue and abnormal preponderance of\\nthe absorbent system and a sluggish action\\nof the circulatory organs give rise to what\\nhas been called the lymphatic temperament,\\nwhich presents forms even more rounded\\nand softer than those we have been describ\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, but lacking their well-defined and grace\u00c2\u00ac\\nful outlines. A feeble color of the skin, a\\nlack of expression in the countenance, insur\u00c2\u00ac\\nmountable sloth, and a general weakness\\nand apathy, both of body and mind charac\u00c2\u00ac\\nterize this state of the system, which is so\\nevidently the result of disease that we see no\\npropriety in setting it down as one of the\\nnatural temperaments. When perfect health\\nshall have become universal, we shall have\\nno lymphatic people, and no lazy ones.\\nIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094THE MENTAL TEMPERAMENT.\\nThe mental temperament, depending upon\\nthe predominance of the brain and nervous\\nsystem, is characterized by a slight frame,\\nand a head relatively large and of a pyriform\\nappearance. The face is generally oval;\\nthe forehead high and pale the features\\ndelicate and finely chiseled the eye bright\\nand expressive the hair fine, soft, not\\nabundant, and commonly of a light color\\nthe neck slender the chest rather narrow\\nthe limbs small and the whole figure deli\u00c2\u00ac\\ncate and graceful rather than striking or\\nelegant. In woman, the bosom and pelvis\\nare only moderately expanded, and there is\\na decided lack of that rounded fullness\\nwhich characterizes the vital temperament.\\nThe face of Duse, the famous Italian ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntress, is particularly fine, and no ideal can\\nexpress, in general contours, more intellect\u00c2\u00ac\\nuality. The following brief but graphic\\ndescription of the great Queen of Tragedy,\\nas she appeared on the stage in New York\\nis a correct picture of her\\nPale, with jet-black hair, a small, regular\\nnose, a mouth mobile enough, but rather\\nsweet in its expression and tender in its lines\\nWell-proportioned form eyes large and express\\nsive; a happy combination of mental and bodily\\nactivity; features regular and expressing intelli\u00c2\u00ac\\ngence, sympathy and sincerity. A fine type of all\\nwomanly grace and attractiveness.\\nfor the heroine of tragedy, and a large fore\u00c2\u00ac\\nhead quite protruding itself over the straight,\\nblack brows that shadow her wondrous eyes,\\nshe is the very embodiment of feminine in\u00c2\u00ac\\ntellect. Her figure is slight, and her mental\\nentirely dominates her vital system but her\\nlimbs, with all their delicacy, have a firm look,\\nand she is rather lithe than fragile. The fall\\nof her drapery would make any sculptor\\ndespair, did he not see that itself is but the\\nreproduction in tissue of lines into which the\\nGrecian sculptors wrought their marble/\u00e2\u0080\u0099", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0143.jp2"}, "144": {"fulltext": "126\\nCOURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\nIn some of her plays, however, she\\ndresses like a peasant girl, and utterly\\nignores all the graces of drapery.\\nIn persons of the mental temperament,\\nthe brain and the nervous system are active,\\nthe thoughts quick, the senses acute, and the\\nimagination lively and brilliant. It is the\\nliterary and artistic, and especially the poetic,\\ntemperament, of which Byron, Shelley,\\nKeats, and Poe furnished good examples.\\nThere is at the present day, and in this\\nMOTIVE-MENTAL TEMPERAMENT.\\nThinker and worker; practical, pushing, ambi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntious, thorough, forcible physique tough and wiry,\\nrather than stout and commanding; in many respects\\nthe typical American. Men distinguished in every\\npursuit possess this temperament to a greater or less\\ndegree.\\ncountry, an excessive and morbid develop\u00c2\u00ac\\nment of this temperament, especially among\\nwomen (to whom, even in its normal pre\u00c2\u00ac\\ndominance, it is less proper than the preced\u00c2\u00ac\\ning), which is most inimical to health, lon\u00c2\u00ac\\ngevity, and happiness. It answers to the\\nnervous temperament of the old classifica\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, and is characterized by the smallness\\nand emaciation of the muscles, the quickness\\nand intensity of the sensations, the sudden\u00c2\u00ac\\nness and fickleness of the determinations,\\nand a morbid impressibility.\\nIt is caused by sedentary habits lack of\\nexercise; a false system of education, induc\u00c2\u00ac\\ning a premature and disproprionate develop\u00c2\u00ac\\nment of the brain the immoderate use of\\ntea, coffee and tobacco and habits of sensual\\nindulgence.\\nThe three primary temperaments combin\u00c2\u00ac\\ning with each other in different proportions,\\nand being modified by various causes, form\\nsub-temperaments innumerable, presenting\\ndifferences and resemblances depending upon\\nthe relative proportions of the primitive ele\u00c2\u00ac\\nments. The simplest combinations of which\\nthe three primary temperaments are suscep\u00c2\u00ac\\ntible, give us six sub-temperaments, which\\nmay be designated as\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n1. The Motive-Vital Temperament,\\n2. The Motive-Mental Temperament,\\n3. The Vital-Motive Temperament,\\n4. The Vital-Mental Temperament,\\n5. The Mental-Motive Temperament, and\\n6. The Mental-Vital Temperament.\\nThe Proper Balance.\\nThe names of these compound tempera\u00c2\u00ac\\nments sufficiently indicate their character.\\nThe motive-vital and the vital-motive differ\\nbut slightly, the name placed first in either\\ncase indicating the element which exists in\\nthe larger proportion. The same remark\\napplies to the motive-mental and the mental-\\nmotive, and to the vital-mental and the\\nmental-vital.\\nIt is evident that perfection of constitu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion must consist in a proper balance of tem\u00c2\u00ac\\nperaments. If any one of them exists in\\ngreat excess, the result is necessarily a\\ndeparture from symmetry and harmony\\nboth of form and character. Whatever,\\ntherefore, has a tendency to promote the dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nproportionate development of either of them\\nshould be carefully avoided.\\nEach person is born with a particular tern-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0144.jp2"}, "145": {"fulltext": "COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\n12?\\nperament, in which there is an inherent ten\u00c2\u00ac\\ndency to maintain and increase itself, since it\\ngives rise to habits which exercise and\\ndevelop it; but this tendency may be coun\u00c2\u00ac\\nteracted and changed entirely by external\\ncircumstances\u00e2\u0080\u0094by education, occupation,\\nsuperinduced habits, climate, etc., and more\\nparticularly by special training instituted for\\nthat purpose.\\nDr. George Combe, in one of his valuable\\nworks, points out the important changes\\nproduced in the temperament by a continued\\ncourse of training. \u00e2\u0080\u009cIt is common,\u00e2\u0080\u009d he\\nsays, \u00e2\u0080\u009cfor the motive to be changed into the\\nmental temperament by habits of mental\\nactivity and close study; and, on the other\\nhand, we often see the nervous or bilious\\nchanged into the lymphatic or vital about\\nthe age of forty, when the nutritive system\\nseems to acquire the preponderance.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nSpurzheim was accustomed to say that he\\nhad originally a large portion of the lym\u00c2\u00ac\\nphatic temperament, as had all his family;\\nbut that in himself the lymphatic had gradu\u00c2\u00ac\\nally diminished, and the nervous increased\\nwhereas, in his sisters, owing to mental inac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntivity, the reverse had happened, and when\\nhe visited them, after being absent many\\nyears, he found them, to use his own expres\u00c2\u00ac\\nsion, \u00e2\u0080\u009cas large as tuns.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\niCI)ab Teiyperan^eqts Should apd Should\\nHot Nlarry\\nINCE few have well-balanced\\nheads or bodies, most require\\nmarry their opposites in one\\nor more respects. Almost all\\nhave too much brain for body,\\nor body for brain; or else too\\nmuch or too little respiration,\\nor digestion, or circulation, or muscle, for\\ntheir other physical functions.\\nThose who are medium in complexion,\\nstature, etc., who are neither extra dark nor\\nlight, large nor small, tall nor short, lean nor\\nfat, may marry those who are medium, or\\nnearly like themselves in these respects, or\\nin either extreme, or a little more or less so\\nthan themselves. Thus, those whose hair is\\nneither dark nor light, but about midway\\nbetween both, may marry those who are a\\nshade darker, or lighter, than themselves, or\\na good deal darker or lighter, or even jet\\nblack or bright red, as they may fancy, or aa\\nother circumstances may favor most, the\\ncomplexion being not especially material;\\nyet the darker one is, the lighter his or her\\ncompanion should be.\\nBright red hair should marry jet black, and\\njet black auburn, or bright red. And the more\\nred-faced and bearded or impulsive a man, the\\nmore dark, calm, cool, and quiet should his\\nwife be and vice versa. The florid should\\nnot marry the florid, but those who are dark\\nin proportion as they themselves are light.\\nRed-whiskered men should many bru\u00c2\u00ac\\nnettes but not blondes the color of the\\nwhiskers being more determinate of the\\ntemperament than that of the hair.\\nThe color of the eyes is still more impor\u00c2\u00ac\\ntant. Gray eyes must marry some other\\ncolor, almost any other, except gray; and\\nso of blue, dark, hazel, etc.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0145.jp2"}, "146": {"fulltext": "128\\nCOURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\nThose very fleshy should not marry those\\nequally so, and this remember, is doubly true\\nof females. A spare man is much better\\nadapted to a fleshy woman than a round-\\nfavored man. Two who are short, thick\u00c2\u00ac\\nset and stocky should not unite in marriage,\\nbut should choose those differently consti\u00c2\u00ac\\ntuted but on no account one of their own\\nmake. And, in general, those predisposed\\nto corpulence are therefore less inclined to\\nmarriage.\\nWhom Nervous People Should Marry.\\nThose with little hair or beard should\\nmarry those whose hair is naturally abun\u00c2\u00ac\\ndant still, those who once had plenty, but\\nwho have lost it, may marry those who are\\neither bald or have but little for in this, as in\\nall other cases, all depends on what one is by\\nnature, little on present states.\\nThose whose motive-temperament decidedly\\npredominates, who are bony, only moderately\\nfleshy, quite prominent-featured, Roman\u00c2\u00ac\\nnosed, and muscular, should not marry those\\nsimilarly formed, but those either sanguine\\nor nervous, or a compound of both for\\nbeing more strong than susceptible or emo\u00c2\u00ac\\ntional, they both require that their own emo\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions should be perpetually prompted by an\\nemotional companion, and that their children\\nalso be endowed with the emotional from\\nthe other parent. That is, those who are\\ncool should marry those who are impulsive\\nand susceptible.\\nSmall, nervous men must not marry little\\nnervous or sanguine women, lest both they\\nand their children have quite too much of\\nthe hot-headed and impulsive, and die sud\u00c2\u00ac\\ndenly. Generally, ladies who are small arc\\ntherefore more eagerly sought than large.\\nOf course this general fact has its except\u00c2\u00ac\\nions. Some are small hereditarily, others\\nrendered so by extra action in some form,\\nover-study, over-work, or passional excite\u00c2\u00ac\\nment because during growth, their intense\\nnervous systems consumed energy faster\\nthan their weak vital could manufacture it;\\nwhich dwarfed their stature.\\nA woman who is small-boned and extra\\nfine-grained, must marry one extra promi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnent-featured and large while two who are\\nprominent-featured, long-faced, and formed\\nupon the same general model of potentiality\\nshould not affiliate. A woman evenly bal\u00c2\u00ac\\nanced is adapted to any large, tall, prominent\u00c2\u00ac\\nnosed man, but not to one small and sharp\u00c2\u00ac\\nnosed, or thin-lipped.\\nWebster preferred little women; he coarse,\\nthey fine; he powerful, they susceptible; his\\nlove animal, theirs more sentimental; he for\u00c2\u00ac\\ncible, they pliant. Short, rotund, small-boned\\nwomen attract and are attracted to tall and\\nspare men while those who are slim, abso\u00c2\u00ac\\nlutely must wed stocky, wide-jowled. broad-\\nshouldered men.\\nA Singular Fact.\\nTwo very beautiful persons rarely do or\\nshould many nor two extra homely. The\\nfact is a little singular that very handsome\\nwomen, who, of course, can have their pick,\\nrarely marry good-looking men, but gener\u00c2\u00ac\\nally give preference to those who are\\nhomely; because that exquisiteness in which\\nbeauty originates naturally blends with that\\npower which accompanies huge noses and\\ndisproportionate features.\\nPsyche loved Apollo desperately, says\\nMythology, on account of his beauty. Now,\\nthis must have been purely imaginary. No\\nv oman thus beautiful ever loved a handsome\\nman, if she could find any other. The\\nGreek Slave, who was chiselled by the\\nsculptoi as medium in form, would choose\\nnot a tall, slim, but a thick-set, broad-shoul\u00c2\u00ac\\ndered man, though perhaps tall if capacious-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0146.jp2"}, "147": {"fulltext": "COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\n129\\nchested and prominently-featured. Psyche\\nwould naturally choose a man of talents\\nrather than of a good physique and a right\\nhomely and even awkward man need not\\nfear a refusal, if he is only powerful, original,\\nlogical and smart.\\nAll bony, muscular temperaments, and\\nstrongly-marked outlines, should marry a\\n.smooth, round, plump form.\\nRapid movers, speakers, laughers, should\\nmarry those who are calm and deliberate,\\nand impulsives, those who are stoical; while\\nthose who are medium, may marry those\\nwho are either or neither, as they prefer.\\nMasculine Women.\\nMasculine women, who inherit their\\nfather s looks, stature, appearance and\\nphysique mainly, should give preference to\\nmen who take most after the mother, physi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncally whilst women cast strongly after their\\nmother should marry those men in whom\\nthe masculine form and physiology super-\\nabound.\\nNoses indicate characters by indicating the\\norganisms and temperaments. Accordingly,\\nthose noses especially marked either way,\\nshould marry those having opposite nasal\\ncharacteristics. Roman noses are adapted\\nto those which turn up, and pug noses to\\nthose turning down; while straight noses\\nmay marry either.\\nNarrow nostrils indicate small lungs. Such\\nare adapted to those with broad nostrils,\\nwhich accompany large lungs and vital\\norgans.\\nPresident John Adams lived in the most\\npoetic affection with his wife over half a\\ncentury. He had all the signs of a vigorous\\nsexuality, along with that harmonious even\u00c2\u00ac\\nness which would neither give nor take\\noffence. He was so splendidly sexed that\\nany and all women would love him besides\\nbeing talented, moral and most appieciative\\nof the sex. He was best adapted to a woman\\nrather tall, certainly not oval, but especially\\nrefined. A little irritability was his only\\nfault.\\nHeavy lower jaws, which signify animal\\nvigor, are adapted to light; but two with\\nheavy jowls would create too animal off\u00c2\u00ac\\nspring and two thin ones, those too feeble\\nphysically to become, accomplish or enjoy\\nmuch. Thus Miss Slim may marry a robust,\\nwell-rounded figure, but not Lincoln, who\\nw^as well adapted to his wife; he lantern-\\njawed, she rotund.\\nLarge mouths and lips signify hearty sex\u00c2\u00ac\\nualities. Small mouths in females are poorly\\nadapted to large-featured, bony, broad-built,\\nrobust men.\\nNo two with narrow, retreating chins\\nshould marry; but such should pair off with\\nthose which are broad, prominent and pro\u00c2\u00ac\\njecting downward.\\nUnfortunate Marriages.\\nMiss Exquisite must on no account marry\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009ca young man of the period,\u00e2\u0080\u009d slim, slight\\nbuilt, sprightly, all nerve, the lower part of\\nhis face thin, neck small, brilliant, and fore\u00c2\u00ac\\nhead high and prominent; for their nervous\u00c2\u00ac\\nness would engender mutual antagonisms in\\na week; and their children would not sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nvive a scarlet fever attack a day. Only a\\nlarge-featured, cool, strong man is at all\\nadapted to her.\\nNo fat, short husband would do for Miss\\nPlump. Oval and short herself, only a long\u00c2\u00ac\\nfaced, tall, spare man would draw her love.\\nA woman who is \u00e2\u0080\u009call soul\u00e2\u0080\u009d must marry\\na man who is somewhat of an animal, strong,\\npractical, energetic, for if she chooses an ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nquisite, ornate, nice, finished, bright, senti\u00c2\u00ac\\nmental man, their children, if they produced\\nany, would be too angelic for this coarse\\n9", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0147.jp2"}, "148": {"fulltext": "130\\nCOURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\nworld, and leave it early. Nor could she\\nendure such a husband.\\nA long-faced, thin-visaged, long-nosed,\\nlong-necked person, built on the crane prin\u00c2\u00ac\\nciple, should not marry one of similar\\nphysique, but one who might be called Miss\\nSquare, or Miss Gay, or Miss Plump, for\\ntheir form indicates impulsiveness his, cool\u00c2\u00ac\\nness theirs, flash his, power.\\nThe Tall and the Short.\\nA tall pair is rare; but a tall, elegant\\nwoman is often found mated with a short,\\nstocky man, and vice versa.\\nTwo having fine soft hair and skin are not\\nas well adapted in marriage as those having\\none the coarser, the other the finer; lest\\ntheir offspring should be too exquisitely\\norganized for their strength nor should\\ntwo very coarse-haired, lest their children\\nprove too coarse and animal; yet those\\nwhose hair and skin are average, may marry\\nfine, or coarse, or medium.\\nCurls should not marry curls!\u00e2\u0080\u0094except\\nthose easily taken off\u00e2\u0080\u0094but should select\\nthose whose hair lies so close and smooth as\\nto fairly shine while wavy hair is adapted to\\neither or neither.\\nThese cases are instanced, less on their\\nown account, than as illustrations of the law\\ninvolved which, once understood, becomes\\na guide in all other cases. Still, none should\\nbe rejected because of some minor condi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions, provided the great outline character\u00c2\u00ac\\nistics are all right.\\nA right mental adaptation is, however, as\\nmuch more important than a right physical,\\nas the transmission of the mind is than that\\nof the body. Gender, too, inheres mainly\\nin the mind. Then what laws govern men\u00c2\u00ac\\ntal affiliations\\nThose which govern physical. Is# their\\ngreat outline they must be substantially\\nalike. Thus, a savage and a civilized do-\\nnot harmonize as well as two savages, or\\ntwo who are civilized. No instances of\\ngenuine affection obtain among all the mar\u00c2\u00ac\\nriages of white men with squaws, or African,\\nor Malay women, except where the latter\\nhave been first civilized. Could a bigoted\\nheathen love a bigoted Christian The\\nmore either sets by their religion, the less\\nthey would set by each other. Not only\\nmust a Chinese marry a Chinese, a Turk a\\nTurk, and a Christian a Christian, but those\\nof the same Christian faith must marry those\\nof like tenets. Catholics naturally blend\\nwith Catholics, and Protestants with Protest\u00c2\u00ac\\nants, never with those of opposite faith.\\nDifferent Religious Beliefs.\\nConflicting beliefs can love each other\\nwhen their sexual attraction is sufficient to\\novercome religious differences; yet religious\\nharmony increases, and differences diminish,\\ntheir natural assimilation. So great is this\\nsexual attraction, that a savage man and\\ncivilized woman can live happily together;\\nyet how much more cordially could savage\\nlive with savage, and one of his own tribe,\\nand civilized with civilized, and one of their\\nown or like mode of civilization. Even\\nthose of different nationalities will find their\\nnational differences a source of many more\\ndiscords than concords, and should marry\\nonly when love is sufficiently strong to over\u00c2\u00ac\\nrule this national antagonism.\\nPolitical views are governed by this prin\u00c2\u00ac\\nciple, yet if two persons will subject politics\\nto love, they can live affectionately. You\\nhave a right to your opinion, and I have to\\nmine; I will not trouble you about your\\npolitical views, and you shall not pick a\\nquarrel with me.\u00e2\u0080\u009d This is a good rule, and,\\nif followed, would save many a tempest in\\nthe household. The opposite rule is: \u00e2\u0080\u009cYou", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0148.jp2"}, "149": {"fulltext": "131\\nGALLANTRY OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY*", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0149.jp2"}, "150": {"fulltext": "132\\nCOURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\nhave a right to believe as I do, and I insist\\nthat you shall.\u00e2\u0080\u009d This is the jug-handle, all\\non one side.\\nLack of affection in both will render their\\nmarriage and offspring tame, even though\\nboth are talented and moral. At least one\\n.should be affectionate, better if both are; yet\\nher lot is hard, who, with warm, gushing\\naffection, is repulsed when she expresses it.\\nShe who dearly loves to be caressed and\\nfondled, should be; and if she marries a cold,\\ndistant man, whose love is merely personal,\\nshe must expect to pine and starve, and dis\u00c2\u00ac\\npense, during maternity, with that sympathy\\n.and tenderness she then so much needs and\\ncraves.\\nThe True Gentleman.\\nA true lover is always attentive, kind, con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsiderate, and prides himself on being courtly\\nand gallant. A real gentleman can be picked\\nout from a thousand by his polite treatment\\nof ladies, such as is pictured to the eye in the\\naccompanying engraving, which represents\\nthe courtly gallantly of the 18 th century.\\nLadies, such a gentleman for a husband is\\nworth more than the dollars of a hundred\u00c2\u00ac\\nfold millionaire, yet he may have the millions\\nand be a gentleman into the bargain.\\nFew are perfect, mentally and sentiment\u00c2\u00ac\\nally; therefore most require to offset their\\nexcesses and defects by marrying those unlike\\nthemselves. They must be sufficiently alike\\nin the majority of their great outline charac\u00c2\u00ac\\nteristics to fuse their differences but since\\nalmost all have too much or too little cau\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, kindness, selfishness, taste, justice, most\\npersons need to marry those unlike them\u00c2\u00ac\\nselves, in one or more respects.\\nEvenly balanced heads may marry either\\nthose well or poorly balanced, yet prefer\\nthose well balanced. Those who marry even,\\nmay expect their children to be good, yet not\\nremarkable; those who marry contrasts, may\\nlook for those of bolder outlines, who will be\\nnoted for something special. Yet if these\\ndifferences are considerable, they produce\\nmiserably balanced children, usually unfor\u00c2\u00ac\\ntunate and unhappy.\\nStrongly feminized men, who inherit after\\nthe mother or grandmother, should marry\\nstrongly masculinized women, who take\\nchiefly after their fathers, so as to secure both\\nmale and female characteristics. Dependent\\nand vine-like women are always drawn most\\nto positive, firm, wilful, authoritative men,\\nwho love to command, and take the respon\u00c2\u00ac\\nsibility while strongly feminized men need\\nstrong-minded,\u00e2\u0080\u009d forcible women\u00e2\u0080\u0094those re\u00c2\u00ac\\nlated. to the Amazons\u00e2\u0080\u0094to assume the respon\u00c2\u00ac\\nsibility and spur on to effort; yet some of\\nthis class require to marry men who are still\\nfirmer than themselves, and forcible enough\\nto create deference.\\nWeak Characters Despised.\\nA woman, to love a man well, must look\\nup to him with awe and respect yet all\\nwomen despise weak, vacillating men. No\\nwoman who has much feminine intuition can\\npossibly love a putty man.\\nMen who love to command must be\\nespecially careful not to marry imperious,\\nwomen\u00e2\u0080\u0099s-rights women while those who\\nwillingly \u00e2\u0080\u009cobey orders,\u00e2\u0080\u009d need just such.\\nSome men require a wife who shall take their\\npart; yet all who do not need strong-willed\\nwomen, should be careful how they marry\\nthem. Unless you love to be opposed, be\\ncareful not to marry one who often argues\\nand talks back for discussion before mar\u00c2\u00ac\\nriage becomes obstinacy after.\\nA sensible woman should ^ot marry an\\nobstinate but injudicious, unintelligent man\\nbecause she cannot long endure to see and\\nhelp him blindly follow his poor, but spurn", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0150.jp2"}, "151": {"fulltext": "COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\n133\\nher good plans. Though such men need\\njust such women to help lay out their life-\\ncourse, while such women could get on pass\u00c2\u00ac\\nably with such husbands who heeded their\\nsuggestions; yet such men plan poorly,\\nblindly follow their own wills, and authori\u00c2\u00ac\\ntatively compel their wives to help carry\\nthem out.\\nHow Good Wives are Spoiled.\\nObstinate men must be sensible, or else\\ncontent with wives and children who are\\nnot. If they could only realize that such\\nwomen are just the very ones they require,\\nyet that they should always ask and heed\\ntheir advice, they would render their wives\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nposition most agreeable instead of painful,\\nand every way most promotive of their\\nmutual happiness and success. How impor\u00c2\u00ac\\ntant a change would be effected by this\\napparently trifling condition Yet in most\\nlike cases such men spoil such women.\\nThey are drawn together at first because\\nnaturally adapted to each other; yet their\\nadaptation is spoiled by denying her her\\nnatural place in their copartnership.\\nA submissive but intellectual woman may\\nmarry a man whose will is stronger, even\\nthough his intellect is smaller, than hers\\nyet it is better for both if his intellect is still\\nlarger than hers, so that she may repose in\\nhis superior judgment. Such a woman feels\\ninadequate to assume responsibilities or set\\nherself at work, and must have some guide.\\nNaturally dependent, she must lean, though\\neven on a crooked stick. Fortunately, how\u00c2\u00ac\\never, she can adapt herself to almost any man.\\nHence, if her second husband should be\\ntotally different from her first, and third from\\neither, she could yet conform to each with\\nequal ease and if force is large, will work\\nmost effectually and willingly with and for\\nhim, however opposite their specialties;\\nbesides quietly adapting herself to extreme\\nvicissitudes, by making the best of what is.\\nSuch, especially if love is large, make the\\nvery best wives, because efficient and sen\u00c2\u00ac\\nsible, yet affectionate and comformable.\\nAnd there are many such.\\nThe reserved or secretive should marry\\nthe frank. A cunning man cannot endure\\nthe least artifice in a wife. Those who are\\nnon-committal must marry those who are\\ndemonstrative; else however much they may\\nlove, neither will feel sure as to the other\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\naffections, and each will distrust the other,\\nwhile their children will be deceitful. Those\\nwho are frank and confiding also need to be\\nconstantly forewarned by those who are sus\u00c2\u00ac\\npicious.\\nA timid woman should never marry a\\nhesitating man, lest, like frightened children,\\neach keep perpetually re-alarming the other\\nby imaginary fears nor yet a careless man,\\nfor he would commit just indiscretions\\nenough to keep her in perpetual fear and\\ntrembling; but should marry one who is\\nbold, yet judicious, so that her intellect, by", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0151.jp2"}, "152": {"fulltext": "134\\nCOURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\nreposing in his tried judgment, can feel safe,\\nand let her trust in him quiet her natural\\nfearfulness.\\nA hopeless man should marry a resolute,\\nhopeful woman, who is always telling how\\nwell things are going to turn out, and en\u00c2\u00ac\\ncouraging, and who has sufficient judgment\\nto be allowed the reins, lest the fears of both\\nrender him pusillanimous, and their children\\ncowards. Many men live tame lives, though\\nabundantly capable of accomplishing almost\\nanything, because too irresolute to once\\nbegin whereas, with a judicious yet expec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntant wife to prompt them to take initiatory\\nsteps, they would fill responsible positions.\\nThe Curse of Extravagance.\\nAn industrious, thrifty, hard-working man\\nshould marry a woman tolerably saving and\\nindustrious. As the \u00e2\u0080\u009calmighty dollar\u00e2\u0080\u009d is\\nnow the great motor-wheel of humanity, and\\nthat to which most husbands devote their\\nentire lives, to delve alone is uphill work.\\nMuch more if she indulges in extravagance.\\nIt is doubly important, therefore, that both\\nwork together pecuniarily. But if either has\\nproperty enough to create in both a feeling\\nof contentment, large acquisition in the other\\nis less important; yet a difference here often\\nengenders opposition elsewhere.\\nGood livers should marry\u00e2\u0080\u0094he to provide\\ntable luxuries, she to serve them up, and\\nboth to enjoy them together. Indeed, a\\ngood appetite in both can often be made to\\nharmonize other discordant points, and\\npromote concord.\\nMen large in beauty should by no means\\nmarry women deficient in it yet women in\\nwhom it is large may marry men in whom it\\nis only fair, provided other traits are favor\u00c2\u00ac\\nable for a man of taste can never endure\\na slattern, while a woman of taste can bear\\nwith a man who is careless of appearances,\\nand love him, provided he has sufficient\\npower and stamina of character to eclipse\\nthis defect by his sterling characteristics yet\\nhe must let her \u00e2\u0080\u009cfix him up nicely.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nA clergyman of commanding talents,\\nsuperior eloquence, and the highest moral\\nworth, was publicly described as likely to\\nmarry a woman of superior taste, refinement,\\npersonal neatness, beauty, elegance of man\u00c2\u00ac\\nners, poetry, and many other like expressions\\ndenoting large beauty whereas she was the\\nreverse but he lived unhappily, and spent\\nmuch of his time from home, because he\\ncould not endure her coarseness and slat\u00c2\u00ac\\nternly habits, and never took her out. He\\nhad married her money, and was anything\\nbut conjugally mated or happy; so that the\\nprediction was right in principle. The rule\\nwas proved by the evils consequent on its\\nviolation.\\nAnimal Propensities.\\nAnimal love, excessive in both, prompts\\nto that over-indulgence which breaks down\\nthe nervous systems of both, and renders\\ntheir children too impulsive, fiery, and ani\u00c2\u00ac\\nmal whereas, when one is passionate and\\nthe other passive, the former will inspire\\npassion in the latter, yet be toned down by\\nthe passive one; while their children will\\nunite the Platonic love of the latter with the\\nimpassioned of the former, and be better\\nthan either whereas, its deficiency in both\\nrenders progeny too tamely constituted ever\\nto enjoy or accomplish much. And yet\\nsuch absolutely must adapt themselves to\\neach other.\\nThe irritable, yet approbailvc, must by no\\nmeans marry those like themselves, lest the\\nirritability of each, by blaming the other,\\nrouse mutual resentment. Yet if such are\\nmarried, both must be especially careful\\nhow they cast any reflections because the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0152.jp2"}, "153": {"fulltext": "COURTSHIP AND MARRiAGE.\\n135\\nother party construes them to mean much\\nmore than was intended. Probably more con\u00c2\u00ac\\njugal animosities originate in this wounded\\nambition than in any other faculty. Nothing\\nas effectually rouses and intensifies every\\nexisting antagonism. Pride is a good thing,\\nbut must be respected and humored, at least\\nnot upbraided or mortified. Even if a man\\ncan gratify a woman\u00e2\u0080\u0099s love of style and dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nplay, he must not censure her in private,\\nunless he is willing to kindle her hate, and\\nspoil their children.\\nFault-finding beaux and girls, during court\u00c2\u00ac\\nship, are sure to scold intolerably after mar\u00c2\u00ac\\nriage. If your moderate ambition can endure\\ncensure, marry; but if not, take timely\\nwarning from \u00e2\u0080\u009cstraws.\u00e2\u0080\u009d One who is hard\\nto please before marriage, will be much\\nharder after; while one who patiently en\u00c2\u00ac\\ndures and forbears during courtship, will be\\nmore so after marriage, if kept in a love\\nmood; and a beau who insists on having\\nhis way before, will be dogmatical if not\\ndomineering after and must marry a meek,\\npatient, accommodating woman.\\nThis counterbalancing law also governs\\nthe intellectual faculties. If a man who has\\nlarge perceptives with small reflectives, mar\u00c2\u00ac\\nries a woman having large reflectives with\\nsmall perceptives, since both transmit what\\nis strongest in themselves, their children will\\ninherit his large perceptives along with het\\nlarge reflectives thus possessing the perfec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions of both, unmarred by the imperfections\\nof either. He can remember, but not think;\\nwhile she can think, but not remember;\\nyet their children can both think and re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmember.\\nHow Love-iVlakii)o Should be Conducted\\nE have now stated the plain\\nrules which should be\\nobserved in making selec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions for marriage. Both\\nthe physical and mental\\ntraits ought to be carefully\\nconsidered; health and\\nphysique should be taken into account; also\\nthe disposition and mental peculiarities. We\\ncome now to those plain and sensible sug\u00c2\u00ac\\ngestions that should be considered in con\u00c2\u00ac\\nducting every courtship. Here it is possible\\nto commit grave errors thoughtless, care\u00c2\u00ac\\nless, impulsive, passionate, giddy young\\npeople often spoil the beauty and bloom of\\nlove-making.\\nExcessive coyness and distance sometimes\\nrepel. Love must be mutual; hence bash\u00c2\u00ac\\nful suitors often fear lest they obtrude them\u00c2\u00ac\\nselves on a reserved woman. Many a courted\\ngirl represses all advancements, even mani\u00c2\u00ac\\nfests aversion, though bursting with affection\\nwhereas showing him that she is approach\u00c2\u00ac\\nable instead of repellant, would encourage\\nhis attentions. Broken-hearted women by\\nthousands have lost their lovers by extra\\nreserve and apparent stoicism, whom a more\\nreciprocal course would have retained. One\\nalone cannot do all the courting. There\\nmust be a response, and unless it is prompt\\nand emphatic the fires are liable to die in\\nashes.\\nYoung man, the lady you are courting is\\nabove any other, more sacred, lovelier,\\nsweeter, more angelic, if you please. Open\\nall the treasures of your heart to her; idolize", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0153.jp2"}, "154": {"fulltext": "136\\nCOURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\nher, fondle her, feed her craving for affection,\\ntreat her with all the delicacy and considera\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of which you are capable. Young\\nwoman, these same rules are for your side\\nof the house, and you must observe them,\\nin so far as they apply to your sex.\\nBungle whatever else you will, but do\\nnot dare bungle courtship because its right\\nmanagement will conduct all to that happiest\\nissue of life, a happy marriage; whilst its\\nwrong is commensurately disastrous. Its\\naugust mission is to establish between two\\nthat eternal affiliation which will ever con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstitute them \u00e2\u0080\u009cone flesh,\u00e2\u0080\u009d cement each other\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\naffections past all possibility of future rup\u00c2\u00ac\\nture, and render them one in object, doctrine,\\nfeeling, spirit, everything.\\nBeginning Right.\\nIts beginning is equally regulated by these\\nlaws so that all the power wielded by love\\nover man barely measures the blessings con\u00c2\u00ac\\nferred by its right initiation, and the miseries\\ninflicted by its wrong. Indeed, its first stage\\nis by far its most eventful, for good and evil.\\nWhen begun and conducted just right, it\\nwaxes better and better; but worse and\\nworse when started wrongly.\\nYoung folks, this subject concerns you as\\nmuch as does a happy marriage. Parents,\\nyou have a stake in this matter equal to all\\nyour interests in your dear children\u00e2\u0080\u0099s marital\\nwell-being.\\nSome fundamental errors alone could\\nblight the great majority of marriages as\\nnow. No minor superficial causes could\\neffect results thus terribly fatal. Only a\\nvery wrong beginning, very wrongly con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinued, could even prevent all marriages\\nfrom being superlatively happy, much less\\nmar most of them, and render even the\\nmajority of them wretched. So great is the\\npower of love to unite two of even opposite\\ntemperaments, fuse those naturally uncon\u00c2\u00ac\\ngenial, amalgamate those actually repellant,.\\nand harmonize even civilized with savage,\\nthat only some monster wrong in its very\\nbeginning could eventuate thus disastrously\\nto the great proportion of matches.\\nGreat Number of Divorces.\\nThat a wrong selection is not this cause,\\nis proved by the law that love is both self-\\nperpetuating and self-augmenting; that all\\nwho once begin, naturally love more and\\nbetter the longer they live in love. The\\nnumber of divorces applied for by Anglo-\\nSaxons, despite their great unpopularity,,\\neven disgrace, children, and all other ties\\nand obstacles, proves that our marriages are\\nfar more unhappy than those of the bulk\\nof mankind; whereas they should be as\\nmuch the happiest as w r e are the most\\nenlightened.\\nLove miseries outside of marriage at least\\nequal, probably surpass, those within it. Ye\\ncelibates attest how inexpressibly you have\\nsuffered in your affections. What miserable\\ndays How many agonizing nights be\u00c2\u00ac\\ncause made thus wretched through love\\ndisappointed, and this through errors in\\nlove-making; but for which you would have\\nkept your sweetheart, and been as happy as\\nyou have now been miserable.\\nCommensurate causes have effected all\\nthese losses of enjoyment, and inflicted all\\nthese penalties. Then, what are our marital\\ncanker-worms? What wolves and tigers\\nperpetrate all this dreadful havoc? What\\nlove-making ordinances, violated, inflict all\\nthese untold yet ever variegated pangs on\\nwretched millions, in wedlock and out\\nWhat misery is to be compared with that\\njealousy which is often justly excited by\\nthoughtless conduct? Why must queenly\\nwomen be tortured and sent, pining, to an", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0154.jp2"}, "155": {"fulltext": "COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\n13T\\nearly grave r W nat is the secret of all these\\nuntold evils and sorrows What ruthless\\nhand is it that works all this evil\\nAll civilization is concerned in the answer,\\nas much more than in \u00e2\u0080\u009cthe laws of trade,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nas a fortunate marriage makes happier than\\nfortunate speculations. First and foremost,\\nFlirting, Courting \u00e2\u0080\u009cJust for Fun.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThey are universal, almost. Who can\\nsay, I never made love, and had none\\nmade to me, except to and by the one I\\nmarried What means all this street\\ngadding after dark, so common in factory\\nand other towns, but to see, be seen by, and\\nflirt with the fellars and gals.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Big\\nschool boys and girls,\u00e2\u0080\u009d answer: \u00e2\u0080\u009cDon\u00e2\u0080\u0099t you\\ncast sheep\u00e2\u0080\u0099s eyes back and forth, and spend\\nmore time in enamoring each other than in\\nstudy in loving than mental culture and\\ngive more soul to cultivating the mere sen\u00c2\u00ac\\nsuous aspect of amativeness than to mental\\ndiscipline? Even Sabbath-school and Bible-\\nclass scholars, don\u00e2\u0080\u0099t you coquette back and\\nforth with much more thrilling interest than\\nyou study the Word of God and your\\nown soul\u00e2\u0080\u0099s salvation Teachers, confess\\nwhether you do not reciprocate much more\\nlove with scholars and each other than\\nyou would acknowledge, perhaps your\u00c2\u00ac\\nselves realize? Or if not, our eyes badly\\ndeceive us.\\nChurch attendants, go ye not to meet\u00c2\u00ac\\ning sometimes more to oggle than pray,\\nflirt than adore, worship Venus than Christ,\\ngo home with a girl, or go home with a\\nfellar,\u00e2\u0080\u0099 than to love the Lord Ladies,\\nwhat induces you to dress thus voluptuously,\\nbehave so fascinatingly, and comport your\u00c2\u00ac\\nselves thus stylishly To win the beaux,\\nadmire and be admired by them,\u00e2\u0080\u009d is your\\npractical answer in most that you say and do\\nthere. You do not \u00e2\u0080\u0098primp up\u00e2\u0080\u0099 and \u00e2\u0080\u0098pretty\\noff thus for naught. Only some great\\nmotive could inspire and prompt all this;\\nand that this is love, is attested in all your\\nways and actions. Come, own up,\u00e2\u0080\u0099 at\\nleast to yourselves.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nWe know that multitudes act from higher\\nmotives this does not affect the statement\\nrespecting others.\\nParties, balls, suppers, receptions, are\\nobviously and avowedly got up,\u00e2\u0080\u009d loved,\\nand conducted to make conquests, cut\\nout\u00e2\u0080\u009d each other, enamor and be enamored.\\nThe writer saw a Kentucky maiden rendered\\njust as furious, mad is too tame a word, as\\nshe could live, because another girl at a\\nsuperb party had drawn off her escort.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cSociety girls\u00e2\u0080\u009d proclaim in all their winning\\nactions, their entire spirit and make-up, that\\ncaptivating and being captivated engross their\\nwhole souls, and inspire them throughout.\\nCoquettish Maiden.\\nAll coquettes equally illustrate our subject\\nof making love merely for the fun of the\\nthing;\u00e2\u0080\u009d as well as all encouragements with\u00c2\u00ac\\nout a marriage purpose. I never am, intend\\nnever to be, if I can help it, without some\\nfellow to keep company with,\u00e2\u0080\u009d said a maiden\\nof thirty.\\nCoxcombs, what are you after in all your\\ncompliments and gallantries Girls\u00e2\u0080\u0099 hearts\\nis the answer returned in all you say and do.\\nA dozen maids and widows consulted a\\nphrenologist as to their marriage adaptation\\nwith the same man, a most desirable \u00e2\u0080\u009ccatch,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nwho was courting and fooling them all, and\\ndoubtless other dozens besides, with marital\\nencouragements.\\nMany kindred illustrations of this almost\\nuniversal flirtation in civilized communities\\nexist. It seems to be so inwrought into the\\nvery frame-work of civic customs as to need\\nno more, hardly this much, amplification.\\ni", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0155.jp2"}, "156": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0156.jp2"}, "157": {"fulltext": "COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\n139\\nInflicting pain is diabolical, except in doing\\ngood. All mankind have justly cursed\\nNero\u00e2\u0080\u0099s cruelty. All wanton tortures of man\\nby man are heinous.\\nTrifling with Another\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Affections.\\nYet men who torture women cap the\\nclimax of human depravity. Worst of all,\\nhow fiendish for young men to elicit only to\\nblight the affections of young women\\nAttest, all ye who have suffered thus, what\\nother life-misery was equally protracted or\\nagonizing Women suffer more than men\\nand girls most of all. How fearful the effects\\nof affectional blight! Only those who have\\nsuffered thus can begin to realize how awful.\\nAnd even they barely begin.\\nYet you, flirting culprit, inflict all this on\\na fellow-being, a child of our common Father.\\nMen should promote the happiness, not cause\\nthe misery even of beast, much more of man,\\nmost of all of females. Let savage Indians\\ntorture captives to death by slow, agonizing\\ninches, but shall civilized men inflict years\\nof mental wretchedness on a woman till she\\nbecomes a mere wreck, in mind and body\\nTorturing the opposite sex is double-distilled\\nbarbarity.\\nBy often escorting her to church, concert,\\npicnic, party; by looking so blandly and\\nseeming so happy with her, as if you could\\nnot bask enough in her affections by your\\nactions, which always speak louder than\\nwords;\u00e2\u0080\u009d and many like means, you solicited\\nhers in return until, reluctantly, confidingly,\\nshe took you at your act. By thus inviting\\nher affections, you proffered her your own\\nfar more than any words could proffer: else\\nactions are only farces.\\nYour gallant attentions on their very face\\nassured her, that if she would reciprocate\\nyour love, you would continue to love her\\nalone for life. How outrageous to solicit\\nand accept hers without returning your own.\\nHe is far less a robber who asks a merchant\\nhis price for specified choice articles, seems\\nsatisfied, and takes the goods, but sneaks out\\nwith I never promised to pay.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nYour taking the goods implied and ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npressed your promise of payment, and holds\\nyou thereto,\u00e2\u0080\u009d is the only business answer;\\nand is that woman\u00e2\u0080\u0099s whose love you solicit\\nand accept. Paying equal court to all by\\ngentlemanly deportment only, does not com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmit whereas singling out one proffering her\\nyour escort, and expressing and reciprocating\\nlove, constitutes the highest proffer of mar\u00c2\u00ac\\nriage man can make to woman.\\nHow Love is Blighted.\\nWhat business have you with any woman\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nlove except as your wife actual or prospec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntive It is her wifehood. And all of it.\\nIts entire rationale is to render her a wife,\\nand thereby mother. And the stronger it is\\nthe better a wife and mother it renders her.\\nYour blighting it de facto mars or spoils her\\nwifehood. Or if not, no thanks to you for\\nyou did what is precisely adapted to spoil it.\\nLoving you unfits her for loving and marry\u00c2\u00ac\\ning another. You either spoil both her and\\nthereby her future husband if she marries, or\\nby sickening her of marriage, render her an\\nold maid, and thus rob some man of all the\\nhappiness she would have enjoyed and con\u00c2\u00ac\\nferred with husband and children.\\nYou injure her relatives. After her doting\\nparents have done their best to fit her to\\nbecome a superb wife and mother, you visit\\nher as a suitor. They tolerate your visits\\nonly as such. If they supposed you came\\nmerely to fritter away your and her affections,\\nthey should and would bar their doors against\\nyou. They being her natural protectors\\nmakes it their bounden duty to see that all\\nher lovers come, not as wolves in sheep\u00e2\u0080\u0099s", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0157.jp2"}, "158": {"fulltext": "140\\nCOURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\nclothing, but only as genuine marriage can\u00c2\u00ac\\ndidates, or otherwise eject you indignantly,\\neven violently, just as if you assaulted her\\nvirtue.\\nIn this false disguise you win only to\\nbreak her heart, and then turn traitor. Con\u00c2\u00ac\\nfidence between friends, should never be\\nbetrayed; much less between the sexes\\nlast of all between lovers. What is breaking\\nfaith as to dollars, word of honor, veracity,\\neverything else, compared with betraying a\\nwoman in that holiest relation, her affectional?\\nFemale flirtation is almost as bad. After\\ncoquettishly inviting and allowing a man to\\nlove and caress you, how wicked to agonize\\nhim by his causeless dismissal Be not so\\ncruel. Inflict not a wrong thus great on a\\nyoung man who has paid you that greatest\\npractical compliment of loving you, after\\nyou have expressed for him that tender\\nfondness and exalted regard inherent in\\nloving. Perpetrate almost any other sin,\\ninflict any other torture, but spare him this\\nagony, yourself this crime.\\nEvery girl should steel her heart against\\nall affectional overtures, unless and until\\naccompanied by proposals Her love is her\\nall; so that she should \u00e2\u0080\u009cset her face as a\\nflint against all forms of courtship,\\nunless first certain that her affections can\\nand will be reciprocated, and eventuate in\\nmarriage.\\nAllowing Attentions.\\nWoman should guard man\u00e2\u0080\u0099s love like-\\nwise. Shall she allow him to wait on,,\\nand proffer marks of special regard,,\\nwhen she has no intention of marrying\\nhim She may not do him as great a.\\nwrong by allowing his attentions as he\u00c2\u00ac\\nller by proffering his \u00e2\u0080\u009cjust for fun but\\ndoes she not do him a wrong no true\\nwoman should ever inflict on any man\\nThe mere fact of receiving his special\\nattentions practically encourages their\\ncontinuance, and promises her own in\\nreturn. Neither sex should allow any\\naffectional manifestations till affianced.\\nThey may allow attentions and civilities,\\nbut not love-tokens.\\nNone can choose wisely after begin\u00c2\u00ac\\nning to love; for Cupid is, always has\\nbv.cn, must be blind to the faults, while mag\u00c2\u00ac\\nnifying the virtues of the one beloved.\\nWomen never bestow affection till solicited,\\nin word or deed, at least till after twenty-two\\nnor then without leave and a virtual promise\\nof its return foi nature has thrown a wall\\nof maidenly modesty around female love,\\nwhich restrains undue forwardness. Let the\\nself-consciousness of all testify. But when\\nit is once drawn out, she clings as with the\\nA RIVAL DISCOVERED.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0158.jp2"}, "159": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0159.jp2"}, "160": {"fulltext": "142\\nCOURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\ngrasp of desperation to the man who elicits\\nit. To shake off either is wellnigh impossible.\\nHow do these youthful flirtations and\\nconquests, so trifling in themselves, cause all\\nthese varied and aggravated evils of vitiated\\nlove and marital miseries Because\\nLoving Involves Marrying.\\nLove and marriage are necessary concomi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntants. Each consists in the other, and was\\ncreated specifically for the other, as much as\\nvallevs and rivers, or the two halves of a\\nbivalve and cannot possibly be separated.\\nTherefore those who reciprocate love to\u00c2\u00ac\\ngether, thereby proportionally marry each\\nother. Whether their marriage is or is not\\nmentioned, matters nothing. Loving actions\\nand expressions are marriage actions and\\nexpressions.\\nHe who makes love to any woman thereby\\nmakes marriage to her; and she, by allowing\\nit, consents to marriage, and by reciprocating\\nit marries herself to him. Nature has so\\nlinked love and marriage together that man\\ncan never separate them. And he who, after\\nhaving made love to a woman, discards her,\\nhas divorced himself; as she divorces herself\\nwho rejects a lover she has allowed to make\\nlove to her. How monstrous is this sin, yet,\\nalas, how common Those who perpetrate\\nit sow to the wind,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and must reap the\\nwhirlwind.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nAs \u00e2\u0080\u009cgreat oaks from little acorns grow\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nin the world of seeds so doubly in that of\\nthe human passions and emotions. As a\\nsmall crevasse in the levee of the great\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cFather of Waters\u00e2\u0080\u009d very soon widens and\\ndeepens, till it finally overflows \u00e2\u0080\u009call the\\ncountry round about,\u00e2\u0080\u009d doing millions of\\ndamage, from a beginning so small that a\\nsingle spade of earth, rightly applied, would\\nhave prevented all; so anything during\\ncourtship which causes pain, endangers an\\nirreparable breach between two who other\u00c2\u00ac\\nwise would have remained perfectly happy\\ntogether.\\nAnd the earlier, the more assiduously it\\nshould be guarded against, or arrested in its\\nvery beginning. Till the affections have\\nbecome so confirmed that to sunder them\\nis wellnigh impossible, but not till then, let\\nboth stand sentinel, neither giving nor tak\u00c2\u00ac\\ning offence, nor causing pain in this or any\\nother way.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThe Poison of Asps.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nLove-spats are hate-spats. Though ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nperienced by most lovers, yet none realize\\nhow fatal they are to subsequent affection.\\nAs well let a blighting \u00e2\u0080\u009csirocco\u00e2\u0080\u009d sweep\\nover a fertile plain teeming with life, as any\\nof these poisonous love-blights cross your\\nflowery pathway. Their effects on future\\naffection are almost paralytic, and should on\\nno account be allowed. What is settled\\nhatred in marriage but prolonged \u00e2\u0080\u009cspats?\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThey are the more fatal the oftener they\\nrecur; are a hornet\u00e2\u0080\u0099s sting thrust into the\\neye of affection. \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe poison of asps is\\nunder their lips.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe first spat is like a deep gash cut into\\na beautiful face, rendering it ghastly, and\\nleaving a frightful scar, which neither time\\nnor cosmetics can ever efface inducing that\\npain so fatal to love, and blotting that sacred\\nlove-page with memory\u00e2\u0080\u0099s most hideous and\\nimperishable visages. Cannot many now\\nunhappy remember them as the beginning of\\nthat alienation which embittered your sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nsequent affectional cup, and spoiled your\\nlives? With what inherent repulsion do you\\nlook back upon them Their memory is.\\nhorrid, and effect on love most destructive.\\nTheir analysis reveals their inherent de\u00c2\u00ac\\nformity. They consist wholly in mutual ani\u00c2\u00ac\\nmosities and reproaches; and imply or ex*", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0160.jp2"}, "161": {"fulltext": "COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\n143\\npress that each has done or is doing the\\nother a wrong so deep and wilful that justice,\\nself-respect, and all the faculties require the\\npositive resentment of even lovers. For\\nacquaintances to \u00e2\u0080\u009cfall out,\u00e2\u0080\u009d is bad; but for\\nthose who have lavished their mutual affec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions upon each other, is perfectly abhorrent\\nto all the higher, finer feelings of human\\nnature. Those who thus resent supposed\\ngrievances thereby charge the accused with\\nconduct too outrageous to be borne, and\\ncondemn in language and manner; while\\nthose who sulk, imply that their grief is too\\ndeep for utterance,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and anger too strong -or\\nspeech.\\nLove Killed by Quarrels.\\nWhat condemnation could be more con\u00c2\u00ac\\ndemnatory? What is this but the utmost\\ndisdain? How contrary to the spirit of true\\nlove! It is to love what a black frost is to\\nvegetation, always, necessarily, and ipso facto.\\nBlaming acquaintances is wrong, unless their\\nguilt is palpable; those of opposite sexes\\nworse; lovers by far the worst. \u00e2\u0080\u009cIf mine\\nenemy had done this, I could have borne it,\\nbut it is my friend with whom I have taken\\nsweet counsel.\u00e2\u0080\u009d What are all lovers\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cspats\u00e2\u0080\u009d but disappointment in its very worst\\nform They necessarily and always produce\\nall its terrible consequences.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThunder-storms clear the atmosphere,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nsay some, \u00e2\u0080\u009cand promote vegetation; then\\nwhy not love-spats promote love?\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nTheir very nature blights it. They always\\nmight promote it, because nature extorts\\ngood from evil; yet shall we therefore do\\n;vil that good may come Is that wrath\\nless evil which is made to \u00e2\u0080\u009cpraise God?\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nBut as sickness, rightly managed, clears the\\nsystem of disease, and promotes subsequent\\nhealth so these hate-spats can be made\\nto strengthen love, provided the wronging\\nparty confesses, begs pardon, and promises\\nnever to sin thus again and both mutually\\ndo forgive, revow, and re-resolve to do better\\never afterwards thus virtually remating.\\nBut re-cherishing love is what both staves off\\nthis dire alienating consequence, and substi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntutes re-increased affection. When spats\\nwork out their own legitimate effects, they\\nalways reverse and destroy affection and\\nmere snarls redouble them in proportion to\\ntheir frequency and intensity.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cWould Have Given the World.\\nHow do they make you feel afterwards\\nAs though a terrible storm had chilled and\\ndrenched you, and a lightning flash came\\nnear destroying roots and top as though\\nsnatched from the very edge of a precipice,\\nand saved from a yawning gulf; ashamed,\\nhumbled, and \u00e2\u0080\u009cextremely sorry this difficulty\\never happened;\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009cwould have given the\\nworld if it had not; as if renewed efforts\\nare required to repair its breach and this\\nnever ought to recur.\u00e2\u0080\u009d It is a most dan\u00c2\u00ac\\ngerous experiment; and every new one only\\nre-increases their fatality. Even the strongest\\nlove will endure but few, nor any survive\\nmany. Their final impression is, I will\\noverlook this one, but don\u00e2\u0080\u0099t provoke me\\nagain.\u00e2\u0080\u009d They leave it on a plane far below\\nthat on which they find it; not on a familiar,\\nbut on a suspecting or hating one substitute\\ndistrust for confidence and induce a feeling\\nof commonness or else contempt, in place of\\nexalted admiration and totally change all\\nyour looks and actions.\\nBoth now eye each other like two curs,\\neach watching lest the other should gain\\nsome new vantage-ground of assault. Before\\nso tender, now so cold and hardened!\\nBefore so coy and familiar, after, how re\u00c2\u00ac\\nserved, distant, hard and austere! How\\ntalkative before, demure after, as if attending", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0161.jp2"}, "162": {"fulltext": "144\\nCOURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\nto something else, and trying to forget that\\neach other is present! Your mutual plat\u00c2\u00ac\\nforms and standpoints respecting each other\\nhow strangely altered, but only for the worse!\\nIf you make up by confession, the confes\u00c2\u00ac\\nsor feels mean and disgraced; or if both\\nconfess and forgive, both feel humbled;\\nsince forgiveness implies inferiority and pity;\\nfrom which whatever is manly and womanly\\nshrinks. Still, even this is better than con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinued spats.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nPatient Endurance.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThey are almost universal, and in the\\nnature of our differences cannot be helped.\\nThe more two love, the more they are ag\u00c2\u00ac\\ngrieved by each other\u00e2\u0080\u0099s faults: of which\\nthese spats are but the correction.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Thus\\npeople agree.\\nFalse, every sentence. Instead of being\\nuniversal, they are consequent on imperfect\\nlove, and only aggravate, never correct er\u00c2\u00ac\\nrors. Sexual storms never improve, whereas,\\nlove obviates faults by praising the opposite\\nvirtues. Every view of them, practical and\\nphilosophical, condemns them as being to\\nlove what poison is to health, both before\\nand after marriage: they are nothing but\\nmarriage discords. Every law of mind and\\nlove condemns them. Shun them as you\\nwould deadly vipers.\\nPrevent them by forestallmem. Begin by\\nvowing to each other that neither will give\\nnor take offence; because each knows the\\nother intends no wrong. Those who start\\ntheir love-career on this platform will make\\nthe most of all palliating circumstances, and\\npatiently endure the balance.\\nInstead, many lovers assign the blackest\\nmotives to ordinary actions, and take offence\\nwhere disinterested beholders see no wrong;\\nbecause imperfect love is exacting and cen\u00c2\u00ac\\nsorious, while genuine is forbearing, forgiv\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, and indulgent. Love partly reversed by\\nfear, or any other faculty, produces that sus\u00c2\u00ac\\npicious state which is to genuine what jeal\u00c2\u00ac\\nousy is to conjugality, and tears the core out\\nof its pitiable victims.\\nEstablishing a perfect love in the begin\u00c2\u00ac\\nning constitutes a preventive. Fear that the} 7\\nare not duly loved, and mortified pride, usu\u00c2\u00ac\\nally pave the way for these \u00e2\u0080\u009cspats,\u00e2\u0080\u009d by re\u00c2\u00ac\\nversing love. Then let all who make any\\npretension guard against all beginnings of\\nthis reversal, and strangle these \u00e2\u0080\u009chate-spats\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nthe moment they arise. Let not the sun\\ngo down upon thy wrath,\u00e2\u0080\u009d not even an hour,\\nbut let the next sentence after they begin\\nquench them forever. And let those who\\ncannot court without \u00e2\u0080\u009cspats,\u00e2\u0080\u009d stop; for those\\nvvho spat before marriage, must quarrel after\\nNo Concealments.\\nTruth will out, surely after marriage.\\nBoth should, will, must know each other.\\nTo decide wisely whether they can love and\\nwill marry, each must ascertain the other\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\ntastes, likes, dislikes and specialties, faults\\nincluded. Love can fasten only on excel\u00c2\u00ac\\nlences, known or supposed; and is propor\u00c2\u00ac\\ntionate thereto.\\nFrankness thus becomes indispensable,\\nand the only paying policy. All conceal\u00c2\u00ac\\nments before marriage are fatal ever after;\\nfor it reveals faults sometimes. If known\\nbefore, each naturally expects to tolerate\\nthem, yet love for all; which half obviates\\nthem, by almost compelling allowances;\\nwhereas the one deceived feels \u00e2\u0080\u009csold.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nMaking your beau think by millinery ap\u00c2\u00ac\\npearances that you have a splendid form,\\nwhen marriage reveals only padded shams,\\nthrows a \u00e2\u0080\u009cwet blanket\u00e2\u0080\u009d over his love, the\\nmore fatal the more lie is thus enamored.\\nSo equally of false teeth, making believe\\nyounger by dyeing hair or whiskers, etc*", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0162.jp2"}, "163": {"fulltext": "THE LOVERS\u00e2\u0080\u0099 RECONCILIATION.\\n10\\n145", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0163.jp2"}, "164": {"fulltext": "146\\nCOURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\nThe age should never be concealed. Even\\nreluctance to tell it virtually says, \u00e2\u0080\u009cI\u00e2\u0080\u0099m\\nashamed to tell how old I really am.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Yet\\nnature\u00e2\u0080\u0099s infallible age-marks unmask all.\\nA splendid young man, whose love was\\nquite personal, on marrying a supposed\\nbeauty, found she had a slight blemish;\\nwhich so disgusted him with her that he\\nabandoned her, though enamored of her\\notherwise which agonized both beyond\\ndescription, yet would have been prevented\\nby its mere mention.\\nLies Never Pay.\\nAll deceptions react against their authors,\\nand lay and fire trains for nuptial explosions\\nfatal to the marital enjoyments of both, by\\nputting the wronged, and thereby both, into\\na hating, hateful mood. Lies never pay but\\nalways punish, all liars. Throughout all\\nGod\u00e2\u0080\u0099s domains \u00e2\u0080\u009chonesty is policy Truth\\ntriumphs. Nature punishes all who \u00e2\u0080\u009cbear\\nfalse witness\u00e2\u0080\u009d in any form. \u00e2\u0080\u009cThou shalt\\nnot lie is doubly imperative in marriage.\\nBoth should make clean breasts of all\\ntheir traits, good, bad and indifferent, before\\nloving or engaging, and in order thereto.\\nBut this would prevent or break off most\\nmarriages.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nWhenever it would, it should. When\\nknowing faults before would turn love, learn\u00c2\u00ac\\ning them after will kill it and that after\\nmarriage prevents placing it elsewhere. Yet\\ncandor only promotes them because both\\nare in a loving, overlooking mood which is\\neverything. The parents, at least, of the\\ngirl should tell him her virtues and failings.\\nAll should know all about each other in\\nsome way and those to whom reference is\\nmade, should conscientiously tell the whole\\ntruth.\\nCourt in every-day clothes. Having\\nstated times when both see each other ar\u00c2\u00ac\\nrayed only in their best habiliments of charac\u00c2\u00ac\\nter and attire, is not adapted to reveal their\\ngenuine traits. After engagement both\\nshould \u00e2\u0080\u009cput their best foot foremost,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nwhich is natural to love; but before it, they\\nshould see each other in their every-day\\napparel, about their daily avocations, and as\\nthey are likely to appear after marriage;\\neach occasionally \u00e2\u0080\u009cpopping in\u00e2\u0080\u009d upon the\\nother informally, familiarly, and as an every\u00c2\u00ac\\nday acquaintance, that each may see the\\nother\u00e2\u0080\u0099s habitual natural appearance and\\nactions.\\nMen often court to get money. Any\\nwoman who has saved up a few dollars by\\nwhatever of labor and self-denial is in danger\\nof being courted out of it, on the obvious\\nprinciple that the shortest way to her pocket\\nis through her heart. Women, turn all men\\nright out the moment they suggest your\\nletting them have one dollar, no matter how\\nplausible their pretence. Only the worst,\\nmeanest of villains will ever play that card.\\nIn comparison, robbery is a virtue.\\nA Broken Match.\\nParents, beware how you encourage a\\nfalse courtship. An indulgent mother,\\nwealthy, fashionable, and occupying a high\\nsocial position, took summer board for her\u00c2\u00ac\\nself, beautiful daughter of eighteen, and\\ndaughter\u00e2\u0080\u0099s lover of twenty, choosing con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntiguous dormitories for them, and allowing\\nthem the most perfect intimacy; to which,\\nsince they were \u00e2\u0080\u009cengaged,\u00e2\u0080\u009d none objected.\\nShe even encouraged their familiarity by\\nurging that \u00e2\u0080\u009ccourtship\u00e2\u0080\u009d is the only genuine\\nlove-season of life; that marriage is fatal to\\nlove; that, therefore, lovers should make\\nthe most possible out of this sunny gala* day\\nof life and that, as she would indulge her\\ndaughter in dress, jewelry, everything else\\nto please her, so she would treat her to one", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0164.jp2"}, "165": {"fulltext": "COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\n147\\ngood, long, bright, balmy, luxurious court\u00c2\u00ac\\nship, which she prolonged by postponing\\ntheir marriage.\\nBut a more \u00e2\u0080\u009cadvantageous\u00e2\u0080\u009d offer made\\nher break off this match which spoiled that\\nsuperior young man whom she had encour\u00c2\u00ac\\naged to caress her daughter till his whole\\nbeing was bound up in love for her, inflicting\\non him God only knows how much misery,\\nand vitiating his love by interrupting it, a\\nwrong she had no right to inflict; besides\\nmost effectually demoralizing her daughter.\\nWhat if she did make other conquests,\\nand flirt on, which she did, was she therefore\\nhappy? Or does she make a good wife and\\nmother A sweet, innocent girl then what\\nis she now What are her ideas of virtue\\nShould she not curse such a maternal educa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion Let her example warn other mothers\\nnot to tempt their daughters in like manner.\\nSudden Loves and Chance Marriages.\\nMarry in haste and repent at leisure,\u00e2\u0080\u009d is\\nan experimental truism worthy of respect.\\nGourd love may be pure, but is quite likely\\nto be animal; because inspired by personal\\noualities. Those denied all association witli\\nX\\nthe opposite sex till this element is almost\\nstarved, may possibly conceive a pure mutual\\naffection \u00e2\u0080\u009cat first sight;\u00e2\u0080\u009d yet spiritual love is\\ninspired mainly by mental excellences, to\\nappreciate which requires time. Suddenness\\nis no objection to one prompted by mutual\\nfitness yet it requires watching till its purity\\nis undoubted. The more sudden it is, the\\nmore deliberate should be the marriage.\\nGenuine is content with being reciprocated,\\nwithout hastening marriage. That is the best\\nwhich grows gradually. Early ripe, early\\nrotten,\u00e2\u0080\u009d applies to it equally with fruits. Yet\\nits purity is the main thing.\\nWomen, you must sometimes decline\\nproffers. This must wound a sensitive\\nsuitor\u00e2\u0080\u0099s feelings keenly, blight his hopes,\\nand impair his future chances. So sugar-\\ncoat this bitter pill by dismissing him as\\npleasantly and affably as possible, with thanks\\nfor that greatest practical compliment inhe\u00c2\u00ac\\nrent in proffers. Your negative itself is\\nalmost cruel so soften it all you can for\\nhis bad feelings injure him proportionally.\\nOnly a giddy, vanity-struck girl not worth\\nhaving, will dismiss in a proud, haughty,\\ndisdainful manner, as if he were inferior.\\nHis very proffer may have prompted her\\ndismissal that she might boast of having\\ngiven him the mitten.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nA Happy Escape.\\nConsole yourself, discarded swain, for\\nhaving escaped a life of married misery with\\none thus unladylike and unfeeling. Yet it\\nmay be fun for her. Ample reasons are\\ncertainly due him. Showing why your pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nposed match must needs injure both, will\\nmost effectually reconcile him to his fate.\\nBy all means part friends. Mutual respect\\nmarvellously softens the blow, and may even\\nturn it to the good account of both.\\nA man must dismiss. He should have\\nless occasion, because he had his pick, while\\nwoman is allowed only to say yes, or no\\nThis, with her far greater sensitiveness,\\nrequires him to be extra careful to give her\\nthe least pain possible continue friendly\\nand introduce others as substitutes if you\\ncan. Yet reluctance to dismiss should never\\nbe allowed to incur a life of marital misery,\\nnor postpone the dismissal; for her love-\\nmaking heyday is short and precious.\\nSubsequent changes may make it best to\\nrenew their courtship. If so, the dismissing\\nparty is the one to reopen it. Either may at\\nany time properly inquire whether the other\\nhas changed yet if the woman has dismissed,\\nshe is the proper one to recommence.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0165.jp2"}, "166": {"fulltext": "J 48\\nCOURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\nCauselessly rupturing a love elicited under\\npromises of marriage deserves legal penalties\\nas much more severe than breaches of other\\ncontracts as it surpasses them. Dollars\\npoorly express the amount of \u00e2\u0080\u009cdamages\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\ndue. Yet discovering some marked flaw,\\nsome repellent trait, some heart-sickening\\nconduct which has killed love, throws the\\ndamages on the one discarded. As a mis\u00c2\u00ac\\ninforming seller cannot compel a cheated\\npurchaser to fulfil a contract made under\\nfalse representations, so those causes which\\nreverse love should be allowed full weight,\\nand might even throw the damages on the\\ncomplainant.\\nBreaking Engagements.\\nFancy-smitten girls and love-struck boys\\nartfully captivated, brought to their senses\\nby sober second thought,\u00e2\u0080\u009d deserve allow\u00c2\u00ac\\nances, release, perhaps even pity. Minority\\nreleases from other contracts: then why not\\nfrom marital? No girl who \u00e2\u0080\u009cgoes back\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\non an engagement made before nineteen,\\nshould be compelled to fulfil it. Whoever\\ntakes it should hold it subject to after rever\u00c2\u00ac\\nsal. Yet a man whose broken engagement\\nhas prevented his affianced from having or\\naccepting other offers, doomed her to celibacy\\nand broken her heart besides, should at least\\nmake her the poor compensation of dollars\\nenough to support her.\\nWhen either finds love reversed by in\u00c2\u00ac\\nstinctive repugnance, more mature reflection,\\none liked better, discovering repellent traits,\\nor any like cause, the disliked party should\\ncheerfully release the disliking, if not from\\nmagnanimity, at least from self-interest and\\nrespect; for all marriages repugnant to either\\nmust prove fatal to the life-long happiness\\nof both. Mutuality is indispensable in love.\\nReluctance in either must needs spoil the\\nhappiness of both. Those refused can do\\nthemselves no greater damage than to com.\\npel one dissatisfied to fulfil a loathed engage\u00c2\u00ac\\nment. Their true policy lies in releasing the\\nother, and looking elsewhere for the tem\u00c2\u00ac\\nporary pain of changing affectional objects\\nis far less than the life-long wretchedness of\\nliving with a dissatisfied, or repellent, or\\nmerely tolerating, or passive companion, or\\none simply duty bound by an engagement.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nBlind Errors of Courtship.\\nEither of these errors will prove fatal to\\nany love and marriage, unless counteracted\\nby some powerful antidote. Yet most who\\ncourt perpetrate nearly or quite all of them,\\nand often others besides. They are in-\\nwrought into the very customs and habits\\nof Anglo-Saxon descendants. Of all the\\ncustomary errors of Young America, none\\nare as fatally destructive or as blindly sense\u00c2\u00ac\\nless as those of courtship. But that they\\nare habitual, their perpetrator would be\\ndrummed and hooted out of town,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009ctarred and feathered.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Unperverted hu\u00c2\u00ac\\nmanity would not let them go unwhipped\\nof justice,\u00e2\u0080\u009d nor will nature. These are some\\nof the breaches of her laws which she pun\u00c2\u00ac\\nishes with terrible severity, in and by their\\neventuating .in unhappy marriages.\\nAre these directions true guiding land\u00c2\u00ac\\nmarks for all who court, and inherently\\nadapted to promote the conjugal happiness\\nof all who follow them? Are no readers\\nsuffering from the evil effects of their igno\u00c2\u00ac\\nrant violation? Are they not eminently re\u00c2\u00ac\\nliable, because scientific\\nWe need not extend their list, because\\npointing out a more excellent zvay obviates all\\nwrongs much more effectually than exposing\\ntheir enormity; and we have dwelt thus\\nlong chiefly to expound the underlying prin\u00c2\u00ac\\nciples of this whole subject of love, by show\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the miseries entailed by their violation.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0166.jp2"}, "167": {"fulltext": "COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\n149\\nParents who teach their children to court\\nright, need have no fear for their virtue.\\nForestalling that monster vice, sexual de\u00c2\u00ac\\npravity, throughout all its forms, is just as\\neasy as courting right; which is just as easy\\nas breathing. Knowing what is due between\\nlovers is its chief means. Young folks in\u00c2\u00ac\\ntend no wrong, but by following current cus\u00c2\u00ac\\ntoms embitter and rupture each other\u00e2\u0080\u0099s love;\\nwhich drives them into sensualities, if it does\\nnot crucify their gender. We beg special\\nattention to this declaration, and its vouchers.\\nLoy^ Be6et^ Loy^\\nNY man who begins to elicit\\nany woman\u00e2\u0080\u0099s love, can per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfectly infatuate her more\\nand more, solely by court\u00c2\u00ac\\ning her right; and all wo\u00c2\u00ac\\nmen who once start a man\u00e2\u0080\u0099s love\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094no very difficult achievement\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\ncan get out of him, and do with\\nhim, anything possible she pleases.\\nThe charming and fascinating\\npower of serpents over birds is as nothing\\ncompared with that a well-sexed woman can\\nwield over a man, and he over her.\\nLadies, recall your love heyday. You\\nhad your lover perfectly spellbound. He\\nliterally knew not what he did or would do.\\nWith what alacrity he sprang to indulge\\nyour every wish, at whatever cost, and do\\nexactly as you desired? If you had only\\ncourted him just right, he would have con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinued to grow still more so till now. This\\nis equally true of a man\u00e2\u0080\u0099s power over every\\nwoman who once begins to love him. What\\nwould you give to again wield that same be\u00c2\u00ac\\nwitching wand?\\nCultivate and manifest whatever qualities\\nyou would awaken. You inspire in the one\\nyou court the precise feelings and traits you\\nyourself experience. This law affects this\\nresult. Every faculty in either awakens\\nitself in the other. This is just as sure as\\ngravity itself. Hence your success must\\ncome from within, depends upon yourself,\\nnot the one courted.\\nBe extra careful not to prejudice him or\\nher against you by awakening any faculty in\\nreverse. Thus whatever rouses the other\u00e2\u0080\u0099s re\u00c2\u00ac\\nsistance against you, antagonizes all the other\\nfaculties, and proportionally turns love for\\nyou into hatred. Whatever wounds ambition\\nreverses all the other feelings, to your in\u00c2\u00ac\\njury; what delights it, turns them in your\\nfavor. All the faculties create, and their\\naction constitutes human nature.\\nGenuine Admiration.\\nTne almost worshipful admiration by each\\nsex of the other is just as spontaneous as\\nbreathing, swelling up in all who are well\\nsexed as their strongest sentiment. In all\\ngenuine men\u00e2\u0080\u0099s eyes all true women are per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfect; as are all men in women\u00e2\u0080\u0099s. This is\\ndoubly true during youth, and is reaug\u00c2\u00ac\\nmented by love, which sees only the good,\\nmagnifies it tenfold, and admires in propor\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion. And the higher and truer one\u00e2\u0080\u0099s own\\nsexual nature, the more exalted this estimate.\\nSay, ye who have passed this poetic\\nperiod, did you not fairly idolize the opposite\\nsex till your own love-nature became de\u00c2\u00ac\\nmoralized And each sex is even better\\nthan the most poetic imagination of the other\\ncan estimate it. All comparisons utterly\\nfail to measure the intrinsic worth of each to", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0167.jp2"}, "168": {"fulltext": "150\\nCOURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\nthe other; because of the happiness each can\\nconfer on and receive from the other.\\nThe one who chooses should think the\\none chosen the most perfect and best for\\nthem obtainable, and \u00e2\u0080\u009cthank God for having\\ncreated one thus perfectly adapted to their\\nprecise need.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThis worshipful appreciation never can or\\nwill give or take offence till annulled; re\u00c2\u00ac\\nenamors and is re-enamored more and more\\nperpetually; inspires just those sayings and\\ndoings which enamor the- other; and renders\\nall they say and do just right, because their\\nheart\u00e2\u0080\u0099s-core promptings are so, like sweet\\nwater bubbling up from a sweet fountain.\\nThe Young Rivals Failed.\\nEsteem inspires esteem. Enamor your\u00c2\u00ac\\nself of the one you would enamor. Admire\\nall ye who would be admired.\\nAn elderly man, with points in his favor,\\nhaving selected a woman eighteen years\\nyounger, but most intelligent and feminine,\\nhad two young rivals, each having more\\npoints in theirs, and came to his final test.\\nShe thought much of having plenty of\\nmoney. They saw they could \u00e2\u0080\u009ccut him\\nout,\u00e2\u0080\u009d by showing her that he was poor she\\ntill then thinking his means ample. All four\\nmet around her table and proved his poverty.\\nHis rivals retired, sure that they had made\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009chis cake dough,\u00e2\u0080\u009d leaving him with her.\\nIt was his turning-point. He addressed\\nhimself right to her affections, saying little\\nabout money matters, but protesting an\\namount of devotion for her to which she\\nknew they were strangers; and left his suit\\nright on this one point, adding \u00e2\u0080\u009cYou know\\nI can make money; know how intensely I\\nesteem, admire, idolize and love you. Will\\nnot my admitted greater affection, with my\\nearnings, do more for you than they w ;f h\\nmore money but less love\\nHer clear head saw the point. H^ir heart\\nmelted into his. She said \u00e2\u0080\u009cyes.\u00e2\u0080\u009d He\\ntriumphed by this affectional card alone over\\ntheir much greater availability.\\nManifesting the domestic affections and\\nvirtues, a warm, gushing, friendly nature,\\nfondness for children and home, inspires a\\nman\u00e2\u0080\u0099s love most of all, while evincing talents\\nby a man peculiarly enamors woman. In\\nshort, the love-inspiring act consists in\\nmanifesting lovable qiiahties particularly the\\ndomestic, those which promote love\u00e2\u0080\u0099s great\\nend, perfect children.\\nConsent of Parents.\\nSecuring the benediction of all four parents\\nis certainly most desirable. Assenting to\\ntheir courting implies acquiescence in their\\nmarriage; yet a formal one is desirable, and\\nby letter its best form. If either parent\\nobjects, both lovers should try all possible\\nmeans to win them over; for their blessing\\nand aid are most desirable, and antagonism\\ninjurious. You cannot afford to array your\\nproposed family against their established one,\\nif this can be avoided. Indeed, getting the\\nmother in love may be a first step for obtain\u00c2\u00ac\\ning her daughter which her good will\\ngreatly promotes, but ill, retards. At least,\\nasking is much more polite than demanding.\\nEstablishing friendly relations all around is\\nworth much patient assiduity and persever\u00c2\u00ac\\nance. Both should be loath to defy or pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nvoke the antagonism of either.\\nEloping for notoriety is despicable. That\\ngirl was silly who was sorry her father gave\\nconsent, because she could not then p-et\\no\\ninto the papers by a romantic elopement.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nA gifted law student became thoroughly\\nenamored with an excellent young lady\\nattending the same school, who reciprocated\\nhis affection each more than satisfied with,\\nand both intending to many each other.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0168.jp2"}, "169": {"fulltext": "COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\n151\\nYe L :icr proud mother objected that he\\nwas not good enough for her daughter.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThough the girl thought differently, and had\\ndone nothing to lessen his love, yet his pride\\nmade him ignore her altogether. He met\\nand passed her daily without recognition, till\\nyears afterward his love conquered pride, and\\nhe reproffered his hand but she had just\\nengaged herself to another, while her heart\\nstill remained true to him.\\nHe Was Enraged.\\nA man pre-eminently talented and moral,\\na woman most lovely and devoted, and both\\nperfectly adapted to each other, were spoiled\\nbecause her mother\u00e2\u0080\u0099s prizing her daughter\\nhighest maddened him. For shame He did\\nnot take a lawyer\u00e2\u0080\u0099s view of that question. He\\nshould have cherished her love, snapped his\\nfinger at others, and let nothing in the\\nheavens above or earth beneath interrupt it.\\nRelations, you shall not interfere, where\\neven parents may not. Make your own\\nmatches, and let others make theirs espe\u00c2\u00ac\\ncially if you have bungled your own. One\\nsuch bungle is one too many. Learn just\\nhow far you may go and stop there. The\\nparties are betrothed. Their marriage is\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cfore-ordained\u00e2\u0080\u009d by themselves, its only\\nrightful umpires, which all right-minded out\u00c2\u00ac\\nsiders will try to promote, not prevent.\\nHow despicable to separate husbands and\\nwives Yet is not parting those married by\\na lo ve-spirit, equally so Its mere legal\\nform cannot increase its validity. Marriage\\nis a divine institution, and consists in their\\nown personal betrothal. Hence breaking up\\na true love-union before its legal consumma\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, is just as bad as parting loving husband\\nand wife which is monstrous.\\nImportant business or other requirements\\nmight hasten or postpone marriage; yet\\nwaiting till all is ready would cause undue\\ndelay. Other things should yield to it, not\\nit to them. If anything specially requires its\\nearly consummation, hasten it; yet cement\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the affections is the great work in hand,\\nwhich too close intimacy at first rather hin\u00c2\u00ac\\nders than helps. As whatever grows has its\\nnatural period for maturing, so has love.\\nAs sun changes from midnight darkness\\ninto noonday brilliancy, and heats, lights up,\\nand warms gradually and as summer \u00e2\u0080\u009clingers\\nin the lap of spring,\u00e2\u0080\u009d so marriage should\\ndally in the lap of courtship. Nature\u00e2\u0080\u0099s ado\u00c2\u00ac\\nlescence of love should never be crowded\\ninto a premature marriage. The more per\u00c2\u00ac\\nsonal, the more impatient it is; yet to estab\u00c2\u00ac\\nlish its Platonic aspect takes more time than\\nis usually given it, so that undue haste puts\\nit upon the carnal plane, which soon cloys,\\nthen disgusts.\\nWhy curtail the luxuries of courtship\\nShould haste to enjoy the lusciousness of\\nsummer engulf the delights of spring?\\nThe pleasures of courtship are unsurpassed\\nthroughout life, and quite too great to be\\ncurtailed by hurrying marriage. And en\u00c2\u00ac\\nhancing or diminishing them redoubles or\\ncurtails those of marriage a hundredfold\\nmore. A happy courtship promotes conju\u00c2\u00ac\\ngal felicity more than anything else whatever.\\nThe Proposal, Acceptance and Vow.\\nA formal proffer of marriage naturally fol\u00c2\u00ac\\nlows a man\u00e2\u0080\u0099s selection and decision as to\\nwhom he will marry. Consent to canvass\\ntheir mutual adaptations implies consent to\\nmarry, if all is found satisfactory yet a final\\ntest and consummation now become neces\u00c2\u00ac\\nsary, both to bring this whole matter to a\\nfocus, and allow both to state, and obviate\\nor waive, those objections which must needs\\nexist on both sides, including any improve\u00c2\u00ac\\nments possible in either. The best time to\\nstate and waive or remove all objections,", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0169.jp2"}, "170": {"fulltext": "152\\nCOURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\nboth seeming and real, not already adjusted,\\nis at his proposal and her acceptance. A\\nverbal will do, but a written is much better,\\nby facilitating future reference.\\nA long future awaits their marriage; hence\\ncommitting this its initial point to writing, so\\nthat both can look back to it, is most de\u00c2\u00ac\\nsirable. And he can propose, and she ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncept, much better when alone, and each has\\nall their faculties under full control, than ver\u00c2\u00ac\\nbally, perhaps when excited. Those same\\nprimal reasons for reducing all other con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntracts to writing obtain doubly in reference\\nto marriage.\\nAn Honest Offer.\\nYou who fear awkwardness on paper,\\nremember that true human nature always\\nappears well, even when poorly dressed. A\\ndiamond is no less brilliant because set in\\nclay. Mode is nothing, reality everything.\\nAll needed to appear well is to feel right,\\nand express naturally what is felt. Saying\\nplainly what you have to say, is all required.\\nAn unreserved tender, or dependant condi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions plainly stated, is sufficient.\\nThe acceptance or rejection should also be\\nunequivocal, or any contingencies stated, and\\nwaved if minor, but if they can neither be\\nobviated nor compromised, should terminate\\ntheir relations, that both may look elsewhere.\\nIf any bones of contention exist, now is the\\ntime to inter them finally, and to take the\\ninitiatory steps for perfecting both in each\\nother\u00e2\u0080\u0099s eyes.\\nGetting ready to start out together on\\nyour life journey, should now engross both.\\nYour mode of conducting your future af\u00c2\u00ac\\nfairs, should now be arranged. Though\\nimplied in selection, yet it must be specified\\nin detail. Both should arrange your mar\u00c2\u00ac\\nriage relations say what each desires to do,\\nand have done; and draw out a definite out\u00c2\u00ac\\nline plan of the various positions you desire\\nto maintain towards each other.\\nYour future home must be discussed:\\nwhether you will board, or live in your own\\nhouse, rented or owned, or built, and after\\nwhat pattern; or with either or which of\\nyour parents, etc. And it is vastly impor\u00c2\u00ac\\ntant that wives determine most as to their\\ndomiciles their internal arrangements, rooms,\\nfurniture, management; respecting which they\\nare consulted quite too little, yet cannot well\\nbe too much.\\nFamily rules, as well as national, state,\\ncorporate, financial, must be established.\\nThey are most needed, yet least practiced\\nin marriage. Without them, all must be\\nchaotic. Ignoring them is a great but\\ncommon marital error. The Friends wisely\\nmake family method cardinal.\\nA Perfect Understanding.\\nYour general treatment of each other now\\nespecially requires to be mutually agreed\\nupon. Each should say, I should like to\\ntreat, and be treated by you, thus, but not\\nso and let you do this, but not that and\\nboth mutually agree on a thousand like\\nminor points, better definitely arranged at\\nfirst than left for future contention, each\\nmaking requisitions, conceding privileges,\\nand stipulating for any fancies, idols, \u00e2\u0080\u009cre\u00c2\u00ac\\nserved rights.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nDifferences must needs arise, which can\u00c2\u00ac\\nnot be adjusted too soon. Those constitu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntionally inherent in each should be adjusted\\nin love\u00e2\u0080\u0099s early stages it matters less how,\\nthan whether to your mutual satisfaction.\\nOr, if this is impossible, \u00e2\u0080\u009cagree to disagree;\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nbut settle on something.\\no\\nA concessionary spirit is indispensable, and\\ninheres in love. Neither should insist, but\\nboth concede, in all things; each making,\\nnot demanding, sacrifices.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0170.jp2"}, "171": {"fulltext": "COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\n15 a\\nWhat course will make both happiest\\nshould overrule all your mutual relations.\\nWrite down and file all. Your present\\ndecisions, subject to mutual changes and\\namendments, will become more and more\\nimportant for future reference, as time rolls\\non, by enabling each to correct both\u00e2\u0080\u0094for\\nour own changes make us think others have\\nchanged. A mutual diary is desirable, for\\nincidents now seemingly trivial may yet be-\\nome important.\\nFirst or Nothing.\\nbee or correspond with each other often.\\nLove will not bear neglect. Nothing kills\\nit equally. In this it is most exacting. It\\nwill not, should not, be second in anything.\\nFirst or nothing,\u00e2\u0080\u009d is its motto. Meet as\\noften as possible. After its fires have once\\nbeen lit, they must be perpetually resupplied\\nwith their natural fuel; else they die down,\\ngo out, or go elsewhere, and are harder to\\nrekindle than to light at first.\\nA splendid young man, son of one of\\nNew England\u00e2\u0080\u0099s most talented and pious\\ndivines, endowed with one of the very best\\nof organisms, having selected his mate, and\\nplighted their mutual vows, being the busi\u00c2\u00ac\\nness manager of a large manufactory, and\\nobliged to defend several consecutive law\u00c2\u00ac\\nsuits for patent-right infringements, neglected\\nfor weeks to write to his betrothed, presup\u00c2\u00ac\\nposing, of course, that all was right. This\\noffended her ladyship, and allowed evil-\\nminded meddlers to sow seeds of alienation\\nin her mind persuade her to send his dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nmissal, and accept and consummate a mar\u00c2\u00ac\\nriage proposal from another.\\nAs he told his mournful story, he seemed\\nlike a sturdy oak riven by lightning and torn\\nby whirlwinds its foliage scorched, bark\\nstripped, limbs tattered, even its very root\u00c2\u00ac\\nlets scathed yet standing, a stern, proud,\\ndefiant, resolute wreck. A gushing tear he\\nmanfully tried but failed to suppress. His\\nlips quivered and voice faltered. Perceiving\\nhis impending fate, he seemed to dread his\\nfuture more than present and hesitated be\u00c2\u00ac\\ntween self-abandonment, and a merely me\u00c2\u00ac\\nchanical, objectless, business life. In attempt\u00c2\u00ac\\ning his salvation, by proffering advice to the\\nbroken-hearted,\u00e2\u0080\u009d he respectfully but firmly\\ndeclined deliberately preferring old-bach\u00c2\u00ac\\nelorship, with all its dearths, of which he\\nseemed fully conscious. He felt as if he had\\nbeen deeply wronged, though more hurt\\nthan provoked.\\nIt Was His Own Fault.\\nYet was not he the first practically to re\u00c2\u00ac\\npudiate He suffered terribly, because he\\nhad sinned grievously, not by commission,\\nbut omission. He felt the deepest, fullest,\\nmanliest love, and revelled in anticipations of\\ntheir future union, but did not express it;\\nwhich was to her as if he had not felt it;\\nwhereas, had he saved but one minute per\\nweek to write lovingly, I long to be with\\nyou, and love you still,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or, \u00e2\u0080\u009cBusiness does\\nnot, cannot diminish my fondness,\u00e2\u0080\u009d he would\\nhave saved her broken vows, and his broken\\nheart.\\nLove-letters, or writing love naturally puts\\nand keeps it in its Platonic mood, more than\\ntalking it; besides enabling you to discuss sub\u00c2\u00ac\\njects like those just named in the best manner.\\nMingling other enjoyments with love, by\\ngoing together to picnics and parties, sleigh-\\nrides and mayings, concerts, and lectures,\\nmarvellously cements the affections.\\nMeet now in your most attractive habili\u00c2\u00ac\\nments of mind and person. French ladies\\nwill see their affianced only when arrayed in\\ntheir best toilet. Yet mental charms vastly\\nsurpass millinery. Neither can render your\u00c2\u00ac\\nselves too lovely.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0171.jp2"}, "172": {"fulltext": "154\\nCOURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\nExpress affectionate fondness in your visits\\nand letters; the more the better, so that you\\nkeep it a sentiment, not debase it by animal\\npassion. It is still establishing its rootlets,\\nlike young corn, instead of growing. Allow\\nno amatory excitement, no frenzied, delirious\\nintoxication with it; for its violence, like\\nevery other, must react only to exhaust and\\nparalyze itself by its own excesses.\\nTake a New Departure.\\nAffianced young man, life has its epochs,\\nwhich revolutionize it for good or bad. You\\nare now in one. You have heretofore affili\u00c2\u00ac\\nated much with men; formed habits of\\nsmoking or chewing tobacco indulged in\\nlate suppers abused yourself in various\\nways perhaps been on sprees. Now is\\nyour time to take a new departure from\\nwhatever is evil to all that is good and pure.\\nBreak up most of your masculine associations,\\nand affiliate chiefly with your affianced. Be\\nout no more nights. Do quit the use of\\ntobacco and spiritous and malt liquors, if\\nyou have ever begun their use. They are\\nvulgar and injurious will disgust your wife\\nand injure your issue and are unworthy of\\nyourself. Let your new responsibilities and\\nrelations brace you up against their tempta\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions and if these are not sufficient, your\\nprospective spouse will help. No other aid\\nequals that of a loving, loved woman.\\nBreak off from your cronyisms, clubs,\\nsocieties, except such as duty calls you to\\nattend. Your new ties furnish an excellent\\nexcuse. All your spare time and small\\nchange are wanted for her. To give to them\\nthe time and money due to her and setting\\nup in life, is outrageous. Bend everything\\nto your new relations, them to nothing.\\nNow\u00e2\u0080\u0099s your time to turn over a new leaf,\\nand turn all the angles corners and right\u00c2\u00ac\\nabout faces needed.\\nAffianced maiden, you have some depar\u00c2\u00ac\\ntures to take and corners to turn. Your life\\nhas till now been frivolous, but has now\\nbecome serious. You have no more need\\nof toilet fineries, for \u00e2\u0080\u009cy our market is made,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nand you have work on hand far more im\u00c2\u00ac\\nportant, namely, fitting yourself for your\\nnew duties. Find out what they demand of\\nyou, and set right about making a premium\\nwife and mother.\\nBoth begin life anew. Forgetting the\\npast, plant and sozu nozv what yon would 7\\ngather and become always.\\nThe Right and Wrong Way.\\nMan is naturally tyrannical, and having no\\nother victims, often lords it over his wife and\\nchildren; while she, excedingly rigid, insists\\nthat he shall conform to her standard and\\ncuts off his legs when too long, or stretches\\nthem if too short, being perfectly conscien\u00c2\u00ac\\ntious yet wrong because so scrupulous.\\nSaul was both. All who hang witches are\\nnot dead yet. Each should let the other\\nstand or fall to his or her \u00e2\u0080\u009cown master.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nPersonality is as inalienable a birthright as\\nlife; and no more to be abridged. Each\\nshould live and let live.\\nTo interfere is tyranny; to be interfered\\nwith, slavery. All each may say is, I\\nshould love you the better if you were or did\\nthus.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Each should conform to the other\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nstandard as far as possible and require no\\nmore. Both a henpecked husband and a\\ncrushed wife are worthless. What govern\u00c2\u00ac\\nment is as tyrannical as domestic tyranny\\nMany wives are completely crushed by a\\ndomineering husband, and husband by wife.\\nBoth victimized, yet victimizing.\\nBeginning and conducting courtship as\\nthese pages direct, avoiding the errors and\\nfollowing the directions they specify, will just\\nas surely render all superlatively happy a.\u00c2\u00ae", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0172.jp2"}, "173": {"fulltext": "COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\n155\\nsun will rise to-morrow. Scan their sense.\\nAre they not scientific Do they not ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npound nature\u00e2\u0080\u0099s love-initiating and consum\u00c2\u00ac\\nmating ordinances Are they not worthy\\nof being put into practice?\\nDiscordants, can you not trace many of\\nyour antagonisms and miseries to their\\nignorant violation Parents, what are they\\nworth to put into your children\u00e2\u0080\u0099s hands, to\\nforewarn them against carelessly, ignorantly\\nspoiling their marriage Young ladies,\\nwhat are they worth to you, as showing you\\nhow to so treat your admirers as to gain and\\nredouble their heart\u00e2\u0080\u0099s devotion? Young\\nmen, what are these warnings and teachings\\nworth to you God in his natural laws will\\nbless all who practice, curse all who violate\\nthem.\\nTTvrmTr:\\nHOW TO MAKE\\nMarried I,iic H\\nOME ceremony, everywhere, ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncompanies marriage, usually a\\nreligious observance. This cus\u00c2\u00ac\\ntom is, must ever be, coextensive\\nwith the race; because inherent\\nin human nature. Marriage is\\na great affair. Make the most\\nof it, by rendering it the most impressive,\\npleasurable, and sacred possible. All man\u00c2\u00ac\\nkind always have done this and each mating\\npair should follow this excellent u^age. Cus\u00c2\u00ac\\ntom is law,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and should be obeyed except\\nwhen it contravenes nature\u00e2\u0080\u0099s higher law.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cA poor wedding for poor folks must\\nsuffice yet it can be made impressive and\\ndelightful with little expense. Those most\\nstylish and costly are usually therefore the\\nless sacred. They eclipse themselves. Ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ntravagance in dress, refreshments, show,\\nnumbers, etc., make them poor commemora\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions of a true conjugal union. Some waste\\non them money needed for setting out in\\nlife. Simplicity is far more appropriate than\\nostentation. Yet each should accord with\\nthe tastes and means of its lord and lady,\\nunder whose general directions its managers\\nshould conduct its details.\\nA Home Wedding.\\nA parental abode, and if convenient, hers\\nis its most suitable place. Only those who\\nhate their parents should marry on the\\nsly.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The \u00e2\u0080\u009cold folks\u00e2\u0080\u009d on both sides, are\\nentitled to its joys should enter into it right\\nheartily, as if repeating their own and regu\u00c2\u00ac\\nlate and defray its expenses. Its subjects\\nshould have nothing to do but to enjoy it in\\nfull. Make it a season ever to be remem\u00c2\u00ac\\nbered, and one on which both can look, from\\nevery subsequent point of life, down to its\\nvery furthest verge, even from \u00e2\u0080\u009cthe life to\\ncome,\u00e2\u0080\u009d with unalloyed pleasure. Not one\\ndiscordant note should mar its perfect han\\nmony.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0173.jp2"}, "174": {"fulltext": "156\\nCOURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\nWitnesses and guests are indispensable,\\nbut a crowd is not desirable. As general an\\ninvitation as allotted apartments will accom\u00c2\u00ac\\nmodate, is best; while a marriage in church\\nis quite too showy and unsocial. The\\nparties may say how few or many, and\\nwhom, if they prefer, yet better, by throw\u00c2\u00ac\\ning off all responsibility upon parents or\\nothers, avoid giving personal offence to any\\nnot invited.\\nAnd all past and future heart-burnings of j\\nall its participants should be scrupulously I\\npinge mainly on your right or wrong fulfilment of\\nits relations. Let them not oppress you, yet duly\\nconsider their momentous importance and devote\\nyour entire beings to their fulfilment. Having now\\nbecome an integral part of your very life, they should\\nbe vour paramount life-work. Thank God that you\\nare married, and pray Him to enable you to live a\\nperfect conjugal life, each day bringing new enjoy\u00c2\u00ac\\nment, even as it brings increased affection.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nA wedding feast is indispensable for\\nappetite affiliates with all our functions, and\\nmost with the social. Its edibles need not\\nbe rich nor expensive nor composed of\\nmany indigestible compounds. Guests need\\nTHE WEDDING CEREMONY.\\nconcealed or conciliated. Those who hold\\ngrudges against either should have no part\\nnor lot in them, or bury all animosities for\\nthe present, and help, not hinder its delight\u00c2\u00ac\\nful harmony. This is a good time and way\\nto bury old bones, and restore peace. After\\nthe marriage ceremony is over, its adminis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrator might appropriately say to them\\nYou have now entered together upon relations\\nas sacred and momentous as mortals can assume.\\nHaving pondered before taking this eventful life-\\nstep, it has now become irretrievable. You have\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0098put your hands to the plough:\u00e2\u0080\u0099 \u00e2\u0080\u0098go forward\\nand make the most of it. Your life destinies im-\\nnot gormandize or get intoxicated but\\nshould drink something delicious, yet not\\nexhilarating for the natural hilarity of the\\noccasion is sufficiently intoxicating.\\nThe wedding apparel should correspond\\nwith the tastes and means of the parties and\\nbe worthy of being consecrated by the occa\u00c2\u00ac\\nsion and kept as a memento forever, to be\\nworn only on special occasions, yet need not\\nbe gaudy. That of the bride should set off\\nher person to the best advantage, since no\\nmore appropriate occasion can occur.\\nBehold that charming bride, the central", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0174.jp2"}, "175": {"fulltext": "COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\nfigure of the occasion All she says, does\\nand wears should express female loveliness\\nand conjugal affection. A confiding, loving\\nexpression toward her lover-husband is her\\nchief ornament and most brilliant jewel. As\\nfar as she manifests affection, all is beautiful\\nand appropriate yet if this is wanting, all is\\na soulless sham. If she is happy in him, all\\nelse is complete if miserable there, all else\\nis lost.\\nJoyous Greetings.\\nAngels might admire as they behold her\\nforsaking girlish associations, friends, even\\nparents, to assume the duties and responsi\u00c2\u00ac\\nbilities of a wife and mother; and from\\nhaving been cared for, to care, and become\\na \u00e2\u0080\u009chelpmeet.\u00e2\u0080\u009d A new heart\u00e2\u0080\u0099s-core motive\\nis enthroned over the very chit of her being.\\nAll her dearest interests are embarked in this\\nlife-voyage.\\nMany cry at weddings whose own have\\nproved fatal, yet all should rejoice because,\\nif conducted at all aright, nothing else is as\\njoyous as marriage. She has the good\\nwishes of all friends. Would that she knew\\nwhat is requisite for rendering their wishes\\nprophetic.\\nThe marital rites of different nations in\\nvarious ages are appropriate here, and might\\nplease girls, but, teaching few practical les\u00c2\u00ac\\nsons, are left to others*\\nAll four parents should embrace the mar\u00c2\u00ac\\nried pair with open arms in genuine parental\\naffection, warmly expressed neither sorrow-\\nins\u00e2\u0080\u0099 over the loss of their child, but all\\no\\nrejoicing in having gained another taking\\ntheir newly acquired sons and daughters-in-\\nlaw rieht home to their heart, and talking or\\nwriting somewhat thus\\nDEAR Children Your marriage renders you\\nboth equally our own son and daughter; and we\\nshall feel and act towards you as if both were \u00e2\u0080\u0098bone\\n157\\nof our bone, and flesh of our flesh.\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Call us father\\nand mother, as we shall you son and daughter, and\\nmake our house, your home, our table and fireside\\nyours, for a time at least; and always consider us in\\nspirit, as we are now in law and fact, your fond\\nparents.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cTell us frankly when you may think we wrong\\nyou, and we will tell you that we may nip all hard\\nfeelings in their bud, adjust all differences as they\\nrise, and all live together cordially. Nor need you\\nfear to ask our aid.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cBe our daughter\u00e2\u0080\u0099s protector, friend, and true\\nhusband, overlooking her faults, or correcting them\\nthrough her affections. That life we have originated\\nand thus far nurtured, and you selected for your\\nwife, we now resign to you. Make the most of her;\\nand dear daughter, having chosen one for life-com\u00c2\u00ac\\npanionship, make yourself the very best wife you\\nare capable of becoming.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cLet us all bear in mind that pure affection is\\nalike our pleasing duty, our glorious privilege, and\\nthe heart\u00e2\u0080\u0099s-core of all our relations; cherishing\\nwhich will make all happy. Begging that neither\\nmay wound the other\u00e2\u0080\u0099s feelings, nor allow their own\\nto be wounded, and bestowing on both our parental\\nbenediction, we remain\\nYour ever doting parents, A. B.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nDear Parents With your request, that I will\\nconsider myself your son, and call you father and\\nmother, I comply with all my heart, and will do\\nmy utmost to fulfil these filial relations; besides\\ndoing all I can to promote my wife\u00e2\u0080\u0099s happiness, and\\ngratefully loving you who have provided me with so\\nchoice an idol to love.\\nYour affectionate son, C. D.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nMr. and Mrs. E. F. to Mr. and Mrs. A. B.\\nDear Sir and Madam Our children\u00e2\u0080\u0099s mar\u00c2\u00ac\\nriage imposes on us, heretofore related only by ties\\nmerely human, the additional duties and feelings\\ndue to and from relatives; and we hereby proffer\\nthe right hand of friendship due to our new family\\nrelationship. Let us bury all past differences, cherish\\nonly a spirit of mutual affiliation, frequently inter\u00c2\u00ac\\nchange visits, frankly avow and speedily adjust dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nsatisfactions, and establish and keep up genuine good\\nfeelings. Our latchstring is always out. Our family\\njoins in this tender of cordial sentiments, and prom\u00c2\u00ac\\nissory endeavors. Hoping this new relationship may\\nbecome more and more agreeable with time, to all\\nconcerned, we remain yours in the spirit of true\\nrelatives. Mr. and Mrs. E. F.\u00e2\u0080\u0099\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nMr. and Mrs. A. B. to Mr. and Mrs. E. F.\\nDear Relatives and Friends To every sen\u00c2\u00ac\\ntence of your grateful tender of family friendship.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0175.jp2"}, "176": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0176.jp2"}, "177": {"fulltext": "COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\n159\\nwe and our family respond in a right hearty amen.\\nWe will do our best to meet you half-way in cherish\u00c2\u00ac\\ning both true hospitality, and genuine cordiality\\nopen wide our doors and hearts to welcome you and\\nyours and will vie with you in manifesting those\\nfamily ties of which the marriage of our children is\\nthe heart\u00e2\u0080\u0099s-core, and we the corresponding members.\\nYour cordial family relations,\\nMr. and Mrs. A. B.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nWell-mated couples who begin married\\nlife under auspices like these, could hardly\\nwrangle if they tried.\\nConjugal dissensions frequently commence\\nabout relations. Hers have opposed their\\nunion, and said hard things against him,\\nwhich, magnified before reaching his ear,\\nrouse his anger and her natural sympathy\\nwith them initiates a difference. Doubtless\\nhe was more indignant, and she more defen\u00c2\u00ac\\nsive, than either side required.\\nInterference from Outside.\\nDiscord thus begun, the crevice now open,\\nout rush the waters of love, only to drown\\nthe happiness of both besides creating a\\nloathsome pestilence, which poisons, mad\u00c2\u00ac\\ndens, tortures both all their lives whereas\\nconcord between their families would fore\u00c2\u00ac\\nstall or at once obviate all causes of differ\u00c2\u00ac\\nence, and redouble their love. How many\\nconjugal animosities originate with outsiders?\\nTheir parents should be a self-constituted\\ncommittee on the state of the union,\u00e2\u0080\u009d to\\ndiscern incipient differences, obviate them at\\nonce, and be daysmen to nurture, instead of\\ninterrupting, their children\u00e2\u0080\u0099s affections.\\nBut, often, a brother asks his sister to\\nhelp his new wife start housekeeping. Ren\u00c2\u00ac\\ndered envious by seeing him lavish so much\\nattention on his wife, and so little on herself,\\nshe prejudices him aganist his wife, by point\u00c2\u00ac\\ning out now this, then that fault. Such sis\u00c2\u00ac\\nters deserve, if not to be pitched headlong\\nout at the window, at least to be told, \u00e2\u0080\u009cviper,\\nthere\u00e2\u0080\u0099s the door.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nAll good sisters will try to heal, not\\nbegin or aggravate their differences. What\\nif he is her superior Does his knowing\\nher faults unmarry them How much\\nbetter that, deceived, he should enjoy her\\nshortcomings than suffer inexpressibly from\\ntheir discovery His ignorance is bliss.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nHer being perfect in his eyes about equals her\\nbeing perfect per se; and is immeasurably\\nbetter for him than her inherent perfection\\nwithout his appreciation. As he thinks she\\nis, she is to him\\nReceipt for Domestic Bliss\\nIf we were to gather up the ingredients\\nthat would serve to make the happy home,\\nwe should suggest the following One cup\\nof honesty, one cup of congeniality, two cups\\nof plenty, three cups of respect and four por\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions of love. Stir the honesty and the\\nplenty to a smooth mixture; add the four\\nportions of love, well beaten moisten with\\none cup of congeniality sift in slowly the\\nthree cups of respect. Season with the\\nfruits of the Spirit, and add a dash of the\\nspice of unselfishness and a pinch of the salt\\nof individuality. Lighten with the leaven of\\nconstancy. Bake in a quick oven.\\nNewly-married couples, be careful whom you\\nadmit into your sacred domicile for a time. If,\\nto get the one you desire, you must marry a\\nwhole family, which may sometimes \u00e2\u0080\u009cpay\u00e2\u0080\u009d\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nyet better give preference to those unmort\u00c2\u00ac\\ngaged\u00e2\u0080\u0094see that they toe your mark; and\\nexpel instantly any who try to prejudice you\\nor your wife against each other.\\nYoung husband, if a feud should spring\\nup between your mother and wife, choose\\nbetween them and either get a divorce\\nfrom her and marry your mother; or else\\nget a divorce from your mother and marry\\nyour wife over again. Yet better forsake\\nfather and mother, and cleave to your wife.\u00e2\u0080\u009d", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0177.jp2"}, "178": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0178.jp2"}, "179": {"fulltext": "COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\n161\\nThis is far the most eventful epoch of\\nmarried life, and withal, the hardest. Since\\nbeginning courtship just right is thus impor\u00c2\u00ac\\ntant, how much more marriage? For what\u00c2\u00ac\\never is begun wrong, waxes worse.\\nThe Wedding Tour.\\nA wedding-tour, begun right from the\\nmarital altar is more fashionable than sen\u00c2\u00ac\\nsible costly far less enjoyable now than if\\npostponed, and than home quiet; and espe\u00c2\u00ac\\ncially fatiguing and injurious to the bride,\\nwhose commencement of her specific mar\u00c2\u00ac\\nriage relations must needs exhaust all her\\nstrength, besides inducing certain physiolo\u00c2\u00ac\\ngical changes which, superadded to the ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nposures and fatigues of traveling, must injure\\nall not extra robust. But, going or staying,\\ngive yourselves up wholly to each other.\\nHeretofore you have made love at arm\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nlength make it now in each other\u00e2\u0080\u0099s arms.\\nTake it at its ebb, and waft on in conjugal\\nfelicity. Consecrate your honeymoon\\nwholly to it, and waive whatever interferes\\nwith it.\\nYet why not make your honeymoon a\\nhoney-annum Why cut it short in thirty\\ndays Love is now your most important\\nlife business then shape business to it, not it\\nto business. That good old Biblical custom\\nwhich excused every young husband from\\nwar, public service, etc., the first married\\nyear, requiring him to stay at home,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0080\u009ccomfort his wife,\u00e2\u0080\u009d should be modernized.\\nAfter your mutual affections are once well\\nstarted, they will grow on without special\\nnurture.\\nThis is your great life-labor. Think how\\ngreat; and how infinitely important that it\\nbe commenced not about, but just right\\nwhich requires time. No great work can be\\nfinished up hastily; and the greater, the\\nlonger its incipiency. Neglect other things,\\n11\\nbut take time enough to make this thorough.\\nSurrender yourselves wholly to it. Let it\\nimbue and engross your whole beings.\\nYoung husbands, note. Your doting,\\nclinging, dependant young wife has just for\u00c2\u00ac\\nsaken loved home, friends, and parents for\\nyou torn herself from all her girlish asso\u00c2\u00ac\\nciations thrown her entire being confidingly\\ninto your arms and is pouring out her whole\\nsoul into yours. Then should you not take\\nample time to reciprocate her love, nestle her\\nclose to your bosom, and interwine all your\\nand her heartstrings together? Forsaking\\nall has softened, perhaps melted, her soul:\\nthen fuse it the more perfectly with your\\nown. Be not so cruel as to shake her off\\njust now for business, or anything else;\\nspend your spare moments with her, instead\\nof old cronies and give her and yourself\\none long lovers\u00e2\u0080\u0099 holiday.\\nTrue Manhood.\\nThis law of mind applies to husbands and\\nwives. Reading together furnishes its easiest\\nand best application. Take long lovers\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nwalks, rides and talks pick bouquets and\\npress choice flowers as memoranda of these\\nand those pleasant seasons; and commune\\nwith each other as vesper\u00e2\u0080\u0099s departing twi\u00c2\u00ac\\nlight casts her mellow tinges over vales and\\nmountains, till \u00e2\u0080\u009cthe queen of night\u00e2\u0080\u009d throws\\nher silvery rays over your enchanted path\u00c2\u00ac\\nway, or heaven\u00e2\u0080\u0099s star-spangled dome deepens\\nyour mutual love by leading you \u00e2\u0080\u009cthrough\\nnature up to nature\u00e2\u0080\u0099s God adoring whom\\ntogether redoubles your love for each other.\\nManifest normal male or female nature\\ntoward your mate. No man ever did, does\\nor can express true manly attributes to his\\nwife without proportionally enamoring, or\\nunmanly, without alienating her. How much\\nshe loves him depends chiefly on how much\\ntrue manhood he evinces toward her; though", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0179.jp2"}, "180": {"fulltext": "COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\n1P 2\\nalso on how much love capacity she has, and\\nits state. As it in eating one dish supposed\\ndelicious you find something bitter and\\nnauseating, or another you suppose common,\\nan inexpressibly luscious flavor, though you\\nknow not just what you relish and loathe\\nso as far as you feel and express true manly\\nattributes, you enamor your wife; but as far\\nas you depart therefrom, you excite her\\nloathing and disgust; even though she has\\nno -idea just what she likes and dislikes.\\nBeing the true man to her, attains two\\nmost glorious human ends\u00e2\u0080\u0094perfects your\\nown manly nature and enamors her. As\\nevery man who does business should pride\\nhimself on doing it in the best manner pos\u00c2\u00ac\\nsible, so every man should pride himself on\\nbeing true to manhood, and attaining its\\nend, a wife\u00e2\u0080\u0099s devoted love.\\nBeing the true woman enamors a husband\\nand compels him to love her in proportion\\nyet just as far as any wife departs from a\\ntrue feminine comportment toward him, she\\nobliges him to taste and loathe her unfemi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnine bitterness. Many wives take great\\npains and pride in being \u00e2\u0080\u009cin fashion,\u00e2\u0080\u009d yet\\nnone to be or act the genuine woman\\nwhereas, being a mere fashionable in com\u00c2\u00ac\\nparison with a true woman, is like having\\nonly a farthing compared with a fortune.\\nALLANTRY, polite attentions\\nfrom gentlemen to ladies, is\\na primal law of love. Thus\\na man and a woman, a per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfect gentleman and lady,\\nmeet at table, on steamboat,\\nin parlor, anywhere. Their\\nsexual natures impose on each toward the\\nother a comportment quite unlike that due\\nfrom either sex to its own. They mutually\\nlike, admire each other this prompts still\\nmore gallant attentions from him to her, with\\ntheir thankful reception. This begets that\\nmutual love which inspires more and more of\\nthis identical reciprocal treatment the more\\nthey love. They marry this requires and\\nbegets still more of this same comportment,,\\nand their becoming parents together more\\nyet.\\nThink within yourselves just how a per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfect gentleman should treat a perfect lady,\\nand she him; and then be and do more so.\\nWhat is being a gentleman but expressing\\nmanly characteristics gently? Think out\\njust what that signifies. Analyze gallantry,\\na word that has always been used to\\ndesignate that courteous way male birds\\nevince towards female, always considerate\\nor the way in which all males naturally treat\\nall females. Note the attentive, kind, gen\u00c2\u00ac\\nerous, tender, sympathetic attentions ail\\nmodel gentlemen bestow on model ladies.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0180.jp2"}, "181": {"fulltext": "COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\n163\\nand treat your wife accordingly; and you\\nwill soon find her \u00e2\u0080\u009cdead in love,\u00e2\u0080\u009d literally\\ninfatuated with you.\\nDo gentlemen behave or speak rudely to\\nladies or frown, scowl, sulk, or swear, be\u00c2\u00ac\\nfore them or ever tease, blame, scold, pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nvoke, or satirize them? Are they not re\u00c2\u00ac\\nfined, polite, attentive to their wants, and\\ncomplimentary Would one angry frown\\ndistort their pleasant countenances, or rude\\nact mar their polished bearing Would they\\nnot watchfully discern and commend every\\ncharm, draw the mantle of charity over all\\niaults, and tear tongues sooner than up-\\noraid? Yet how often do legal husbands\\ncommit improprieties and perpetrate down\u00c2\u00ac\\nright vulgarities to and before their wives of\\nwhich they would no more be guilty to\u00c2\u00ac\\nwards other ladies than forfeit their reputa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion as gentlemen Or if they did, they\\nwould be banished from genteel female\\nsociety: and yet wonder why their wives\\ndo not love them\\nA Conjugal Insult.\\nFor a husband to be ever so extra genteel,\\ngallant, spruce, talkative, gay, lively, compli\u00c2\u00ac\\nmentary, and much more besides, to other\\nladies, yet dull, listless, commonplace, un\u00c2\u00ac\\nappreciative and inattentive to his wife, is a\\nconjugal outrage which must forestall further\\nlove, and kill existing. Yet no matter how\\ngallant to others, provided he is more so to\\nher.\\nWives are more ladylike, captivating,\\ncharming, lovely, neat, tasty, fascinating,\\nenamoring, at parties than at home, in draw\u00c2\u00ac\\ning-room than boudoir, to other gentlemen\\nthan own husband yet wonder why they\\nare not loved more by husband, when these\\nother gentlemen admire them so much. Yet\\nwhat can as thoroughly disgust any husband\\nof his wife as her slatternly habits, common,\\nindifferent manners, violent temper, or other\\nunladylike deportment to him, with captivat\u00c2\u00ac\\ning ways towards other men Let the mar\u00c2\u00ac\\nried apply this principle to their own home\\nand dormitory manners and language towards\\neach other.\\nDid that last sentence you uttered, and\\nact you did, emanate from a true gentle\u00c2\u00ac\\nmanly or ladylike feeling and spirit Would\\nthe perfect lady or gentleman have said or\\ndone that in that way If so, it redoubled,\\nif not, it deadened the other\u00e2\u0080\u0099s affections;\\nbesides prompting the same spirit and cast\\nof conduct in the other. Would the most\\nperfect husband or wife have said or done\\nwhat you have just said or done? How\\nmany husbands are ungentlemanly, even\\nrude and indecent, to their own wives, and\\nwives so ungenteel to their husbands that\\nthey would cut any lady friend who would\\ndo the same before any gentleman, and what\\nthey would not have done before a negro\\nhostler\\nLove can never co-exist with ungentle-\\nmanly or unladylike treatment. This\\nseems all right in theory,\u00e2\u0080\u009d you say, but", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0181.jp2"}, "182": {"fulltext": "164\\nCOURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\nimposes on us men a burden too great for\\nany to carry. No husbands do or can treat\\ntheir wives thus.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThose in love cannot help it. So far from\\nthis treatment being a task, it is a luxury.\\nA deep, abiding affection will prompt all this,\\nand much more. This mutual treatment\\nactually does and must proportionally obtain\\nbetween all who love yet declines as love\\nwanes. Indifferent manners accompany in\u00c2\u00ac\\ndifferent hearts while reversed love renders\\nbehavior perfectly hateful. Though he who\\ndislikes his wife may try to and think he\\nreally does do his whole duty to treat her\\nabout right, yet all his actions toward her are\\nabominable, and a perpetual insult; because\\nhis feelings are so though perhaps neither\\ncan specify exactly wherein.\\nConceited Simpletons.\\nPride of character is one of man\u00e2\u0080\u0099s best and\\nwoman\u00e2\u0080\u0099s strongest traits and in this country,\\nenormous and inflated. All fashions, respec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntability, society, etc., come from it. Honor,\\nambition to be first, emulation to excel, love\\nof display, etc., are its products. Only love\\nsurpasses it as an incentive to effort. Insults,\\nby reversing it, create the fiercest rage.\\nIn all women it is excessive and inflated\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094this being one of two indices of the female\\nhead;\u00e2\u0080\u0094while its perpetual stimulation by\\npraise from cradle to marriage, usually ren\u00c2\u00ac\\nders it a real feminine insanity.\\nPraise delights it; and is due for every\\ngood deed. Blame outrages it, and when\\nnot deserved, is most unjust. Stealing is no\\nworse than falsely accusing; as is most\\nscolding.\\nPraise kindles, blame kills love; especially\\nin woman. Nothing equally. How very\\nmuch she does set by tokens of masculine\\nappreciation, and is cut by depreciation On\\nboth she is indeed a little soft. She was\\nwisely created thus. This trait is innerent in\\nher, and must be respected.\\nShe deserves commendation for all her\\ngood, condemnation for few bad deeds.\\nWhy is not ambition entitled to its pay for\\ngood services rendered, as much as acquisi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion for goods delivered Is not neglecting\\nto pay its dues as disgraceful and palpably\\nwrong as not paying a monetary note\\nWhen a wife has done her best to get up a\\ngood dinner, even though she fails, is she\\nnot as justly entitled to her pay in praise as\\nthat grocer in dollars for flour? Bestowing\\nit will surprise you that she sets so very\\nmuch by it, in its delighting her so that, un\u00c2\u00ac\\nless her love is already chilled out by\\nneglect, she can hardly contain herself.\\nThough so very easy to cancel these love\\ndues by appreciation, yet how seldom are\\nthey honored But how cruelly aggra\u00c2\u00ac\\nvating, how very wicked, to blame her after\\nshe has done her best to please Scolded\\nwives do ten times less praised, twenty times\\nmore, than blamed ones.\\nA Despicable Grumbler.\\nA superb wife, married two years, said\\nOne whole year I tried my best to suit my\\nhusband, avoid his blame, and get his praise\\nbut the harder I tried the worse I fared. My\\nmeat, too rare yesterday, was overdone to\u00c2\u00ac\\nday. I fretted, cried, prayed over it till I\\nfound I must give up to die, or else fight it\\noff. I chose the latter, and steeled my heart\\nagainst him and his eternal grumblings, even\\nscolded back and a wretched life we have\\nlived. If required to choose between another\\nsuch marriage and death, I certainly prefer\\nto die.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nSuch cases abounu, yet are not all on one\\nside, as many a henpecked husband, who\\ndeserves only praise, can attest.\\nFinding fault engenders more marital alien-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0182.jp2"}, "183": {"fulltext": "COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\n105\\nations than most other causes combined;\\nstabs love right under its fifth rib spills its\\nwarm life-blood; and must never on any\\naccount be inflicted by or on either. Blame\\nfrom one\u00e2\u0080\u0099s own sex is most provoking and\\nunendurable but from the opposite, abso\u00c2\u00ac\\nlutely outrageous. No concatenation of\\ncircumstances can justify it. This is not the\\nway the sexes were ordained to lessen each\\nMost scolded wives deserve praise or\\npity. Married love-spats are worse than\\ncourting, and inexcusable. Loving and\\nspatting are absolutely incompatible and\\nantithetic and can no more coexist than\\nhealth with disease, fire with water, heat with\\ncold, or life with death. As disease must\\nconquer the constitution, or the constitution\\ndisease, so either love must succumb to these\\nI SAY YOU DID\\nI SAY i didn\u00e2\u0080\u0099t\u00e2\u0080\u0094 so there!\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nother\u00e2\u0080\u0099s faults, or promote each other\u00e2\u0080\u0099s virtues.\\nAll scolding is but driving and threatening\\nwhich makes even boys, much more men,\\ndefiant and vindictive. Driving contrary\\nmules is easy in comparison.\\nHappy the home where there is perpetual\\nsunshine This is the school for the young,\\nthe nursery of virtue, the influence that\\ndevelops the noblest traits of manhood and\\nwomanhood.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cspats,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or they to it. Though \u00e2\u0080\u009cmaking\\nup\u00e2\u0080\u009d by renewed love pledges may turn their\\nevil into good a few times, yet frequency\\nannuls its virtue. This is but sinning and\\nrepenting which soon turn these new reso\u00c2\u00ac\\nlutions into animosities.\\nYou must remember the old English say\u00c2\u00ac\\ning about the peace that belongs to every\\nhouse with two \u00e2\u0080\u009cbears \u00e2\u0080\u009d\u00e2\u0080\u0094bear, and forbear.\\nYour first spat is worse than your house", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0183.jp2"}, "184": {"fulltext": "166\\nCOURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\nburning. Put it right out, or it will consume\\nyour future conjugal bliss. Even your first\\nblame, if only by implication, and seemingly\\ntrifling, is really horrible, in itself and its ef\u00c2\u00ac\\nfects. If you do not have the first, you will\\nnever have any; but the first is about sure\\nto breed multitudes of those \u00e2\u0080\u009clittle foxes\\nthat spoil the vines\u00e2\u0080\u009d of love.\\nCruel Neglect.\\nBut you say: My family requires every\\ndollar I can earn, and business every moment\\nof my time. I must be at its helm, look after\\nall its details, get customers, pay debts, equal\\nmy rivals, make a fortune, support style, an\u00c2\u00ac\\nswer correspondents, watch clerks, collect\\ndebts. My time is too precious to be wasted\\nin courting my wife.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThen give her a divorce, and relieve her\\nfrom this affectional starvation, for this mon\u00c2\u00ac\\nster wrong is the lesser. If you starved her\\nbody merely, you would justly abhor your\u00c2\u00ac\\nself, and be abhorred; yet for thus starving\\nher spirit-nature you are forsooth honored as\\na pattern of industry and probity! She\\npines on and dies out, unaware what her real\\ntrouble is, or who causes it. She thinks,\\npoor confiding victim, she has a disorder of\\nthe stomach, or liver, or nerves whereas\\nyou are slowly killing her off by breaking\\nher heart. Lock her up without food, which\\nis to her body what love is to her mind, and\\nyou have the enormity of your cruelty and\\nrobbery, only in the physical instead of men\u00c2\u00ac\\ntal form.\\nBetter away with business, dismiss clerks,\\nand abandon speculations, than thus torture\\nand kill your precious wife for what are\\nthey in comparison with her Ask her and\\nyourself how many dollars will make good\\nthis death of her affections. Would you be\\nhappier in your wealth without her love, or\\nin her love with less wealth But you are\\nlosing both her love and your uoliars. I\\nfling this declaration into the teeth of the\\nlargest human experience, that he who duly\\nloves a wife in purity, can do far more work,\\ndrive better bargains, wear more and longer,\\nbe keener in trade, and every way a better\\nbusiness man, and more successful, than if\\nhe neglects her.\\nPerpetual plodding is fatal to vigorous ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion. A bow always bent loses its strength.\\nWhat is made up in time, is lost ten times\\nover in snap and spirit. Hence business\\nmen patronize amusements; instinctively\\ncraving that recreation which fits them for\\ntheir next day\u00e2\u0080\u0099s struggles. Human nature\\nneeds diversion and the domestic affections\\nconstitute its very best form. Their hearty\\nexercise marvellously promotes intellectual\\nvigor.\\nTake an Illustration.\\nLet A and B start married life and business\\ntogether, every way equal in capital, talents,\\neverything, except that A shall heartily love\\nhis wife, and spend two hours every day in\\nnurturing her and his conjugal affections, by\\nriding, walking, visiting, going to concerts,\\nlecture-room, anywhere they please, while\\nB plods perpetually over his business and\\nledgers in ten years A will be far in advance\\nof B in dollars credit, health, mental sound\u00c2\u00ac\\nness and clearness of judgment, in each and\\nall the attributes of physical, mental, and\\nmoral advancement; besides having a tenfold\\nbetter and happier wife than B in addition\\nto all the direct aid derived from talking over\\nproposed plans with her, acting on her sug\u00c2\u00ac\\ngestions, and being aided in a thousand name\u00c2\u00ac\\nless ways by her silent but efficient co-opera\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion. And this perpetually re-increases with\\ntime. Even as a pecuniary investment, nur\u00c2\u00ac\\nturing love has no equal.\\nHow infinitely better A\u00e2\u0080\u0099s wife, as such.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0184.jp2"}, "185": {"fulltext": "COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\n167\\nthan B\u00e2\u0080\u0099s However splendid a woman may\\nbe by nature, when her affections die or\\nstray, she is of little account as a wife.\\nWould to God every husband could realize\\nhow worthless she becomes without affection\\nfor him, but how infinitely valuable there\u00c2\u00ac\\nwith and the more so the more affec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntionate.\\nCrazy to Make Money.\\nHastening to get rich is your fatal blunder.\\nIn this rush after the almighty dollar,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nbesides breaking down your own constitu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, you starve out your own and wife\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\naffections. Though she has left home,\\nparents, and all she holds dear for you, yet\\nyou leave her for business. She yields to\\nthat stern necessity which keeps her loved\\none so much from her open arms, but she so\\nwishes she could have at least a little, if oidy\\na little of your time and soul. It is so hard\\nto stay all alone, seeing no one from morn\u00c2\u00ac\\ning till night, week after week.\\nAnd when you are at home, your mind is\\nall on business. You may be gaining finely\\nin dollars, but are losing her love, which now\\nbegins to pine. Nothing can prevent it. Her\\nloneliness renders her almost frantic. She\\nlittle realizes the cause of her misery, or how\\nto obviate it; yet it is slowly but surely eat\u00c2\u00ac\\ning out her very vitals. There is no telling\\nhow much young wives really do suffer in\\nand by this chilling starvation of their young\\nlove. And this decline of its fires for want\\nof fuel, allows animosities, which a vigorous\\nlove would keep at bay to supplant it.\\nBesides, you often come home cross-\\ngrained, because perplexed with cares and\\nfatigued by struggles. Even if your long-\\ncontinued and heroic efforts for her have\\ninduced your irritability, she sees only the\\ncrossness, and suffers just as much from it as\\n.if it were not thus induced.\\nNever bring business troubles across your\\nthreshold. Many, provoked by outside vex\u00c2\u00ac\\nations, come home surly, and veiff on their\\ninnocent wives and children the wrath raised\\nby ugly customers whereas, whatever may\\nbe your business cares, you should never\\nallow one angry feeling to enter your domi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncile. This should be sacred, and kept in\u00c2\u00ac\\nviolate from all such venomous reptiles.\\nDeposit business troubles along with your hat\\nand overcoat. Many hang up their fiddle\\non the outside of their front doors, and while\\ncheerful and pleasant abroad, are always grum\\nand dictatorial within; whereas all should\\ntake it down on entering.\\nHer Whole Life.\\nA wife\u00e2\u0080\u0099s affections must die out, unless\\nperpetually refed. This is absolute. Wo\u00c2\u00ac\\nman lives on love. It is her meat and drink,\\nday and night, from its first dawnings to her\\nlatest breath. Without it she does not, can\u00c2\u00ac\\nnot, live at all, but only stays and mopes.\\nTo starve it is to starve all; while nourish\u00c2\u00ac\\ning it nourishes all. It is to her whole being\\nwhat lubrication is to machinery. Deprived\\nof it, the best of feminine material becomes\\nhardened or deadened but supplied there\u00c2\u00ac\\nwith, even a poor woman makes a good\\nwife.\\nWords utterly fail to describe the practical\\ndifference between the same woman when\\nloving and loved, or hating and hated.\\nHer affections are the key to her whole\\nbeing, to lock or unlock all the good or bad,\\nand increase both. How many dollars is\\nthat child worth Can money measure its\\npriceless value Yet is not that wife, if she\\nwere all devotion to you, worth quite as\\nmuch The social organs are so much\\nlarger than acquisition, that no money can\\nat all express the value of a good child, or\\nwife, or husband. And the more they love", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0185.jp2"}, "186": {"fulltext": "168\\nCOURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\nor are beloved, the more precious they\\nbecome.\\nMutual alienations detract correspondingly\\nfrom a wife\u00e2\u0080\u0099s value while hatred renders\\nher as much more a curse than no wife, as\\nshe is the better when loving and beloved.\\nHer value rises and falls in proportion to the\\namount of love interchanged. If a given\\namount of affection renders her worth a hun\u00c2\u00ac\\ndred thousand dollars, a hated, hating one is\\nlike a hundred-thousand-dollar debt, hang\u00c2\u00ac\\ning like a perpetual millstone-incubus, from\\nwhich there is no deliverance so that losing\\na wife\u00e2\u0080\u0099s love is a greater loss than her death;\\nbecause it prevents you marrying another,\\nand chains you to one you abhor. Losing\\nbut a little of it is an immeasurable loss,\\nwhile gaining only a little is worth more\\nthan thousands because it renders you hap\u00c2\u00ac\\npier besides augmenting hers and your\\nchildren\u00e2\u0080\u0099s happiness.\\nFar Above Rubies.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nCount the cost, and strike the balance as\\nto the difference between a lovely and a hate\u00c2\u00ac\\nful wife, and then cipher out\u00e2\u0080\u009d the value of\\na good one. Solomon placed it far above\\nrubies,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and rubies are far above your store\\ntrash. Yet even he did not duly estimate\\nher full value. Next decipher how much\\nthat man gains who, by delving early and\\nlate at his eternal \u00e2\u0080\u009cbusiness,\u00e2\u0080\u009d spoils a good\\nwife, in and by letting her affections run\\ndown or die out. Next find out how much\\nis gained by cherishing them, and thereby\\nperpetually improving both her and yourself.\\nDollars cannot measure such problems.\\nWhat shall it profit a man if, in gaining the\\nwhole world, he spoils or loses a good wife\\nAnd yet many of our shrewdest business\\nmen daily pocket this very loss!\\nNow, and throughout your life, show your\\naffection for her and your admiration of her,\\nnot in nonsensical compliment; not merely*\\nin picking up her handkerchief or her glove,\\nor in carrying her fan or parasol not, if you\\nhave the means, in hanging trinkets and\\nbaubles upon her not in making yourself a\\nfool by winking at, and seeming pleased at,\\nher foibles, or follies, or faults but show\\nthem by acts of real goodness toward her\\nprove by unequivocal deeds the high value-\\nthat you set on her health and .life and peace\\nof mind let your praise of her go to the full\\nextent of her deserts; but let it be consistent\\nwith truth and with sense, and such as to\\nconvince her of your sincerity.\\nEmpty Compliments.\\nHe who is the flatterer of his wife only\\nprepares her ears for the hyperbolical stuff\\nof others. The kindest appellation that her\\nChristian name affords is the best you can\\nuse, especially before faces. An everlasting\\nmy dear\u00e2\u0080\u009d is but a sorry compensation for\\na want of that sort of love that makes the\\nhusband cheerfully toil by day, break his\\nrest by night, endure all sorts of hardships,\\nif the life or health of his wife demand it.\\nLet your deeds, and not your words, carry\\nto her heart a daily and hourly confirmation\\nof the fact that you value her health and life\\nand happiness beyond all other things in the\\nworld and let this be manifest to her, par\u00c2\u00ac\\nticularly at those times when life is always-\\nmore or less in danger.\\nIt is not dangling about after a wife; it is-\\nnot the loading her with baubles and trink\u00c2\u00ac\\nets it is not the jaunting of her about from\\nshow to show, and from what is called\\npleasure to pleasure; it is none of these that\\nendears you to her it is the adherence to\\nthat promise you have made her With my\\nbody I thee worship that is to say, respect\\nand honor by personal attention and acts of\\naffection. And remember, that the greatest", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0186.jp2"}, "187": {"fulltext": "COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\npossible proui that you can give of real and\\nsolid affection is to give her your time, when\\nnot wanted in matters of business when not\\nwanted for the discharge of some duty,\\neither towards the public or toward private\\npersons.\\nAmongst duties of this sort we must, of\\ncourse, in some ranks and circumstances of\\nlife, include the intercourse amongst friends\\nand neighbors, which may frequently and\\nreasonably call the husband from his home\\nbut what are we to think of the husband who\\nis in the habit of leaving his own fireside,\\nafter the business of the day is over, and\\nseeking promiscuous companions in the\\nsaloon or club-house\\nThey Prize Fidelity.\\nNow, if all young men knew how much\\nvalue women set upon this species of fidelity,\\nthere would be fewer unhappy couples than\\nthere are. If men have appointments at the\\nWhite House, they never dream of breaking\\nthem and we can assure them that wives\\nare as sensitive in this respect as Presidents\\nor Cabinet officers. No man has a right to\\nsport with the feelings of any innocent person\\nwhatever, and particularly with those of one\\nwho has committed her happiness to his\\nhands.\\nThe trutn is, that men in general look\\nupon women as having no feelings different\\nfrom their own and they know that they\\nthemselves would regard such disappoint\u00c2\u00ac\\nments as nothing. But this is a great mis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntake women feel more acutely than men\\ntheir love is more ardent, more pure, more\\nlasting, and they are more frank and sincere\\nin the utterance of their feelings. They\\nought to be treated with due consideration\\nlor all their amiable qualities and for all\\ntheir weaknesses, and nothing by which their\\nminds are affected ought to be deemed a trifle.\\nlflO\\nWhen we consider what a young woman\\ngives up on her wedding-day she makes a\\nsurrender, an absolute surrender, of her\\nliberty, for the joint lives of the parties she\\ngives the husband the absolute right of\\ncausing her to live in what place, and in\\nwhat manner and in what society, he pleases\\nshe gives him the power to take from her,,\\nand to use for his own purposes, all her\\ngoods, unless reserved by some legal instru\u00c2\u00ac\\nment and, above all, she surrenders to him\\nher person.\\nExamples of Self-Sacrifice.\\nThen, when we consider the pains which\\nthey endure for us, and the large share of\\nall the anxious parental cares that fall to\\ntheir lot; when we consider their devotion\\nto us, and how unshaken their affection\\nremains in our ailments, even though the\\nmost tedious and disgusting when we con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsider the offices that they perform, and\\ncheerlully perform for us, when, were we\\nleft to one another, we should perish from\\nneglect; when we consider their devotion to\\ntheir children, how evidently they love them\\nbetter, in numerous instances, than their own\\nlives; when we consider these things, how\\ncan a just man think anything a trifle that\\naffects their happiness\\nA normally-sexed woman loves to be\\nloved and caressed by him who has her\\nheart, and \u00e2\u0080\u009cthat before folks,\u00e2\u0080\u009d except that\\ncustom frowns thereon. Women, tell the\\nworld in general, and your own husbands in\\nparticular, just how you desire them to corm\\nport themselves toward you.\\nThe married should love each other just\\nas young lovers do, only as much more as\\nthey are older. Then, whatever it is proper\\nto feel it is equally proper to mcinifesi\\nbefore folks.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nIt is manly for a man to love his wife. He", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0187.jp2"}, "188": {"fulltext": "170\\nCOURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\nwas created a man expressly for this. Then\\nis it not as manly to express this love? and\\nequally feminine in her both to tenderly love\\nher husband and manifest her outgushing\\ntenderness? Is love loathsome, that it must\\nbe stifled? It is the purest of emotions.\\nOnly when it is perverted is it indelicate.\\nAnd if husbands and wives would but\\nmanifest more love in purity, they would\\nexperience far less of its animal aspect.\\nThese young lovers are true to the mating\\ninstinct; but discontinuing these attentions\\nproclaims the paralysis of love; for they can\\nno more help this its natural language and\\nmanner, in proportion as they love, than help\\nlaughing when merry or shivering when cold.\\nOU can make your home what\\nyou wish it to be. You can\\nhave the good sense, the tact,\\nthe commanding influence that\\nwill mould your home and give\\nit character. What you are\\nyour house will be. If you are weak and\\nworthless, your domestic life will be a failure.\\nIf you are a true woman, a true wife and\\nmother, the grand effect will be seen on\\neverything around you. What, then, are\\nsome of the traits that belong to the model\\nwife\\nCHEERFULNESS.\\nIs there not a demand on our whole\\nnature for general cheerfulness It is not\\nonly the \u00e2\u0080\u009csunshine of the soul,\u00e2\u0080\u009d but that of\\nthe body. The truly cheerful are not only\\nhappier in their minds and spirits, but also in\\ntheir very bodies. The brain and nervous\\nsystem play their part in the great drama of\\nphysical life better; the heart and stomach\\nand lungs work better. Indeed, all is better\\nthroughout.\\nIs not that a duty which is productive of\\nso much happiness? But can that be a duty\\nwhich is not in our power to perform It\\nwere surely an impeachment of the wisdom\\nand goodness of God, did he require us, in\\nhis providence or in his word\u00e2\u0080\u0094by his natural\\nor his revealed law\u00e2\u0080\u0094to do that of which we\\nare incapable.\\nA Plant of Beauty.\\nWe consider cheerfulness, then, as a matter\\nof duty and, of course, as in a great measure\\nin our power. It makes us happier our\u00c2\u00ac\\nselves it enables us to reflect more happiness\\non others. Let young wives especially strive\\nto cultivate it. It is in its nature a perennial\\nplant; and if it is not such at the present\\ntime, it is because it has degenerated in a\\ndegenerate world. Let it be restored to its\\npristine beauty and let the world thereby\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nin connection with other means tending to\\no", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0188.jp2"}, "189": {"fulltext": "COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\n171\\nthe same end\u00e2\u0080\u0094be restored to what it was\\nbefore the loss of Eden.\\nDISCRETION.\\nThis is a virtue which should belong* to\\no\\nevery one. Above all, do we like to see the\\nyoung wife discreet. Discretion not only\\nheightens the pleasures of her existence, but\\nadds greatly to her reputation in the just\\nestimation of the wise. Coupled with mod\u00c2\u00ac\\nesty it more than doubles her charms.\\nLet discretion then be studied. Let it be\\nstudied, too, for its immediate as well as\\nremote benefits. It will, indeed, bear fruit\\nmore abundantly in later life but it will not\\nbe without its value in youth. It is a plant\\nwhich it were worth while to cultivate, if\\nhuman existence were more frail, and life\\nmore uncertain of continuance that it now is.\\nMODESTY.\\nOf all the qualities appropriate to young\\nwives none is more universally esteemed\\nthan modesty. And what has been, by\\ncommon consent, so highly esteemed, we\\ncannot undervalue. Indeed, we do not think\\nit has ever been over-valued, or that it can be.\\nWe have been somewhat amused\u00e2\u0080\u0094not to\\nsay instructed\u00e2\u0080\u0094by the following remarks on\\nthis trait of female character, from the pen of\\none who is not only a philosopher, but a\\nphysiologist. They are not the more inter\u00c2\u00ac\\nesting, perhaps, because they are somewhat\\nnew but neither are they less so.\\nModesty establishes an equilibrium be\u00c2\u00ac\\ntween the superiority of man and the delicacy\\nof woman it enables woman to insure there\u00c2\u00ac\\nby for herself, a supporter\u00e2\u0080\u0094a defender. And\\nwhile man thus barters his protection for\\nlove, woman is a match for his power;\\nand the weak to a great extent, governs the\\nstronger.\\nIt is probable that modesty derives its\\ncause in woman, from a certain mistrust in\\nher own merit, and from the fear of finding\\nherself below that very affection which she is\\ncapable of exciting, and of which she is the\\nobject. Modesty compels her love to assume\\nthat form by which nature has taught her so\\nuniversally to express it\u00e2\u0080\u0094that of gratitude,\\nfriendship, etc. Modesty is a means of attrac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion with which nature inspires all females.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nUnder this head we will just add, that\\nsince by modesty the weaker govern the\\nstronger, it is of immense importance that\\nTHE IDEAL WIFE\\nAdmirable type of a well balanced woman above\\nthe medium height, shoulders broad, chest full;\\nneither spare nor stout; expression intelligent, ami\u00c2\u00ac\\nable, and indicating force of character combined with\\nprudent reserve; affectionate, dignified, and con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrasting strongly with a vain, simpering nonentity.\\nwoman should know the true secret of main\u00c2\u00ac\\ntaining her power and also by what means\\nshe is likely to jeopardize that power. And\\nwithout undertaking to determine what shall\\nbe the precise rules of female action, and the\\nprecise limits of the sphere within which the\\nAuthor of her nature designed she should\\nmove, is it not worth the serious inquiry,\\nwhether she does not, as a general fact, lose\\ninfluence the moment she departs widely\\nfrom the province which nature seems to\\nhave allotted her", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0189.jp2"}, "190": {"fulltext": "172\\nCOURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\nDIFFIDENCE.\\nThis trait, though nearly related to mod\u00c2\u00ac\\nesty, is far from being the same thing, its\\ncharacter having been more frequently\\nbrought in question than that of modesty.\\nAnd yet it seems equally valuable. It gilds\\nwhat modesty graces; and polishes what\\nmodesty improves.\\nLet not the reader confound modesty and\\nbashfulness; for they are by no means the\\nsame thing. Modesty is as much opposed\\nto impudence as anything can be and yet\\nit is certain that impudence is often conjoined\\nwith bashfulness. Not so often, to be sure,\\nin the female sex, as in the other, and yet\\nsuch a phenomenon is occasionally witnessed,\\neven in woman.\\nBashfulness is usually the result of too low\\nan estimate of ourselves whereas, true dif\u00c2\u00ac\\nfidence only leads us to value ourselves ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncording to our real worth. Diffidence makes\\nus humble, but bashfulness sometimes makes\\nus mean at least, there is danger of it. It\\nis, at all events, of doubtful utility; and\\nthough we would not denounce or condemn\\nit, we would urge all to endeavor to rise far\\nabove it.\\nBut we would endeavor to cultivate and\\nencourage everything which belongs to true\\ndiffidence. It will assist modesty in per\u00c2\u00ac\\nforming her angelic office and the influence\\nof both, united, may save from many a pang.\\nCOURAGE.\\nBy courage we do not mean that trait for\\nwhich man is constitutionally as much dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinguished, as woman is for the want of it.\\nWe mean not a courage to meet and sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nmount physical difficulties, and encounter\\noutward and physical dangers. We mean,\\non the contrary, that moral courage which\\nis confined neither to sex nor condition.\\nNot that physical courage is to be\\ndespised, even by females. On the contrary,\\nwe think it is a trait of character which is\\nquite too much neglected in female educa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion. It is not only lamentable, but pitiable,\\nto see a female of twenty, thirty or fifty years\\nof age, shrinking at the sight of a spider or\\na toad, even when there is not the slightest\\nprospect of its coming within three yards of\\nher.\\nNor is it as it should be, when a young\\nwoman, already eighteen or twenty years of\\nage, has such a dread of pigs and cows as\\nto scream aloud at the sight of one in a field,\\nso well enclosed that it is not possible her\\nsafety could be endangered were the animal\\never so malicious. Such unreasonable and\\nfoolish fears ought by no means to be en\u00c2\u00ac\\ncouraged on the contrary, she who finds\\nherself a slave to them ought to suppress\\nthem as fast as possible.\\nGroundless Fears.\\nThis is, indeed, an important but much\\nneglected part of female education and she\\nwho is a sufferer therefrom will do well tO\\nderive a hint from these pages. The un\u00c2\u00ac\\nreasonable fears of which we speak are by\\nno means confined to the sight of toads, or\\nspiders, or pigs, or cows. We find them\\nmore or less frequently and in some form or\\nother in nearly every family. Some are un\u00c2\u00ac\\nreasonably afraid of dogs and horses; others\\nof cats or snakes; others, again, of the dark,\\nor of being alone by night or by day.\\nLet us not be understood as saying that\\nno fears are to be indulged in regard to any\\nof these things; it is only an unreasonable\\nand foolish degree of fear that should be\\nguarded against. A cow or a horse feeding\\nquietly in a pasture, and separated from you\\nby a stout fence which no animal in any\\nordinary circumstances is wont to leap, is not", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0190.jp2"}, "191": {"fulltext": "COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\n173\\na proper object of fear with a rational person\\nover twelve years of age.\\nBut it is moral courage that we would\\ninspire in women. She has patience, and\\nperseverance, and fortitude\u00e2\u0080\u0094why then may\\nshe not add to these moral courage! What\\nman has done, man may do, has been a\\nthousand times said; and the remark is not\\nless applicable to woman than to man. What\\nwoman has done, woman may do. But\\nwoman, in numerous instances, has possessed\\nmoral courage. She has been known more\\nthan once to \u00e2\u0080\u009cface a frowning world,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or to\\noppose some of its tyrant fashions. We could\\nmention more than one who has thus\\nevinced true moral courage, and set her sex\\na glorious example, which not a few of our\\nleaders might do well to copy.\\nLet woman dare to do right\u00e2\u0080\u0094aether\\nfashionable or unfashionable. Let her dare\\nto do so in the smaller no less than in the\\nlarger matters of life. Let her dare to obey\\nGod, and the laws of God, both natural and\\nrevealed\u00e2\u0080\u0094both within and around her\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nrather than the laws of any man or set of\\nmen. Let her do this, and she will evince\\ntrue moral courage; a courage as far sur\u00c2\u00ac\\npassing the highest efforts of physical courage\\nor prowess as right surpasses might; virtue,\\nvice; or purity, impurity.\\nTHE TEMPER.\\nNothing is more unpleasant\u00e2\u0080\u0094slovenliness,\\nperhaps, excepted\u00e2\u0080\u0094than a bad temper. We\\nbeseech every one who is so unhappy as to\\npossess such a temper to pay particular at\u00c2\u00ac\\ntention to what we are about to say on this\\ninteresting and important topic.\\nSome women seem entirely to overlook\\n4 he consequences of an ill-temper. These\\nare numerous\u00e2\u0080\u0094too numerous to be men\u00c2\u00ac\\ntioned here. We shall only say that such a\\ntemper is no less destructive\u00e2\u0080\u0094in a slow way\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094to the health of the body than it is to the\\nmental faculties and the affections.\\nSome suppose their ill-temper to be con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstitutional, and this serves them as an apology\\nfor neglecting to govern it. They seem to\\nregard it as so wrought into their very\\nstructure, that it will hardly be possible ever\\nto eradicate it. They are condemned by\\ninheritance, as they appear to suppose, to a\\nperpetual war within\u00e2\u0080\u0094in which the most\\nthey can hope for is an occasional victory.\\nPerfect Self-Command.\\nNow let us tell every woman who has\\nimbibed this erroneous and dangerous notion,\\nthat the command of her temper is not placed\\nbeyond her reach. She may acquire the\\nmost perfect self-command, even in this\\nrespect, if she will. Not in a moment, nor\\nin a day, it is true. The work may be the\\nlabor of months or of years. Still the battle\\ncan be won a permanent and final victory\\ncan be achieved.\\nThe very general idea that single persons\\nsomewhat advanced in life, especially females,\\nbecome habitually impatient or ill-tempered,\\nhas too much truth for its foundation, though\\nit is by no means universally true. Nor is it\\never necessary that it should be so.\\nWe wish every person could be induced\\nto study deeply the causes which operate on\\nmankind to originate or perpetuate a bad\\ntemper. They are numerous\u00e2\u0080\u0094exceedingly\\nso. It is not necessary to charge much\\nupon our ancestors. The causes may much\\noftener be found within our own minds and\\nbodies, would we but look for them there.\\nWe harbor or perhaps indulge a thousand\\nunpleasant feelings from day to day, not\\nseeming to know, or at least to realize, that\\nas small streams form larger ones, so these\\nfirst risings of anger lead to its more out\u00c2\u00ac\\nbreaking forms.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0191.jp2"}, "192": {"fulltext": "174\\nCOURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\nNot a few of the instances of irritability,\\nfretfulness, impatience and melancholy have\\ntheir origin in physical causes\u00e2\u0080\u0094in errors in\\nregard to exercise, sleep, air, temperature,\\ndress, eating, drinking and some have their\\norigin in mistakes about the theory or the\\npractice of religion. Some originate, too, in\\ndisappointed love. In short, their sources\\nare well nigh endless.\\nAVOID BAD DIET.\\nIt is in vain, or almost in vain, to hope for\\nany radical improvement in our physical, in\u00c2\u00ac\\ntellectual or moral condition except in pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nportion as the body and the bodily appetites\\nare kept in proper subjection to right reason\\nand religion.\\nHere we must again urge upon every\\nwoman the duty of studying the laws of\\nhealth, and especially those of temperance.\\nThe knowledge thus to be obtained would\\nbe of exceeding great value to her in the\\ngovernment of her passions and appetites.\\nIt is related that a teacher in Boston,\\nwhose general course of discipline was quite\\nmild, was sometimes so much affected in his\\ntemper by high-seasoned or over-stimulating\\ndinners, as to be petulant and passionate,\\neven to blows, immediately afterward.\\nNow, whether this was often the case with\\nthe individual in question, we cannot say.\\nThis, however, we may affirm with the utmost\\nsafety and confidence\u00e2\u0080\u0094that many an indi\u00c2\u00ac\\nvidual who finds her passions or her appe\u00c2\u00ac\\ntites more than usually troublesome or\\nrebellious, would do well to look for the\\ncause in the bad air which she breathes, the\\nbad foods or drinks she uses, or in some\u00c2\u00ac\\nthing else in herself or in her habits which\\nmight have been prevented.\\nWe press this part of the subject upon the\\nconsideration of women because it concerns\\nnot them alone, but a host of others. No\\none liveth to himself, says an apostie; and\\nthe remark is quite as important in its appli\u00c2\u00ac\\ncation to the young woman as to any other\\nindividual.\\nOne reason why we urge it is because we\\nare almost universally referred to moral\\nmeans and moral considerations alone, in\\norder to keep in subjection the body\u00e2\u0080\u0094its\\npassions and appetites\u00e2\u0080\u0094and seldom, if ever,\\nto a proper attention to our food or our\\ndrink, our air, our exercise, or our sleep.\\nNay, the hopes of the young, in regard to\\nkeeping the body in subjection, are some\\ntimes completely paralyzed by the grave\\nassertion that the strength of our passions\\nand appetites is constitutional\u00e2\u0080\u0094as much our\\ninheritance as the color of our eyes or the\\ncontour of our physiognomies, and almost\\nequally unalterable.\\nOutrageous Cookery.\\nNow we would encourage no woman to\\nexpect too much of \u00e2\u0080\u009ctemperance in all\\nthings,\u00e2\u0080\u009d without the co-operation of the\\nmoral powers, and especially of the will.\\nBut we would encourage her to strict tem\u00c2\u00ac\\nperance for her own sake and that of others.\\nWe would say to her once more, that in\\nproportion to her obedience to the laws of\\nhealth, in regard to air, exercise, sleep, tem\u00c2\u00ac\\nperature, study, food, drink, clothing, etc.,\\nwill be her ability to govern herself accord\u00c2\u00ac\\ning to right and reason. The simpler her\\ndiet, for example, and the more free it is from\\nextraneous things\u00e2\u0080\u0094as fat, condiments, etc.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094the easier will it be to keep herself in\\nproper subjection to herself\u00e2\u0080\u0094the body to the\\nimmortal spirit.\\nOne of the most powerful and ever active\\ncauses of that slavery of the soul to the body\\nwhich every person of sense must perceive\\nand deplore, is our unnatural and artificial\\ncookery. Had it been the aim of all the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0192.jp2"}, "193": {"fulltext": "COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\n175\\ncookery in the world to make it as bad as\\npossible for the health of body and soul, we\\nknow not that things could have been worse\\nthan they are now. Very few things, indeed,\\nare made more palatable, more digestible or\\nmore nutritious by it\u00e2\u0080\u0094the legitimate and\\nonly ends of all the efforts of our fashionable\\ncookery. On the contrary they are made,\\nalmost universally, a great deal worse for us.\\nLet the woman who would do good in\\nthe reformation, elevation and eternal pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ngress of herself and those around her, not\\nonly study deeply the laws of health and\\nlife, but let her tax her powers of reasoning\\nand invention to see if it is not possible to\\nremove the cause of so much mischief from\\nour parlors, our sleeping rooms, our kitch\u00c2\u00ac\\nens and our tables. Much must be done\\nin this respect before the world can become\\nwhat it ought to be; and woman must lead\\nthe way \u00e2\u0080\u0094woman of some future genera\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, if not of the present.\\nFRUGALITY.\\nEconomy is an old-fashioned word,\\nwhich, like the thing for which it stands,\\nis fast going into disrepute; and it will re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquire no little moral courage in her who\\nhas anything of reputation at stake to com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmend it.\\nIs there not something connected with\\nthe idea of economy which tends, neces\u00c2\u00ac\\nsarily, to narrow the mind and contract the\\nheart?\u00e2\u0080\u009d This question is often asked even\\nby those whom age and experience should\\nhave taught better things.\\nThere can be no doubt that a just measure\\nof frugality and economy is a cardinal virtue,\\nand should be early inculcated, even though\\nit cost us some time and effort. It should\\nbe practiced by every wife who is of necessity\\nhousekeeper and manager. Not a few are\\nexceedingly improvident, and often they are\\nwasteful. The world seems to be regarded\\nas a great storehouse which can never be\\nexhausted, let them be as extravagant as\\nthey may. They forget entirely the vulgar\\nbut correct adage that always taking out of\\nthe meal tub and never putting in, soon\\ncomes to the bottom \u00e2\u0080\u009d\u00e2\u0080\u0094and seem to take\\nit for granted there is no bottom to their\\nresources.\\nOur grandmothers\u00e2\u0080\u0094our great grand\u00c2\u00ac\\nTHE ECONOMICAL WIFE.\\nmothers, rather\u00e2\u0080\u0094were not ashamed of fru\u00c2\u00ac\\ngality or economy. They were neither afraid\\nnor unwilling to do what they knew to be\\nright, simply because it happened to be\\nunfashionable. We are not, indeed, of that\\nnumber who place the golden age exclu\u00c2\u00ac\\nsively in the past. We can see errors in the\\nconduct of our grandmothers. But we also\\nsee in them excellencies many virtues of\\nthe sterner, more sober sort, which have\\nbeen bartered for modern customs\u00e2\u0080\u0094not to-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0193.jp2"}, "194": {"fulltext": "COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGL\\n176\\nsay vices\u00e2\u0080\u0094at a very great lof s by the ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nchange. What we have thus lost, we should\\nbe glad, were it possible, to restore.\\nBE SYSTEMATIC.\\nThere is hardly anything which the ma\u00c2\u00ac\\njority of our young women hate\u00e2\u0080\u0094frugality\\nand economy, and the study of themselves,\\nperhaps, excepted\u00e2\u0080\u0094so much as system. In\\nthis respect a few of our best schools have,\\nwithin a few years, attempted something\\nand, in a few instances, with success. We\\ncould mention several schools for females\\nwhose teachers have done much more good\\nby the habits of order and system they have\\ninculcated and endeavored to form than by\\nthe sciences they have taught.\\nThe tendency of this excellent feature of\\na few of our institutions is, however, pretty\\neffectually counteracted by the general feeling\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2of the public, that the school is but a place\\nof painful though necessary restraint; and\\nthat when it is over, study is over\u00e2\u0080\u0094and with\\nit all the system which had been either in\u00c2\u00ac\\nculcated or practiced. And though not a\\nfew who have been thus compelled to live\\nby system for two or three years see plainly\\nits excellent effects, and both they and their\\nparents acknowledge them, still the school\\nis no sooner terminated than everything of\\nthe kind is very likely to become as though\\nit had never been.\\nHow important then, how supremely so,\\nis right education! How important to sow,\\nin the earliest years, the seeds of a love of\\norder and system How important to young\\nwomen especially that this work should not\\nbe deferred; since if it is so, it is most likely\\nto be deferred forever.\\nWe know full well that here and there a\\nhousekeeper, convinced in her conscience\\nthat she can do vastly more for herself and\\nothers, as well as do it better, by means of\\nsystem than without it, attempts something\\nlike innovation upon the usual random course\\nwhich prevails about her. She resolves to\\nhave her hours of labor, her hours of recrea\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion and her hours of reading and visiting.\\nShe believes life is long enough for all the\\npurposes of life. She is resolved to be sys\u00c2\u00ac\\ntematic on Sabbath and on week-days in\\nthe common details of the family, in dress,\\nand in regard to the hours of rising, meals\\nand rest.\\nBut she has a herculean task to accom\u00c2\u00ac\\nplish\u00e2\u0080\u0094no small part of which is to bring her\\nhusband and the other members of her family\\nto co-operate with her. Yet amid every dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ncouragement she perseveres, and at length\\nsucceeds. Is not such a victory worth\\nsecuring?\\nINDUSTRY.\\nWhat ordinary virtue is there more com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmendable than industry? On this account\\nand in this view it is that well-disposed\\nparents sometimes employ their children in\\na way not absolutely or in itself useful to\\nthem, for the sake of the general habit. Such\\nparents are certainly excusable, even if their\\nexample should not be regarded as com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmendable or as worthy of being followed.\\nDr. Good, the well-known theological,\\nphilosophical and medical writer, avows the\\nbelief that man is naturally lazy that he\\nwould not so much as lift a finger if he could\\nhelp it; and that all his activity grows out of\\na desire to avoid present or future suffering\\nor pain. Perhaps this is carrying the matter\\nrather too far; since we see young children\\npositively active, not so much from the desire\\nof avoiding pain, as from that of procuring\\npleasure. But however untrue it may be in\\nregard to children, it is unquestionably true\\nof many adults; and of some it is to be\\nfeared of both sexes.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0194.jp2"}, "195": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0195.jp2"}, "196": {"fulltext": "178\\nCOURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\nOf all lazy persons, however, we dislike\\nmost to see a lazy young woman. Destined\\nby her Creator at once to charm, instruct\\nand improve the world around her, by her\\nlooks, her words and her actions\u00e2\u0080\u0094and this\\nto a degree which no female has ever yet\\nattained\u00e2\u0080\u0094how exceedingly painful it is to\\nsee her floating along the stream of inaction\\nor insignificance, without making one con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsiderable effort to arouse her faculties\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nbodily, mental and moral\u00e2\u0080\u0094from their half\\ndormant condition.\\nToo many females who are trained in the\\nbosom of ease and abundance, have no idea\\nof any attempts at benevolent effort, or even\\nof active, untiring industry. If they are not\\nmore selfish than the other sex, they are\\nscarcely less so. They live but for them\u00c2\u00ac\\nselves, and seem to desire no more. Grant\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, as we sometimes do, that this is the fault\\nof their education, is it therefore the less\\npitiable\\nHEALTHY MOTHERS.\\nRobust health in wife and mother is almost\\nas indispensable as in husband and father.\\nHe requires one who helps not hinders, and\\ncan take part in their mutual labors and\\ninterests. Animal vigor is the paramount\\nprerequisite of everything terrestrial. With\u00c2\u00ac\\nout it none can think clearly or love heartily.\\nA nervous woman may cry frantically when\\nyou leave her, but these morbid tears are\\nworse than none. Whether a wife is chosen\\nto love and be loved, to live with or help\\nalong, or even as a drudge, a healthy one is\\na hundred times better than a sickly.\\nRosy children constitute the great ultimate\\nof marriage, and are worth a thousand-fold\\nmore than sickly ones but their constitu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntional health depends much on that of their\\nmother, whose prime office it is to impart\\nvitality to her young. How can she impart\\nwhat she does not possess Those who\\nmarry weakly girls may expect their little,\\nfeeble, sickly children to cry night and day,\\nrequire continual nursing and doctoring, and\\nthen torture them with fears lest any atmos\u00c2\u00ac\\npheric change should blow them into a\\npremature grave, after parental heartstrings\\nhave become fully entwined around them.\\nLIVE FOR AN OBJECT.\\nIdleness begets inanity. All, however\\ntalented, require to be inspired to effort by\\nsome great life-object. Better labor to aug\u00c2\u00ac\\nment even unnecessary wealth, than do\\nnothing. Those who live on their income\\nshould choose self-improvement, study, poli\u00c2\u00ac\\ntics, public business, reform, private or public\\nimprovements, or some life-labor on which to\\nspend their force. Better wear out than\\nrust out\u00e2\u0080\u009d by inertia; for rust consumes faster\\nthan wear. Those who do not need to work\\nfor a living, should at least for fun; but work\\nanyhow, at something. He that will not\\nwork, neither shall he eat.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Not that manual\\nlabor is absolutely necessary, but that all\\nmust do something. Girls, by no means-\\nmarry drones.\\nNature does not exempt women from this\\nexecutive necessity. They may choose\\nwhat, but absolutely must do something.\\nAnd what comes as natural as housekeeping?\\nNot but that they can be good wives yet\\npoor housekeepers, or good housekeepers\\nyet poor wives; but that good wives are far\\nbetter for being also good housekeepers.\\nHouses must be kept, and wives do some\u00c2\u00ac\\nthing, then why not they keep houses?\\nHirelings may answer, but how much better\\nare owners\\nNo family is fit to live in unless its wife\\nand mother is at the head of its wardrobe,\\nlaundry, storeroom and kitchen. Obviously\\nshe should prepare her children\u00e2\u0080\u0099s food with", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0196.jp2"}, "197": {"fulltext": "COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE.\\n179\\nher own hands, for this trust is too important\\nto be delegated then why not also that of\\nher husband with it In the true family it\\nis mother here, mother there, mother every\u00c2\u00ac\\nwhere and for everything. If a child hurts\\nitself, or a bleeding finger requires doing up,\\nor any advice is needed, all involuntarily run\\nright to \u00e2\u0080\u009cmother.\u00e2\u0080\u009d She is the great \u00e2\u0080\u009csym\u00c2\u00ac\\npathetic nerve\u00e2\u0080\u009d of the whole family, its\\nnatural indoor head and director, because\\nshe should love husband and children de\u00c2\u00ac\\nvotedly and love always involuntarily does\\nand keeps doing for those beloved. And\\nthis increases her and their affections. Edu\u00c2\u00ac\\ncating woman for ornament is a cardinal\\nmodern error; whereas nature requires her\\nto become a helpmeet.\\nA good wife must take right hold, with\\nhead, heart and hands, of whatever her hus\u00c2\u00ac\\nband does; yet the fashionable idea is that\\nhe must do all while she only glitters in\\nfashionable attire. Not that she should not\\nbe ornate. Her natural beauties require to\\nbe shown to the best advantage. That which\\nis best generally looks best, which fruits\\nillustrate. Whatever is ornamental is there\u00c2\u00ac\\nfore useful. Use is ornament, and ornament\\nuse, the world over. The two combine in\\nnature, and should in a wife; who is never\\nas charming as when doing something to\\nrender others happy. Give me one who can\\nbake and wash, pick and cook esculents,\\nrnaKe bread and butter, cut and sew, and\\ncater to family creature comforts. Not that\\nhalf the domestic work now required is at all\\nnecessary, nor that a wife should only know\\nhow to work; but that she should unite the\\nhousekeeper with the lady and wife.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0197.jp2"}, "198": {"fulltext": "-H-++\\njjjaV.jjj\\n;7j\\nJ L\\n-LX\\n1 1 3\\nr r\\nf\\n8\\nOME should be bright and happy it\\nshould have everything to make it\\ncheerful and pleasant. Flowers are\\ndecorated with all the colors of the rainbow;\\nplants breathe, and their breath is perfume.\\nTo cultivate these is not only a pleasant pas\u00c2\u00ac\\ntime; they give beauty to the house and\\ngarden.\\nThe Beautiful Flowers.\\nBlooming, blooming everywhere.\\nIn country and in town;\\nBlooming for the good and wise.\\nLooking out in rare surprise,\\nLaughing with a tender look,\\nNodding from some cosy nock.\\nDreaming by some idle brook,\\nEvery flower an open book,\\nEvery one a precious prize,\\nSmiling through the varied dyeo\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nScarlet and gold and brown\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nGod\u00e2\u0080\u0099s sweet thoughts of gracious care.\\nBlooming, blooming, everywhere,\\nWhere quiet reigns, or strife\\nLifting faces fair as day,\\nHappy greeting on our way\\nBlooming where the children play.\\nBlooming where fond lovers stray.\\nBlooming in the hush of night,\\n1 railing robes of crystal light\\nO\u00e2\u0080\u0099er the garden\u00e2\u0080\u0099s green and gold\\nBlooming for the young and old.\\nBlooming for the wasted hand.\\nBlooming free in all the land;\\nFringing the world so noiselessly.\\nLent to us most bountifully\\nFrail blossoms full of life,\\nGod\u00e2\u0080\u0099s sweet thoughts of gracious care!\\nBlooming, blooming everywhere,\\nIn haunts of woe and sin;\\nStill their mission they fulfil,\\nBorn to do cur Father\u00e2\u0080\u0099s will\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nLittle tokens from above,\\nLittle fragments of his iove,\\nWho can tell what soul shall take\\nSome new courage for their sake,\\nBearing midst the sun and showers\\nIncrease from these fragile flowers?\\nThus, the blossoms\u00e2\u0080\u0099 souls abide,\\nWhen the gates above swing wide,\\nAnd he bears with him the while,\\nMem\u00e2\u0080\u0099ry of the bright flowers\u00e2\u0080\u0099 smile\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nAs pilgrim enters in\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nGod\u00e2\u0080\u0099s sweet thoughts of gracious care.\\nMrs. Charlotte E. Fisher.\\nOur American woods are tangled with\\ncreeping vines; our meadows are beautifu?\\nwith blossoms; rough country roads art\\nornamented with flowering shrubs; our hot\u00c2\u00ac\\nhouses look like tropical gardens. Immense\\nsums of money are invested in these floral\\nbeauties whose glory lasts, perhaps, only fox\\na day, but they more than pay for them*\\nselves, and the world would be dismal with\\nout them.\\nThe following are some plain directions\\nfor the care and culture of the choicest of\\nthese treasures of nature.\\nTHE LILY.\\nAll the species of this splendid genus,\\nwith which we are acquainted, may be con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsidered worthy of a place in every good col\u00c2\u00ac\\nlection of plants. Many of the species are\\nwell-known, while a greater number are not\\noften seen in our gardens.\\nThe Lily is an interesting flower to the\\nyoung florist as well as the botanist, on ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncount of the simplicity of its structure and\\nmagnitude and distinct character of its differ\u00c2\u00ac\\nent parts and organs. The root of the Lily,\\nor what is generally denominated the root,\\nis a scaly bulb, the scales being laid over", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0198.jp2"}, "199": {"fulltext": "CARE AND CULTURE OF PLANTS.\\n181\\neach other, inclosing the germ, or bud. The\\nbulb is not a root, strictly speaking, but a\\nbud containing the embryo of the future\\nplant. The roots are thrown out from the\\nbottom of these bulbs, or buds, and, unlike\\nthe fibres of the Tulip, are perennial; and on\\ntheir strength depends, in a great measure,\\nthe vigor of the future plant.\\nBulbs, long kept out of ground, are very\\nmuch weakened, and a number of years will\\nelapse before they recover strength to bloom\\nin great perfection. After the flowering of\\nthe Lily, in August, the foliage of many\\nspecies decays; the bulbs then are in the\\nmost perfect state for transplanting. If they\\nare permitted to remain long after this, and\\nthe foliage begins to start again, they will\\nnot bloom so strong the next year. The Lily\\nshould not be moved any oftener than neces\u00c2\u00ac\\nsary. It is not like the Tulip and many\\nother bulbs,which are not injured, but rather\\nimproved, by takiw them up annually after\\nflowering.\\nThe Lily will do well in any well pre\u00c2\u00ac\\npared border or bed. To have them in per-\\npection, the soil should be excavated eighteen\\ninches deep, and filled with a compost of\\npeat or swamp muck, undecayed manure or\\nleaf mould, a foot deep; the remaining six 1\\ninches may be peat and rich mould. The\\nbulbs of strong growing Lilies may be\\nplanted from four to five inches deep and\\nweaker sorts from three to four inches. In\\nthey borders, three bulbs, of the stronger\u00c2\u00ac\\ngrowing varieties, are enough for one group,\\nor five, of the weeker sorts. They have a\\npleasing effect when planted in masses; or\\nthey may be planted in beds. Most of the\\nspecies are quite hardy; but they will all be\\nbenefitted, and bloom more strongly, pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nvided they receive a covering of rotten\\nmanure before winter sets in.\\nThe Old White Lily -This species has\\nalways been considered the emblem of white\u00c2\u00ac\\nness, and is too well-known to require any\\ndescription, A mass of White Lilies is\\nalways beheld with admiration, and they\\nperfume the air with their delicious fragrance.\\nThe White Lily is, therefore, indispensable,\\nand should be found in every garden. It\\nsometimes attains the height of three or four\\nfeet, and is in flower about the first of July.\\nTurk s Cap Lily. \u00e2\u0080\u0094There are many varie\u00c2\u00ac\\nties of this species; some with pure white,\\nothers with purple, spotted, or variegated\\nflowers. The petals are very much reflexed,\\ngiving them the appearance of caps. In\\nstrong soil, and the roots well established,\\nthe stems are sometimes thrown up from\\nthree to five feet, producing twenty or thirty\\nflowers, flowering in July.\\nThe Gold-striped Lily .\u00e2\u0080\u0094There are twa\\nvarieties of garden White Lily with striped\\nleaves, one having yellow, the other white\\nstriped foliage; both pretty in a collection.\\nThe Umbel-flowered Orange Lily.-- This ii\\na strong-growing species, producing quite 3\\nnumber of large, upright orange flowers,\\nwith rough interior. In contrast with the\\nWhite Lily, it makes an imposing appear-,\\nance. It flowers about the first of July.\\nTiger-spotted Lily. A very common,\\nstrong-growing species; but very showy\\nhaving fine, reflexed, orange flowers, with\\nblack spots. It has the peculiarity of pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nducing small bulbs in the axils of the leaves.\\nIt grows from four to six feet high flowering\\nin August, and is a suitable plant for the\\nshrubbery as well as the border. It is ver\\neasily propagated, as all the axil bulbs, wheij\\nplanted in the ground, soon produce flower\u00c2\u00ac\\ning plants.\\nLily of the Valley. \u00e2\u0080\u0094An elegant and deli\u00c2\u00ac\\ncate, sweet-scented plant, which for ages has\\nbeen a favorite flower, and highly prized.\\nIt succeeds well in the shade in any soil, and", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0199.jp2"}, "200": {"fulltext": "182\\nMANUAL OP PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS.\\nsoon spreads itself, by its slender, creeping\\nroots, beyond the desire of the cultivator.\\nIt flowers in May and June.\\nThe Japan Lily. \u00e2\u0080\u0094This magnificent species\\nof Lily, and its varieties were formerly\\ntreated as green-house plants. They are\\nfound to be as hardy as our common Lilies,\\nand will, therefore, prove a great acquisition\\nto the garden. These Lilies emit an ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nquisite odor.\\nFew plants are more handsome or attract\u00c2\u00ac\\nive than the Japan Lilies. They produce a\\ngorgeous display, either in-doors or out; and\\nas they are quite hardy, they may be liberally\\nplanted in the open border, and thus consti\u00c2\u00ac\\ntute one of our best autumnal flower-garden\\nplants.\\nTheir propagation is simple and certain.\\nThe bulbs may be separated, and each scale\\nwill eventually form a new bulb. This\\nseparation should be effected when the flower\\nstems are withered. The scales should be\\nstuck into pans of silver sand, and placed in\\na cold frame or pit. After remaining one\\nseason in this position, they should be planted\\nin a prepared bed of peat moss, and a little\\nsilver sand intermixed with it; thus treated,\\nthe bulbs will soon grow large enough to\\nflower.\\nVERBENAS.\\nThis plant is a native of Buenos Ayres,\\ngrowing through a very extensive tract of\\ncountry. The dazzling, brilliant, scarlet\\nflowers cannot be exceeded by any other\\nplant yet introduced into this country; and\\nblooming from May to November, in the\\nopen air, with us, makes it one of the most\\ndesirable plants in cultivation.\\nInnumerable splendid varieties have been\\nraised, of every color and tint, excepting\\nyellow and blue. Some varieties are of a\\nbluish-purple, ruby-purple, lilac and dark-\\npurple, rose, scarlet, crimson, white, white\\nwith red eye, scarlet wi ch purple eye, rosy\\nwith red eye, shaded, striped, etc., in fact,\\nevery shade of the colors named. The habits\\nof all are similar, naturally prostrate and\\ncreeping plants, taking root freely wherever\\nthe stems come in contact with the ground,\\nand sending forth innumerable clusters of\\ntheir many-hued, brilliant flowers from May\\nto November.\\nIt is kept with difficulty through the\\nwinter, except in rooms or in the green\u00c2\u00ac\\nhouse. In the cellar the roots soon perish;\\nnor are any of them quite hardy enough to\\nstand the winter.\\nThey are all so easily raised from cuttings\\nthat they can be obtained at any green-house,\\nfor about two dollars a dozen for small plants,\\nwhich, when turned into the ground in\\nJune, soon make large plants, and by Octo\u00c2\u00ac\\nber will be three feet across. They continue\\nto flower after severe frosts, and are among\\nthe last lingering flowers of autumn.\\nThey flower from seed sown in the open\\nground, in May, the same season, commenc\u00c2\u00ac\\ning their bloom in August. Seedling plants\\nproduce seed in abundance, but those that\\nhave been a long time propagated from cut\u00c2\u00ac\\ntings lose that power in a great measure.\\nThere is no end to the variety from seedling\\nplants. To have them come early in flower,\\nthe seed may be brought forward in the\\nframe. No plant equals the Verbena for\\nmasses, particularly when grown in beds cut\\nout on lawns, as the brilliancy of the flowers\\ncontrasts finely with the green grass.\\nPETUNIAS.\\nFew things in the garden will make more\\nshow throughout the entire season, even after\\nquite severe frosts, than a bed of Petunias\\nfrom a paper of seed marked \u00e2\u0080\u009cChoicest\\nMixed from Show Flowers.\u00e2\u0080\u009d They will pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduce a profusion of flowers, charming one\\nfrom day to day with their variations of", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0200.jp2"}, "201": {"fulltext": "VOICE OF THE FLOWERS\\nYes\u00e2\u0080\u0094flowers have tones\u00e2\u0080\u0094God gave to each\\nA language of its own\\nAnd bade the simple blossom teach\\nWhere\u00e2\u0080\u0099er its seeds are sown\\nHis voice is on the mountain\u00e2\u0080\u0099s height,\\nAnd by the river s side,\\nWhere flowers blush in glowing light,\\nIn lowliness or pride\\nWe feel, all o\u00e2\u0080\u0099er the blooming sod,\\nIt is the language of our God.\\nMrs. Eswng", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0201.jp2"}, "202": {"fulltext": "184\\nCARE AND CULTURE OF PLANTS.\\nmarkings, and of color. Some retain their\\ndistinctive characteristics, while with others\\nthey are changeful as the kaleidoscope.\\nStripes, blotches, sprays, white throats, green\\nedges, they are lovely. Then there are the\\ndouble sorts purple with white spots, white\\nwith purple; rose color, white, purplish-crim\u00c2\u00ac\\nson margined with white; lilac veined with\\npurple; white with stripes of purple in the\\ncenter of each petal, some exquisitely fringed;\\nlarge and full as a rose, and some almost as\\nsweet.\\nThe Petunia is divided into three distinct\\nclasses, the Grandiflora, Small Flowered and\\nDouble.\\nThe Grandiflora varieties have a strong\\nsucculent growth, the flowers are not so\\nnumerous as some others, but are very large\\nand double, frequently measuring three inches\\nin diameter, and some kinds are exquisitely\\nmarked with various shades of violet, purple,\\nmaroon and scarlet upon white ground\\nsome striped, others bordered, some marbled,\\nsome deeply fringed. The double Petunia\\ngives no seed, and it is only by fertilizing\\nsingle flowers with the pollen of the double\\nthat seed can be obtained. But Petunias of\\nall kinds are easily multiplied by cuttings.\\nThe small Flowered class are those that\\nmake our gardens so attractive with their\\nvaried hues and markings. Some of the\\nnew hybrids are of wonderful beauty.\\nA new double-fringed Petunia is named I\\nafter President Garfield. It is thus described:\\nColor, light purple veined with deep purple\\nmagenta, edged with a broad band of an\\nexquisite shade of green. Very novel in its\\nappearance and a new color in double Petu\u00c2\u00ac\\nnias flower very large and deep fringed.\\nPlants strong and vigorous; one of the finest\\nsorts ever offered, and worthy of a place in\\nevery garden. It is a floral beauty of the\\nhighest order.\\nVIOLETS.\\nViolets, sweet tenants of the shade,\\nIn purple\u00e2\u0080\u0099s richest pride arrayed,\\nYour errand here fulfill\\nGo bid the artist\u00e2\u0080\u0099s simple stain\\nYour lustre imitate in vain,\\nAnd match your Makers skill.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThis is an extensive genus of plants, of\\ndwarf habits, suitable for border or rock-\\nwork. There are many indigenous species\\nwhich flourish well in the gaaden, and will\\nrepay the trouble of collecting them from\\nthe woods, meadows, and pastures.\\nThe Sweet-scented Violet should not be\\nwanting in any collection of plants, on ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncount of its fragrance and early appearance.\\nA single flower will perfume a large room.\\nThe flowers appear in April, and continue\\nthrough May. There are the single white\\nand single blue, and the double blue and\\nwhite varieties; the double sorts are the most\\ndesirable; they succeed best in a shady, shel\u00c2\u00ac\\ntered place, and are rapidly multiplied by\\ndivisions of the plant.\\nPANSIES.\\nOpen your eyes, my Pansies sweet,\\nOpen your eyes for me.\\nWhere did you get that purple hue\\nDid a cloudlet smile as you came through/\\nDid a little sunbeam bold *5\\nKiss on your lips that tint of gold\\nTell me the mystery.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe Heart\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Ease, or Pansy, is a general\\nfavorite\u00e2\u0080\u0094an old acquaintance with every one\\nwho has had anything to do with a flower-\\ngarden. It begins to open its modest but\\nlively flowers as soon as the snow clears off\\nin the spring, and continues to enliven the\\ngarden till the snow comes again. The flow\u00c2\u00ac\\ners are in the greatest perfection in May and\\nJune. The burning sun of summer is un\u00c2\u00ac\\nfavorable for their greatest beauty; but in\\nautumn they are fine again. The Pansy is\\nproperly a biennial, but can be perpetuated,\\nby cuttings or divisions of the root.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0202.jp2"}, "203": {"fulltext": "185\\nMANUAL OF PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS.\\nTo produce a bed of choice Pansies, select\\na north aspect, with a cool bottom. Soil of\\nmedium texture, and moderately enriched,\\nshould be preferred for the production of\\nlarge flowers. Keep the soil frequently stirred\\naround them, and be careful that the border\\nis free from wire worm. If the plants are\\nput out in September, they will be estab\u00c2\u00ac\\nlished before winter; and I have frequently\\nfound that plants so treated, get through the\\nwinter quite as well as those coddled in\\nframes. As their propagation is easy, depend\\nexclusively upon young plants for the fol\u00c2\u00ac\\nlowing season\u00e2\u0080\u0099s bloom. Seeds should only be\\nsaved from beds of selected flowers possessing\\nthe best qualities; for it is only by following\\nthis up, that improved kinds to any extent\\nmay be obtained; and, as seed is readily pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduced, it is not worth while saving that from\\ndoubtful or indifferent sorts.\\nTHE ASTER.\\nThis large genus of plants embraces more\\nthan ninety species, all inhabitants of the\\nUnited States; some of them very hand\u00c2\u00ac\\nsome; giving life and beauty to our fields\\nand woods, during the autumnal months, by\\nthe profusion of the various shades of their\\nblue, purple, or white flowers. Most of the\\nfamily are perennials, easily transplanted\\nwhen in flower, provided they are cut down\\nto the ground, and may be planted among\\nthe shrubbery or borders, and will add grace\\nand beauty to the garden.\\nA number of perennial species are in cul\u00c2\u00ac\\ntivation as garden flowers, of which the New\\nEngland Aster and the Michaelmas Daisy,\\nboth natives of North America, are perhaps\\nthe most common, and, w 7 ith some of the\\nother species, are prized as among the com\u00c2\u00ac\\nparatively few flowers to be seen at that dull\\nseason when the autumn is giving place to\\nwinter. But the best known and most val\u00c2\u00ac\\nued of all the Asters is the China Aster, a\\nsummer annual, of which many varieties are\\nin cultivation. It was brought from China\\nto France by a missionary in the 18th cen\u00c2\u00ac\\ntury, but has been much improved and varied\\nby culture. The plant delights in a rich free\\nsoil. It blossoms from July to the end of\\nautumn and adds much to the liveliness of\\nthe flower-garden.\\nTHE CHRYSANTHEMUM.\\nLong before this genus of plants was-\\nknowm in Europe or America the gardeners\\nof China and Japan were enthusiastic culti\u00c2\u00ac\\nvators of it, and it gives its name in the latter\\ncountry to the highest order of honor, \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe\\nOrder of the Golden Flower.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The colors-\\nare exceedingly various and beautiful, and\\nthe form of the flowering head in some-\\nvarieties is marked by the most perfect sym\u00c2\u00ac\\nmetry, while in others it assumes a medusa-\\nlike character.\\nThe Paris Daisy or Marguerites have re\u00c2\u00ac\\ncently become popular as greenhouse or\\nbedding plants. The circumstance that it\\nmay be had in flower during the late autumn\\nmonths and far into the winter, coupled with,\\nits profuse flowering and simple requirements-\\nfor its culture, renders the Chrysanthemum\\na universal favorite. There are numerous\\nvarieties, sufficient to form an attractive\\nexhibit; in many places the \u00e2\u0080\u009cChrysanthe\u00c2\u00ac\\nmum Show\u00e2\u0080\u009d attracts great numbers of spec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntators.\\nCuttings are struck in November, Decem\u00c2\u00ac\\nber and January. They require no heat, but\\nmerely protection from frost, and till they\\ntake root they must be kept in a close case\\naway from draughts. The soil they require\\nis a rich loam, with decomposed manure,\\na third of the latter to two-thirds of the\\nformer. They should be placed out of doors\\nfrom May till the time of killing autumnal", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0203.jp2"}, "204": {"fulltext": "186\\nCARE AND CULTURE OF PLANTS.\\nfrost, when they ought to be housed to pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ntect them from freezing.\\nMIGNONETTE.\\nThis fragrant hardy annual is too well\\nknown to need any description. A bed of it\\nshould be found in every garden. It con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinues to bloom and send forth its sweetness\\nall the season, perfuming the whole region\\nabout the premises. Self-sown plants begin\\nto produce flowers in June. The plants are\\nin great demand in and about cities, being\\nsold in pots and in bouquets. It is a native\\nof North Africa. The name is French and\\nsignifies Little Darling.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nSWEET PEA.\\nPeas of all kinds diffuse their odorous powers\\nWhere Nature pencils butterflies on flowers.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nLathyrus odoratus is one of the most\\nbeautiful, and also one of the most fragrant,\\nof the species, and is deservedly one of the\\nmost popular annuals which enrich the\\nflower-garden. The varieties are, white,\\nrose, scarlet, purple, black, and variegated.\\nEach variety should be sown by itself, in\\ncircles about a foot in diameter, three or four\\nfeet from any other plant. When the young\\nplants require support, a light, neat stake, or\\nrod, should be stuck into the centre of the\\ncircle, to which they should be slightly\\nfastened as they advance in height. Some\\nare in the habit of supporting them with\\nbrush, which looks very unsightly before it\\nis covered with the vines.\\nThe Sweet Pea will grow five or six feet\\nhigh, in rich ground, and continue in bloom\\nfrom July to October. The seed should be\\nsown as soon as the ground is in order in the\\nspring.\\nAMARYLLIS.\\nAmaryllis formosisshna or Jacobean Lily,\\nis a flower of great beauty. It is a tender\\nbulb, but succeeds well when planted in May,\\nin the open border, in a rich, sandy soil.\\nThe top of the bulb should hardly be covered\\nwith earth. The flowers are large and of a\\nvery deep red. The under petals hang down,\\nthe upper curl up, and the whole flower\\nstands nodding on one side of the stalk,\\nmaking a fine appearance. The bulb rarely\\nproduces more than two flowers, and more\\nfrequently but one, about one foot high,\\nflowering in June or July. Upon the ap\u00c2\u00ac\\nproach of freezing weather, the bulbs must\\nbe taken up, dried, and put away in dry saw\u00c2\u00ac\\ndust, where they will be secure from frost.\\nAalica Stenoplalon is a magnificent species,\\nhaving large orange crimson flowers, beauti\u00c2\u00ac\\nfully veined w T ith scarlet. This grand novelty\\nwas discovered in 1877 in one of the West\\nIndia Islands. The flowers are perfectly\\ndouble, and the color is rich, fiery orange red.\\nTHE WAN PLANT.\\nThis plant is a native of tropical Asia,\\nwhere it is partially parasitical, its roots\\npenetrating the bark of the trees which sup\u00c2\u00ac\\nport it. It was introduced into England in\\n1802. There are several species, but only\\none is generally cultivated. Hoya Carnosa\\nhas thick waxy leaves, and bears umbels of\\nbeautiful flesh-colored flowers which are very\\nwax-like in appearance. It is an excellent\\nplant for house culture as it stands the ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ntremes of heat and cold better than most\\nplants, and is not easily injured by neglect.\\nIt can be trained to climb on trellis-work to\\nalmost any height, and when in bloom,\\nwhich continues for half the year, it is a\\nvery interesting plant.\\nThere are several varieties of Hoya, but\\none only is generally cultivated. Silver\\nVariegated Foliage is very handsome, but is\\nof slow growth and difficult to propagate.\\nImperialis is a new variety with beautiful\\nfoliage and scarlet flowers. Cunningham has", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0204.jp2"}, "205": {"fulltext": "MANUAL OF PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS.\\n187\\nlight green leaves, deeper colored flowers\\nthan the Carnosa and is a rapid grower.\\nThey succeed -best in peat, with some\\nfibrous soil and sand. They must have per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfect drainage, and require a period o f rest.\\nHoya Carnosa is easily propagated from cut\u00c2\u00ac\\ntings. A very good method is to wrap a cut\u00c2\u00ac\\nting in moss, keeping it moist until the roots\\nare well started.\\nGERANIUMS.\\nA lady who has been very successful with\\nher flower-garden, and has a rare collection\\nof Geraniums, writes as follows: \u00e2\u0080\u009cAs Gera\u00c2\u00ac\\nniums are not at all fastidious about soil, I\\ntake whatever is available, mix a small quan\u00c2\u00ac\\ntity of sand with it to make it friable, enrich\u00c2\u00ac\\ning with old manure. I nearly fill the pot,\\nand then make a hole in the center, set in\\nthe plant, press the earth firmly around it,\\nfill to the top and press down again, water,\\nand set the pot in a cool and shady place for\\nseveral days, then bring to the light for\\na few hours, gradually accustoming them to\\nthe sunshine, until they become fully estab\u00c2\u00ac\\nlished in their new quarters. When the\\nweather is sufficiently warm, I plunge the\\npots in the border for the summer, covering\\nthe pots entirely. I choose a cloudy day if\\npossible; if otherwise, I do the work late in\\nthe afternoon, so that the intense sunshine\\nmay not at first beat upon them. I prefer\\nmassing these new plants by themselves, as\\nthe effect is more pleasing than when inter\u00c2\u00ac\\nmixed with other kinds,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThe Geranium bed is the most attractive\\none of my garden. It is always full of\\nbloom, and the varied hues commingled are\\nvery attractive. I remove all decayed leaves\\nand the trusses as soon as the flowers have\\nfaded. Frequently there will be a few de\u00c2\u00ac\\ncayed pips marring the beauty of a fine truss,\\nand these I carefully remove. All of my large\\nstock Geraniums which have been wintered\\ntwo years, I set by themselves, and they fur\u00c2\u00ac\\nnish an abundance of flowers for bouquets,\\nand cuttings for new plants. Where one has\\na plenty of garden room, they need not mind\\nhaving several choice Geraniums of a kind\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cSlips will root well during the summer\\nmonths, if set in the earth near the parent\\nstock, where they are shaded from the direct\\nrays of the sun. Care must be had to set\\nthe cuttings well down in the soil, and firm\\nthe earth compactly around them. In this\\nway one can obtain with little care nice\\nplants for the winter window garden, which\\nwill be more shapely than those which have\\nbecome very branchy. Geraniums are ill-\\ngrowing plants unless pruned and trained\\nwith skill. But they are so easily cultured,\\nadapting themselves to most any situation\\nwhether of shade or sunshine, are so hardy,\\nand bloom so freely, that we can but admire\\nthem though they yield no fragrant flowers.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThere are many varieties of scented\u00c2\u00ac\\nleaved Geraniums, and these mixed with the\\nodorless blossoms are almost an equivalent\\nThen the beautiful \u00e2\u0080\u009cGolden Bronzed Zoned\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nGeraniums, and the \u00e2\u0080\u009cSilver Margined\u00e2\u0080\u009d and\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cTricolored,\u00e2\u0080\u009d are so beautiful in foliage,\\nwhile Happy Thought with its creamy yel\u00c2\u00ac\\nlow leaf margined with green; Distinction\\nwith deep green leaves zoned with black; Mrs.\\nPollock with bronze red zone belted with\\nbright crimson margined with golden yellow,\\nare exceedingly ornamental. Beside these\\nthere are many perhaps equally attractive, not\\noften named in the general collection. Freak\\nof Nature first sent out last year, is an im\u00c2\u00ac\\nprovement on Happy Thought the center of\\npure white narrowly margined with light\\ngreen; flowers light scarlet; habit very\\ndwarf and spreading. It originated with Mr.\\nGray of England, and was awarded three\\nfirst-class certificates.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0205.jp2"}, "206": {"fulltext": "188\\nCARE AND CULTURE OF PLANTS.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cOf the numerous classes into which\\nGeraniums are divided, few only are given\\nusually by florists. There are the Orna\u00c2\u00ac\\nmental Foliage of which we have cited a few\\nexamples, and the Golden Tricolors, Silver\\nTricolors, Golden Bronze, Nosegay and\\nLilliputian Zonale; double and single Gera\u00c2\u00ac\\nniums.\\nNew Life originated with Mr. H. Can-\\nnell, of Swanley, England, in our Centennial\\nyear, and he sent out the first thousand by\\nsubscripton only, at $5 each\u00e2\u0080\u0094not one sold\\ntill the thousand were engaged! Now you\\ncan purchase it at prices ranging from ten\\ncents to thirty. It is unique in color, being\\nsplashed, striped, and flecked with salmon\\nand white on an intense scarlet ground. It\\nis sometimes freakish, having pips with some\\npetals salmon, others partly white and partly\\nscarlet, others pure scarlet. But this very\\nfreak is charming, for with beautifully\\nstriped trusses there will be others thus spor\u00c2\u00ac\\ntive. Its habit is dwarf, compact, and its\\ndark leaves zoned with black are very hand\u00c2\u00ac\\nsome. It cannot be surpassed as a free\\nbloomer.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cOf the Sweet-scented Geraniums, we\\nhave none equal to the hybrid, Mrs. Taylor\\nfor beauty of foliage and of flower. It is a\\nfine grower, and for green to mix with flow\u00c2\u00ac\\ners it is admirable. Dr. Livingstone a more\\nrecent novelty, is very handsome and frag\u00c2\u00ac\\nrant. Rose and Lemon scented are deli\u00c2\u00ac\\ncious. Lady Plymouth is a variegated rose;\\nleaves bronzy green, fringed with creamy\\nwhite, sometimes assuming a pink tinge;\\nvery ornamental. London Blue is a very rare\\nvariety of scented Geranium, of heavy creep\u00c2\u00ac\\ning growth, with large crimped or curled\\nleaves covered thickly with fine spines or\\nhairs, and seldom blooms.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThis practical information will prove val\u00c2\u00ac\\nuable to all flower-gardeners.\\nTHE SNOW-DROP.\\nThe Snow-drop is the earliest flower of al!\\nthe garden tribe, and will even show her\\nhead above the snow, as if to prove her ri\u00c2\u00ac\\nvalry with whiteness. Every third year the\\nroots should be taken up, in June or July,\\nwhen the leaves are decayed, and kept in a\\ndry place till August, when they should be\\nreplanted. The bulbs are very small. To\\nmake them look well and to produce a pretty\\neffect when in bloom, about twenty should\\nbe planted together in a clump, one and one-\\nhalf or two inches deep. There is a variety\\nwith double flowers; both sorts desirable;,\\nabout six inches high in March and April.\\nThe Snow-drop, who, in habit white and plain.\\nComes on, the herald of fair Flora\u00e2\u0080\u0099s train.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThere is a flower called the Leucojum or\\nGreat Snow-drop, very similar to this, but\\ntwice the size. Of this there are three\\nkinds: the Spring, the Summer, and the\\nAutumnal Snow-drop. The bulbs are much\\nlarger; should be planted five inches from\\neach other, four inches deep. \u00e2\u0080\u009cWe look\\nupGxi the Snow-drop as a friend in adversity,\\nsure to appear when most needed.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cLone flower, hemmed in with snows, and white as\\nthey.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nTHE GLADIOLUS.\\nGladiolus communis is a hardy, showy bor\u00c2\u00ac\\nder-flower, of which there are several varieties\\nin cultivation, viz., white, purple, and red.\\nThey should be planted in October, on a rich\\nsandy soil, about two and a half inches deep,\\nand require little protection, except the purple\\nvariety. They have a flag-like foliage, and\\nproduce their flowers on long, one-sided\\nspikes, or racemes, about two feet high, in\\nJune and July.\\nGladiolus byzanteum is also hardy, and re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquires the same treatment; flowers purplish-\\nred. The Gladiolus family includes many bril-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0206.jp2"}, "207": {"fulltext": "MANUAL OF PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS.\\n*89\\nliant species and varieties; most of them\\ngreen-house plants. Many of them, however,\\nsucceed well in the open ground, when planted\\nin the border in May; blit it is necessary to\\ntake them up in October, and keep the roots\\ndry, and from the frost, till the time of plant\u00c2\u00ac\\ning again. All the species delight in a rich,\\nlight, sandy loam, and should not be planted\\nmore than one and a half inches under the\\nsurface.\\nAmong tiie choice varieties are Calypso,\\nCleopatra, Eldorado, James Carter and Lord\\nByron.\\nGandavensis produces long spikes of the\\nmost vivid scarlet flowers. It has flowering\\nstems four and five feet high, which throw\\nout a succession of spikes of its rich and\\nbrilliant blossoms.\\nFloribunda is another beautiful species, with\\na profusion of delicate pink flowers, marked\\nwith purple, about two or three feet high, in\\nAugust. The treatment of all the tender\\nvarieties is similar; if they are planted in\\npots, forwarded in a hot bed, and turned into\\nthe open ground in June, they flower some\u00c2\u00ac\\nwhat earlier, and grow stronger.\\nTHE HYACINTH.\\nThe Hyacinth is a highly esteemed florist\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nflower, of easy culture, of which more than\\none thousand varieties are cultivated in Hol\u00c2\u00ac\\nland, forming quite an important item in the\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0exports of that country, and whence, Great\\nBritain, the United States, and all Europe,\\nreceive their annual supplies, and, in fact,\\nall parts of the world. Hyacinths are dou\u00c2\u00ac\\nble and single of various colors, embracing\\nevery shade of red, from a deep crimson pink\\ndown to white; of blue, from white to almost\\nblack, and some fewyellow and salmon color;\\nbut thesliades of yellow are not very brilliant,\\nand appear yellow only in contrast with the\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0white.\\nSome of the white, and other light varie\u00c2\u00ac\\nties, have red, blue, purple or yellow eyes,\\nwhich add much to the beauty of the flower,\\nand others are more or less striped or shaded;\\nand some are tipped with green. The double\\nvarieties are generally considered the finest,\\nbut many of the single sorts are equally\\ndesirable, as what is deficient in size of the\\nbell is made in the greater number of them;\\nsome of the single sorts are the richest in\\ncolor.\\nStrong bright colors are, in general, pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nferred to such as are pale there are, however,\\nmany rose-colored, pure white and light blue\\nHyacinths, in high estimation. Hyacinths\\nbegin to flower the last of April in this\\nclimate, and if shaded by an awning from\\nhot suns, may be kept in perfection the greater\\npart of a month. They never require water\u00c2\u00ac\\ning at any season; keep them free from weeds;\\nas the stems advance in height, they should\\nbe supported by having small sticks, or wires,\\npainted green, stuck into the ground back\\nof the bulb, to which they should be neatly\\ntied; otherwise, they are liable to fall dowiv\\nby the weight of the bells, and, as the stem\\nis very brittle, it is sometimes broken off\\nwhen exposed to storms.\\nThe most suitable time to plant Hyacinths\\nis in October or November. The finer sorts\\nwill appear to the best advantage in beds,\\nwhile the more common varieties may be\\ndistributed about the borders where most\\nconvenient. The dimensions of the bed\\nshould be marked out, and the soil taken\\nentirely away to the depth of two feet; the\\nearth on the bottom should then be dug and\\nwell pulverized, and the space above filled\\nwith the best garden mould, free from vermii\\nof every description, and largely composed\\nof rich decayed manure.\\nIn California there grows what is called\\nthe Twining Hyacinth. It grows in the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0207.jp2"}, "208": {"fulltext": "190\\nCARE AND CULTURE OF PLANTS.\\nmountains and twines about the bushes,\\nsometimes growing eight or ten feet. After\\nit gets to the top of the bush and rests awhile,\\nit lets go of the earth and goes on blooming\\nfor months regardless of the burning sun.\\nThe flower stem breaks off near the ground,\\nand the flowers are kept swinging in the air,\\nsupported only by the bush about which it\\ntwines. The color is deep rose and is very\\npretty.\\nPurple Hyacinth Bean .\u00e2\u0080\u0094A fine, tender\\nannual climber, growing from eight to fifteen\\nfeet in a season, Treatment very much like\\nthe common bean. Flowers in clustered\\nspikes. There is a variety with white flowers.\\nTULIPS.\\nTulips ought to have a place in every\\ngarden. They make a brilliant show in the\\nspring when the beds are bare of other\\nflowers, and afford bloom for a long time, if\\na good assortment is selected. The pretty\\nlittle dwarf Due VanTholsare early bloomers\\nand are very gay. They are admired also\\nfor the house, and by planting in September,\\nwill come into flower in December. There\\nare early single and double Tulips, and also\\nlate bloomers, so that by having a variety,\\nthe border may look gay for a long time.\\nParrot Tulips are large and very brilliant in\\ncolor, and picturesque in appearance.\\nAll of these varieties succeed in ordinary\\ngarden soil. They ought to be planted in\\nOctober or November, about four to six\\ninches apart, and about four inches under\\nthe surface. Before severe frosts they need\\nto be protected by branches of evergreen,\\nstraw or leaves. After blooming, and the\\nleaves have died down, they can betaken up,\\ndried and stored till autumn, if the bed is\\nneeded for other flowers.\\nThe bulb catalogues issued by leading\\nfloristR in the autumn, and sent free to all\\napplicants, will enable you to select just what\\nyou want.\\nCARNATIONS AND PICOTEES.\\nThe Carnation and Picotee differ only in\\nthe arrangement of the color, or markings.\\nThe distinction is made by florists, and is of\\ncourse arbitrary. Seeds saved from one plant,\\nmay produce both Carnations and Picotee, or\\neven from the same seed-pod. In an old\\nwork in our possession, the distinction is as-\\nstated, but for long years any flower with an\\nirregular edge has been considered unworthy\\nof propagation. The Carnation should have\\nbroad stripes of color running through from\\nthe center to the edge of the petals. The\\nPicotee has only a band of color on the edge\\nof each petal.\\nThere are two classes of Carnations, and\\nthousands of varieties. The class of Per\u00c2\u00ac\\npetual Bloomers are called Monthly and Tree\\nCarnations. The Garden Carnations are\\nhardy, and can be left in the garden during\\nwinter by giving them a covering of leaves,\\nstraw, or evergreen boughs. They are easily\\nraised from seed. Sown in June or July,,\\nwill make good robust plants before frost,\\nwhich will bloom the following summer.\\nSome of them will be single, perhaps, and\\nthese can be removed.\\nThose of superior merit may be multiplied\\nby layering This method is to select good\\nhealthy shoots that have not bloomed, and\\nmake a cut midway between two joints.\\nFirst cut half way through the sho^t, then\\nmake a slit lengthwise to a joint. Remove\\nthe earth a few inches in depth, and press\\nthe branch down so that this slit will open,\\nand then cover with the soil. Roots will\\nform where the cut was made, and thus a\\nnew plant will be formed, which can be\\nremoved in the autumn or spring. Midsum\u00c2\u00ac\\nmer is the best time to do this, and by", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0208.jp2"}, "209": {"fulltext": "MANUAL OF PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS.\\n191\\nadopting this method good, healthy plants\\nare secured.\\nThe plants should be well watered a day\\nor two before layering is commenced, and\\nimmediately afterward\u00e2\u0080\u0094then only occasion\u00c2\u00ac\\nally. They are frequently propagated by\\ncuttings, which can be rooted in wet sand,\\nor in light sandy soil.\\nI\\nPerpetual Bloomers,\\nOr Monthly Carnations, can be easily ob\u00c2\u00ac\\ntained of the florists for summer or winter\\nblooming; the former purchased in the\\nspring and the latter in the autumn. If one\\nraises their own stock, it is not best to allow\\nthose to bloom much during the summer\\nthat are wanted for winter flowering. It is\\nwell to sink the pots in a good sunny place\\nin the garden, and when they run up and\\nshow signs of bedding, cut back the stalk so\\nthat it may become more compact and\\nbranchy, then the buds in the late autumn\\nor winter, will be much more numerous.\\nThe best for winter blooming are La\\nPurite (carmine), President de Grazv (white),\\nPeerless (white, striped with pink) and Peter\\nHenderson of the well-known varieties. Of\\nthose of recent introduction, Lady Emma is\\nexcellent. Lord Clyde has for several years\\nproved to be an excellent winter bloomer.\\nIt is of a very robust growth, like its parent\\nthe Edwardsii but of a more dwarf, low-\\nflowering habit. The ground-work is white,\\nthickly striped with carmine, and a frequent\\nblotch of maroon very floriferous, each stem\\nbearing from six to eight flowrets. Lydia is\\nanother of the recent novelties, and is very\\nhandsome. Flowers very large and intensely\\ndouble, of a rich rosy, orange color blotched\\nand flecked with carmine. Crimson King is\\none of the largest Carnations, very full,\\nbushy habit, and robust, color crimson-scar\u00c2\u00ac\\nlet. A pure bright scarlet is rare; when\\ntherefore, Firebraiid a novelty of 1880, was\\nannounced as a bright scarlet, it produced\\nquite a sensation. It is very highly com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmended by those who have seen it. Grace\\nWilder Princess Louise and Fred Johnson\\nare new hybrid seedlings now offered for the\\nfirst time to the public.\\nDIANTHUS.\\nThe word is derived from the Greek words\\nDios divine, and Anthos a flower, God\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nflower or flower of Jove. There are several spe\u00c2\u00ac\\ncies, and many varieties of Dianthus; Dian-\\nthus Caryophyllus is what is common known\\nas the Clove Pink, and from it have been pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduced the double varieties called Carnations\\nand Picotees. The plant in its wild state is\\nfound growing on the south side of the Swiss\\nAlps, at a low altitude, where the winters are\\nnot severe. The common perennial garden\\nPink is Dianthus Plumarias. The old and\\nwell-known Chinese Pink, Dianthus Chinen\\nsis, is a biennial, flowering the first season\\nfrom seed sown in spring, lives during the\\nwinter, blooms the second year, and then\\ndies.\\nNew and superb varieties have been intro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduced of late years from Japan, and Dianthus\\nLaciniatus and Dianthus Heddewigii both\\nsingle and double, make a splendid display,\\nand are among the most desirable of our\\ngarden flowers. Dianthus Diadematus is of\\ndwarf habit, very profuse in blooming,\\nand the flowers are of various hues, from\\nwhite to dark maroon, and also beautifully\\nmarbled and spotted. Of the recent novel\u00c2\u00ac\\nties Eastern Queen and Crimson Belle are\\nsuperb. \u00e2\u0080\u009cEastern Queen\u00e2\u0080\u009d is beautifully\\nmarbled; the broad bands of rich mauve\\nupon the paler surface of the petals are very\\nstriking. \u00e2\u0080\u009cCrimson Belle,\u00e2\u0080\u009d as its name im\u00c2\u00ac\\nplies, is of a rich crimson hue, with dark\\nmarkings; very large and finely fringed.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0209.jp2"}, "210": {"fulltext": "CARE AND CULTURE OF PLANTS\\n1 MV\\nfJ dLi\\nFor early blooming it is well to sow seed\\nas early as April. June sowing will secure\\ngood liardy plants for the following season.\\nWhen there is a profusion of bloom, it is\\nwell to remove a portion of the flowers, so\\nthat the plants may not become exhausted,\\nand the seed pods beyond what are desired\\ntor ripening, ought also to be cut off.\\nDAHLIAS.\\nThe genus Dahlia comprises but few spe\u00c2\u00ac\\ncies, all natives of the mountains of Mexico,\\nwhose range is from 5000 to 10,000 feet\\nabove the level of the sea. About one hun\u00c2\u00ac\\ndred years ago a Spanish botanist introduced\\nseeds of the Dahlia into his native country,\\nand named the genus in honor of a Swedish\\nbotanist, Dahl. The first seed imported\\nseemed to be variable and not very promis\u00c2\u00ac\\ning. About seventy years since, Humboldt\\nsent fresh seed to Germany. Soon after this,\\nboth seeds and bulbs were introduce into\\nEngland and France, and began to attracc\\nconsiderable attention, some enthusiast being\\nrash enough to hazard the assertion that\\nthere are considerable reasons for thinking\\nthat the Dahlia will hereafter be raised with\\ndouble flowers.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nAbout 1812 probably the first double\\nDahlia was grown, but for several years after\\nthis both double and single varieties were\\nfigured in colored plates, and exhibited at\\nhorticultural shows. That the single vari-\\nties were prized is not strange, for the double\\nwere not very good, and even as late as\\n1818, published figures showed very imper\u00c2\u00ac\\nfect flowers.\\nThe improvement of the.Dahlia after this\\nwas rapid, and its popularity quite kept pace\\nwith its improvement. Dahlia exhibitions\\nwere held in England and 011 the continent,\\nwhich were crowded by enthusiastic admirers\\nof this wonderful Mexican flower. For\\nmany years the Dahlia maintained its popu\u00c2\u00ac\\nlarity, but there is a fashion in flowers, as in\\nalmost everything, and for a time the Dahlia\\nbecame, to a certain extent, unfashionable,\\nand this was well for it placed the flower\\nupon merit alone, and growers were com\u00c2\u00ac\\npelled to introduce new and superior varie\u00c2\u00ac\\nties to command either attention or sale for\\ntheir favorite flower.\\nA taste for old styles is now the \u00e2\u0080\u009ccorrect\\nthing,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and so we have imitations of ancient\\nearthenware, furniture, etc., and import\\norigmal Chinese Aster seed, and also obtain\\nroots of the single Dahlia from Mexico.\\nThere are three pretty distinct classes, the\\nShow Dahlias, the Dwaif or Bedding, and\\nthe Pompon or Bouquet, and to this we may\\nadd the Fancy Dahlia. The Show Dahlia\\ngrows from three to four feet in height, and\\nembraces all our finest sorts, fit for exhibi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion at horticultural shows, from which the\\nname is derived the flowers range in size-\\nfrom two and a half to five inches in dia\u00c2\u00ac\\nmeter. The striped, and mottled and spotted\\nvarieties belonging to the Show section are\\ncalled Fancy and though not as rich, nor\\nusually as highly prized as the seifs, or those\\nof one color, are verv attractive. The Dwarf\\nor Bedding Dahlia grows about eighteen\\ninches in height, and makesa thick, compact\\nbush, and covers a good deal of surface;\\nflowers of the size of Show Dahlias. They are\\ntherefore very desirable for bedding and\\nmassing.\\nThe Pompon or Bouquet Dahlia makes a\\npretty, compact plant, about three feet in\\nheight The leaves are small, and the flowers\\nfrom one to two inches in diameter. Many\\nexpect to find small flowers on their Dwarf\\nDahlias, and feel disappointed because they\\nare of the ordinary size, not knowing that\\nit is the plant, and not the flower, that is\\ndwarfed, and that only the Pompon gives\\nthe small flower. The word Pompon i$", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0210.jp2"}, "211": {"fulltext": "MANUAL OF PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS.\\n198\\nFrench for topknot or trinket, meaning\\nabout the same as the English word cockade.\\nThe English term Bouquet is very appro\u00c2\u00ac\\npriate, as. the flowers are so small they are very\\nsuitable for bouquets. Being of a spreading\\nhabit, they cover a good deal of ground.\\nUnlike most of our bedding out plants, they\\ndo best in poor soil; if rich, they grow to\\nbranches and leaves so much, they bloom\\nsparingly and late.\\nGenerally those who plant Dahlias pur\u00c2\u00ac\\nchase the tuberous roots, because they give\\ngood strong plants, that flower freely without\\ntrouble or risk. They are smaller and better\\nthan the large, coarse roots usually grown,\\nbecause they are raised from cuttings, and\\ngenerally form their roots in pots. When a\\ntuber is planted, a number of buds that\\ncluster around its top will push and form\\nshoots, and if too numerous, a portion should\\nbe removed; indeed, one good, strong plant\\nwill suffice, and then the plant will become\\na tree instead of a bush. Even then, if the\\ntop become too thick, a little thinning of\\nthe branches will be of advantage.\\nIf the young shoots that start from the\\nneck of the bulb, are cut off near a joint and\\nplaced in a hot-bed in sandy soil, they will\\nroot, form good plants, and flower quite as\\nwell as plants grown from the tuber; this,\\nhowever, requires some care and experience,\\nand amateurs generally will succeed best\\nwith bulbs.\\nNew varieties of Dahlias, of course, are\\nfrom seed. Some of them prove good, others\\nfair, and a portion utterly worthless. As a\\ngeneral rule, we would not advise amateurs\\nto trouble with seeds, although there is plea\u00c2\u00ac\\nsure in watching the birth and development\\nof a new and beautiful variety.\\nThe seed of Dahlias may be sown in pots\\nin early spring or end of winter, in a light,\\nloamy soil; they will germinate quickly,\\n13\\nand as soon as they begin to show their sec\u00c2\u00ac\\nond leaves they should be pricked out into\\nother pots or boxes, so that they may have\\nplenty of room and air\u00e2\u0080\u0094they are very liable\\nto damp off if at all crowded. After pricking\\nout- they should be kept in a thrifty, growing\\ncondition, by proper attention to watering\\nand temperature the temperature should be\\nmaintained as near 70 0 as possible, and the\\nwatering be sufficient to preserve a moderate\\nmoisture.\\nIf the green fly attack them, it will be\\nbest to treat them to a very weak dilution\\nof tobacco water the young succulent plants\\nare very sensitive to smoke, and it is best not\\nto fumigate them. I11 about two months the\\nyoung plants should be large enough to pot\\noff singly, or to be transplanted into a frame\\nor bed, where protection can be given them\\nfrom the cold of night-time, or from late\\nfrosts. As soon as all danger is past they\\ncan be transplanted into their summer quar\u00c2\u00ac\\nters, and should stand at least three feet\\napart. The soil where they are to grow\\nshould be rich and mellow. In August\\nthey will come into flower, and those hav\u00c2\u00ac\\ning blooms worthy of cultivation can be\\nretained, and the others destroyed. Only\\na small proportion of the plants grown\\nfrom common seed produce flowers equal\\nto those now in cultivation, but when seed\\nis saved from a choice collection of named\\nvarieties, the chances are that a large pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nportion of the plants will produce very\\ngood flowers.\\nThe Dahlia is called gross feeder but it is\\nnot. It loves moisture rather than rich ele\u00c2\u00ac\\nmentary food. In clay it finds the best con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstituents of its development\u00e2\u0080\u0094moisture, silex,\\nlime and alumnia. So we say to those who\\nlove this queenly flower, if you would see the\\nqueen in all her glory, plant in a comparative\\nheavy soil, no manure, and reduce the stalks", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0211.jp2"}, "212": {"fulltext": "194\\nCARE AND CULTURE OF PLANTS.\\nto one for eacli tuber, set the stakes firmly,\\nto keep the stalks from swaying, and if the\\nseason is dry, give the bulbs a soaking with\\nwater every evening during the drought.\\nMy word for it you will then be proud of\\nyour success.\\nThe Pompon, or Bouquet Dahlia is a\\nfavorite variety of this genus. The little\\nround balls of bloom are so pretty and trim.\\nBeatrice blush tinted with violet; Dr. Stein\\ndeep maroon, striped and mottled Gold-\\nfinder, golden yellow Little Philip creamy-\\nbuff edged with lilac; Little Valentine crim\u00c2\u00ac\\nson Mein Streifting salmon, stripped with\\ncrimson; Pearl, white; Prima Donna, white,\\nfimbriated; Perfection, deep maroon.\\nSingle Dahlias.\\nAnything for a change from the common\\norder of things, seems to be the fashion now\u00c2\u00ac\\nadays, in flowers as well as in house build\u00c2\u00ac\\ning and house furnishing. The antique, the\\nantique, is the rage So after years of labor\\nand hybridization to bring the Dahlia up\\nfrom its native state of single blessedness, to\\nits enormous cauliflower blooms, there comes\\na reaction and now single Dahlias are praised\\nas \u00e2\u0080\u009cthe most beautiful of all flowers,\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009cthe\\npar excellence, the Londoner\u00e2\u0080\u0099s flower!\u00e2\u0080\u009d Well,\\nlet the English florists thus praise its beauty\\nif they want to, but we opine that on this\\nside of the great ocean it will never be con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsidered the most beautiful of all flowers,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nhowever attractive some of them may be,\\nand well adapted for bouquets. There is no\\ndanger of their superceding the doubles,\\nbut it is well to have both when one can\\nafford it; their present high price puts them\\nbeyond the reach of those whose purses are\\nnot well filled, but in a year or two, when\\nthe novelty is worn off, they can be pur\u00c2\u00ac\\nchased at half or even less, perhaps than\\ntheir present price.\\nWe find in the Londou Garden the fol\u00c2\u00ac\\nlowing: \u00e2\u0080\u009cDahlia perfecta, originally intro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduced by Messrs. Henderson, is perhaps the\\nfinest flower which we possess, unless Paro-\\ngon, brought into notice by H. Cannell, may\\nbe considered to bear away the palm. Lutea,\\na quilled yellow, is also a grand bouquet\\nflower.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe single Dahlias, Paragon and Lutea,\\nare now offered for the first time in this\\ncountry. Color very dark velvety maroon\\nwith shadings of bright scarlet around each\\npetal; small yellow disk. Lutea is pure\\nyellow, with dark orange center. The\\ngrandest novelty lately is the Dahlia Juarezii,\\nand not only a novelty, but a most valuable and\\nuseful decorative plant for all purposes through\\nthe late summer and autumn months. Its\\nblossoms are of a rich crimson, and very\\nmuch resemble in shape and color the well-\\nknown Cactus, Cereus speciosissimus. Height\\nabout three feet, very bushy flowers of very\\nstriking appearance and quite unlike those\\nof an ordinary double Dahlia, the floweret^\\nbeing flat and not cupped.\\nCAMELLIA JAPONICA.\\nThis is a very popular genus on account of\\ntheir rich dark-green leaves, and beautiful\\nrose-like flowers. They are hardy green*\\nhouse plants, and thrive best in light loam\\nmixed with sand and peat, but will do well\\nin light soil without the peat. It will not\\nflourish in a limestone soil.\\nThe Camellia Japonica was sent to Eng\u00c2\u00ac\\nland in 1739 by Father Kamel, a mission-\\nary, for whom it was named. As a house-\\nplant the Camellia requires considerable care,\\non acccount of the tendency of flower buds\\nto drop off. A northern exposure is best,\\nand a temperature of from forty to fifty de\u00c2\u00ac\\ngrees. When the buds an. swelling, water\\nplentifully with warm watei but allow none\\nto stand in the saucer. Sponge the leaves\\nonce a week. In the spring put the plant", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0212.jp2"}, "213": {"fulltext": "MANUAL OF PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS.\\n195\\nout in a shady place on the north side of a\\nhouse or fence, not under the drip of trees,\\nand water it every day. Set the pots on a\\nhard bottom, so that no worms can get into\\nthem. They form their flower beds during\\nthe summer, and at this time a good growth\\nof wood must be encouraged.\\nIn the Southern States the Camellia can\\nbe raised with not more than ordinary care\\nat the North it must be considered entirely\\na green-house plant, and as such will always\\nbe highly prized. We are often asked how\\nit should be cared for as a house-plant, and\\nto all such, in the northern part of the coun\u00c2\u00ac\\ntry, where it is necessary to maintain good\\nfires in warm houses for several months of\\nthe year, we have no hesitation in saying,\\nlet it alone, do not expend care and labor\\nwhere there is so little prospect of reward.\\nCamellias are of many hues, and some are\\nbeautifully striped. Gen. Lafayette bright\\nrose, striped with white, imbricated. Bell\\nRomann imbricated, large flower and petals,\\nrose striated with bright crimson. Matteo\\nMolfino petals cerise, with pure white band\\ndown center. Mrs. Lurmann, crimson,\\nspotted, very beautiful. Pure colors of\\nwhite, red, crimson, rose and carmine, can\\nbe obtained.\\nAZALEA.\\nShrubby gr^en house-plants of easy culti\u00c2\u00ac\\nvation. Very showy and hardy. Like the\\nCamelia, they are found in all the leading\\ncolors, and also striped, blotched and spotted.\\nThey are both single and double.\\nAlexander is white, striped with ver\u00c2\u00ac\\nmilion edges of petals fringed. Aurelia\\nwhite, striped with rosy orange, amaranth\\nspots. Flag of Truce is a pure double\\nwhite, very fine. Her Majesty is rosv-lilac,\\nedged with white. Alice rose, blotched with\\nvermilion; double.\\nAzaleas need a light soil of sandy loam, to\\nwhich should be added one-half leaf mold.\\nRepotting should be done in May, trimming\\nthe tops to bring them into shape. Then-\\nplunge in some sheltered spot in the garden..\\nIn September the plants should be brought,\\nin under cover or into a cool room. They\\ndo best when the temperature ranges from\\nforty degrees at night to sixty-five or seventy\\nby day. The foliage should be showered once\\na week, but care must be taken that the\\nroots are not over-watered, as they rot easily.\\nSmall plants bloom well, but their beauty\\nincreases as they get age and size. The\\nflowers appear on terminal shoots, and are\\nfrom one inch to two and a half inches in\\ndiameter.\\nAzaleas if left to themselves will develop\\nlong shoots, that after a time become naked\\nbelow and are furnished with leaves only at\\ntheir extremities. Flower stems are formed\\non the new wood of each summer\u00e2\u0080\u0099s growth,,\\nconsequently the amount of bloom, other\\nthings being equal, depends upon the amount\\nof new wood annually produced. In order\\nto have plants of good shape when they be\u00c2\u00ac\\ncome large, it is necessary to give attention\\nto pinching and training them from the first.\\nThe pyramid form, or more properly that of\\na cone, and rounded at the top, is considered\\nthe best for the plant, as it allows the great\u00c2\u00ac\\nest exposure of leaf-surface. Two principal\\nmethods are adopted to regulate the growth\\nand bring plants into shape; one is by suc\u00c2\u00ac\\ncessive pinchings as the growth proceeds,\\nthe other by allowing long shoots to grow\\nand then bending and training them down,\\nthus causing many of the dormant buds\\nalong their whole length to break and de\u00c2\u00ac\\nvelop into shoots. A skillful combination of\\nthe two methods is probably better than\\neither exclusively. In this way, the life of\\nthe plant is not injured, and its productive\\npower is increased.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0213.jp2"}, "214": {"fulltext": "CARE AND CULTURE OF PLANTS.\\nTHE ROSE.\\nThis well-known and highly esteemed\\nfamily of plants, or shrubs, embraces many\\ndistinct species, which, by the skill of the\\nflorist, have multiplied into thousands of\\nvarieties,. They vary in height from one\\nto twelve or fifteen feet, producing flowers,\\nsingle, semi-double and double, and gener\u00c2\u00ac\\nally of exquisite fragrance. The colors are,\\npure white, white-tinted, shaded, striped, or\\nmottled; every shade of red to purple, and\\nall these shades and colors variously mixed;\\nalso a few yellow varieties. There are no\\nblack roses, although we sometimes hear of\\nthem. Such as are sold for black roses are\\nthose of dark shades of purple or crimson.\\nThe foliage is also various in the different\\nspecies of varieties, but of a general charac\u00c2\u00ac\\nter. They are different also in the appenda\u00c2\u00ac\\nges to the plant, some having formidable\\nthorns, while others are entirely .destitute.\\nSome flower only once in the season\u00e2\u0080\u0094others\\nare perpetual, or everblooming. Most are\\nhardy, but many require protection. It is a\\nflower beloved by every one, not only in the\\npresent age, but has been in all ages past,\\nand will no doubt continue to be the most\\nprominent and desirable flower as long as the\\nworld stands. It may, with propriety, be\\nstyled the Queen of flowers.\\nThe Rose is pre-eminently the flower of\\nlove and poetry, the very perfection of floral\\nrealities. Imagination may have flattered\\nherself that her power* could form a more\\nperfect beauty but, it is said, she never yet\\ndiscovered such to mortal eyes. This, how\u00c2\u00ac\\never, she would persuade us to be a mere\\nmatter of delicacy, and that she had the\\nauthority of Apollo for her secret success\\nNo mortal eye can reach the flowers,\\nand \u00e2\u0080\u0099tis right just, for well Apollo knows\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0099T would make the poet quarrel with the Rose.\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nIt is, however, determined, that until the\\nclaim of such veiled beauty, or beauties,\\nshall rest upon better foundation, the Rose\\nshall still be considered as the unrivalled\\nQueen of flowers.\\nIt is said, however, that the angels possess\\na more beautiful kind of Rose than those\\nwe have on earth. David saw in a vision a\\nnumber of angels pass by with gilded baskets\\nin their hands.\\nSome as they went, the blue-eyed Violets strew.\\nSome spotless Lilies in loose order threw\\nSome did the way with full-blown Roses spread.\\nTheir smell divine, and color sLangely red\\nNot such as our dull gardens proudly wear,\\nWhom weathers taint, and winds\u00e2\u0080\u0099 rude kisses tear;\\nSuch, I believe, was the first Rose\u00e2\u0080\u0099s hue,\\nWhich at God\u00e2\u0080\u0099s word in beauteous Eden grew;\\nQueen of the flowers that made that orchard gay.\\nThe morning blushes of the spring s new day.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nCowley.\\nThe Moss Rose, or Moss Provence Rose,\\nis well known as an elegant plant. The\\nflowers are deeply colored, and the rich mossi\u00c2\u00ac\\nness which surrounds them gives them a\\nluxuriant appearance not easily described;\\nbut it is familiar to every one. It is a frag-*\\nrant flower; its country is not known to us,\\nand we know it only as a double flower.\\nThe origin of its mossy vest has been ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nplained to us by a German writer:\\nThe angel of the flowers one day\\nBeneath a Rose-tree sleeping lay\\nThat spiut, to whose charge is given\\nTo bathe young buds in dews from heaven;\\nAwaking from his light repose\\nThe angel whispered to the Mose;\\nO fondest object of my care,\\nStill fairest found where all are fair,\\nFor the sweet shade thou\u00e2\u0080\u0099st given to me,\\nAsk what thou wilt, \u00e2\u0080\u0099t is granted thee.\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0098Then,\u00e2\u0080\u0099 said the Rose, with deepened glow,\\nOn me another grace bestow.\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nThe spirit paused in silent thought;\\nWhat grace was there that flower had not t\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0099Twas but a moment;\u00e2\u0080\u0094o\u00e2\u0080\u0099er the Rose\\nA veil of moss the angel throws,\\nAnd, robed in nature\u00e2\u0080\u0099s simplest weed,\\nCould there a flower that Rose exceed?", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0214.jp2"}, "215": {"fulltext": "P __ ^jjj\\\\\\n-arc of Bifete at| el Other 1 ets I\\niiiii@iiii#ii\u00c2\u00a7i\u00c2\u00a7\u00c2\u00a7\u00c2\u00a7\u00c2\u00a7\u00c2\u00a7\u00c2\u00a7\u00c2\u00a7\u00c2\u00a7ggg^@0gggg\\nTHE CANARY.\\nHIS sweet singer is entitled to the first\\nplace in any and all places, whether\\nbook, cage or aviary, his song being\\na pleasure to the poor and rich alike, and he\\ncan be found in the hut of the poor and the\\nmansion of the rich singing as sweetly for\\none as the other. Space will not permit of\\ndescription or account of the origin of the\\nCanary, as it is now a domesticated bird, as\\nfar as we are concerned. The largest num-\\nber of the store-birds are brought from Ger\u00c2\u00ac\\nmany to this country every year, the prefer\u00c2\u00ac\\nence being given to them over our native\\nbirds on account of their excellence cf song,\\nand the St. Andresburg and other warblers\\nare certainly entitled to it, as they are the\\nsweetest singing birds in the world.\\nA good St. Andresburg warbler, with its\\nsweet water notes, is preferable to any mock\u00c2\u00ac\\ning-bird or nightingale for excellence of its\\nmusic (leaving care and trouble out of the\\nquestion) and why are our native birds in\u00c2\u00ac\\nferior? The reason is we are a careless\\npeople about the beautiful in art and nature.\\nWhen you go to buy a new hat you want a\\npretty one, and will pay an extra price to\\nget it. If you want a musical instrument\\nyou will take a friend with you to choose it,\\nwhen you do not know anything about it\\nyourself, but when you go to purchase a\\npicture you will go alone, look at the price,\\nand get a cheap one, and consequently a\\ndaub.\\nWhen you think of raising young birds*\\nyou will run to the cheapest place, or from\\nsome acquaintance get a scrub hen for a gift,\\ngo to as much trouble to raise scrub birds as\\nwould be required to raise good stock, with a\\nvery small extra outlay in the first start. The\\nscrubs you cannot give away, whereas there\\nis a constant market at good prices for good\\nbirds.\\nThere are so many kinds of Canaries now\\nin existence, or rather varieties of the same\\nfamily, that it is impossible to enter into a\\ndescription of them. But when buying a\\nbird see that he is of good form, clean of\\nlimb, and, above all, never buy a bird till\\nyou have heard him sing, and are satisfied\\nwith the quality of his song. Then do not\\ngrudge the price for a good bird. When\\nmade a pet of it is priceless.\\nt\\nMating*.\\nThe best time to mate birds is in the win\u00c2\u00ac\\nter, and the 14th of February or St. Valen\u00c2\u00ac\\ntine\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Day is by many considered a very-\\nlucky day to place the birds in the same\\ncage. Tet the luck be as it may, the month\\nof February in this country, with our houses\\nheated as they are now, modernly, is certainly\\nthe best time to place the birds together,\\nAfter the birds are placed in the cage to\u00c2\u00ac\\ngether they usually fight for a day or two r\\nand sometimes longer, before they mate. As\\nsoon as they show any sign of mating, by\\ncarrying paper or anything else they can\\nfind, and appear to be looking for a place to\\n1 97", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0215.jp2"}, "216": {"fulltext": "198\\nCARE OF BIRDS AND OTHER PETS.\\nput it, a nest made of woven wire and lined\\nwith cloth should be secured inside the cage,\\nand the birds left to themselves as much as\\npossible, as they will manage their own af\u00c2\u00ac\\nfairs much better than if meddled with. All\\nbreeding cages should be made so that the\\nbottom can be removed for cleaning without\\ndisturbing the birds, eggs, or young\\nIn eight days from the time the birds mate\\nthe female will usually lay her first egg, and\\ngenerally one each day thereafter for three\\nor four days, and in thirteen days from the\\ntime the first egg was laid, the first bird\\nshould make its appearance in the nest, and\\none each day thereafter until all are out. In\\nthree weeks the young birds are able to take\\ncare of themselves, and the old ones return\\nto the labor of getting ready to raise another\\nbrood, as they usually raise four broods in a\\nseason; but do not be disappointed if you do\\nnot raise more than one bird from ^very\\nfour eggs that are laid.\\nThe Color.\\nIn mating birds the color of the offspring\\ndesired may be of first importance to some,\\nand how to produce it from a cross of differ\u00c2\u00ac\\nent colors will be a source of pleasure to\\nmany, therefore a few of the principal crosses\\nwill be given, although it is easy to get the\\nform and color of the birds that you would\\ndesire at any well-stocked bird-store in the\\nmonths of February and March, choosing\\ntherefrom a male and female of exactly the\\nsame shade or marked alike.\\nBut as some desiie to try and get some\u00c2\u00ac\\nthing new, or that never was seen before, as\\nthough there was anything new under the\\nsun, we will give them a chance to try what\\nthey can do.\\nIf you desire to get pied birds, which are\\ngenerally strong, hearty birds, get a rich,\\nyellow-splashed male, and mate it with a\\nyellow hen if it is desired to get cinna\u00c2\u00ac\\nmon-colored birds, a dark-green male bird\\nand a very light or white hen will often pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduce them; and a very light cinnamon bird\\nmated with a green one will very often pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduce a dove or fawn-colored variety, which\\nare very handsome birds. Most authorities\\nagree that the mating of topknot birds will\\nproduce bare poles, but by many this is\\ncontradicted, who have raised beautiful\\ncrested birds from a male and female, hav\u00c2\u00ac\\ning only moderately good topknots.\\nA great improvement can be made in the\\nform of the bird most often met with, and\\nknown as the German bird, by crossing it\\nwith the part Belgin or long-breed variety\\nand when the male bird is a good songster\\nthe offspring will be the same, if not better\\nsongsters thant heir parent bird. The Belgin\\nvariety is usually not an extra good songs\u00c2\u00ac\\nter, and it is a delicate species in this\\nclimate.\\nAs soon as the young birds leave their\\nnest they should be removed from the cage\\nand the cage thoroughly cleaned, and the\\nnest removed to keep the vermin, with which\\nit will be infested, from annoying the birds:\\nand when your cage is dry and fresh seed\\nand water in it, return the birds, and they\\nwill get the most comfortable night\u00e2\u0080\u0099s rest\\nthey ever had in their young lives.\\nThe proper seed for young birds is crushed\\nhemp, canary millet and rape. In addition\\ngive crackers steeped in milk and hard boiled\\negg. Cuttle-fish hung in the cage and gravel\\nspread on the bottom of the cage are really\\nnecessary, and the least care and attention\\nthat is paid to them otherwise the better they\\nwill get along. The best place to raise birds\\nis in a quiet room. After they are raised\\nthey ought to be removed to where they will\\nhave a first-class singing bird for an instruc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntor, and by this means and treatment our", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0216.jp2"}, "217": {"fulltext": "MANUAL OF PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS.\\n199\\nAmerican birds will get a reputation such\\nas the German birds never had, and that\\nis saying a good deal.\\nFood.\\nThe best food for Canaries is rape, millet\\nand canary seed, and occasionally a little let\u00c2\u00ac\\ntuce and maw \u00c2\u00b0eed. Any sweet vegetable\\nis good for them, but sweetcakes and sugar\\n-should not be given. A good mixture to\\nkeep your birds in song and health is made\\n.as follows: One pound sweet crackers pul\u00c2\u00ac\\nverized, three hard boiled eggs, and one-\\nlialf ounce of Cayenne pepper (which should\\nhe bought at a responsible drug-store to\\nmake sure that it is not mixed with red\\nlead, which is a deadly poison); take the\\nshell off the eggs, rub them and the pep\u00c2\u00ac\\nper into the pulverized crackers with your\\nhands until thoroughly incorporated, spread\\nit on a board and place it in a dry place\\n(not in the sun) until perfectly dry, when\\nit can be put away for use; it will keep\\nindefinitely, and will save the time and\\ntrouble of boiling eggs every day.\\nGive a teaspoonful a day to each bird,\\nin a small dish, in addition to the other\\nfood. Never buy package seed, for it is apt\\nto be musty and a large portion of millet\\nseed of the poorest quality mixed in it, and\\nwill be very apt to injure the health of your\\nbird. If possible buy your seed from a bird\\nstore and get the same as they use for their\\nown birds, even if you have to pay a higher\\nprice for it. In addition to this feed a small\\npiece of lean beef scraped fine, once a week,\\nwill be found beneficial to your bird. Al\u00c2\u00ac\\nways hang cuttle-fish in the cage.\\nThe Mule Bird.\\nThese are generally procured by crossing\\na male bird of the other species with a hen\\nCanary, and lovely birds are often produced\\nby crossing the European goldfinch, the sis\u00c2\u00ac\\nkin, the linnet, the bnllfinck, the indigo\\nbunting, the nonpariel and bobolink with a\\nwell-formed and very tame hen Canary, the\\ntreatment being in every respect the same\\nas the Canaries.\\nTHE MOCKING BIRD.\\nNext to the Canary comes this lovely\\nsongster in general favor, and a cute, cun\u00c2\u00ac\\nning lovely pet he is, knowing his friends\\nand recognizes them as quick as a dog\\nwould, greeting them with a shrill whistle\\nand a spring from his perch as much as to\\nsay, \u00e2\u0080\u009cDear master, what have you got for\\nme now?\u00e2\u0080\u009d Don\u00e2\u0080\u0099t delay, but give him the\\nworm, spider or grasshopper, see him jump\\nto his perch and sing with it in his beak, as\\nmuch as possible to make you understand\\nhow grateful he feels to you for the favor,\\nafter which he will get down to the bottom\\nof the cage and eat it, but before doing so\\nmaking sure that it is dead; then up to his\\nperch he bounds, and the yell of a dog that\\nis hurt could not be shriller than the scream\\nthat he will give, changing into the song of\\nthe robin, canary, sparrow.\\nAll at once he stops. Then you will hear\\na hen cackling, a rooster crowing, a cat\\nmewing, or a pig squealing then there is a\\nsilence; he is pluming his feathers, the ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ncitement is all over, for a half hour he will\\nwork away industriously, or until every fea\u00c2\u00ac\\nther is in place, when he will commence to\\nsing some notes very loud and sometimes\\nvery low, varying his prelude before the opera\\ncommences; then off he starts, being a whole\\nconcert in himself, and for hours he will\\nsing- without intermission.\\nWhen you make up your mind to have a\\nMocking Bird go to some responsible bird\\ndealer and get him to choose a good young\\nmale bird, which he c^n do by the markings\\nof the plumage and by the formation of the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0217.jp2"}, "218": {"fulltext": "200\\nCARE OF BIRDS AND OTHER PETS.\\nbody of the bird, and whether it will make\\na good song bird. As the Mocking Bird\\ntakes three years to come into full song it is\\nof no second importance that you should\\nget a good one. The best time to buy is in\\nNovember, for then the bird will be through\\nits first moulting, which is most dangerous\\nto all young birds, and more particularly to\\nMocking and soft-feed birds in this climate.\\nBefore you get your bird get a large cage\\nand have it in readiness for him, and let it\\nbe such a cage as you will desire to keep\\nhim in for years, for of all birds the Mocking\\nBird dislikes to have any change made in his\\nhabitation, and especially his cage.\\nFood for the Mocking- Birds.\\nIt must be sweet, for if at all sour it will\\ngive him the diarrhoea, which proves fatal\\nwith a great many birds. Never buy mixed\\nMocking Bird food. If you have not got\\ntime to mix your bird\u00e2\u0080\u0099s food, which should\\nbe done every morning, sell the bird, or to\\nkill him instantly would be more charitable\\nthan to give him what will cause a lingering\\ndeath. Buy pure Mocking Bird food at a\\nbird store, and every morning mix enough\\nwith about an equal quantity of finely-grated\\nraw carrot, or boiled potato mashed very fine\\nand thoroughly mixed, and it is best to vary\\nit, giving the bird the potato mixture one\\nday and the carrot the next; and every other\\nday it will be well to give or mix into the\\nfood, along with the potato or carrot, a part\\nof a hard-boiled egg; a pepper-pod should\\nbe hung in the cage, and a few insects or\\nmeal worms given every day.\\nGravel and water are essential to all birds,\\nand should be given to this one. By proper\\nattention to the above rules a Mocking Bird\\ncan be kept in song for eight or ten years in\\na cage, although they have been known to\\nlive twenty years. After nine or ten they\\ndo not sing and are of little value, as they\\nbecome more liable to disease year by year.\\nTHE BED BIRD\\ncomes next to the mocking bird in general\\nfavor, this being one of our most beautiful\\nbirds, and selling at a moderate price, so\\neasily kept in confinement. Such a loud\\nand almost constant songster well deserves,\\nto be a general favorite. Who can help but\\nlove to see the beautiful red fellow showing\\nhis coat of smooth cardinal feathers, red bill\\nand jet black whiskers, and his lovely crest,\\nthat he can erect or depress at pleasure,\\nforming a foolscap on the top of his head,\\nand he is really one cf our hardiest birds, if\\nproperly fed, being liable to fewer ailments\\nthan most other birds.\\nThe proper food being a mixture of wild\\nrice or pada, wheat, canary, oats, sunflower,\\nand a very little hemp, crackers steeped in\\nmilk, with a little red pepper in it, and\\ncouple of meal worms, and other insects every\\nday, a small quantity of raw, lean meat\\nscraped fine, the core of sweet apple once\\nor twice a week a little cuttle fish should\\nalways hang in the cage, also a red pepper\\npod, gravel and water, which you must give\u00c2\u00ac\\nto all birds clean and fresh. When so\\ntreated he will live and sing for seven or\\neighth years in confinement, a pleasure and\\ndelight to all who see and hear him.\\nTHE BOBOLINK.\\nNext in general favor comes the Bobolink.,\\non account of his merry jingle of a song,\\nand which is the merriest song of all birds,\\nand the low price that he can be bought at\\nin the Spring of the year. A person owning\\na Bobolink reahy has two birds in the vear in\\nappearance. In summer he is gaudy, black,\\nyellow and white; in winter he changes ta\\nbrown, yellow and black streaks, and resem\u00c2\u00ac\\nbles the female, which always retains this.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0218.jp2"}, "219": {"fulltext": "MANUAL OF PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS.\\n201\\nsombre colored plumage. He likes to ap\u00c2\u00ac\\npear in a new dress.\\nWhen properly treated this bird will sing\\nten months out of twelve, his song being\\nmuch like the canary\u00e2\u0080\u0099s, but much louder.\\nHis proper food is millet and canary, and to\\nkeep him in health and song he requires in\u00c2\u00ac\\nsects the same as the red birds. When\\nmoulting he should be given in addition to\\nabove some hemp seed, but not at other\\ntimes, as it is too fattening, and as he is in\u00c2\u00ac\\nclined to be somewhat of a glutton, and gets\\nvery fat and too lazy to sing. When so\\ntreated he will live in the cage and sing five\\nto eight years.\\nTHE AMERICAN GOLDFINCH.\\nThis bird has a great many names, such\\nas the wild canary, Canadian yellow bird,\\nmustard bird, hanging bird, Yankee whang-\\ndoodle, etc. It is admired and loved by all,\\nits body being covered with a coat of rich\\nlemon-colored feathers, excepting the top of\\nthe head, wings and tail, which are jet black\\nsplashed with white, its bill and Let pink,\\ngiving the little fellow an elegant appear\u00c2\u00ac\\nance, their song being a lovely jingling\\nwarble, and very similar to its European\\ncousin, and in the cage it sings with great\\nanimation. They become very tame, but\\ndo not generally live long in confinement.\\nThey have been known to mate with the\\nfemale canary, but their offspring is very\\ndelicate, and almost, if not impossible to\\nraise.\\nFood, a mixture of lettuce, canary, rape,\\nand maw seeds, thistle seed and ripe plantain\\nwhen it can be had; red pepper, green let\u00c2\u00ac\\ntuce and grass they are fond of.\\nTHE BLUE JAY.\\nAnother beautiful bird, and no one can\\nkelp but admire the beautiful Jay as he wel\u00c2\u00ac\\ncomes you to his cage, with his crest erect.\\nHe may be taught to whistle tunes almost\\nperfect when taken young, and trained to do\\nmany amusing things at command; but if\\nallowed to run at large he is apt to be mis-\\nchevious like all the rest of the crow family.\\nHe is a hardy bird and will live many years\\nin confinement if fed on bread and milk,\\noats, a little raw meat cut fine, and part of a\\nraw egg; once in a while a little sweetmeats\\nwill be a great treat for him if not given too\\noften. Give him plenty of water tc bathe\\nin, and plenty of gravel to pick, and any\\nkind of fruit or insects will be appreciated.\\nHis cage must be large to save his plumage.\\nTHE ROBIN\\nis also quite a pet; a very strong, hardy bird,\\nwith a coarse yet rather pleasant song when\\nwild. If taken young the male may be\\ntaught to whistle very sweetly. Being easily\\nkept he is quite a favorite among some people,\\nthere being a strange superstition among\\nothers that it is unlucky for a Robin to be\\nkept in a house, and when such nonsense\\ngets into the head of a human being there\\nis no way to get it out unless you split the\\nhead open with an ax, and then you will find\\nthe ghost. Treat the Robin the same as\\nmocking birds.\\nTHE CAT BIRD\\nis really the rival of the mocking bird, but\\nif anything harder to raise, and not many\\nof them make good songsters in the cage;\\nbut when you get a good one, that has been\\nraised from the nest, you have a lovely pet.\\nThey require the same treatment as the\\nmocking bird and the same food.\\nTHE BROWN THRUSH.\\nAnother very fine strong bird, but not by\\nany means a constant singer, singing princi\u00c2\u00ac\\npally in April, May and June. Treatment\\nthe same as the mocking bird; food the\\nsame.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0219.jp2"}, "220": {"fulltext": "*202\\nCARE OF BIRDS AND OTHER PETS.\\nTHE NONPAR1EL.\\nWho can help but admire this beautiful\\nplumaged bird, called by some the Mexican\\ncanary, and by the English the painted bunt\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, and they cannot be blamed for giving it\\nchat nickname, for it certainly looks more\\nlike the work of an artist who was fond of\\nhigh colors than the work of nature. For\\nits great beauty alone it should be kept by\\nall bird fanciers, and then its song is very\\nt;weet, and it becomes very tame. This\\nbird should be fed on canary, millet and\\nrape, and in addition given a few insects\\nsuch as meal worms, etc., also fruits and a\\nlittle green food. When so treated it will\\nlive for about eight years in confinement.\\nTHE INDIGO BIRD\\nThis is another handsome blue bird, very\\nhardy and a loud, good singer. No one ever\\nTegrets buying this bird. His food should\\nbe canary, rape and millet seed, and in addi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion a few insects, which they are very fond\\nof.\\nTHE LINNET.\\nThis is a very thrifty, hardy bird, a good\\nsongster, and readily mates with the canary,\\nproducing a very beautiful songster. The\\nseed given to it should be canary, millet and\\nrape. Gravel and water should be given to\\nall birds, including this one.\\nENGLISH TRUSH\\nis a very fine songster in its natural home,\\nbut in this country there is not one in four\\nthat make good singing birds. If you have\\none treat it the same as the mocking bird.\\nENGLISH BLACK BIRD.\\nNow you come to a European bird that is\\nhardy and handsome, as well as a splendid\\nsongster, his plumage being a beautiful\\nshining black, and his bill a bright orange\\nor gold color. Feed and treat him the same\\nas the mocking bird.\\nEUROPEAN STARLING.\\nThis is a very fine bird, and one of the\\nhandsomest of the European birds, being a\\nbeautiful black, speckled all over the body\\nfeathers with a yellowish white. See him in\\nthe sun and he will certainly attract anyone\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nattention. His song is very sweet, and he is\\na constant singer, summer and winter, and\\ncan be trained to sing and whistle tunes, and\\nperform other amusing tricks easier than most\\nof other birds. His treatment should be the\\nsame as other soft-feed birds, but he is a\\nhardy fellow and does well on bread and\\nmilk, varied alternately with mocking-bird\\nfood, sand and gravel to eat and roll in, and\\nplenty of water to bathe in, being essential\\nto health. When so treated he usually lives\\nten years in confinement\\nTHE NIGHTINGALE.\\nThis is considered by many Europeans to\\nexcel our mocking bird and Wilson, a\\nScotchman, in his ornithology of North\\nAmerican birds, concedes the superiority ot\\nour mocking bird, and even goes so far as to\\nbring into his work a quotation from Shake\u00c2\u00ac\\nspeare, \u00e2\u0080\u009cThat if th.e Nightingale sang by\\nday its song would not be considered superior\\nto the cackle of a goose.\u00e2\u0080\u009d But the Nightin\u00c2\u00ac\\ngale is a superb songster, and if he could be\\nwith any certainty kept in his cage in this\\ncountry for any length of time he would be\\na very valuable bird for us as an instructor\\nof the canary, as he does not get the discor\u00c2\u00ac\\ndant yells into his song as our Mocking\\nbird is apt to do; but not one in ten can be\\nkept for a year in a cage, but they usually do\\nwell in an aviary or large room, where there\\ncan be some small trees. They should be\\nfed and treated the same as the Mocking\\nbird.\\nTHE SISKIN,\\nor black-headed thistle finch of Europe, is\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2not a very handsome bird, but a good one.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0220.jp2"}, "221": {"fulltext": "203\\nMANUAL OF PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS.\\nThe prevailing color of its plumage is a\\nyellowish-green, very elegantly shaded with\\nblack; a neat little bird and usually very\\nhardy, and can be mated with the Canary\\nfemale. Rape, canary, hemp and maw\\nseeds, thistle seed, when it can be had, and\\na little cracker soaked in milk it generally\\nbecomes very fond of. Gravel and water\\nmust be given to keep health. He is fond\\nof bathing and should have plenty of water\\nfor that purpose, except when moulting.\\nTHE CHAFFINCH.\\nThis is a greatly admired songster, and it\\nwell deserves to be, for it is one of the most\\nelegantly formed and handsomest of birds;\\na very fair songster naturally and an apt\\nscholar, and sometimes can be induced to\\nmate with the female Canary, producing a\\nlovely-formed bird of good plumage and an\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0excellent songster. Canary, rape and millet\\nseeds are the proper food for these birds.\\nTHE BULLFINCH.\\nThis is a badly-formed bird, putting one\\nin mind of a thoroughbred alderman, with\\na big paunch, its body being too thick for its\\nlength, and to make it look still worse its\\ntail is. not long. It can be readily taught to\\nperform many tricks, which are very amus\u00c2\u00ac\\ning. Its natural song is not good, and when\\ntrained the price is so high that it puts them\\nalmost out of the market, when it is con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsidered that they are not hardy birds in this\\nclimate. Seeds should be rape, canary and\\nmillet, and a piece of dry cracker and hard-\\nboiled egg ground together they are very\\nfond of. They can be induced sometimes to\\nmate with a female Canary.\\nTHE GREEN LINNET.\\nThis beautiful little bird is a great favorite\\nwith those that desire to cross-breed birds,\\nand when this bird is mated with the Canary,\\nwhich can readily be done, they produce the\\nvery finest of singing birds, and are sold aa\\nGreen Canaries, their song being louder than\\nthe Canary of purer blood, and, in addition,\\nthey are hardier. They require the same\\nseed and treatment as the Canary.\\nTHE SKYLARK\\nis a great favorite amongst Europeans, as it\\ndeserves to be, but in this country, where\\nmany birds are kept, it is generally given\\nthe cold shoulder. It does well in the avi\u00c2\u00ac\\nary, and it will sing in a lark cage or special\\ncage made for it, but will not sing in an\\nordinary cage, and will not live long in any\\nkind of a cage. Crackers and milk, also maw\\nand rape seeds, meal worms and ant eggs, are\\nthe proper food. Gravel and water and a\\npiece of green sod they must have in their\\ncage all the time.\\nTHE JAVA SPARROW.\\nA most beautiful bird, comes to us from\\nthe Island of Java. It is almost impossible\\nto tell whether the coat of feathers, which\\nare heavy, are skin or feathers, by the naked\\neye, they are so smooth and close on the\\nbird\u00e2\u0080\u0099s body; a true object of beauty, but not\\ngenerally good songsters. There are two\\nvarieties of them brought to this country\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nthe gray and the white, the white being a\\nscarce bird and much higher-priced. These\\nbirds being quarrelsome it is difficult to get\\nthem mated with a Canary, but when ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncomplished it will pay you for the trouble,\\nthe young being hardy, easily raised, very\\nhandsome, and excellent songsters. Canary,\\nmillet and oats should be the general food.\\nGravel and water they must have, as they\\nare very quarrelsome little fellows. If two\\nmales are put into one cage they will fight\\nlike the Kilkenny cats, or until there is\\nnothing left but their tails. This shows that\\nmale creatures should L\\\\e ,iT be without re\u00c2\u00ac\\nfining female society.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0221.jp2"}, "222": {"fulltext": "204\\nCARE OF BIRDS AND OTHER PETS.\\nTHE JAPANESE ROBIN.\\nThis lovely bird is now coming into gen\u00c2\u00ac\\neral favor, as well lie should, for his elegant\\nform and beautiful plumage, which is of\\nmany distinct colors. As his name implies\\nhe comes to us from Japan. He is a very\\ngood songster, and might be called a mocker\\nof birds. Hearing another bird sing he will\\nlisten, and apparently record the tune and\\nnotes, and, to your suprise, in a day or two\\nhe will come out with his new song almost\\nas perfect as the bird he is imitating. He\\nshould be fed and treated the same as the\\nmocking bird, and when so treated he will\\nlive many years, and sing nine or ten\\nmonths in the year.\\nTHE TROOPIAL.\\nThis very beautiful bird comes to us from\\nSouth America, where it is tolerably plenti\u00c2\u00ac\\nful, but on account of its great beauty, hearty\\nconstitution, and excellence of song, he is\\nsuch a favorite where known that the market\\nis large for him, and the price, consequently,\\nhigh. A more lovely pet cannot be gotten\\nfrom a naturalist than this one. Food and\\ngeneral treatment the same as the mocking\\nbird.\\nTHE PARROTS.\\nNow we come to a family of birds which\\nis large and beautiful, with but very few\\nexceptions, and a number of them have the\\npower of learning to talk. As a general\\nthing, however, the most beautiful of them\\nare not what can be called talkers, and in a\\nwork of this kind it will be an impossibility\\nto give a description of many of them.\\nThe Gray Parrot.\\nThis kind comes to us from Africa, and\\nis an ashen-gray color, with the end of the\\ntail red and a black beak, and is one of the\\nbest talkers and will whistle like a good fel-\\n\\\\ow, and may be considered one of the best-\\nnatured of the Polly family, out in this\\ncountry he is usually not a hardy bird, espec\u00c2\u00ac\\nially for the first year or or two.\\nilie Double Yellow-Head.\\nThis is a South American bird ana an\\nequal in every respect to the gray parrot\\nabove described, and much hardier in this\\nclimate, and if one wing is clipped and the\\nbird allowed to run around the house, plac\u00c2\u00ac\\ning a perch on a stand, which the bird will\\nget onto whenever it is going to drop, keep\u00c2\u00ac\\ning it in a clean and healthy condition, and\\nnever soiling the carpet or anything else.\\nCuban Parrot.\\nThis is the general favorite on account of\\nits aptness in learning almost anything it\\nhears and the low price at which it sells. It\\nreadily learns to sing, whistle, and say a\\ngreat many words and sentences, and per\u00c2\u00ac\\nforms a great many amusing tricks, such as\\nhanging by one and then by two feet, and\\nthen by the bill alone to a perch, turning,\\nover and over on the perch, flapping his,\\nwings, at the same time yelling like a Com\u00c2\u00ac\\nanche Indian.\\nOne three years old owned by the writer\\nwill talk and act as follows: Keep your\\nweather-eye open, he, hi, ho your other eye\\nto the wind and Cuty will get hurt; up, up,\\noh, \u00e2\u0080\u0099tis so nice Nellie, oh, \u00e2\u0080\u0099tis so nice; hur\u00c2\u00ac\\nrah, oh hurrah, boys rats, rats, shut up,\\nwhat you doing kiss Nellie; stick a feather\\nin your nose; oh, it hurts which it learned\\nfrom having the caked food removed from\\nits nostrils by the use of the stem end of a\\nfeather; and to the dog: Oh, Prince, kiss\\nNellie, kiss Nellie for all that is good, kiss\\nNellie. He will run after a cat or bird, yel\u00c2\u00ac\\nling ketch the catee, or ketch the doggee, at\\nevery few steps will sing when told to do\\nso, and when done singing will say that is\\nthe way to do it, and laugh like a lady at", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0222.jp2"}, "223": {"fulltext": "MANUAL OF PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS.\\n205\\nthe very idea of singing and talking, and it\\nis as much opposed to profanity as a sincere\\nchurch deacon.\\nWhen it hears an oath or profane expres\u00c2\u00ac\\nsion it will say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cAh, ah,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and walk back\\nwards as quick as it can to get away. And\\nI am sorry to say that many of our profess\u00c2\u00ac\\ning Christian brethren would be put to\\nkhame by the true Christian spirit shown by\\nthe beautiful bird called a Parrot when pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nperly trained.\\nThe Blue Front Amazon.\\nThis is a very fine bird, and will make a\\ngood pet, but not much of a talker in the\\nEnglish or German language, but in Spanish\\nit will excel most other birds, both in sing\u00c2\u00ac\\ning and talking.\\nThe Red Front Parrot\\nis a South American bird, very hardy, and a\\nvery good cheap bud and amusing pet.\\nThe Shell Parakeet.\\nThis beautiful bird comes to us from\\nAustralia, and are often called love birds,\\ntheir habits resembling the true love bird so\\nmuch in the affection they show for each\\nother. That and their beautiful plumage and\\nform of the bird makes it a great favorite.\\nTheir food should be rape and canary, and\\nin addition some fruit, a little maw seed once\\na week gravel and water the same as all\\nother birds must be given to them. There\\nare a great variety of Parakeets, and all\\nshould be treated the same way. A few of\\nthem can be taught to say words, but none\\nof them make good talkers.\\nThe Loreys\\nare the handsomest of the Parrot family, but\\nfew of them talk, and none excel in talking.\\nTreat them the same as the Parakeets. They\\nwill whistle and sing and perform all kinds\\nof amusing tricks, and have often been\\ntaught to waltz to music of the violin and\\npiano. They are tolerably hardy, and if kept\\nin health will live long in confinement.\\nThe Cockatoos\\nare a very handsome branch of the Parrot\\nfamily, and all are very handsomely crested\\nbirds, but not good talkers, but very apt at\\nlearning other things, and become very tame\\nand playful, it being very amusing to watch\\nthem playing with a stick, taking it in their\\nbills and reaching with onefoot for it, then\\nrolling over on their back, and screaming,\\nwhile they toss the stick about, in their claws.\\nIf you have one of these beautiful birds feed\\nit on canary, hemp and sunflower, and wild\\nrice. The seed should be placed where the\\nbird can always get it, but crackers and\\ncoffee, or tea with sugar and milk in it ought\\nto be given; plenty of gravel and water and\\nsome fruit is about all that is required to\\nkeep your bird in health.\\nThe Macaws\\nare very long and beautiful birds, but should\\nnot be kept in a cage, as they are apt to get\\ntheir beautiful long tail soiled, which mars\\nthe splendid appearance of the bird. The\\naviary is the proper p^ce foi this bird, in\\nwhich his lovely plumage is shown to ad\u00c2\u00ac\\nvantage. When taken young they can be\\ntaught to speak well, but when old they\\nrarely accomplish much in talking.\\nTheir food should be wild rice, oats, corn,\\ncrackers, and plenty of fruit, such as mel\u00c2\u00ac\\nlow apples, bananas, pairs, etc., which they\\nare very fond of, and is necessary to keep\\nthe bird in health.\\nThe entire Parrot family is very long\\nlived, it being a recorded fact that they live\\nninety years in confinement, but the aver\u00c2\u00ac\\nage of a healthy, well-kept bird is twenty-\\nfive years.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0223.jp2"}, "224": {"fulltext": "206\\nCARE OF BIRDS AND OTHER PETS.\\nTeaching to Talk.\\nA parrot will pick up very readily from\\nany one it hears talking, but, like a child,\\nit is apt to learn what is not desirable, but\\nthis can be overcome by the owner of the\\npet taking it into a room that is quiet for\\nhalf an hour twice a day, and teaching by\\nrepeating to it in the same tone of voice\\nthree or four words day after day until\\nlearned, always using the same words. It\\nwill soon commence to answer, and make\\nuse of other words that it has heard cas\u00c2\u00ac\\nually spoken, and if such words are not de\u00c2\u00ac\\nsired, they should be frowned on at once,\\nand the bird scolded. If he is encouraged\\nor laughed at, and he repeats the objection-\\nabe words several times, it will be hard to\\nbreak him of saying them in future.\\nNever feed parrots meat. If lean it will\\nheat the blood, and cause the bird to pull\\nout its feathers; if fat meat is given it will\\ngive the bird the diarrhoea, as in their nat\u00c2\u00ac\\nural state they live altogether on fruit, seeds,\\nroots and nuts.\\nPIGEONS.\\nMost boys love to have pets outside the\\nhouse, and many prefer the Pigeon to any\\nother. The first thing to be done when you\\ndesire to have Pigeons is to prepare a roost\\nor cot, which may be made in any barn,\\nshed, or outhouse, or a large box may be put\\nup sufficiently high to prevent cats or other\\nanimals from getting to it. Pigeons must\\nbe fed and confined to their cots till they\\nhave young, or they will be apt to find other\\nquarters which they may prefer. Then\\nchoose your Pigeons, if common ones, which\\nare the best in cities, as they are less liable to\\nbe decoyed away, and as they can be had\\nfor from forty to fifty cents a pair. A pair\\nof fancy ones will cost you all the way from\\none t^ twenty dollars.\\nBeautiful Varieties.\\nThere are very many beautiful breeds of\\nPigeons. The Blue Rock Dove is a very\\nhandsome bird also the Pouter, which has\\nthe power of inflating its chest to such an\\nextent that they appear to be double the size\\nof the original bird, this quality being greatly-\\nadmired by boys; the Carrier, on account\\nof its homely head, but good birds to raise\\nyoung, and as they are used for carrying\\nmessages are very amusing but the Tumbler\\nis the boys\u00e2\u0080\u0099 delight as he usually flies high\\nand comes tumbling over and over in the air\\ndown to his cot. The Fantails are very beau\u00c2\u00ac\\ntiful, having many of the characteristics of\\nthe peacock. It is really the proudest and\\nprettiest of the Pigeon family. The Trumpeter\\nis an old and very nice bird, making a noise\\nlike a trumpet as he brings his wings to the\\nground, and should be kept by every one\\nlaying claim to keeping a collection.\\nPigeons very seldom lav more than two\\neggs, and the period of incubation is eigh\u00c2\u00ac\\nteen days. Both the male and female assist\\nin the hatching and feeding the young.\\nWhen first hatched the young feed for about\\nten days from a food disgorged from the crop\\nof its parents, and after with grain carried\\nin the crop of the old birds. Pigeons and\\nDoves differ from most birds in their mode\\nof feeding their young, and the observation\\nof this will be very interesting to boys, the\\nyoung thrusting their bill into the open bill\\nof the old Dove, and the food is actually\\npumped from the old bird\u00e2\u0080\u0099s crop into the\\nyoung bird\u00e2\u0080\u0099s.\\nCHICKENS.\\nThese are also the boys\u00e2\u0080\u0099 delight. Like\\nthe pigeon fowl have all descended from the\\none source or specimen, the wild Jungle Fowl\\nof India, a great number of varieties of them\\nexisting in the domesticated state, amongst", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0224.jp2"}, "225": {"fulltext": "MANUAL OF PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS.\\n207\\nwhich the best known are the Spanish, the\\nPolish, the Bramas, the Cochins, the Hou-\\ndans, the Game, the Bantams, the Malay, the\\nSikey, the Hamburgs, the Dorkins, and too\\nmany other kinds to mention. Chickens re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquire grain, vegetables, meat, water and\\ngravel, when in confinement, but when al\u00c2\u00ac\\nlowed to run at large they get along nicely\\nwhen given some grain alone, but in dry\\nweather they should have a good supply of\\nclean water at their roosting-place.\\nBoxes should be placed up from the floor\\nof the hen-house and straw placed in them\\nfor nests, and a decoy egg, which should be\\nmade of opal glass or china, put in each\\nnest, and the hens will be much more apt to\\nlay in them than elsewhere, and thereby save\\nyou the trouble of going under fihe house or\\nbarn to hunt for eggs.\\nBreeding-.\\nWhen a hen has laid from fifteen to twen\u00c2\u00ac\\nty eggs she will usually show a desire to set;\\nthen if from ten to fourteen eggs are placed\\nunder her, which should be from different\\nnens, especially if it is summer-time, so as\\nto make sure of their being fresh, a larger\\nnumber will hatch out, and in three weeks\\nfrom the time she commences to set the\\nyoung should be hatched out, and lovely\\nlittle balls of down they will be. Crumbled\\nbread soaked in milk and hard-boiled yolk\\nof egg must be in readiness for them to eat,\\nfor in a few hours after they are hatched\\nthey will begin to pick for themselves. They\\nare very little trouble to keep, and raise\\nthemselves if kept out of the way of rats\\nthe old hen will generally keep cats and\\ndogs from them.\\nBird Seed.\\nThere are but few persons who consider\\nhow much their birds\u00e2\u0080\u0099 health depends upon\\nthe quality of the seed given to the bird.\\nThey think because it is bird-seed it must be\\nall right. What would you think of a house\u00c2\u00ac\\nwife that would go and buy a barrel of poor,\\nmusty flour to make bread for her children,\\nbecause it was got nearer home, at the corner\\ngrocery, or it cost a few cents less? Tliis\\nholds good in bird-seed, only to a greater ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ntent, and there is even still more danger if\\nyou buy the seed done up in fancy packages,\\nwhich is generally the poorest that can be had\\nin the market. Go to any bird store with a\\nregular established trade, and you can rely\\nupon getting good seed.\\nGENERAL DISEASES OF BIRDS AND\\nTHE PROPER REMEDIES\\nTHEREFOR.\\nAsthma.\\nThis is a disease that all birds are liable to,\\nbut the German Canaries more so than any\\nother. It is generally caused from a cold\\nneglected, and sometimes from improper\\nfood. Hemp seed should not be given to\\nthe German Imported Canaries, except wheu\\nbreeding, and then fed plenty of hard-boiled\\negg with their other food, they will be better\\nwithout it. When the bird is attacked with\\nthis disease he must be kept on low diet,\\nsuch as cracker soaked in milk.\\nRape and maw seed, also a little lettuce,\\nwill be good for him; a little bird tonic in\\nhis drinking water, and hang a piece of fat\\npork well rubbed into pure red pepper in the.\\ncage for him to bite on when he desires.\\nWhen taken in time it can be cured, but\\nwhen once a bird has had it he will be very\\nliable to get it again.\\nWant of Appetite.\\nWhen this occurs give your bird a small\\npiece of garden sod, so that he can pick the\\nearth and grass both, and any other delicacy\\nthat can be thought of, even if it be a little\\nsweet cake.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0225.jp2"}, "226": {"fulltext": "208\\nitii iil", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0226.jp2"}, "227": {"fulltext": "CARE OF BIRDS AND OTHER PETS.\\n209\\nThe Oil Gland.\\nThis is a small round lump on the back\\nof the bird, and above the tail, and its use is\\nto supply the bird with the oil necessary to\\nplume its feathers. When this becomes ob\u00c2\u00ac\\nstructed, as it will sometimes, it gets gorged\\nwith oil, and causes the bird much suffering.\\nThe bird will appear to be puffed and un\u00c2\u00ac\\neasy, and every once in a while be seen pick\u00c2\u00ac\\ning at it. Take the bird gently but firmly\\nand pass the point of a fine needle into it in\\ntwo or three places, and annoint it with a\\nlittle butter to prevent the perforations from\\nscabbing over, and the bird will do the rest\\n-itself.\\nMoulting-.\\nThis is. an annual occurrence with birds,\\nand if the feathers come off freely all that is\\nrequired is to keep the bird warm and out of\\ndrafts, which may be easily done, as the usual\\ntime for birds to moult is August and Sep\u00c2\u00ac\\ntember. It is good to give your bird an ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ntra quantity of nourishing food at this period,\\nas the new feathers which take the place of\\nthe old ones cause a great strain on the sys\u00c2\u00ac\\ntem of the bird. When the bird does not\\ncast its feathers freely, a small quantity of\\nsaffron put into the drinking water, will\\ngenerally afford relief. Keep the bird warm,\\ncovering the cage at night, and hang it in\\nthe sun in day, watch for diarrhoea at this\\ntime as it is very liable to occur.\\nDysentery.\\nTliis is often a fatal disease with all birds.\\nThe bird affected with it voids a white milky\\nmatter, which causes a great deal of pain and\\ninflammation of the intestines, but is gener\u00c2\u00ac\\nally easily cured, if it is attended to in its\\nearly stages, but if allowed to run for twenty-\\nfour hours the case is generally hopeless. As\\nsoon as detected, which may easily be done,\\nfor the bird will generally show a disposition\\nto sit still with its head resting on its wing,\\n14\\nthis is a notification that your bird feels\\nbad. Rook in the bottom of the cage, if\\nthe droppings of the bird are white and\\nthin like chalk and water, he has the\\ndiarrhoea.\\nNow put some red pepper into his food, a\\npiece of very rusty iron into his water, and\\ncover the cage up. Set it in a warm place.\\nIf the droppings are not thicker in about\\nfour hours, add eight or ten drops of brandy,\\nwhich has laid on blackberries for some time\\nand do not remove the iron. Cover a rain\\nas before. If seed-eating birds, remove any\\nhemp-seed that may be in the cage and give\\na little maw-seed in its place with other seed.\\nIf soft-feed bird, give more pure mocking\u00c2\u00ac\\nbird food and less vegetable matter, and\\nduring the attack no vegetable or fruit\\nshould be given to any bird.\\nBroken Lambs.\\nWhen this misfortune is met with the\\nlimb must be put into the natural position\\nas nearly as possible, and then secured by\\nsplints, or otherwise placed in a low cage\\nwithout perches, with straw on the bottom,\\nto keep the plumage of the bird from getting\\nsoiled; food and water placed in convenient\\nreach of it, and the cage covered up and put\\nin a quiet place, it will usually be as well as\\never in a week or ten days.\\nConstipation.\\nThis is of common occurrence with seed\u00c2\u00ac\\neating birds. The remedies are vegetable\\nmatter, such as lettuce, grass, etc., and in\\nurgent cases a few drops of castor oil should\\nbe given, which may readily be done by\\nholding the bird in the left hand, and with\\na stick brought to a point the oil can be\\nrun down its throat. Be careful not to get\\nit on the bird\u00e2\u0080\u0099s plumage, and a dose is from\\nthree to eight drops, according to the size\\nof the bird.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0227.jp2"}, "228": {"fulltext": "210\\nMANUAL OF PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS.\\nEgg Bound\\nis a frequent occurrence with young birds,\\nand they will brood upon an empty nest.\\nThe remedy is to annoint the vent of the\\nbird with a little sweet oil, and to administer\\na dose of castor oil through the bill. Handle\\ngently, for if you break the egg it will likely\\nbe the end of all.\\nSneezing.\\naally caused by cold, and may be re\u00c2\u00ac\\nin\\nFISH GLOBES.\\nlieved by passing a small straw through the\\nnostrils of the bird. Keep the bird out of\\ndrafts and keep it warm.\\nHuskiness and Boss of Voice.\\nUsually caused from cold. Never purchase\\na husky bird, but when he gets so you will\\nhave to do the best you can for him, his voice\\nis often restored but if he lives long he is\\nalmost sure to lose it again. Keep the bird\\na warm place, give it, if a seed-eating bird*\\nflaxseed and ripe plantain, crackers and milk\\nwith a little red pepper on it, and sweet cake\\nwith a little sherry wine on it, and a piece of\\nfat pork smoked and rubbed well in red\\npepper, should be hung in the cage, and a\\nfew drops of good tonic should be put into\\nthe drinking water.\\nLong Claws and Beak.\\nThough not diseases, they will oring them\\non, when the beak is too long. It prevents\\nthe bird from getting its food. When the\\nclaws are too long it prevents the bird,\\nthrough fear of hanging, from getting on or\\noff its perches. This is easily remedied, all\\nthat is required is to hold the bird firmly and\\nplace its foot on a block with a sharp knife\\ncut off the surplus growth of the nail, being\\ncareful not to cut into the quick, which runs\\nabout one-fourth of an inch into the nail\\nfrom the toe. The surplus beak may bere-\\nmoved in the same way.\\nTlie Scab\\ncometimes makes its appearance about the\\nhead and eyes of a bird, and often there is a\\nsmall ulcer. When so, it should be removed\\nwith a sharp knife and the place anointed\\nwith fresh butter or sweet oil, and fresh\\nnourishing food, including fruit and veget\u00c2\u00ac\\nables should be given.\\nFits or Ejjilepsy\\nor fits ofdizziness. Birds attacked with this\\nfall from their perches and struggle. The\\nbest remedy is to souse them into a bucket\\nof cold water quickly and place the bird\\ngently down. He will most probably soon\\nrecover. When he does put him where he\\nwill get perfectly dry, and put a little sherry\\nwine and spirts of nitre in his drinking\\nwater to prevent its return, and, in addition,\\ngive it more nourishing food. Soon he will\\nappear like a new bird.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0228.jp2"}, "229": {"fulltext": "211\\nCARE OF BIRDS AND OTHER PETS.\\nCancer.\\nSometimes this makes itself felt to the\\ngrief of the canary breeder, as it is conta\u00c2\u00ac\\ngious, and before it is known what is the\\nmatter several birds are affected\\nwith it. It is best to destroy a\\nbird so affected. A cure is\\nsometimes effected by bathing\\nthe parts frequently with warm\\nwater and milk, and anointing\\nwith olive oil or butter.\\nVermin\\nsometimes come to birds, but\\nmay be easily destroyed, if of\\nthe body kind, by anointing the\\nbird under the wings with lard,\\nand placing a clean cloth over\\nthe cage at night for a week or\\nten days. But the red mites\\nare the plague of all bird-fan\u00c2\u00ac\\nciers, their habits being the\\nsame as the house or bedbug,\\nwhich trouble all dirty house\u00c2\u00ac\\nkeepers. They live in the crev\u00c2\u00ac\\nices of the cage, and come out\\nonly at night to feed and an\u00c2\u00ac\\nnoy the bird. They breed so\\nfast that the supply continually\\nincreases as long as their food\\nlasts, and their food is the blood\\nof the bird; the only true rem\u00c2\u00ac\\nedy is to detach the perch that\\nthe bird sleeps on from the rest\\nof the cage. As this cannot be\\ndone we have now to do the\\nnext best thing, and that is to\\nobstruct the passage from the\\ncage to the bird by the use of\\ninsecticide. This may easily be\\ndone by putting a piece of felt\\nor cloth secured to the ends of the perches\\nby wrapping with wire and saturating it with\\nlard and kerosene oil twice a week.\\nTHE PERCH.\\nThe suspended bird perch, which can be\\nbought at bird stores, is a great ornament to\\na cage; it is really a set of perches or eight\\nAQUARIUM.\\nsmall arms secured to a centre spindle, and\\nhung by a spring from the hook that the\\nswing is usually secured to. In the centre of", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0229.jp2"}, "230": {"fulltext": "2V1\\nMANUAL OF PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS.\\nthe coiled spring is a piece of felt which,\\nwhen saturated with kerosene oil, forms a\\nsure barrier against their getting to the bird,\\nso the bird getting rested at night is in better\\ncondition and spirits and more in the humor\\nfor singing next day.\\nGRAVEL\\nmust be given to all birds, and if it is spread\\nfreely upon the bottom of the cage so much\\nthe better.\\nWATER.\\nAbove everything do not give the bird\\nstale water to drink unless you desire it to\\ndie; and if that is your desire you had best\\nkill it, to save it the suffering it will have to\\nendure by being compelled to use impure or\\nrotten water.\\nAQUARIA.\\nGold and Silver fish have been known in\\nthis country since the days of Washington.\\nThey abound in the fresh, clear waters of\\nChina, and are now quite common in our\\nartificial ponds, lakes in parks, etc.; and who\\nhas not seen them in glass globes and tanks\\nin the dining-room and parlors of the most\\nrefined and better class of citizens, the man\u00c2\u00ac\\nagement and care being so little that it is a\\nsurprise that a fish globe is not to be found\\nin every house in the land. The most indo\u00c2\u00ac\\nlent lady can attend to a fish globe with\\npleasure.\\nGlobes for fish are best set on a stand, and\\ncan be placed on the table, mantel or bracket.\\nChains are very often used, but should not\\nbe. Fish should be kept in a cool place, and\\nthe sun never allowed to shine on a globe\\ncontaining fish or on a tank except in winter\u00c2\u00ac\\ntime, and then not on all the tank and only\\nfor a short time. Globes should not be more\\nthan three-fourths filled with water. The\\nwater should be partially changed twice a\\nweek, and before filling the globe cover the\\nbottom of it with clean gravel.\\nFOOD.\\nFish do not require much food, but food\\nthey must have. There is a prepared food\\nkept at all aquaria goods stores, which is gen\u00c2\u00ac\\nerally good, but fish will do well on a little\\nsweet cracker or bread crumbled into the\\nwater, but it must be given in small quanti\u00c2\u00ac\\nties, for if not eaten it sours in the water,\\nand is injurious to the fish. Barth worms\\nare the very best of food, and can be kept all\\nwinter if put into a box of moist earth,\\nwhich must be kept moist and out of the way\\nof frost. The worms should be cut into\\nsmall pieces before being given to the fish.\\nMore amusement can be had from the in\u00c2\u00ac\\nvestment of two or three dollars in a globe\\nand fish than in a hundred dollars in theatre\\ntickets, and it will be an interesting orna\u00c2\u00ac\\nment to any room, whether poorly or ele\u00c2\u00ac\\ngantly furnished. The gold, silver and pearl\\nfish are certainly gems, and there are hun\u00c2\u00ac\\ndreds of others that you can choose at any\\naquaria goods store, and if the reader be a man\\nor lad, there are many beautiful fish in our\\nown creeks that, with a small net, can be had\\nfor the catching of them. Diseases of fish\\nare not many, but if vou have manv fish in\\none tank, and you see one sick, which can\\nbe easily told by the dull appearance of the\\nfish and his coming to the top of the water\\nto get air, remove it from the tank and place\\nit in a large dish or small tank, and if it\\ndoes not get better in a day or two it is best\\nto destroy it, as it will not be worth the\\ntrouble of trying to cure.\\nRABBITS.\\nThis is another favorite with the boys, and\\nthe common Rabbit is the one most often met\\nwith, but the Rabbit is not by any means\\nneglected. There are many kinds of fancy\\nRabbits, viz.: The Perfect lop-eared, the Oar\\nlop-eared, the Horn Rabbit, the Angora", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0230.jp2"}, "231": {"fulltext": "CARE OF BIRDS AND OTHER PETS.\\n2i3\\nRabbit, and the Maltese Rabbit, all of which\\nare very odd-looking, but none as handsome\\nas the pure white with pink eyes. Rabbits\\nare very prolific, usually having eight or ten\\nyoung four times a year; they are amusing\\nand profitable pets, as the young may readily\\nbe sold, are easily kept, living upon grass,\\nhay, vegetables, fruit, such as apple parrings,\\nscraps of bread, or any vegetable matter that\\nis not decayed. The young should not be\\ntaken from their parents until they are six\\nweeks old.\\nDOGS.\\nThere being so many different kinds of\\nthese kind, affectionate and serviceable ani\u00c2\u00ac\\nmals, a general description of them cannot\\nbe given. A puppy under six months old\\nshould never have meat given to it, and\\nuntil a year old no raw meat should be given.\\nYoung puppies, bread and milk alone, (which\\nwould be good food for some puppies in hu\u00c2\u00ac\\nman form), when older, bread and milk varied\\nwith soup and bread, and then some cooked\\nmeat, and they must have a good warm bed\\nin a dry place. When so fed and kept they\\ncan be generally raised without having the\\ndistemper or other sickness.\\nWHITE MICE.\\nAnother children\u00e2\u0080\u0099s pet, which are very\\npretty, with their lovely pink eyes. They\\ncan be trained to do many amusing tricks,\\nand are very tame and hardy; will live upon\\nanything a person can, but corn-meal is their\\nfavorite. They are very prolific, having\\nyoung from four to six times a year, and\\nfrom five to twelve each time.\\nWHITE RATS\\ncome to us from China, and are very similar\\nto white mice. When kept clean they make\\nvery nice pets. Can be fed on most any\\nrefuse from the table, but in addition must\\nhave fresh meat twice a week. They are\\neven more prolific than the mice, having\\nusually from eight to fourteen at a litter^\\nThe young are very pretty after they are two-\\nweeks old; before that time they have no\u00c2\u00ac\\nhair on their bodies, the head being as large\\nas the rest of the body, eyes not open.\\nCATS AND MONKEYS\\nare pecs for the ladies, and as there is such a\\nvariety of them, and so few of the latter\\nkept, a description in a work of this kind\\nwould be superfluous. If you want a Monkey-\\ngo to a store of a naturalist and make your\\nselection. If he has not got the kind you\\nwant he can show you the pictures and de\u00c2\u00ac\\nscription of so many that it will not be any\\neasier for you to make your selection than\\nthan to buy a calico dress when the obliging\\ndry-goods clerk has shown you over one\\nhundred pieces, but after you have made up\\nyour mind and give the order for him to get\\nyou one, do not go back the next day to try\\nto obtain another kind that you think you\\nmight like better, for if he is a prompt and\\nreliable man he will have already sent his\\norder off, and even if you do not hear him,\\nhe is very apt to swear at the fickle-minded-\\nness of some people.\\nMost ladies would call them ugly, but\\nmice and rabbits are born without hair on\\ntheir skin, so why make all this fuss about\\nRats?", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0231.jp2"}, "232": {"fulltext": "FOR THE\\nh I FOR THE\\nOUSEKEEPER.\\nRECEIPTS FOR EVERYDAY USE.\\nH ETHER, as some\\npersons claim, half\\nthe ills of life are\\ndue to bad cooking,\\nit is certain a large\\nproportion of them\\ncan be traced to in\u00c2\u00ac\\njudicious diet and\\nfood not properly\\nprepared, It is one\\nof the happy evidences of\\nadvancing civilization that\\ncooking has come to be\\nrecognized as a science, and\\nschools for teaching the\\nmost approved methods have been estab\u00c2\u00ac\\nlished in many of our large towns.\\nTo cook well is immensely more important\\nto the middle and working classes than to\\nthe rich, for they who live by the sweat of\\ntheir brow,\u00e2\u0080\u009d whether mentally or physically,\\nmust have the requisite strength to support\\ntheir labor. Every wife, mother or sister\\nshould be a good plain cook. If she has\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2servants she can direct them, and if not, so\\nmuch the more must depend upon herself.\\nIn the selection of provisions the best is\\ngenerally the cheapest. Half a pound of\\ngood meat is more nutritious than three times\\nthe amount of inferior. As to vegetables,\\nget them fresh. Above all, where an income\\n214\\nis small and there are many to feed, be care\u00c2\u00ac\\nful that all the nourishment is retained in the\\nfood that is purchased. This is to be effected\\nby careful cooking. Cleanliness is an imper\u00c2\u00ac\\native condition. Let all cooking utensils be\\nclean and in order. Uncleanliness produces\\ndisorder, and disorder confusion. In the\\ncooking of meat by any process whatever,\\nremember, above all, to cook the juices in it,\\nnot out of it.\\nA Means to Good Health.\\nLet there be some body to your soup.\\nVegetable soup is generally the next ching\\nto water, and sometimes so uncomfortably\\nnear that it is hard to distinguish them apart.\\nOn the other hand, meat soups are often too\\nthick, and, strictly speaking, should be called\\npuddings. Here, as elsewhere, the golden\\nmean is entitled to its name. As much skill\\ncan be shown in this part of the culinary art\\nas in preparing a turkey for Thanksgiving.\\nThe strong point in favor of good cooking\\nis not so much to gratify the palate as to\\nperfect the health. The explanation of many\\nfatal disorders is to be found in nothing but\\nbadly-cooked and ill-assorted viands. Our\\nhouseholds would enjoy better health, and\\nbe better able to withstand sickness when\\nit comes, if pains were only taken to have\\nfood well chosen and properly cooked.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0232.jp2"}, "233": {"fulltext": "HELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\n215\\nLife is made all the brighter by satisfactory\\nfeeding, and he is a dull philosopher who\\ndespises a good dinner. We sit down to the\\nenjoyment of the table more than a thousand\\ntimes every year, and whoever thoroughly\\nrealizes this fact cannot fail to see the neces\u00c2\u00ac\\nsity of becoming acquainted with the various\\ncooking processes.\\nERY housekeeper needs a list\\nof well-tried receipts for ready\\nreference. It is impossible to\\ncarry in your memory a great\\nnumber of receipts, with the\\nvarious articles of which they\\nare compounded. Even if these\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0could be remembered, the proportions might\\nbe forgotten; it is therefore necessary to have\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2exact copies of the great variety of receipts\\nwhich are now recommended by teachers\\nand experts.\\nThose that are here furnished are the very\\nbest, having been thoroughly tested and ap\u00c2\u00ac\\nproved by persons who know what good\\ncooking is. They are of invaluable service\\nin the kitchen.\\nBut we should not only know how to\\ncook, we should also know how to eat. The\\ngrand rule in fixing the number and periods\\n-of our meals is to proportion them to the real\\nwants of the system as modified by age, sex,\\nhealth and manner of life, as indicated by the\\ntrue returns of appetite. As the blood is\\nusually most impoverished after the eight or\\nten hours\u00e2\u0080\u0099 fast of the night, breakfast should\\nbe early. The stomach is usually vacated\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0of its contents in about four hours after eat\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, but it may be an hour or two later before\\nthe blood calls for a renewed supply.\\nPersons engaged in active labor, in which\\nbodily expenditure is rapid, of course require\\nto eat more often than the indolent and\\nsedentary, and children need nourishment\\noftenerthan adults. But too long abstinence,\\nespecially if the digestive power be not\\nstrong, sharpens the appetite, so that there\\narises danger of excessive eating. Some\\navoid luncheon, for fear of spoiling the din\u00c2\u00ac\\nner, whereas the thing they most need is to\\nhave it spoiled.\\nNightmares and Headaches.\\nWhen the intervals between the meals are\\nso long as to produce pressing hunger, some\u00c2\u00ac\\nthing should be taken between them to stay\\nthe appetite and prevent over-eating. Late\\nand hearty suppers are to be reprobated;\\nactive digestion and sleep mutually disturb\\neach other, as at night the exhalation of car\u00c2\u00ac\\nbonic gas is lowest, and tissue changes most\\nretarded. The overloaded blood is not\\nrelieved, and invades the repose of the brain,\\nproducing heavy, disordered dreams and\\nnightmare, followed by headache and ill-\\nhumor in the morning.\\nStill, there is the opposite extreme of sit\u00c2\u00ac\\nting up late, and going to bed wearied,\\nhungry, and with an indefinable sense of\\nsinking, followed by restless, unrefreshing", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0233.jp2"}, "234": {"fulltext": "216\\nHELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\nsleep. A little light nourishment in such\\ncases, a couple of hours before retiring, may\\nprevent these unpleasant effects.\\nSome one has remarked that \u00e2\u0080\u009cthe idle\\nman is the devil\u00e2\u0080\u0099s man, and it may also be\\nsaid of the stomach, that if it has nothing to\\ndo it will be doing mischief.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Food should\\nnot be taken after severe exercise, nor should\\nexercise of veiy active character be taken\\nimmediately after eating. Too much food\\noverpowers the nervous system as much as\\nexcessive muscular exercise. To sum up all\\nunder this head, people must be more care\u00c2\u00ac\\nful what they eat, at what times they eat,\\nhow much they eat, if they would preserve\\nthe healthy condition of the vascular and.\\nnervous systems.\\nThere can be no precise rule laid down for\\nthe governance of all. A little careful ob-\\nservation, however, would teach every one\\nof mature age what is best adapted to his\\nparticular organization. If men would watch\\nwith half as much anxiety the influence of\\ndifferent articles of food on their systems as.\\nthey do the effects of growing crops and\\nfinancial failures on the money market,\\nlongevity would oftener be obtained than\\nlarge fortunes.\\n0\\nSOUPS\\nYSTER SOUP. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Two quarts\\nstrained oyster liquor, season\\nwith pepper and salt to taste\\nand boil. Then add ioo\\noysters; let all boil together\\ntill oysters curl, skimming\\nconstantly; remove oysters\\nto tureen and thicken the soup with 3 table\u00c2\u00ac\\nspoons butter rubbed smoothly into the yolks\\nof 2 hard-boiled eggs, boil in a separate\\nvessel (to prevent curdling), 1 qt. milk; pour\\non oysters in tureen and add soup last.\\nTomato Soup.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Take 1 qt. cooked to\u00c2\u00ac\\nmatoes, I qt. hot water bring to a boiling\\npoint, then add 1 teaspoon soda, after which\\nadd 1 pt. hot milk and season with pepper\\nand salt. Just before serving add y 2 cup\\ncracker crumbs.\\nBouillon. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Take 4 lbs. from the middle\\nof the round, 2 lbs. bone, 2 qts. cold water,\\n1 tablespoon salt, 4 pepper corns, 1 table\u00c2\u00ac\\nspoon mixed herbs; cut meat and bones in\\nsmall pieces, simmer 5 hours, boil down to\\n3 pts., strain, remove the fat and season with\\nsalt and pepper; serve. Boil in 1 onion, y 2\\ncarrot and turnip if liked.\\nWhite Stock Soup. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Six lbs. knuckle of\\nveal, y 2 lb. lean bacon, 2 tablespoons butter\\nrubbed in 1 of flour, 2 onions, 2 carrots, 2\\nturnips, 3 cloves stuck in an onion, 1 blade\\nmace, bunch of herbs, 6 qts. water, pepper\\nand salt, 1 cup boiling milk.\\nCut up the meat and crack the bones.,.\\nSlice carrots, turnips, and 1 onion, leaving*\\nthat with the cloves whole. Put on with\\nmace, and all the herbs except the parsley,\\nin 2 qts. cold water. Bring to a slow boil\\ntake off the scum as it rises, and at the end\\nof an hour\u00e2\u0080\u0099s stewing add the rest of the cold\\nwater\u00e2\u0080\u00941 gal. Cover and cook steadily,\\nalways gently, 4 hours.\\nStrain off the liquor, of which there should\\nbe about 5 qts.; rub the vegetables through\\nthe colander and pick out bones and meat.\\nSeason these highly and put, as is your\\nSaturday custom, into a wide-mouthed jar or\\na large bowl. Add to them 3 qts. stock,,\\nwell salted, and when cold keep on ice. Cook", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0234.jp2"}, "235": {"fulltext": "HELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\n21V\\nto-day\u00e2\u0080\u0099s stock; remove the fat, season, put\\nin chopped parsley and put over the fire.\\nHeat in a saucepan a cup of milk, stir in the\\nfloured butter cook 3 minutes. When the\\nsoup has simmered 10 minutes after the last\\nboil, and been carefully skimmed, pour into\\nthe tureen and stir in the hot, thickened milk.\\nBeef Soup.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Have a beef\u00e2\u0080\u0099s shank chopped\\ninto convenient pieces at the butcher\u00e2\u0080\u0099s. Put\\nin a kettle and cover with water. Put a close\\ncover on and boil till the meat drops from\\nthe bones. Strain through a colander and\\nlet it set in a cool place over night. In the\\nmorning the fat will be hard on the top. Skim\\ncarefully and put over the fire. Slice carrot,\\nonion and turnip and fry them brown and\\nuse for seasoning. Boil slowly for an hour.\\nJust before dishing add a very little sugar,\\n5 cloves, 10 kernels allspice and a teaspoon\\nof celery salt. Strain again and serve.\\nBeef Heart Soup.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Take 1 beef heart, cut\\noff most of the fat and wash it thoroughly.\\nThen put the heart into a kettle with 1 y 2\\ngal. cold water and boil until tender. Just\\nbefore it is quite done add salt to the taste.\\nHave ready a variety of finely chopped vege\u00c2\u00ac\\ntables\u00e2\u0080\u0094about 1 qt.\u00e2\u0080\u0094to which may be added\\na small quantity of either macaroni, rice or\\nvermicelli. Boil all together for 1 hour.\\nServe hot with cubes of golden brown toast,\\nand you will enjoy a delicious soup. Better\\nsatisfaction will be given if the heart is re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmoved from the broth before adding the\\nvegetables. It may then be stuffed and\\nbaked, sliced for sandwiches or made into a\\nfine hash.\\nTurtle Soup. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A turtle weighing 8 or 10\\nlbs.; cut off its head and let drain. Remove\\nfrom the shell, selecting the liver and eggs\\nand carefully discarding the gall. Quarter\\nthe turtle, lay in a pan and pour over it boil\u00c2\u00ac\\ning water scrape it clean and cut off claws,\\nthen place it in cold water, wash thoroughly\\nand wipe dry. In a soup kettle brown 3,\\ntablespoons flour with a large tablespoon\\nlard, then add one medium sized onion\\nchopped fine.\\nCut the meat cf turtle in small pieces and\\nfry in the lard and flour till partially cooked,\\nthen add 1 gal. water and boil slowly until\\nreduced one-half. When meat is tender add\\nfollowing spices small tablespoon cinnamon,\\n1 teaspoon mace and 12 or 15 cloves, all\\nbeaten fine also add thyme, parsley, salt\\nand pepper, both cayenne and black. Before\\nserving add 1 tumbler Madeira and one-half\\ntumbler claret, also the juice and rind of 1\\nlemon. If the turtle has eggs, add them to^\\nthe soup about 1 5 minutes before serving.\\nSoup for an Invalid.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cut in small pieces\\n1 lb. beef or mutton, or a part of both boil\\ngently in 2 qts. water, take off the scum, and\\nwhen reduced to a pint strain it, season with,\\na little salt, and take a teacup at a time.\\nOx-Tail Soup.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Take 2 ox-tails and 2\\nwhole onions, 2 carrots, a small turnip, 2\\ntablespoons flour and a little white pepper,\\nadd a gallon of water, let all boil for 2 hours;\\nthen take out the tails and cut the meat into\\nsmall pieces, return the bones to the pot for\\na short time, boil for another hour, then\\nstrain the soup, and rinse 2 spoons arrowroot\\nto add to it with the meat cut from the bones,\\nand let all boil for y of an hour.\\nVeal Broth. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Put a knuckle of veal in 4\\nqts. water, with 1 onion and 2 or 3 stalks of\\ncelery. Boil slowly, and when the meat is\\ndone, strain. Add 2 oz. rice or vermicelli\\nand season to taste. Be careful not to let\\nthe rice cook too much.\\nMutton Broth.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Put 3 lbs. neck of mutton\\ninto 2 qts. water, with 2 onions and 2 small\\nturnips sliced. Boil slowly 2 hours, strain,\\nseason to taste and add a little rice.\\nMutton Broth.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Put a few pounds of\\nmutton into cold water and boil till tender.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0235.jp2"}, "236": {"fulltext": "218\\nHELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\nskim off the grease and season to taste. This\\nis excellent for invalids.\\nChicken Broth. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Boil a young chicken in\\n2 or 3 qts. water till tender. Skim off the\\noil and season to taste. Some prefer a little\\nthickening; if so, add a little flour mixed\\nsmooth with water.\\nFrench Tomato Soup. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One qt. tomatoes,\\n3 pts. boiling water, i even teaspoon each of\\nsoda, pepper and salt, butter size of egg, I\\nsmall minced onion, I qt. milk. Put onions\\nand tomatoes over the fire with the hot water,\\nstrain and rub through a colander. Boil the\\nmilk, stir in the butter and soda, and after\\none boil keep hot. Put pepper and salt with\\ntomatoes, simmer 5 minutes, then stir in the\\nmilk; serve at once. Omit onions for mock\\nturtle soup.\\nVegetable Soup. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One cup rice to 1 qt.\\ncold water; let it come to a boil, then chop\\nfine a small cabbage and 6 onions together,\\ncook slowly till most done, then take 4 large\\npotatoes, slice them round, put in to cook till\\nsoft enough to put a fork through them\\nnow add salt to taste, then milk to thin it\\ndown, a little butter if you wish it. Be sure\\nnot let it burn, add more water if it thickens\\ntoo much.\\nDelicious Vegetable Soup. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One teacup\\nonions, I teacup carrots, 1 teacup turnips, 1\\nteacup celery, 1 teacup parsnips, all cut fine.\\nCover with water and simmer for 2 hours or\\nmore until perfectly done. Boil later 1 to 5\\npotatoes very thoroughly and when done\\nskim from the water; strain through colander.\\nStrain also vegetables when thoroughly\\ndone. Put vegetables and potatoes into soup\\nkettle and add 1 tablespoon chopped parsley.\\nMelt 1 tablespoon butter with equal part\\nflour, rub smooth, add pepper and salt and\\nstir into the boiling compound. Serve with\\ntoasted bread in form of dice.\\nPotato Soup \u00e2\u0080\u0094No. 1.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Boil y doz. good\\nsized potatoes with a little celery, parsley and\\nonions chopped fine. Brown a few slices of\\ndry bread, butter and cut fine. Pour the\\nsoup over this and serve at once.\\nPotato Soup \u00e2\u0080\u0094No. 2.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Pare 1 doz. good-\\nsized potatoes and slice them y 2 inch thick,\\nthen cut into squares or diamonds and boil\\nvery carefully till tender to the fork. Add 2\\nqts. sweet milk, bring to a boil and thicken\\na little. Add 3 or 4 hard boiled eggs,sliced\\nfine or chopped, and seasoning to taste.\\nPotato and Celery Soup. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Five good-\\nsized potatoes, as much celery as you like, 3\\npts. water. Boil until tender, then put\\nthrough strainer, add I pt. sweet cream, salt,\\nbutter and pepper to taste.\\nCelery Soup. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One qt. soup stock, 3\\nbunches celery chopped fine, cooked y\\nhour, 1 qt. milk put in just long enough\\nbefore using to boil up, add enough flour to\\nthicken the least bit, also pepper and salt.\\nServe hot.\\nCream Celery Soup. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Take 2 qts. veal\\nstock, 2 bunches celery, 2 cloves, 2 onions,\\n3 peppercorns, 1 string parsley boil 1 hour\\nand strain, then add 1 pt. whipped cream.\\nAfter dished season with salt to taste.\\nTapioca or asparagus may be substituted for\\ncelery.\\nMacaroni Soup. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Boil y 2 lb. macaroni\\nuntil tender in as little water as will cook it\\nwell. Put a knuckle of veal into cold water\\nand boil about 2 hours, add a stalk or two\\nof celery and boil y 2 hour longer; then strain\\nthrough a colander, add the macaroni, boil\\ntogether a few minutes, add a little cream or\\nmilk and season to suit the taste.\\nNoodle Soup.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Boil a shin of beef till\\ntender, take out the bone and strain the\\nliquor through a colander, then season to\\ntaste and add the noodles, which are made\\nas follows: Break 1 egg into a basin, add\\nflour enough to make a stiff dough, roll out", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0236.jp2"}, "237": {"fulltext": "HELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\n219\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0very thin and sprinkle lightly with flour, then\\nroll up as you would a roll of jelly cake\\nand slice up into thin slips, shake out and\\nput into the soup. Boil about io minutes,\\nand it is ready to serve.\\nFriar\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Duck Soup.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Have some good\\nclear consomme well seasoned and boiling,\\nbeat 4 yolks of eggs with i pt. cream, pass\\nthe custard through a muslin strainer. Five\\nminutes before serving add the custard to the\\nconsomme. Do not let it boil. Cut the\\nbreast of chicken into tiny strips (as the\\nvegetables are for a julienne soup), and add\\nthem to the soup and serve.\\nEgg Dumplings for Soup. \u00e2\u0080\u0094To 2 pt.\\nsweet milk add 2 well-beaten eggs and as\\nmuch sifted flour as will make a thick smooth\\nbatter. Drop a spoonful at a time into the\\nboiling soup, cover closely and boil 6\\nminutes.\\nRice Soup. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Stew 3 lbs. beef in 2 or 3\\nqts. water. When partly done add I onion\\nand a small bunch of sweet herbs, and boil\\nslowly till the meat is very thoroughly\\ncooked, then strain and add a handful of\\nrice and cook till it is soft, then add season\u00c2\u00ac\\ning to taste.\\nGumbo Soup. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Stew 2 qts. tomatoes y 2\\nhour, add 2 qts. okra, shredded, flavor with\\nthyme, onion and parsley. Boil slowly to\u00c2\u00ac\\ngether till tender. Stew a chicken and season\\nwith butter. Beat the yolks of two eggs\\nwith 1 tablespoon vinegar. Put this mixture,\\nwith the chicken, into the kettle of tomatoes.\\nCover all with water and boil 4 hours. Take\\nout the bones and season soup to taste.\\nThis is very nice.\\nBean Soup. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Put I pt. beans into 2 qts.\\nwater, with a small soup bone and boil 2 y 2\\nhours. Take out the bone, season the soup\\nto taste and thicken with y 2 tablespoon\\nflour, beaten smooth in a little milk. Pea\\nsoup may be made in the same way.\\nWhite Soup. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Cut up 1 large chicken, put\\ninto a soup pot with y 2 gal. cold water and\\n1 lb. veal, off the leg, cut into squares.\\nWhen the white meat is quite done and ten\u00c2\u00ac\\nder, take it out of the soup and separate from\\nbone. Chop this very fine, or grind it in a\\nmeat cutter; with this mix I pt. bread\\ncrumbs that have been soaked in a pint of\\nboiling milk, the yolks of six hard boiled\\neggs made into a smooth paste with a little\\ncold water and y 2 teaspoon of the extract of\\nalmond. Strain the soup from the rest of\\nthe chicken and veal and mix very gradually\\nwith the paste, putting only a little of the hot\\nliquid on at a time. When this is done put\\nsoup back on the fire till it comes to a boil\\nfor a few moments, and just before serving\\npour into the soup a heated pint of rich\\ncream.\\nWine Soup. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Take any large, fat fowl,\\neither chicken, duck or goose, if it is old so\\nmuch the better, provided it is fat. Cut it\\nup and break the bones and boil 3 y 2 hours\\nin a gallon of water, or until the fowl is\\nthoroughly done. Have ready a teacup of\\nwell-browned flour, which mix into a smooth\\npaste with a little of the soup before adding\\nit to the kettle, having first taken out the\\nparticles of the fowl; y hour before it is\\ndone add a handful of allspice and 3 blades\\nmace. Crumble the yolks of 6 hard-boiled\\neggs and add them 15 minutes before the\\nsoup is taken off. Just as it is served pour\\nin a large wine glass of sherry or Madeira\\nwine.\\nClam Soup.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Bring to a boil 2 qts. water,\\nseasoning to taste, and a few rolled crackers.\\nThen add 1 can clams, with the liquor that\\nis on them, and boil about 5 minutes.\\nMock-Turtle Soup. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Soak 1 pt. black\\nbeans for 12 hours. Chop up the meat from\\na beef shank and put on to boil with the\\nbeans. Season to taste. Cover the bones", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0237.jp2"}, "238": {"fulltext": "220\\nHELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\nwith water and boil for 6 hours, then put the\\nliquor into the beans. Add 2 eggs well\\nbeaten, then press the soup through a\\ncolander and serve with slices of lemon.\\nJulienne Soup. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Cut up 3 onions and fry\\nthem brown in a little butter. Add season\u00c2\u00ac\\ning to taste, a little mace and 3 tablespoons\\nstrong stock. Add turnip, celery and carrot\\ncut fine. Throw in a few green peas. Boil\\nuntil the vegetables are tender. Strain for\\nthe table.\\nVermicelli Soup. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Boil y 2 lb. vermicelli\\ntill tender, then add to it some meat liquor,\\nboil together a few minutes and season to taste.\\nBisque Soup. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Equal parts milk and\\nstrained tomato (1 pt. each), heat in separate\\ndishes; to the tomato add a piece of butter\\nthe size of a walnut, salt and a little nutmeg.\\nLet the milk boil and thicken slightly with\\nflour. When ready to serve put a piece of\\nsoda the size of a pea into the tomato, and\\npour into the milk.\\nGreen Pea Soup. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Wash a small quarter\\nof lamb in cold water, and put it into a soup-\\npot with six quarts of cold water add to it\\ntwo tablespoonfuls of salt, and set it over a\\nmoderate fire; let it boil gently for 2 hours,\\nthen skim it clear; add a quart of shelled\\npeas and a teaspoonful of pepper; cover it,\\nand let it boil for half an hour then having\\nscraped the skins from a quart of small young\\npotatoes, add them to the soup cover the\\npot and let it boil for half an hour longer\\nwork quarter of a pound of butter and a\\ndessert spoonful of flour together, and add\\nadd them to the soup 10 or 12 minutes be\u00c2\u00ac\\nfore taking it off the fire. Serve the meat on\\na dish with parsley sauce over and the soup\\nin a tureen.\\nCorn Soup. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Cut the corn from the cob,\\nand boil the cobs in water for at least an hour,\\nthen add the grains and boil until they are\\nthoroughly done; put 1 doz. ears of corn to\\na gallon of water, which will be reduced to 3\\nqts. by the time the soup is done then pour\\non a pint of new milk, 2 well-beaten eggs,\\nsalt and pepper to your taste continue the\\nboiling a while longer, and stir in, to season\\nand thicken it a little, a tablespoon ful of good\\nbutter rubbed up with 2 tablespoonfuls of\\nflour. Corn soup may also be made nicely\\nwith water in which a pair of grown fowls\\nhave been boiled or parboiled, instead of\\nhaving plain water for the foundation.\\nPhiladelphia Pepper Pot. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Put 2 pounds\\nof tripe and 4 calves\u00e2\u0080\u0099 feet into the soup-pot\\nand cover them with cold water; add a red\\npepper and boil closely until the calves\u00e2\u0080\u0099 feet\\nare boiled very tender take out the meat,\\nskim the liquid, stir it, cut the tripe into small\\npieces, and put it back into the liquid if\\nthere is not enough liquid, add boiling water;\\nadd half a teaspoonful of sweet marjoram,\\nsweet basil and thyme, 2 sliced onions, sliced\\npotatoes, salt. When the vegetables have\\nboiled until almost tender, add a piece of\\nbutter rolled in flour, drop in some egg balls\\nand boil fifteen minutes more. Take up and\\nserve hot.\\nDried Bean Soup. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One pint dried beans,\\nhalf pound ham, 1 quart of stock, 1 y 2\\nquarts of boiling water, salt and pepper to\\ntaste. Wash the beans and soak them over\\nnight. In the morning drain the water off,\\nand cover them again with the boiling water;\\nadd the ham and boil gently two hours.\\nNow, add the stock. Press the beans\\nthrough a sieve, return them to the soup\\nkettle, and bring to a boil. Add salt and\\npepper, and serve with toasted bread.\\nTo Get Up a Soup in Haste. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Chop\\nsome cold cooked meat fine, and put a pint\\ninto a stew-pan with some gravy, season with\\npepper and salt and a little butter if the\\ngravy is not rich add a little flour mois\u00c2\u00ac\\ntened with cold water, and 3 pints boiling", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0238.jp2"}, "239": {"fulltext": "HELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\n221\\nwater, boil moderately half an hour. Strain\\nover some rice or nicely toasted bread and\\nserve. Uncooked meat may be used by us\u00c2\u00ac\\ning i quart of cold water to a pound of\\nchopped meat, and letting it stand half an\\nhour before boiling. Celery root may be\\ngrated in as seasoning, or a bunch of parsley\\nthrown in.\\nFISH\\nO BOIL FISH.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Boil the fish\\nin half water and half vine\u00c2\u00ac\\ngar, with salt, 3 small onions,\\ny 2 lemon cut up, pepper, all\u00c2\u00ac\\nspice and cloves. When done\\ndraw aside to keep warm\\nwhile you prepare the sauce.\\nRub together y pound butter, the yolks of\\n4 eggs and a tablespoon flour when well\\nmixed add of the liquor in which the fish was\\nboiled as much as you need for the sauce.\\nCook the same 4 minutes, drain the fish\\nwell, lay on the dish and pour sauce over it.\\nFish Chowder. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Half lb. salt pork cut in\\nsmall pieces, 2 large onions sliced, 3 large\\npotatoes sliced, 6 crackers soaked in milk,\\nsalt, pepper and parsley to taste. Put in the\\nkettle a layer of pork, then cod, onions,\\nseasoning, potatoes and crackers, then again\\nthe same, cover with cold water and stew\\ngently an hour and a half.\\nThick Cream Sauce for Salmon. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Melt\\n2 even tablespoons butter in saucepan, add\\n4 heaping tablespoons flour, x 2 teaspoon\\nsalt, y 2 saltspoon white pepper, y 2 teaspoon\\ncelery salt, a little cayenne pepper. When\\nthoroughly cooked in butter, add I pt. hot\\ncream or rich milk; add very gradually,\\nstirring all the time. Put in shredded\\nsalmon.\\nPuree of Salmon. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Remove the oil,\\nbones and skin from y 2 can of salmon, chop\\nsalmon very fine, heat together for 10 min\u00c2\u00ac\\nutes 1 slice of onion, 1 quart of milk, and\\nthen remove die onion, melt I tablespoon\\nbutter, add 2 tablespoons flour, 1 teaspoon\\nsalt and 1 saltspoon pepper mix well and\\nadd to the hot milk add the salmon and\\nwhen heated strain and serve.\\nMIDDLE CUT OF SALMON.\\nSalmon is cut in slices down the middle\\nof the upper side, as from A to B, and then\\nin slices across, D to C, on the under side\\na little of the \u00e2\u0080\u009cthick\u00e2\u0080\u009d or upper side, and\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cthin\u00e2\u0080\u009d or under side, are put on each plate.\\nTo Fry or Broil Fish Properly. \u00e2\u0080\u0094After\\nthe fish is well cleansed, lay it on a folded\\ntowel and dry out all the water. When well\\nwiped and dry, roll it in wheat flour, rolled\\ncrackers, grated stale bread or Indian meal,\\nwhichever may be preferred; wheat flour\\nwill generally be liked.\\nHave a thick-bottomed frying-pan or\\nspider, with plenty of sweet lard salted; (a\\ntablespoonful of salt to each pound of lard),\\nfor fresh fish which have not been previously\\nsalted let it become boiling hot, then lay\\nthe fish in and let it fry gently, until one side\\nis a fine delicate brown, then turn the other;\\nwhen both are done, take it up carefully and\\nserve quickly, or keep it covered with a tin\\ncover and set the dish where it will keep hot.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0239.jp2"}, "240": {"fulltext": "222\\nHELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\nTo Bake a Large Fish Whole. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Cut off\\nthe head and split the fish down nearly to\\nthe tail; prepare a nice dressing of bread,\\nbutter, pepper and salt, moistened with a little\\nwater. Fill the fish with this dressing and\\nsew together with needle and strong thread.\\nLay the fish on a grate, on a bake-pan or\\ndripping-pan, and pour round it a little water\\nand melted butter. Baste frequently. A\\ngood-sized fish will bake in an hour. Serve\\nwith the gravy of the fish, drawn butter or\\noyster sauce.\\nCroquettes of Fish. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Bone fish of any\\nkind, chop thoroughly, season to taste. Beat\\nup an egg with a little flour and milk. Roll\\ninto balls, dip in beaten egg, dredge with\\ncracker crumbs and fry in hot butter. Brown\\non both sides and serve for breakfast. Salt\\nfish, freshened over night, is very nice pre\u00c2\u00ac\\npared in this way.\\nBoiled Cod. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Lay the fish in cold water,\\na little salt, for y 2 hour. Wipe dry and sew\\nup in linen cloth, coarse and clean, fitted to\\nthe shape of the piece of cod. Have but one\\nfold over each part. Lay in the fish-kettle,\\ncover with boiling water, salted at discretion.\\nAllow nearly an hour for a piece weighing\\n4 lbs.\\nCod Pie. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Any remains of cold cod, 12\\noysters, sufficient melted butter to moisten\\nit, mashed potatoes enough to fill up the\\ndish.\\nMode: Flake the fish from the bone and\\ncarefully take away all the skin. Lay it in\\na pie-dish, pour over the melted butter and\\noysters (or oyster sauce, if there is any left),\\nand cover with mashed potatoes. Bake for\\ny 2 hour to a nice brown color and send to\\ntable.\\nDried Codfish. \u00e2\u0080\u0094This should always be\\nlaid in soak at least one night before it is\\nwanted; then take off the skin and put it in\\nplenty of cold water; boil it gently (skim\u00c2\u00ac\\nming it meanwhile) for 1 hour, or tie it in a\\ncloth and boil it.\\nServe with egg sauce, garnish with hard\\nboiled eggs cut in slices and sprigs of parsley.\\nServe plain boiled or mashed potatoes with it.\\nCodfish Cakes. \u00e2\u0080\u0094First boil soaked cod,\\nthen chop it fine, put to it an equal quantity\\nof potatoes boiled and mashed; moisten it\\nwith beaten eggs or milk, add a bit of butter\\nand a little pepper; form it in small round\\ncakes, rather more than in. thick; flour\\nthe outside and fry in hot lard or beef drip\u00c2\u00ac\\npings until they are a delicate brown like\\nfish, these must be fried gently, the lard\\nbeing boiling hot when they are put in;\\nwhen one side is done turn the other. Serve\\nfor breakfast.\\nCodfish Gravy.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Pick up about I lb. cod\u00c2\u00ac\\nfish and soak overnight. Boil a few minutes\\nin fresh water, and when tender drain off the\\nwater and add 1 qt. milk. When it comes\\nto a boil, add some thickening. Beat 1 egg\\ninto the thickening, or add 2 or 3 hard\\nboiled eggs sliced fine.\\nTo Fry Smelts.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Egg and bread-crumbs,\\na little flour, boiling lard. Smelts should be\\nvery fresh, and not washed more than is\\nnecessary to clean them. Dry them in a\\ncloth, lightly flour, dip them in egg, and\\nsprinkle over with very fine bread-crumbs,\\nand put them into boiling lard. Fry to a\\nnice pale brown, and be careful not to take\\noff the light roughness of the crumbs, or\\ntheir beauty will be spoiled. Dry them\\nbefore the fire on a drainer, and serve with\\nplain melted butter.\\nBaked Haddock. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Choose a nice fish of\\nabout six pounds, which trim and scrape\\nnicely, gutting it carefully, fill the vacuum\\nwith a stuffing of veal, chopped ham, and\\nbread-crumbs sew up with strong thread,\\nand shape the fish round, putting its tail into\\nits mouth, or, if two are required, lay them", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0240.jp2"}, "241": {"fulltext": "HELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\n223\\nalong the dish reversed\u00e2\u0080\u0094that is, tail to head\\nrub over with plenty of butter, or a batter of\\neggs and flour, and then sprinkle with bread\u00c2\u00ac\\ncrumbs. Let the oven be pretty hot when\\nput in. In about an hour the fish will be\\nready. Serve on the tin or dish in which\\nthey have been baked, placing them on a\\nlarger dish for that purpose. Mussel sauce\\nis a good accompaniment.\\nBaked Salmon or Halibut. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Let the fish\\nlay for twenty minutes in cold salt water.\\nPlace it on a gridiron across a dripping-pan,\\nand bake in a moderately hot oven for an\\nhour, if the fish is large. Half that time will\\nbe sufficient for a small fish. Butter the top\\njust before serving, and put back in the oven\\nfor a minute to brown nicely. To the gravy\\nthat has dropped into the dripping-pan, add\\n1 tablespoon Worcestershire sauce, I of\\ntomato catsup, and the juice of I lemon.\\nBeat a heaping teaspoon of flour in a little\\ncold water, and thicken. Serve this sauce\\nwith the fish.\\nBoiled Pike. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Scale and clean the pike,\\nand fasten the tail in its mouth by means of\\na skewer. Lay it in cold water and when it\\nboils, throw in the salt and vinegar. The\\ntime for boiling depends, of course, on the\\nsize of the fish but a middling-sized pike will\\ntake about half an hour. Serve with Dutch\\nor anchovy sauce, and plain melted butter.\\nBaked White Fish. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Clean and wash the\\nfish thoroughly, wipe with a cloth, and rub\\nthe inside with salt. Make a dressing as for\\nchicken, stuff the fish, and sew up with\\ntwine then put into a dripper with a little\\nhot water. Dip a sheet of white paper in\\nsome melted butter or olive oil, and cover\\nthe fish for the first 20 minutes or 2 hour.\\nThen remove the paper, and baste occasion\u00c2\u00ac\\nally. Be sure to have the fish a nice brown\\nwhen done. It will need to bake from 1 to\\n2 hours, according to size of fish.\\nTo Broil Shad a la Shipman. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Freshen\\nthrough the day, if salt, hanging the fish to\\ndrain at bed-time. In cooking proceed as\\nwith fresh shad. Rub the bars of the grid\u00c2\u00ac\\niron smooth and grease them slightly and\\nlay the shad upon it with the skin down\\nbroil very slowly 20 minutes and take care\\nnot to scorch turn and repeat the broiling\\n(flesh side down) for 10 to 15 minutes.\\nHave ready cream and butter, add the butter\\nby spreading it upon the flesh side of the\\nfish, set it for a moment in the oven and add\\nthe cream as it goes to the table. If the\\nfish is fresh, wash clean, and salt and pepper\\nover night if for breakfast.\\nOyster Stew. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One-fourth quart milk, 1\\ndoz. oysters put in milk and let it get to\\nthe boiling point, put in oysters and leave in\\nmilk until oysters swell nicely, then take off.\\nSeasoning can be put in before or after tak\u00c2\u00ac\\ning off as preferred.\\nEscalloped Oysters. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Put a layer of rolled\\ncracker in an oval dish and then a layer of\\noysters. Dredge with salt and pepper and\\nmoisten with sweet cream. Add another\\nlayer of crackers, oysters, cream and season\u00c2\u00ac\\ning as before. Continue these alternate\\nlayers until the dish is nearly full, then\\ncover with a thin layer of crackers and\\npieces of butter. If the dish be a large one\\nit will require 1 2 hours to bake.\\nOyster Toast. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Select 15 plump oysters,\\nchop them fine, add salt, pepper and a sus\u00c2\u00ac\\npicion of nutmeg. Beat up the yolks of 2\\neggs with a gill of cream whisk this into\\nthe simmering oysters when set, pour the\\nthe whole over the slices of buttered toast.\\nDeviled Oysters. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Take 25 nice fat oys\u00c2\u00ac\\nters, 2 pt. cream, 1 table-spoon butter, 2\\ntable-spoons flour, 1 table-spoon chopped\\nparsley, yolks of 2 eggs, salt and cayenne\\npepper to taste. Drain the oysters and chop\\nthem middling fine and drain again, put the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0241.jp2"}, "242": {"fulltext": "224\\nHELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\ncream on to boil, rub the butter and flour\\ntogether and stir into the cream while boil\u00c2\u00ac\\ning as soon as it thickens take it from the\\nfire and add all the other ingredients\u00e2\u0080\u0094beat\\nthe yolks before adding them. Have the\\ndeep shells of the oysters washed perfectly\\nclean, fill them with this mixture, sprinkle\\nlightly with bread-crumbs, put them in a\\nbaking pan and brown in a quick oven for 5\\nminutes. Serve in the shells. Garnish with\\nparsely.\\nDeviled Lobster. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One pt. cream, 2\\ntablespoons butter, y teaspoon dry mus\u00c2\u00ac\\ntard, a pinch of cayenne pepper, y tea\u00c2\u00ac\\nspoon salt, 1 can shredded lobster without\\njuice and yolk of 1 egg. Bake brown in\\nscalloped shells with bread-crumbs and a\\nbit of butter on the top of each.\\nStewed Oysters a la Delmonico. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Take\\nI qt. liquid oysters, put the liquor from the\\noysters in a stew pan, and add 2 as much\\nwater, salt, pepper, a teaspoon butter for\\neach person and a teaspoon rolled cracker\\nfor each. Put on the stove and let boil\\nwhen it boils pour in the oysters there will\\nbe about 10 for each person. As soon as it\\nbegins to boil count 30 slowly, after which\\nremove the oysters from the stove. Have\\ndish ready with 1 y 2 tablespoons cold milk\\nfor each person. Pour the stew on this and\\nserve. Never boil the milk.\\nBroiled Oysters. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Drain the oysters well\\nand dry them with a napkin. Have ready a\\ngriddle hot and well buttered season the\\noysters lay them to griddle and brown\\nthem on both sides. Serve them on a hot\\nplate with plenty butter.\\nPanned Oysters. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Put y 2 tablespoon but\u00c2\u00ac\\nter in pan when it bubbles add oysters, salt,\\nred pepper, Worcestershire sauce, tomato\\ncatsup, green pepper chopped.\\nShell Oysters.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 To Feed. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Wash them\\nand lay round side down in a jar, tub, or\\npan, and sprinkle oatmeal or cornmeal, with\\na little salt over them, and cover them with\\nsalted water. Do this once a day and they\\nwill soon get fat.\\nTo Stew .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Open them, taking care to save\\nthe liquor, which should be strained, and\\nand wash the oysters from the grit. For\\nevery dozen oysters add their liquor and\\n1 pt. water, with a few cracker crumbs and\\nseasoning. Bring to a boil, and add a little\\nsweet cream.\\nTo Roast .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Place the oysters, unopened,\\non a broiler, and roast about 8 minutes.\\nTo Scallop .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Put a layer of oysters on the\\nbottom of a pan, then a layer of bread or\\ncracker crumbs, with seasoning, a little but\u00c2\u00ac\\nter, and the liquor from the oysters. Add\\nanother layer of oysters, with seasoning as\\nbefore also a little milk or water. Cover\\nwith cracker crumbs, and bake in the oven\\nto a nice brown.\\nTo Fry. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Wash the oysters and lay on a\\ncloth to absorb the moisture. Beat up 1 or\\n2 e SS s an d dip the oysters into the beaten\\negg and then roll in bread or cracker crumbs,\\nand fry a nice brown in butter.\\nClam Chowder.\u00e2\u0080\u0094One-half peck clams.\\nWash them clean to remove the sand, have\\na very little water boiling in a kettle over a\\nhot fire, put in the clams, let boil about 10\\nor 1 5 minutes, or until they open. Skim out\\ninto a pan, save the water they were boiled\\nin. When cool, open with a knife. To\\nmake the chowder, have about 1 doz. good-\\nsized potatoes pared and sliced thin, 3 or 4\\nonions prepared the same, and a good pint\\nof cracker crumbs.\\nA porcelain-lined kettle is best to make it\\nin. 1 ut in about 1 cup butter, then a layer\\nof potatoes, a little of the onion, a layer of\\nclams, also of crackers, a little seasoning and\\nso on until the ingredients are all used. Add\\nthe water the clams were boiled in, and if", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0242.jp2"}, "243": {"fulltext": "HELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\n225\\nthat does not cover the chowder, add boiling-\\nwater. Let cook over a gentle fire about y 2\\nhour. If it seems to be sticking on, stir, but\\notherwise do not stir until done.\\nTo Cook Terrapins, Maryland Style.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nAfter bleeding them at least an hour, put\\nthem into warm water; a young one will\\nboil tender in half an hour. Be careful not\\nto cut off the heads, as it will make them\\nwatery. The terrapin is done when the shell\\ncomes off easily. Be careful in picking them\\nnot to break the gall, as that will make the\\nwhole meat bitter, and do not waste the\\nliquor. To 3 terrapins put y lbs. butter\\nand a little salt. For those who like it, wine\\nis added to the taste.\\nCrab Pie.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Parboil 12 large crabs and pick\\nthem, slice as thin as possible some stale\\nbread, butter well and lay them in a little I\\nmilk. Put a layer of this bread at the bot\u00c2\u00ac\\ntom of the baking dish, then a layer of crab,\\nsprinkle with salt, cayenne and a slice of\\nlemon cut very thin and in small pieces,\\ncover this with bits of nice fresh butter,\\nthen commence with bread again and re\u00c2\u00ac\\npeat the whole; put a layer of bread on\\ntop, bake for y 2 hour. Shrimp may be\\nused instead of crab. For 1 doz. crabs\\nuse y 2 lb. butter.\\nSoft Shell Crabs.\u00e2\u0080\u0094-These should be\\ncooked as soon as possible after being\\ncaught, as their flavor rapidly deteriorates\\nafter being exposed to the air. Select crabs\\nas lively as possible, remove the feathery sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nstance under the pointed sides of the shells,\\nrinse them in cold water, drain, season with\\nsalt and pepper, dredge them in flour and fry\\nin hot fat.\\n.M^abs, apd Hotv to Carv^ Pl)eir\\nENERAL DIRECTIONS.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nTo make fresh meat rich and\\nnutritious it should be placed\\nin a kettle of boiling water\\n(pure soft water is best), skim\u00c2\u00ac\\nmed well as soon as it begins\\nto boil again, and placed where\\nit will slowly but constantly boil. The meat\\nshould be occasionally turned and kept well\\nunder the water, and fresh hot water sup\u00c2\u00ac\\nplied as it evaporates in boiling. Plunging\\nin hot water hardens the fibrine on the out\u00c2\u00ac\\nside, encasing and retaining the rich juices\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nnnd the whole theory of correct cooking, in\\na nut-shell, is to retain as much as possible\\nof the nutriment of food.\\nRoasting proper is almost unknown in\\nthese days of stoves and ranges\u00e2\u0080\u0094baking, a\\nmuch inferior process, having taken its place.\\nIn roasting the joint is placed close to a\\nbrisk fire, turned so as to expose every part\\nto the heat, and then moved back to finish\\nin a more moderate heat. The roast should\\nbe basted frequently with the drippings, and,\\nwhen half cooked, with salt and water.\\nIn roasting all meats, success depends\\nupon basting frequently (by dipping the\\ngravy from the pan over the meat with a\\nlarge spoon), turning often so as to prevent\\nburning, and carefully regulating the heat of\\nthe oven. Allow fifteen to twenty-five min\u00c2\u00ac\\nutes to the pound in roasting, according as\\nit is to be rare or well done, taking into\\nconsideration the quality of the meat.\\nRoasts prepared with dressing require more\\ntime. In roasting meats many think it\\nbetter not to add any water until the meat\\nbegins to brown.\\n15", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0243.jp2"}, "244": {"fulltext": "226\\nHELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\nBroiling is the most wholesome method\\nof cooking meats, and is most acceptable to\\ninvalids. Tough steak is made more tender\\nby pounding or hacking with a dull knife,\\nbut some of the juices are lost by the oper\u00c2\u00ac\\nation cutting it across in small squares with\\nJOINTS OF BEEF.\\n1. Sirloin.\\n2. Top, or aitch bone.\\n3. Rump.\\n4. Buttock, or round.\\n5. Mouse buttock.\\n6. Veiny piece.\\n7. Thick flank.\\n8. Thin flank.\\n9 Eeg.\\n10. Fore rib (5 ribs).\\n11. Middle rib (4 ribs).\\n12. Chuck rib (3 ribs).\\n13. Shoulder.\\n14. Brisket.\\n15. Clod..\\n16. Sticking.\\n17. Shin.\\n18. Cheeks or head.\\na sharp knife on both sides is better than\\neither. Tough meats are also improved by\\nlaying for two hours on a dish containing\\nthree or four table-spoons each of vinegar\\nand salad oil (or butter), a little pepper, but\\nno salt turn every twenty minutes. The\\naction of the oil and vinegar softens the\\nfibers without extracting their juices. Trim\\noff all superfluous fat, but never wash a\\nfreshly-cut steak. Never salt or pepper\\nsteak or chops before or while cooking, but\\nif very lean, dip in melted butter.\\nWhen you buy beef, select that which is-,\\nof a clear cherry-red color after a fresh cut\\nhas been for a few moments exposed to the\\nair. The fat should be of a light straw\\ncolor, and the meat marbled throughout with\\nfat. If the beef is immature, the color of\\nthe lean part will be pale and dull, the bones\\nsmall, and the fat very white. High-colored,\\ncoarse-grained beef, with the fat a deep yel\u00c2\u00ac\\nlow, should be rejected.\\nIn corn-fed beef the fat is yellowish, while\\nthat fattened on grasses is whiter. In cow-\\nbeef the fat is also whiter than in ox-beef.\\nInferior meat from old or ill-fed animals has.\\na coarse, skinny fat and a dark red lean.\\nOx-beef is the sweetest and most juicy, and\\nthe most economical. When meat pressed\\nby the finger rises up quickly, it is prime,\\nbut, if the dent disappears slowly, or remains,\\nit is inferior in quality.\\nJoints for Roasting. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Ribs, sirloin, chump\\nof rump, mouse buttock, top side, fillet of\\nsirloin, tongue (fresh), heart.\\nJoints for Salting. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Round, aitch-bone,\\nsilver-side, brisket, tongue.\\nJoints for Frying or Broiling. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Rump-\\nsteak, beef-steak (well beaten), liver.\\nJoints for Stezving.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Beefsteak, topside,\\nbrisket, and inferior portions, liver, ox-tail.\\nJoints for Puddings and Pies .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Beefsteak,,\\nfillet.\\nJoints for Soup and Gravy. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Shin, cheeks\\nand inferior parts, ox-tail.\\nTo Make Tough Meat Tender, for 5 or\\n6 lbs.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Put the meat into an earthen bowl\\nwith enough cold water and vinegar, equally\\nmixed, to half cover it; add plenty of pepper\\nto keep off the flies, a carrot, a turnip and", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0244.jp2"}, "245": {"fulltext": "HELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\n227\\nsmall onion sliced, a stalk of celery, a root\\nof parsley, a blade of mace, io cloves, an\\ninch of cinnamon and a few bits of lemon\\npeel. Turn the meat several times daily in\\nthe pickle for a week, and then cook like\\nbeef a la mode first browning it with half a\\ncup of flour, then add the pickle and enough\\nboiling water to make a good gravy; season\\nit palatably and simmer the meat in it for\\nabout 3 hours, keeping it covered; strain the\\nscraps of vegetables from the gravy before\\nserving both hot, with plain potatoes or any\\npreferred vegetable.\\nBroiled Beefsteak.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Put a gridiron over\\nthe hot coals. A steel gridiron with slender\\nbars is to be preferred, as the broad bars\\nseem to fry the steak. Have a platter with\\na little melted butter on it. When the steak\\nis done on one side lay it on the platter, the\\ncooked side down, for half a minute then\\nbroil the other side and serve it in the same\\nmanner. Sift a little seasoning on it, butter\\nlightly; place in the oven for an instant and\\nserve at once on hot plates.\\nFried Beefsteaks.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Cut some of the fat\\nfrom the steak and put it in a frying pan and\\nset it over the fire if the steaks are not very\\ntender beat them with a rolling pin, and when\\nthe fat is boiling hot put the steak evenly\\nin, cover the pan and let it fry briskly until\\none side is done, sprinkle a little pepper and\\nsalt over and turn the other let it be rare\\nor well done as may be liked take the steak\\non a hot dish, add a wineglass or less of\\nboiling water or catsup to the gravy; let it\\nboil up once and pour it in the dish with the\\nsteak.\\nGravy.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Put table-spoon flour into the\\nskillet, stir till brown and free from lumps,\\nadd y 2 pint milk, stir well and season.\\nBeefsteak Pie.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Take some fine tender\\nsteaks, beat them a little, season with a salt-\\nspoon of pepper and a tea-spoon of salt to\\n2 lbs. of steak put bits of butter, the size\\nof a hickory nut, over the whole surface,\\ndredge a tea-spoon of flour over, then roll\\nit up and cut in pieces 2 inches long put a\\nrich pie paste around the sides and bottom\\nof a tin basin put in the pieces of steak,\\nnearly fill the basin with water, add a piece\\nof butter the size of a large egg, cut small,\\ndredge in a tea-spoon of flour, add a little\\npepper and salt, lay skewers across the basin,\\nroll a top crust to half an inch thick, cut a\\nslice in the center dip your fingers in flour\\nand neatly pinch the top and side crusts to\u00c2\u00ac\\ngether all around the edge. Bake one hour\\nin a quick oven.\\nRoast Beef.\u00e2\u0080\u0094The sirloin and rib pieces\\nare best for roasting. Season, dredge\\nlightly with flour, and place in the oven.\\nBaste frequently. For rare beef, a quarter\\nof an hour to the pound is the rule, bur the\\nquality of the meat should determine the\\ntime. Thicken the drippings with browned\\nflour, add a little Worcestershire sauce, if\\nyou like. Serve in a gravy-dish. Some\\nprefer the red juice from the meat, as it is\\ncarved. An onion sliced and put on top of\\na roast while cooking, gives a nice flavor.\\nRemove the onion before serving\\nc\\nSIRLOIN OF BEEF.\\nA sirloin of beef is cut across for the under\\ncut and lengthwise for the upper.\\nRoast Beef with Yorkshire Pudding.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nRoast the beef upon a grate laid across a\\ndripping-pan. Forty minutes before it is\\ndone, pour the pudding into the pan below,", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0245.jp2"}, "246": {"fulltext": "228\\nHELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\nfirst having strained out the fat. Finish\\nroasting the beef, which will drip on the\\npudding. The pudding will be done as soon\\nas the beef. (Allow fifteen minutes to the\\npound if you like it rare, twenty, if well\\ndone.) Cut the pudding into squares. Dish\\nthe meat, and lay the squares of pudding\\naround it.\\nYorkshire Pudding.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Mix 4 table-spoons\\nflour with 1 pt. milk, 3 eggs, yolks and\\nwhites beaten separately, and a little salt.\\nMake the batter thin. Bake in a shallow\\ntin pan 10 minutes, then put under the grate\\nwhere the beef is roasting. Leave the pud\u00c2\u00ac\\nding in the oven a few minutes after the beef\\nis taken up. Before serving, pour off the\\nfat from the top.\\nScalloped Beef.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Take cold corned or\\nroast beef, cut off all the sinew and fat, and\\ncut into small pieces not more than half an\\ninch square. Line the bottom of a pudding\\ndish with a crust made of sea-foam crackers\\ncrumbled fine and moistened with milk\\nthen cover with a layer of meat. Season\\nwith pepper and salt and sprinkle with bits\\nof butter. Alternate the layers and cover\\nwith a crust of crackers moistened with\\nmilk. Before putting on the upper crust\\nadd a cupful of nice gravy or of milk and\\nhot water with a small lump of butter\\ncover with a plate or pie-tin and bake 45\\nminutes. Remove the cover and brown\\nnicely.\\nBeef Loaf.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Take 3 y 2 pounds of beef\\nchopped very fine round steak is best, 2\\nwell-beaten eggs, 6 small crackers rolled\\nfine, 1 cup sweet milk, a piece of butter size\\nof an egg, salt, pepper and sage to taste.\\nMix well, press into a bread tin, cover with\\na tin and bake 2^ hours, occasionally bast\u00c2\u00ac\\ning with butter and hot water.\\nHow to Select Veal.\u00e2\u0080\u0094It should be small,\\nof a pinky white, and the kidney should be\\nwell covered with fat. The calf should not\\nbe killed after it is eight to ten weeks old, or\\nthe meat will be coarse. Large, coarse veal\\nis cheaper than the more delicate kind. The\\nflesh should be closely grained and dry if\\nit is moist and clammy, it is approaching de\u00c2\u00ac\\ncomposition and is not fit for cooking.\\nPieces for Roasting. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Fillet, breast, best\\nend; liver and brisket, best and scrag ends;\\nneck, best ends; heart, sweetbread.\\nFor Pie .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Inferior parts.\\nFor Boiling. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Knuckle, part of shoulder,\\nhead, tongue and brains.\\nFor Frying .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Cutlets from shoulder, etc.,\\nliver.\\nFor Stewing. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Breast, brisket end; neck,\\nscrag and best end; sweetbread, feet.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0246.jp2"}, "247": {"fulltext": "HELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\n229\\nFor Soup .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Inferior parts, as knuckle,\\nscrag, etc.\\nTo Roast Veal.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Rinse the meat in cold\\nwater if any part is bloody, wash it off;\\nmake a mixture of pepper and salt, allowing\\na large teaspoon of salt and saltspoon of\\npepper for each pound of meat, wipe the meat\\ndry, then rub the seasoning into every part,\\nshape it neatly and fasten it with skewers,\\nand put it on a spit or set it on a trivet or\\nmuffin rings in a pan stick bits of butter\\nover the whole upper surface, dredge a little\\nflour over, put a pint of water in the pan to\\nbaste with, and roast it before the fire in a\\nDutch oven or reflector, or put it into a hot\\noven; baste it occasionally, turn it if neces\u00c2\u00ac\\nsary that every part may be done if the\\nwater wastes add more, that the gravy may\\nnot burn allow i 5 minutes for each pound\\nof meat, a piece weighing 4 or 5 pounds will\\nthen require one hour, or an hour and a\\nquarter. Veal should be thoroughly cooked;\\nno meat undercooked is more unpalatable.\\nBREAST OF VEAL.\\nA breast of veal is used for roasting, stew\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, ragout, and it is sometimes boiled so as\\nto roll, or a large hole is made in it for\\nstuffing. In carving a breast of veal, the\\nribs should be first separated from the\\nbrisket from A to B. The small bones are\\nconsidered the choicest. Cut them as at D\\nD D, and the long bones at C C C, and\\nserve according to preference.\\nVeal Chops.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Cut veal chops about an\\ninch thick, beat them flat with a rolling-pin,\\nput them in a pan, pour boiling water over\\nthem and set them over the fire for 5 min\u00c2\u00ac\\nutes, then take them up and wipe them dry;\\nmix a tablespoon of salt and a teaspoon of\\npepper for each pound of meat, rub each\\nchop over with this, then dip them first into\\nbeaten egg, then into rolled crackers as much\\nas they will take up, then finish by frying in\\nhot lard or beef dripping, or broil them.\\nFor the broil have some sweet butter on a\\nsteak dish, broil the chops until well done\\nover a bright clear fire of coals (let them do\\ngently that they may be well done), then\\ntake them on to the butter, turn them care\u00c2\u00ac\\nfully once or twice in it and serve.\\nOr dip the chops into a batter made of 1\\negg beaten with x 2 teacup milk and as much\\nwheat flour as maybe necessary. Or simply\\ndip the chops without parboiling into wheat\\nflour, make some lard or beef hot in a frying-\\npan, lay the chops in and when one side is a\\nfine delicate brown turn the other. When\\nall are done take them up, put a very little\\nhot water into the pan, then put it in the dish\\nwith the chops.\\nOr make a flour gravy thus After frying\\nthem as last directed, add a tablespoon more\\nof fat to that in the pan, let it become boiling\\nhot; make a thin batter of a small tablespoon\\nof wheat flour and cold water, add a little\\nmore salt and pepper to the gravy, then\\ngradually stir in the batter stir it until it is\\ncooked and a nice brown, then put it over\\nthe meat or in a dish with it; if it is thicker\\nthan is liked, add a little boiling water.\\nVeal Cutlets.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Two or 3 lbs. of veal cut\u00c2\u00ac\\nlets, egg and bread-crumbs, 2 tablespoons\\nminced savory herbs, salt and pepper to\\ntaste, a little grated nutmeg.\\nCut the cutlets about of an inch in\\nthickness, flatten them and brush them over\\nwith the yolk of an egg dip them into\\nbread-crumbs and minced herbs, season with\\npepper and salt and grated nutmeg, and fold", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0247.jp2"}, "248": {"fulltext": "230\\nHELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\neach cutlet in a piece of buttered paper.\\nBroil them and send them to the table with\\nmelted butter or a good gravy.\\nFillet of Veal. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Stuff with dressing as for\\nfowls, the dressing being placed in the hollow\\nwhere the bone was taken out. Roast to a\\nnice brown and serve with brown gravy.\\nFillet of Veal Boiled. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Tie it round with\\ntape and put into a floured cloth. Plunge\\ninto cold water and boil for 2 y 2 hours.\\nServe with oyster or egg sauce.\\nLoin of Veal Roasted. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Make a stuffing\\nand lay it in the loin, then tie up. Put into\\nthe dripper with a little water. When nearly\\ndone, dredge with flour and baste with butter.\\nAdd a little more water, and make a nice\\nbrown gravy.\\nLoin of Veal Boiled. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Plunge a loin of\\nveal into a kettle of cold water, boil slowly\\nfor about 2 hours. Remove the scum as it\\nrises, and serve with parsley and melted\\nbutter.\\nVeal Pot-Pie. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Cut up some veal into\\nsmall pieces and boil in 2 or 3 qts. of water\\ntill tender. Season while cooking. Take\\nout the veal and make a soft biscuit dough\\nwith soda or baking powder. Add this\\ndough to the liquor in spoonfuls and boil 10\\nor 1 5 minutes. The pieces of veal may be\\nserved in the same dish with the pot-pie.\\nBeef or Veal Pie. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Make a crust some\u00c2\u00ac\\nthing like tea biscut, only a little shorter.\\nLine a deep pie-plate or dish with the crust.\\nTake the cold pieces of meat left after bak\u00c2\u00ac\\ning or boiling, put in a layer of meat,\\nsprinkle thick with cracker crumbs, add\\nseasoning to taste, and a piece of butter the\\nsize of an egg. Add hot water enough to\\nmoisten the cracker well. Lay on the upper\\ncrust. Bake about an hour in a moderate\\noven. Serve with mashed potatoes, and it\\nis also quite nice cold for lunch or supper.\\nPressed Veal.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Boil 2 or 3 lbs. of veal\\ntill tender. Cut or pick it up into small\\npieces, and press into a mold or deep tin.\\nPut oz. of gelatine into the liquor it was\\nboiled in, and pour this gravy over the meat.\\nIt will look and taste very nice. When cold\\nit should be sliced with a sharp knife.\\nBoiled Calf\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Head (without the skin.)\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Calf\u00e2\u0080\u0099s head, water, a little salt, 4 table\u00c2\u00ac\\nspoons melted butter, 1 table-spoon minced\\nparsley, pepper and salt to taste, one table\u00c2\u00ac\\nspoon of lemon-juice.\\nAfter the head has been thoroughly\\ncleaned, and the brains removed, soak it in\\nwarm water to blanch it. Lay the brains\\nalso into warm water to soak, and let them\\nremain for about an hour. Put the head\\ninto a stew-pan, with sufficient cold water to\\ncover it, and when it boils, add a little salt;\\ntake off every particle of scum as it rises,\\nand boil the head until perfectly tender.\\nBoil the brains, chop them, and mix with\\nthem melted butter, minced parsely, pepper,\\nsalt and lemon-juice in the above proportion.\\nTake up the head, skin the tongue, and put\\nit on a smafl dish with the brains round it.\\nHave ready some parsley and butter,\\nsmother the head with it, and the remainder\\nsend to table in a tureen. Bacon, ham,\\npickled pork, or a pig\u00e2\u0080\u0099s cheek are indispen\u00c2\u00ac\\nsable with calf\u00e2\u0080\u0099s head. The brains are\\nsometimes chopped with hard-boiled eggs.\\nHALF OF CALF\u00e2\u0080\u0099S HEAD.\\nA calf s head must be cut down the center\\nin rather thin slices on each side, from A to\\nB. The meat round the eye is scooped out\\nby cutting a circle 3t C; it is considered a", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0248.jp2"}, "249": {"fulltext": "HELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\n231\\ndelicacy. A small piece of the palate and\\naccompanying sweetbread must be sent on\\neach plate.\\nHow to Select Mutton. \u00e2\u0080\u0094It is best at\\n4 to 7 years of age. The color should be\\ndark red. It should be fat in order for it to\\nbe tender and of good flavor. The fat should\\nbe very white and firm, and the lean should\\nbe fine grained and firm also. Mutton is\\nJOINTS OF MUTTON.\\nA sheep is thus divided\\n1. Leg.\\n2. Chump end Loin.\\n3. Best end Loin.\\n4. Neck, best end.\\n5. Neck, scrag end.\\n6. Shoulder.\\n7. Breast.\\nA saddle is the two loins\\nundivided.\\nA chine is the two sides\\nof the neck undivided.\\nconsidered best during the fall of the year,\\nor perhaps it would be nearer the mark to\\nsay from August to New Year. The flavor\\nof mutton is thought to be improved by\\nkeeping it a few days after it is killed. It\\nshould be hung in a cool, dry place away\\nfrom flies, and should be wiped dry every\\nday.\\nIn choosing mutton remember that the\\nbrisket is first to become tainted, and that\\npart of the meat that lies around the kidneys.\\nWether mutton is much the better. It can\\nbe distinguished from the ewe by its larger\\nbones and darker meat. A leg of mutton\\nfurnishes the most economical family dinner.\\nIt shrinks less than other joints in the cook\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, and has a solidity and substance that\\nmakes it \u00e2\u0080\u009cgo farther\u00e2\u0080\u009d than most meats.\\nParts to Roast. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Saddle, haunch, leg,\\nchump end of loin, best end of loin, best end\\nof neck, shoulder, breast, chine, head, heart.\\nSalted .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Leg for ham.\\nBoiled. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Leg, neck, scrag end and middle.\\nFried and Broiled .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Chops and cutlets\\nfrom loin and neck, cutlet from leg.\\nStewed .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Scrag of neck.\\nSADDLE OF MUTTON.\\nA saddle of mutton is the joint ordered for\\na small dinner party. It is cut in very thin\\nslices close to the back bone, B to A, and\\nthen downward, from A to D and C. But\\na lady is scarcely ever required in the present\\nday to carve a saddle of mutton.\\nSHOULDER OF MUTTON.\\nA shoulder of mutton must lie with the\\nknuckle toward the right and the blade bone\\ntoward your left hand. In the middle of the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0249.jp2"}, "250": {"fulltext": "232\\nHELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\npart farthest from you place the fork, and\\nthen give one sharp cut from the edge to the\\nbone. The meat flies apart and you cut\\nrather thick slices on each side of the open\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, A to B, till you can cut no more. Then\\nthere are two or three slices from the center\\nbone to the end, B to C. Afterward turn\\nover the joint and cut slices from the under\\nside. Some people, instead of cutting the\\njoint in this manner, begin with the slices\\ncut lengthwise near the middle of the joint\\nfrom the end to the knuckle.\\nLEG OF MUTTON.\\nA leg of mutton must be placed with the\\nknuckle toward the left hand; you then cut\\ninto the side farthest from you toward the\\nbone, B to C, helping thin slices from the\\nright and thick slices toward the knuckle.\\nThe little tuft of fat near the thick end is a\\ndelicacy and must be divided among your\\nguests.\\nLOIN OF MUTTON.\\nA loin of mutton is carved either through\\nthe joints, which brings it into the form of\\nchops,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or it is cut lengthwise in a parallel\\nline with the joints, thus: The cut at A is a\\nthin slice of brown meat, followed by other\\nslices cut in succession. At D long slices\\ncan be removed by cutting through to the\\nbone. The long lines at B and the short\\nones at C indicate the situation of similar\\ncuts. This is the best mode for a lady, but\\na loin is rather for family consumption than\\nfor guests.\\nFOREQUARTER OF LAMB.\\nA forequarter of lamb consists of a\\nshoulder, the breast and the ribs. If a lady\\nis obliged to carve this joint, she must first\\nplace her knife upon the shoulder, draw it\\nthrough horizontally, and then remove the\\njoint whole, placing it on a separate dish,\\nwhich is held for its reception. She must\\nthen cut off the breast and separate the ribs\\n(see cut), but the cook should always cutoff\\nthe shoulder and leave it on the joint.\\nThe hindquarter consists of a leg and loin..\\nBoiled Leg of Mutton.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Cut off the\\nshank-bone, trim the knuckle and wash the\\nmutton, put it into a pot with salt and cover\\nwith boiling water. Allow it to boil a few\\nminutes, skim the surface clean, draw your\\npot to the side of the fire and simmer until\\ndone. Time, from 2 to hours. Do not\\ntry the leg with a fork to determine whether\\nit is done or not, you will lose all the juices\\nof the meat by so doing. Serve with drawn\\nbutter.\\nRoast Loin of Mutton.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Loin of mutton,\\na little salt; cut and trim off the superfluous\\nfat, and see that the butcher joints the meat\\nproperly, as thereby much annoyance is\\nsaved to the carver when it comes to table.\\nHave ready a nice clear fire (it need not be a\\nvery wide, large one), put down the meat,,", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0250.jp2"}, "251": {"fulltext": "HELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\n233\\ndredge with flour and baste well until it is\\ndone.\\nBroiled Mutton Chops. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Loin of mutton,\\npepper and salt, a small piece of butter; cut\\nthe chops from a well-hung, tender loin of\\nmutton, remove a portion of the fat and trim\\nthem into a nice shape; slightly beat and\\nlevel them, place the gridiron over a bright,\\nclear fire, rub the bars with a little fat and\\nlay on the chops. While broiling frequently\\nturn them, and in about 8 minutes they will\\nbe done. Season with pepper and salt, dish\\nthem on a very hot dish, rub a small piece\\nof butter on each chop and serve very hot\\nand expeditiously.\\nMutton Chop Fried. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Cut some fine\\nmutton chops without much fat, rub over\\nboth sides with a mixture of salt and pepper,\\ndip them in wheat flour or rolled crackers,\\nand fry in hot lard or beef drippings when\\nboth sides are a fine brown, take them on a\\nhot dish, put a wineglass of hot water in the\\npan, let it become hot, stir in e ^easpoon of\\nbrown flour, let it boil up at once and serve\\nin the pan with the meat.\\nRoast Forequarter of Lamb.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Lamb, a\\nlittle salt. To obtain the flavor of lamb in\\nperfection it should not be long kept; time\\nto cool is all that is required; and though\\nthe meat may be somewhat thready, the\\njuices and flavor will be infinitely superior to\\nthat of lamb that has been killed two or\\nthree days. Make up the fire in good time,\\nthat it may be clear and brisk when the joint\\nis put down. Place it at sufficient distance\\nto prevent the fat from burning, and baste it\\nconstantly till the moment of serving. Lamb\\nshould be very thoroughly done without\\nbeing dried up, and not the slightest appear\u00c2\u00ac\\nance of red gravy should be visible, as in\\nroast mutton; this rule is applicable to all\\nyoung white meats. Serve with a little\\ngravy made in the dripping-pan, the same as\\nfor other roasts, and send to table with it a\\ntureen of mint sauce.\\nRoast Mutton. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A leg or saddle of io\\nlbs. weight will require 2^ or 3 hours\\nroasting. Put into a pan with a little flour\\nand water and salt. When nearly done,\\nsprinkle flour over it. Baste well in its own\\ndrippings.\\nIrish Stew. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Stew some mutton chops\\ntill they are half done, then add some onions\\nsliced thin and some potatoes cut in halves\\nand a carrot sliced fine. Just before dishing\\nup add a little thickening.\\nHow to Select Pork. \u00e2\u0080\u0094See that the fat\\nis firm, and the lean white and finely grained,\\nthe skin or rind thin and smooth. If the\\nflesh feels clammy, the pork is bad. If the\\nfat has kernels in it, the pig has been measly.\\nVery red flesh signifies scarlet fever. Pork\\nis the driest and fattest of meat. Bacon\\nand hams are salted and smoked pig\u00e2\u0080\u0099s flesh.\\nThe pig\u00e2\u0080\u0099s blood is used in black and white\\npuddings.\\nParts Roasted .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Spare rib, Loin, Leg, and\\nHead. Salted and Boiled. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Belly, Chop,\\nLeg, Head, Hand, Pettitoes, Chine, and\\nTongue. Fried \u00e2\u0080\u0094Chops from Loin, Pig\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nFry, and Sausages.\\nRoast pork is never seen at dinner parties,\\nbut is occasionally served at a family dinner,\\nas it is a favorite dish with very many. It\\nmust be placed on the table with the back\\nupward, and the crackling taken off before\\nany attempt is made to cut the meat. The\\nleg is carved like a leg of mutton, but the\\nslices should be thicker and not so large.\\nSlices of the crackling may be tendered with\\neach serving of the meat.\\nTo Roast a Leg of Pork.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Take a sharp\\nknife and score the skin across in narrow\\nstripes (you may cross it again so as to form\\ndiamonds) and rub in some powdered sage.\\nRaise the skin at the knuckle and put in a.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0251.jp2"}, "252": {"fulltext": "234\\nHELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\nstuffing of minced onion and sage, bread\\ncrumbs, pepper, salt, and beaten yolk of\\negg. Fasten it down with a buttered string,\\nor with skewers. You may make deep in\u00c2\u00ac\\ncisions in the meat of the large end of the\\nleg, and stuff them also, pressing in the fill\u00c2\u00ac\\ning very hard. Rub a little sweet oil all over\\nthe skin with a brush or a goose feather, to\\nmake it crisp and of a handsome brown.\\nJOINTS OF PORK.\\nA pig is thus divided\\n1. Spare Rib.\\n2. Hand.\\n3. Belly.\\n4. Fore Foin.\\n5. Hind Foin.\\n6. Beg.\\nThe chine is the neck\\nwhole.\\nA leg of pork will require from 3 to 4\\nhours to roast. Moisten it all the time by\\nbrushing it with sweet oil, or with fresh\\nbutter tied in a rag. To baste it with its\\nown dripping will make the skin tough and\\nhard. Skim the fat carefully from the gravy,\\nwhich should be thickened with a little flour.\\nA roast leg of pork should always be ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncompanied by apple sauce, and by mashed\\npotatoes and mashed turnip.\\nPigs in Blanket\u00e2\u0080\u0094Choose fresh, large\\noysters, slice breakfast bacon very thin, roll\\neach oyster in a slice of bacon and pin\\nthrough with a hard wood toothpick. Do\\nnot use fat in frying, the bacon is sufficient.\\nServe immediately on a hot platter.\\nPork and Beans.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Pick over carefully a\\nquart of beans and let them soak over night;\\nin the morning wash and drain in another\\nwater, put on to boil in cold water with\\na teaspoon of soda; boil about 30 minutes\\n(when done the skin of a bean will crack if\\ntaken out and blown upon), drain, and put\\nin an earthen pot first a slice of pork and\\nthen the beans, with 2 or 3 tablespoons of\\nmolasses.\\nWhen the beans are in the pot, put in the\\ncentre or of a lb. of well-washed salt\\npork with the rind scored in slices or\\nsquares, and uppermost; season with pepper\\nand salt if needed cover all with hot water,\\nand bake six hours or longer in a moderate\\noven, adding hot water as needed they can\u00c2\u00ac\\nnot be baked too long. Keep covered so\\nthat they will not burn on the top, but re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmove cover an hour or two before serving,\\nto brown the top and crisp the pork.\\nPork Sausages.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Take such a proportion\\nof fat and lean pork as you like, chop it\\nquite fine, and for every 10 lbs. of meat take\\n4 oz. of fine salt, and 1 of fine pepper;\\ndried sage or lemon thyme, finely powdered,\\nmay be added if liked a teaspoon of sage,\\nand the same of ground allspice and cloves,\\nto each 10 lbs. of meat. Mix the season\u00c2\u00ac\\ning through the meat, pack it down in stone\\npots, or put it in muslin bags or fill the\\nhog\u00e2\u0080\u0099s or ox\u00e2\u0080\u0099s guts, having first made them\\nperfectly clean, thus empty them, cut them\\nin lengths, and lay them three or four days\\nin salt and water, or weak lime water, turn\\nthem inside out once or twice, scrape them,\\nthen rinse them, and fill with the meat.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0252.jp2"}, "253": {"fulltext": "HELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\n235\\nIf you do not use the skin or guts, make\\nthe sausage-meat up the size and shape of\\nsausage, dip them in beaten egg, and then\\ninto wheat flour, or rolled crackers, or\\nsimply into wheat flour, and fry in hot lard.\\nTurn them, that every side may be a fine\\ncolor. Serve hot, with boiled potatoes or\\nhominy; either taken from the gravy, or\\nafter they are fried, pour a little boiling\\nwater into the gravy in the pan, and pour it\\nover them, or first dredge in a teaspoon of\\nwheat flour, stir it until it is smooth and\\nbrown, then add a little boiling water, let it\\nboil up once, then put it in the dish with the\\nsausage.\\nChopped onion and green parsley may be\\nadded to the sausage meat, when making\\nready to fry.\\nOr sausage-meat may be tied in a muslin\\nbag, and boiled, and served with vegetables;\\nor let it become cold, and cut in slices.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cMississippi Sausage.\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u0094Eight lbs. lean\\ntenderloin, 6 lbs. backbone fat, 4 teaspoons\\nblack pepper, 2 teaspoons salt, 1 teaspoon\\ncayenne pepper, 7 tablespoons sage. Mix\\nwell after grinding.\\nPork Chops, Steaks and Cutlets. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Fry\\nor stew pork chops, after taking off the rind\\nor skin, the same as for veal.\\nCutlets and steaks are also fried, broiled,\\nor stewed, the same as veal.\\nRoast Pig.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Thoroughly clean the pig,\\nthen rinse it in cold water, wipe it dry then\\nrub the inside with a mixture of salt and\\npepper, and if liked, a little pounded and\\nsifted sage make a stuffing thus Cut some\\nwheat bread in slices in. thick, spread\\nbutter on to half its thickness, sprinkled with\\npepper and salt, and if liked, a little pounded\\nsage and minced onion pour enough hot\\nwater over the bread to make it moist or\\nsoft, then fill the body with it and sew it\\nto cr ether, or tie a cord around it to keep the\\ndressing in, then spit it; put a pint of water\\nin the dripping-pan, put into it a tablespoon\\nof salt, and a teaspoon of pepper, let the fire\\nbe hotter at each end than in the middle, put\\nthe pig down at a little distance from the fire,\\nbaste it as it begins to roast, and gradually\\ndraw it nearer continue to baste occasion\u00c2\u00ac\\nally turn it that it may be evenly cooked;\\nwhen the eyes drop out it is done; or a\\nbetter rule is to judge by the weight, 15\\nminutes for each pound of meat, if the fire is\\nright.\\nHave a bright clear fire, with a bed of\\ncoals at the bottom first put the roast at a\\nlittle distance, and gradually draw it nearer;\\nwhen the pig is done stir up the fire, take a\\ncoarse cloth with a good bit of butter in it,\\nand wet the pig all over with it, and when\\nthe crackling is crisp take it up dredge a\\nlittle flour into the gravy, let it boil up once,\\nand having boiled the heart, liver, etc., ten\u00c2\u00ac\\nder, and chopped it fine, add it to the gravy,\\ngive it one boil, then serve.\\nPig\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Cheek. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Is smoked and boiled like\\nham with vegetables; boiled cabbage or\\nfried parsnips may be served with it.\\nRoast Spare-Rib. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Trim off the rough\\nends neatly, crack the ribs across the mid\u00c2\u00ac\\ndle, rub with salt and sprinkle with pepper,\\nfold over, stuff with turkey dressing, sew up\\ntightly, place in dripping-pan with pint of\\nwater, baste frequently turning over once so\\nas to bake both sides equally until a rich\\nbrown.\\nPork Fritters. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Have at hand a thick\\nbatter of Indian meal and flour cut a few\\nslices of pork and fry them in the frying-\\npan until the fat is fried out; cut a few more\\nslices of the pork, dip them in the batter and\\ndrop them in the bubbling fat, seasoning with\\nsalt and pepper; cook until light brown and\\neat while hot.\\nBaked Ham. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Cover your ham with cold", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0253.jp2"}, "254": {"fulltext": "236\\nHELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\nwater and simmer gently just long enough\\nto loosen the skin so that it can be pulled\\noff. This will probably be from 2 to 3 hours,\\naccording to the size of your ham. When\\nskinned put in a dripping pan in the oven,\\npour over it a teacup of vinegar and 1 of hot\\nwater, in which dissolve a teaspoon English\\nmustard; bake slowly, basting with the\\nliquid, for two hours. Then cover the ham\\nall over to the depth of 1 inch with coarse\\nbrown sugar, press it down firmly, and do\\nnot baste again until the sugar has formed a\\nthick crust, which it will soon do in a very\\nslow oven.\\nLet it remain a full hour after covering\\nwith the sugar, until it becomes a rich golden\\nbrown. When done drain from the liquor\\nin the pan and put on a dish to cool. When\\nit is cool, but not cold, press by turning\\nanother flat dish on top with a weight over\\nit. You will never want to eat ham cooked\\nin any other way when you have tasted this,\\nand the pressing makes it cut firmly for sand\u00c2\u00ac\\nwiches or slicing.\\nTo Boil a Ham.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Wash thoroughly with\\na cloth. Select a small size to boil, put it in\\na large quantity of cold water and boil 20\\nminutes for each pound, allowing it to boil\\nslowly; take off the rind while hot and put\\nin the oven to brown half an hour; remove\\nand trim.\\nTo Broil Ham.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Cut some slices of ham\\nof an inch thick, lay them in hot water\\nfor half an hour or give them a scalding in a\\npan over the fire, then take them up and lay\\nthem on a gridiron over bright coals when\\nthe outside is browned turn the other, then\\ntake the slices on a hot dish, butter them\\nfreely, sprinkle pepper over and serve; or,\\nafter scalding them, wipe them dry, dip each\\nslice in beaten egg and then into rolled\\ncrackers and fry or broil.\\nA ham may be cut in three ways: By\\nbeginning at the knuckle, which must be\\nturned toward the left hand, and cut in a\\nslanting direction, or at the thick end, which\\nis then turned toward your left; or in the\\nordinary manner, like a leg of mutton, be\u00c2\u00ac\\nginning in the center. The slices must be as\\nthin and delicate as they can be cut. One\\nslice is given as an accompaniment to fowl\\nor veal.\\nHam Toast. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Mince finely y of a pound\\nof cooked ham with an anchovy boned and\\nwashed; add a little cayenne and pounded\\nmace; beat up two eggs, mix with the mince\\nand add just sufficient milk to keep it moist;,\\nmake it quite hot and serve on small rounds\\nof toast or fried bread.\\nHead-Cheese.\u00e2\u0080\u0094After thoroughly cleaning\\na hog\u00e2\u0080\u0099s head or pig\u00e2\u0080\u0099s head, split it in two\\nwith a sharp knife, take out the eyes, take\\nout the brains, cut off the ears and pour\\nscalding water over them and the head and\\nscrape them clean. Cut off any part of the\\nnose which may be discolored so as not to\\nbe scraped clean; then rinse all in cold water\\nand put it into a large kettle with hot (not\\nboiling) water to cover it, and set the kettle\\n(having covered it) over the fire let it boil\\ngently, taking off the scum as it rises; when\\nboiled so that the bones leave the meat\\nreadily, take it from the water with a skim\u00c2\u00ac\\nmer into a large wooden bowl or tray; take\\nfrom it every particle of bone, chop the meat\\nsmall and season to taste with salt and\\npepper, and if liked, a little chopped sage or\\nthyme.\\nSpread a cloth in a colander or sieve, set\\nit in a deep dish and put the meat in, then\\nfold the cloth closely over it, lay a weight\\non which may press equally the whole sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nface (a sufficiently large plate will serve); let\\nthe weight be more or less heavy, according\\nas you may wish the cheese to be fat or lean\\na heavy weight by pressing out the fat will", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0254.jp2"}, "255": {"fulltext": "HELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\n237\\nof course leave the cheese lean. When cold\\ntake the weight off, take it from the colander\\nor sieve, scrape off whatever fat may be\\nfound on the outside of the cloth, and keep\\nthe cheese in the cloth in a cool place, to be\\neaten sliced thin, with or without mustard\\nand vinegar or catsup.\\nAfter the water is cold in which the head\\nwas boiled, take off the fat from it and what\u00c2\u00ac\\never may have drained from the sieve or\\ncolander and cloth, put it together in some\\nclean water, give it one boil, then strain it\\nthrough a cloth and set it to become cold,\\nthen take off the cake of fat. It is fk for any\\nuse.\\nPig\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Feet Soused.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Scald and scrape\\nclean the feet; if the covering of the toes will\\nnot come off without, singe them in hot\\nembers until they are loose, then take them\\noff. Many persons lay them in weak lime\\nwater to whiten them. Having scraped\\nthem clean and white, wash them and put\\nthem in a pot of hot (not boiling) water with\\na little salt and let them boil gently, until by\\nturning a fork in the flesh it will easily break\\nand the bones are loosened. Take off the\\nscum as it rises.\\nWhen done take them from the hot water\\ninto cold vinegar enough to cover them, add\\nto it one-third as much of the water in which\\nthey were boiled, add whole pepper and\\nallspice, with cloves and mace if liked, put a\\ncloth and a tight-fitting cover over the pot\\nor jar. Soused feet may be eaten cold from\\nthe vinegar, split in two from top to toe, or\\nhaving split them, dip them in wheat flour\\nand fry in hot lard, or broil and butter\\nthem. In either case let them be nicely\\nbrowned.\\nTo Make Lard.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Take the leaf fat from\\nthe inside of a bacon hog, cut it small and\\nput it in an iron kettle, which must be per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfectly free from any musty taste; set it over\\na steady, moderate fire until nothing but\\nscraps remain of the meat; the heat must be\\nkept up, but gentle that it may not burn the\\nlard spread a coarse cloth in a wire seive,\\nand strain the liquid into tin basins which\\nwill hold 2 or 3 qts. squeeze out all the fat\\nfrom the scraps.\\nWhen the lard in the pans is cold, press a\\npiece of new muslin close upon it, trim it off\\nat the edge of the pan and keep it in a cold\\nplace. Or it may be kept in wooden kegs\\nwith close covers. Lard made with as\\nmuch beef suet as fat is supposed by many\\npersons to keep better.\\nVenison, Roast (a New York recipe).\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nTake any joint, according to taste and re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquirements, and cook it in the usual coat of\\npaste and paper. Flour it well, mixing\\nground ginger and pepper with the flour, and\\nlet it be well frothed. Make a thick sauce\\nby putting a pint of pure tomato pulp in a\\nlined saucepan, with a teaspoonful of extract\\nof meat and half an ounce of chopped capers\\nan ounce of black currant jelly should be\\nput in a few minutes later, together with the\\nsame weight of brown roux. Season with\\nsalt, a pinch of white sugar and ginger, a\\ndash of cayenne and a squeeze of lemon\\njuice. Send to table very hot and pour a\\nlittle plain gravy round the meat. This can\\nbe recommended.\\nTo carve a haunch of venison, place the\\nloin nearest you. Make a cut from A to B,\\nthen serve slices from A to C. Serve fat\\nfrom the left side. Venison, in order to be\\na delicacy, must be of prime qualitv and\\nmust be carefully cooked.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0255.jp2"}, "256": {"fulltext": "238\\nHELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\nBoston Tripe. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One lb. honeycomb tripe,\\nI egg, 2 tablespoons milk, i tablespoon of\\nflour, y 2 teaspoon salt, y saltspoon pepper;\\nbeat egg, add flour, salt, pepper, milk. If\\nthe tripe has not been soaked over night in\\ncold water, pour boiling water upon it, let\\ncool and dry with towel. Lay the smooth\\nside of it into the batter, then place it in\\nspider in hot pork fat. Cook slowly until a\\ndelicate biown. Dip the remainder of the\\nbatter onto the honeycomb side, turn and\\ncook in same way. Put on platter smooth\\nside down. Serve immediately. This is an\\nexcellent receipt.\\nPOULTRY AND GAME\\nHICKEN PIE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 To make a me\u00c2\u00ac\\ndium sized pie requires I good\\nsized chicken, which should be\\ncarefully dressed, then boiled in\\nwater sufficient to cover it until\\nthoroughly done. Add a little\\nsalt and a very little pepper. When so well\\ndone that the meat will slip from the bones,\\ntake the bird out of the kettle, remove the\\nmeat, break it into pieces as large as the two\\nfingers. The kettle with the gravy has mean\u00c2\u00ac\\nwhile been boiling, and should continue to\\nboil until nearly all the water is absorbed.\\nWhen it begins to fry, which indicates that\\nthe water is boiled out, put the broken up\\nchicken into the kettle and allow it to cook,\\nwatching it very closely that it does not burn,\\nstirring frequently. In this way it gets the\\ndelicious browned taste that adds so much to\\nthis dish in any form. Prepare a crust in the\\nsame way as ordinary puff paste is made.\\nLine a deep pan with the paste, break an egg\\ninto the dish and thoroughly wet the inside\\nof the crust, place the chicken in, then put a\\ntop crust on, leaving a hole in the top so as\\nto keep moist by adding liquor in which there\\nis butter.\\nDeviled Chicken.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Prepare a mixture of\\nmustard, pepper and salt, moistened with a\\nlittle olive oil; put a small quantity of oil\\nin the spider add just onion enough to give\\nit flavor, and toss the chicken about in this a\\nmoment remove, rub and brush the mix\u00c2\u00ac\\nture over the chicken and broil. Serve with\\na sharp, pungent sauce made of drawn butter,\\nonion juice, mustard and chopped capers.\\nBrunswick Stew. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Boil chicken or squir\u00c2\u00ac\\nrel with a little piece of salt bacon, add to it\\ntomatoes, butter beans and green corn in\\ntime to be well cooked, a tablespoon butter\\nand salt and pepper.\\nRoast Turkey or Chicken. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Pick and\\ndraw with care, then wash in a number of\\nwaters. Rinse out the inside with soda\\nwater. Wipe dry make a dressing of bread\u00c2\u00ac\\ncrumbs mixed with a little butter, seasoning,\\nherbs, and hard-boiled eggs chopped fine.\\nStuff the inside of the fowl with this. Sew\\nup with a strong thread; tie the neck to\\nprevent the stuffing from squeezing out.\\nPut in the oven with i or 2 cups water and\\na little salt in the pan, and baste often.\\nAllow fifteen minutes to the pound if the\\nfowl is old. If young ten will do. This rule\\nallows for a brisk fire.\\nDo not let the skin get darker than a rich\\nbrown. If there is danger of its getting\\ndarker, lay a sheet of writing paper over the\\ntop. Chop the giblets fine, stew them in\\nwater enough to cover them, add them to\\nthe gravy of the fowl thicken with a little\\nflour beaten smooth in cold water. Boil up", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0256.jp2"}, "257": {"fulltext": "239\\nHELPS FOR THE\\ntogether, and serve in a gravy-dish. The\\ngravy may be seasoned with celery salt.\\nDressing or Stuffing \u00e2\u0080\u0094Stale bread suffi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncient to fill a 2 qt. baking-dish\u00e2\u0080\u0094half Graham\\nand half white is best\u00e2\u0080\u0094soak till soft; add\\nseasoning to suit the taste. Take a pound\\nof nice beef-steak and cook it rarely, turning\\nall the juice of the meat over the prepared\\ndressing, chop the steaks fine and spread it\\nevenly over the dish; cover closely and\\nsteam an hour.\\nROAST FOWL.\\nThe joint will usually separate by inserting\\nthe knife between the legs and side and\\npressing back the leg with the blade of the\\nknife, if not, it can be easily severed by a\\ntouch of the knife. Next cut off the wing\\nfrom D to B. Remove merry thought and\\nside bones. Serve a slice of the white meat\\nwith some of the dark, to each guest, con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsulting preferences as far as possible.\\nHow to Cook a Fowl. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Make a paste,\\nby rubbing together cold, each of a cup\\nof butter and flour, and then stir this into\\nabout 3 qts. boiling water, so that a smooth\\ngravy is formed. Carefully dress a fowl,\\nremoving all the pin feathers, stuffing it with\\nany desired forcemeat, and trussing it in a\\nshort, compact shape. Simmer the fowl in\\nthis sauce, keeping it covered, for about 2 2\\nhours, or until it is tender, and then remove\\nthe trussing cords and serve it, either with\\nplain boiled or baked potatoes or with some\\ndumplings made like biscuit dough and\\ncooked with the fowl, for about 20 minutes.\\nA lean poor bird will become plump and\\nwhite under this treatment.\\nChicken Pie. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Stew the chicken till cen-\\nHOCJSEKEEPER.\\nder, thicken the gravy a little, and add a\\nlittle milk. Line a dish with a good rich\\ncrust, put in the chicken and gravy, season\\nand cover with a crust. Bake from y 2 to\\nof an hour.\\nBroiled Chicken. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Prepare in the same\\nway as for boiling, cut them in two through\\nthe back and flatten them; place on a cold\\ngridiron over a nice red fire. After a little\\ntime, when they have become thoroughly\\nhot, set them on a plate or other dish and\\nlard them well with a piece of butter, pepper\\nand salt them to taste, chiefly on the inside,\\nthen place them on the brander and continue\\nturning till done\u00e2\u0080\u0094they will take fully 20\\nminutes. Serve hot, with a little butter and-\\nplenty of stewed mushrooms\u00e2\u0080\u0094a delightful\\ndish.\\nChicken Pie. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Cut the chickens in pieces\\nand boil till tender. Thicken the gravy and\\nseason; then make a nice rich crust out of\\nbaking powder or soda biscuit dough, line\\nthe dish with this dough and lay in the-\\nchicken, taking care to have the bones all\\npoint toward the center, so that when it is\\ncut you will not cut across a bone. Put in.\\nplenty of gravy and cover with a crust.\\nChicken Pates.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Take cold chicken that\\nhas been cooked in any way, mince fine.\\nMake a sauce of a cup of milk thickened\\nwith 1 teaspoon corn-starch or flour, add 1\\ntablespoon butter, seasoning to taste. Make\\na good puff-paste and line small pate-pans\\nwith it. Bake quick. Fill the crusts in the\\npan with the chicken compound and set in\\nthe oven to brown.\\nChicken Cutlets. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Cut in as large pieces\\nas possible the thick parts of 2 chickens,\\neither cooked or uncooked. Dip in beaten\\negg and then in cracker or bread-crumbs,\\nand fry to a light brown in butter. They\\nshould be served with a thickened and well-\\nseasoned gravy made from the bones.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0257.jp2"}, "258": {"fulltext": "240\\nHELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\nBoiled Fowl.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Having cleaned the fowl\\nthoroughly, sew up in a coarse white cloth,\\nplunge into a kettle of boiling water and boil\\nslowly for an hour or more, according to age\\nand toughness of fowl. Serve with celery,\\nparsley, oyster sauce or simple white sauce,\\nand garnish with slices of lemon.\\nTo Curry Chicken.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Slice an onion and\\nbrown in a little butter, add a spoon of curry\\npowder, allow it to remain covered for a few\\nminutes to cook; add a little more butter\\nand put in chicken, veal, etc., etc., cut up\\nsmall, thicken with a little flour. This is\\nexcellent.\\nA turkey and goose are helped by cutting\\nslices off the breast, and then the wings and\\nlegs are taken off. The breast is reckoned\\nthe best and the wing next in preference.\\nGentlemen are often partial to the drum\u00c2\u00ac\\nstick, the slender part of the leg. A little of\\n9_\\nBOILED TURKEY.\\nthe stuffing is served with every portion of\\nthe bird. The drumstick is often reserved\\ntill the bird is cold and then grilled for\\nbreakfast. The rest must be carved as you\\nwould a fowl, dividing the breast, A to B,\\nand cutting the back in two. Wild duck is\\nhelped in the same manner.\\nMode of Broiling Chicken.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Dress the\\nchicken, wash and dry with a towel. Heat\\nthe spider and place in it the chicken, skin\\ndown; add salt and pepper and a lump of\\nbutter on each half; cover with a tin and let\\nit cook rather slowly midway or back of the\\nmiddle if too hot. When thoroughly\\nbrowned turn and cook in the same way\\nuntil well done. This method prevents the\\nburnt and underdone places in chicken\\nbroiled over coals. Garnish with parsley or\\ncresses and a thin slice or two of lemon.\\nBoiled Fowl with Oysters.\u00e2\u0080\u0094One young\\nfowl, 3 doz. oysters, yolks of 2 eggs, a gill of\\ncream; truss as for boiling, fill inside with\\noysters bearded and washed in their own\\nliquor; secure the ends of the fowl, put it\\ninto a tin boiler or saucepan and place the\\nsaucepan in a kettle of boiling water. Keep\\nit boiling I 2 hours or rather longer, then\\ntake the gravy that has flowed from the\\noysters and fowl, of which there will be a good\\nquantity, stir in the cream and yolks of eggs,\\nadd a few oysters scalded in their liquor; let\\nthe sauce get quite hot but do not allow it\\nto boil, pour some of it over the fowl and the\\nremainder send to the table in a gravy bowl.\\nA trifle of powdered mace improves it.\\nRoast Duck.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Use onions and\\npotatoes, chopped fine and highly seasoned,\\nfor the stuffing. Bind on the slices of salt\\npork and baste frequently while they are\\ncooking in a moderately hot oven for about\\n2 hours.\\nAll poultry is better to be drawn as soon\\nas possible after killing, while the flavor will\\nbe much improved if it is filled with 3 or 4\\nonions cut in quarters, and the bird kept at\\nan even temperature for a week before it is\\nwanted for use. Wrap it up in a clean white\\ncloth to exclude the air and keep it from\\nfreezing. The colder the better, provided it\\njust escapes freezing. The continued change\\nof temperature is what causes the change of\\nflavor, while the presence of onions permeates\\nthe flesh, giving it an agreeable flavor which\\nhas not the slightest suspicion of garlic.\\nWhile the fowls are roasting it is well to\\nadd 2 or 3 onions in the side of the dripping\\npan, adding more if the bird is of extra size.\\nEven people who have an obstinate prejudice\\nagainst onions have been known to praise\\npoultry and game prepared in this way, giv-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0258.jp2"}, "259": {"fulltext": "HELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\n341\\ning it the preference to the old-fashioned way\\nof leaving out onions altogether.\\nA quart of oysters add very much to the\\nstuffing of roast turkey, while the liquor is\\nsufficient wetting for the amount of bread\\nnecessary.\\nRelish for Roast Duck.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Slice 6 oranges\\nfor 6 persons; grate the rind of i and add\\njuice of i lemon, 3 tablespoons salad oil or\\nmelted butter, a pinch of cayenne pepper;\\nmix and pour over the oranges.\\nStewed Pigeons.\u00e2\u0080\u0094After preparing the\\nbirds, cut them up and let them lie in salt\\nwater for y 2 an hour, then wash them well\\nin clear water, place in saucepan with just\\nenough water to cover them, cook till tender.\\nPour off some of the water and let them\\nsimmer quickly till dry; season with butter,\\nsalt and pepper to taste and serve with cream\\ngravy.\\nQuail on Toast.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Wash the birds and\\nwipe dry, split them down the back and broil\\n-over bright coals till done and browned\\nlightly, turning often to prevent charring;\\nseason with butter, pepper and salt, lay on\\nslices of buttered toast and serve imme\u00c2\u00ac\\ndiately.\\nRoast Quail or Woodcock.\u00e2\u0080\u0094After draw\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the birds, wash out thoroughly with a\\nlittle borax or soda in the water, wipe dry\\nwith a soft cloth and rub salt and pepper well\\ninside and out. Allow one small onion and\\none small potato for each bird, with a few\\nbread crumbs; mince them and add half a\\nteaspoon of sage, with a tablespoon of melted\\nbutter. Sew up the bird with fine cotton to\\nprevent tearing when taken out. Cover the\\nfront and back with a slice of salt pork, tie\\nup well with grocer\u00e2\u0080\u0099s twine and place the\\nbirds in a frying-pan, which can be covered\\nclosely with an inverted pan.\\nPour some boiling hot water over each\\n.bird and let them stew for about half an\\nhour. Remove the cover after they are well\\nsteamed and allow them to brown nicely,\\ngiving them closer attention for another 30\\nminutes. Use a little flour in thickening the\\ngravy, and send around green peas and cur\u00c2\u00ac\\nrant jelly as a relish. Squabs are very fine\\neating when prepared in this way.\\nQuail on Toast.--Clean nicely, cut open\\ndown the back, season and dredge with\\nflour. Crush them flat and put in a pan with\\nbutter and a little water. Cover and put in\\na hot oven till nearly done. Then fry in hot\\nbutter till brown. Toast slices of white\\nbread, butter lightly and place the quails on\\nthe toast. Dish each separately; thicken\\nthe gravy in the pan with flour browned a\\nlittle and pour over the quails and toast.\\nServe very hot. Delicious.\\nPheasants, Partridges and Quails.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nClean and wash in several waters, putting a\\nlittle soda in the last water, dry with a towel,\\nstuff with dressing same as for chicken or\\nturkey, sew up tight, tie down legs and\\nwings; steam them over hot water for an\\nhour or until done, then put them in a pan\\nin the oven with a little butter and water.\\nBaste frequently; they will brown nicely in\\n15 or 20 minutes place them on a platter\\nand garnish with parsley and jelly.\\nPigeon Pie.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Prepare the pigeons as for\\nroasting and put a lump of butter in each\\none border a pudding dish with puff-paste,\\nlay veal cutlet or a cut of tenderloin steak in\\nthe bottom of the dish. Place a layer of\\npigeons, breast downward, in the dish. Chop\\n5 hard-boiled eggs and cover the pigeons\\nwith them. Put in a little veal broth en\u00c2\u00ac\\nriched with butter. Cover with a puff crust\\nand bake slowly 1 y hours.\\nBroiled Rabbit.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Broil slightly over the\\ncoals to give firmness to the flesh, then cover\\nit with slices of fat pork from the neck to the\\nlegs. Then roast it for an hour. Remove\\n16", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0259.jp2"}, "260": {"fulltext": "242\\nHELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\nthe flesh and cut it in strips. Afterward\\nbreak the bones and cook them with some\\nbutter and flour, onions, salt, pepper and\\nstock broth; boil them down to one-fourth,,\\nand having strained the gravy, put the slices\\ninto it and serve it up without again boiling it.\\nSAUCES FOR MEATS\\nEW articles of cookery require\\nmore care in making than\\nsauces. Most of them should\\nbe stirred constantly, and those\\ncontaining eggs should never\\nboil. The thickest stew-pans\\nshould be used for making\\nsauces, and wooden or silver spoons for\\nstirring them.\\nColonePs Roast Beef Sauce. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One small\\nteacup vinegar, I teaspoon sugar, 2 tea\u00c2\u00ac\\nspoons mixed mustard, I tablespoon tomato\\ncatsup, i tablespoon Worcestershire sauce, I\\nteaspoon salt, a little red pepper. Mix well.\\nMayonaise Dressing. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One teaspoon salt,\\nI teaspoon dry mustard, teaspoon red\\npepper, yolks of 4 eggs, 3 tablespoons vine\u00c2\u00ac\\ngar, 1 tablespoon lemon juice, 2 teacups\\nolive oil.\\nChili Sauce. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Nine large ripe tomatoes, 1\\nonion chopped fine, 4 hot peppers, 2 cups of\\nvinegar, 1 tablespoon salt, 1 tablespoon\\nsugar, 1 teaspoon ginger, 1 teaspoon cloves,\\nI teaspoon allspice, I teaspoon cinnamon, 1\\nteaspoon nutmeg. Boil 1 hour.\\nTomato Catsup. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Take the following in\u00c2\u00ac\\ngredients Eight qts. strained tomato juice,\\n6 tablespoons black pepper, the same quan\u00c2\u00ac\\ntity of salt, 4 tablespoons mustard, 1 table\u00c2\u00ac\\nspoon cloves, 1 qt. good vinegar, 1 cup brown\\nsugar, 1 teaspoon red pepper and 1 grated\\nnutmeg. This must be boiled slowly until\\nit becomes thick.\\nCucumber Catsup.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Pare cucumbers and\\ncut them into pieces the size of a pear, lay in\\na bowl as follows: a layer of cucumbers, then\\na layer of salt, etc. Allow them to stand\\nuntil following day; drain off water and\\nseason with celery seed, white and black\\nmustard seed, unground black pepper and a\\nlittle chopped onion. Fill bottles more than\\nhalf full of the cucumbers, then fill them up\\nwith good vinegar.\\nCurrant Sauce. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Five lbs. currants, 4\\nlbs. sugar, 1 pt. vinegar, 4 teaspoons cinna\u00c2\u00ac\\nmon, 4 teaspoons cloves. Boil 3 hours; nice\\nfor meats.\\nBread Sauce. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Cut a large onion in quar\u00c2\u00ac\\nters and boil it in milk till tender; drain off\\nth( milk and pour it over grated bread\\ncrumbs cover them up and let stand for\\nabout an hour, then put in a stewpan with a\\npiece of butter the size of an egg mixed with\\na little flour; boil up together, add a little\\ncream and serve. This sauce is excellent\\nwith roast shoulder of mutton.\\nApple Sauce for Roast Goose. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Pare,\\ncore and slice some apples, stew till tender,\\nand add a little butter and some brown\\nsugar.\\nCelery Sauce.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Take y 2 pt. boiling milk,\\n5 tablespoons butter, 1 tablespoon flour, stir\\ntogether. Cut two heads of celery fine, boil\\nfive minutes; stir the celery into the prepared\\nmixture and boil a few minutes. Very nice\\nfor boiled fowl.\\nKgg Sauce.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Take 5 tablespoons drawn\\nbutter, the yolks of 2 hard-boiled eggs\\nmashed fine; seasoning, 4 tablespoons vine\u00c2\u00ac\\ngar and 3 of salad oil, a little catsup if", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0260.jp2"}, "261": {"fulltext": "HELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\n243\\ndesired; stir well and boil for a few minutes.\\nThis is a nice fish sauce.\\nOnion Sauce.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Boil the onions gently in\\nmilk and water till they are quite soft, tnen\\nrub through a colander with a spoon, and\\nboil them up with cream or the yolk of an\\negg beaten smooth with milk or melted\\nbutter.\\nWhite Sauce for Boiled Fowl.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Put the\\npeel of a lemon cut very fine into a pint of\\ncream, with a little thyme and seasoning to\\ntaste; simmer it gently for a few minutes,\\nthen strain and thicken it with i tablespoon\\nflour beaten up with y lb. butter, boil up\\nand add the juice of the lemon and stir well.\\nMix the sauce with a little of the hot chicken\\ngravy, but do not boil them together.\\nLemon Sauce.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Cut thin slices of lemon\\ninto small pieces and put them in melted\\nbutter; let it just come to a boil and pour\\nover the fowl.\\nMint Sauce.-\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Chop mint leaves with a\\nsharp knife, and do it quickly or they will\\nturn black; add a little brown sugar and\\nsome good vinegar. This is very nice with\\nroast lamb or mutton.\\nHorse-Radish Sauce. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Mixwell together\\n1 oz. grated horse-radish, y 2 oz. salt, I table\u00c2\u00ac\\nspoon made mustard, 3 tablespoons brown\\nsugar, the same quantity of vinegar, and\\nmilk and cream to make it the consistency of\\nthick cream.\\nDutch Sauce for Meat or Fish.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Put 6\\ntablespoons water and 4 of vinegar into a\\nstewpan, heat and thicken with the yolks of\\n2 eggs make it quite hot, but do not boil;\\nsqueeze in the juice of a lemon, and strain\\nit through a sieve.\\nTo Make Drawn Butter.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Put half a\\npint of milk in a perfectly clean stewpan and\\nset over a moderate fire; put into a pint\\nbowl a heaping tablespoon of wheat flour, y\\nlb. sweet butter and a saltspoon of salt work\\nthese well together with the back of a spoon,\\nthen pour into ft, stirring it all the time, half\\na pint of boiling water; when it is smooth,\\nstiv it into the boiling mnk, let it simmer for\\nfive minutes or more and it is done.\\nDrawn butter made after this recipe will\\nbe found to be most excellent; it may be\\nmade less rich by using less butter.\\nMelted Butter. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Put into a stewpan 4 oz.\\nbutter, melt a little, then add 2 tablespoons\\nflour and stir well together; pour in y 2 pint\\nhot water and boil a minute, stirring con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstantly and always in one direction. Milk\\nused instead of water requires a little less\\nbutter and looks whiter.\\nMelted Butter. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Mix a large teaspoon\\nflour smoothly with 1 cup cold water and a\\npinch of salt; put this in a stewpan and add\\n2 or 3 ozs. butter and stir constantly until it\\nthickens, when it is done.\\nTo Clarify Butter. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Simmer it gently over\\na clear fire, and when melted take it off, skim\\nand let the sediment settle. Pour the butter\\noff clear into jars for use and set in a cool\\nplace. Do this in the fall and it will keep\\nall winter.\\nCurry Powder. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Two ozs. mustard, 2 of\\nblack pepper, 6 of coriander seed, 6 of\\ntumeric, x 2 oz. red pepper, 1 oz. cardamon,\\n1 oz. cummin seed and cinnamon. Pound\\nfine, put in a bottle, cork and keep for\\nseasoning gravies.\\nBoro-tartrate for Preserving Meat and\\nOther Food. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Distilled water is aromatized\\nwith nutmeg in the proportion of 1 or 2 parts\\nto 1000, and in this is dissolved 12 to 15\\nparts of boro-tartrate obtained by melting\\ntogether 2 parts of tartaric acid with 1 5 of\\nboracic acid. This antiseptic fluid is injected\\ninto the arteries of the animal to be pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nserved, which is then cut up, and the pieces,\\nafter the bones have been removed, are im\u00c2\u00ac\\nmersed in the fluid for several hours and then", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0261.jp2"}, "262": {"fulltext": "244\\nHELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\ndried in the air. Small pieces require to be\\nimmersed only for a short time, or their sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nface simply sponged with the fluid. This\\nwill be found an excellent preservative.\\nEnglish Pickle for Meat. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Dissolve 300\\nparts of common salt, 5 parts of saltpetre\\nand 50 parts of sugar in 2000 parts of water.\\nBoil the whole and remove the scum.\\nVEGETABLES\\nEGETABLES are a most use\u00c2\u00ac\\nful accessory to our daily\\nfood, and their cookery\\nshould receive greater atten\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion than it usually does. It\\nis considered a very simple\\nthing to boil a pot of potatoes, yet their\\npalatableness and digestibility depend very\\nlargely on the way it is done. Nearly all\\nvegetables are much better put into boiling\\nwater, as the fine flavor is thus retained in\\nthe vegetable instead of being soaked out in\\nthe water. Care should be taken not to\\novercook them and when done they should\\nbe immediately prepared for the table and\\nserved at once, as they are spoiled by\\nstanding.\\nScalloped Potatoes. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Four large, cold,\\nboiled potatoes, peeled and sliced, 2 table\u00c2\u00ac\\nspoons butter, 1 pt. hot milk, 2 tablespoons\\nflour. Melt butter and add hot milk and\\nflour, when thick add salt, pepper and\\nparsley. Put a layer of mixture in bottom\\nof baking dish, then a layer of potato and so\\non, milk coming last. Cover with cracker\\ncrumbs and bake 1 5 minutes.\\nPotatoes a la Creme. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Put into a sauce\u00c2\u00ac\\npan 3 tablespoons butter, a small handful of\\nparsley chopped fine, salt and pepper to\\ntaste. Stir up well until hot, add a small\\nteacup cream or rich milk, thicken with 2\\nteaspoons flour and stir until it boils. Chop\\nsome cold, boiled potatoes, put into the mix\u00c2\u00ac\\nture and boil up once before serving.\\nPotatoes in Cases. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Bake potatoes of\\nequal size, when done and still hot cut off a\\nsmall piece from each potato, scoop out care\u00c2\u00ac\\nfully the inside, leaving the skin unbroken,\\nmash the potato well, seasoning it with\\nplenty of butter, pepper, salt and grated\\ncheese; return it to potato skin with a spoon,\\nallowing it to protrude about an inch above\\nthe skin. Leave the tops rough and return\\nto oven to brown.\\nCandied Potatoes. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Boil 3 large sweet\\npotatoes until tender, slice and place in\\nshallow baking dish, in layers, with sugar\\nand butter liberally sprinkled between.\\nCover the top with sugar, then pour a tea\u00c2\u00ac\\ncup of boiling water thereon and set inside\\nthe oven to brown.\\nCandied Sweet Potatoes. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Boil 6 small\u00c2\u00ac\\nsized sweet potatoes, peel them and lay on a\\nshallow plate or pan. Put a teaspoon butter\\non each potato, sprinkle on them cup of\\nbrown sugar, 2 tablespoons of water in pan,\\ncook slowly and baste as you would meat.\\nCinnamon, cloves, nutmeg and lemon peel\\nimprove the flavor.\\nMacaroni. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Boil macaroni until tender,\\ndrain and place in dish alternate layers of\\nmacaroni and cheese, allowing plenty of the\\nlatter; season with salt; prepare a custard\\nas for custard pie, omitting the sugar, pour\\nthis over the macaroni, bake in a slow oven.\\nPotato Chips. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Pare the potatoes, shave\\nthem very thin, soak for y 2 hour in ice-cold\\nsalted water, drain in a colander and spread", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0262.jp2"}, "263": {"fulltext": "HELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\n245\\nupon a dry towel; fry a few at a time in\\nvery hot fat, i minute being sufficient to cook\\nand brown them properly, sprinkly lightly\\nwith salt, and when needed at table heat\\nquickly in the oven.\\nSweet Potato Pone. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One quart sweet\\npotatoes peeled and grated pour over the\\ngrated potato I pt. boiling water, stir it well;\\nadd i teacup brown sugar, 2 teacups mo-\\nlosses, 2 tablespoons butter, 1 heaping table\u00c2\u00ac\\nspoon powdered ginger, 1 teacup milk; pour\\ninto a baking dish and bake slowly for about\\n2 hours.\\nGreen Corn Oysters. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One pint grated\\ngreen corn, 1 tablespoon flour, 2 eggs, piece\\nof butter the size of half an egg, a pinch of\\nsalt. Mix well and fry like pancakes.\\nBoston Baked Beans.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 These require a\\ncovered stone bean-pot. One qt. dry beans\\nmakes enough for a family of 6 or 7 persons.\\nThe beans should be looked over carefully\\nand put to soak in plenty of soft water over\\nnight; skim them out of the water in the\\nmorning and put on cold fresh water enough\\nto cover them when they have boiled put\\nthem in the bean-pot in the same water.\\nAdd 1 tablespoon molasses and a piece of\\ncorned beef, about y 2 lb., with considerable\\nfat on it (we much prefer this to pork) and a\\nvery little salt.\\nIt is best to taste them when about half\\ndone, and if they are not salt enough add\\nwhat more salt is needed. A little experience\\nwill soon teach one just howto season them.\\nBake 3 or 4 hours in a moderate oven, and\\nsee that there is water enough kept in them,\\nby adding as it cooks out. There should\\nalways be water enough so you can see it by\\ntipping the pot up sidewise.\\nGreen Tomatoes and Onions, \u00e2\u0080\u0094Slice\\ngreen tomatoes without peeling, put into a\\nhot skillet which has been buttered, add a\\nlayer of sliced onions, then tomatoes, etc.,\\nuntil the dish is filled. When all is cooked\\ntender turn into a hot dish and serve. This\\nis especially nice for lunch in the fall.\\nFried Tomatoes. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Slice large tomatoes\\ninto three slices, rub with flour, fry in hot\\nbutter, browning on both sides. Dress with\\na sauce made of cream, butter and season\u00c2\u00ac\\ning. Serve hot.\\nTomato Toast.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Proceed as for stewed\\ntomatoes, then run them through a colander,\\nadd a cup of cream and serve on toast.\\nTomato Relish. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One doz ripe tomatoes,\\n3 onions, 2 small green peppers, 3 table\u00c2\u00ac\\nspoons sugar, CU P vinegar, 1 table\u00c2\u00ac\\nspoon salt, boil gently 1 hour.\\nTomato Sauce. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Slice 2 large onion and\\nboil until well done; add 1 can tomatoes, 3\\ntablespoons sugar, pepper and salt to taste;\\ncook well for 20 minutes, then strain; aftet\\nstraining let it come to a boil and add 1 tea-\\nspoon corn starch wet with a little water,\\nalso a piece of butter the size of a walnut.\\nBoiling Cabbage, to Keep Green.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nPut 4 qts. hard water in a kettle and let k\\nboil. Cut a good-sized cabbage into 2 or 4\\npieces, cut out the core, wash in clean cold\\nwater, then put in kettle of boiling water.\\nStir it down, put lid on till it boils fast, then\\ntake off the lid. Stir it occasionally till done r\\nwhich will be in about 20 minutes. Strain\\nin a colander. By so doing you will have a\\nnice green cabbage.\\nAsparagus.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Cut off the hard ends and tie\\nin bunches, put into boiling water with a\\nlittle salt and boil till tender. Mix together\\nflour and butter in equal parts, beat to a\\ncream, stir in hot water off the asparagus to\\nmake a sauce, boil together. Lay the\\nasparagus on slices of toasted bread pour\\nthe sauce over all and serve hot. The\\nasparagus may be dressed in the same man\u00c2\u00ac\\nner without the toast, or may be dressed\\nwith seasoning only if preferred.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0263.jp2"}, "264": {"fulltext": "246\\nHELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\nCauliflower.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Trim off the green leaves\\nand soak an hour in cold water tie in a\\ncoarse white cloth and plunge into a kettle\\nof boiling water, with a little salt; cook about\\ny 2 hour or till tender. It is very nice served\\nwith either sweet cream or melted butter.\\nCauliflower Fried. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Soak a cauliflower\\nin cold water for an hour, then boil in milk\\nand water till tender, divide into small\\nbranches and set away to cool. Make a\\nbatter in the proportion of I tablespoon flour\\nand 2 tablespoons milk to I egg. Heat some\\nfresh butter in a frying pan, dip each branch\\nin the batter and fry a light brown.\\nCauliflower Omelet.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Chop cold cauli\u00c2\u00ac\\nflower very fine and mix it with a sufficient\\nquantity of beaten egg to make a stiff batter,\\nthen fry it in fresh butter and serve very\\nhot.\\nStewed Celery. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Wash 4 heads and take\\noff the green leaves. Cut into pieces 3 or 4\\nin. long, put into a steW-pan with y 2 pint of\\nmeat broth, stew till tender. Add a little\\ncream and seasoning, also a little flour and\\nbutter, and simmer together.\\nSauerkraut. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Slice or chop the cabbage.\\nPut a layer of salt on the bottom of a barrel\\nor tub, then a layer of ^aobage, and so ot?\\nuntil the barrel is full. As each layer is put\\nin it should be pounded. The top layer\\nshould be salt. When the barrel is full it\\nshould be covered with a cloth and a board\\nto fit the barrel and a heavy weight on top.\\nAt the end of a few days it will begin to fer\u00c2\u00ac\\nment. After it does, wash the cloth on the\\ntop every day until it begins to be clear.\\nThe crout will be ready for use in about 4\\nweeks. Be sure to have a tight-fitting cover,\\nso as to exclude the air.\\nStuffed Tomatoes. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Select large-sized,\\nsmooth and round tomatoes. Cut from the\\nstem end a slice and lay aside; scoop all the\\ninside of tomato out, being careful not to\\nbreak through, add half as much cracker or\\nbread crumbs, season highly with salt and\\npepper, add plenty of butter, a dash or two\\no; r cayenne, put on the stove, cook 10\\nminutes. Now fill the hollow tomatoes with\\nthis dressing; when full add 4 or 6 whole\\ncloves, putting them on top of the dressing\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094either pile up high or make level and put\\non the sliced top place tomatoes in a large\\nbaking-pan, with a little hot water to prevent\\nsticking, and bake 15 minutes.\\nSALADS\\nABBAGE SLAW.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Heat 1 cup\\nvinegar, yolk of 1 egg mixed\\nwith 1 tablespoon mustard, 2\\ntablespoons sugar and a lump\\nof butter the size of an egg,\\nrolled in flour; cook a few\\nminutes and pour over the cabbage, which\\nmust be cut up not too fine, with salt\\nsprinkled over it.\\nCelery Salad. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One qt. chopped celery,\\npt. almonds, browned in butter and salted,\\nadd mayonaise dressing. Serve on lettuce\\nleaves.\\nPotato Salad. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Take y 2 cup vinegar, y\\ntablespoon mustard and 1 tablespoon butter,\\nlet them boil and then add 2 eggs beaten\\nwith y cup sugar, stir till it thickens when\\ncold add y, cup sweet cream boil 6 fair\u00c2\u00ac\\nsized potatoes till tender, not mealy, and\\nwhen cold cut in cubes and salt and turn the\\ndressing over them, and over the top lay-\\nsliced hard-boiled eggs.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0264.jp2"}, "265": {"fulltext": "HELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\n247\\nCold Slaw.\u00e2\u0080\u0094One-half pint rich milk or\\ncream, y 2 pt. good vinegar, i small cup\\nsugar, 3 eggs well beaten, a lump of butter\\nsize of an egg, i heaping teaspoon ground\\nmustard, the same of celery seed, pepper and\\nsalt. Cook all together until the mixture\\nthickens. When cool pour over cabbage cut\\nvery fine.\\nBoiled Salad Dressing. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Three well-\\nbeaten eggs, 6 tablespoons vinegar, i table\u00c2\u00ac\\nspoon butter, i even teaspoon pepper (white\\npepper preferred), I teaspoon mustard, 2\\nteaspoons salt, y, cup cup of cream whipped\\nto a froth. Put the vinegar on to boil, when\\nboiling add the beaten eggs and cook dll\\nthickened, stirring all the time; when thick\\nand smooth remove from the stove and add\\nthe butter. Work the pepper and mustard\\ninto the salt (dry to prevent lumping when\\nadded to the dressing), add the salt, pepper\\nand mustard and put away into a cool place.\\nWhen wanted for a salad add the whipped\\ncream and a couple of tablespoons of salad\\noil if desired. For potato salad, add some\\nfinely minced parsley and onions. For\\nchicken salad, use celery cut fine with a\\nknife, not chopped. For any fish salad,\\nalways use salad oil in the above dressing.\\nFor celery salad, use as above. For cab\u00c2\u00ac\\nbage salad, omit the mustard and add a little\\nsugar.\\nChicken Salad. \u00e2\u0080\u0094To I pair of chickens\\nboiled and cut in small pieces add celery\\nabout same quantity as chicken, 2 small\\ntablespoons salt, yolks of 4 hard boiled eggs,\\ny 2 pt. vinegar, y teaspoon cayenne pepper\\n(be careful with this), 3 small tablespoons\\nmustard, y pt. sweet cream, 1 tablespoon\\nflour, y 2 pt. oil (chicken oil, butter and salad\\noil mixed together to make y pt.), yolks of\\n4 raw eggs. Put all together and let cook,\\nthicken but not boil, then after corking well\\npour over chicken and celery. Very fine.\\nFruit Salad. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One box gelatine soaked in\\nI pt. cold water until dissolved, 3 cups sugar,\\nI qt. boiling water, boil 10 minutes, flavor\\nwith the juice of 2 lemons and a can of pine\u00c2\u00ac\\napple juice, strain and let cool then stir in\\n1 can of pineapple cut in small squares, 2\\noranges cut small, 2 bananas cut small. Put\\ninto moulds and cool.\\nSardine Salad. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Remove oil and outside\\nskin from three boxes of imported sardines,\\ntake out as much bone as possible, cut fine,\\nenough pickle to season, 4 hard boiled eggs\\nand mix with sardines.\\nDressing for Same .\u00e2\u0080\u0094One cup vinegar, 1\\ntablespoon sugar, 1 teaspoon salt, 1 tea\u00c2\u00ac\\nspoon each of mustard and pepper and 1\\negg well beaten. Let boil until thick, con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstantly stirring, and when cold pour over the\\nsardines, then garnish with celery.\\nBanana Salad. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Cut in slices lengthwise\\nas thick as a dollar, arrange so the slices will\\nform a semi-circle-and form a hollow center;\\npour over them 1 gill grape juice, sweet with\\nsugar, into which you have put 1 teaspoon\\nlemon juice. Let them get ice-cold, then\\nfill center with whipped cream piled high.\\nBeet Salad. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One quart raw cabbage\\nchopped fine, 1 pt. boiled beets chopped fine,\\n1 y cups granulated sugar, 1 tablespoon\\nsalt, 1 teaspoon pepper, 1 teacup horse\u00c2\u00ac\\nradish grated. Cover with cold vinegar and\\nkeep from the air.\\nCucumber Salad. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Take 2 dozen small\\ncucumbers sliced thin, leaving rind, and salt\\nwell; let stand 3 hours, add one-quarter as\\nmany onions as cucumbers, let stand three\\nhours, drain off liquor and mix well with the\\nfollowing salad dressing: y 2 cup sweet oil,\\ny 2 cup white mustard seed, y 2 cup black\\nmustard seed, I tablespoon celery seed, I\\nqt. cider vinegar.\\nLobster Salad. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Cut the meat of the\\nlobster into small pieces or dice, make nests", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0265.jp2"}, "266": {"fulltext": "248\\nHELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\nof three or four small crisp lettuce leaves and\\nput one large spoonful of lobster in each one.\\nPut a spoonful of salad dressing in each, or\\nserve separately in a small pitcher or bowl.\\nSalmon Salad. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One cup canned salmon,\\ni cup crackers broke fine, I large onion\\nchopped fine, salt and pepper to taste.\\nMoisten well with vinegar and serve.\\nTomato Salad. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Scald and peel the\\ntomatoes, then put on a dish a layer of sliced\\ntomatoes and a layer of chopped celery until\\nthe dish is full; pour over all a French\\ndressing of i tablespoon vinegar, 3 table\u00c2\u00ac\\nspoons olive oil, 1 saltspoon pepper and salt-\\nspoon salt add a little cayenne if liked.\\nVeal Salad. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Boil till tender, chop fine\\nand proceed as in the above recipe. Garnish\\nwith sliced lemons.\\nOrange Salad, \u00e2\u0080\u0094One tablespoon vinegar,\\n2 teacup water, 1 teaspoon powdered sugar,\\na pinch of salt, a pinch of mustard, y 2 tea\u00c2\u00ac\\nspoon butter, yolks of 5 eggs. Mix sugar,\\nbutter, salt, pepper, mustard and vinegar,\\nput on stove and heat through. Beat yolks\\nlight and stir in hot mixture on the stove\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\nbeat fast until it gets thick. Peel and remove-\\nthe seeds from oranges, break into pieces,\\nand pour mixture over them just before\\nserving.\\nSalad Dressing. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Beat the yolks of 2\\neggs to a cream, add 1 tablespoon sugar, a\\ngenerous pinch of red pepper and scant tea\u00c2\u00ac\\nspoon mustard. Beat together and add y 2\\nteacup vinegar, steam until it thickens, stir\u00c2\u00ac\\nring all the time; add a pinch of celery seed.\\nJust before using add 2 tablespoons thick\\ncream. Do not dress salad until ready for\\nuse.\\ni\\nBread, Biscuit,\\nEAST. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Twelve large potatoes,\\ny 2 cup of sugar, 2 yeast cakes,\\ny cup of salt, handful of hops.\\nBoil potatoes, strain water off\\nand set aside to cool. Mash\\npotatoes to cream, add sugar\\nand salt. Boil hops five minutes, when cool\\nstrain the water into the yeast, soak yeast\\ncakes in tepid water, add when potatoes are\\ncool, set over night to rise.\\nPotato Yeast. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Pare and grate 4 large\\nraw potatoes, pour over them 1 qt. boiling\\nwater and set on the stove until it thickens;\\nlet it cool and then add 1 cup of well-raised\\nsweet yeast and set it in a warm place to\\nrise when quite light add I cup of sugar\\nand y cup of salt. This will keep 2 or 3\\nweeks in a cool place.\\nRolls, Cake, Etc.\\nHop Yeast.\u00e2\u0080\u0094To a handful of hops take 3\\npints of water and boil 15 minutes add I\\ntablespoon salt. Strain the liquor, and while\\nboiling pour over a handful of flour. Soak\\none yeast cake in a cup of lukewarm water\\nuntil soft. After the liquor has become\\nlukewarm add the yeast and set aside to rise.\\nAfter it has risen work in enough meal to\\nmake it stiff; roll, cut into cakes and set to\\ndry. 4\\nYeast That Will Keep All Summer.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nPare and grate 12 large potatoes, add 1 tea\u00c2\u00ac\\ncup sugar and cup salt. Boil 2 handfuls\\nof hops in 1 gallon of water five minutes,\\nand strain onto the other ingredients. Put\\nthe mixture into a tin pail and set in a kettle\\nof boiling water and stir till it thickens.\\nWhen cool add 1 pt. of good sweet yeast or", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0266.jp2"}, "267": {"fulltext": "HELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\n249\\n4 fresh yeast cakes. Stir well, cover up\\ntight and set in a warm place to rise. When\\nlight put into a stone or glass jar and set in\\na cool place in the cellar. Use y 2 cud of\\nthis yeast for two loaves of bread.\\nApple Yeast. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Six large apples, i pint\\nflour, i pt. cornmeal, i cup sugar, 2 cup\\nsalt, i pt. hops, i gal. water. Simmer ap\u00c2\u00ac\\nples, hops and water i hour, mash through\\na sieve, add other ingredients and let cool,\\nthen add i cup of yeast. Keep in a cool\\nplace and use as other yeast.\\nThe Very Best Baking Powder. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Get y 2\\nlb. bicarbonate of soda, I lb of pure cream of\\ntartar and i oz. corn starch. Sift 2 or 3\\ntimes. Use about 1 tablespoon for each lb.\\nof flour.\\nFrench Biscuit. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Beat together 1 cup of\\nsugar, 1 egg, 1 cup of butter and y 2 cup of\\nsour milk. Put in y 2 teaspoon soda. Use\\nflour enough to mold. Roll on a board, cut\\ninto biscuits and bake in a quick oven.\\nQuick Soda Biscuit. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Rub 1 teaspoon of\\nsoda and 2 teaspoons of cream tartar into 1\\nqt. flour. Then rub into the flour 2 table\u00c2\u00ac\\nspoons butter. Pour in y 2 pt. sweet milk or\\ncold water, add a little salt. Work the dough\\ninto shape as quickly as possible. It should\\nbe soft as you can handle. Roll and cut into\\nbiscuits y 2 inch thick and bake in a quick\\noven. They are delicious\u00e2\u0080\u0094light, flaky and\\nwhite. Three teaspoons baking powder may\\nbe substituted for the soda and cream tartar.\\nBreakfast Biscuit. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Take 1 qt. sweet milk,\\ny, cup melted butter, a little salt, 2 table\u00c2\u00ac\\nspoons Royal Baking Powder, flour enough\\nto make a stiff batter do not knead into\\ndough, but drop in buttered tins from a\\nspoon. Bake in a hot oven\u00e2\u0080\u0094unless it i? hot\\nthey will not be light and tender.\\nCream Biscuit. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Take y 2 cup of sour\\ncream, 1 pt. sweet milk, 2 teaspoons cream\\ntartar, 1 of soda and a little salt. Mix with\\nsufficient flour to mold out smoothly, and\\nbake in a quick oven.\\nGraham Biscuit. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Take 1 pt. of Graham\\nflour, 1 cup of white flour, 2 tablespoons of\\nbutter, 2 heaping teaspoons cream tartar, 1\\nof soda, a little salt. Mix with sweet milk\\nor water and bake in a quick oven.\\nRye Biscuit. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Take y 2 pt. rye meal, 1 y\\ncups wheat flour, 4 tablespoons molasses, 1\\negg, a pinch of salt, y 2 pt. sour milk and 2\\nscant teaspoons soda. Bake quick.\\nLemon Biscuit. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Take I cup butter, 2 y 2\\ncups sugar, 4 eggs, 1 pts. flour, 1 teaspoon\\nbaking powder, 1 teaspoon extract lemon..\\nMix the butter, sugar and beaten eggs-\\nsmooth, add the flour, sifted with the powder\\nand the extract. Flour the board, roll out\\ndough y in. thick, and cut out with large,,\\nround cutter; lay out on a greased tin, wasE\\nover with milk and lay a thin slice of citrom\\non each. Bake in hot oven 10 minutes.\\nGraham Gems. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Take 1 pt. sweet milk,.\\ny 2 cup sugar, 1 teaspoon cream tartar, y\\nteaspoon soda. Mix with Graham flour to*\\na stiff batter. Drop into gem-pans and bake-\\nquickly.\\nWheat Gems. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Two cups milk, 2 cups-\\nflour, 2 tablespoons melted butter, 2 eggs\\nbeaten separately, y teaspoon baking soda.\\nHave gem-pans very hot and bake in quick\\noven.\\nRye Gems. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One cup of rye flour, cup\\nGraham or white flour, y 2 cup molasses, 1\\ncup or a little more sour milk, 1 teaspoon\\nsoda dissolved in the milk, small piece of\\nmelted butter, a little salt. Have the pans\\nwarm.\\nLight Rolls. \u00e2\u0080\u0094When making light bread\\nsave enough for 2 loaves, add to it the white\\nof 1 egg and about 2 tablespoons of butter.\\nMix well, roll out on a board and cut with a\\nbiscuit cutter; then grease the top, fold over\\nand flatten a little with the hand. Put in a.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0267.jp2"}, "268": {"fulltext": "250\\nHELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\nwarm place to rise, and when light bake in a\\nmoderate oven.\\nBakers\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Rolls. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Take 2 lbs. light dough,\\nadd 2 or 3 ozs. butter, 1 tablespoon sugar, 1\\negg and flour enough to knead into a smooth\\ndough. Put in a warm place to rise, and\\nwhen they are light cut into pieces about the\\nsize of a small egg and mold up round with\\nthe hands let them stand for 10 minutes,\\ngrease the tops, then with a small round stick\\nor roll press in center of each roll quite hard;\\nfold one side over the other, then press a\\nlittle with the hands. Put on a tin in rows,\\nlet them rise and bake 15 minutes in a\\nmedium oven.\\nFrench Rolls. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Take 1 qt. flour, y 2 cup\\nhop yeast, y 2 teacup butter and water\\nenough to wet. Mix well and let it rise\\nover night. Roll out thin and cut in squares.\\nButter each and roll up. Set to rise. When\\nlight bake in a moderate oven for y 2 hour.\\nThey are very nice.\\nNew England Rolls. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Take about 4 lbs.\\nflour, rub into it 3 oz. butter, make a hole in\\nthe flour and add 1 pt. cold milk, 1 gill yeast,\\n3 oz. sugar, 1 egg and a little salt. Let this\\nrise over night, then mix and let stand till\\nnoon make into rolls, let them get light\\nand bake in a rather hot oven.\\nPlain Muffins. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Take 2 lbs. raised dough,\\nrub in y lb. butter, melted; then add y 2\\ncup milk, 1 whole egg and 4 yolks, a little\\nsugar, a little salt and y lb. flour. Beat\\nwell, till the batter is smooth, and let it rise\\nfor awhile; then set the muffin-rings on a\\nbuttered baking-pan, grease the rings and\\nhalf fill them. Let rise y 2 hour and bake\\nin a hot oven.\\nLondon Crumpets. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Take 1 y 2 lbs. flour,\\n1 qt. warm water, a cup of yeast, 1 table\u00c2\u00ac\\nspoon melted butter and 1 of syrup, 1 tea\u00c2\u00ac\\nspoon salt, mix all together. Set at night,\\nor 6 hours before baking. Beat well.\\nCorn Meal Muffins. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Take 1 y 2 cups of\\ncorn meal, 2 teaspoons baking powder, 1 y 2\\ncups flour, 1 tablespoon sugar, y 2 teaspoon\\nsalt, tablespoon melted butter, 2 eggs, milk\\nto make stiff batter.\\nSponge Cake. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Ten eggs, y 2 lb. flour, 1\\nlb. pulverized sugar, 1 lemon, 1 small tea\u00c2\u00ac\\nspoon salt. Beat yolks separately and thor\u00c2\u00ac\\noughly, add sugar and beat hard, add salt,\\nlemon juice and grated peel. Beat whites to\\nstiffness and add to the yolks, beating well\\ntogether. Then cut the flour in slowly with\\na large knife and avoid beating after this.\\nBake in two deep, long, narrow pans, in slow\\noven, which is hot on the bottom. The\\nsecret of success is in the baking and in not\\nbeating the flour into the eggs.\\nOld-Fashioned Plum Cake. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Three coffee\\ncups sugar (soft brown the best), y 2 cup\\nbutter, 3 eggs, 2 cups sour milk, 2 tea\u00c2\u00ac\\nspoons soda, a little salt, flour enough to\\nmake it as stiff as pound cake, cloves, cin\u00c2\u00ac\\nnamon and nutmeg to taste, 1 lb. raisins, 1\\ncup currants, y lb. citron, juice of 1 orange.\\nThis makes a very large cake one-half the\\nrule fills an ordinary pan.\\nA Table of Weights and Measures.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThree level coffeecups sifted flour equal 1\\nlb.; 2 level coffeecups pulverized sugar\\nequal 1 lb.; 1 y level coffeecups granulated\\nsugar equal 1 lb.; i 3 level coffeecups A\\nsugar equal 1 lb.; 4 scant teacups sifted\\nflour equal 1 lb.; 2 scant teacups soft butter,\\npacked, equal 1 lb.; 2 scant teacups granu\u00c2\u00ac\\nlated sugar equal 1 lb.; 2 y scant teacups\\nbrown sugar ffiual 1 lb.\\nFruit Cake. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One qt. flour, finely sifted, 1\\nqt. brown sugar, 2 cups butter, 12 eggs\\nbeaten separately, 2 lbs. raisins, 2 lbs. cur\u00c2\u00ac\\nrants, y lb. citron, 2 lbs. blanched almonds,\\n1 cup molasses, 1 cup brandy or wine, 1\\nteaspoon ground cloves, 1 teaspoon allspice,\\n1 teaspoon nutmeg, 1 tablespoon cinnamon,", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0268.jp2"}, "269": {"fulltext": "HELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\n251\\ni tablespoon ginger, i tablespoon soda dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nsolved in water, about y cup water. Bake\\n3 hours.\\nHuckleberry Cakes. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Mix butter the size\\nof an egg with 2 heaping tablespoons sugar;\\nadd 2 well beaten eggs, a little salt, i cup\\nmilk, 2 heaping cups flour, i teaspoon cream\\ntartar in the flour, i cup berries. When\\nusing berries have the batter a little stiff.\\nLastly add y teaspoon soda in a little warm\\nwater. Bake immediately in small tins.\\nAngels\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Food. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Whites of 12 eggs beaten\\nstiff, i y 2 tumblers of granulated sugar, i\\ntumbler of flour, 2 teaspoons cream tartar,\\ni y teaspoons baking powder; sift flour with\\ncream tartar and baking powder four times.\\nAdd sugar to eggs and beat until very light.\\nStir in flour, a little at a time, and bake in a\\nloaf.\\nEmpress Cake. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Two cups bar sugai\\nsifted, y cup butter, y cup sweet milk, 2\\ncups sifted flour, 5 eggs beaten separately, 2\\nlevel teaspoons baking powder, 1 table\u00c2\u00ac\\nspoon brandy, 1 tablespoon flavoring. Bake\\nin slow oven and do not open oven door for\\n1 5 minutes.\\nIce Cream Cake. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One-half cup butter,\\ny cup sugar, y 2 cup milk, 2 cups flour, 3\\neggs, 1 teaspoon cream tartar, y, teaspoon\\nsoda. Beat the whites separately.\\nWhite Cake. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One goblet butter, 2 gob\u00c2\u00ac\\nlets sugar, 3 goblets flour, 1 teaspoon baking\\npowder, the whites of 15 eggs 8, 10 or 12\\neggs will answer, the larger quantity makes\\nthe nicer cake.\\nWhite Cup Cake. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Take 1 y 2 cups sugar,\\n1 cup butter, whites of 8 eggs, 1 cup sweet\\nmilk, I cup corn starch, 1 y cups flour, 2\\nteaspoons baking powder. Flavor with rose\\nwater.\\nGold Cake. \u00e2\u0080\u0094After beating to a cream\\n1 y 2 cups butter and 2 cups white sugar, stir\\nin the well-whipped yolks of 12 eggs, 4 cups\\nsifted flour, 1 teaspoon baking powder, flavor\\nwith lemon. Line pan with butter and\\npaper; bake in a moderate oven 1 hour.\\nSilver Cake. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Seven eggs, 2 cups pow\u00c2\u00ac\\ndered sugar, cup butter, 2 teaspoons\\nbaking powder, 1 teaspoon cream tartar, y\\nteaspoon soda, 3 cups flour, 1 teaspoon\\nvanilla or 4 drops of almond essence. Bake\\nin a loaf for y hour.\\nCaramel Cake. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One cup butter, 2 cups\\nsugar, a scant cup milk, 1 y cups flour, 1\\ncup corn starch, whites of 7 eggs, 3 tea\u00c2\u00ac\\nspoons baking powder in the flour, bake in a\\nlong pan. Take y lb. brown sugar, scant\\ny lb. chocolate, y cup milk, butter size of\\nan egg, 2 teaspoons vanilla; mix thoroughly\\nand cook as syrup until stiff enough to\\nspread; spread on cake and set in the oven\\nto dry.\\nVelvet Cake. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Two cups sugar, 4 cups\\nflour, 1 cup butter, 1 cup cold water, 4 eggs,\\ny 2 teaspoon soda, 1 teaspoon cream tartar.\\nBeat the butter and sugar to a cream, dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nsolve the soda in water, mix cream tartar in\\nflour, beat the eggs separately, then add\\nother ingredients. Flavor with 1 table\u00c2\u00ac\\nspoon lemon or almond. Bake 1 hour in a\\nmoderate oven. This quantity makes 2\\nloaves.\\nZimmekuken (German Coffee Cake).\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nOne pt. raised dough, 1 heaping cup white\\nsugar, y cup butter, 2 tablespoons sweet\\ncream, 3 eggs, 1 cup currants or raisins, a\\nlittle cinnamon. Beat all together hard.\\nPut in 1 long pan or 2 short ones, raise about\\n20 minutes, then sprinkle sugar and cinna\u00c2\u00ac\\nmon on top, bake y 2 hour. Very nice with\\ncoffee in the morning.\\nCream Cake. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One cup sugar, 1 egg in\\na cup. fill it up with cream, 1 cups flour, 2\\nteaspoons baking powder. Stir quickly and\\nbake.\\nElba Cake.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Cream together 2 cups", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0269.jp2"}, "270": {"fulltext": "252\\nHELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\nsugar and y 2 cup butter, add the whites of\\n4 eggs beaten to a froth and beat thor\u00c2\u00ac\\noughly 3 cups flour, 3 teaspoons baking\\npowder, 1 cup milk, flavor to taste.\\nLoaf Cake \u00e2\u0080\u0094Three eggs, 2 cups sugar, 1\\ncup butter, 3 cups flour, 1 cup sweet milk, 2\\nteaspoons baking powder.\\nCoffee Cake.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 One egg, 1 cup sugar, y 2\\ncup butter, y 2 cup molasses, 1 teaspoon soda,\\nI cup flour, 1 cup coffee, 1 cup raisins, spices.\\nBlackberry Cake. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Three eggs, y cup\\nbutter, 1 cup brown sugar, 3 tablespoons\\nmilk (sweet or sour), 1 y 2 cups flour, 1 cup\\nblackberry jam, 1 teaspoon soda. Bake in\\na square tin and frost the top. Very nice.\\nNut Cake.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Two cups sugar, 1 cup butter,\\n3 cups flour, 1 cup milk, 4 eggs, 2 teaspoons\\nbaking powder, 1 cup nut meats cut fine\\n(hickory nuts are very nice), y 2 teaspoon\\nextract almond.\\nStrawberry Short-cake. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Make a rule\\nof baking powder biscuit, with the exception\\nof a little more shortening; divide the dough\\nin half; lay one-half on the moulding board\\n(half the dough makes one short-cake),\\ndivide this half again and roll each piece large\\nenough to cover a biscuit tin or a large sized\\npie tin; spread soft butter over the lower\\none, and place the other on top of that;\\nproceed with the other lump of dough the\\nsame, by cutting it in halves and putting on\\nanother tin. Set them in the oven when\\nsufficiently baked take them out, separate\\neach one by running a large knife through\\nwhere the cold soft butter was spread. Then\\nbutter plentifully each crust, lay the bottom\\nof each on earthen platters or dining plates\\ncover thickly with a quart of strawberries\\nthat have been previously prepared with\\nsugar, lay the top crusts on the fruit. If\\nthere is any juice left, pour it around the\\ncake. This makes a delicious short-cake.\\nPeaches, raspberries, blackberries and\\nhuckleberries can be substituted for straw\u00c2\u00ac\\nberries. Always send to the table with a\\npitcher of sweet cream.\\nRECEIPTS FOR\\ns Renovating Clothing\\nO Wash Satin, Silk Ribbons,\\nBrocade and Silk Damask.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Rub the materials to be\\ncleaned either with yolk of\\negg or Venetian soap, wash\\nthem in tepid water, then rinse\\nand dry. Now dissolve good\\ngum-tragacanth in equal parts of wine-\\nvinegar and spring water, and strain the\\nsolution through a cloth; it should not be\\ntoo thick. Dip the fabric in this solution so\\nthat it is uniformly moistened, then squeeze\\nout the gum water, and by means of a brush\\nspread the fabric upon a smooth board and\\nlet it dry quickly in the sun or near the stove.\\nBut ribbons should be ironed dry.\\nTo Wash Silk Ribbons Mixed with\\nGold and Silver Threads.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Before wash\u00c2\u00ac\\ning brush the ribbons with honey water to\\nprotect the colors. Then wash in a solution\\nof beef\u00e2\u0080\u0099s gall and soap manipulate the rib\u00c2\u00ac\\nbon with one hand while pouring rain water\\nover it with the other hand. After washing\\ndip them in clear gum water, wrap them", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0270.jp2"}, "271": {"fulltext": "HELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\n253\\nbetween two cloths around a mangle roller,\\nand mangle them for a short time; then\\nfasten some weight to one end of the ribbons\\nand hang them up to dry.\\nTo Remove Grease from Silk. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Lay the\\nsilk on a table on a clean white cloth. Cover\\nthe damage thickly with powdered French\\nchalk. On this lay a sheet of blotting paper\\nand on the top a hot iron. If the grease\\ndoes not disappear at once, repeat the\\nprocess.\\nTo Remove Port Wine Stains. \u00e2\u0080\u0094If a\\nglass of port wine is spilt on a dress or table\u00c2\u00ac\\ncloth, immediately dash all over it a glass of\\nsherry. Rub vigorously with dry soft\\ncloths. No stains will be left.\\nTo Clean Ladies\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Kid Boots. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Dip a\\nrag in almond oil and remove all the mud\\nfrom the boot, a piece at a time, drying as\\nyou go, and never leaving the leather moist.\\nPolish with clean rag and more oil. If you\\ndislike the dulness this process leaves, when\\nquite dry polish with the palm of the hand.\\nKid is thus both cleaned and preserved.\\nTo Clean Colored Fabrics. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Nearly all\\ncolored fabrics stain the lather used to clean\\nthem, and that without losing their own\\nbrightness in any way. No article of a dif\u00c2\u00ac\\nferent color must be plunged into a wash or\\nrinse so stained, but must have fresh ones\\nand no colored article must be rinsed in a\\nblued lather. Scarlet is particularly prone\\nto color a wash.\\nDifferent colors are improved by different\\nsubstances being used in the wash or rinse\\nsugar of lead has the credit of fixing all\\ncolors when first cleaned, and may be used\\nto those likely to run. To brighten colors,\\nmix some ox-gall, say two pennyworth but\\nof course the quantity must be regulated by\\nthe quantity of suds in the wash and rinse.\\nFor buff and cream-colored alpaca or cash-\\nmere, mix in the wash and rinse two penny\u00c2\u00ac\\nworth of friar\u00e2\u0080\u0099s balsam for one skirt. For\\nblack materials, for one dress, two penny\u00c2\u00ac\\nworth of ammonia in the wash and rinse.\\nFor violet, ammonia or a small quantity of\\nsoda in the rinsing water. There are some\\nviolets and mauves that fade in soda. For\\ngreen, vinegar in the rinse, in the proportion\\nof two tablespoonfuls of vinegar to a quart\\nof rinse. For blue, to one dress, a good\\nhandful of common salt in the rinse. For\\nbrown and gray, ox-gall. For white, blue\\nthe water with laundry blue.\\nDresses, mantles, shawls, opera-cloaks,\\nunder-skirts, waists, etc., of all sorts (the\\nlatter and such small articles need not be\\nunpicked if the trimming is removed), articles\\nembroidered with silk, self-colored or chintz-\\ncolored, damask curtaining, moreen and other\\nwoollen curtaining, may all be cleansed as\\nspecified so fai.\\nBlankets should be cleaned in the same\\nway. Pull them out well, whilst wet, at both\\nsides and both ends, between two persons.\\nWhen half dry it is a good plan to take them\\noff the line and pull them again; when quite\\ndry, just give them a little more pulling out.\\nThis keeps them open and soft. Blankets\\nare not blued so much as flannels, presently\\ndescribed. Never use soda to them, and\\nnever rinse them in plain water or rub on\\nsoap.\\nThe dyers and cleaners have a mode of\\npressing articles which gives to many of\\nthem, such as damask and moreen curtaining\\nand Paisley shawls, a superior appearance to\\nanything that can be achieved at home but\\nsome of them will press articles at a fixed\\nprice for persons cleaning them at home.\\nWorsted braids and fancy trimmings can\\nbe cleaned the same way.\\nMuslin dresses, even of the most delicate\\ncolors, can be cleaned in ten minutes or a\\nquarter of an hour, without losing their color", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0271.jp2"}, "272": {"fulltext": "254\\nHELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\nMelt half a pound of soap in a gallon of\\nwater, empty it in a washing tub, place near\\ntwo other large tubs of clean water, and stir\\ninto it one quart of bran. Put the muslin in\\nthe soap, turn it over and knead it for a few\\nminutes; squeeze it out well, but do not\\nwring it lest it get torn rinse it about quickly\\nin the bran for a couple of minutes. Rinse\\nagain well for a couple of minutes in clean\\nwater. Squeeze out dry and hang it between\\ntwo lines. A clear dry day should be chosen\\nto wash muslin dresses; half a dozen may be\\ndone in this way in half an hour. The last\\nrinse may be prepared the same way as the\\nrinses for woollen fabrics. A colored pattern\\non a white ground must not be blued. The\\nbran may here be dispensed with.\\nWhen the dress is dry make the starch;\\nfor a colored muslin, white starch, and un\u00c2\u00ac\\nboiled, but made with boiling water, is best\\nfor muslin dresses. Stir the starch with the\\nend of a wax candle. Dip the dress. Hang\\nit again to dry. When dry, rinse it quickly\\nand thoroughly in clear water. Hang it to\\ndry again. Sprinkle and roll it up; after\u00c2\u00ac\\nwards iron it with very hot irons. Hot irons\\nkeep the starch stiff. This rinsing after\\nstarching is called clear-starching; none of\\nthe stiffness but much of the unsightliness of\\nthe starch is removed in this way.\\nAll kinds of white muslins, lace curtains,\\ncravats, etc., maybe washed in a thick lye of\\nsoap, as described, well rinsed, blued and\\nstarched, like the muslin dresses above\\nnamed. Use blue starch to white. White\\nmuslin waists should be very slightly\\nblued, and the same may be observed of\\nbook-muslin dresses and cravats, as blue\u00c2\u00ac\\nlooking muslin is very unbecoming to the\\ncomplexion a slight creamy tinge is pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nferable.\\nMorning cambric dresses may be washed\\nthe same way as muslin dresses but they do\\nnot generally clean quite so readily, and per\u00c2\u00ac\\nhaps may need rubbing a little in places that\\nare soiled.\\nThe advantage of thus cleaning dresses in\u00c2\u00ac\\nstead of washing them is, first, if colored, the\\nprocess is so rapid that there is not time for\\nthe colors to run. Secondly, the fabric is\\nnot rubbed, and therefore not strained and\\nworn out. Thirdly, the process saves nearly\\nall labor, and is so quickly done that any\\nlady may manage it for herself in the absence\\nof a laundry maid or a lady\u00e2\u0080\u0099s maid.\\nMany ladies make a strong solution of\\nsugar of lead\u00e2\u0080\u0094some put two pennyworth in\\nenough cold water for one dress stir it well\\nwhen dissolved, and let the dress, muslin or\\ncotton, soak a couple of hours to set the\\ncolors before washing it the first time. It\\ndoes not need to be repeated. Those using\\nsugar of lead should be careful not to do so\\nif they have any scratches, abrasions or\\nwounds about their hands.\\nChintz may be cleaned in the same way as\\nmuslin and print dresses.\\nTo Clean Black Silk with Very Little\\nTrouble and Expense. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Take entirely to\\npieces the dress, jacket, etc., and well shake\\neach piece; then spread over a table a news\u00c2\u00ac\\npaper, or sheet of clean paper, and on it lay\\na breadth of the silk. Brush it well both\\nsides with a fine soft brush\u00e2\u0080\u0094a hat brush\\nwould very well answer the purpose. Shake\\nit again; fold together in half, and place it\\non one side of the table. In the same man\u00c2\u00ac\\nner shake, brush and shake again each piece\\nof the silk. Remove the paper and place on\\nthe table a clean newspaper or sheet of paper.\\nNewspapers answer best; they are large and\\nsmooth, and probably at hand. On the\\npaper again place a breadth of the silk, and\\ninto a clean quart pudding-basin pour a half\\npint of cold water, adding half a pint of good\\nsweetened gin, which is better for the pur-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0272.jp2"}, "273": {"fulltext": "HELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\n255\\npose than unsweetened, as the sugar stiffens\\nthe silk. These are the proportions for any\\nquantity required.\\nHave ready a piece of black crape or\\nblack merino about half a yard square dip\\nit well into the liquid, and thoroughly wash\\njpver the best side of the silk. Be careful that\\nit is well cleaned, and if possible wash it from\\nedge to edge and wet it well all over. Then\\nfold over the silk in half; then again, till the\\nfolds are the width of those of new silk.\\nPlace it in a clean towel, and clean each piece\\nof the silk in the same manner, laying one\\npiece on the other, and remembering by a\\nmark which is the last piece done, as that\\nthis must be the last ironed.\\nLet the silk lie folded in the towel until a\\nlarge iron is well heated; but be careful that\\nit is not too hot; try it first on paper, or a\\npiece of old damped silk. Use two irons.\\nOpen the towel when the iron is ready, and\\nplace the piece of silk that was first cleaned\\non an old tablecloth or sheet folded thick;\\niron the wrong side quickly, from edge to\\nedge, until dry. Fold the silk over lightly\\nto the width of new silk, and place it on one\\nend of the table until all is done. This sim\u00c2\u00ac\\nple process stiffens, cleans and makes the\\nsilk look new.\\nDirections for Cleaning Black Merino,\\nor any Woolen Stuff, Black Cloth Jack\u00c2\u00ac\\nets, Cloaks, or Gentlemen\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Clothes, etc.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Purchase at a chemist\u00e2\u0080\u0099s five cents\u00e2\u0080\u0099 worth of\\ncarbonate of ammonia. Place it in a clean\\nquart pudding basin and pour upon it a pint\\nof boiling water; cover it over with a clean\\nplate and let it stand to get cold. Having\\ntaken entirely to pieces the dress, jacket or\\ncloak, shake each piece well then spread a\\nlarge newspaper over a deal table, place one\\nbreadth of the material upon it, and brush it\\nwell on both sides with a fine hard brush;\\nshake it again and place it on one side of the\\ntable, folded in half. Brush and shake in\\nthe same manner each piece, folding and\\nplacing one piece on the other at the end of\\nthe table. When all are brushed, remove\\nthe paper and replace it with a fresh one,\\nupon which place another, if thin. Lay\\nupon the paper one breadth of the stuff,\\nquite smooth and flat, the wrong side next\\nthe paper; then take a piece of black\\nmerino, about half a yard square dip it in\\nthe carbonate of ammonia and water (cold)\\nwell wet it, and wash over the stuff or\\ncloth. If cloth, care must be taken to wash\\nit the right way, so as to keep it smooth;\\nwhen well washed over, fold the material in\\nhalf, and place it in a clean towel, laying\\none piece over the other, until all are done.\\nMark the last, as that will be the last to be\\nironed.\\nLet the merino, or cloth, rest in the towel\\nfor about an hour; then iron the wrong side,\\nafter placing it on a thickly folded blanket,\\nor sheet, with a thin sheet of paper, old\\nglazed lining out of the dress, or piece of\\nlinen, over the blanket or sheet. Iron each\\npiece on the wrong side until quite dry, and\\nhave two heavy irons, one heating while the\\nother is in use. Fold over the pieces, the\\nwidth of the new merino, but be careful not\\nto fold it so as to mark it sharply, especially\\ncloth. Gentlemen\u00e2\u0080\u0099s clothes can thus be\\ncleaned without taking to pieces, or ironing,\\nunless quite convenient. Vest and coat\\ncollars are thus easily renovated, the collar\\nis revived, grease spots and white seams\\nremoved.\\nTo Renovate Crape.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Brush the crape\\nwell with a soft brush, and over a wide\u00c2\u00ac\\nmouthed dish of boiling water hold tightly\\nthe crape, gradually stretching it over the\\ndish of boiling water. If a strip of crape, it\\nis very easily held tightly over the water,\\nletting the piece done fall over the dish until", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0273.jp2"}, "274": {"fulltext": "256\\nHELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\nall is completed. The crape will become\\nfirm and fit for use, every mark and fold\\nbeing removed. White or colored crape may\\nbe washed and pinned over a newspaper, or\\ntowel, on the outside of a bed, until dry.\\nCrape that has been exposed to rain or\\ndamp\u00e2\u0080\u0094veils especially\u00e2\u0080\u0094may be saved from\\nspoiling by being stretched tightly on the\\noutside of the bed with pins, until dry; and\\nno crape should be left to dry without\\nhaving been pulled into proper form. If\\nblack crape, lace or net is faded or turned\\nbrown, it may be dipped into water, colored\\nwith the blue bag, adding a lump of loaf-\\nsugar to stiffen, and pinned onto a newspaper\\non a bed.\\nWashing Clothes.\u00e2\u0080\u0094If pipe-clay is dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nsolved in the water, the linen is thoroughly\\ncleansed with half the labor and fully a\\nsaving of one-fourth of soap; and the\\nclothes will be improved in color equally as\\nif bleached. The pipe-clay softens the\\nhardest water. A cent\u00e2\u0080\u0099s worth to four gal\u00c2\u00ac\\nlons of water.\\nTo Keep Moths from Fur and Woolen\\nClothes-\u00e2\u0080\u0094In May brush fur and woolen\\nclothes, wrap them tightly up in linen, and\\nput them away in drawers. Pepper or red\\ncedar chips are good preservatives from\\nmoths, but camphor is the best.\\nWashing Chintzes.\u00e2\u0080\u0094These should always\\nbe washed in dry weather, but if it is very\\ncold it is better to dry them by the fire than\\nrisk spoiling the colors from freezing in the\\nopen air. It is better, if possible, to defer\\ntheir washing till the weather is suitable.\\nTo Clean Paint.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Simmer together in a\\npipkin one pound of soft soap, two ounces\\nsoft pearlash, one pint of sand, and one pint\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2of table beer; to be used as soap.\\nAnother Way.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Grate to a fine pulp four\\npotatoes to every quart of water; stir it;\\nthen let it settle, and pour off the liquor.\\nTo Wash Point Lace.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Fix the lace in 2\\nframe, draw it tight and straight, make a\\nwarm suds of Castile soap and apply it gently\\nto the lace with a fine brush; when clean on\\none side wash the other in the same manner.\\nThen rinse by throwing clean water on it in\\nwhich some alum has been dissolved. Then\\nmake some thin starch, apply it to the wrong\\nside of the lace, and when dry, iron it on the\\nsame side, and pick it out with the fingers or\\na bodkin. To clean the lace, if not very dirty,\\nwithout washing, fix it in the frame as above\\nand go over it with fine bread-crumbs, and\\nwhen done, dust out the crumbs.\\nTo Whiten Lace.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Iron the lace slightly,\\nthen fold it and sew it in a clean linen bag,\\nand place this for 24 hours in pure olive oil.\\nThen boil the bag in a solution of soap and\\nwater for 15 minutes, rinse in lukewarm\\nwater, and finally dip in water containing a\\nsmall quantity of starch. Then take the lace\\nfrom the bag and dry it stretched on pins.\\nTo Cleanse Feathers.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Take for every\\ngallon of clean water 1 lb. of quicklime, mix\\nthem well together, and when the undissolved\\nlime is precipitated in a fine powder pour off\\nthe clear lime water for use. Put the feathers\\nto be cleansed in another tub and add to\\nthem a quantity of the clear lime water suf\u00c2\u00ac\\nficient to cover the feathers about 3 inches\\nwhen well immersed and stirred about\\ntherein. The feathers when thoroughly\\nmoistened will sink down and should remain\\nin the lime water 3 or 4 days, after which the\\nfoul liquor is drawn off, the feathers rinsed\\nwith clean water and then dried.\\nTo Wash Dresses of Fast-colored Silk.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094I. Mix 1 quart of liquid ammonia in 2*4\\ngallons of soft water with sufficient soap.\\nWash the dress thoroughly in this solution\\nand rinse it in running water if possible.\\nII. Rub the dress with yolk of egg and\\nwash it in clean lukewarm water, rinse in cold", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0274.jp2"}, "275": {"fulltext": "HELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\n257\\nwater and dry at an ordinary temperature.\\nSoak for 12 hours yfc ounce gum tragacanth\\nand fleabane in water; then boil to a thin\\nstarch, through which draw the dress, and\\niron it between two cloths until dry.\\nTo Make Washed Silk Glossy. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nsolve i ounce of gum Arabic in y gallon of\\nwater, and add 2 tablespoonfuls of beef\u00e2\u0080\u0099s gall\\n-and ounce of fleabane seed. Boil the\\nwhole for a quarter of an hour, and when\\ncold spread a thin coat of it on the silk with\\na sponge and smooth with a linen cloth.\\nTo Restore the Color of Fabrics.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nSponge the silk or woolen fabric with a solu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of sal-ammoniac in half its quantity of\\nwater. Then with a piece of the same\\nmaterial rub the stains until they are dry, and\\nthe color will be restored.\\nClark\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Wash for Carpets. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Solution I.\\nDissolve io parts of soap in 20 of water, and\\nadd 3/4 parts of soda and l each of liquid\\nammonia and spirits of wine.\\nSolution IE, which is the actual cleansing\\nliquid consists of 4 parts of liquid ammonia\\nand 3 of alcohol diluted with water.\\nThe last solution is first used, and when\\nthe dirt loosened by it has been removed the\\nsoap solution is applied. Carpets thus treated\\nretrain their original colors in all their fresh-\\nness, the entire operation of washing and\\ndrying a large carpet requiring but 2 hours,\\nand the carpet need not be taken up.\\nTo Remove Stains from Woollen\\nDresses. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Make a thick rubbing of soap on\\na damp nail-brush. Spread the stained part\\non a deal table. Scrub with the brush and\\na sprinkling of water till quite removed.\\nTake a wet cloth and wipe off the soap.\\nTo Remove Ink Stains. \u00e2\u0080\u0094If spilt on a\\ntable-cloth or carpet, take up quickly all you\\ncan into a spoon, and throw it in a plate or\\nsaucer, or any china article which will wash\\nclean, or even in emergency on stout double\\n17\\nbrown paper. Take a rag or coarse cloth,\\ndip it in cold water, and squeeze it out.\\nRub the stain with it, and beyond the stain\\non all sides, quickly and. plentifully, till every\\nmark of the ink has disappeared. If very\\npromptly done, no trace will remain. A\\nsecond wet cloth may be used to finish with.\\nCloth table-covers are generally recovered\\nthis way. Almost any stain falling on a\\ntable-cloth, carpet or hearth-rug can thus be\\nremoved by prompt measures.\\nInk on Linen, Calico or White Muslin.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Immediately lay the damaged part of the\\narticle in plenty of milk. Immerse it well.\\nLet it lie. Then rub it well. Let it lie and\\nrub it alternately all day. Only very hard\\nrubbing will get it out, but every vestige\\nmay be removed.\\nTo Wash Velvet.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Boil, with constant\\nstirring, 2 beef-galls with some soap and\\nhoney in a sufficient quantity of water.\\nPlace the velvet upon a clean damp board\\nand freely apply the above mixture with a\\nrag. Then wrap the velvet around a mang\u00c2\u00ac\\nling roller and mangle it until the dirt has\\ndisappeared; then draw it through clean\\nwater, mangle again, and then hang up.\\nWhen half dry moisten the velvet with isin\u00c2\u00ac\\nglass dissolved in water, wrap it in a cloth,\\nmangle it until dry, and raise the pile by\\nrubbing with a cloth.\\nVelvet which has become hard and rough\\nby rain or mud, is made soft in the following\\nmanner Moisten the back of the velvet.\\nSecure a hot iron with the flat smoothing\\npart up and draw the moist velvet across it.\\nThe heat converts the water into steam\\nwhich penetrates through the pile of the\\nvelvet and separates the tangled threads.\\nSeveral Receipts for Liquid Washing\\nBlue. \u00e2\u0080\u0094I. Dissolve I part of indigo-carmine\\nin 10 of water and then add y 2 of gum-\\nArabic.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0275.jp2"}, "276": {"fulltext": "253\\nHELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\nII. Concentrated Liquid Washing Blue.\\nBengal indigo 2 parts, fuming sulphuric acid\\n9, gum-Arabic 4, water 50.\\nIII. Ordinary Liqidd Washing Blue\\nDissolve 2 parts of indigo in 9 of fuming\\nsulphuric acid and mix the solution with 350\\nparts of water and 8 of gum-Arabic.\\nWashing Powders.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Washing Crystal is a\\nsolution of borax and soda in water.\\nLustrine Alsacienne (Starch Glass).\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nconsists of spermaceti, gum-Arabic, and borax\\neach 1 ounces, glycerine 4 ounces dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntilled water 1 y 2 pints, and some sweet-scented\\nessence. The mixture is used with or with\u00c2\u00ac\\nout an addition of starch. If it is to be\\nmixed with starch add 4 teaspoonfuls of\\nlustrine to 4 y 2 ounces of boiling starchy\\nThis is a standard compound.\\nj^URNITURE VARNISH.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nj Heat gently, with constant\\nstirring, 8 parts of white wax,\\n2 of rosin, and 2 of Venetian\\nturpentine pour the mixture\\ninto a glazed stone pot and\\nadd, while it is yet warm,\\n3500 parts of rectified oil of\\nturpentine. After standing for 24 hours the\\nmass forms a soft, buttery substance, and is\\nready for use. The articles to be varnished\\nmust be carefully cleansed with soap and\\nwater and then dried before applying the\\nvarnish. The polish obtained is not quite\\nas brilliant as that obtained by shellac var\u00c2\u00ac\\nnish/but has a peculiar, chaste appearance.\\nFurniture Renovator. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Mix thoroughly\\nolive oil, 1 pound; refined oil of amber, 1\\npound, and tincture of henna, 1 ounce.\\nKeep the mixture in a well-stoppered glass\\nbottle. For renovating the polish of furni-\\nniture apply the mixture with a tuft of raw\\ncotton and rub dry with a cotton rag.\\nLiquid Polish for Silver-plated Ware.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Dissolve 3 to 4 drachms of cyanide of\\npotassium and 8 to 10 grains of nitrate of\\nsilver in 4 ounces of water. Apply with a\\nsoft tooth-brush, wash the object thoroughly\\nwith water, dry with a soft linen cloth, and\\npolish with a chamois skin. Neither whiting\\nnor powder of any kind should be used for\\ncleaning and polishing they only wear out\\nor scratch the silver In the case of solid\\nsilver some precipitated chalk is allowable in.\\nthe solution.\\nFor preserving the lustre of silver or\\nplated ware, when not needed for actual use\\nfor a considerable time, a coating of collo\u00c2\u00ac\\ndion may be employed to great advantage.\\nThe articles are heated and the collodion is\\ncarefully applied by means of a brush, so as\\nto cover the surface thoroughly and uni\u00c2\u00ac\\nformly. It is used most conveniently when\\ndiluted with alcohol, as for photographic\\npurposes.\\nNew Polish for Wood. Dissolve 6", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0276.jp2"}, "277": {"fulltext": "HELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\n259\\npounds of shellac in about 4 to 5 gallons of\\npure alcohol. Then pour 3 y 2 ounces of\\nhigh-grade sulphuric ether over y 2 ounces\\nof collodion cotton in a bottle, add 1 y\\nounces of camphor, stir thoroughly and add\\n96 per cent, alcohol enough to completely\\ndissolve the cotton.\\nThen pour both solutions together and\\nshake well. The polish is then rubbed in\\nwith an oil prepared as follows Prepare a\\nsaturated solution of camphor in good oil of\\nrosemary and add 1 ounces of this to 2\\npounds 3 ounces of pure linseed-oil. For\\nfinishing, dissolve benzole in alcohol and\\ndilute at pleasure, taking care to apply the\\nsolution as weak as practicable.\\nGood Furniture Glue. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Boil the acTred\\nquantity of glue with water. When suffi\u00c2\u00ac\\nciently boiled pour it into a porcelain dish\\nand rub with a pestle into a thick paste free\\nfrom lumps. Then pour it into an earthen\u00c2\u00ac\\nware dish, let it cool and cut it into pieces of\\ndesired size. When it is to be used dissolve\\n2 parts of the prepared glue in 1 of ordinary\\nwhiskey diluted with 2 of water, and let it\\nboil up once. The glue is now ready for\\nuse and can be kept for some time. It\\npossesses extraordinary adhesive power.\\nGlue for Books. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Dissolve over a mod\u00c2\u00ac\\nerate fire 12 parts of glue to 8 of water, add\\n8 parts of shavings of white soap, and when\\nall are dissolved, 6 of powdered alum, stir\u00c2\u00ac\\nring the mass constantly. The sheets of\\npaper may be either dipped into this fluid or\\nit is applied with a sponge.\\nTo Cleanse Marble Busts. \u00e2\u0080\u0094First free\\nthem from all dust and then wash them with\\nvery weak hydrochloric acid. Soap injures\\nthe color of the marble.\\nTo Cleanse Alabaster. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Rub the ala\u00c2\u00ac\\nbaster carefully with shave-grass and then\\nwith Venetian soap and chalk, stirred into a\\npaste with water.\\nTo Cleanse Precious Stones. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Apply\\nprecipitated sulphur moistened with spirit of\\nwine, and rub with a very soft brush.\\nTo Cleanse and Beautify Old Oak\\nFurniture.\u00e2\u0080\u0094I. Wash the furniture, in case\\nit has any grease stains, with warm beer.\\nII. Boil wax and sugar in beer and rub\\nthe furniture with this by means of a brush.\\nWhen dry rub until the article shows the\\ndesired lustre.\\nBrass \u00e2\u0080\u0094Is cleansed by rubbing it with\\nspirits of ammonia and vinegar, and then with\\nblotting paper soaked in spirit of wine.\\nSilver \u00e2\u0080\u0094Is cleansed by placing the articles\\nfor a few minutes in a boiling hot solution of\\ntartar, and then rubbing them with soft\\nleather.\\nPolishing Powder for Silverware, etc.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Mix intimately 4 parts of washed pipe\u00c2\u00ac\\nclay and 1 of purified tartar.\\nGold \u00e2\u0080\u0094Is cleansed with Paris red and soft\\nleather.\\nTo Polish Slate (Magnus\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Patent).\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nMix intimately 7 parts of linseed oil, 1 of\\nground ochre, 3 of tar oil. and 1 of asphal\\nturn. Apply the mixture to the surface of\\nthe slate by means of a brush, then submit\\nthe article to a heat of about 200\u00c2\u00b0 F., when\\nit is cooled off and polished with pumice stone\\nand tripoli.\\nTo Clean Dirty or Stained Furniture.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094If the furniture is in a bad state, but not\\nstained, it will be sufficient to cleanse it by\\nwell washing with spirits of turpentine, and\\nafterward polishing with linseed oil colored\\nwith alkanet root. When, however, the fur\u00c2\u00ac\\nniture is stained or inky, it should be washed\\nwith sour beer or vinegar, warm afterward\\nrubbing the stains with spirit of salts rubbed\\non with a piece of rag. The wood may then\\nbe polished with linseed oil colored with\\nalkanet root, or with beeswax dissolved in\\nturpentine, with a little copal varnish or resin.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0277.jp2"}, "278": {"fulltext": "260\\nHELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\nTo Render New Mahogany Like Old.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nThis is of service in the cases of furniture\\nrepaired, or when lacquered handles have\\nbeen changed for mahogany ones. Soap and\\nwater will darken to some extent; but if\\ndarker is required, use oil; or for very dark,\\nlime-water. This makes old furniture look\\nlike new.\\nTo Clean Lacquered Brass-work of Fur\u00c2\u00ac\\nniture.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Wash in warm water, using a soft\\nrag. If the work will not clean by this means,\\nit mus t be relacquered.\\nHE COMPLEXION.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 A daily\\nbath is an adjunct to the beauty\\nof the skin, and so is every\u00c2\u00ac\\nthing that conduces to health,\\nsuch as early hours, avoid\u00c2\u00ac\\nance of close, crowded rooms,\\na daily walk, pure air and\\nsuitable diet. Too poor and too rich diet\\ninjure the skin equally.\\nCare should be taken not to tan or freckle\\nthe skin. A black veil should not be worn\\nin sunny weather. It is well not to wash\\nthe face too frequently; it should be made\\nclean before retiring to rest at night, that\\nnothing may obstruct the free action of the\\nperspiration, and that, with the morning\\nablutions, should suffice. Of one thing be\\nvery careful; never wash the face when you\\nare heated, or soon after walking or dancing,\\nespecially in cold water. Drinking cold\\nwater, also, at such times, is greatly injurious.\\nDoing either is well known to cause a per\u00c2\u00ac\\nmanent discoloration of a frightful descrip\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion. Tight lacing and tight boots are also\\nsometimes the cause of a red nose or a skin\\ndisease.\\nRose water is harmless to the skin, and\\nsulphur is frequently beneficial. A wash of\\nrose water and flowers of sulphur may be\\nused when there is any disfigurement of the\\nskin, such as we have just indicated. First\\nwash the face clean, shake the bottle, and\\nbathe the face at night for ten minutes. Let\\nit dry unwiped. But unless there is any\\ncause do not use any preparation let well\\nalone.\\nIt is pleasant, after all, to think that the\\nfinest beautifiers are within the reach ot\\nevery one, and are such simple cosmetics as\\ncold water, fresh air, and temperate habits.\\nIn proportion as we have endeavored to\\nprove how small a part the features in them\u00c2\u00ac\\nselves play as to the higher purposes of a\\nface\u00e2\u0080\u0094namely, its identity and moral charac\u00c2\u00ac\\nter\u00e2\u0080\u0094we have increased the responsibility of\\nevery one who carries a face as to the impres\\nsion it ought to create. This responsibility\\nof course, extends equally to man as to\\nwoman; but a larger sphere of it belongs to\\nthe latter. With her is associated a separate\\nidea, that as beauty is proper to her, the\\nloves and the graces are felt to reside natur\u00c2\u00ac\\nally in a woman\u00e2\u0080\u0099s countenance, but to be\\nquite out of place in a man\u00e2\u0080\u0099s. His face is\\nformed to be clean, and may be allowed to be\\npicturesque\u00e2\u0080\u0094but it is a woman\u00e2\u0080\u0099s place to be\\nbeautiful.\\nBeauty of some kind is so much the attri\u00c2\u00ac\\nbute of the sex, that a woman can hardly\\nbe said to feel herself a woman who has not,", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0278.jp2"}, "279": {"fulltext": "HELPS FOR THE HOUSEKEEPER.\\nat one time of her life at all events, felt her\u00c2\u00ac\\nself to be fair. Beauty confers an education\\nof its own, and that always a feminine one.\\nMost celebrated beauties have owed their\\nhighest charms to the refining education\\nwhich their native ones have given them.\\nIt was the wisdom as well as the poetry of\\nthe age of chivalry that it supposed all\\nwomen to be beautiful, and treated them as\\nsuch.\\nA woman is not fully furnished for her\\npart in life whose heart has not occasionally\\nswelled with the sense of possessing some\\nnatural abilities in the great art of pleasing,\\nopening to her knowledge secrets of strength,\\nwonderfully intended to balance her muscu\u00c2\u00ac\\nlar, or\u00e2\u0080\u0094if it may be\u00e2\u0080\u0094her general weakness.\\nAnd herein we see how truly this attribute\\nbelongs to woman alone. Man does not\\nneed such a consciousness, and seldom has it\\nwithout rendering himself extremely ridicu-\\njbus; while to a woman it is one of the\\nchief weapons in her armory.\\nEau de Cologne.\u00e2\u0080\u0094An excellent form of\\neau de Cologne may be thus prepared: Take\\ntwo drachms of the seeds of the lesser car\u00c2\u00ac\\ndamon, and put them into a still with two\\nquarts of rectified spirits of wine, and add\\ntwenty-four drops of each of the following\\noils: bergamot, lemon, orange, neroli, rose\u00c2\u00ac\\nmary and cedrat; allow them to remain for\\na few days, and then distill three pints of\\nperfume. Sometimes a stronger preparation\\nis made by employing half the quantity of\\nspirit to the same quantity of materials. This\\npreparation may also be made by omitting\\nthe seeds, and dissolving the oils in the spirit\\nwithout distillation. In this case the perfume\\nwill be improved by allowing the eau de\\nCologne when made, to remain at rest in a\\n2(51\\ncool place, such as a dry wine-cellar, for two\\nor three months before being used.\\nCosmetic Wash Powder.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Mix 400 parts\\nof pulverized Castile soap, 33 of dry carbon\u00c2\u00ac\\nate of sodium, 133 of orris root, 200 of bran\\nof almonds, 3 of oil of bergamot, 1 of oil of\\nlemon and of oil of cloves. A small\\nquantity of this powder added to water gives\\nto it a lather of an agreeable odor which\\ncleanses and softens the skin.\\nHeld\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Washing Powder for the Hands*\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094Mix intimately fine wheat flour 500 parts,\\nordinary pulverized soap 125, finely pulver\u00c2\u00ac\\nized orris root 33, oil of bergamot 23^, and\\nkeep this mixture in a well-closed jar.\\nIn using it take 1 or 2 spoonfuls of the\\npowder, mix it to a thin paste with water and\\nrub the hands with this for some time, then\\nwash them in clean water and dry them\\nthoroughly.\\nOriental Rouge.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Stir finely pulverized\\norris root into water and strain it several\\ntimes through fine linen. The powder re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmaining in the linen is dried and preserved\\nin a glass jar. In using the powder apply a\\nlittle of it to the part to be rouged and rub\\nit in with the hand for a few minutes. The\\nskin will become red during the process, ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncompanied with a burning sensation, but this\\nceases in a short time.\\nParis Powderfor Beautifying the Com\u00c2\u00ac\\nplexion.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Steep a quantity of rice in pure\\nclean water. Change the water every day\\nfor fourteen days until the rice is so soft that\\nit can be easily crushed. Then pour off all\\nthe water and stir the rice into a white, milky\\nfluid. Strain this through a hair sieve or a\\ncoarse cloth, let the fluid settle and dry the\\nfine flour gained in this manner, and finally\\nmix it with some pulverized soda.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0279.jp2"}, "280": {"fulltext": "Good Health\\nAND\\nHow to Preserve It\\nEGARD your health as\\nsomething of vital\\nimportance. To\\nmaintain it is not\\nonly essential t o\\nlong life and happi\u00c2\u00ac\\nness, but also to a\\nhigh order of mind and morals.\\nAn Arabian proverb says \u00e2\u0080\u009cHe\\nwho has health has hope and\\nhe who has hope has every\u00c2\u00ac\\nthing.\\nIf strong is the frame\\nof the mother,\u00e2\u0080\u009d says another\\nproverb, the son will give\\nlaws to the people.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Emerson\\nsays, \u00e2\u0080\u009cthe first wealth is\\nhealth.\u00e2\u0080\u009d It is easier to prevent disease than\\nto cure it. To this end we must, of course,\\nknow the conditions necessary for the posses\u00c2\u00ac\\nsion and preservation of health.\\nThe agencies and influences to be spoken\\nof in this connection are air, water, food,\\nlight, and the other forms of force and\\nmatter which determine the change of tissue\\nin the human system. Beside these is the\\ninfluence of environment, varied by indi\u00c2\u00ac\\nvidual circumstances, such as climate, soil,\\nweather, habitation, occupation and clothing.\\nHealth as well as disease may be inherited\\nby children from their parents. The import\u00c2\u00ac\\nance of conforming to the rules of hygiene\\nmust not, therefore, be judged merely from\\nthe individual standpoint. Such conformity\\n262\\nwill be valuable not only to parents, but also\\nto their offspring for generations, and, if\\nuniversal, will enable us, we may claim,\\ngradually to improve the whole human race.\\nThe first important principle by which he\\nmust be governed, who wishes to enjoy a\\nlong and healthful life, is that cf securing a\\nnormal and regular continuance of tissue-\\nchange throughout his body. This tissue\\nmetamorphosis, as it is called, consists in\\nthe constantly proceeding waste of tissue\\nand its regeneration. That these may pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ngress freely, the following rules must be\\ncomplied with\\nWholesome Food and Air.\\nTo furnish a sufficient supply of normal,\\nhealthy blood, the food taken must be\\nwholesome and abundant, and the air inhaled\\nmust contain the required amount of oxygen,\\nwhile those constituents of the blood which\\nrepresent the unavoidable tissue waste must\\nbe readily and constantly eliminated.\\nThe circulation of the blood must be free\\nand rapid, so that it may constantly pass\\nthrough all parts of the body, in order that\\ntissue waste may be eliminated, and that\\nnew matter may be distributed to the tissues\\nin need of it, where new constituents are\\nready to be taken up.\\nActivity must alternate with rest in order\\nto maintain tissue change and regeneration\\nat the proper standard.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0280.jp2"}, "281": {"fulltext": "HEALTH AND BEAUTY", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0281.jp2"}, "282": {"fulltext": "264\\nGOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\nOUR house should be so situ\u00c2\u00ac\\nated that there is an outfall for\\nthe waste water and sewage\\nand it should also be exposed\\nfairly to the sun. The neces\u00c2\u00ac\\nsity for the first is obvious a\\nword about the latter may not be out of\\nplace. The effects of cutting off the light\\nare seen in the blanched condition of vege\u00c2\u00ac\\ntables deprived of light, or even more still in\\nthe debilitated appearance of those parts of a\\nplant which are removed from it. What is\\nmore to the point is the effect of sunlight\\nupon the human frame.\\nThis has been seen in the effects upon the\\nhealth of residents in different portions of the\\nsame barracks. The largest portion of ill-\\nhealth was always found in those sections\\nwhich were furthest removed from light and\\nsunshine. The companies were changed\\nback and forwards, but the illness always\\nstuck to the dark and shaded barracks. The\\neffect of the glancing sunlight is well seen in\\nthe convalescent, who seems positively to\\nabsorb strength and spirit by being bathed\\nin the invigorating light.\\nThe next matter of importance in the\\nselection of a site is with regard to the nature\\nof the soil. This is important from several\\npoints of view. It has been abundantly\\ndemonstrated that dampness of soil is an\\nimportant cause of phthisis to the population\\nliving on the soil,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and the improvement\\nproduced by draining the subsoil in lessening\\nthe amount of consumption is marked.\\nWhere the soil is too damp this must be met,\\nas far as possible, by careful drainage of the\\nhouse and surroundings. On sand or gravel\\na house stands dry and warm, provided this\\nsubsoil drainage be efficient. On clay soils\\nit is more difficult to avoid dampness, on\\naccount of the lack of absorption.\\nAnother point to be attended to is that of\\nthe actual warmth of different soils. Some\\nabsorb heat much more readily than others,\\nand are drier and consequently warmer to\\nthe feet. Soils give off their heat much more\\nrapidly than they absorb it, and so cool at\\nnight very markedly. Sand, with some lime,\\nforms the soil which absorbs heat most per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfectly, then sand alone, and lastly clay\u00e2\u0080\u0094the\\nheavier the colder. Thus in cold countries\\nclay soils induce catarrhs, rheumatism,\\nphthisis, etc., and sandy sails are much to be\\npreferred. In hot countries sands are too\\nwarm for health and comfort unless covered\\nwith grass.\\nRubbisn and Disease.\\nOf all the horrible insanitary arrangements\\ndevised for the direct production of disease\\nand ill-health the most diabolical are rubbish\\nfoundations. \u00e2\u0080\u009cRubbish shot here\u00e2\u0080\u009d is the\\nherald of disease and death. It is a flagrant\\nviolation of all sanitation. The rubbish\\nconsists in every case, more or less, of decay\\ning organic matter, animal and vegetable.\\nThis decomposes, and in doing so either\\nevolves directly active poisons, or forms a\\ncapital breeding-place for them. The houses\\nare notoriously unhealthy, for when they are\\nbuilt upon rubbish the engendering of disease\\nis converted from a probability to a certainty.\\nNot only is it most unwise to actually\\nbring poison-bearing rubbish to form founda\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions for houses, but every old drain, cess\u00c2\u00ac\\npool, and pit should be carefully cleared\\naway. In the midst of stately piles of build\u00c2\u00ac\\nings certain houses have been known to be\\ninfested with typhoid fever as it were smittea", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0282.jp2"}, "283": {"fulltext": "GOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\n265\\nwith pestilence, where old unremoved cess\u00c2\u00ac\\npools remaining and poisoning the inmates\\nhave been discovered, and their removal has\\nbeen followed by the cessation of the local\\nplague. It is of vital importance that the\\nI foundation of the house be free from poison\u00c2\u00ac\\nous material.\\nPipes and Ventilation.\\nHaving seen that the site is not infected\\nwith the material for a future host of doctors\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nand undertakers\u00e2\u0080\u0099 bills, it is important to\\nattend to the removal of the refuse and waste\\nfrom the house, and to protect it from damp.\\nDrains should not, if possible, traverse a\\nhouse, and when this is unavoidable, glazed\\nearthenware pipes, laid in concrete or cement,\\ncarefully sealed up at the joints, and then\\ncovered by cement, should be used; and\\nprotected at the walls by relieving arches, to\\nsecure them from the effect of settlement.\\nVentilation of them should be provided at\\ntheir entrance and exit, and access pipes\\nshould admit of ready entrance to them.\\nThey should also be periodically flushed, so\\nas to secure them against accumulations in\\ntheir interior.\\nTo protect the house against damp it is\\nnecessary that a damp-proof course be laid\\nover the whole of the foundation. This\\nshould consist of hard-glazed earthenware\\ntiles, or slate laid in cement. In addition to\\nthis a dry area around the main wall is\\nhighly desirable. This is furnished by hav\u00c2\u00ac\\ning an outer wall around the main wall,\\nleaving a space betwixt them.\\nHaving so secured the foundation, the\\nouter walls may be protected against the\\ndamp produced by driving rain either by\\ncovering them with slate, or a waterproof\\ncomposition. Much of the damp-absorbing\\npower of walls depends upon the nature of\\nthe materials used in their erection, and soft\\nporous materials are most objectionable.\\nThe same may be said of floors which\\nshould always be of wood.\\nGood Drainage.\\nThe walls of the houses should be sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nstantial, and stout enough to protect the\\ndweller against external damp; in which\\nrespect houses being built in towns and\\nsuburbs are lamentably defective. The roof\\nshould be well united, and the rain should\\nbe collected into sufficient and well-jointed\\nspouting, and carefully carried off either into\\ncisterns or drains. If the former they should\\nbe efficiently drained, so as to secure the\\nremoval of the surplus water. Defective\\nspouts and the saturation of walls with rain\u00c2\u00ac\\nwater are efficient factors in the production\\nof disease and a damp house is inimical to\\nhealth.\\nThe spouting should converge to one or\\nmore down-pipes which run from the roof\\ninto the drains. These down-pipes serve\\nalso another useful purpose. They serve to\\nventilate the drains and carry the sewer gas\\naway from the house, and out into the air;\\nso relieving the house from the danger of\\nsewer-gas escaping from the water-closets,\\netc., and poisoning the house.\\nWorkingmen often fall sick because they\\ndo not live rationally and do not breathe\\nsufficiently pure air. Their homes are in\\nmany instances unhealthy, they are apt to\\nneglect cleanliness, and for the most part\\nthey do not eat proper food. A workingman\\nwho follows out sensibly the rules we have\\ngiven will find himself better off, without any\\nadditional expense, than his fellows.\\nThe most healthful occupations are those\\nwhich require an outdoor life, or which are\\nfollowed at least in a fresh, pure air. Pre\u00c2\u00ac\\neminent among these may be named garden\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, farming and cattle-raising. Of course", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0283.jp2"}, "284": {"fulltext": "M 9lm\\ngr-tH j\\nMB\\nREADY FOR THE TENNIS COURT", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0284.jp2"}, "285": {"fulltext": "GOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\n267\\nsuch a rule has some exceptions, and espe\u00c2\u00ac\\ncially in a country like ours, where thousands\\nof acres of virgin soil are broken every year,\\nthe exhalations from the ground, to which\\nwe trace fevers, cannot be avoided. Yet\\nprevention is always better than cure.\\nAbupdapce\\nS HE next point to consider about\\nthe house is its air supply.\\nThis is a point of no second\u00c2\u00ac\\nary importance. A free sup-\\nply of air is necessary to the\\nwants of the system, and that\\nair must possess several re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquisites it must be pure and free from hurt\u00c2\u00ac\\nful constituents, and be furnisned in good\\nquantity.\\nAir is a mechanical composition of nitro\u00c2\u00ac\\ngen and oxygen, the oxygen being about 21\\ner cent, by volume, and in addition to this\\n3 parts per thousand of carbonic acid gas.\\nWater in the form of vapor, and traces of\\nammonia, may almost be regarded as nor\u00c2\u00ac\\nmal constituents of the atmosphere. The\\noxygen is the essential element.\\nOxygen in an active condition is termed\\nozone. The consumption of this ozone by\\nthe respiration of animated creatures and the\\ncombustion of fires and flames, renders the\\nair of towns much less invigorating than that\\nof the open country or the ocean. Re\u00c2\u00ac\\nbreathed air in close ill-ventilated rooms\\nleads to a sense of lethargy and depression,\\nnot unfrequently combined with headache,\\nas consequences of the imperfect removal\\nof the carbonic acid, etc., and the absence of\\nactive oxygen. The quantity of oxygen is\\nsensibly diminished in the air of towns.\\nThe amount of carbonic acid varies under\\ndifferent circumstances, but not very mark\u00c2\u00ac\\nedly in the open air, where it never reaches\\ni per cent.\\no j Fresl) Air\\nAir to be pure must contain a normal\\nproportion of its constituents it ceases to\\nbe so when some are present in excess or\\nare deficient. It becomes impure by the\\naddition of foreign matters, either sclid and\\nmerely suspended in the air, or gaseous and\\ndiffused through it. The suspended matters\\nborne by the air by which we are chiefly\\ndisturbed are the products of imperfect com\u00c2\u00ac\\nbustion, or smuts. They are the nuisance\\nof every large town, especially in dark, dull\\nweather. They blow in through the finest\\ncrevices, and settle everywhere.\\nRank Impurities.\\nIn certain states of the weather, the pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nducts of imperfect combustion form fogs,\\nwhich are smoke clouds. The presence of\\nthese smuts in a condition of the finest sub\u00c2\u00ac\\ndivision is then readily demonstrated by the\\nexpectoration the expectorated mucus is\\ndark and inky from the particles arrested and\\ndetained by the mucous lining of the air\\ntubes, and drawn in by the respiration.\\nThrough the fog the noon-day sun appears\\nas through a piece of smoked glass it is\\nreally seen though a smoke-laden atmos\u00c2\u00ac\\nphere.\\nBut in addition there are vegetable seeds,\\nspores, and germs low forms of animal\\nlife, as bacteria products of animal life and\\npus-cells, especially in the air of hospital\\nwards particles of fabrics, cotton and wool;\\nand at times mineral matter, as sand, form\u00c2\u00ac\\ning in certain regions and clouds, the deadly", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0285.jp2"}, "286": {"fulltext": "2(58\\nGOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\nsimoom which the Arabs dread. Conta\u00c2\u00ac\\ngious particles, though too minute to be\\nrecognizable by the most powerful micro\u00c2\u00ac\\nscope, or detected by the subtlest analysis,\\nare borne in the air, and their presence de\u00c2\u00ac\\nmonstrated by their effects.\\nThe odor of plants is due to minute par\u00c2\u00ac\\nticles of solid matter which are wafted off the\\nplants, and bear the characteristics of each.\\nThe rose has its odor, and so have the\\nviolet and the woodbine, they are distinct\\nand recognizable but they have never been\\nseen by the microscope, any more than has\\nscarlatinal poison no chemistry can deter\u00c2\u00ac\\nmine their composition, which is as unknown\\nas that of the poison of typhoid fever.\\nMalarial or marsh poison cannot with cer\u00c2\u00ac\\ntainty be referred to the class of suspended\\nagents, possibly it belongs to the gaseous\\ndivision. Organic matter has been found in\\nthe dew in the malarial districts. But there\\nexists no doubt as to the existence of ma\u00c2\u00ac\\nlarial poison, and much is known about it,\\nthough its presence has never been demon\u00c2\u00ac\\nstrated by any other means than its results.\\nProbably fever-poisons are not gaseous but\\nsolid.\\nThe gaseous impurities of air arise var\u00c2\u00ac\\niously from the body itself, from the earth,\\nand from manufactories. The carbonic acid\\nwhich is given off by respiration is a com\u00c2\u00ac\\nBest Ale bloods\\nHE amount of air which each\\nperson requires is that amount\\nwhich shall not allow of an\\naccumulation of carbonic acid\\nbeyond a certain point. This\\ngas exists normally in the\\nair, but below four parts per\\nthousand; an atmosphere containing i per\\nmon cause of air-contamination. Its excess\\nin the body is always accompanied by a\\ndeficiency of oxygen, and the effects of each\\nare with difficulty separated.\\nIn \u00e2\u0080\u009cthe black-hole of Calcutta\u00e2\u0080\u009d and the\\nwell known case of the Londonderry,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nthese two were combined, and the mortality\\nin each case was fearful; in the first 123\\ndied out of a total of 146, in the latter out\\nof a total of 150 no less than 70 perished,\\nsimply from lack of pure air. The amount\\nof oxygen may be reduced from 23 per\\ncent, to 20, in close ill-ventilated places;\\nand such diminution is not only deleterious\\nand dangerous if carried too far, but if only\\nexisting to a lesser degree, it is baneful and\\ninjurious to the health causing great loss\\nof vital force and leaving the person predis\u00c2\u00ac\\nposed to disease.\\nEmanations from the earth of an injurious\\ncharacter generally take their origin in de\u00c2\u00ac\\ncaying organic matter, and form zymotic\\npoisons, to be considered hereafter; but\\nsometimes gases are exhaled, as the choke\\ndamp of mines, sulphuretted hydrogen, and\\ncarbonic acid. Earth itself is a good disin\u00c2\u00ac\\nfectant, and organic matter efficiently buried\\nrarely causes any troublesome consequences.\\nAir is extensively contaminated by manu\u00c2\u00ac\\nfactories and chemical works, and in more\\nlimited areas by fumes in certain trades.\\nor Yepbilabioi)\\ncent, is odious and instinctively avoided. The\\nsick require more air than the healthy, and\\nin hospitals even 3500 cubic feet per hour\\nper head has not proved sufficient to prevent\\nthe peculiar offensive odor.\\nNow it is obvious that the mere cubic\\nspace afforded to each person will not in\\nitself meet the question. The rate at which", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0286.jp2"}, "287": {"fulltext": "GOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\n209\\nthe air is renewed is a most important factor.\\nIf there are 200 cubic feet of space for each\\nperson, it is obvious that the air must be\\nrenewed ten times per hour in order to afford\\neach person 2000 cubic feet of air in that\\ntime. If the space for each person kg 400\\nfeet, the air need only be renewed five times\\nper hour.\\nThe rate with which air passes into and\\nthrough a room involves the question of\\ndraughts. In order to keep a small room\\nefficiently ventilated, the movement of air\\nmust be so rapid as to cause a draught, and\\ndraughts are common exciting causes of ill\u00c2\u00ac\\nness. Large rooms are better than small\\nones, because the air has not to be so fre\u00c2\u00ac\\nquently renewed, and draughts are thus\\navoided; the number of persons being alike\\nin each case. When the rate of change of\\nair in a room exceeds three or four times per\\nhour it becomes disagreeable, and warmed\\nair is requisite.\\nNatural Ventilation.\\nThis is achieved by the readiness with\\nwhich gases diffuse themselves through the\\natmosphere by winds and the circulation of\\nair currents. Currents are largely produced\\nby changes of temperatures as seen in the\\nsea breeze of the morning and the land\\nbreeze at night, the air coming off the heated\\nland in the evening and returning again when\\nthe land has been cooled by night. Artificial\\ncurrents exist betwixt the heated room and\\nthe cold air outside the hot air escaping out\\nand the cold air coming in. The rushing of\\nthe heated air up the chimney or stove causes\\na draught to the fire and consequently venti\u00c2\u00ac\\nlation of the room.\\nThe efficient ventilation of a room is so\\ncommonly productive of cold draughts, that\\nvarious contrivances have been devised to\\nobviate these unpleasant consequences. Yen- j\\ntilators have been put in the roof or ceiling,\\nfrom the known tendency of heated air to\\nescape upwards, and form the usual and\\ncommon means of securing a change of air\\nin apartments. These ventilators often form\\nshafts passing through the upper stories and\\nemerging at the roof. These ventilators are\\ngood when they are efficient but it is not\\nalways easy to know when the ventilation\\nthrough them is active.\\nHow to Detect an Air Current.\\nThe plan of having a strip of paper or\\nrag so hung as to be visible, and by its flut\u00c2\u00ac\\ntering telling of an air current, and by its\\nmotionless condition informing us when the\\nair current is arrested, is one which might be\\nmore generally adopted. The incoming cur\u00c2\u00ac\\nrent of air is and should be always directed\\nupward toward the ceiling, so that the cold\\ndraught may not strike the inmates.\\nThere are many plans in vogue for the\\nproduction of this end. One is to have either\\na glass louvre inserted instead of the top\\ncentre pane, or to have the pane cut into\\nstrips, which may be separated or closed by\\na cord. Another plan is to have the panes\\ndoubled, the incoming air being warmed in\\nthe spaces betwixt the panes, the course of\\nthe current being also thereby broken. A\\nthird plan is to have a wire screen at the top\\nof the window, which takes the place of the\\nwindow when it is drawn down.\\nBut no plan will ever be so effective with\\nsingle windows as are those where the win\u00c2\u00ac\\ndows are double. This is a luxury to which\\nmost people are averse, and yet the double\\nwindows deaden sound, as well as permit of\\nan ample space where the air can be warmed\\nand its current broken betwixt the windows.\\nA pane can be divided into slips in the outer\\nwindow at the bottom, and a louvre put in\\ninstead of a pane at the top of the inner win-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0287.jp2"}, "288": {"fulltext": "27a\\nGOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\ndow, and then the rate of entrance can be\\nthoroughly regulated, and a perfect ventila\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion be established without draughts of cold\\nair.\\nThe effect of double windows is well seen\\nin hospitals, and for the sake of this improved\\nventilation and the deadening of sound they\\nshould be introduced into banks, business\\nhouses and hospitals\u00e2\u0080\u0094the last especially\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nthe open air. At other times the ventilator\\ncan be carried through a shaft to the roof,\\nand then the shaft can be surmounted by a\\nwire cap. A proper cap rotates and turns its\\nback to the wind and the rain and in order\\nthat it may do so, it should be well balanced\\nand rotate easily.\\nIt is almost impossible to consider the\\ntwo subjects separately, as fire is used for\\nA HOME ADMIRABLY ADAPTED FOR VENTILATION, DRAINAGE AND HEALTH.\\nas well as into private houses and their\\nintroduction would be conducive to health\\nand comfort.\\nAn excellent plan of ventilation is to have\\nthe interspace betwixt the ceiling of one floor\\nand the flooring of the story above, itself well\\nventilated; and to allow the air carried out\\nof a room by a ventilation in the ceiling to\\npass into this interspace, and thence out into\\nboth purposes\u00e2\u0080\u0094indeed, cannot very easily be\\nused for one without involving the other.\\nThe combustion of the fire draws a current\\nof air towards it in addition to the action of\\nthe shaft or chimney, and by their combined\\naction a good change of air is maintained.\\nThe open fire is much more efficient as a\\nventilating than as a warming agent, and is\\nalmost the reverse of the stove, with its heat", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0288.jp2"}, "289": {"fulltext": "GOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\n271\\ngiving surface. The chimney acts as a ven\u00c2\u00ac\\ntilating shaft, even when the fire is not burn\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, though the ventilation is not unobjec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntionable when the air current comes down\\nthe chimney.\\nGreat Waste of Heat.\\nIn an ordinary fireplace the waste of heat\\nis enormous, and the statement that the ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntual waste of fuel is greatest in private houses\\nis well founded. No less than seven-eighths\\nof the heat passes up the chimney; and even\\nwith reflecting backs, etc., the waste is ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ncessive. At the same time such a fireplace\\nand chimney will ventilate a room capable of\\nholding from three to six persons, as the\\nquantity of air passing up it is equal to from\\n6000 to 20,000 cubic feet per hour. If the\\nroom is small and the fire brisk, the passage\\nof the air through the room is keenly felt;\\nand you are roasted on the side turned to the\\nfire while the other is chilled by the cold air\\nwhich rushes in behind.\\nLarge rooms, with an equal amount of fire,\\nare much more comfortable than small ones\\nprovided that the large rooms are not un\u00c2\u00ac\\nnecessarily airy and draughty. With the\\nordinary fireplace then the room is rather\\nventilated than warmed; and when the room\\nis too well closed against the entrance of the\\ncold air by chinks in the doorways and win\u00c2\u00ac\\ndows, the chimney has down draughts, and\\nthe cold air rushes dowm as well as the heated\\nair mounts. The diffusion will take place\\nsomehow.\\nMany have been the inventions to render\\nfires more useful as warming agents. One\\nof the best contains an air chamber at the\\nback, through which the air enters the\\nroom, and is at the same time so heated as\\nto no longer cause a cold draught. Another\\nis a cottage grate of fire clay, also with an\\nair chamber. Less complicated plans of\\ncausing the back of the grate to lean forward\\nand so throw back the heat into the room,\\nhave been more or less adopted. The de\u00c2\u00ac\\nsirable fireplace, of simple yet effective con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstruction, has still to be discovered.\\nSeveral forms of stoves have been in\u00c2\u00ac\\nvented to economize fuel, or to utilize the\\nheat produced. Two favorite forms have\\nthe air introduced beneath the stove and\\nthen given off, warm flanges of metal heat\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the air as it passes off. A dish of water\\ngives to the heated air the requisite and\\ndesirable moisture.\\nThe Sun-Burner.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nSome gas stoves warm the air ere giving\\nit off into the room, moisture being furnished\\nby a water dish. But all stoves are objec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntionable, for while heating the air, they give\\nit an unwholesome dryness. The same may\\nbe said of furnaces.\\nAnother method of utilizing flame as a\\nventilator is to have the gas lights so\\narranged in the ceiling as to form the \u00e2\u0080\u009csun-\\nburner,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and by adding a shaft to this\\nburner the already respired and vitiated air\\nis drawn towards the shaft and passes away\\nout. This forms an efficient ventilator.\\nBut gas is an objectionable heating agent;\\nand the arrangement must be very perfect\\nto admit of its being used without actual\\ndetriment. The products of gas consump\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion are very disagreeable as well as dele\u00c2\u00ac\\nterious, as every one knows who has been\\nwhere gas is largely burned either as gas\u00c2\u00ac\\nlight, or in the clinker made-up grates,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nwhich, when red hot, somewhat resemble an\\nordinary fire. The air is heavy, unplesant,\\nand laden with the products of combustion\\nunless the ventilation be very perfect.\\nAnother plan of producing warmth and\\nventilation is that of combined hot water\\npipes and air shafts. The plan of warming", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0289.jp2"}, "290": {"fulltext": "272\\nGOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\na room with hot water pipes has long been\\nin vogue, and in many instances it is an\\nexcellent and efficient mode and it has also\\nbeen proposed to have around the water\\npipes air shafts, so that the air might be\\nheated by the contact with the hot water pipe.\\nThis air shaft along the hot water pipe\\nwould surround the room, and by many\\nminute perforations admit of the warmed air\\nentering the chamber. Then, by means of\\npropulsion, the air could be forced into the\\nroom at a fixed rate; and by a modification\\nof the machinery its rate of entrance could\\nbe checked when desirable. Propulsion of\\nair into rooms dates back to the year 1734,\\nand the idea of warming it ere its introduc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion into the room has existed since 1713.\\nExtraction of air by a fan is used in some\\nlarge buildings to maintain a practically\\nsufficient ventilation. Whenever hot pipes\\nare used to warm rooms it must not be for-\\ngotten that there is no longer the air current\\nestablished and maintained by an open flame\\nand special means must be taken to main\u00c2\u00ac\\ntain the ventilation. The tendency to ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nclude fresh air from rooms is only too deep-\\nrooted, and the more effectually most of the\\nchinks in the room are closed the more\\nactive will be the draught from the unclosed\\nN\\nchinks. If all the chinks are closed the\\natmosphere of the room will become very\\nvitiated; and all the consequences of bad\\nventilation will be artifically secured. Sick\u00c2\u00ac\\nness is sure to result.\\nTl)e Water\\nE will now proceed to ex\u00c2\u00ac\\namine the question of\\nwater supply: a question\\nnot less important than\\nthose hitherto discussed.\\nWater, which consists of\\na chemical combination of\\nhydrogen and oxygen, is essential to the life\\nof every living thing, animal and vegetable.\\nThe circulation of water, bearing certain\\nmatters with it, is as important to the life\\nand growth of vegetables as it is to animals\\nand both alike die if deprived of it. Its sup\u00c2\u00ac\\nply to crowded populations in towns has been\\never most important; and magnificent sys\u00c2\u00ac\\ntems of water supply characterized many\\nextinct civilizations, as well as forming one\\nof the most important subjects which engage\\nour attention at the present.\\nThe aqueducts of ancient Rome and Peru\\nput in the shade the punier efforts of more\\nrecent times. The dark ages were dark\\nindeed, and the darkness was most marked\\nin matters sanitary; and we are but slowly\\nrecognizing the importance of our water\\nsupply.\\nThe amount of water required by each\\nindividual per diem varies from seventy to\\na hundred ounces: one third of which is\\ncontained in our articles of food. From\\nhalf a gallon to a gallon daily is further\\nrequired for cooking purposes.\\nA varying quantity is consumed by differ\u00c2\u00ac\\nent individuals for the purposes of abultion\\nmore especially among those who have their\\ncold tub every morning. Another quantity\\nis consumed for the water-closet. The cab\\nculation made for towns is usually that of\\nthirty gallons per head ten for personal and\\ndomestic purposes ten for municipal pur\u00c2\u00ac\\nposes and ten for trade and manufacturing\\npurposes. If the water supply exceed this", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0290.jp2"}, "291": {"fulltext": "GOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\n273\\nit is almost profuse; if it fall much below it,\\nit is insufficient.\\nThere is much difference in the water\\nderived from various sources and it requires\\ndifferent treatment accordingly to make it\\nwholesome. Rain-water requires to be\\nstored in cisterns, covered in and protected\\nfrom heat and cold. Being fairly pure and\\nsoft, it should not be stored in leaden cisterns.\\nThe waste water pipe of cisterns should\\nnever pass from the cistern to the drain, or\\nsewer, unbroken.\\nBest Sources of Water.\\nRiver water is more or less pure, ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncording to the soil and watershed from\\nwhich it is derived. If from mountains, it\\nis usually clear and fairly pure. It be\u00c2\u00ac\\ncomes muddy after heavy rains, especially\\nin arable districts; and more in spring and\\nautumn, when the surface is disturbed by\\nthe plough. The water which falls as rain\\nand percolates through the earth becomes\\nhighly charged with carbonic acid, which\\nmakes it fresh and sparkling. Where it\\nruns over lime or chalk it becomes ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ntremely hard by taking up carbonate of\\nlime. This hardness is removed by boil\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, the lime salts encrusting the kettle or\\npan; and in persons liable to vesical cal\u00c2\u00ac\\nculus and gravel, such boiling is very\\ndesirable. Exposure to air also relieves\\nhardness and is always desirable.\\nLake water is usually pure, and from the\\n-exposure to the air the water is soft. When\\nthe washings of certain districts pass into it,\\nit may be highly charged with organic mat\u00c2\u00ac\\nter, especially when it comes from mossy\\nmoorland or bogs.\\nIn mountainous districts of the older geo\u00c2\u00ac\\nlogical formations the water is commonly\\nvery pure.\\nFrom wherever water is collected, it is\\nusually conducted into large waterworks, and\\nthere exposed to the air in settling ponds,\\nwhere any impurities of a solid character may\\nfall; after which it should be filtered through\\nfiltering beds, and then distributed through\\npipes to the different divisions of towns.\\nAccording to the original water, and the care\\nwith which it is manipulated, is the purity of\\nthe product. The softer and purer it is, the\\nmore deleteriously does water act upon lead,\\neither in pipes or cisterns.\\nWater varies in purity according to its\\nsource and the geological formation from\\nwhich it is derived.\\nFrom granite and metamorphic rocks it is\\ngood and pure. From soft sandstone it\\nvaries much, and maybe very impure. From\\nsand it varies much, as does also water from\\ngravel. From chalk it is good but hard, and\\n18", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0291.jp2"}, "292": {"fulltext": "274\\nGOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\nimproves by boiling. From clay it is usually\\nsurface water and impure. From surface\\nand subsoil it is often objectionable. From\\nmarshes it is highly charged with organic\\nmatter. Accordingly as these different\\nwaters meet, will be the river water which\\nforms the sum total.\\nWater is also derived from springs and\\nwells, and varies according to the position\\nof the springs and wells and the geological\\nformations with which they are connected.\\nFailure of Artesian Wells.\\nArtesian wells are wells sunk to a great\\ndepth that of Grenelle in Paris is 1800 feet\\ndeep, and that of Kissingen in Bavaria is\\n1878 feet in depth. The water from these\\nwells varies much in quality, and in some\\ndistricts the quantity is affected by drought.\\nAs a source of water supply for large towns\\nthey are now abandoned, being fc nd in\u00c2\u00ac\\nsufficient.\\nWater is also procured by distillation, and\\nby this means is produced in the purest state.\\nIt is, though bright to the eye, not palatable,\\nbut it is indispensable for chemical and med\u00c2\u00ac\\nical purposes. On a large scale fresh water\\nis now distilled from sea water for the use of\\nships and troops, especially where the coast\\nwater is very bad. The water from the con\u00c2\u00ac\\ndensing apparatus of engines is very pure\\nand soft, capital for ablution, but not a pleas\u00c2\u00ac\\nant beverage.\\nThere are various methods for the purifica\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of water. The chief are distillation,\\nboiling, subsidence and filtration.\\nDistillation means the conversion of water\\ninto steam, and then recondensation by cool\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, the impurities being left behind. It is\\nefficient; and, as we have just seen, useful\\nfor some purposes.\\nBoiling is requisite to destroy minute\\norganisms and germs and it destroys those\\ndangerous and active poisons on which many\\nof our fevers depend. It also precipitates,\\nlime, for which purpose it is much used.\\nSubsidence permits of the settling down of\\nimpurities, and is often useful. By the ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nposure to air water is much softened, and\\nthe settling-bed serves two ends.\\nWater Should be Filtered.\\nFiltration is far the most important matter\\nfrom a sanitary point of view, and is the\\nfavorite method for purifying water for use.\\nWater may be both boiled and filtered, after\\nwhich it is very pure, and free from all con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntamination and source of danger. Filtration\\nis carried on on a large scale by many water\\ncompanies, and their filter beds are elabor\u00c2\u00ac\\nately prepared. The rate of descent should\\nnot be more than six inches per hour, nor\\nthe filtration exceed 700 gallons per square\\nyard each twenty-four hours. But this rate\\nis often exceeded. There are always spare\\nfilter beds to admit of the beds being cleaned\\nand renewed.\\nFiltration on a small scale is now the rule\\nin most well-managed establishments, and\\nprivate manipulation is not superfluous with\\nthe best water. It is very useful in the\\ncountry, where the water is not of first-class,\\nquality and that means very generally.\\nFilters, however, like most things, will\\nnot go on forever, and attention from time\\nto time is requisite. All filters, after a time,\\nbecome clogged up, and have, therefore, to\\nbe taken to pieces and thoroughly cleansed\\nor, if this cannot easily be done, they may\\nbe purified by passing through them a solu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of potassium permanganate, with the\\naddition of a few drops of sulphuric acid,\\nand, afterwards, two or three gallons of pure\\nor distilled water, acidulated with hydro\u00c2\u00ac\\nchloric acid. The charcoal in a filter may\\nalso be purified by exposing it to sun and air..", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0292.jp2"}, "293": {"fulltext": "GOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\n275\\nThe readiness with which water conveys\\nthe germs of disease has long been known\\nand this is one of the problems closely\\nstudied by the medical profession. Water\\nhas in it either life or death, according as it\\nis pure or impure.\\nUse of Disinfectants\\nISINFECTION is to be accom\u00c2\u00ac\\nplished by means of antisep\u00c2\u00ac\\ntics, notably fire, boiling water,\\nchloride of lime in solution,\\ncorrosive sublimate, sulphu\u00c2\u00ac\\nrous acid, green and blue\\nvitriol, carbolic acid, chloride\\nof zinc, the mineral acids, and chlorine. It\\nis best to use one of the first mentioned,\\nfollowing it up with one of the others. Car\u00c2\u00ac\\nbolic acid Koch has found capable of stop\u00c2\u00ac\\nping the development of micro-organisms\\nwhen diluted with four hundred parts of\\nwater, and corrosive sublimate in a solution\\nof the strength of one to three hundred\\nthousand. The former, a product of coal-\\ntar, is a clear, colorless, oily liquid which\\nblisters the skin severely in a few moments, is\\nextremely poisonous, and rapidly proves fatal.\\nThe fact is to be noted that pure carbolic\\nacid is not so good a disinfectant, and does\\nnot destoy bacteria with the same certainty,\\nas when diluted with water and, farther-\\nmore, that it displays its disinfecting proper\u00c2\u00ac\\nties to best advantage when in combination\\nwith water in the proportion of ten parts in\\nthe hundred.\\nCorrosive sublimate in concentrated form\\nis also a violent poison, and it may be reck\u00c2\u00ac\\noned a great blessing to mankind that it\\nsuffices to destroy bacterial life in so attenu\u00c2\u00ac\\nated a solution as to threaten no danger to\\nthe human organism. A sublimate solution\\nof one in five thousand, which will infallibly\\ndestroy bacilli, and which fully suffices for\\nmost purposes of disinfection, is nevertheless,\\nless poisonous than a five per cent, carbolic\\nsolution.\\nArticles to be disinfected must be spread\\nout, not left packed up in a bundle. Cor\u00c2\u00ac\\nrosive sublimate attacks most metals in\\ncommon use, and must therefore not be\\npoured into leaden pipes. A concentrated\\nsolution of corrosive sublimate contains four\\nounces of the chemical in a gallon of water.\\nBy adding ten grains of permanganate of\\npotash or a pound of blue vitriol the solution\\nis colored and rendered recognizable. This\\nsolution should be left to act for about two\\nhours. Sulphurous acid is most efficacious in\\ndamp air.\\nDanger from Damp Rooms.\\nIt is always harmful to live for any length\\nof time in rooms that are damp or cold,\\nrooms having walls dripping with dampness\\nor floors wet from scrubbing, and rooms\\nwhere clothes are hung to dry. The more\\nmoisture the air contains, the less capable is it\\nof absorbing the vapors of our breath and with\\nthem the disease-germs we sometimes exhale.\\nThese are then partially retained, and impede\\nthe inhalation of pure air rich in oxygen.\\nThis interference with evaporation from\\nthe lungs and skin is very hurtful. It renders\\ndifficult the cooling-off process which our\\nbodies constantly require, it almost arrests\\nand quite neutralizes the activity of our skin,\\nand interferes with the purification of the\\nblood. The best proof of these statements\\nis found in the distressing influence of so-\\ncalled muggy weather when the tern-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0293.jp2"}, "294": {"fulltext": "27 G\\nGOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\nperature of the air is not excessive, but the\\nhumidity of the atmosphere is considerable.\\nDry heat at from ninety to one hundred\\ndegrees Fahrenheit is easier borne than tem\u00c2\u00ac\\nperatures below ninety degrees when the\\nhumidity is at the point of saturation.\\nDamp air which is at the same time cold\\nis more objectionable than damp warm air.\\nOn the other hand very dry air in living-\\nrooms is very unhealthy. This condition is\\nparticularly found in rooms heated by steam,\\nby hot water pipes, or in those heated by\\nmeans of a furnace, a heater, or even a com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmon stove. A vessel containing water should\\nbe kept in every such room upon the stove\\nor near the register. The air heated by a\\nfurnace should pass over water before enter\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the room.\\nTreatment of Carpets.\\nThe carpets of a house claim a special mem-\\ntion from us. The plan of carpeting floors\\nto which we are accustomed is a decidedly\\nunhealthy one. When the carpets are nailed\\nto the floor in such a way that every portion\\nis covered, the dust which settles upon them\\ncan only be partially removed by sweeping,\\nand accumulates in increasing quantity upon\\nthe planking below as well as in the meshes\\nof the carpet itself. This dust, continually\\nraised by every footstep, inevitably renders\\nthe air unhealthy and the evil is increased\\nby the layers of thick paper and cotton wad\u00c2\u00ac\\nding usually interposed between the floor and\\nthe carpet by way of lining.\\nThe floor should be inlaid, or at any rate\\nlaid in hard woods, and should be frequently\\npolished with wax. One large carpet is\\nused to cover the greater part of the room,\\nor perhaps rugs are spread in different places,\\nbeneath tables, and before sofas, pianos, book\u00c2\u00ac\\ncases, and other articles of furniture, much\\nas we are accustomed to lay them upon our\\ncarpets. This insures much greater cleanli\u00c2\u00ac\\nness and a remakable absence of dust.\\nSpecial attention is called to those anti\u00c2\u00ac\\nseptics, the free use of which has so much\\nto do with arresting disease in. the patient\\nand preventing its spread to others.\\nExcellent Purifiers.\\nSome of these, and the most active, too,\\nare produced by disengaging fumes, thus we\\nhave\\nSulphurous acid given off by burning\\nsulphur good for disinfecting rooms after\\nthe removal of the sick, or dead persons.\\nChlorine, is an energetic gas, and can be\\nreadily produced by adding a little muriatic\\nacid to a wineglassful of Condy\u00e2\u0080\u0099s fluid, or to\\ncrystals of chlorate of potash.\\nNitrous acid f 7 Lines are given off when\\nstrong nitric acid is added to copper filings.\\nThey are very powerful.\\nIodine is a violet fume produced by throw\u00c2\u00ac\\ning some scales of iodine upon a hot plate.\\nIt is penetrating and powerful, and even\\ndangerous, and apt to produce affections of\\nthe respiratory organs if respired in any\\nquantity. These fumes are adapted for\\nempty rooms, dead houses, hearses, etc.\\nCarbolic acid. A very cheap and excellent\\nagent; it cleanses air ladened with putrefac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntive matters, or with the germs of lowly\\norganisms it disinfects faeces and sewers\\nit destroys fever poisons and is an excellent\\napplication in surgical injuries and accidents.\\nIt can be used to scrub floors, to add to\\nwater for the steeping of infected clothing,\\nand to place in utensils to receive excreta.\\nIt can be used for outbuildings, urinals, cess\u00c2\u00ac\\npools and latrines. It is extremely pois\u00c2\u00ac\\nonous, and consequently it is safest in the\\nform of powder.\\nChi or alum is cheap, active and inodorous,\\nbut does not give off gases. It is useless tc", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0294.jp2"}, "295": {"fulltext": "GOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\n277\\nclear air, but disinfects fluids, sewers, etc.,\\nand does excellently for washing and scour-\\nin cr\\nChloride of lime is odorous and its smell\\nis offensive; it is a good but unpleasant dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ninfectant.\\nChlorozone is cheap and useful; it gives off\\nchlorine and oxygen, and is useful for all\\ndisinfecting purposes.\\nChloride of zinc (Burnett\u00e2\u0080\u0099s solution) is a\\npowerful disinfectant.\\nSulphate of iron is a good and cheap dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ninfectant for sewers, cesspools, etc., and any\u00c2\u00ac\\nthing needing flooding. It is readily soluble\\nin water.\\nHaving gone over disinfectants and their\\nproperties, we come to Practical Disinfection\\nwhich can be advantageously combined with\\nhygienic precautions.\\nHow to Use Disinfectants.\\nWhen there is an outbreak of infectious\\ndisease it is necessary (i), to isolate the sick\\nand prevent their communication with the\\nunaffected; (2) to remove or disinfect all\\nrefuse matter, decaying material, etc.; (3) to\\ninspect the water supply and secure its purity;\\n(4) to disinfect all outhouses and uncleanly\\npremises by limewashing, etc.; (5) to prevent\\novercrowding and (6) to secure good and\\nample ventilation.\\nThen come the measures to be resorted to\\nin the sick rooms and around the invalid.\\nThe rooms should be kept clean; there\\nshould be as little communication as possible\\nbetwixt the sick and the rest of the house\u00c2\u00ac\\nhold, except the nursing staff. Those not\\nconnected with the nursing should bring the\\nfood, fuel, water, etc., into a neighboring\\nroom, well ventilated and disinfected; and\\nthen the nurses should, after their departure,\\nremove what is required and put out any\u00c2\u00ac\\nthing done with; thus the direct communi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncation of the sick and the household will be\\nprevented. A sheet saturated with a dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ninfectant should be hung over the door of\\nthe room, so as to catch any poison wafted\\nout when the door is opened.\\nAll slops, etc., should be disinfected ere\\nbeing removed from the sick room; soiled\\nlinen should be immersed in a disinfecting\\nsolution; books and newspapers should be*\\naired and disinfected, or if valueless they are:\\nbest destroyed at once by burning. All un\u00c2\u00ac\\nnecessary furniture, carpets and curtains, etc.,\\nshould be removed from the sick room.\\nInfectious Diseases.\\nThen, when the disease has spent itself,\\ncare is still requisite, for then is the danger\\nof causing infection at its height. This is;\\nespecially the case in typhus fever, scarlatina\\nand small-pox. The scarlatinal patient\\nshould be rubbed with glycerine and carbolic\\nacid, or washed with pure tar soap, and.\\nthe poison-bearing exfoliated skin removed.\\nIn small-pox, after the vesicles have com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmenced to diy up, similar means may be\\nresorted to. The convalescent should not\\nmix with others as long as the skin is peel\u00c2\u00ac\\ning in scarlatina, or a crust remains in small\u00c2\u00ac\\npox.\\nAfter the convalescent is removed, the\\nroom should be cleared out, scrubbed with a\\ndisinfectant, floors, walls and woodwork.\\nThe ceiling should be whitewashed and the\\nroom repapered, the doors and windows\\nbeing thrown open for several days at\\nnights they may be closed, and any of the\\nfuming disinfectants might be disengaged,\\nand the room kept closed till morning.\\nThe bedding, clothes, etc., should be dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ninfected and washed; to hang clothes up in.\\na room, and then disengage the fuming dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ninfectants, leaving the rooms closed for hours,\\nis a plan which may be adopted where the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0295.jp2"}, "296": {"fulltext": "GOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\n27 8\\nclothes are too valuable to be destroyed and\\nwill not wash. Large disinfecting chambers\\nfor clothes are now available for public use,\\ncommonly in the hands of boards of health.\\nWoolen clothes, especially thick ones, as\\nloose clothes, blankets, etc., hold fever poison\\nvery tenaciously, and should always be well\\ndisinfected.\\nAnd now as to the washing of the clothes\\nof fever patients. Are those who wash them\\nliable to be infected or not? So far as the\\nsubject has been investigated the answer is\\nNo. In the Calcutta European General\\nHospital, in twenty-five years not one of the\\nwashers ever took cholera, for instance.\\nNeither do laundresses object to the clothes\\nof fever patients, at least so far a,s we can learn\\nby inquiries. Of course no reasonable person\\nwould send the clothes away without first\\nputting them through a disinfectant solution.\\nDisinfectants are so cheap and so effica\u00c2\u00ac\\ncious as preventives of disease that their use\\nis really imperative, and their cost shoulc\\nI never be grudged.\\nTruths bo Ren)ei2)ber^d\\nHE plagues of past time weres\\ndue to the insanitary\\narrangements of our\\nancestors.\\n2. Sunlight has an important\\nbearing upon health.\\n3. Pulmonary consumption is\\nassociated with a damp\\nsubsoil; and its prevalence is affected\\nby drainage.\\n4. Sand soils are warmer than clay soils.\\n5. \u00e2\u0080\u009cRubbish\u00e2\u0080\u009d foundations are fertile\\nsources of disease.\\n6. Drains, damp-proof sources and dry areas\\nare required for houses in damp situa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions.\\n7. Porous, moisture absorbing materials\\nare unfitted for the construction of\\nhouses.\\n8. The rain-water ought to be carefully con\u00c2\u00ac\\nveyed away from the house and its\\nwalls.\\n9. The air supply of a house must be suffi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncient in order to secure the health of\\nthe inmates.\\n10. Impurities in the air are often solid, as\\nsmuts, seeds and germs.\\n11. Fever poisons and vegetable odors con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsist of minute solid particles.\\n12. Diminution of oxygen in the respired air,\\nor excess of carbonic acid gas, are\\nboth deleterious.\\n13. Poisonous emanations may arise from\\nthe earth or be given off in manufac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntories, and by chemical agents used\\nin certain crafts.\\n14. In imperfect ventilation the normal pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nportion of the constituents of the at\u00c2\u00ac\\nmosphere is disturbed.\\n15. Not less than 1200 cubic feet of air per\\nhead per hour are requisite for health.\\nMore is required for the sick.\\n16. The rate at which air passes through a\\nroom, or is renewed, is as important\\nas the cubic feet of space allotted to\\neach person.\\n1 7 Ventilation is much aided by the fires\\nwe use.\\n18. Draughts may be occasioned by ven\u00c2\u00ac\\ntilating an apartment.\\n19. Ventilators are placed in the ceiling be\u00c2\u00ac\\ncause the heated air rises.\\n20. Double windows are very excellent for\\ngiving ventilation without draughts.\\n21. Fires are as efficient for the purposes of\\nventilation as for warmth.\\n22. Cold air usually finds its way in beneath\\nthe door.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0296.jp2"}, "297": {"fulltext": "GOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\n279\\n23. Arranging the gaslights of a room under\\nthe ventilator in the ceiling forms an\\neffective ventilating agent.\\n24. Air can be propelled into rooms and be\\nwarmed before being admitted, with\\ngood effect.\\n25. Too careful exclusion of air and closure\\nof chinks produces all the evil con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsequences of bad ventilation.\\n26. Thirty gallons of water per head daily is\\nthe calculation of water-works com\u00c2\u00ac\\npanies.\\n27. The waste pipes of cisterns should never\\ncommunicate with the drain without\\na break, to admit of the escape of\\nsewer gas.\\n28. Rain-water is soft, and though suited to\\nablution is not palatable as a beverage.\\n29. Water becomes hard from the presence\\nof lime, and bright and sparkling\\nfrom the carbonic acid gas contained\\nin it.\\n30. The purer water is, the more owerfully\\nit acts upon lead. Hence leaden\\ncisterns are especially objectionable.\\n31. The quality of water is affected by the\\ngeological formations over which it\\nflows, or from which it is derived.\\n32. Artesian, or very deep wells, furnish\\nwater of varying quality, usually very\\ngood, but they cannot be depended\\nupon for the supply of large towns.\\n33. Water may be purified by boiling, dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntillation, subsidence, and filtration.\\n34. Family filters should be in use in every\\nhouse. They can be cleansed by\\nvarious means.\\n35. On large plains it is almost impossible to\\nprocure good water if the population\\nbe dense.\\n36. Our river well-heads should be covered\\nwith forests.\\n37. The removal of our sewage is important\\nto our health; while sewage is a\\nvaluable manure.\\n38. \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe rainfall to the river, and the sew\u00c2\u00ac\\nage to the soil is an apt maxim.\\n39. The presence of water adds to the offen\u00c2\u00ac\\nsiveness 01 decomposing matter.\\n40. The dry removal is unsuited to\\ndensely populated towns.\\n41. The removal of sewage by water is the\\neasiest, cheapest and quickest.\\n42. The position of a water-closet in a house\\nis more important than is commonly\\ncredited.\\n43. Sewers should be watertight and venti\u00c2\u00ac\\nlated, to prevent the sewage gas from\\nescaping at the water-closets.\\n44. Sewers should be periodically flushed,\\nand disinfectants added to the water\\nused for flushing purposes.\\n45. Sewage in rivers pollutes them, and is\\ninjurious to those persons who live\\nfurther down the river and drink the\\nwater.\\n46. \u00e2\u0080\u009cSewage farms,\u00e2\u0080\u009d farms irrigated by sew\u00c2\u00ac\\nage, are growing in favor. They are\\nvery productive, and not injurious to\\nthe public health.\\n47. Sewage does not exercise a prejudicial\\neffect upon the grass, or upon the\\nanimals fed upon it, or upon the\\nhuman beings who eat them.\\n48. Neither is parasitic disease endangered\\nthereby.\\n49. Sewage is also cleansed by \u00e2\u0080\u009cpurifica\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion\u00e2\u0080\u009d and filtration processes.\\n50. Many diseases are due to the contami\u00c2\u00ac\\nnation of water and air.\\n51. Malarial fevers arise from decaying vege\u00c2\u00ac\\ntable matter and stagnant water.\\n52. Enteric or typhoid fever is the result oi\\ninsanitary arrangements.\\n53. It is common in very wet and very dry\\nseasons.\\n54. It may arise without typhoid-fever-poison\\nbeing present, but its presence makes\\ninfection almost certain.\\n55. It is communicated to others more by\\nthe contamination of the drinking\\nfluids than by contagion proper.\\n56. Enteric fever may be communicated by\\nthe milk supply.\\n57. Cholera is very communicable by drink\u00c2\u00ac\\ning fluids tainted with its poison.\\n58. Cholera is much more infectious than\\nenteric fever, and may cling to clothes\\nand to persons.\\n59. Dysentery is associated with malarial\\nfever, and arises from like exciting\\ncauses.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0297.jp2"}, "298": {"fulltext": "280\\nGOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\n60. It grows up in an epidemic form in\\ncamps and armies under insanitary\\nconditions.\\n61. Diarrhoea may be a simple means of\\ngetting rid of offending matter in the\\nbowels, or it may be a grave disease.\\n62. Diarrhoea commonly arises from impure\\nair and water, especially the latter.\\n63. The exanthems (eruptive fevers) are pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduced by infectious particles in the\\nair.\\n64. The poison long retains its activity if\\nnot exposed to the air.\\n65. Epidemic disease is al\\\\vays most serious\\namong those whose vital force is\\nundermined by insanitary surround\u00c2\u00ac\\nings.\\n66. Decay or decomposition is a process of\\noxidation\u00e2\u0080\u0094of atomic activity.\\n67. The particles of decomposing matter\\nmay be invisible to the strongest\\nmicroscope, but are evident to the\\nsmell.\\n68. Antiseptics unite with, matter in a state\\nof decay, and bring it into a condition\\nwhere it is harmless.\\n69. Some fumes are very powerful disinfec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntants, as chlorine, iodine, sulphuric\\nacid, etc.\\n70. Other disinfectants are liquid, as chlor-\\nalum, etc.\\n71. Disinfectant powders of various kinds.\\nare useful in water-closets, privies,,\\nurinals, and sewer-traps.\\n72. Antiseptic soaps are often useful, and\\nremove contamination and unpleasant,\\nodors.\\n73. The disinfection of the sick room, of the\\nexcreta, and the soiled clothes of the\\nsick person is arresting the progress\\nof infectious disease.\\n74. There should be no direct communica\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion betwixt fever-patients and the\\nhousehold only direct communica\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion by the nurses should be per\u00c2\u00ac\\nmitted.\\nfullest extent. Let the step be elastic and\\nlet the whole carriage be that of an athlete.\\nMany persons sneer at athletics, complain\\nthat they are carried to excess, see no ad\u00c2\u00ac\\nvantage in spending one or two hours each\\nday in training the body, and talk about\\nnewfangled notions. They seem to prefer\\ndyspepsia to a healthy stomach, a sallow\\ncomplexion to the rosy glow of health,,\\na bent and shrivelled form to the upright,\\nstrong, well-moulded, vigorous frame of one\\nwhose physical powers are in perfect condi-\\nY free gymnastics we mean those\\nexercises employed for develop\u00c2\u00ac\\ning and strengthening the mus\u00c2\u00ac\\ncles and organs of the body\\nwhich do not require any appara\u00c2\u00ac\\ntus, such as dumb-bells, swings,\\netc. It is surprising to what an\\nextent the body can be trained, thereby pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nmoting health. Let the round shoulders be\\nstraightened up. Let the muscles be made\\nhard and pliable. Let the chest be expanded\\nand the breathing power increased to the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0298.jp2"}, "299": {"fulltext": "GOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\n281\\ntion. They are content to be walking\\nghosts, moping about with a suggestion of\\nthe graveyard in every look and motion.\\nCultivate the mind,\u00e2\u0080\u009d they say, forgetting\\nthat the first requisite for a sound mind is a\\nsound body.\\nThe question is often asked Is the\\nteaching of gymnastics in schools wise for\\ngirls The question has been raised time\\nand again, and the answer practically was\\ngiven in Philadelphia, where a most thorough\\ncourse was given a three-years\u00e2\u0080\u0099 test. Objec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions to the instruction were anticipated, but\\nall that were raised were met with a reply\\nso complete as to usually end them. The\\nmost serious question raised was one regard-\\nplace the fists together, with their backs front, the\\nelbows elevated as high as the shoulders. Then\\ndescribe the arcs A, B and C, D half a dozen times,\\nelevating the fists as at E and F.\\ning the effect of exercise in the gymnasium\\non delicately built girls. This was found to\\nbe beneficial, if not too violent.\\nThe course at the Normal School was\\nconsidered as near an ideal one as can well\\nbe formed. The gymnasium was in charge\\nof a physician, and the greatest care was\\ntaken that only good should result. Some\\nof those who watched the progress of the\\nstudy, expressed a fear that the hours were\\ntoo long, and reports gained circulation to\\nthe effect that girls who should not partici\u00c2\u00ac\\npate with the classes, went through the drills\\nfor fear of losing their status in the school.\\nPlace the elbows by the sides, in line with the\\nwaist, and fists against the shoulders, backs front.\\nThe right forearm is carried directly down, and re\u00c2\u00ac\\nturned to the commencing position four times; four\\ncorresponding motions are made with the left fore\u00c2\u00ac\\narm, terminating at B; then four downward motions\\nare made alternately and, finally, four downward\\nmotions are described with both forearms simulta\u00c2\u00ac\\nneously. Then the fists are elevated to C and D.\\nInquiry into these complaints developed\\nthat none of them had ever been formally\\nlaid before the Normal School authorities.\\nFrom all the information obtained, it appeared\\nthat the gymnasium work in the school was\\nvery much enjoyed by the girls, who were\\nenthusiastic regarding it, to such an extent\\nthat many remained after hours in order to\\nreceive individual instruction.\\nThere was visible a pronounced improve\u00c2\u00ac\\nment in the carriage of the students, as well\\nas in their general health. Those most fre\u00c2\u00ac\\nquently excused from the exercise were", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0299.jp2"}, "300": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0080\u00a2282\\nGOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\ngirls who wore tight clothing. Objections\\nhave been raised in this enlightened age by\\nsome fond parents that the gymnastic exer\u00c2\u00ac\\ncises have increased the waist measurements\\nof their daughters, hence they desired that\\nthe girls should be relieved of the class\\ninstruction. This is the height of folly.\\nThis is the Rocking Exercise. Swing the arms\\nup and down, as shown by the dotted lines. Do not\\nkeep your body stiff, but let it be pliable, and bend\\nit as shown in the figure.\\nTwo kinds of instruction are given, gen\u00c2\u00ac\\neral gymnastic and calisthenics, the latter\\nbeing obligatory.\\nRegarding the whole course, the principal\\nspeaks very frankly, and his answers cover\\nall questions that could well be asked.\\nSaid he\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThe gymnasium work has, I believe,\\nbeen of advantage to the students. We en\u00c2\u00ac\\ndeavor to guard against overwork or undue\\nexercise. The period of exercise does not\\nexceed twenty-five minutes, and the students\\nare permitted to drop out of the work when\\nthey become tired or feel that it is too\\nfatiguing for them. When physicians\u00e2\u0080\u0099 cer\u00c2\u00ac\\ntificates state that students should not take\\nthe gymnasium work, the students are ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ncused absolutely from that part of the exer\u00c2\u00ac\\ncises intended to be of personal benefit.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cAs all our students are in the institution\\nfor the purpose of being trained for teaching,\\nwe require of everyone a knowledge of the\\nlight calisthenic exercises without apparatus,\\nwhich, it is expected, they will be required\\nto teach when they enter the elementary\\nschools. Even from this light work stu\u00c2\u00ac\\ndents are excused, although it is an essen\u00c2\u00ac\\ntial part of the curriculum, and as neces\u00c2\u00ac\\nsary to the student\u00e2\u0080\u0099s preparation for her\\nprofession as is her work in other depart\u00c2\u00ac\\nments.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cWhile calisthenics have not been intro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduced as yet in the elementary schools as a\\nformal part of the work, yet physical exer\u00c2\u00ac\\ncises have, through the enterprise of many\\nprogressive teachers, found a place already\\nf*\\\\ o\\nThis figure shows three classes of movements:\\nfrom A to B, from A to C, from A to D. Repeat\\na dozen times, thrusting the fists out with a will.\\nin some schools. It is confidently believed\\nthat their general introduction into the schools\\nis not far distant.\\nThe Normal School is simply anticipating\\nwhat is believed to be a demand of the fu\u00c2\u00ac\\nture, and it asks nothing of its students\\nwhich is unreasonable to ask of a teacher.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0300.jp2"}, "301": {"fulltext": "GOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\n283\\nIt endeavors to give the instruction which\\nbest fits the students for the work of teach\u00c2\u00ac\\ning. Therefore, it can no more neglect\\nphysical exercises as a possible part of the\\nelementary school work than it can neglect\\ndrawing, music or any other part of the\\nteachers\u00e2\u0080\u0099 preparation.\\nAs a matter of fact I have no recollection\\nof a complaint of injury to a student by the\\ngymnasium work, although I have received\\nmany requests of physicians to relieve stu\u00c2\u00ac\\ndents of the work\u00e2\u0080\u0094requests which are always\\nhonored.\\nThe Students Enthusiastic.\\nOn our own responsibility we have been\\ncompelled to require students to cease from\\nwork, and in one instance, at least, know\\nthat the order from the department was a\\nsource of some dissatisfaction to the pupil\\nthus affected.\\nThe student who is unable to take the\\nphysical exercises, which are intended for\\npersonal benefit, loses nothing in her stand\u00c2\u00ac\\ning if a physician\u00e2\u0080\u0099s certificate states that she\\nshould not do the work. More than that,\\nthe students are often excused without such\\na certificate, on the judgment of the teachers\\nin charge.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nExercise performed without moderation or\\nrule induces all forms and all degrees of\\nfatigue, and exposes the human machine to\\nthe various injuries which we have described\\nas the accidents of work.\\nOn the other hand, muscular work per\u00c2\u00ac\\nformed in gradually increasing quantity and\\naccording to the rules of graduated training,\\nbrings about a progressive adaptation of the\\norgans to the performance of more and more\\nviolent exercise. It improves the human\\nmotor by giving to all its machinery a greater\\nstrength and ease of working.\\nSuch are the results of exercise considered\\nas an abstract factor and reduced to the\\nquantity of work represented by it. But it is\\nonly by a mental effort that we can isolate\\nthe work done by the system from the or\u00c2\u00ac\\ngans concerned in its performance. Now\\nthese organs are not the same in all cases,\\nand do not work in the same manner in all\\nforms of exercise. Thus the practice of dif-\\nThese movements are executed from the sides by\\nbending both elbows simultaneously, and drawing\\nthe forearms in on odd numbers and straightening\\nthe arms on even ones, first from A A to B B from\\nB B to C C; from C C to D D from D D to EE;\\nand then back, by reversing the order of the\\nmotions. These wfill be made in regular order from\\nA A to E E and back, twnce with the palms out at\\nthe sides and the thumbs back and twice with the\\nbacks of the hands out and the thumbs pointed\\nfront.\\nferent exercises produces different effects on\\nthe system.\\nAt the outset we notice a difference be\u00c2\u00ac\\ntween the various exercises practiced they\\ndo not all necessitate the same quantity of\\nwork. Exercises are called violent when\\nthey demand considerable and repeated\\nefforts from the muscular system; they are\\ncalled moderate when they do not demand", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0301.jp2"}, "302": {"fulltext": "284\\nGOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\nmuch work finally, when the muscular ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nertion is reduced to a minimum, the exercise\\nis called gentle. Running is a violent exer\u00c2\u00ac\\ncise, walking at a fair pace is a moderate\\nexercise, and walking slowly is a gentle\\nexercise.\\nThe quantity of work done is evidently\\nthe chief element in the classification of\\nThe right arm will describe eight as large side\\ncircles as possible, in a forward direction, as indi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncated by the arrow then the left arm w T ill describe\\neight corresponding circles then eight correspond\u00c2\u00ac\\ning circles with the arms alternately, the left arm\\ncommencing a circle just before the right arm has\\nregained its commencing position, thus rendering\\nthe circle continuous and, finally, eight correspond\u00c2\u00ac\\ning circles with both arms simultaneously. All side\\nand head circles will be described in the direction of\\nthe palms, the student standing with the feet in the\\nmilitary position, and bringing the arms close to the\\nhead while executing the movements. Then reverse\\nthe arms and describe the circles backwards.\\nbodily exercises, for it is that which most\\ninfluences their effects. But, the a*mount of\\nwork done by the system being the same, it\\nis not indifferent, from the hygienic stand\u00c2\u00ac\\npoint, whether the work is done slowly or\\nquickly, whether it is uninterrupted or there\\nare frequent periods of rest.\\nIt is important also to know if the exercise\\nneeds complicated and difficult movements.\\nif it exacts great attention of the will, or if it\\ncan be performed automatically, and without\\nneeding- the intervention of the conscious\\nfaculties.\\nFinally, besides the different forms of the\\nwork, it is also important to* determine the T\\nmechanism of the exercise, to say what parts\\nof the body are especially concerned in its\\nperformance, and what are indirectly asso\u00c2\u00ac\\nciated with it.\\nFeats of Strength.\\nViolent exercise is often wrongly confused\\nwith a \u00e2\u0080\u009cfeat of strength,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or a \u00e2\u0080\u009cdifficult\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nexercise. In all feats of strength it may\\nhappen that the work, without being consid\u00c2\u00ac\\nerable, may be executed by means of a very\\nsmall number of muscles. The exercise is\\nthen merely a kind of demonstration of the\\nmuscular strength of the individuual, who,\\nfor example, performs with ten muscles a\\nwork which other people can only do with\\ntwenty.\\nA man who seizes a horizontal bar with\\none hand and raises himself with only one\\narm, shows that he has a very strong biceps,\\nbut the mechanical work that he performs\\nis; in the end, strictly equal to that done by\\na man who pulls himself up with both arms.\\nSometimes so-called feats of strength are\\nonly feats of skill. In gymnastics there are\\nmany movements which need a long appren\u00c2\u00ac\\nticeship and which, in the end, can be per\u00c2\u00ac\\nformed with the expenditure of an insignifi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncant amount of force when a man has\\nlearned the trick. The difficulty in the per\u00c2\u00ac\\nformance of these exercises does not con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsist in the expenditure of very great muscu\u00c2\u00ac\\nlar force, but in finding, from experience or\\nfrom teaching, the muscles which must be\\nthrown into action. Numerous movements\\nperformed on the trapeze need more science,\\nthan strength.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0302.jp2"}, "303": {"fulltext": "GOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\n285\\nWe must not confuse \u00e2\u0080\u009cquantity of work\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nwith \u00e2\u0080\u009cdifficulty of work.\u00e2\u0080\u009d This is a mis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntake of daily occurrence, and the result is\\nthat the preference is given from the hygienic\\nstandpoint to exercises which are merely\\nclever, while the really violent exercises are\\nabandoned, being those in which force is\\nexpended, without any laborious calculation\\nhow to use it.\\nNow, the general efforts of exercises are\\nin proportion to the expenditure of force\\nwhich the exercise renders necessary, and\\nThe movements are executed with the legs unbent\\nand their muscles rigid. The trunk is first bent to\\nthe right as far as possible, and recovers the vertical\\nposition four times then four corresponding motions\\nare made to the left; then four motions made to the\\nsides alternately; and, finally, eight motions from\\nside to side, the first commencing from, and the\\neighth terminating at, the commencing position.\\nAll the movements are made energetically but in\\nslow time\\nnot to the difficulties presented by the de\u00c2\u00ac\\ntails of its execution.\\nBy young men, and even in girls\u00e2\u0080\u0099 board\u00c2\u00ac\\ning schools, we see the most complicated\\nmachinery used and the most difficult\u00e2\u0080\u0094we\\nmight say the most grotesque\u00e2\u0080\u0094movements\\nperformed. For want of an attentive an\u00c2\u00ac\\nalysis people do not understand that many\\nof the games of young children are in\\nreality violent exercises, while many of the\\nexercises of the orthodox gymnast are\\nmerely feats of skill.\\nIn a feat of strength the quantity of\\nwork done by the organism may be quite\\nThe body is bent forward and backward instead of\\nsidewise. When making the forward motions, the\\nlegs and the spine are kept straight, the bending\\ntaking place only at the hips.\\nsmall, but generally the local work is very\\nconsiderable in relation to the strength of\\nthe muscles which perform it. The effect\\nof the exercise is then especially local, and\\nmay perhaps have no appreciable influence\\non the whole system. By continual practice\\nin raising weights with the arm outstretched\\nit is possible very greatly to develop the\\nmuscles which extend the arm on the\\nshoulder but the great organic functions,\\nrespiration, circulation, etc., will participate\\nvery little or not at all in the work.\\nThe exercise will represent an expenditure\\nof force capable of rapidly tiring the few\\nmuscles in action, but not enough to have\\nmuch influence on the blood-current or the\\nmovements of the lungs.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0303.jp2"}, "304": {"fulltext": "286\\nGOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\nIn a difficult exercise, the performance of\\nwhich needs the perfect co-ordination of\\nmovement, the exact weighing of the effort\\nof each muscle, the chief expenditure will\\nbe of nervous energy, and the muscles will\\nonly perform a feeble mechanical work. The\\nnerve centres will then have more to do with\\nThe backward motions are usually made with the\\nlegs straight; but pupils should occasionally bend\\nbackward as far as possible. Four times are enough.\\nDo not strain your muscles, and don\u00e2\u0080\u0099t make any fool\u00c2\u00ac\\nhardy attempt to reach the utmost limits.\\nthe exercise than the muscular fibres the\\npsychical faculties will come more into play\\nthan the muscular strength.\\nGymnastics, as now carried on at educa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntional establishments, make a man who de\u00c2\u00ac\\nvotes himself to them, spend most of his\\ntime in a long apprenticeship and in true\\nmental work. Feats of skill are done, rather\\nthan work, in the mechanical sense of the\\nword.\\nMany pupils spend months in learning a\\nbi east or a balance, and when they discover\\nthe method, the muscular trick, they do all\\nat once with the greatest ease the muscular\\naction which the day before seemed to be\\nbeyond their strength.\\nThere is a close relation between increase\\nof respiration and increase of muscular\\nwork. The energy and the frequency of\\nthe movements of the heart increase accord\u00c2\u00ac\\ning to the same laws. The quickening of\\nrespiration only becomes excessive in exer\u00c2\u00ac\\ncises demanding a great expenditure of force.\\nMuscular fatigue may, on the other hand,\\nbe severe without the amount of work done\\nbeing considerable in the case, for instance,\\nin which the work is done by a small num\u00c2\u00ac\\nber of muscles.\\nThe form taken by fatigue after exercise,,\\nmay give, physiologically, a measure of the\\nwork done in a given time. The muscular\\nfatigue of any region of the body may serve\\nto estimate the intensity of the local work\\nthe measure of the total work will be given\\nby the violence of the disturbances of the\\nThis is the sinking movement. Let the body down\\nas low as possible, as in the dotted part, and then\\nraise it on its toes to the full height sixteen times.\\nheart and lungs, that is to say, the intensity\\nof breathlessness and the quickening of the\\npulse.\\nThe measure we suggest can evidently\\nonly be applied to the same individual, or to\\ntwo individuals equal in power of resistance,\\nin strength, and in habituation to work but\\nwith this restriction we can adopt, as a cri\u00c2\u00ac\\nterion of classification, the following indica\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0304.jp2"}, "305": {"fulltext": "GOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\n287\\nWhen, after an exercise, a man of average\\nstrength has experienced neither fatigue nor\\nbreathlessness, the exercise may be called\\ngentle. When the exercise has caused local\\nfatigue without inducing breathlessness, it\\nwill be moderate. It will be called violent\\nwhen it is accompanied and followed by\\n^breathlessness.\\nWe call exercises of strength those in\\nwhich each movement represents a great\\nquantity of work, and brings into play the\\ncontractile power of a great number of\\nmuscles.\\nThe lifting and carrying of heavy burdens\\nis the type of works of strength, and it is\\nThe knee is bent as much as possible, and pointed\\ndirectly down, the calf of the leg and the heel being\\npressed firmly against the thigh. Extend the leg, as\\nin the dotted line, a dozen times. Then give a spring\\nand light on the right foot, elevating the left at the\\nsame time. Repeat the same motions with the left\\nleg.\\nreally in the hard manual professions that\\nwe can best study their effects.\\nEvidently the movements of gymnastics,\\nwhose usual object is to displace the body\\nin various directions, cannot give rise to\\nmuscular efforts as intense as those of a\\nman who displaces at the same time a heavy\\nburden and his own body. And, in fact,\\ngymnastic exercises are rarely exercises of\\nstrength.\\nThere are, however, movements performed\\nwith the aid of apparatus, which seem at\\nfirst to need an enormous expenditure of\\nforce, owing to the unfavorable positions in\\nRaise the right knee to the breast, as shewn in the\\nfigure, eight times then t e left knee. Then alter\u00c2\u00ac\\nnate, right and left, eight times.\\nwhich the bony levers act; but we soon see\\nthat muscular effort in these movements is\\nin direct ratio to the inexperience of the\\ngymnast. By practice we are always able to\\ndiscover a process which facilitates the per\u00c2\u00ac\\nformance. The human machine represents\\nan articulated system made up of a great\\nnumber of movable pieces joined together.\\nHence, there is an infinite number of com\u00c2\u00ac\\nbinations of attitudes. Often an impercep\u00c2\u00ac\\ntible variation in the direction of a limb\\ntotally changes the conditions of the work.\\nAn undiscoverable variation in the perform\u00c2\u00ac\\nance of a breasting movement diminishes by\\nnine-tenths the expenditure of force. Thus\\nan exercise which at the outset seemed\\nathletic, only needs, after some months prac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntice, very moderate work.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0305.jp2"}, "306": {"fulltext": "288\\nGOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\nThe first effect of an exercise of strength\\nshould be to induce quickly fatigue of the\\nmuscles from which enormous work is sud\u00c2\u00ac\\ndenly demanded. But breathlessness pre\u00c2\u00ac\\ncedes fatigue in the course of these exer\u00c2\u00ac\\ncises. However slow the movements,\\nA facing is executed by simultaneously turning on\\nboth heels to the right, straightening the left leg,\\nthrowing the whole weight of the body on the right\\nknee, energetically raising both arms and projecting\\nthe chest. First, this outward motion is made to the\\nright, and the commencing position resumed four\\ntimes; then four corresponding motions from the posi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion are made to the left; then four of these outward\\nmotions from the position are made to the right and\\nleft alternately; and, finally, eight motions are made\\nin combination from side to side, the first commenc\u00c2\u00ac\\ning from and only the eighth terminating at the\\ncommencing position.\\nrespiration is very quickly embarassed, and\\nthe wrestler, or the porter with a heavy\\nburden must often stop for breath, long\\nbefore their muscles are fatigued.\\nExercises of strength demand great mus\u00c2\u00ac\\ncular expenditure, but they produce all the\\nconditions necessary for energetic tissue-\\nrepair. They need very little work of co\u00c2\u00ac\\nordination and do not demand a frequent\\nrepetition of movement. They occasion less\\ndisturbance in the nerves than exercises of\\nspeed, and do not demand, like exercises of\\nskill, great brain work.\\nForced labor is nearly always performed\\nby the aid of slow and sustained contraction.\\nThe muscular fibre of a wrestler is tense in\\none direction for sometimes an entire minute\\nthe muscles of a fencer are changing every\\nmoment from repose to action, and moving\\nthe limbs in the most varied directions.\\nPowerful and sustained contractions favor\\nthe nutrition of the muscular fibre. The\\nnutrition of muscle is more intense in slow\\nIn executing these movements, both to the sides\\nand in front, the extended leg is kept perfectly\\nstraight and the circles are made as high and large\\nas possible. The trunk is also kept as immovable as\\npossible. The student should practice these move\u00c2\u00ac\\nments frequently, and become as perfect in their\\nexecution as possible, as they render freer the play\\nof the legs in their sockets, and set in active motion\\nall the muscles of the trunk, especially those of the\\nback and loins, as well as the muscles of the legs.\\ncontractions, because the flow of blood is\\nmore regular and more prolonged.\\nExercises of strength and forced labor in\\nspite of the great quantity of work they\\nneed, have little influence on the brain, they\\naffect the functions of nutrition much more", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0306.jp2"}, "307": {"fulltext": "GOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\n289\\nthan those of the nervous system. The\\nenergetic and sustained muscular contractions\\nwhich they render necessary draw blood to\\nthe muscles in great quantity and keep it\\nthere a long time. The muscular fibres\\nbenefit from this, and increase in size.\\nOn the other hand the blood is enriched\\nwith a great quantity of oxygen, for increased\\nrespiratory need is the first effect of great\\nexpenditure of muscular force. This need\\nfinds free and easy satisfaction in the period\\nof repose which inevitably follows each effort.\\nFinally the intensity of the combustions due\\nThe movements are made by sliding the toes\\ndirectly front in the line D E. The right foot first\\npasses to E, and regains the commencing position\\nfour times then the left foot; then four of these\\nmotions from the position are made alternately;\\nand, finally, seven front motions are made by recip\u00c2\u00ac\\nrocation (four with the right foot and three with the\\nleft), the left foot being advanced at the same time\\nthe right foot is regaining the commencing position,\\nand conversely.\\nto a great quantity of work, promotes the\\nusing up and prompt disappearance of the\\nreserve materials, and the need of quick re\u00c2\u00ac\\npair; whence increased appetite.\\n19\\nOn the other hand the repeated contrac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions of the abdominal muscles in the fre\u00c2\u00ac\\nquently recurring efforts, performs a sort of\\nmassage on the intestines which favors the\\nIn executing charges, the student, with one fool\\nfixed, takes strides as great as possible without pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nventing an easy recovery of the commencing posi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, in the direction prescribed. The leg whose foot\\nremains in positio?i must be kept rigid and straight\\nand so turned upon the heel that the two feet are at\\nright angles. This class of movements is done by\\ncharging sidewise, first to the right with the right leg,\\nas represented by the dotted part of the figure, and\\nregaining the commencing position four times then\\na charget is made to the left with the left leg, and\\nthe commencing position regained four times and,\\nfinally, eight charges are made to the right and left\\nalternately.\\noutward movement of the faeces and makes\\nthe bowels regular.\\nExercises of strength are then favorable to\\nall the nutritive functions. They increase\\nenergetically, and even violently, the work\u00c2\u00ac\\ning of all the organs of the body, while\\nleaving in relative repose the nerve-centres\\nand psychical faculties. Now, calm of the\\nnervous system is a valuable condition for\\nthe repair of the losses sustained in work.\\nObservation of facts shows that athletic\\nexercises, when they are not beyond the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0307.jp2"}, "308": {"fulltext": "290\\nGOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\nstrength of the subject, place him in the most\\nfavorable conditions of nutrition. Under the\\nguidance of a quiet nervous system, the func\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions of repair are performed with the most\\nIn executing the charge, the right arm is carried\\nfront and up at an angle of 45 degrees, and the left\\narm back and down at the same angle, as represented\\nin the dotted part of the figure. In charging and\\nfacing to the left, in like manner the left arm is\\ncarried front and up, and the right one back and\\ndown.\\nperfect regularity, and we see that the ac\u00c2\u00ac\\nquisitions made by the system through more\\nperfect assimilation exceed the losses brought\\nabout by work. Exercises of strength tend\\nto increase the weight of the subject.\\nExhaustion will result from excessive\\nwork which exceeds a man\u00e2\u0080\u0099s strength even\\nif he is well fed. If a man wishes to get out\\nof his muscles a quantity of force out of pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nportion to their contractile power, he is\\nobliged to make an energetic effort of will,\\nand he needs a great expenditure of nervous\\nenergy to excite the weak muscular fibre.\\nHe can perform a work beyond his strength,\\nbut it is by taking \u00e2\u0080\u009cfrom his nerves\u00e2\u0080\u009d that\\nwhich his muscles are unable to give.\\nIn this case the exercise of strength will\\nnot have its usual result of economizing ner\u00c2\u00ac\\nvous energy. A work of the nerve-centres\\nis necessary to increase the irritability of the\\nmuscles. We do not know exactly in what\\nthis work consists, but we can determine its\\neffects. The excessive exertion of the will\\nin the work leads quickly to nervous ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nhaustion. The man becomes thin, eats and\\nsleeps ill; he suffers from overwork by ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nhaustion. It is thus that we see horses\\nrapidly waste and get ill, although they are\\nwell fed, if they are forced to draw too heavy\\na load, and their ardent and generous nature\\nimpels them to go on working up to the last\\nlimit of their strength.\\nWe call those exercises which need the\\nvery frequent repetition of muscular move\u00c2\u00ac\\nment, exercises of speed.\\nThere are great differences among the\\nThe movements of this position correspond to\\nthose with parallel vertical bars Each student\\nbecomes a pair of living parallel bars\u00e2\u0080\u0094a conduit of\\npower\u00e2\u0080\u0094a strength-giving implement, more invigo\u00c2\u00ac\\nrating than any apparatus of the gymnasium. The\\nright arm of one forces back the left arm of the other\\neight times; then the other arms are used then\\nboth arms together. The legs should be extended as\\nin the figure; then should change position, each\\nin turn being extended forward.\\nvarious exercises of speed as regards the\\nintensity of work. Many of them are typical\\nviolent exercises: running, for instance.\\nMany on the contrary need so insignificant", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0308.jp2"}, "309": {"fulltext": "GOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\n291\\nan expenditure of force that they hardly de\u00c2\u00ac\\nserve the name of exercise. A pianist play\u00c2\u00ac\\ning scales, notwithstanding the extreme speed\\nof the movements of his fingers, performs\\nbut a trifling muscular work.\\nThe essential character of exercises of\\nspeed is the rapid multiplication of muscular\\nmovements. A series of inconsiderable\\nefforts, often repeated, thus allow the per\u00c2\u00ac\\nformance in a shoR time of a considerable\\nquantity of work, without bringing into play\\nvery important muscular masses. As regards\\nthe quantity of work done, an exercise of\\nspeed may thus be absolutely equivalent to\\nan exercise of strength.\\nExercises of speed, as well as exercises of\\nstrength, may then produce a great quantity\\nTwo pupils take the position by turning back to\\nback and standing erect, locking their arms, as shown\\nin the figure. One, bending only at the hips, raises\\nthe other; then is lifted in turn. Repeat twenty times.\\nThis throws the shoulders back and strengthens the\\nmuscles of the breast and arms.\\nof work in a short space of time. From this\\ncommon condition are derived certain iden\u00c2\u00ac\\ntical effects, breathlessness for instance. But\\neach of these kinds of exercise has its own\\ncharacter, from which are derived very dif\u00c2\u00ac\\nferent results.\\nThe one kind needs that the muscles\\nshould contract with all the energy they\\nSeize the wand with the arms extended forward;\\nhold the arms straight and work the hands down and\\nup, as shown in the dotted lines. This strengthens\\nthe muscles of the wrist. Then bend the elbows and\\nbring the wand to the forehead, as indicated in the\\nfigure. Repeat thirty times.\\npossess; the other does not need this, but\\nthe muscles must pass at very short inter\u00c2\u00ac\\nvals, and a great number of times in suc\u00c2\u00ac\\ncession, from repose into action.\\nThe essential character of exercises of\\nspeed, that to which their very remarkable\\nphysiological effects are due, is this frequently\\nrepeated change of the muscles from the\\ncondition of relaxation to that of contraction.\\nExercises of speed produce, quite as much\\nas exercises of strength, this thirst for air\\nwhich is to respiration what appetite is to\\ndigestion. Skipping, running and the nume\u00c2\u00ac\\nrous children\u00e2\u0080\u0099s games whose essential char\u00c2\u00ac\\nacter consists in rivalry of speed amongst\\nthe players, are as valuable, and more, as\\nexercises of strength, from the point of view\\nof respiratory hygiene.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0309.jp2"}, "310": {"fulltext": "292\\nGOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\nA child which has just been playing at\\nrunning has absorbed without making any\\npainful muscular effort, in simple \u00e2\u0080\u009cplay,\u00e2\u0080\u009d a\\ngreater quantity of oxygen than one which\\nHere are two classes of movements. In the first,\\nthe arms are kept perfectly straight. Elevate the\\nwand, as in the figure, and lower it, bringing it\\nacross the lower part of the body. Repeat twenty\\ntimes. Then turn the wand over, bringing the arm\\nto the top of the head and the elbow to the side, as\\nseen in the dotted lines, and repeat.\\nhas been made to use heavy dumb-bells.\\nNow the absorption of the greatest possible\\nquantity of oxygen seems to be, on the whole,\\nthe thing most desired, when we need the\\ngeneral effects of exercises with a hygienic\\nend in view.\\nAmong the ancients the exercises of speed\\nalways held the first rank. Running was\\nregarded as a criterion of athletic superiority,\\nand the characteristic of Achilles in Homer\\nwas the quickness of his legs.\\nExercises which need at the same time a\\ngreat expenditure of strength and a great\\nspeed may be called forced exercises. They\\ndemand more work from the animal machine\\nthan it is capable of performing, and must\\nonly be continued for a very short time,\\nunder pain of causing serious accidents. We\\nrarely have to observe in men the effects of\\nthis excessive accumulation of work.\\nIn animals we often see examples, espe\u00c2\u00ac\\ncially in the horse, that noble animal which,\\nas Buffon says, \u00e2\u0080\u009cdies for better obedience.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nAn eager horse harnessed to a heavy cart,\\nand made to gallop up hill, is doing at once\\na work of strength and of speed, and often\\nExecute the movements described in the first part\\nof the preceding figure. Then throw the -wand over\\nthe head, place it horizontally across the shoulders,\\nbending the elbows, as shown in the dotted lines.\\nThis throws the shoulders back, and is a most invigo\u00c2\u00ac\\nrating exercise.\\ngives an example of the accidents of forced\\nexercise; threatened with asphyxia from the\\naccumulation of carbonic acid in the blood,\\nexposed to ruptures of vessels, or to visceral", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0310.jp2"}, "311": {"fulltext": "GOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\n293\\nlacerations by the violent pressure occasioned\\nby the effort, the animal sometimes dies sud\u00c2\u00ac\\ndenly from a rupture of the heart, or falls\\ndown paralyzed by a haemorrhage in the\\nspinal cord.\\nThus, to sum up, the exercises of speed\\nhave the advantage of producing the same\\nquantity of work as the exercises of strength,\\nand of producing the same intensity of re\u00c2\u00ac\\nspiratory need. Further, they increase the\\nactivity of the respiratory functions with less\\nfatigue of the lungs and heart, owing to the\\nThe wand, crossing the body in front, shows the\\ncommencing position. Then lower the wand behind\\nthe body into a position corresponding to the com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmencing position. Then, keeping the arms straight,\\nbring the wand to the position shown in the dotted\\nlines, first one hand above the head, then the other.\\nThis compels the body to be erect, and exercises the\\nmuscles of the shoulders and arms.\\nabsence of effort which only exceptionally\\noccurs in exercises of speed, but which is\\nobligatory in exercises of strength. Hence\\na first cause for preferring exercises of speed\\nwhen the object is to increase the oxygena\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of the patient.\\nAs regards the muscular system, an exer\u00c2\u00ac\\ncise of speed, in a given time, will produce\\nHold the wand above the head, keep the arms and\\nlegs straight, and then bend forward and backward\\nas far as possible, taking the positions seen in the\\ndotted lines. Repeat twenty times.\\nless fatigue than a work of strength, and will\\nsubject the motor apparatus in a less degree\\nto the various accidents resulting from shocks\\nand frictions of its constituent parts.\\nBut these advantages are counterbalanced\\nby another which we must recognize in ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nercises of strength, the greater development\\ngiven to the muscles. The flow of blood to\\nthe muscular fibre is more considerable in\\nproportion to the intensity of the effort, and\\nmore prolonged in proportion to the duration\\nof the contraction.\\nThis fact is proved by the following obser\u00c2\u00ac\\nvation In a man who is being bled, the\\nblood runs from the veins for a little while\\nand then the flow stops. If we then cause", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0311.jp2"}, "312": {"fulltext": "294\\nGOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\nhim to move the muscles of his forearm the\\nflow recommences, not because the veins are\\nemptied by increased pressure, but because\\nthe contraction draws more blood from the\\nmuscles. Now if the muscles contract in an\\nenergetic and sustained manner the flow of\\nblood is rapid, full and uninterrupted.\\nIf we cause the patient to make a series of\\nsmall, rapidly repeated contractions of the\\nmuscles of his forearm, the flow becomes\\njerky, small, and in the same period of time\\nwill furnish a lesser quantity. This experi\u00c2\u00ac\\nment proves that less blood traverses the\\nmuscles during a series of small contractions\\nfrequently repeated than during one long\\nsustained contraction.\\nNo further demonstration is needed to\\nprove that the nutrition of muscle must be\\nless active during exercises of speed than\\nThis is the charge with the wand. In making this\\nsidewise motion, the full weight of the body is thrown\\nupon the advance leg, the other leg being kept rigid\\nand straight the wand being advanced in the direc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of the charges, inclining up at an angle of 45\\ndegrees, as in the dotted part of the figure. Then\\nalternate and advance the other leg.\\nduring exercises of strength, for we know\\nthat the nutrition of a region of the body is\\nactive in direct proportion to the quantity of\\nblood with which it is supplied.\\nWhen we have frequented a gymnasium\\nand have observed many men performing\\nexercises, we have been struck by noticing\\nthe different responses of the muscles in dif\u00c2\u00ac\\nferent individuals. In some persons rapidity\\nof movement is, so to speak, natural, and\\nexercises of speed do not demand any great\\neffort; their muscular tissue is very irritable.\\nThis is a combination of arm movements and a\\ncharge. The pupils first charge toward the right,\\ninclining front at an angle of 45 degrees, at the same\\ntime lifting their arms into a vertical position, with\\nthe wand above their heads. Then the correspond\u00c2\u00ac\\ning motion is made toward the left.\\nIn other persons, on the other hand, the\\nmuscles, although energetic, only obey the\\norders of the will with considerable slowness.\\nA great expenditure of nervous energy is\\nnecessary to obtain a rapid movement.\\nThese differences are often racial, and at\\nthe first glance are seen in the deportment.\\nThe vivacious step of the Southron contrasts\\nwith the calm posture of the man of the\\nNorth. The motor fibres of the former are\\nmore responsive than those of the latter. It is\\ncurious to see these differences manifesting\\nthemselves in physical exercises, and to as\u00c2\u00ac\\ncertain the difference of aptitudes resulting\\nfrom them for this or that form of work.\\nThe English and the Germans have never\\nbeen able to rival the French and Italians in\\nfencing. English boxing needs above all\\nmassive strength and power of resistance\\nbrench boxing needs, on the contrary, agility", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0312.jp2"}, "313": {"fulltext": "GOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\n295\\nand readiness in the blows, that is, great\\nsuddenness of attack and quickness in reply.\\nA boating newspaper reviewed the different\\nmethods of rowing prevalent in different\\nregions. We were struck by noticing that\\nin a regatta the French rowed forty strokes a\\nminute, the Dutch only twenty-five. From\\nthirty-six to forty is the usual number with\\nour boat crews, such as Harvard, Yale, Cor\u00c2\u00ac\\nnell, the University of Pennsylvania, etc.\\nEXERCISES WITH\\nEALTH, good sound health\\nis the one object in view.\\nHow to cultivate, tone up,\\nstrengthen, every muscle,\\nevery nerve, every organ of\\nthe body\u00e2\u0080\u0094this is the ques\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion. It is a great one, im\u00c2\u00ac\\nportant, far-reaching, outstrips a thousand\\nothers, is worth considering, in fact, must be\\nconsidered if you would live a long, happy,\\nuseful life.\\nDumb-bells have long been used in gym\u00c2\u00ac\\nnasiums, and their value has been fully\\nproved. The body needs exercise the\\nmuscles should be hardened. You should\\nhave strength; you should have speed. This\\nwe have spoken of already. Now we must\\nadd one thing more you need to have\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nendurance.\\nWe call exercises of endurance those in\\nwhich the work must be continued for a long\\ntime.\\nIn these exercises the expenditure of force\\nis determined less by the intensity and rapid\\nsuccession of efforts than by their duration.\\nIt is necessary that the muscular effort shall\\nnot be too considerable, and the movements\\nnot too rapid, in order that fatigue under its\\nvarious forms may not interrupt them too\\nsoon. So that an exercise of .endurance is\\nonly moderate exercise if it lasts a short time,\\nwhile it may become forced exercise if it be\\ncontinued too long.\\nPower of Endurance.\\nIn these exercises the quantity of work\\ndone after a long time, at the end of a day,\\nfor instance, may be very considerable, but\\nthe expenditure of force is made in such\\nsmall fractions that there is no painful mus\u00c2\u00ac\\ncular effort, nor any marked disturbance in\\nthe organic functions. So that a man per\u00c2\u00ac\\nforming an exercise of endurance may pass,\\nalmost without noticing it, to strong doses\\nof muscular work.\\nThe animal machine is made in such a\\nmanner as to be able to perform without\\nfatigue movements of a determined intensity\\nand speed. When these limits are not ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nceeded, no appreciable disturbance is pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduced in the system, and the work is done\\namidst complete tranquility of the vital", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0313.jp2"}, "314": {"fulltext": "296\\nGOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\nfunctions. Thanks to the perfect equilibrium\\nbetween the muscular exertion and the power\\nof resistance of the subject, he is able in ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nercises of endurance to go on working for a\\nPlace the dumb-bells in front, as seen in the figure,\\nand bring them to all the positions shown in the\\ndotted lines. Describe an arc upward and down\u00c2\u00ac\\nward, keeping the arms straight. Bring the bells\\ntogether by throwing the arms straight back. Bring\\none arm to the position F H, and the other to I E,\\nand swing in alternation. Suspend the bells at the\\nsides and draw them up under the arms, doubling\\nin the wrists. Double the elbows and throw the\\nbells back as far as possible over the shoulders.\\nlong time, and let the useful effects of work\\ninsensibly accumulate, without causing any\\ndisturbance to the various parts concerned in\\nits performance.\\nWe see at once the importance and use\u00c2\u00ac\\nfulness of exercises of endurance when we\\nhave to do with a feeble system, with a per\u00c2\u00ac\\nson of low resisting power, to whom we wish\\nto give the benefits of muscular work, while\\nenabling him to avoid the dangers of fatigue.\\nSimilarly we are sometimes able to give a\\nsick man a very energetic remedy by admin\u00c2\u00ac\\nistering it to him in fractional doses.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe division of work into fractional quan\u00c2\u00ac\\ntities sufficiently small to enable the system\\nto support each one without disturbing its\\nnormal functions, such is the essential con\u00c2\u00ac\\ndition of exercises of endurance.\\nAnother condition is necessary to consti\u00c2\u00ac\\ntute an exercise of endurance the muscular\\nefforts must be at intervals sufficiently long\\nthat the effects of a second may not be\\nadded to that of a first. Between two suc\u00c2\u00ac\\ncessive doses of work there must be a suffi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncient time for repose.\\nThere are organs in the human body\\nwhich perform a considerable work contin\u00c2\u00ac\\nuously throughout life. It is surprising, for\\ninstance, to think how the hollow muscle we\\ncall the heart goes on contracting from birth\\ntill death, without ever suspending or slack\u00c2\u00ac\\nening 1 its work. This is because the cardiac\\nmuscle performs a work of endurance. The\\nexpenditure of force at each beat is well\\nbalanced with the power of resistance of the\\nThrust the right arm forward, bend the elbow,\\ndescribing the arc C D A reverse the motion, and\\nthen draw back the arm, the bell resting on the\\nbreast. Then go through similar motions with the\\nleft arm. Then make the motions with both arms\\nsimultaneously.\\nsystem of which it forms a part, and the in\u00c2\u00ac\\nterval between the beats is a time just long\\nenough to rest the fibres.\\nWe may say that respiratory fitness is the\\ntrue regulator of a work of endurance.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0314.jp2"}, "315": {"fulltext": "GOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\n297\\nIn order that an exercise may be long\\ncontinued the first condition is that it does\\nnot lead to breathlessness. We can go on\\nwalking in spite of weary legs and sore feet;\\nbut we cannot go on running when we are\\nout of breath.\\nThe exercises of endurance, always leav\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the working of the lungs comparatively\\ntranquil; do not demand the great inspira\u00c2\u00ac\\ntory efforts which force all the air-cells to\\nopen out. In the state of repose there is\\nalways a great number of air-cells remaining\\ninactive; their walls are flaccid and col\u00c2\u00ac\\nlapsed, there are whole regions of the lung\\nwhich take no part in the respiratory act.\\nAn easy exercise is formed from the previous one,\\nwith the up and down charge of the dumb-bells.\\nFrom the hanging down position of the arms, A,\\nthey are drawn back, B, ready for the charge. Arms\\nstretched to the position seen at C. Arms drawn\\nback for the charge, dumb-bells over the shoulder,\\nlittle finger uppermost. Arms charge upwards, D.\\nThe pupil may associate with this exercise local\\nwalking, accenting each new movement with a\\nstamp of the foot.\\nWhen the lungs bring their whole respira\u00c2\u00ac\\ntory force into play, no region remains in\u00c2\u00ac\\nactive, and the most remote air cells are\\nopened up. The lungs become as large as\\npossible, and push out the walls of the\\nthorax. Here is the most precious effect of\\nthe exercises which cause breathlessness.\\nThey tend to increase the capacity of the\\nIn this exercise, the right hand is drawn over the\\nleft shoulder, as seen in the figure. From this posi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion a vigorous blow is executed, from high to low,\\nthe arm being fully stretched at the middle of the\\ncurve C, C. It is executed with the right and left\\nalternately. The stroke can be made upward to the\\nshoulder, from the hips, as well as downward, com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmencing with the left arm.\\nchest. Now the exercises of endurance do\\nnot lead to breathlessness.\\nThe exercises of endurance render more\\nactive the gaseous interchange and enrich\\nthe blood with a greater quantity of oxygen,\\nbut their effect ceases there they do not\\nexcite with sufficient violence the respiratory\\nmovements to modify the shape of the chest.\\nThey have their indications and their advan\u00c2\u00ac\\ntages they also fall short in some direc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions. The doctor must weigh the pros and\\ncons, and must deduce from examination of\\nhis patient the formal indication for one exer\u00c2\u00ac\\ncise rather than another.\\nThose whose lungs are suspect, for whom\\nviolent respiratory movements would present\\ndangers those also whose heart is not in a", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0315.jp2"}, "316": {"fulltext": "298\\nGOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\nstate of perfect integrity, or in whom we\\nsuspect arterial degeneration which dimin\u00c2\u00ac\\nishes the strength of the vessels all those,\\nin short, whose organs of respiration and\\nThe forearm circle .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Take tlie bells and bring\\nthem to the position seen in the figure. The right\\narm makes a circle round the left arm, while the left\\narm circles round the right. The motion may be\\nreversed, alternated, made more rapidly. The upper\\npart of the arm is kept in the horizontal position.\\nStand with the heels together then with the feet\\nspread, as at B, D.\\ncirculation present a certain fragility, should\\nprefer exercises of endurance to exercises of\\nstrength or of speed.\\nAged men, persons suffering from gouty\\nor alcoholic vascular degeneration, persons\\nsuffering from fatty infiltration of the heart,\\nshould confine themselves exclusively to\\nexercise of endurance.\\nPatients who very easily lose breath, can\u00c2\u00ac\\nnot perform any exercise of speed or of\\nstrength, and the same is the case with\\nphthisical persons. But still patients of both\\nthese classes have need of supplementary\\nrespirations to compensate for the insuffi\u00c2\u00ac\\nciency of the respiratory field which has\\nbeen reduced by the disease, sometimes by\\nas much as half. Exercises of endurance\\nconstitute in such cases a valuable means of\\ntreatment.\\nThey make it possible, through increasing\\nby a very little at a time the carbonic acid\\nformed by work, that the whole of this\\nexcess shall be eliminated at each expiration,\\nthere being in exchange a small excess of\\noxygen introduced during inspiration. If\\nthe exercise is well regulated it can be kept\\nup for hours, and the patient will then have\\nbenefitted without incurring the dangers of\\nbreathlessness, from a series of small quan\u00c2\u00ac\\ntities of oxygen the sum total of which will\\nbe equal to that gained by a healthy man in\\nan exercise of strength or of speed.\\nGenerally we do not make use enough of\\nThe hand-circling exercise .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Grasp the bells and\\nelevate the arms, as shown in the figure. Now\\ndescribe a circle with the other ball, moving the\\nhand around the surface of an ideal cone, the point\\nof which lies in the wrist joint.\\nThese exercises are very useful to those who\\nhabitually have cold hands, to those who, in writ\u00c2\u00ac\\ning or similar labor, produce a one-sided activity of\\nthat member, or where there is weakness in the\\nwrist joint. They should be executed with the arms\\nextended.\\nexercises of endurance in treating patients,\\nwith lung trouble. We should boldly pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nscribe for tubercular or asthmatic patients,\\nlong walks on level ground, or sustained", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0316.jp2"}, "317": {"fulltext": "GOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\n299\\nexercise at the oar, coming down stream and\\nrowing with a very slow stroke.\\nA man who, not being in training, goes\\nout for a day\u00e2\u0080\u0099s shooting, will inevitably\\nsuffer on the following day from a more or\\nless severe attack of stiffness, and yet his\\nexercise, the type of an exercise of endur\u00c2\u00ac\\nance, will not have produced breathlessness\\nat any time during the day.\\nThese observations give us the key to a\\nA good exercise is the leg beat towards the hand\\nF, where the dumb-bells are raised to the forward\\nhorizontal position, alternately, the left and right\\nhand and the leg which corresponds with the out\u00c2\u00ac\\nstretched arm is swung upwards until it touches the\\ndumb-bell; this is facilitated by slightly lowering\\nthe dumb-bell towards the foot.\\nTo vary the exercise you can describe several cir\u00c2\u00ac\\ncles, as at C, I), E. then touching the bell at F.\\nThen use the other leg.\\nfact which is at first sight very surprising,\\nand even inexplicable except on our theory,\\nnamely, that young persons support better\\nexercises of speed than exercises of en\u00c2\u00ac\\ndurance.\\nA child seven years old will bear very\\nwell all the games which need rapid and\\nprolonged running. This is owing to the\\nwonderful ease with which its lungs adapt\\nthemselves to the exigences of forced res\u00c2\u00ac\\npiration. The carbonic acid produced by\\nwork is eliminated with great rapidity and\\ncauses no inconvenience to the system.\\nAn exercise which is especially useful consists in\\ntaking the forward spring step, with the leg that is\\nput forward bent at the knee, as at C; the upper\\npart of the body is kept as erect as possible. Unite\\nwith this the thrusting out of the arm on che same\\nside as the leg which takes the forward step.\\nBut carbonic acid is not the only product\\nof dissimilation due to work which must be\\nThis is a combined bell and leg exercise. Bend\\nthe leg, as at B, at the same time elevating the bells;\\nlower the bells and bring the leg to the position of\\nthe dotted lines. Then bend the legs as far as pos\u00c2\u00ac\\nsible. Alternate, using the other leg.\\neliminated from the system, and there are\\nothers whose exit is slower, notably those\\nresulting from the dissimilation of the nitrog-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0317.jp2"}, "318": {"fulltext": "300\\nGOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\nenous tissues. Now dissimilation is much\\nmore rapid in the child than in the adult, for\\nthe young tissues have less stability than\\nthe adult tissues. Hence the formation of\\nThis exercise is a beautiful one. The dumb-bells\\nare held in a forward horizontal position, C the feet\\nin the locked position. The left foot steps forward\\nsimultaneously both arms are swung backwards, as\\nin the dotted lines. The foot returns to the locked\\nposition, the dumb-bells being at the same time\\ncarried forward to the horizontal position.\\nnitrogenous waste-products, of which uric\\nacid and urates are the chief, is more\\nabundant.\\nExercises of endurance which allow of the\\nelimination of the whole excess of carbonic\\nacid with each expiration, lead to no accu\u00c2\u00ac\\nmulation of this gas, but they can cause an\\naccumulation of the nitrogenous waste-pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nducts, for the elimination of these does not\\nbegin, as we have shown, for three or four\\nhours after the muscular work which has\\ncaused their formation. An exercise may\\nthen be continued for four hours, and give\\nrise throughout this time to the formation of\\nnitrogenous waste-products, not one particle\\nof which is being eliminated.\\nAll these waste-products will be accumu\u00c2\u00ac\\nlated in the blood when the exercise has\\ncome to an end. The system which will\\nhave escaped the effects of carbonic acid, a\\ngas which is eliminated as fast as it is formed,\\nwill not escape those of nitrogenous waste-\\nproducts which will have accumulated in\\nlarge quantities in the blood. There will\\nbe after the exercise of endurance is over, a\\ntrue uricaemia, a surcharge of the blood with\\nuric acid compounds.\\nThis result explains how it is that young\\npersons who, thanks to the adaptive power\\nof their respiratory organs, have borne with\\nimpunity an exercise of speed, and have not\\nlost breath, can easily suffer from febrile\\nstiffness, and even from febrile overwork,\\nafter too long a walk.\\nGouty persons are, like children, exposed\\nto the accidents of consecutive fatigue after\\nexercises of endurance. They have already\\na constitutional tendency to the accumula-\\nc\\nThe bow swinging must be executed with the legs\\na part, and with it the upper part of the body must\\nbe bent forward; the arms hang down, the thumbs\\ntowards each other, and the dumb-bells are swung\\nin a large semicircle to the right and to the left, as\\nseen in the figure. The whole body follows the\\nmotion of the dumb-bells, by turning first to one\\nside and then to the other.\\ntion of uric acid in the blood, and muscular\\nexercise causing the production of nitrogen\u00c2\u00ac\\nous waste-products which cannot be elimi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnated as fast as they are formed, hence there", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0318.jp2"}, "319": {"fulltext": "GOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\n301\\nis, when the long-continued work is over,\\nan abundance of uric acid compounds in the\\nblood. We know that an attack of gout is\\ndue to this uric saturation of the blood, and\\nthus are explained the attacks of gout which,\\nin gouty subjects, almost inevitably follow a\\nvery long day\u00e2\u0080\u0099s shooting, when a man has\\nnot been prepared by gradual training.\\nTo sum up, the exercises of endurance\\nallow of the performance of such work with\\ngreat economy of fatigue. They give the\\nsystem the benefit of a supplementary acqui\u00c2\u00ac\\nsition of oxygen, without exposing it\\nto the dangers of forced respiration.\\nThey quicken the circulation of the\\nblood without fatiguing the heart or\\nviolently distending the vessels. In\\na word they spare the whole ma\u00c2\u00ac\\nchine during work.\\nBut if they preserve the system\\nfrom the accidents of immediate\\nfatigue, they do not save it from\\nconsecutive fatigue. If they enable\\nit to escape breathlessness, this is\\nnot the case as regards stiffness.\\nModerate and prolonged exercise,\\nthat in which the total work is con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsiderable, but well-divided, is suitable\\nfor patients whose respiration needs\\nmanagement. It cannot be prescribed\\nwithout preliminary training for gouty per\u00c2\u00ac\\nsons, and is absolutely unsuitable for chil\u00c2\u00ac\\ndren.\\nExercises of speed are well suited to\\nyoung persons, who easily eliminate carbonic\\nacid. Exercises of endurance are better\\nsuited to persons of ripe age, whose nitro\u00c2\u00ac\\ngenous tissues resist better the processes of\\ndissimilation, and form less the nitrogenous\\nwaste-products.\\nExercise produces then salutary effects\\nalike in those who assimilate too little and in\\nthose who do not dissimilate enough mus\u00c2\u00ac\\ncular work is a regulator of nutrition as in\u00c2\u00ac\\ndispensable to over-rich as it is to impover\u00c2\u00ac\\nished constitutions. Hence there is no\\nindividual, no living being, who is not in\u00c2\u00ac\\nstinctively impelled to this powerful general\\nalterative agent.\\nWhen a vigorous horse has been kept in\\nthe stable for a long time, we see it when\\nfirst brought out make leaps and turns, and\\nshow by its lively paces a great desire for\\nmovement. We then say that the animal is\\nfrisky This great vivacity has not, however,\\nas its sole object the manifestation of the joy\\nit feels at being again at liberty; it expresses\\nthe needfor exercise which the animal feels.\\nSimilarly it is under the influence of the need\\nfor exercise that the wild beasts in a menag\u00c2\u00ac\\nerie constantly prowl about their cages; that\\nchildren coming out of the class-room leap\\nand run about the recreation ground, and\\nthat dogs run after each other in the streets.\\nEvery living being which has long been\\nmotionless experiences a need for action, and\\nthis fact is alone sufficient to prove the\\nhygienic importance of muscular exercise.\\nu v\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n-.J.\\nThe Transfer of Dumb-Bells .\u00e2\u0080\u0094This is an entertaining and\\neffective exercise, which is made plain by a study of the figure.\\nThe far-apart position is taken the dumb-bells are removed\\nfrom left to right, and right to left, as far as possible.\\nTaking up and putting down the dumb-bells: this may appro\u00c2\u00ac\\npriately follow the preceding exercise, and may be used at any\\ntime when in the course of his exercises the pupil wishes to put\\nhis dumb-bells down. By a spring he changes his position from\\nthe locked to the apart position, and with a bending movement\\nof the body at the same moment, places the dumb-bells cross\u00c2\u00ac\\nwise before him, as at C. He returns at once with a spring\\ninto the locked position, D, body erect. Takmg up the dumb\u00c2\u00ac\\nbells occurs in a similar manner, by a rapid change from the\\napart to the locked position.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0319.jp2"}, "320": {"fulltext": "302\\nGOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\nThe need for exercise is one of the nume\u00c2\u00ac\\nrous sensations which lead living beings to\\nperform actions necessary for the preserva\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of life or of health. Prolonged immo\u00c2\u00ac\\nbility produces a need for muscular exercise,\\njust as sustained work produces a need for\\nrepose.\\nThe need for exercise is developed with\\nmore intensity in proportion to the lowness\\nof the temperature; by severe and piercing\\ncold we are much more driven to action than\\nby great heat. In this case the need for\\nexercise is derived from the instinct which\\nleads us to produce heat by movement.\\nThe Stamping Exercise is executed from the apart\\nposition, with the body bent forward; the arms are\\ndrawn back and thrust forward alternately, as illus\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrated in the figure.\\nThe need for repose is called fatigue; the\\nneed for exercise has not received a special\\nname, but deserves one quite as much as\\nhunger, thirst etc.\\nUnder the influence of deficient exercise\\ncertain materials which should be used up\\neach day by work, accumulate in the human\\nmachine, the wheels of which they encumber\\nand the working of which they clog. These\\nmaterials are the reserves of which we have\\npointed out the origin and destination. It is\\nnecessary that the reserve materials should\\nbe used up as fast as they are formed.\\nWhen they are not regularly destroyed\\nand they tend to hinder, by their accumula\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, the working of the organs, we feel our\u00c2\u00ac\\nselves impelled to bring our muscles into\\naction, with the unconscious object of burn\u00c2\u00ac\\ning these materials in the work, and the need\\nfor exercise is produced.\\nGreat Need of Exercise.\\nBut the superabundance of the reserve\\nmaterials is not the only cause of the need\\nfor exercise if insufficient exercise can lead\\nto the accumulation of certain useless\\nmaterials within the system, it also induces\\na diminution of the materials necessary to\\nthe balance of health, and thus leads to im\u00c2\u00ac\\npoverishment of the constitution; so we see\\nsome persons whose life is too inactive, put\\non too much fat and become plethoric, whilst\\nothers waste and become thin through in\u00c2\u00ac\\nsufficient movement.\\nThus the need for exercise is felt as much\\nby thin people who assimilate too little as by\\nfat people who do not dissimilate enough.\\nThe need for exercise then responds to\\ntwo physiological necessities, of which in\u00c2\u00ac\\nstinct gives us warning. It can come from\\nan overcharge with reserve materials, and the\\nurgent necessity there is that these materials\\nshould be burned; it may also arise from a\\ngeneral sluggishness of the functions and the\\nneed of a stimulus capable of arousing them\\nto fresh activitv.\\nMore and more the American people are\\ntiking an active interest in physical culture.\\nThis is the result of the increasing value\\nattached to sound health and the importance\\nof having a physique strong enough to bear\\nthe strain imposed by our very trying climate\\nand modes of business. We are a fast peo\u00c2\u00ac\\nple, expending a vast amount of nervous,\\nvital force in the grand rush and struggle\\nfor success. No longer is it considered that", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0320.jp2"}, "321": {"fulltext": "GOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\n303\\nthe body is of little consequence. The laws\\nthat govern it and the methods for promo\u00c2\u00ac\\nting sound health are being carefully studied.\\nPhysical exercises of one kind or another are\\ntaught in most of our schools, and this is the\\nomen of a brighter day and a generation of\\npeople who shall be noble specimens of\\nphysical manhood.\\nN the gymnasium we call ground\\nexercises those which are per\u00c2\u00ac\\nformed in the upright posture,\\nand which consist in succes\u00c2\u00ac\\nsive movements of flexion, ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ntension, etc., of the legs, the\\narms, the trunk, the pelvis, and\\nthe neck. These are evidently, from an\\naesthetic point of view, the best of all exer\u00c2\u00ac\\ncises. Every limb does work in proportion\\nto the strength of its muscles, for it moves\\nonly its own weight.\\nThe body being supported on the legs\\nduring these exercises, the vertebral column\\nhas no tendency to assume a vicious attitude\\nfor the maintenance of an abnormal equilib\u00c2\u00ac\\nrium.\\nThese exercises would then be the best of\\nall if they were a little more interesting to\\nthose who practise them. But they are very\\nunattractive, as they suppress all initiative\\non the part of the pupil, and only need an\\nattentive and passive obedience to orders.\\nThere is happily another gymnastic ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nercise which combines with regularity in the\\nexpenditure of force a peculiar attraction,\\nbecause it implies a contest of skill, agility\\nand readiness this is French boxing. This\\nexercise is learned in a series of lessons of\\nwhich each is performed alternately by the\\nright and the left side of the body. In this\\nmanner the right leg and the right arm re\u00c2\u00ac\\npeat exactly, when their turn comes, all the\\nmovements which have just been performed\\nby the left arm and the left leg.\\nFrench boxing, in which blows are given\\nwith the feet as well as with the fist, needs\\nevery moment attitudes of great boldness.\\nRapid Movements.\\nWhen a kick has to be given as high as\\nthe face, the trunk must be strongly inclined\\nto the side to counterbalance the displace\u00c2\u00ac\\nment of the centre of gravity, and this atti\u00c2\u00ac\\ntude would be vicious if it were always in\\nthe same direction. But the right leg, which\\nhas delivered a kick, has hardly returned to\\nthe ground when the left leg must take its\\nturn, and repeat the attack, either directly\\nforwards, or by the pirouette known as the\\nturning kick.\\nWith a rapidity which astonishes the spec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntator, the body must change from one leg to\\nthe other with a sufficiently stable equilib-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0321.jp2"}, "322": {"fulltext": "ATHLETIC EXERCISES FOR TRAINING THE BODY.\\n304", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0322.jp2"}, "323": {"fulltext": "GOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\n305\\nrium to propel the foot in a precise direction\\nwith great force. In order that the centre\\nof gravity may be displaced with such mar\u00c2\u00ac\\nvellous ease, the vertebral column, which\\nplays the part of a balancing-pole, must pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nserve an extreme mobility.\\nFrench boxing is, then, preferable to\\nfencing for the regular development of the\\nbody of a young man and for preventing\\nvicious carriage.\\nSwimming and Climbing.\\nSwimming needs a regular action of all the\\nmuscles. The body must progress in this\\nexercise by a movement of extension which,\\nbeginning in the legs, spreads to the thighs,\\nthe vertebral column and the arms.\\nClimbing has a great resemblance to swim\u00c2\u00ac\\nming. In both these exercises progression\\nis brought about by alternate movements of\\nflexion and extension of the body and limbs.\\nBetween these two methods of progression\\nthere seems to be at first sight only a differ\u00c2\u00ac\\nence of direction; in swimming it is hori\u00c2\u00ac\\nzontal, in climbing from below upwards.\\nBut there is a capital difference as regards\\nthe mechanism of the work; in the swimmer\\nthe arms and shoulder move in the same\\nHorizontal plane; in the climber, on the con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrary, the arms are much in advance of the\\nChest, and their movements of flexion, the\\nhands being fixed, tend to draw the shoulders\\nupwards, forwards and inwards.\\nIn the exercise of swimming there is no\\ncause of deformity, and swimmers have,\\ntherefore, generally a very regular develop\u00c2\u00ac\\nment.\\nThere are certain exercises which seem at\\nfirst sight to be performed by a very localized\\ngroup of muscles, but which a more at\u00c2\u00ac\\ntentive analysis shows to be generalized\\nthroughout the body. Thus a man who\\nrings a heavy bell does not only work with\\n20\\nhis hands which hold the rope, but with his\\narms which bend, with his trunk which leans\\nforward, even with his feet, which contract\\nin order to adhere more firmly to the\\nground.\\nRowing is reputed to increase the size of\\nthe biceps, and this sport is generally classed\\nwith exercises of the arms. This is a mis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntake, for the work of the rower is far from\\nbeing localized in his upper limbs. The\\nmuscular effort which moves on the boat is\\nlargely situated in the extensors of the ver\u00c2\u00ac\\ntebral column. The oarsman pulls above\\nall with his loins. Further, when the boat\\nis to be propelled with great speed, as in\\nracing, the legs work at least as much as the\\narms.\\nThe Oar and Paddle.\\nAs we are writing these lines we are suf\u00c2\u00ac\\nfering from an attack of muscular stiffness\\nproduced by resuming the exercise of rowing\\nafter a year\u00e2\u0080\u0099s interval. In the muscles of\\nthe arms we have merely a slight sensation\\nof discomfort, but those of the loins and\\nthighs are really painful, having been vigor\u00c2\u00ac\\nously in action.\\nWe must make a strong distinction be\u00c2\u00ac\\ntween exercise with the oar and that with the\\npaddle In the latter exercise the canoeist\\nderives a fixed support from the seat, and his\\nlegs do not help him at all. They usually\\nlie in the bottom of the boat inactive and\\nextended.\\nAs to the trunk, it participates in the work,\\nnot by movements of flexion and extension,\\nbut by lateral displacements, now to the\\nright, now to the left. Further, the canoeist,\\nwhen making his most powerful efforts, is\\nnot leaning backwards, like the oarsman, but\\ncurved forwards.\\nThis position is imposed by the necessity\\nof giving to the movement of the trunk a", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0323.jp2"}, "324": {"fulltext": "306\\nGOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\ndirection opposed to that in which the water\\nis displaced by the motor of the boat. Now\\nin paddling the water is displaced from be\u00c2\u00ac\\nfore backwards, whilst in rowing it is dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nplaced from behind forwards.\\nThe canoeing movement is certainly very\\ngraceful. The body leans in regular rhythm\\nto the right and to the left, and the head at\\neach displacement is inclined in the opposite\\ndirection to the trunk, by a series of lateral\\ninflexions of the cervical vertebrae. From\\nthese two opposed but compensatory move\u00c2\u00ac\\nments, results a wave-like movement, which,\\nadded to the rapid gliding of the frail bark,\\nforms a seductive picture.\\nA Curved Back.\\nBut the canoeist\u00e2\u0080\u0099s back is curved like that\\nof the jocky, and his legs remain inactive.\\nHence, in our opinion, the inferiority of\\ncanoeing from the hygienic point of view. It\\nleaves the lower limbs absolutely motionless,\\nand it tends to produce a round back.\\nIn rowing, the oarsman also leans forwards\\nat intervals in order to carry his oar back\u00c2\u00ac\\nwards, but this is at a stage in the exercise\\nwhere no force is required and, therefore, no\\npressure is exercised on the vertebrae. The\\nreally energetic muscular action, the one\\nwhich determines the progression of the\\nboat, is performed by bending the body\\nbackwards at this movement of the effort\\nthe head is high and erect, and if the move\u00c2\u00ac\\nment is very powerful, the face is upturned.\\nThe really active movement in rowing con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsists in extension of the dorsal spine. No\\nmovement is more fit than this to remedy a\\nround back.\\nIt will be well to point out the difference\\nbetween sculling and rowing.\u00e2\u0080\u009d In the\\nlatter case there is one oar held in both\\nhands, which forces the oarsman to lean to\\nthe side of his oar. In sculling there is\\nneeded an equal and symmetrical effort of\\nboth hands. Hence, to preserve the straight\u00c2\u00ac\\nness of the body, sculling is much superior\\nto rowing.\\nWe cannot review here all the exercises\\n_\\nwhich are able to favor regular development.\\nBut we should like to try to define certain\\npoints which must be kept in mind when\\nwe wish to appreciate the influence of move\u00c2\u00ac\\nments on bodily form.\\nWrong Modes of Exercise.\\nFirst, the body left to itself, without being\\nsubjected to any external influence capable\\nof producing deformity, tends naturally to de\u00c2\u00ac\\nvelop in a regular direction. The causes\\nwhich tend to produce deviation may be of\\ninternal orgin, such as affections of bones or\\njoints, retractions of tendons or of muscles,,\\nand paralysis.\\nBut the most common deformities arise\\nfrom external causes, such as pressures,\\nshocks, works or habits leading to a vicious\\ncarriage. Amongst the external agents\\ncapable of producing bodily deformity, ill-\\nchosen or ill-directed exercise is a very fre\u00c2\u00ac\\nquent cause.\\nThe vertebral column is the axis of the\\nbody. When it is normal in direction, the\\nbody is upright and the attitude is elegant.\\nMost of the deviations of the spine have a\\nmuscular source, and arise from the predom\u00c2\u00ac\\ninant action of the muscles which draw the\\nvertebrae in a given direction over those\\nwhich should balance the action of these by\\ndrawing the spine in the opposite direction.\\nMuscular exercise tends to develop the\\nmuscles and the bones it is enough that\\nthis development should be regular, that\\nno region of the body should acquire an ex\u00c2\u00ac\\naggerated size capable of destroying harmony\\nof proportion, and that no portion of the\\nskeleton should assume a vicious direction.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0324.jp2"}, "325": {"fulltext": "GOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT. 307\\nNeglect of all exercise sometimes coin\u00c2\u00ac\\ncides with deviations of the body, but these\\nare almost always due to a habitually vicious\\ncarriage, such as is observed in persons of\\nsedentary life. The schoolboy kept in class\\nfrom morning till evening, the artisan kept\\ntribute the round back so common to tailors.\\nWhen muscular force is completely re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmoved, as for instance in the dead body,\\nthere is a tendency to fall forwards and if\\nthe dead body, held upright, is supported\\nby the waist, we see the head lean down\\nSPORT IN THE GYMNASIUM.\\nall day in the workshop, often present de\u00c2\u00ac\\nviations of the figure; but the vicious\\nposition of the body needed for writing is the\\ntrue cause of the lateral curvature of the\\nspine which is common in school-children\\nsimilarly it is to the bent attitude when\\nworking with the needle that we must at-\\ntowards the chest, the shoulders fall for\u00c2\u00ac\\nwards, and the back arched by an exagger\u00c2\u00ac\\nated flexion of the spine.\\nThis stooping attitude, due to complete\\nabsence of muscular action, is an exaggera\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of that observed in persons whose mus\u00c2\u00ac\\ncles are extremely enfeebled by inaction.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0325.jp2"}, "326": {"fulltext": "308\\nGOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\nThe round back is in these persons always\\naccompanied by a receding chest, first be\u00c2\u00ac\\ncause muscular inaction leads to diminution\\nin the size of the thorax; secondly, because\\nFigure 1.\\nin a side view of the body, very pronounced\\nconvexity of the back tends by comparison\\nto cause the line of the sternum to appear\\nflat, and even concave. We observe this\\ncharacteristic deformity in all cases in which\\nyoung persons have led too sedentary a life,\\ndeprived of air and movement.\\nMuscular exercise, in whatever form, gives\\nmarvellous results in these deformities in\\nwhich we cannot properly speak of a devia\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion to be remedied, but rather of a weak\u00c2\u00ac\\nened part to be supported. The vertebral\\ncolumn promptly finds energetic support\\nfrom the spinal muscles as soon as a man\\nbegins to perform violent movements, for\\nevery work needing a certain expenditure of\\nforce demands action from these muscles for\\nthe purpose of fixing the vertebral column,\\nthe centre and pivot in all movements of the\\ntrunk and limbs.\\nBut aside from these cases of excessive\\ndebility, it is not from increased strength of\\nthe muscles that we must demand the means\\nof restoring perfect uprightness to the figure.\\nThe persons who are most remarkable for\\nelegance and grace are often very supple\\nrather than very vigorous.\\nSuppleness of figure comes from the great\\nease with which the vertebrae can glide in all\\ndirections over each other. From this great\\nmobility results the facility with which the\\nvarious pieces of the dorsal spine accommo\u00c2\u00ac\\ndate themselves to the different attitudes of\\nthe body, and to the rapidity with which the\\ntrunk is balanced in all the displacements\\nwhich it undergoes. So that the greatest\\npossible grace of figure may be observed in\\nclowns.\\nCertain exercises which demand very\\nslight expenditure of muscular force have a", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0326.jp2"}, "327": {"fulltext": "GOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\n309\\nremarkable tendency to make the back very\\nstraight these are exercises which need\\nbalancing. A rope-dancer cannot keep up\u00c2\u00ac\\nright on his slender support if he allows the\\naxis of his body to fall out of the vertical,\\nand this axis is represented by the vertebral\\ncolumn.\\nAll the movements of the acrobat tend to\\ngive to the muscles which move the verte\u00c2\u00ac\\nbrae the degree of contraction necessary that\\nthe bony rod they form should have a per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfectly vertical direction.\\nFigure: 3.\\nThe rope-dancer preserves when on the\\nground the position which his well-disciplined\\nmuscles are accustomed to give to the bones\\non which they act.\\nBalancing jugglers are, like rope-dancers\\nand India-rubber men types of perfect physi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncal straightness and if we compare them, in\\nthe circus, to the gymnasts whose specialty\\nis the trapeze, we are struck by the superior\u00c2\u00ac\\nity of the former in elegance of figure.\\nWe have seen nothing more charming\\nthan a little balancing girl who, at the circus,\\nclimbed to the top of a pyramid built of\\nbottles, and poised herself like a bird on the\\nneck of the highest without displacing any\\nof them. It was marvellous to see the child.\\nFigure 4.\\nwhen she had built the fragile structure, first\\nmake sure of the balance standing upright,\\nthen, putting her foot on its frail support\\nFigure 5.\\nraise herself, holding in her hand the neck of\\nthe last bottle, without the trunk deviating\\nfrom the vertical by a hair\u00e2\u0080\u0099s breadth.\\nIt was then necessary, from the stooping", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0327.jp2"}, "328": {"fulltext": "310\\nGOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\nposture, to gain the upright one, and it was\\nonly by a mathematical precision in the con-\\nFigure 6.\\nFigure 7.\\ntraction of the vertebral muscles that the\\nextension of the legs and thighs could be\\nI\\neffected without upsetting the whole structure.\\nIt is our purpose to present the uses of the\\nswing and stirrups, for they certainly pos\u00c2\u00ac\\nsess the advantages of all other gymnastic\\napparatus. We would not underrate the value\\nof other apparatus and modes of exercise.\\nWe offer the swing and stirrups, not as a full\\nresponse to the public demand, but as the\\nmost complete multum in parvo\u00e2\u0080\u009d in the\\ngymnastic field, and as most admirably\\nadapted to the wants of those who cannot\\navail themselves of the advantages of a\\ngymnastic institution. To all such it is a\\nGod-send.\\nIt is comparatively easy to devise gym-\\nFigure 9.\\nnastic exercises which shall interest a social\\nclass, enlivened by music. But what shall\\nthose do, who, finding it inconvenient or\\ndisagreeable to visit the gymnasium, would\\ncultivate muscle and vigor at home? In the\\nabsence of social stimulus and music, the\\nexercises themselves must possess peculiar\\nfascination. If, in addition, they bring every\\npart of the body into varied action, giving\\nthe left arm, shoulder\u00e2\u0080\u0094the entire left half of\\nthe body as much and as varied exercise as\\nthe right, we should have the model home\\ngymnastics.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0328.jp2"}, "329": {"fulltext": "GOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\n311\\nThe swing and stirrups meet these de\u00c2\u00ac\\nmands more successfully than any other\\napparatus yet devised. While the first exer\u00c2\u00ac\\ncises of the first series are simple enough for\\nchildren, the last exercises of the last series\\nare beyond the reach of all except those who\\nhave favorable composition and are very\\nmuch in earnest. For clergymen, ladies and\\nmany others, who would carry on the work\\nat home, this invention is the most complete\\nmeans imaginable.\\nTwo large hand rings are suspended from\\ni\\nchanges can be made. The rings must be\\nraised, let down, drawn apart, the stirrup\\nstraps changed, or removed altogether from\\nthe rings, each and all with a single motion\\nof the hand and in a moment there are\\nvarious simple mechanical contrivances by\\nwhich these multifarious changes can be\\nmade. An ingenious mechanic can scarcely\\nbe at fault. We will suggest that in splicing\\nthe ropes into the rings the splice should be\\nlong and drawn close; else giving way, an\\nunpleasant surprise may occur; the ropes\\nFigure 11.\\nFigure 12.\\nthe ceiling by ropes, which, running through\\npadded hooks, are carried to the walls. Two\\nother ropes extend from the walls directly to\\nthe hand rings. A strap with a stirrup is\\nplaced in either hand ring. By a simple ar\u00c2\u00ac\\nrangement on the wall the hand rings are\\ndrawn as high as the performer can reach, or\\nlet down within k foot of the floor; or at\\nany altitude they can be drawn apart to any\\ndistance. The distance between the stirrups\\nand rings can be likewise varied.\\nThe usefulness of the swing and stirrups\\ndepends upon the facility with which these\\nshould run through strong, padded hooks at\\nthe ceiling, which are fastened on the upper\\nside of the timber with thick nuts the fas\u00c2\u00ac\\ntenings on the wall must be made secure.\\nThe ropes with which the rings are sepa\u00c2\u00ac\\nrated should be armed with wrought iron\\nsnap hooks, which can be caught into\\nwrought iron rings that have been firmly\\nlashed into the suspension rope at the point\\nwhere it connects with the hand ring.\\nThe stirrup straps must be of very strong\\nwhite leather, with edges so rounded that\\nthe pants will not be worn. In shortening", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0329.jp2"}, "330": {"fulltext": "312\\nGOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\nthe straps a buckle should not be used, for\\nin removing the straps from the hand rings\\nmuch time would thereby be lost; nor should\\na simple hook be employed, as the leather is\\nliable to give way and the hook to slip out.\\nFigure 13.\\nA brass H, with one side sewed into the end\\nof the strap doubled, and the other slipped\\nthrough slits in the body of the strap, is a\\nperfect thing. With this simple contrivance\\nthe strap can be altered or taken out alto\u00c2\u00ac\\ngether in a second, and can never give way.\\nThe stirrups should be very strong, with\\nserrated bottoms, and fastened into the ends\\nof the straps with strong sewing and copper\\nrivets.\\nThe swing and stirrups cannot be put up\\nin an ordinary gymnasium; the ceiling is too\\nhigh. The best height for the ceiling hooks\\nis twelve feet; a ceiling as low as eight feet\\nwill do. The apparatus can be used, how\u00c2\u00ac\\never, in a gymnasium, or in an open yard,\\nby the erection of a simple framework. If\\nsuspended in an ordinary gymnasium, from\\na ceiling eighteen or twenty feet high, a large\\nnumber of the most valuable exercises can\u00c2\u00ac\\nnot be performed advantageously.\\nUpon a close examination of the swing\\nand stirrup exercises, the conviction will be\\nforced upon all, that by* no other means can\\nsuch a variety of valuable exercises be\\nreached.\\nA vain boasting over muscular strength is\\nvulgar. We regard with disfavor the cul\u00c2\u00ac\\ntivation of mere strength, without a noble\\ncarriage, freedom, security, agility and grace.\\nStill less do we approve of a mere display of\\nfeats. But what thoughtful person can re\u00c2\u00ac\\nflect upon the objects of human life, without\\nseeing that not only is the highest develop\u00c2\u00ac\\nment of the muscular system a great advan\u00c2\u00ac\\ntage to those who follow mechanical occu\u00c2\u00ac\\npations, but of vital importance likewise to\\nFigure IT\\nthose who fill the ranks of intellectual life,\\nand who require, as a condition of success,\\ngood health and strong vitality.\\nOnly a whole man is capacitated to per\u00c2\u00ac\\nform in the best manner the tasks of life.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0330.jp2"}, "331": {"fulltext": "GOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\n313\\nIs it not an aim worthy our highest efforts\\nto develop our whole being to its fullest\\ncapacity\\nThis universal development is especially\\nprovided for by the union of the stirrups\\nwith the rings, from which results an infinite\\ncombination and variety of exercises. The\\ngymnasium receives in this apparatus a\\nlarger circumference than is offered by all\\nother gymnastic utensils combined.\\nThe muscles of the lower part of the\\nbody, and the nape of the neck, are more\\nthoroughly trained than by any other\\nmeans. The extensor muscles of the fin\u00c2\u00ac\\ngers, hands, arms and legs, which are never\\nbrought into vigorous play with other gym\u00c2\u00ac\\nnastic apparatus, enjoy, in the use of this\\napparatus, full play. The rotary and di\u00c2\u00ac\\nagonal movements of the muscles, which\\nare particularly effective in the production\\nof symmetry, figure prominently.\\nn\\nFigure: 15.\\nThese exercises derive great advantage\\nfrom the fact that the points of support as\\nwell as the points of grasp are moveable,\\nwhilst ordinariiy these points are fixed. The\\nadvantage is, that these points are fixed\\nthrough a varied action of the muscles.\\nThis compels an almost infinite multiplica\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of the direction and manner of muscular\\nexertion.\\nThe pupil must observe the gradual\\nmethod of advancing. Beginning with the\\nmost simple, and at last reaching the most\\ndifficult. He must proceed from exercise to*\\nexercise, from degree to degree, from series\\nto series.\\nFigure 1.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Shoulder Swing, forward and\\nbackwards, four six or eight times. Rings-\\nat the height of the head. The swing mo\\ntion is sustained from the shoulders.\\nFigure 2.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Hand Swing Sidewise, four\\neight or twelve times. The swinging which\\nis sidewise, is carried on by efforts of the\\nlegs and arms. This exercise operates hap\u00c2\u00ac\\npily by enlarging the chest. The feet follow\\nthe dotted line the toes rest on the floor,\\nthen with a spring the motion is reversed.\\nFigure 3.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Standing Inclination Side-\\nwise, two four or eight times. Rings and\\ngrasp the same as in the last. The inclina-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0331.jp2"}, "332": {"fulltext": "314\\nGOOD HEALTH. AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\ntion of the body is exactly to the right and\\nleft alternately. The arms remain in the\\nposition shown. The body remains inflex\u00c2\u00ac\\nible.\\nFigure 4.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Chest Stretched Position,\\nduring two, four, or six inhalations. Rings\\none foot from the floor. Grasp from the\\noutside as shown in the cut, arms exactly\\nperpendicular. Legs straight, supported on\\nthe points of the toes. The rope must touch\\nthe shoulder. One hand can be lifted, and\\nthe weight of the body supported by the\\nother hand.\\nFigure 5. Leg Spreading, from the\\nShoulder Ha?tg. Position as shown in the\\nfigure. The legs are thrown out exactly\\nsidewise and with great vigor. The position\\nof the feet when in contact and when sepa\u00c2\u00ac\\nrated is well shown.\\nFigure 6 Knee Lifting, from the Shoul\u00c2\u00ac\\nder Hang. Rings in the same position. In\\nthis exercise the hands seize the ropes close\\nabove the rings. By this means, a more I\\nconcentrated exercise upon the correspond\u00c2\u00ac\\ning muscles of the legs is secured. The\\nknees are drawn up as high as possible.\\nThose who are muscular and flexible, can\\ncarry the knees as high as the chest.\\nFigure 7. Horizontal Leg Raising,\\nfrom the Shoulder Hang, two, four or six\\ntimes. Rings, hands and body in the same\\nposition as in Figure 6 The legs are kept\\nperfectly straight, and they are raised as\\nshown in the figure where they are held for\\na moment.\\nFigure 8 Stirrup Standing Inclina\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, in the Elbow Hang, four, six, or eight\\ntimes. Standing in the stirrups, the rings\\nare placed as high as the shoulder. Arms\\nas seen in the cut. The body is thrown\\nvigorously forward and backward. A fine\\ndevelopment for the chest, and helpful for\\nrespiration.\\nFigure 9.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Half Lying, with Lifting by\\nthe Arms, two, three, or four times. Rings\\nas high as the chest. Seize the rings from\\nthe outside with the support grasp, and bring\\nFigure 18", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0332.jp2"}, "333": {"fulltext": "GOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT. 315\\nthe body beneath the rings in an\\nalmost lying down position. Keep\\nthe body and neck in a straight line\\nrigidly. Now draw the chest up\\nto the rings, and let the body down\\nagain to the full length of the arms.\\nFigure 10.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Angular Support\\nHanging, during tivo, four or six\\ninhalations. Rings as high as the\\nshoulders. Seize the rings from\\nthe inside with the support grasp,\\nand spring into the position be\u00c2\u00ac\\ntween the ropes, keeping the arms\\nstraight then let yourself slowly\\ndown into the position of Figure 10.\\nHead erect, chest thrown well for\u00c2\u00ac\\nward, back straight, legs close to\u00c2\u00ac\\ngether.\\nFigure 11.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Body Turning in\\nthe Support Hang, one two or\\nthree tintes. Rings at the waist.\\nSeize the rings from the inside with the sup\u00c2\u00ac\\nport grasp. The straightened body sustained\\nby the hands is turned from side to side,\\nFigure 20.\\nthe upper part one-eighth of a circle and\\nthe lower part one-fourth of a circle at each\\nswing or turn.\\nFigure 12.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Chest Expanding, two, four\\nor six times. Rings as high as the chest.\\nAdjust the stirrup straps so that when the\\nrings are held out at arms length from the\\nbody the stirrups will touch the floor. Put\\nthe feet into the stirrups as far as the heels.\\nTake hold of the rings with the support grasp\\nfrom the inside. Stretch out the arms in\\nfront of the body, and then keeping the\\narms straight, carry them backward as far\\nas possible. As soon as the straps are\\ndrawn tightly, the feet begin to offer a\\npoint of resistance, which may be increased\\nto any desired degree. The body remains\\nfirm with heels upon the ground.\\nFigure 13.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Twisting Swing, one two\\nor three times. Standing in the stirrups,\\nthe rings should be as high as the waist.\\nTake hold of the rings from the inside\\nFigure 19.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0333.jp2"}, "334": {"fulltext": "316\\nGOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\nwith the support grasp, and rotate the body\\non its own axis from side to side until you\\nreach a semicircle. As the ropes cross\\neach other, the straps are made to cross\\neach other likewise, through the action of\\nthe muscles of the legs. The rotation ought\\nnot to go beyond a semicircle, else it may\\nbecome irregular and injure the apparatus.\\nFigure 14.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Drawing Up by One Arm\\nin the Back Stretching Position, one two\\nor three times. Rings as high as the head,\\nV\\nv\\ni\\ny\\\\\\nM -.A\\nv\\nFigure 21.\\nthough if the rings are placed a little lower,\\nthe action of the muscles will be greatly in\u00c2\u00ac\\ntensified. The two heels must rest on the floor\\nwith the body nearly horizontal, and the arm\\nstraight. The body is to be kept straight\\nand stiff, while with the one arm it is drawn\\nup as near as possible to the ring, and then\\nit is let down as slowly as possible.\\nFigure 15.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Hand and Foot Hanging,\\nduring one tivo or three inhalations Grasp\\nthe rings as shown in the figure throw the\\nbody forward, raise the legs and insert the\\nfeet in the rings; hang a moment, resume\\nfirst position and repeat.\\nFigure 16.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Knee Raising in the Sup\u00c2\u00ac\\nport Hang, three four or five tunes. Stand\\nbetween the ropes, and grasp the rings from\\nthe inside, as seen in the figure. Raise the\\nknees as high as possible, then thrust them\\ndown again with great force.\\nFigure 17.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Head Downwards Feet\\nFree, during four six or eight inhalations\\nGrasp the rings tightly, thrust the\\nfeet upward. The body is kept\\nsuspended between the ropes as\\nindicated in Figure 17. Care must\\nbe exercised that the rings do not\\nswing in the slightest degree.\\nForward and Backward.\\nFigure 18.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Fall Hang in the\\nStirrups, four eight or twelve times.\\nGrasp the rings and swing forward\\nand backward. This is partly ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncomplished through an upward\\naction of the elbow, and partly\\nthrough the turning of the rings,\\nthe firm grasp upon which is never\\nrelaxed. When going forward, one\\nmust pay close attention to the\\nposition of the elbows, as the arm\\nand hand rotation may be a prona-\\ntory instead of a supinatory move\u00c2\u00ac\\nI V\\nA\\nx\\nment, in which case the front position would\\nbe entirely different from the one intended.\\nThis latter point is important.\\nFigure 19. The Hanging Circular\\nSwing, twelve times. The pupil suspends\\nhimself, as in the figure, draws his body up\\nby the arms, turns in a sidewise direction,\\nboth rings before the chest, accompanied by\\nan inclination of the whole weight of the\\nbody in that direction. Thence he goes into\\nthe same position on the othei side.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0334.jp2"}, "335": {"fulltext": "GOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\n317\\nFigure 20. Forward and Backward\\nSwing with Drawing Up, two, three, or four\\ntimes. The rings, at the highest grasp posi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, are seized from the outside with the\\nhang grasp, and the pupil swings back and\\nforth. In either direction, when the centre\\nof the swing is reached, the body is drawn\\nup by the arms, and at each end of the swing\\nit is let down again to the full length of the arms.\\nFigure 21. Sidewise Swing with Draw\u00c2\u00ac\\ning Up, two three, or four times. Position\\nand grasping same as in Fig. 20. The swing\\ntakes place in an exactly sidewise direction.\\nAs before, the body is drawn up as near as\\npossible to the rings at the centre of each\\nswinging, and let down again at the end\\npoints. On account of the sidewise position,\\nthe outer arm cannot attain the same straight\\nattitude as the inner arm.\\nFigure 22. Drawing Up and Support\\nChanging, one, two or three times. With\\nrings a little above head height, one goes\\nfrom the drawn-up hang position into the\\nangular support hang, and from that back\\nagain. This is achieved without touching\\nthe floor. The rings must be turned round\\nFigure 23.\\nduring the exercise, on account of the\\nchanges in position which naturally occur\\nbetween the hang grasp and the support\\ngrasp.\\nFigure 23.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Drawing Up Hang with\\nOne Arm, without Touching the Floor,\\none, two or three times. Seize the ring at the\\nhighest grasp point, and go over into the hand\\nhang, with one arm stretched at full length.\\nNow draw up the body until the arm is at a\\nright angle. Both upward and downward the\\nmovement should be slow. Then alternate.\\nFigure 24.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Forward Leap with One\\nLeg. Position the same as with other for\u00c2\u00ac\\nward leaps. The body as close as possible\\nto the cord. One leg is bent at the knee at", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0335.jp2"}, "336": {"fulltext": "318\\nGOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\na right angle, while the other executes the\\nleap. Alternate.\\nThose who have been troubled with lame\\nknees, must practice this exercise with care.\\nAs there is a very severe exercise of the\\nknee joint and the parts immediately sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nrounding it, and as a lameness in those parts\\nis apt to be a serious affair, too much caution\\ncannot be exercised.\\nFigjcre 25. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Sidewise Leap with One\\nLeg. One goes over in a sidewise direction,\\nfrom a sidewise position, the leg that makes\\nthe leap being the one nearest the cord.\\nAlternate the sides.\\nFigure 26. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Back Twisting Leap. Dur\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the leap turn half round and come down\\nfacing in the opposite direction. Alternate\\nwith turning the other way.\\nFigure 27.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Opposite Double Leap.\\nExecute the forward leap, and immediately\\nfollow it by the backward leap.\\nThis leaping forward and backward ovei\\nthe ropes is, on the whole, perhaps the\\nhardest of the leaping exercises. There can\\nbe no doubt of it, if you have had sufficient\\npractice to enable you to leap about as high\\nbackward as you can forward. The faithful", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0336.jp2"}, "337": {"fulltext": "GOOD HEALTH, AND HOW TO PRESERVE IT.\\n319\\ngymnast will be astonished at his improve\u00c2\u00ac\\nment in the backward leaping.\\nBeginning with the cord one foot high, he\\nsoon rises to two feet, then to three, and\\nperhaps to four feet by the end of the first\\nyear. A much higher point than this even\\nmay be reached by those who, beginning\\nwith a fortunate composition, give a few\\nmoments every day to efforts in this depart\u00c2\u00ac\\nment. Persons with hernia, unless well pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ntected with a superior truss, must exercise\\ngreat caution in the backward leap.\\nFigure 28.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Arm Suspension. Grasp the\\nrings, as shown in the figure thrust the head\\nforward, bringing the body to a suspended,\\nFigure 27.\\nhorizontal position keep the legs straight.\\nBe careful not to strain the muscles, by- re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmaining suspended too long. Although one\\nof the most difficult exercises, this is one of\\nthe best.\\nThe student of gymnastics must bear in\\nmind that only by patient endeavor can he\\ngain the best results. He should never\\npractice when his muscles feel stiff, or when\\nby reason of other occupations, he has be\u00c2\u00ac\\ncome wearied. He should feel when he goes\\nto his practice as the boy does when he goes\\nto his play. It is something which he is to\\nenjoy and which is not to be made a burden\\nor a toil.\\nMake a study of this matter of health, for\\nit means happiness, success and long life.\\nFigure 28\\nCultivate a physique which will not be con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstantly conveying to others the impression\\nthat you are going into a decline. Athletic\\nsports with many are a hobby and not al\u00c2\u00ac\\nways are they carried on from the highest\\nmotives. Health, strength, endurance, fit\u00c2\u00ac\\nness of mind and body for the pursuits of\\nlife are to be kept constantly in view.\\nWhat is said in the foregoing pages con\u00c2\u00ac\\ncerning good health and how to preserve it,\\nis worth the attention of every one, and if\\nyou are stimulated in this noble pursuit, and\\nhave had the means suggested for reaching\\nthese desirable results, it will be far better\\nthan as if a fortune had been laid at your\\nfeet, without the knowledge which you have\\nhere gained.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0337.jp2"}, "338": {"fulltext": "EANS and ways to\\nsecure resuscita\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion from heavy\\nelectric shock\\nhave at last been\\ndiscovered as a re\u00c2\u00ac\\nsult of investiga\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion by the Aca\u00c2\u00ac\\ndemy of Medicine in Paris. The\\nappalling number of accidents\\nclaiming so many lives of brave\\nworkmen and dutiful officers in\\nthe service of electrical industries\\nand institutes has long been a subject of\\npublic discussion.\\nFinally the minister of public works sought\\nto solve the mystery by commissioning the\\nParis Academy of Medicine fully to investi\u00c2\u00ac\\ngate the matter, and try and devise some\\npractice for saving the lives of persons\\naffected by electric shock. The results have\\nbeen most gratifying.\\nTake one instance: The foreman of the\\nelectric company at Rochester, N. Y., re\u00c2\u00ac\\nceived through his body a 3 000 -volt cur\u00c2\u00ac\\nrent. To all appearances he was instantly\\nrendered lifeless, but three other workmen,\\nacquainted with the method of resuscitation\\nhere described, saved their comrade by\\nprompt action.\\n320\\nThe formula for reviving the victims of\\nelectric shock is this: A person so disabled\\nshould be treated like one drowned. These\\nare the rules, which not only workmen in\\nelectrical industries but every citizen and\\nevery friend of humanity should know by\\nheart:\\nAbove all, break the contact with the con\\nductors. If the current can be instantly cut\\noff so much the better. If not, lose no time\\nin telephoning or sending, but apply your\u00c2\u00ac\\nself directly to the body that must be re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmoved.\\nImportant Directions.\\nIn doing so touch not the victim on face\\nor hands, or any naked part of his body.\\nYou may try to lift him up by the coat-tails\\nor after throwing a blanket or coat around\\nhim. Mind, they must be dry. Also re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmember that dry wood is a non-conductor.\\nYou must use a stick to draw the body\\nover to one side or to hold back a live wire*\\nTo lift the victim off a crossbar pass a piece\\nof lumber under his heels and raise him up.\\nThe same should be done if the body is in\\ncontact with the ground. His feet should\\nbe raised from the earth immediately. Any\\npiece of wood or furniture or cloth will do.\\nThe body should be carried into the open", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0338.jp2"}, "339": {"fulltext": "A RESCUE FROM DROWNING,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009821\\n1\\n321", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0339.jp2"}, "340": {"fulltext": "322\\nWHAT TO DO IN EMERGENCIES.\\nair or a room where air has free access. All\\nnot directly engaged in the work of rescue\\nshould be instantly dismissed from the place.\\nThe body must be placed upon the back,\\nafter the shirt and collar have been loosened.\\nRaise the shoulders and let the head fall\\nback.\\nThen begin the work of restoring respira\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion that is, seize both arms and draw them\\nenergetically over the head, bringing them\\nnearly together and holding them in that\\nposition for a couple of seconds. These\\nmovements having expanded the chest and\\npressed air into the lungs, carry the arms\\ndown to the side and front of the chest,\\ndoubling them up at the elbow, in order to\\nexpel the air from the lungs. Continue in\\nthis for at least an hour, unless respiration\\nsets in before.\\nTo Induce Breathing.\\nA second assistant should at the same\\ntime seize the tongue of the victim\u00e2\u0080\u0094it is well\\nto protect one\u00e2\u0080\u0099s finger with a piece of cloth\\nor a glove for this process\u00e2\u0080\u0094and draw it out\\nwhile the arms are extended over the head,\\nallowing it to recede when the arms are\\npressed against the side of the breast. Both\\nthese manoeuvres should be carried on with\\nas little interruption as possible. Twenty\\ntimes per minute is not too much.\\nIf the victim shows a tendency to clinch\\nhis teeth, keep them apart by placing a piece\\nof wood or anything handy between them.\\nIt is also advised to rub the body with\\nbrushes, brooms and cloth in order to pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nmote the circulation of the blood.\\nDo not administer stimulants unless a\\nmedical person pronounces it safe to do so.\\nWhen possible procure a tank of oxygen gas\\nfrom the nearest drug store, and after im\u00c2\u00ac\\nprovising a cone place the tube over the\\nmouth and nose while the gas is issuing. It\\nis a powerful stimulant to the heart\u00e2\u0080\u0099s action\\nunder certain conditions, and will aid respira\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion.\\nSimilar methods of resuscitation should be\\nemployed in cases of stroke by lightning.\\nDROWNING.\\nDrowning is, unfortunately, a common\\naccident. Four or five minutes underwater,\\nand life is gone. There have, however,\\nbeen one or two exceptions to this rule, and\\ntherefore respiration may be attempted after\\na longer immersion. The old plan of hold\u00c2\u00ac\\ning a person up by the heels was very\\nreprehensible, and so was rolling him on a\\nbarrel.\\nThe clearing of the mouth of phlegm, then\\na hot bath, or brisk friction, are very well as\\nfar as they go; their inefficiency being their\\ngreat drawback. The passing of ammonia\\nto and fro under the nostrils is unobjection\u00c2\u00ac\\nable at any rate. Artificial respiration is the\\nmost effective measure. The simplest form\\nis to press upon the chest and abdomen at\\nintervals, leaving the natural elasticity to\\nsuck in some air each time.\\nDr. Marshall Hall\u00e2\u0080\u0099s plan was to roll the\\nbody on its face and to excite artificial re\u00c2\u00ac\\nspiration by pressure along the back, or\\nrolling the body over on the side; doing this\\nso as to imitate, in time, the natural respira\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion.\\nThe method adopted by the Royal Hu\u00c2\u00ac\\nmane Society is that known as Dr. Silvester\u00e2\u0080\u0099s.\\nIt is carried out in the following way. The\\npatient is laid on a flat surface on his back,\\nwith the head and shoulders slightly raised\\non a pillow. His arms are then to be\\ngrasped just above the elbows, and to be\\ndrawn gently and steadily upwards until they\\nmeet above the head, in which position they\\nare kept for two seconds; they are then to\\nbe turned downwards, and to be pressed for", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0340.jp2"}, "341": {"fulltext": "WHAT TO DO IN EMERGENCIES.\\n323\\ntwo seconds gently and firmly against the\\nsides of the chest.\\nThese movements are to be repeated de\u00c2\u00ac\\nliberately about fifteen times in the minute,\\nuntil natural efforts at respiration are in\u00c2\u00ac\\nduced, when they are to be discontinued,\\nand the ordinary means to promote circula-\\nlation and warmth had recourse to. These\\nlast mean friction, hot spirits and water, and\\na warm bath where practicable.\\nWhen a person is drowning and those\\naround cannot swim, one person might do\\nhis best to reach him while another held him\\nby the ankles. If the accident has occurred\\non ice, a stick laid across the opening by\\nwhich the drowning man can support him\u00c2\u00ac\\nself, is of advantage till more substantial aid\\ncomes. But the loss of temperature will\\nnot permit the immersed person to hold on\\nlong.\\nACCIDENTS BY FIRE.\\nFire is a source of danger, and is very de\u00c2\u00ac\\nstructive to life at times. Spontaneous\\ncombustion of the human body when satur\u00c2\u00ac\\nated with alcohol is a myth, though perhaps\\nthe alcoholized body does burn more readily\\nthan one free from inflammable fluid.\\nWhen a lady is on fire, she should not,\\nand ought not to be permitted to run; that\\nfans the flames amazingly. She must be\\nlaid down, and rolled up in the nearest wool\u00c2\u00ac\\nlen article,\u00e2\u0080\u0094rug, coat, or blanket. Such\\nwrapping up in a non-inflammable article is\\na most effective method of extinguishing the\\nflames. Immersion in water is, unfortuna\u00c2\u00ac\\ntely, rarely practicable.\\nHEMORRHAGE.\\nThe word hemorrhage, of course, means\\nthe escape of blood from any vessel in any\\npart of the body, but here we only propose\\nto speak of those bleedings which occur as\\na consequence of some accidental cutting or\\nrupture from some external cause, of a blood\\nvessel, in other words, those cases which\\noccur in minor surgery.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nHemorrhage is of frequent occurrence and\\nas a rule requires prompt action and pres\u00c2\u00ac\\nence of mind in those present, to prevent it\\nfrom becoming serious, and even imperilling\\nlife itself. The means of preventing and\\nMETHOD OF GRASPING THE ARM.\\nsuppressing the flow of blood from an artery\\nthat has been cut or broken in any way are\\nfew and simple.\\nFor temporary means to stop bleeding\\nfrom any artery in the arms or legs, a hand\u00c2\u00ac\\nkerchief or something of the kind passed\\naround the limb above the point of injury,\\nthrough beneath which a small stick, nail or\\nwire is passed and then twisted around until\\nit produces a good degree of pressure, will\\nstop almost any case. This is an always\\npresent substitute for the tourniquet used by\\nsurgeons in like cases.\\nAnother means, always present, is direct\\npressure by means of the hands. On the\\nupper extremities the circulation may be\\nreadily arrested with the fingers, by grasping\\nthe arm as shown in the above cut.\\nIf their points are so applied over the\\nartery, a very slight force is sufficient, and\\nany part of the arm above the elbow may be\\nselected, although that shown in the cut is\\nusually most co^enient. This fact should", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0341.jp2"}, "342": {"fulltext": "324\\nWHAT TO DO IN EMERGENCIES.\\nbe impressed on the mind of all, especially\\nthe young of both sexes, as it will perhaps\\nbe the means of saving life in case of serious\\nhemorrhage.\\nIf the accident should occur in the lower\\nextremity, resort to the handkerchief and\\nstick may be had recourse to, or the flow\\nmay be effectually stopped by making pres\u00c2\u00ac\\nsure on the artery near its passage from the\\nbody by means of the thumbs, applied as\\nshown in this cut.\\nIf the pressure is made much lower down\\non the leg, much additional force is neces-\\nPRESSING UPON THE ARTERY.\\nsary, and even then, if the thigh be fat and\\nmuscular, it may not always be entirely\\nsuccessful; but if this force is used as here\\ndirected and illustrated, there need be no\\nfear of fatal hemorrhage, even if all the\\narteries of the leg should be severed.\\nAs soon as possible the end of the bleed\u00c2\u00ac\\ning vessels should be secured by tying by\\nmeans of any small, strong cord, as a thread\\nof silk or strong spool cotton. We wish it\\nto be distinctly understood that we do not\\nmention these means as being superior to the\\nmeans wifehin the reach of the well prepared\\nsurgeon, but only as effectual means which\\nwill be present in any sudden emergency,\\nand so simple that any one may understand\\nand apply them readily.\\nFAINTING.\\nFainting is alarming rather than dangerous.\\nThe person should at once be laid flat. If\\nleft alone they fall down, and so the hori\u00c2\u00ac\\nzontal posture is secured. Fainting persons\\nshould never be propped up in a chair or on\\na couch, but laid flat. In fainting, or syn\u00c2\u00ac\\ncope, the heart fails to propel the blood to\\nthe brain, and unconsciousness follows.\\nBut if the person be laid down and the\\nhead is brought to the level of the rest of the\\nbody, the blood circulates through the brain\\nas readily as elsewhere, and the person\\nrecovers from the faint.\\nSUNSTROKE.\\nSunstroke, contrary to the usual impres\u00c2\u00ac\\nsion, is not in all cases due to exposure of the\\nhead to the direct rays of the sun. Statistics-\\nshow that prostration from the effects of heat\\nmay occur under shelter, in the shade, at\\nnight, or even in persons who have not been\\nexposed to the sun for days before. Intense\\nheat need, not be solar, but may be artificial\\nSince the human body can cool itself much\\nmore readily in a dry than in a moist atmos\u00c2\u00ac\\nphere, it may be expected to resist the\\nseverities of a dry, overheated climate more\\neasily than the oppressive closeness of a\\ndamp and muggy one.\\nbor this reason sunstroke is much more\\ninfrequent in the dry belt of the Texan\\nprairies than in the lowlands of India or\\nupon the sea-coast. For the same reason,\\ntoo, it is especially prone to attack indoor\\nworkers in confined, moist factories, and\\nnotably those who labor in laundries and\\nsugar-refineries.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0342.jp2"}, "343": {"fulltext": "WHAT TO DO IN EMERGENCIES.\\n325\\nSunstroke appears to be decidedly favored\\nby intemperance, by want of acclimatization,\\nand by debility following fatigue in a heated\\natmosphere. Occupants of badly ventilated\\nsleeping apartments appear to be oftener\\naffected than those who sleep in purer air.\\nIt is generally thought by non-professional\\npersons that the symptoms of sunstroke come\\non without any warning whatever. In most\\ncases, however, it is preceded by pain in the\\nhead, wandering of the thoughts or total\\ninability to think at all, disturbed vision,\\nirritability of temper, sense of pain or of\\nweight at the pit of the stomach, or inability\\nto breathe with the usual ease and satis\u00c2\u00ac\\nfaction.\\nThese symptoms become more and more\\nmarked until insensibility is reached, preceded\\nsometimes by delirium. The skin grows\\nvery hot, and usually very dry, but when not\\ndry is covered with a profuse perspiration.\\nThe face becomes dusky, or, as the saying\\nis, blue. Breathing becomes rapid and short,\\nor slow and sighing. The action of the\\nheart, as felt by the hand placed over it, is\\nweak and rapid and often as tremulous as the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cfluttering of a bird.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nIn many instances, from what is popularly\\ntermed the commencement of the attack\\nuntil it ends in death, the patient does not\\nmove a limb, nor even an eyelid. The\\ngradual failure of respiration interferes with\\nthe natural purification of the blood in the\\nlungs, a fact speedily attested by the livid,\\npurplish appearance of the surface. In most\\ncases of sunstroke, accordingly, death comes\\non gradually by arrest of respiration, such\\narrest being without doubt due to direct\\nparalysis of the respiratory centres by the\\nexcess of heat.\\nA person suffering from sunstroke should\\nat once be carried to a cool, airy spot in the\\nshade of some wall, or perhaps to a large\\nroom with a bare floor, or, as is sometimes", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0343.jp2"}, "344": {"fulltext": "326\\nWHAT TO DO IN EMERGENCIES.\\nbetter, if no sunlight interferes, upon the\\npavement of a back yard. Unnecessary by\u00c2\u00ac\\nstanders must be kept at a distance, for in\\nthis as in every other accident, the patient\\nneeds all the pure air to be had. His cloth\u00c2\u00ac\\ning should be at once gently removed, and\\nhe should be placed upon his back with his\\nhead raised a couple of inches by a folded\\ngarment.\\nHis entire body, and particularly his head\\nand chest, should then be profusely dashed\\nwith cold water. In preparation for this\\nstep, a messenger should be despatched for a\\ngood supply of ice, and several buckets of\\nice-water should be made ready for use as\\nrapidly as possible. The ice-water must not\\nbe sprinkled over the patient, but dashed\\nagainst him in large bowlfuls. While one\\nperson prepares the ice-water, and another\\nuses it, a third and even a fourth may employ\\nthemselves in rubbing the surface of the\\npatient briskly, each with a handful of\\ncracked ice enclosed in a towel.\\nTo Reduce the Temperature.\\nThe purpose of these measures is to\\nreduce the temperature of the body to\\nsomething like a natural standard. When\\nthe decline in heat is noticed, the cold ap\u00c2\u00ac\\nplications should cease, and the patient\\nshould be carefully removed to a dry spot,\\nwhere the entire surface of his body should\\nbe dried with towels. If any tendency to\u00c2\u00ac\\nward a return of the high temperature should\\nmanifest itself, as is sometimes the case, even\\nafter the restoration of consciousness, it must\\nbe met at once by a renewal of cold applica\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions. A second rise in temperature need\\nnot excite surprise when we reflect upon the\\namount of superheated blood within the body\\nnot yet exposed to the influence of the cold\\napplications.\\nArtificial respiration must be resorted to\\nas soon as the heated condition of the body\\nis overcome, and continued until natural\\nrespiration returns. (See directions under\\nDrowning.\u00e2\u0080\u009d) The dashing of cold water\\nover the chest and face is a useful means of\\nencouraging a return of the suspended func\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of breathing, but the mechanical methods\\nare best relied on in the main for this purpose.\\nPERSONS WHO ARE FROZEN.\\nPersons unconscious from exposure to\\ncold require a special manner of treatment.\\nThe effect of excessive cold upon the body\\nas a whole, and especially so in intoxicated\\npersons who have lain down in the open air\\nto sleep, is at first to produce unconscious\u00c2\u00ac\\nness, which, if warmth is not applied, will\\nsooner or later pass into actual death.\\nWhen excessive cold prevails the inclination\\nto sit down or to lie down should be resisted,\\nfor this is the first indication of freezing.\\nFirst a sleepy feeling creeps over one, and\\nthen loss of consciousness supervenes.\\nIn order to restore a person from this un\u00c2\u00ac\\nconscious condition warmth may not be\\nrapidly applied to the whole body, but it\\nshould be thawed out by slow degrees.\\nFurthermore, the limbs must be very care\u00c2\u00ac\\nfully handled, to avoid fracturing any one of\\nthem, for cold renders them very brittle.\\nThe patient should be brought into an un\u00c2\u00ac\\nheated room, undressed, and covered up to\\nthe nostrils and mouth with snow or pow\u00c2\u00ac\\ndered ice, with which he should be constantly\\nand gently rubbed. The snow should be\\nremoved as fast as it melts, until the skin\\nbegins to grow warm and the limbs relax.\\nWhen its vitality has returned to the skin\\nthe snow should be removed and the whole\\nbody rubbed with cold cloths. Only now\\nmay the temperature of the room be gradu\u00c2\u00ac\\nally raised and the patient placed in a tepid\\nbath, and afterward in a warm one. From", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0344.jp2"}, "345": {"fulltext": "WHAT TO DO IN EMERGENCIES.\\n827\\nthis point the treatment usual in the case of\\nlethargic persons is to be instituted. The\\nrescued individual must be restricted to a\\nlight diet for a day or two after emerging\\nfrom the lethargy.\\nPOISONS.\\nThe treatment in cases of poisoning re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquires the stomach to be emptied as quickly\\nas possible of the poisonous substance by\\nmeans of vomiting, purging, or the stomach-\\npump. Tickling the membrane of the throat\\nwith the finger or with the tip of a feather is\\nin many instances sufficient to induce vomit\u00c2\u00ac\\ning. Usually after the giving of an emetic\\nthis means is used to hasten its action.\\nCommon salt serves a useful emetic action\\nwhen dissolved in the smallest quantity of\\nwater which will absorb it, and given every\\nminute until vomiting occurs.\\nAnother valuable emetic, particularly for\\nchildren, is pulverized ipecacuanha, \\\\vhich\\ncan be had of any druggist. Warm water is\\nvery commonly used to produce vomiting,\\nand so too is mustard mixed in warm water.\\nAfter vomiting is begun there is usually little\\ntrouble in keeping it up by simply giving a\\nplenty of tepid water.\\nHYDROPHOBIA.\\nMad dogs are apt to be very quiet, slug\u00c2\u00ac\\ngish, and sullen, and to slink away by them\u00c2\u00ac\\nselves others, however, become restless and\\nirritable, and bite and run away. Most such\\ndogs lose their appetite, but they swallow\\nvery abnormal substances, such as earth,\\nstraw, and shreds of cloth. Mad dogs all\\nbark in a peculiar manner, and this is a\\ncharacteristic feature of the disease. Their\\nproclivity for biting exhibits itself rather\\nagainst animals than against men, and some\u00c2\u00ac\\ntimes they confine themselves to snapping\\nat inanimate objects yet they do not always\\nspare their masters. They bite in a noiseless,\\ninsidious manner, without previous barking\\nor snarling. Death follows eight or nine\\ndays later.\\nThe recognition of hydrophobia, it will\\naccordingly be seen, is not without difficulty,\\nand for this reason it is to be urgently\\nrecommended to every owner of a dog, that,\\nso soon as he perceives in the animal any\\ndeparture from his usual condition and\\nbehavior, immediately the object of suspicion\\nshould be secluded from mankind.\\nA dog who has bitten a human being is\\nvery apt to be slain at once by the by\u00c2\u00ac\\nstanders. This should not be permitted,\\nbut the suspected animal should be placed\\nin confinement and watched under proper\\nsafeguards for the appearance of the disease.\\nShould no indubitable symptoms indicate the\\ndisease in the dog, it can be readily seen\\nwhat unnecessary mental distress will have\\nbeen saved both to the person bitten and to\\nhis friends.\\nThe ordinary treatment for a dog bite is\\nto cauterize the wound, destroying the\\npoison by burning away the part infected.\\nBut those who are bitten by a dog that has\\nrabies should resort to the Pasteur treatment\\nat once, which has proved efficacious in\\nnearly every instance.\\nOVERCOME BY GASES.\\nPersons suffocated by carbonic acid, car\u00c2\u00ac\\nbonic oxide, illuminating gas or sewer gas\\nmust be removed as quickly as possible to a\\nroom where the air is pure and where the\\nwindows and doors are kept open to secure\\na constant renewal of the atmosphere.\\nAll clothing must be removed as rapidly\\nas possible, and the patient, completely de\u00c2\u00ac\\nnuded, placed in a half-recumbent position,\\nand the measures already detailed in cases\\nof drowning employed to restore him to life.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0345.jp2"}, "346": {"fulltext": "328\\nWHAT TO DO IN EMERGENCIES.\\nIf the respiratory movements have already\\nceased, long-continued artificial respiration\\ncan alone be expected to give success.\\nSCALDS AND BURNS.\\nThe following facts cannot be too firmly\\nimpressed on the mind of the reader; that in\\neither of these accidents the first best and\\noften tho only remedies reqidred are sheets of\\nwadding, fine wool, or carded cotton, and in\\ndefault of these, violet powder, flour, mag\u00c2\u00ac\\nnesia, or chalk. The object for which these\\nseveral articles are employed is the same in\\neach instance namely, to exclude the air\\nfrom the injured part; for if the air can be\\neffectually shut out from the raw surface, and\\ncare is taken not to expose the tender part\\ntill the new cuticle is formed, the cure may\\nbe safely left to nature.\\nThe moment a person is called to a case\\nof scald or burn, he should cover the part\\nwith a sheet, or portion of a sheet, of wad\u00c2\u00ac\\nding, taking care not to break any blister\\nthat may have formed, or stay to remove any\\nburnt clothes that may adhere to the surface,\\nbut as quickly as possible envelope every\\npart of the injury from all access of the air,\\nlaying one or two more pieces of wadding\\non the first, so as effectually to guard the\\nburn or scald from the irritation of the at\u00c2\u00ac\\nmosphere; and if the article used is wool or\\ncotton, the same precaution of adding more\\nmaterial where the surface is thinly covered,\\nmust be adopted a light bandage finally\\nsecuring all in their places.\\nIf the skin is much injured in burns, spread\\nsome linen pretty thickly with chalk oint\u00c2\u00ac\\nment and lay over the part, and give the\\npatient some brandy and water if much\\nexhausted; then send for a medical man. If\\nnot much injured, and very painful, use the\\nsame ointment, or apply carded cotton dipped\\nin lime water and linseed oil. If you please,\\nyou may lay cloths dipped in ether over the\\nparts, or cold lotions. Treat scalds in same\\nmanner, or cover with scraped raw potato\\nbut the chalk ointment is the best, In the\\nabsence of all these, cover the injured part\\nwith molasses and dust over it plenty of\\nflour.\\nDIRT IN THE EYE.\\nPlace your forefinger upon the cheek\\nbone, having the patient before you then\\nslightly bend the finger this will draw down\\nthe lower lid of the eye, and you will prob\u00c2\u00ac\\nably be able to remove the dirt; but if this\\nwill not enable you to get at it, repeat this\\noperation while you have a knitting needle\\nor bodkin placed over the eyelid; this will\\nturn it inside out, and enable you to remove\\nthe sand, or eyelash, etc., with the corner of\\na fine silk handkerchief. As soon as the\\nsubstance is removed, bathe the eye with\\ncold water and exclude the light for a day.\\nIf the inflammation is severe, let the patient\\nuse a refrigerant lotion.\\nLIME IN THE EYE.\\nSyringe it well with warm vinegar and\\nwater in the proportion of one ounce of\\nvinegar to eight ounces of water exclude\\nlight.\\nIRON OR STEEL SPICULE IN THE\\nEYE.\\nThese occur while turning iron or steel in\\na lathe, and are best remedied by doubling\\nback the upper or lower eyelid, according to\\nthe situation of the substance, and, with the\\nflat edge of a silver probe, taking up the\\nmetallic particle, using a lotion made by dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nsolving six grains of sugar of lead and the\\nsame of white vitriol in six ounces of water,\\nand bathing the eye three times a day until\\nthe inflammation subsides. Another plan is\\nDrop a solution of sulphate of copper", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0346.jp2"}, "347": {"fulltext": "WHAT TO DO IN EMERGENCIES.\\n329\\n(from one to three grains of the salt to one\\nounce of water) into the eye, or keep the\\neye open in a wineglassful of solution.\\nBathe with cold lotion, and exclude light to\\nkeep down inflammation.\\nDISLOCATED THUMB.\\nThis is frequently produced by a fall.\\nMake a clove hitch, by passing two loops of\\ncord over the thumb, placing a piece of rag\\nunder the cord to prevent it cutting the\\nthumb; then pull in the same line as the\\nthumb. Afterwards apply a cold lotion.\\nCUTS AND WOUNDS.\\nIn all fresh wounds, the first consideration\\nis to remove foreign bodies, such as pieces\\nof glass, splinters of wood, pieces of stone,\\nearth or any other substance that may have\\nbeen introduced by the violence of the act\\nwhich caused the wound.\\nWhere there is much loss of blood, an\\nattempt should be made to stop it with dry\\nlint, and compression above the part wounded,\\nif the blood be of a florid color and below,\\nif of a dark color. In proportion to the im\u00c2\u00ac\\nportance of the part wounded will be the\\ndegree of the discharge of blood, and the\\nsubsequent tendency to inflammation and\\nits consequences.\\nClean cut wounds, whether deep or super\u00c2\u00ac\\nficial and likely to heal by the first intention,\\nshould always be washed or cleaned, and at\\nonce evenly and smoothly closed by bring\u00c2\u00ac\\ning both edges close together, and securing\\nthem in that position by adhesive plaster.\\nCut thin strips of sticking-plaster, and bring\\nthe parts together; or, if large and deep,\\ncut two broad pieces, so as to look like the\\nteeth of a comb, and place one on each side\\nof the wound, which must be cleaned pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nviously. The pieces must be arranged so\\nthat they shall interlace one another; then,\\nby laying hold of the pieces on the right\\nside with one hand, and those on the other\\nside with the other hand, and pulling them\\nfrom one another, the edges of the wound\\nare brought together without any difficulty.\\nCOMPRESSION OF THE BRAIN.\\nFrom any cause, as apoplexy, or a piece\\nof fractured bone pressing on it, there is loss\\nof sensation. If you tickle the feet of the\\ninjured person he does not feel it. You can\u00c2\u00ac\\nnot arouse him so as to get an answer. The\\npulse is slow and labored the breathing\\ndeep, labored and snorting; the pupil en\u00c2\u00ac\\nlarged. Raise the head, loosen strings or\\ntight things, and send for a surgeon. If one\\ncannot be got at once, apply mustard poul\u00c2\u00ac\\ntices to the feet and thighs, leeches to the\\ntemples, and hot water to the feet.\\nCHOKING.\\nWhen a person has a fish bone in the\\nthroat, insert the forefinger, press upon the\\nroot of the tongue, so as to induce vomit\u00c2\u00ac\\ning if this does not do, let him swallow a\\nlarge piece of potato or soft bread and if\\nthese fail, give a mustard emetic. A piece\\nof food lodged in the throat may sometimes\\nbe pushed down with the finger, or removed\\nwith a hair-pin quickly straightened and\\nhooked at the end, or by two or three vigor\u00c2\u00ac\\nous blows on the back between the shoulders.\\nSPRAINED ANKLE.\\nWash the ankle frequently with cold salt\\nwater, which is far better than warm vinegar\\nor decoctions of herbs. Keep your foot as\\ncold as possible to prevent inflammation, and\\nsit with it elevated on a cushion. Live on\\nvery low diet, and take every day some\\ncooling medicine. By obeying these direc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions only, a sprained ankle has been cured\\nin a few days.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0347.jp2"}, "348": {"fulltext": "330\\nWHAT TO DO IN EMERGENCIES.\\nA SIMPLE CURE FOR SPRAINS.\\nA lady who can testify to the efficacy of\\nthe following cure for a sprain or bruise\\ngives it to the public: Make a plaster by\\nstirring salt enough into hot molasses to\\nmake it of a consistency to remain in place\\nwhen confined by a muslin bandage. Suit\\nthe size of your plaster to the spot to be\\ncovered, and pack it securely around the\\ninjured member.\\nHOW TO RAISE THE BODY OF A\\nDROWNED PERSON.\\nIn a recent failure to recover the body of\\na drowned person in New Jersey, a French-\\nCanadian undertook the job, and proceeded\\nas follows: Having supplied himself with\\nsome glass gallon jars and a quantity of un\u00c2\u00ac\\nslacked lime, he went in a boat to the place\\nwhere the man was seen to go down. One\\nof the jars was filled half full of lime, and\\nthen filled up with water and tightly corked.\\nIt was then dropped into the water and soon\\nafter exploded at the bottom of the river\\nwith a loud report. After the third trial,\\neach time at a different place, the body rose\\nto the surface and was secured.\\nSTINGS OF INSECTS.\\nA free application of ammonia to the part\\nbitten will give instant relief from the stings\\nof bees, wasps, hornets, scorpions, etc. The\\npart may afterward be covered with sweet\\noil.\\nBITES OF SNAKES.\\nThese are dangerous and require powerful\\nremedies. The bites of the various kinds of\\nsnakes do not have the same effects, but\\npeople suffer from them in different ways.\\nIt is of the greatest importance to prevent\\nthe poison mixing with the blood and to\\nremove the whole of it instantly from the\\nbody. Take a piece of tape or anything that\\nis near and tie tightly around the part bitten;\\nif it be the leg or arm, immediately above\\nthe bite and between it and the heart. The\\nwound should be sucked several times by\\nany person near. There is no danger to the\\nperson performing this kindness, providing\\nhis tongue or any part of the mouth has no\\nbroken skin. Having sucked the poison,\\nimmediately spit it out.\\nCutting Out the Poison.\\nA better plan is to cut out the central part\\nbitten with a sharp instrument. This may\\nnot be a very pleasant operation for an ama\u00c2\u00ac\\nteur, but, as we have to act promptly in such\\nan emergency, courage will come. After\\nthe operation bathe the wound for some time\\nto make it bleed freely. Having done this\\nrub the wound with a stick of lunar-caustic\\nor, still better, a solution composed of sixty\\ngrains of lunar-caustic dissolved in an ounce\\nof water. This solution should be dropped\\ninto the wound.\\nOf course the band tied round the wound\\nin the first place must be kept on during the\\ntime these means are being adopted. The\\nwound afterwards must be covered with lint\\ndipped in cold water. There is generally\\ngreat depression of strength in these cases\\nit is necessary, therefore, to give some stimu\u00c2\u00ac\\nlant, a glass of hot brandy and water, or\\ntwenty drops of sal-volatile. When the\\npatient has somewhat recovered give him a\\nlittle mustard in hot water to make him\\nvomit; if, on the other hand, the vomiting\\nis continuous, a large mustard poultice\\nshould be applied to the stomach and one\\npill given composed of a grain of solid\\nopium. Note.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Only one of these pills\\nmust be given without medical advice. All\\nthese remedies can be acted upon until a\\nsurgeon arrives.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0348.jp2"}, "349": {"fulltext": "ETIQUETTE\\n4 POLITE SOCIETY\\nMERSON was one of\\nthe most acute ob\u00c2\u00ac\\nservers of manners\\nthat culture has ever\\nproduced, and he\\nwrote: \u00e2\u0080\u009cThelonger\\nI live the more I\\nam impressed with\\nthe importance of manners.\\nWhen we reflect upon their\\npersuasive and cheering force,\\nhow they recommend, prepare\\nand draw people together;\\nwhen we think what keys they\\nare, and to what secrets what\\nhigh and inspiring character they convey,\\nand to what divination is required of us for\\nthe reading of this fine telegraphy, we see\\nwhat range the subject has.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nManners with some, are the gracious\\nlegacy of inheritance, education and environ\u00c2\u00ac\\nment; with others they are the growth of\\nthe careful cultivation of years, and carry\\nwith them the calm self-poise of the man\\nwho has conqured circumstances and estab\u00c2\u00ac\\nlished his own position. In such as these\\nthere inheres a certain power that impresses\\nitself upon all who come in contact with its\\ninfluence.\\nThe self-possession and certainty stamped\\nupon the face of a man who inherited, or\\nwon for himself, the sure and perfect armor\\nof good-breeding, is but the outer stamp of\\nthe man himself.\\nGood manners are profitable as well as\\npleasant. They carry with them a measure\u00c2\u00ac\\nless weight of influence. A gentleman\\nonce brought into his library a costly sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nscription book. My dear,\u00e2\u0080\u009d said his wife,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cyou already have a copy of that work.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cI knew I did,\u00e2\u0080\u009d he replied, \u00e2\u0080\u009cbut the man\u00c2\u00ac\\nners of the lad who sold it were so elegant\\nthat it was a pleasure to purchase it.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nCharm of Good Manners.\\nThe charm of good manners is not a\\nqualification belonging to any particular\\nstation in life, for, to the poor and unlettered\\noftimes may be traced deeds and actions\\nthat mark them as nature\u00e2\u0080\u0099s noblemen. Ed\u00c2\u00ac\\nucation, wealth and social station do not\\nalways confer them, but the outer grace\\nmay be acquired by all.\\nIn this way it has come to be known that\\na refinement of laws in any country indicates\\nthat a gradual refinement of manners has led\\nup towards, and fully crystallized into a refine\u00c2\u00ac\\nment of the hearts and the laws of the people.\\n331", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0349.jp2"}, "350": {"fulltext": "332\\nETIQUETTE OF POLITE SOCIETY.\\nIt has long been a proverb that \u00e2\u0080\u009cmanners\\nmake the man.\u00e2\u0080\u009d There is a truth in the\\nsaying which is universally recognized and\\nadmitted. According to the manners, we\\ngive to others the character of the true lady\\nor the true gentleman.\\nNDISCRIMINATE introduc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions are always in bad taste,\\nyet, since the sweetest of our\\nfriendships are wont to reach\\nus through the medium of a\\nformal presentation, it is well\\nthat we understand how, when\\nand where these introductions should prop-\\n.erly take place.\\nAs a rule, introductions, to be agreeable,\\nshould be desired before being given and\\nsince we are, or should be, in a measure, the\\nendorsers of those whom we present to our\\nfriends, a due degree of care should be\\nexercised in so doing, lest inadvertently we\\nforce upon another what may prove an un\u00c2\u00ac\\ndesirable acquaintance.\\nIntroduce Yourself.\\nThere are times when it is eminently\\nproper to introduce one\u00e2\u0080\u0099s self, such as when\\nyou find upon entering a drawing room that\\nthe hostess has forgotten your name or if\\nat should have been wrongly announced or\\nif you are an entire stranger to the hostess,\\nit is not only proper, but imperative, to\\nintroduce yourself at once. Then, too, it\\noccasionally happens that a gentleman,\\nwishing to render some assistance to a lady\\nwho is traveling alone, prefers to introduce\\n.himself beforehand. This, of course, leaves\\nthe lady perfectly free to recognize him or\\nnot at any future time. Occasions such\\nas these are constantly arising, and tact and\\njudgment must be used to decide the ques\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion for one\u00e2\u0080\u0099s self.\\nWatering-place introductions are frequently\\ngiven for the convenience and pleasure of the\\ntime being. They are usually made by the\\neldest lady of either party and further recog\u00c2\u00ac\\nnition in the future is optional.\\nCorrect Form of Introduction.\\nDo not introduce gentlemen to ladies\\nwithout first being sure that the acquaintance\\nwill be agreeable to the lady, since it is much\\nmore difficult for a lady to shake off an un\u00c2\u00ac\\ndesirable acquaintance than it is for a gen\u00c2\u00ac\\ntleman. In the case of foreigners it is always\\nwell to be careful before introducing them to\\nyoung ladies at their own request, since it\\noften happens that foreign titles found upon\\nthis side the water are extremely dubious.\\nHence one is clearly justified in referring\\nthem to her parents or guardians for the\\nrequired favor.\\nIn introducing ladies, present the younger\\nto the elder, unless in case of some marked\\nexception, such as a lady of distinction.\\nThe simplest form in presenting one per\u00c2\u00ac\\nson to another is always the best. A wife\\npresents her husband as \u00e2\u0080\u009cMr. North,\u00e2\u0080\u009d", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0350.jp2"}, "351": {"fulltext": "ETIQUETTE OF POLITE SOCIETY.\\n333\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cColonel North,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or \u00e2\u0080\u009cDoctor North,\u00e2\u0080\u009d al\u00c2\u00ac\\nways giving him his rightful titles. The wife\\nof the President should introduce him as\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThe President,\u00e2\u0080\u009d while we should address\\nhim as \u00e2\u0080\u009cMr. President.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nIn introducing a gentleman to a lady one\\nshould say, \u00e2\u0080\u009cMrs. A., allow (or permit) me\\nto introduce (or present) Mr. B.; Mr. B.,\\nMrs. A.,\u00e2\u0080\u009d being sure that the names are\\ndistinctly pronounced. If this should not be\\nthe case, let the parties themselves ask it at\\nonce, a simple I beg pardon, I did not\\nunderstand the name,\u00e2\u0080\u009d saving much future\\nannoyance.\\nSALUTATIONS.\\nIn our own customs of salutation we bare\\nthe head in token of respect, never thinking I\\nthat in the olden time it was an act of adora-\\ntion practiced before gods and rulers. When\\nwe rise and stand as our friends enter or leave\\nour reception room, it is an act of respect, it\\nwas once an act of homage. The throwing\\nof a kiss is an imitation of an act of worship\\nby devout Romans before their gods.\\nThe removal of a gentleman\u00e2\u0080\u0099s glove in\\nshaking hands with a lady is the relic of a\\nhabit based on necessity, and dating back to\\na day when the knight of old removed his\\niron gauntlet lest he crush the maiden\u00e2\u0080\u0099s hand\\nwithin its grasp. The removal of the glove\\nwas practiced between men also at a later\\ndate, when too often beneath the heavily em\u00c2\u00ac\\nbroidered gauntlet lurked the assassin\u00e2\u0080\u0099s dag\u00c2\u00ac\\nger, so that to unglove before a hand-clasp\\ngrew to be considered an act of good faith.\\nThe bow, the hand-clasp and the kiss are\\nthe principal methods of salutation employed\\nby the most highly civilized nations of this\\nera of the world.\\nLL other arts pale before the art\\nof conversation as a source of\\npopularity, and no other ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncomplishment tends so much\\ntoward social success. The\\ncontact of many minds is a\\nconstant stimulus to mental activity and its\\noutward expression in animated conversa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion. It lends new power to brilliancy of\\ntalent, and quickens, to a certain extent,\\neven the lowest and dullest of intellects.\\nA man will always bear in mind that the\\ngreatest compliment he can pay a woman is\\na respectful, deferential attention to her\\nwords. There are men whose very manner\\nof listening conveys, in itself, the most deli\u00c2\u00ac\\ncate flattery.\\nA woman, in her turn, should always re\u00c2\u00ac\\nremember that, however interesting her con\u00c2\u00ac\\nversation may be, there is always danger\\nthat a man may possibly weary of its pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ntracted continuance, and so she should for\u00c2\u00ac\\nbear leaving him no loophole for escape.\\nLouise Chandler Moulton enjoins one thing\\non woman which they would do well to\\nrecollect, and that is, \u00e2\u0080\u009cif they want a man\\nto stay with them to make it evidently and\\nentirely easy for him to get away. There", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0351.jp2"}, "352": {"fulltext": "334\\nETIQUETTE OF POLITE SOCIETY.\\nis something lawless and rebellious in even\\nthe best of men; they hate doing things be\u00c2\u00ac\\ncause they are obliged; they must be\\ncoaxed.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe current change of society is the light\\ncoin of \u00e2\u0080\u009csmall talk\u00e2\u0080\u009d that breaks with chink\\nand shimmer the heavy bills of large denom\u00c2\u00ac\\nination, that else would overwhelm social\\nconversation with their size.\\nThe very essence of the art of conversa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion is to draw others out and cause them\\nto shine; to be more anxious, apparently,\\nto discover other people\u00e2\u0080\u0099s opinions than to\\nadvance your own.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cDrawing Out Others.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nWho does not remember gratefully and\\nadmiringly the sympathetic people who seem\\nto draw out the very best there is in us\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nin whose company we appear almost bril\u00c2\u00ac\\nliant, and actually surprise ourselves by the\\nfluency and point of our remarks Such\\npeople are a boon to society. No one sits\\ndull and silent in their presence, or says un\u00c2\u00ac\\npleasant, sarcastic things before them, and,\\nwhile never seeming to advance any views\\nof their own, and certainly never forcing\\nthem upon our attention, we involuntarily\\nlearn of them and love them, scarcely know\u00c2\u00ac\\ning why.\\nSidney Smith once said: Man could\\ndirect his ways by plain reason and support\\nhis life on tasteless food but God has given\\nus wit and flavor, and laughter and per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfumes, to enliven the days of man\u00e2\u0080\u0099s pilgrim\u00c2\u00ac\\nage and to charm his pained footsteps over\\nthe burning marl.\u00e2\u0080\u009d And Sidney Smith was\\nso much the life and soul of every social\\ngathering, that while the English language\\nis spoken his witty remarks will be quoted\\nwith delight.\\nWit, however, is too often but another\\nname for sarcasm and ridicule, that like a\\nbarbed arrow rankles long in the soul of its\\nvictim. True humor, it should be remem\u00c2\u00ac\\nbered, is neither scathing nor insolent; it is\\nsimply that bright repartee that someone\\naptly calls the \u00e2\u0080\u009cspice of conversation.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nHence it would be well to smother the temp\u00c2\u00ac\\ntation to be witty at the expense of another,\\nand crush back the brilliant but cutting retort\\nmeant only to wound, not to amuse.\\nEvil Speaking.\\nBeware of evil speaking. In the eyes of\\nall right-minded persons much that you have\\nsaid recoils upon your own head, for no one\\nhas quite the same opinion of an individual\\nafter having listened to a series of scandalous\\nstories from his lips. Hence, for your own\\nsake, as well as for that of others, eschew the\\nvice of evil speaking as a very pestilence.\\nLet young ladies have a care how they\\nspeak lightly or contemptuously of one\\nanother at any time, but more especially\\nwhen conversing with men. Nothing, as a\\nrule, is more prejudicial to a woman, in the\\nestimation of a man, than this all-too-preva-\\nlent habit. No matter what the faults of\\nyour sister-woman may be, condone them\\ngently, or if this be impossible, let a silence\\nthat is golden fall about the subject.\\nUnhesitatingly acknowledge a woman\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nbeauty or talent, and instead of detracting\\nfrom your own merits, it will enhance them\\nin the eyes of all. A young man was once\\nheard by the writer counselling his sister\\nfrom the depths of his own experience as a\\nsocial favorite. \u00e2\u0080\u009cNever,\u00e2\u0080\u009d said he, \u00e2\u0080\u009csay one\\nword against a girl to any young man. It\\nonly puts you down in their estimation. Say\\nsomething pretty and complimentary about\\nthem if you can if not, keep still.\u00e2\u0080\u009d And his\\nadvice was words fitly spoken, that are, in\u00c2\u00ac\\ndeed, like apples of gold in pictures of\\nsilver.\u00e2\u0080\u009d", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0352.jp2"}, "353": {"fulltext": "ETIQUETTE OF POLITE SOCIETY.\\n335\\nStories should never be introduced into\\ngeneral conversation unless they meet several\\nrequirements. In the first place, they should\\nbe short and well told. Secondly, they should\\nbe new to the company where they are told.\\nNothing is more tiresome than listening to a\\ntwice-told tale, though the height of good\\nbreeding is to smile over its tediousness.\\nTo be endurable, compliments should be\\nmade use of in a very cautious and artful\\nmanner. If permitted to degenerate into\\ngross flattery they are far from compli\u00c2\u00ac\\nmentary to the understanding of the indi\u00c2\u00ac\\nvidual addressed. The day, happily, is long\\nsince past when conversation between men\\nand women was confined to unmixed flattery\\non the one side and blushing acceptance on\\nthe other. That the best flattery is that\\nwhich comes at second hand,\u00e2\u0080\u009d no one can\\ndeny, yet, judicious praise is not only ac\u00c2\u00ac\\nceptable but useful many times in giving the\\nneeded incentive, without which the flagging\\nfootsteps might have faltered on their way.\\nLet your voice be low and pleasantly\\nmodulated and your enunciation clear, dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinct and musical. All these things are\\nmarks of good breeding, and, if not yours\\nby birthright, may be acquired by patience\\nand perseverance. Avoid high tones and\\nnasal tones. Do not talk rapidly, or in a\\nhesitating, stumbling fashion. A partial\\ncourse in elocution and voice training will\\nwork wonders in this direction, and any one\\ndetermined to succeed will never regret the\\ntime or money so spent.\\nRepose of manner should be assiduously\\ncultivated. Do not fidget or loll about in\\nyour chair, or twist your fingers constantly,\\nor play with something while you talk, or\\nrestlessly beat a tattoo with fingers or feet.\\nAll such faults render your companionship\\na burden to those about you.\\nnnnnnnntxuxinccnnnnnjannnnnminnxxnnnnnnxixxnxmnn;\\nH\\nII Visiting (^ards\\niiarjri:;r;,a:a.j3r;a0r;aan,acna:.rjrjCH:r/::nn nGrjrjrj:rjr/norin:\\nHE card should be perfectly\\nplain, fine in texture, thin,\\nwhite, unglazed and engraved\\nin simple script without flour\u00c2\u00ac\\nishes. Gilt edges, rounded\\nor clipped corners, tinted sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nfaces or any oddity of letter\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, such as German or Old English text, are\\nto be avoided. A photograph or any orna\u00c2\u00ac\\nmentation whatever upon a card savors of\\nill-breeding or rusticity. Have the script\\nengraved always, never printed. The en\u00c2\u00ac\\ngraved autograph is no longer considered\\nin good taste, neither are written cards as\\nelegant as those that are engraved.\\nThe regulation size, both in this country\\nand England, for a lady\u00e2\u0080\u0099s visiting card is\\nthree and one-half inches in length and two\\nand one-half inches in width. This oblong\\nform is most generally used, but there is an\\nalmost square shape, two and a half inches\\nby three, also in favor, and especially used\\nby unmarried ladies where the shortness of\\ntheir name would be too much emphasized\\nin the longer card. For instance Miss\\nRay\u00e2\u0080\u009d would be quite justified in choosing\\nthe square style, while Miss Ethelinda\\nCrane\u00e2\u0080\u009d or Mrs. Algernon Spencer\u00e2\u0080\u009d would\\nfind the length of their names displayed to\\nbetter advantage on the oblong card.\\nCards for gentlemen are much smaller\\nthan those for ladies. This holds good in", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0353.jp2"}, "354": {"fulltext": "336\\nETIQUETTE OF\\nboth England and America, where the re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquired size is three inches one way by one\\ninch and a half the other, or thereabout.\\nThe largest card in use is the one some\u00c2\u00ac\\ntimes adopted by the newly-married and en\u00c2\u00ac\\ngraved with their joint names. Thus:\\nMr. and Mrs. Grant Trowbridge\\nmay make use of a card four inches long by\\nthree and one-half in width, but a lady and\\nher daughter, where their names appear to\u00c2\u00ac\\ngether, should use the first-mentioned oblong\\nsize for ladies.\\nEngraving the Name.\\nMarried ladies make a point of using their\\nhusband\u00e2\u0080\u0099s name or initials upon their cards\\ninstead of their own, as\\nMrs. George B. Cleveland.\\nOr:\\nMrs. G. B. Cleveland.\\nInstead of:\\nMrs. Grace E. Cleveland.\\nIt occasionally, however, happens that\\nsome lady, unwilling to so lose the identity\\nof her own name, prefers this latter form.\\nOr, if her family name be an old and hon\u00c2\u00ac\\nored one, she frequently retains it, thus:\\nMrs. Grace Ethridge Cleveland.\\nThe black border upon a widow\u00e2\u0080\u0099s cards\\nshould never be over a quarter of an inch in\\ndepth: more than this savors of ostentation\\nrather than affliction.\\nYoung ladies, especially if it is their first\\nseason in society, will find it the best form\\nto have their names engraved upon the visit\u00c2\u00ac\\ning card of their mother.\\nYoung ladies should always prefix Miss\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nto their names, the prefix \u00e2\u0080\u009cMiss\u00e2\u0080\u009d carrying\\nwith it a certain quiet reserve and dignity.\\nCustom with reference to the cards that a\\nman must carry, is considerably less arbitrary\\nthan towards women in the same respect.\\nHe may use his initials or his full name, as\\nPOLITE SOCIETY.\\nit pleases him. He may inscribe himself\\nMr. John Smith,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or simply \u00e2\u0080\u009cJohn Smith,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nand be quite correct in so doing, though just\\nnow there is a little inclination in favor of\\nthe more formal Mr.,\u00e2\u0080\u009d an English custom\\nwe do well in copying.\\nMilitary, not militia, naval and judicial\\ntitles, may always be used. Physicians and\\nclergymen have the same privilege; honor\u00c2\u00ac\\nary titles, however, should be avoided.\\nSome eminent men go to extreme sim\u00c2\u00ac\\nplicity, as, for instance, Mr. Webster\u00e2\u0080\u009d being\\nall that graced the cards of that celebrity.\\nIt is hardly necessary to say that a busi\u00c2\u00ac\\nness card should never be used as a visiting\\ncard. A gentleman carries his cards either\\nin his pocket or in a small leather case sold\\nfor that purpose.\\nCards for Receptions.\\nCards may be used for receptions, lawn-\\ntennis parties, afternoon teas, etc., in place of\\nmore formal invitations, the nature of the\\nentertainment being stated in the left-hand\\ncorner of the card.\\nThere are a certain number of French\\nphrases that custom has declared shall take\\nthe place of that \u00e2\u0080\u009cpure English undefiled\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nwhereof Spenser wrote. In a few cases\\nthese chance to be shorter, more euphonious\\nand more directly to the point than the cor\u00c2\u00ac\\nresponding English phrase. For instance,\\nthe word \u00e2\u0080\u009cchaperon,\u00e2\u0080\u009d so important in its\\nsignification at the present, has no adequate\\nEnglish translation. Below is given an\\nalphabetical list of those phrases in most\\nfrequent use, together with the abbreviations.\\nFrench Phrases. Abbreviations.\\nBal masque .A masquerade ball.\\nChaperon .An older woman attending\\na girl in society.\\nDIatinee .A morning or daylight en\u00c2\u00ac\\ntertainment.\\nJHatinee musicale A daylight musical enter\u00c2\u00ac\\ntainment.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0354.jp2"}, "355": {"fulltext": "ETIQUETTE OF POLITE SOCIETY.\\n337\\nIn leaving cards follow the fashion of\\nthose who have paid you the same courtesy.\\nIf a call has been made upon you, return it\\nby a call, as to return a personal visit by the\\nsending of a bit of pasteboard would partake\\nof the nature of a slight. If cards only have\\nbeen sent you by a servant, return cards in\\nthe same manner by messenger or servant;\\nif they were sent by mail, return by mail.\\nIf the cards of any of the gentlemen of a\\nhouse are left, always leave the cards of any\\ngentleman of your family in return.\\nMaking First Calls.\\nOf course first calls should be made and\\nreturned in person, the card-leaving formal\u00c2\u00ac\\nities coming later on. This rule is departed\\nfrom only by a few ladies whom age, health,\\nsocial or literary duties will excuse from\\nmaking personal calls. These frequently\\npermit themselves to send out cards in place\\nof a first call, either accompanying them\\nwith, or immediately following them by an\\ninvitation to some entertainment. This at\u00c2\u00ac\\ntention should receive the same notice as a\\nfirst call; cards should be sent in return,\\ntogether with an answer to the invitation, if\\nit is of a nature to require it, and a personal\\ncall must be made thereafter, unless it was\\nsimply an afternoon tea, and an invitation\\nsent in return speedily as possible.\\nCards sent by messenger are enclosed in\\na single unsealed envelope sent by mail\\nthis envelope is enclosed with another and\\nlarger one which is sealed. Cards handed\\nin at the door are received by the servant on\\na salver to prevent being soiled by handling.\\nFirst Calls of the season necessitate the\\nleaving of cards. Let them to be left quietly\\nin the hall. This custom assists the lady of\\nthe house in revising her visiting list.\\nLetters of Introduction necessitate that\\nthose who have received courtesies in re\u00c2\u00ac\\nsponse to such, should, upon their departure,\\nsend P. P. C. cards to those that have thus\\nremembered them.\\nA Change of Residence renders it desir\u00c2\u00ac\\nable to send cards by mail to one\u00e2\u0080\u0099s friends\\nwith the new address engraved thereon.\\nHowever, should there be unpaid calls, the\\ncards to these should be left in person.\\nA Reception Day.\\nThe Return from an Absence, including\\nany length of time, should be announced by\\nsending out cards having the address and\\nreception day engraved upon them. Where\\nP. P. C. cards have been issued previous to\\ndeparture these should always follow the\\nreturn\\nPreceding a Debut. Previous to the date\\ndecided upon for the presentation of a\\ndebutante to the social world, the young\\ngirl\u00e2\u0080\u0099s mother calls upon those of her friends\\nwhom she desires to be present upon the\\noccasion and leaves them her own and her\\nhusband\u00e2\u0080\u0099s cards, and, if she have grown sons,\\ntheir cards also.\\nReception Invitations to a full dress recep\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion are preceded by a call by card upon all\\nthe acquaintances to whom the hostess may\\nbe indebted.\\nAfter Cards is the name applied to those\\nthat are sent to friends after a marriage and\\nare engraved thus\\nMr. and Mrs. Charles E. Smith.\\nLater on, however, when the bride returns\\nvisits, she usually leaves her own card with\\nher married name engraved upon it, thus:\\nMrs. Charles E. Smith.\\nat the same time leaving her husband\u00e2\u0080\u0099s sepa\u00c2\u00ac\\nrate card with her own.\\nBefore Marriage, the bride expectant in\\npaying her farewell calls, leaves her own\\nseparate card, together with that of her\\n22", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0355.jp2"}, "356": {"fulltext": "ETIQUETTE OF POLITE SOCIETY.\\nO O Q\\nOOO\\nmother or chaperon, with all acquaintances\\nshe may wish to retain in her new life.\\nAmong the cards as yet not referred to in\\nthis department are the following:\\nCards of Congratulation, such as those\\nsent the parents of a newly-betrothed couple\\nupon the announcement of the betrothal;\\nthose sent the happy parents of a lately ar\u00c2\u00ac\\nrived son or daughter, etc. Cards of this\\ndescription should be left in person, though\\nit is not expected that you should enter and\\nmake a formal visit. The leaving in person,\\nhowever, is a compliment.\\nCards of Betrothal are distributed by the\\nparents of the newly-engaged pair, leaving\\ntheir cards with their own on all friends of\\nthe family. Individuals receiving these cards\\nshould call as soon as possible.\\nCards of Courtesy are sent on many oc\u00c2\u00ac\\ncasions. For instance, to a house where\\nthe children or youth of the family have\\nbeen invited without including the elders.\\nThis is done in acknowledgment of the cour\u00c2\u00ac\\ntesy extended to their children. Again, a\\ngift however simple, even flowers, should\\nalways be accompanied by a card of cour\u00c2\u00ac\\ntesy, never by a card simply. Cards should\\nalso accompany, or be attached to, flowers\\nsent to a funeral, that the family may know\\nfriends remembered them in their sorrow.\\nCards of Inquiry are frequently sent, or\\nbetter still, left in person, at the homes of\\nfriends prostrated by severe illness, or by\\nrecent bereavement. These usually have\\nthe words, \u00e2\u0080\u009cTo inquire,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or \u00e2\u0080\u009cWith kind\\ninquires,\u00e2\u0080\u009d pencilled above the name.\\nEREMONIOUS visits should al\u00c2\u00ac\\nways be short, fifteen to twenty\\nminutes being the outside limit,\\nand a shorter time often suffic\u00c2\u00ac\\ning. Even should the conver\u00c2\u00ac\\nsation become very animated,\\ndo not prolong your stay beyond this period.\\nIt is far better that your friends should\\nregret your withdrawal than long for your\\nabsence. A lull in the conversation, a rising\\nfrom her seat, or some pretext on the part\\nof the hostess, or the arrival of a guest, all\\ngive an opportunity for leave-taking which\\nshould be made use of at once.\\nA hostess does not necessarily advance to\\nreceive her guests, simply rising and moving\\nforward a step in order to shake hands (if\\nshe should so wish), remaining standing till\\nthey are seated, and, if possible, keeping the\\nlatest comer near her side. Gentlemen\\nshould always permit the lady to make the\\nfirst advance in the matter of handshaking.\\nIt is her prerogative.\\nAs the guests depart, the hostess does not\\naccompany each one to the door, but rising,\\nremains standing until the guests have quite\\nleft the room, when it is to be supposed they\\nwill be met by a servant. In country towns\\nthe hostess usually accompanies the guest to\\nthe door, if there are others present, excusing\\nherself to them and remaining out of the\\nroom but a moment.\\nCultivate the art of leaving; nothing will\\ncontribute more to your social success. It", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0356.jp2"}, "357": {"fulltext": "ETIQUETTE OF POLITE SOCIETY\\n339\\nis said of so brilliant a woman as Madame\\nde Stael that she failed lamentably in this\\nparticular, and, on the occasion of her visit\\nto Weimar, made with the avowed inten\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of intellectually\\ncaptivating the liter\u00c2\u00ac\\nary lions of the age,\\nGoethe and Schiller,\\nshe made one fatal\\nmistake, she stayed\\ntoo long! Goethe\\nwrote to Schiller:\\nMadame de Stael is\\na bright, entertaining\\nperson, but she ought\\nto know when it is\\ntime to go! It is\\nalso evident from her\\nown statement that\\nshe did not know how\\nto go. She lingered\\nafter she had started,\\nand even if this were\\nan unpardonable sin\\non the part of so mar\u00c2\u00ac\\nvelous a woman, it is\\nsurely a capital crime\\non the part of ordinary\\nmortals.\\nNever say, I must\\ngo,\u00e2\u0080\u009d but, when you\\nhave fi n i s h e d your\\nvisit and rise to de\u00c2\u00ac\\npart, go Never per\u00c2\u00ac\\nmit yourself to be\\ndrawn into touching\\nupon any subject at\\nthis critical moment\\nthat will necessitate\\nlengthy discourse for yourself and hostess, or\\nforce upon you the awkward alternative of\\nreseating yourself to finish the conversation.\\nThere is always a certain awkwardness in\\nthus repeating the ceremony of leave-taking\\nwhich may be avoided by a quick and grace\u00c2\u00ac\\nful departure that leaves both host and guest\\nwith feelings of the utmost amiability.\\nA MORNING CALL.\\nThere, is possibly, more difference of\\nopinion on the subject of who shall make\\nthe first visit or call and when it shall be\\nmade, than almost any other point of eti-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0357.jp2"}, "358": {"fulltext": "340\\nETIOUETTE OF POLITE SOCIETY.\\nquette. At the same time more importance\\nis attached to it than to almost any other\\nsocial question, and it touches more uni\u00c2\u00ac\\nformly every phase of city or country life\\nthan any other canon of courtesy.\\nCommon sense and kindliness of heart are\\nalways to be relied upon in matters of this\\nnature, and the initiative may safely be taken\\nby those who have social position, age, or\\nlength of residence on their side. Of course\\nin large cities the immense demands of\\nsocial life give a certain immunity from any\u00c2\u00ac\\nthing like promiscuous calling to those\\nwhose circle of acquaintance has already\\ngrown beyond the limits of their time. In\\ntowns and villages, however, no such immu\u00c2\u00ac\\nnity exists, and a call may be easily made,\\nor a card left, while, on the other hand,\\nshould the new acquaintance prove push\u00c2\u00ac\\ning,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or in any way obnoxious, one simply\\nceases to leave one\u00e2\u0080\u0099s cards and the evil is\\ndone away with.\\nAny visit made between the hours of\\ntwelve and six is to be looked upon as a\\nmorning visit, though there is a little differ\u00c2\u00ac\\nence in various cities with regard to the\\nexact time. Where one expects to touch\\nupon reception hours, from three to five is\\nusually a safe limit. In country towns or\\nthe small cities, from two to five are the\\nusual hours for paying visits. Evening visits\\nshould be made between the hours of eight\\nand nine, and ordinarily should never extend\\nin length beyond the hour of ten.\\nGentlemen are permitted to call upon\\nlady friends, Sundays after church and Sun\u00c2\u00ac\\nday evenings, business cares being their\\nexcuse for not availing themselves of the\\nother days of the week. Of course, if there\\nexists any known objection in the family to\\nSunday visiting all their friends are bound\\nto respect it.\\nA Card May be Left.\\nIf a lady have a known reception day,\\ncallers are bound, in common politeness,\\nto make their visits, as far as possible,\\nupon that day. If this is not done, either\\na card only should be left, or, if a personal\\nvisit is intended, particular instructions\\nshould be given to the servant to the\\neffect that if Mrs. Brown is otherwise\\nengaged, she is not to trouble herself to\\ncome down.\u00e2\u0080\u009d For which thoughtfulness,,\\nMrs. Brown,\u00e2\u0080\u009d if she be a busy woman,\\nand troubled with many socical cares, will\\ncordially thank you.\\nUnfortunately, it often happens that many\\nof our friends have the same reception day,\\nand one\u00e2\u0080\u0099s own day may conflict with that\\nof one\u00e2\u0080\u0099s nearest friend, so that, where the\\ncircle of acquaintance is large, much good\\nnature, a few apologies and a great many\\ncards are needed to safely balance the social\\naccounts.\\nThe simple and necessary formulae of,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cNot at home,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or \u00e2\u0080\u009cEngaged,\u00e2\u0080\u009d are more\\nfrequently questioned than any other social\\ncustom. Nevertheless their use is often a\\nnecessity, while, on the contrary, their abuse\\nETIQUETTE OF THE DRAWING-ROOM.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0358.jp2"}, "359": {"fulltext": "ETIQUETTE OF POLITE SOCIETY.\\n341\\nis to be regretted. No suspicion of an un\u00c2\u00ac\\ntruth need apply to either, for the phrase,\\nNot at home,\u00e2\u0080\u009d is used with the accepted\\nsignification of, Not at home, for the time\\nbeing, to any visitors.\u00e2\u0080\u009d If, however, con\u00c2\u00ac\\nscience rebels against this so transparent\\nfraud, there is always the alternative of\\nEngaged,\u00e2\u0080\u009d which carries not the least sus\u00c2\u00ac\\npicion of deception with it, but is somewhat\\nless gracious to the ear.\\nIn suburban towns and small cities, where\\nreception days are not common, the lady of\\nthe house must be very careful how and\\nwhen she denies herself to visitors.\\nA gentleman does not call upon a lady\\nwithout some intimation of her wishes in the\\nmatter, unless he is the bearer of a letter of\\nintroduction, or is taken to her home by\\nsome friend sufficiently well acquainted to\\nwarrant the liberty. He may, however,\\nseek an introduction through some mutual\\nacquaintance.\\nLadies may express regret at being out\\nwhen a gentleman called he also should\\nregret the absence. If it should happen\\nthat a gentleman should call several times in\\nsuccession and be so unfortunate as to miss\\nthe lady each time, it would be quite proper\\nfor her to write him a note, regretting her\\nabsence and appointing an evening when she\\nwould be at home for his next call. This\\nwould remove any feeling of annoyance on\\nhis part that perhaps her absence had been\\npremeditated.\\nm\\nM\\nr/^\\njt;\\nWeddings and Wedding Anniversaries\\nna\\n:V if\\nC\\n.v v\\nI/A\\nA\\nN engagement is now frequently\\nannounced in rather a formal\\nmanner. This, however, is not\\nusually done until a short time\\nprevious to the marriage itself.\\nSometimes it comes out in the\\nsociety papers immediately after it has been\\nmade known to the kinfolk and intimate\\nfriends. Felicitations follow as a matter of\\ncourse.\\nThe lady does not make any ceremonies\\ncalls after this announcement has been made,\\nit being supposed that before this occurs she\\nshall have left cards upon all her friends.\\nIf no formal announcement is made the bride-\\nto-be must, before invitations are issued,\\nleave cards with her friends and acquaint\u00c2\u00ac\\nances. In the city she need not enter to\\nmake a personal call, in the country she will\\nprobably find it necessary so to do.\\nTime was when during the two weeks, or\\nlonger, elapsing between the issuing of the\\ninvitations and the occurrence of the wed\u00c2\u00ac\\nding, the bride-expectant was not to be seen\\nin public, nor by chance callers at the house,\\na custom which still prevails to some extent,\\nbut is superseded in the most fashionable cir\u00c2\u00ac\\ncles by a series of especial entertainments given\\nduring this interval. These, however, are a\\ngreat tax upon time needed for other purposes.\\nBy those so desiring, the words, No\\npresents received,\u00e2\u0080\u009d may be engraved in the\\nleft hand corner of the card. This is often\\na relief to many of the guests, and, at the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0359.jp2"}, "360": {"fulltext": "342\\nETIQUETTE OF\\nsame time does not prevent the very inti\u00c2\u00ac\\nmate friends, as well as members of the\\nfamily, from sending quietly such gifts as\\nthey may choose, which, of course, are not\\nexhibited.\\nThe bride acknowledges the reception of\\neach gift by a graceful little note of thanks.\\nSome of them doubtless will come from per\u00c2\u00ac\\nsons unknown to her, friends of the groom,\\nand to these she must be especially prompt\\nin returning her acknowledgments.\\nThe Ushers.\\nThe duties of the ushers in a church wed\u00c2\u00ac\\nding are very important. At large weddings\\nas many as half a dozen, or more, ushers are\\nsometimes needed to manage the great num\u00c2\u00ac\\nber of guests. They usually appoint one of\\ntheir number as head usher, and to him falls\\nthe duty of deciding on the space to be\\nreserved for near elatives, which is to be\\ndivided from the remainder of the church\\nby white ribbons. He makes sure that the\\norganist is in place, indicates the approach\\nof the bridal party that the Wedding March\\nmay greet them, and instructs the other\\nushers as to their respective duties.\\nIn escorting guests to their seats an usher\\ngives his right arm to a lady. A gentleman\\nwho may be in her company should follow\\nafter.\\nThe \u00e2\u0080\u009cbest man\u00e2\u0080\u009d is usually an intimate\\nfriend or relative of the groom. He drives\\nto the church with him, stands by his side\\nat the altar-rails while he awaits the approach\\nof the bride, and, stepping back, it is he that\\nholds the groom\u00e2\u0080\u0099s hat during the ceremony\\nand hands it to him at its close.\\nThe ushers frequently form, two and two,\\nand precede the bridal party up the aisle.\\nThe number of these is optional, from one\\nto twelve being allowable. Four, six or\\neight are usually chosen. Unmarried sisters\\nPOLITE SOCIETY.\\nof the bride and groom are frequently\\nselected. Custom emphatically declares that\\nthey must be younger than the bride. Por\\nan elder sister thus to officiate would be ex*\\ntremely inappropriate.\\nHome Weddings.\\nHome weddings are attended with much\\nless trouble, fatigue and expense than fashion\u00c2\u00ac\\nable church weddings. The clergyman en\u00c2\u00ac\\nters the room and stands facing the people\\nthe bridal couple follow and stand facing\\nhim. Hassocks are provided for kneeling,\\nif desired. The father, or some near male\\nrelative, stands ready, in sight of the clergy^\\nman, to give away the bride. He should\\nsimply bow his affirmation when the ques\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion is asked.\\nThere are many additions that may be\\nmade to this simple ceremony, such as a\\ntroop of pretty children holding white rib\u00c2\u00ac\\nbons each side to mark the path the bridal\\npair must walk to reach the minister, while\\nthe sweet strains of a hidden band of musi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncians may accompany their footsteps.\\nThe House Decorations.\\nFloral decorations, within limits, are beau\u00c2\u00ac\\ntiful and appropriate, but where they are so\\nlavishly displayed as to remind more of the\\nflorist\u00e2\u0080\u0099s bill than the beauty of the blossoms,\\ntheir effect is lost in a certain vulgarity that\\nattends all too-visible evidences of outlay.\\nOne pretty idea is to carry out the fancy\\nof having one kind of flower, massed accord\\ning to the chosen design, serve for the deco-\\nrations, at flower weddings for example^\\nrose weddings, lily weddings, daffodil wed*\\ndings, etc. The design itself is according to\\nthe taste of the florist or the family, and is a\\nsubject changing so easily with the season\\nor the fashion as to merit no mention here.\\nIt is necessary for the bride to include her", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0360.jp2"}, "361": {"fulltext": "ETIQUETTE OF POLITE SOCIETY.\\n343\\nnew address with her wedding invitations,\\nunless, as is still more chic,\u00e2\u0080\u009d cards for\\nseveral reception days are issued after her\\nreturn. These dates being fixed, it is then\\nthat first calls may be made upon her at her\\nnew residence with the happy certainty of\\nfinding her at home.\\nAt these quiet, informal receptions, she\\nreceives simply as a member of society,\\nwearing usually a rich, dark silk without any\\nreminders of her recent bridehood.\\nWEDDING ANNIVERSARIES.\\nThe wedding anniversaries are numerous,\\nbut only a few of these are habitually ob\u00c2\u00ac\\nserved. Paper, wooden, tin, crystal, silver\\nand golden are the favorite ones, the others\\nbeing so rare as to hardly merit being in\u00c2\u00ac\\ncluded in the list\\nThe following complete list of the anni\u00c2\u00ac\\nversaries, with the respective dates of their\\noccurrence, may be useful for reference\\nFirst Anniversary.Paper Wedding.\\nSecond Anniversary.Cotton Wedding.\\nThird Anniversary.Leather Wedding.\\nFifth Anniversary...Wooden Wedding.\\nSeventh Anniversary.Woolen Wedding.\\nTenth Anniversary.Tin Wedding.\\nTwelfth Anniversary.Silk and Linen Wedding.\\nFifteenth Anniversary.Crystal Wedding.\\nTwentieth Anniversary.{\\nTwenty-fifth Anniversary.^.Silver Wedding.\\nThirtieth Anniversary.Pearl Wedding.\\nThirty-fifth Anniversary.Coral Wedding.\\nFortieth Anniversary.Ruby Wedding.\\nForty-fifth Anniversary.Bronze Wedding.\\nFiftieth Anniversary. Golden Wedding.\\nSixty-fifth Anniversary...Crown-Diamond Wedding.\\nSeventy-fifth Anniversary.Diamond Wedding.\\nTin and Paper Weddings and some other\\nof the earlier anniversaries are usually occa\u00c2\u00ac\\nsions for happy frolics, and merry jests as to\\nthe form the gifts will take, though the\\npaper wedding gives place for the presenta\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of elegant books, and a supply of fashion\u00c2\u00ac\\nable stationery.\\nThe Wooden Wedding is a little more\\nexpensive in its demands, and the gifts range\\nfrom elegant suites of carved furniture down\\nto dainty bits of hand-carving in the shape\\nof panels and placques and from rolling-\\npins and potato-mashers all the way up to\\noaken mantels, rich with all manner of in\u00c2\u00ac\\ngenious fret-work of design.\\nThe Crystal Wedding may also show\\nforth a glittering array of gifts both orna\u00c2\u00ac\\nmental and useful.\\nThe Silver Wedding is, perhaps, the most\\nimportant of all the wedding anniversaries.\\nIn the matter of presents it is almost impos\u00c2\u00ac\\nsible to go amiss, since there is scarcely an\\narticle of use or ornament from dining-room\\nto reception-room and from the library desk\\nto my lady\u00e2\u0080\u0099s toilet table, that has not been\\nmade a thing of beauty and a joy forever by\\nthe silversmith\u00e2\u0080\u0099s art.\\nFiftieth Anniversary.\\nThe Golden Wedding, from the advanced\\nage at which it occurs, has an element of\\nsadness in its celebration. The aged couple\\nwho stand so near the brink of separation\\ncan have little of bridal joy as they look\\nback to the day when they stood before the\\naltar in the first flush of youth, with life be\u00c2\u00ac\\nfore them, or as they look forward to the\\nshortened span of years that links them to\\ntheir loved ones here. The gifts that are\\nlaid before them should be fitly wrought of\\ngold, since their love has been as gold tried\\nin the furnace of life.\\nIf the family means are insufficient for\\nnumerous valuable gifts, let all the friends\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cclub\u00e2\u0080\u009d together and purchase some fitting\\nsouvenir for the occasion. Golden-rod\\nforms an appropriate floral decoration.\\nBut, after all, the chief idea and the pleasure\\nof this anniversary is the gathering together\\nof as many as possible of the relatives that", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0361.jp2"}, "362": {"fulltext": "344\\nETIQUETTE OF POLITE SOCIETY.\\nyet remain to greet the pair at this, the\\ngolden milestone of their life\u00e2\u0080\u0099s journey.\\nThe Diamond Wedding occurs so seldom,\\nand is so much like the others in the manner,\\nif not the matter of its gifts, as to scarcely\\nrequire mention here.\\nThe entertainment at these anniversary\\ncelebrations is very much the same as at\\nweddings or other gatherings. The refresh\u00c2\u00ac\\nments may be served at tables, or a \u00e2\u0080\u009cstand\\nup collation given. In this latter case,\\nthere should be one or two tables set for the\\nelders of the party.\\nAt Silver and Golden Weddings presenta\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion speeches are frequently made by some\\nfriend, and at golden anniversaries a regular\\nprogram is oftimes carried out. Anniversary\\npoems are read, The Hanging of the\\nCrane\u00e2\u0080\u009d recited, congratulatory telegrams\\nfrom absent friends are announced, and any\\nold acquaintances present that *can be per\u00c2\u00ac\\nsuaded to say a few words of ye olden\\ntimes\u00e2\u0080\u009d are pressed into service. Good taste,\\nhowever, would seem tc prevent any repe\u00c2\u00ac\\ntition of the marriage service on such an\\noccasion.\\nE hostess is expected to put\\nher guests, as much as pos\u00c2\u00ac\\nsible, at their ease. She\\nmust encourage the timid,\\nand watch the requirements\\nof all. No accident must\\nruffle her temper. In short,\\nshe must for the time, be that perfect woman\\nwho is\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cMistress of herself though china fall.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nShe must not seem to watch her servants;\\nshe must not scold them. Her brow must\\nremain smooth through all embarrassing\\nhitches, her smile be bright and quick, her\\nattentions close and complimentary to her\\nguests.\\nOn the host devolves the duty of drawing\\nout any of the guests with whose particular\\nspecialties he is acquainted, and his manners,\\ntoo, must at least simulate ease, if he have\\nit not. Let host and hostess refrain from\\nboasting of the price of any article of food\\nupon^the table.\\nAll the tact and good breeding at the\\ncommand of the hostess should be exercised,\\nfirst in choosing, then in arranging, the\\nguests to be present. Not too many are to\\nbe bidden to the ordinary dinner; six, eight\\nand twelve are desirable numbers,, and four\\nfrequently forms the cosiest party imaginable.\\nThe reason of thus arranging for even\\nnumbers arises from the fact that, in a mixed\\ndinner party, it is well to have as many\\nladies as gentlemen. The conversation will\\nthen be prevented from dropping into long,\\nor heated, discussions, both of which are\\ndestructive of pleasure. It will also be\\nfound pleasant to invite the young, and those\\nol more advanced years, together for an\\noccasion of this sort.\\nSince at no social entertainment are the\\nguests so dependent upon one another for", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0362.jp2"}, "363": {"fulltext": "ETIQUETTE OF POLITE SOCIETY.\\n345\\nmutual entertainment as at a dinner, both by\\nreason of its smallness and the compactness\\nof arrangement, it will be seen that an equal\\ncare devolves upon the hostess in seating as\\nin inviting her guests.\\nThe most tedious of one\u00e2\u0080\u0099s friends can be\\ntolerated at a party where it is possible to\\nturn to others for relief, but to be chained\\nfor two or three hours, with the necessity\\nupon you of talking, or trying to talk, to the\\nsame dull or conceited individual that the\\nfates have unkindly awarded as your com\u00c2\u00ac\\npanion, is a severe social strain upon equa\u00c2\u00ac\\nnimity of soul.\\nHence each hostess should strive to so\\narrange her guests that like-minded people\\nshould be seated together, and people with\\nhobbies should either be handed over to\\nthose likewise possessed, or into the hands\\nof some sympathetic listener, thus securing\\nthe pleasure of all.\\nTable Decorations.\\nWhere the resources of the dinner-giver\\nare limited, the simple decoration of a few\\nflowers arranged in a fanciful basket, or a\\nrare old bowl filled with roses, is sufficient,\\nand is far more indicative of taste and breed\u00c2\u00ac\\ning than many of the set floral pieces fresh\\nfrom the florist\u00e2\u0080\u0099s hand, and speaking more\\neloquently of the size of his bill than of taste\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0or appropriateness.\\nThe fancy of the hour, and a pretty one\\nit is, is for massing one variety of flower for\\ndecorative purposes. Banks of crimson roses\\ndow r n the centre of the snowy cloth, or great\\nclusters of vivid red flowers, can be very\\neffectively employed. Shells may be filled\\nwith flowers and used as a table decoration.\\nA large one in the middle, and a smaller one\\non each side, has a pleasing effect. At each\\nplate a bouquet of flowers may be laid, those\\nfor the gentlemen arranged as button-holes.\\nIn choosing the flowers for decorations,\\navoid those blossoms having a heavy fra\u00c2\u00ac\\ngrance, such as the tuberose, jasmines,\\nsyringas, as their penetrating odor is pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nductive of faintness in some, and is disagree\u00c2\u00ac\\nable to many, while roses, lilies, lilacs, and\\nmany other delicately-scented blossoms, are\\npleasant to all.\\nNaturalness is to be aimed at in these\\ndecorations, and set floral pieces are in bad\\ntaste at a private dinner.\\nHow the Dishes are to be Passed.\\nThe servants, in passing the dishes, begin\\nwith the guest upon the right hand of the\\nmaster on one side of the table, ending with\\nthe mistress of the house. Upon the other\\nside they begin with the guest upon her\\nright and end with the host. As one ser\u00c2\u00ac\\nvant passes the meat or fish, another should\\nfollow, bearing the appropriate sauce or\\nvegetable that accompanies it.\\nThe servants should wear thin-soled shoes,\\nstep lightly, be ungloved, and always have a\\nsmall-sized damask napkin wrapped around\\nthe thumb of the right hand, as dexterity in\\nhandling the dishes requires that they should\\nextend the thumb over the edge of the dish.\\nThey should pass all dishes at the left of\\nthe guests, that their right hand may be free\\nto take them. Wines only are excepted,\\nthese being always poured at the right.\\nServants should never lean across any guest\\nat table in order to reach or pass an article.\\nIt will be noticed by all interested that\\nthe order of the formal, modern dinner a la\\nRusse, is very much as follows: Oysters,\\nsoup, fish, roast, entrees, Roman punch,\\ngame, salad and cheese, dessert, fruits,\\nsweets, coffee. To make this clearer, one\\nbill of fare will be given as an example,\\nalways remembering that the number of\\ncourses may be lessened in order to suit the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0363.jp2"}, "364": {"fulltext": "346\\nETIQUETTE OF\\ntaste or purse of the host. Many courses\\nare not a necessity, but the finest quality and\\nthe best of cookery should mark each dish\\nserved.\\nEvery dinner should begin with soup, to\\nto be followed by fish, and include some\\nkind of game. To this order there is no\\nrepeal, since \u00e2\u0080\u009csoup is to the dinner,\u00e2\u0080\u009d says\\nDe la Regnier, \u00e2\u0080\u009cwhat the portico is to the\\nbuilding or the overture is to an opera.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nFrom this there is never any deviation.\\nA standard bill of fare for a well-regulated\\ndinner is as follows:\\nOysters on the Half-shell. Mock Turtle Soup.\\nSalmon with Lobster Sauce. Cucumbers.\\nChicken Croquettes.\\nTomato Sauce. Roast Lamb with Spinach.\\nCanvas-back Duck. String Beans served on Toast.\\nCelery. Lettuce Salad. Cheese Omeie\\nPineapple Bavarian Cream. Charlotte Russe.\\nIces. Fruits. Coffee.\\nEach course may be served on dishes dif\u00c2\u00ac\\nferent from the other courses; also fancy\\ndishes, unlike any of the rest, may be used\\nto pass relishes, such as olives, and add\\ngreatly to the beauty of the table service.\\nSuitable sets for fish and game, decorated in\\naccordance, are greatly to be admired.\\nIf wine is not desired from principle,\\nmerely touching the brim of the glass with\\nthe finger-tip is all the refusal a well-trained\\nservant needs.\\nOrder of Precedence.\\nIn the matter of going out to dinner the\\nhost takes precedence, giving his right arm\\nto the most honored lady guest. If the\\ndinner is given in honor of any particular\\nguest, she is the one chosen, if not, any\\nbride that may be present, or the oldest\\nlady, or some visitor from abroad. The\\nother guests then fall in line, gentlemen hav\u00c2\u00ac\\ning had their partners pointed out to them,\\nand wherever necessary, introductions are\\nPOLITE SOCIETY.\\ngiven. The hostess comes last of all, hav\u00c2\u00ac\\ning taken the arm of the gentleman most to\\nbe honored.\\nThis is a disputed question, for the solu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of which each party gives valid reasons.\\nMost gentlemen prefer to give the right\\narm, since the seating of the lady.is at the\\nright side always but many, to preserve the\\nfeudal significance of the custom that bade\\nthe good knight keep his sword arm free for\\ndefence, if need be, offer the left. Since,\\ntoo, dinner gowns have usually a train to be\\nmanaged as best it may, ladies also prefer\\nthe tender of the left arm, as that leaves\\ntheir own left arm free to manage the trail\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, silken folds. The right arm, however,\\nhas the balance of favor, though gentlemen\\nare bound to follow the example of their\\nhost as he precedes them to the dining\u00c2\u00ac\\nroom.\\nDinner Dre^s.\\nLadies dress elegantly, and in any fashion\\nof color, that fancy or becomingness may\\ndictate. Corsages, however, while open at\\nthe neck in either square, or heart-shaped\\nfashion, are not as low-cut as for a ball-dress,\\nwhile the sleeves are usually of demi-length.\\nGloves are always worn, and not removed\\nuntil seated at the table. They are not re\u00c2\u00ac\\nsumed afterwards unless dancing follows.\\nVery young ladies wear less expensive\\ntoilets of white or delicately tinted wools, or\\nlight-weight silks.\\nGentlemen are expected to wear the con\u00c2\u00ac\\nventional evening dress. To be gloved or\\nnot to be gloved is a vexed question with\\nthem. It is well to be provided with a pair\\nof light gloves, and let your own self-pos\u00c2\u00ac\\nsession and the example of others decide for\\nyou at the moment. A gentleman fault\u00c2\u00ac\\nlessly gloved cannot go far wrong.\\nPromptness in arriving is a virtue, but\\nremember that you have no claim upon the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0364.jp2"}, "365": {"fulltext": "ETIQUETTE OF POLITE SOCIETY.\\n347\\ntime of your host or hostess, until ten or\\nfifteen minutes before the hour appointed,\\nand, if you arrive too soon you should re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmain a while in the dressing-room.\\nDeparture is from half to three-quarters\\nof an hour after the repast, and no matter\\nwhat the entertainment, eleven o\u00e2\u0080\u0099clock\\nshould find every dinner guest departed.\\nBREAKFASTS\\nLUNCHEONS m\\nAND TEAS\\nBREAKFAST or a luncheon is\\nsomewhat less formal than a\\ndinner and, hence, so much the\\nmore delightful.\\nThe breakfast party includes\\nboth gentlemen and ladies while,\\nas a rule, the luncheon is an\\nentertainment given to ladies. The invita\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions to a breakfast may be written, engraved\\nor verbal. If a large number of guests are\\ninvited to meet some distinguished stranger,\\nengraved invitations are issued.\\nFive days or a week\u00e2\u0080\u0099s notice is usually\\nconsidered sufficient, but if distinguished wits\\nand scholars are to be secured, it is well to\\ngive a longer period, since their time, always\\nin demand, should be bespoken well in ad\u00c2\u00ac\\nvance. A reply to the invitation is a neces\u00c2\u00ac\\nsity, because the hostess wishes time, in case\\nof non-acceptance, to secure another guest.\\nWhere the breakfast is less stately in\\ncharacter, an informal note, written by the\\nhostess, in the first person, is a pleasant\\nmethod, or simply written on the lady\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nvisiting cards under the name in this form\\nBreakfast, Tuesday, ten o\u00e2\u0080\u0099clock, February\\nfifteenth.\\nArtificial light is out of place, and sun\u00c2\u00ac\\nshine should flood the apartment, while a\\ncertain airiness and daintiness should pervade\\nthe table appointments, quite the opposite\\nof the elaborate display that characterizes,\\nthe dinner party. Flowers should form the\\ndecorations of the table. Breakfast parties\\nare a very convenient mode of social enter\u00c2\u00ac\\ntainment for those whose limited means will\\nnot admit of a more extensive display of.\\nhospitality.\\nThe Hour for Breakfast.\\nTen o\u00e2\u0080\u0099clock is the usual hour, though it\\nmay be as late as twelve, thus differing from\\nthe luncheon, which is never earlier than\\none.\\nBreakfast parties are a favorite reunion\\nwith literary people, who generally take the\\nmorning hours for leisure, leaving brain\\nwork until later in the day. Sidney Smith\\nsaid he liked breakfasts, because no man\\nwas conceited before one o\u00e2\u0080\u0099clock in the day.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nIn serving breakfast the bill of fare, unless\\nfor special occasions, should never be elabor\u00c2\u00ac\\nate, but rather dainty and attractive, as the\\nappetite usually needs tempting at this early\\nhour; fewer courses of a more delicate\\nvariety should be served than at other meals.\\nThe hostess dispenses the coffee, tea and\\nchocolate from the head of the table; the\\nsubstantials are set in front of the host, who", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0365.jp2"}, "366": {"fulltext": "348 ETIQUETTE OF POLITE SOCIETY.\\nmay help the plates and hand them to the\\nwaiter to serve; the vegetables and other\\ndishes may be handed from the side table.\\nIt is well-bred to serve the breakfast with\\nas little formality as possible, and with as\\nfew attendants; one servant, a maid, or man\\nservant is sufficient unless the party is un\u00c2\u00ac\\nusually large.\\nIf grape-fruit be used for a first course, or\\norange skins filled with juice, a wreath of\\nsmilax on each plate makes a pretty decora\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion.\\nA breakfast should invariably begin with\\nETIQUETTE OF THE TABLE.\\nfruit, followed by a course of eggs. This\\nlatter is one of the essentials, and offers a\\ngreater variety than is perhaps known out\u00c2\u00ac\\nside of France. A Spanish omelette, it\\nproperly made, is a thing to be treasured\\namong the \u00e2\u0080\u009cpleasures of memory.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Stuffed\\neggs, or hard boiled eggs cut in slices, with\\na bechamel or white sauce, are appropriate\\nand generally liked. A fish course, an entree,\\none meat, a salad and a sweet course should\\nfollow next in order, concluding with coffee.\\nThe entree and the meat may form one\\ncourse, if a slice of duck with olives, fried\\nchicken or some such dish be selected.\\nIces of all kinds are entirely out of place\\nat a breakfast. An omelette souffle, peaches\\nwith cream, or best of all a fruit salad, are\\nwithin the proprieties. This last never fails\\nto call forth enthusiastic appreciation. It is\\nsimply made, and keeps perfectly for two or\\nthree days. Half a dozen oranges should\\nbe peeled, leaving no particle of the white\\nadhering, and then cut in small pieces. Half\\na ripe pineapple, broken with a fork into bits\\nand sugared to taste, and four bananas sliced,\\nare mixed with the oranges, and the whole\\nput on ice for three or four hours. This\\nwill be found a dish rivalling th(\\nambrosia of high Olympus.\\nHot Breads.\\nWith the first course of fruit, finger-\\nbowls are in readiness, but are removed\\nat its close. Hot breads and breakfast\\ncakes are always suitable, and oatmeal,\\ncarefully cooked and served with thick\\ncream and powdered sugar, often fol\u00c2\u00ac\\nlows the fruit. The closing course\\nshould be hot cakes served with honey\\nor maple syrup.\\nIf there are ladies present, or the\\nhostess presides, the coffee, chocolate,\\netc., are poured by her, and after the\\nfirst course she asks the guests when they\\nwill have it served.\\nThe following will be found an acceptable\\nbill of fare for an ordinary breakfast party.\\nIt can, of course, be varied to suit the con\u00c2\u00ac\\nvenience and taste of housekeepers\\nMelons. Grapes. Oranges.\\nFried Perch with Sauce Tartare. Saratoga Potatoes.\\nYoung Chickens with Cream Gravy.\\nPoached Eggs on Toast. Baked Mushrooms.\\nBroiled Quails. Tomatoes or Celery.\\nBread and Butter. Crackers. Hot Cakes.\\nCoffee. Tea. Chocolate.\\nIf a butler serves at a breakfast he does\\nnot wear full dress as at a dinner.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0366.jp2"}, "367": {"fulltext": "ETIQUETTE OF POLITE SOCIETY.\\n349\\nLUNCHEONS.\\nA luncheon is usually an entertainment\\ngiven by a woman to women. From what\u00c2\u00ac\\never cause, luncheon parties are rapidly\\ngaining popularity among us. Macaulay\\nwrote, Dinner parties are mere formalities,\\nbut you invite a man to breakfast, because\\nyou want to see him,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and the same may\\napply to luncheon parties for ladies, these\\nbeing almost exclusively their affair.\\nInvitations to small luncheons are usually\\nvery informal, and may be written in the\\nstyle of a familiar note of friendship; or a\\nvisiting card may be used, underneath the\\nname of which is simply written: Luncheon\\nat one o\u00e2\u0080\u0099clock, Thursday, January eight.\\nThe Eatables.\\nThe repast may be elaborately made up of\\nsalads, oysters, small game, chocolate, ices\\nand a variety of dishes which will destroy\\nthe appetite for dinner, or it may simply con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsist of a cup of tea or chocolate, thin sliced\\nbread and butter, chip beef or cold tongue,\\nbut there is the same opportunity to display\\ngood taste and a well-appointed table as at a\\ngrander entertainment.\\nLadies attend formal luncheons in very\\nelegant street or carriage costumes. They\\nwear rich and becoming bonnets, which they\\ndo not take off. They appear with gloves,\\nremoving them when seated at the table.\\nThe toilet of the hostess may be as ele\u00c2\u00ac\\ngant as she wishes, anything, in fact, short\\nof an actual evening costume.\\nHigh tea is really the evening supper,\\nalthough sometimes the \u00e2\u0080\u009chightea\u00e2\u0080\u009d is spread\\nfor an earlier hour than the supper, say seven\\n6r eight o\u00e2\u0080\u0099clock. The ladies come in visit\u00c2\u00ac\\ning costume, and the gentlemen in morning\\ndress in country towns. In cities, some\u00c2\u00ac\\ntimes, dress coats and light gowns are con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsidered essential.\\nOne waitress, if quick and deft, can readily\\nwait on a dozen people, especially if all the\\nnecessary articles for changing the courses,\\nplates, silver, etc., are arranged on a side\\ntable in the room or outside the door.\\nThere are many attractive menus that can\\nbe suggested for teas, but the following\\nseems to demand as little home labor for\\nsatisfactory results as any other. The word\\ntea by the way, is something of a mis\u00c2\u00ac\\nnomer, as at these entertainments the bever^\\nages are almost invariably coffee or choco\u00c2\u00ac\\nlate, or both, tea being left entirely out of\\nthe question:\\nMenu.\\nBouillon. Bread. Crackers. Celery.\\nPickled Oysters. Chicken Salad. Olives.\\nPeanut Sandwiches. Salted Almonds.\\nChocolate. Ice Cream. Fancy Cakes.\\nCoffee. Fruit.\\nServe the bouillon in cups, and be sure\\nthat it is very hot. Have a thin slice of\\nlemon floating on the surface of each cup.\\nPass crackers (the Zephyr or Snowflake\\nbrands are best,) with this, and choice\\nblanched celery. If the tables are set before\\nthe guests arrive, it is well to have a couple\\nof short stalks of celery laid at each plate\\nand spare that amount of waiting. Have\\neach cup and saucer set in a plate, and take\\nall three pieces off at once. Either tea or\\ncoffee cups may be used, and it is, of course,\\nunnecessary to have them match.\\nFive O\u00e2\u0080\u0099clock Tea.\\nSome ladies make it a point to be at\\nhome almost every day at a certain hour,\\nand serve tea or coffee in their drawing\u00c2\u00ac\\nrooms, accompanied by either wafers, mac-\\ncaroons, fancy cakes, or small delicate sand\u00c2\u00ac\\nwiches, and perhaps bouillon for masculine\\ncallers.\\nSuch a lady who is bright and interesting,\\nwho gives a warm welcome, yet does not", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0367.jp2"}, "368": {"fulltext": "350\\nETIQUETTE OF POLITE SOCIETY.\\nbind any one to a longer stay than the con\u00c2\u00ac\\nventional ten minutes, is sure of drawing\\nabout her a delightful circle of acquaintances,\\nmen and women alike being pleased to drop\\nin on their way home from the city, or from\\nmore pretentious gatherings.\\nIf bread is thin enough, butter fresh, cake\\ngood, and tea and coffee perfection, you\\nhave provided all that is necessary. In\\nwarm weather ices or strawberries could be\\nadded. In England you will very seldom\\nbe given more than this at the best houses,\\nand in Italy, where the afternoon receptions\\nare the most agreeable entertainments im\u00c2\u00ac\\naginable, you will never be offered anything\\nmore than dainty little cakes, chocolate and\\ntea. These slight refreshments are usually\\nserved in the simplest way.\\nTeas have been a great \u00e2\u0080\u009cfad,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and while\\nnot quite so popular, are pretty enough to\\ndeserve mention. A table is too often con\u00c2\u00ac\\nfused in its arrangement of color on account\\nof its changes of courses. This can be\\nentirely done away with by adopting some\\nsimple color scheme. A luncheon, or tea,\\nis easier to serve in this fashion.\\nAmber and white will harmonize with\\ncelery, salads, ices and other articles needed\\nat a luncheon. The yellowish white, full of\\nsunlight, harmonizes with amber and can be\\nfollowed up to deepest bronze. Amber\\nglasses, creamy damask, all the tints from\\nwhite to bronze, can be used in the dishes.\\nApricots heaped on amber dishes, ices tinted\\nin harmony, and a great mass of white roses\\nfor a centre ornament, are appropriate.\\n1\\ns\\nm\\nEVENING PARTIES,\\nRECEPTIONS and SUPPERS\\nNVITATIONS for an elaborate\\nevening party are sent out ten\\ndays or two weeks in advance\\nand are issued in the name of\\nthe hostess alone. Husband\\nand wife may be invited to\u00c2\u00ac\\ngether, addressing the envelope\\nto \u00e2\u0080\u009cMr. and Mrs. John Doe;\u00e2\u0080\u009d and daugh\u00c2\u00ac\\nters, if there are several, may be included in\\none invitation as \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe Misses Doe.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Sons,\\n-if there be more than one, receive separate\\ninvitations, though they can be included in\\none as \u00e2\u0080\u009cMessrs. Doe.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nBut friends, even though sheltered by the\\nsame rooftree, must receive separate invita\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions. To invite The Misses Doe and\\nRoe,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or \u00e2\u0080\u009cMessrs. Brown and Green,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or\\neven \u00e2\u0080\u009cMrs. Doe and Family,\u00e2\u0080\u009d would be in\\nbad form. To invite the husband to any\\nentertainments where there are ladies without\\nincluding the wife would be a direct insult.\\nInvitations may be sent by post or carried\\nby messengers.\\nNext to elaborate dinners, evening parties,\\nreceptions and suppers require the most\\ndressing, the most preparation and are at\u00c2\u00ac\\ntended with the most formality. Prompt\\nnotice should be taken of the invitation,\\nalthough it is not so important as at dinners,\\nfor the reason that it is not necessary for the\\nhostess to know just how many persons will\\nbe present. You should contribute to the\\nentertainment of the company in ever}\u00e2\u0080\u0099 way\\npossible.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0368.jp2"}, "369": {"fulltext": "ETIQUETTE OF POLITE SOCIETY\\n351\\nBefore supper, cards, conversation, music\\nare made use of to entertain the guests.\\nWhen dancing is a feature, it does not begin\\nuntil after supper, and while this amusement\\nis in progress opportunity for conversation,\\nsuit its character to the company. Do not\\nplay classical music where it cannot possibly\\nbe appreciated, and, above all, attempt\\nnothing that cannot be executed perfectly.\\nIn singing, let gentlemen remember that ii\\nA LAWN\\ngames, etc., should be provided in other\\nrooms for those who do not dance. Rules\\nfor going out to supper at a large party are\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2the same as those at a ball.\\nIf music is one of the features, try and\\nPARTY.\\nit is an amusing song they are to render, it\\nmust be perfectly unexceptional in character.\\nLadies should bear in mind in singing that\\nit is much better taste in large assemblies to\\navoid the purely sentimental order of songs.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0369.jp2"}, "370": {"fulltext": "352\\nETIQUETTE OF POLITE SOCIETY.\\nwhich, with the large number of beautiful\\ncompositions at our disposal, is easily done.\\nObserve scrupulous silence while others\\nare playing and singing. If you possess any\\nmusical accomplishments, and are asked to\\ncontribute your share toward the entertain-\\nnot weary your audience. 1 wo or three\\nstanzas of a song, or four or five pages from\\na long instrumental piece are sufficient.\\nRemember, it is only the lady of the house\\nwho has the right to ask you to play or\\nsing; to all others give a smiling refusal.\\nENTERTAINING THE GUESTS WITH A SONG\\nment of others, do so without waiting to be\\nurged; or, if you decline, decline absolutely.\\nUrging should not be resorted to by the\\nhostess, which custom would soon cure a\\ncertain class of performers from the disagree\u00c2\u00ac\\nable habit of holding back for repeated solici\u00c2\u00ac\\ntations. If you consent to play or sing, do\\nIn retiring from a large party it is suffi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncient to bow politely when expressing the\\npleasure you have received. And if the\\nhostess or host offer the hand, shake it\\ncordially, but not too roughly.\\nAn after call is required the same as after\\na ball or dinner party.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0370.jp2"}, "371": {"fulltext": "ETIQUETTE OF POLITE SOCIETY.\\n353\\nRECEPTIONS.\\nFor informal receptions, invitations are\\nmost frequently written on the left-hand\\ncorner of the hostess\u00e2\u0080\u0099 visiting card Mrs.\\nCharles Grey, Thursday, from five to eight\\no\u00e2\u0080\u0099clock.\\nAt an evening reception, the lady should\\nbe dressed in handsome home toilet and\\nreceive standing. If several ladies receive\\ntogether, their cards should be enclosed with\\nthe invitation. The simplicity of the occasion\\nleaves the hostess the more time to devote\\nto the enjoyment of her guests. Music, both\\nvocal and instrumental, is a great addition to\\nan evening reception.\\nServing Refreshments.\\nRefreshments are generally served inform\u00c2\u00ac\\nally. The table should be set tastily in the\\ndining room, and supplied with coffee or\\nchocolate at one end and a tea service at the\\nother. Besides these, daintily prepared sand\u00c2\u00ac\\nwiches, buns, cakes, ices and fruits are\\nserved. If the reception is very select, and\\nthe number of guests small, a servant pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nsents a tray with tea, sugar and cream, while\\nanother follows with the simple refreshments\\nthat should accompany it.\\nA wedding reception, or a very elaborate\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2evening reception, of course admits of much\\nmore ceremony, as well as more substantial\\nrefreshments, than small entertainments.\\nLadies attend evening receptions in demi-\\ntoilette, with or without bonnets, and gentle\u00c2\u00ac\\nmen in full morning dress.\\nSUPPER PARTIES.\\nSome lover of this social repast says,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cSuppers have always been invested with a\\npeculiar charm. They are the most con\u00c2\u00ac\\nversational, the most intimate and the most\\npoetical of all entertainments. They are the\\nfavorite repast of men of letters, the inspira-\\n23\\ntion of poets, and a form of hospitality\\neminent in history. Who has not heard of\\nthe petite soupers of the Regency and the\\nbrilliant minds there assembled\\nSuppers are the popular entertainment of\\ngentlemen, and usually take some distinct\u00c2\u00ac\\nive name, such as fish suppers, game suppers,\\nwine suppers, and each has suitable supplies\\nfor the table.\\nThe Invitations.\\nInvitations to suppers may be given in\\nperson, by a friendly note, or writing on a\\ncard of the host or hostess Supper at io\\no\u00e2\u0080\u0099clock, Thursday, December 18th.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe very late city dinners have prevented\\nsupper parties from keeping their popularity,\\nbut there is no reason why in towns these\\nshould not be favorite entertainments.\\nThe same service is proper at a supper as\\nat a dinner, with the exception of soup-\\nplates. Oysters on the half-shell and bouil\u00c2\u00ac\\nlon served in cups are the first two courses.\\nThen follows the usual order of dishes, such\\nas sweetbreads and green peas, whatever\\ngame may be in season, salads of all kinds,\\nthen ices, fruits and coffee. It is not quite\\nso heavy a repeast as the elaborate dinner\\nparty. Games and salads are served to\u00c2\u00ac\\ngether.\\nA Game Supper.\\nA game supper consists of wild fowls and\\nfish, with jellies, ices and bonbons, while a\\nwine supper admits of almost every variety\\nof luscious dishes, differing very little from\\ndinner, except that the delicacies are all cold,\\nand of course no vegetables are served.\\nFillets of game, boned turkey, cold ham,\\nfish, salads, ices, jellies and creams, are\\nsuitable to this style of entertainment.\\nA Fish Supper.\\nWhen a fish supper is given, dishes are\\ngenerally composed of the products of the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0371.jp2"}, "372": {"fulltext": "354\\nETIQUETTE OF POLITE SOCIETY.\\nsea or river. This is a fashionable mode of\\nentertainment for the season of Lent. Salads,\\nolives, pickles and sauces are served as rel\u00c2\u00ac\\nishes. Sweet desserts never accompany a\\nfish supper, but fruits are an appropriate ad\u00c2\u00ac\\ndition. Coffee must be given with all suppers.\\nHE great sorrow brought upon\\na family by the death of a\\nloved one renders the imme\u00c2\u00ac\\ndiate members of the family\\nincapable of attending to the\\nnecessary arrangements for\\nthe funeral. The services of\\nan intimate friend, or a relative, should,\\ntherefore, be sought. He should receive\\ngeneral instructions from the family, after\\nwhich he should take entire charge of the\\narrangements, and relieve them from all care\\non the subject. If such a person cannot be\\nhad, the arrangements may be placed in the\\nhands of the sexton of the church the de\u00c2\u00ac\\nceased attended in life, or of some respon\u00c2\u00ac\\nsible undertaker.\\nThe expenses of the funeral should be in\\naccordance with the means of the family.\\nNo false pride should permit the relatives to\\nincur undue expense in order to make a\\nshowy funeral. At the same time, affection\\nwill dictate that all the marks of respect\\nwhich you can provide should be paid to the\\nmemory of your beloved dead.\\nIn some parts of the country it is custom\u00c2\u00ac\\nary to send notes of invitation to the funeral\\nto the friends of the deceased and of the\\nfamily. These invitations should be printed,\\nneatly and simply, on mourning paper, with\\nenvelopes to match, and should be delivered\\nby a private messenger. The following is a\\ncorrect form, the names and dates to be\\nchanged to suit the occasion\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cYourself and family are respectfully in\u00c2\u00ac\\nvited to attend the funeral of David B.\\nJones, on Tuesday, March 18, 189\u00e2\u0080\u0094, at 11\\no\u00e2\u0080\u0099clock A. M., from his late residence, 1926\\nAmber Street, to proceed to Laurel Hill\\nCemetery.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nWhere the funeral is from a church, the\\ninvitation should read\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cYourself and family are respectfully\\ninvited to attend the funeral of David B.\\nJones, from the Church of the Holy Trinity,\\non Tuesday, March 18, 189-, at 11 o\u00e2\u0080\u0099clock\\nA. m., to proceed to Laurel Hill Cemetery.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nWhere such invitations are sent, a list of\\npersons so invited must be given to the per\u00c2\u00ac\\nson in charge of the funeral, in order that he\\nmay provide a sufficient number of carriages.\\nNo one to whom an invitation has not been\\nsent should attend such a funeral, nor should\\nthose invited permit anything but an im\u00c2\u00ac\\nportant duty to prevent their attendance.\\nWhen the funeral is at the house, some", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0372.jp2"}, "373": {"fulltext": "ETIQUETTE OF POLITE SOCIETY.\\n355\\nnear relative or intimate friend should act as\\nusher and show the company to their seats.\\nPreserve a decorous silence in the cham\u00c2\u00ac\\nber of death\u00e2\u0080\u0094speak as little as possible, and\\nthen only in low, subdued tones.\\nThe members of the family are not obliged\\nto recognize their acquaintances. The latter\\nshow their sympathy by their presence and\\nconsiderate silence.\\nAs the coffin is borne from the house to\\nthe hearse, gentlemen who may be standing\\nat the door or in the street remove their\\nhats and remain uncovered until it is placed\\nin the hearse.\\nThe pall-bearers should be chosen from\\namong the intimate friends of the deceased,\\nand should correspond to him in age and\\ngeneral character.\\nWith regard to sending flowers, the wishes\\nof the family should be considered. If you\\nare uncertain upon this point, it is safe to-\\nsend them. They should be simple and\\ntasteful. Letters of condolence are sent to\\nthose in bereavement by their intimate friends.\\nX3*\\nBSERVE the utmost neatness\\nin every detail of the toilet\\nfor home or street. It is an\\nold rule, but a very good\\none, that a woman may be\\njudged \u00e2\u0080\u009cby her boots, gloves\\nand pocket-handkerchiefs.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nTo this maybe added \u00e2\u0080\u009cfinger nails,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and\\nlast but not least, skirt edges. No matter\\nhow elegant the general get-up may be,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nasserts one fastidious critic, \u00e2\u0080\u009cif a woman\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nskirt binding is muddy, frayed, or pendant,\\nshe is, to my mind, not a gentlewoman.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe style of the person should have much\\nto do with choosing the style of dress for\\nany occasion. Only people lacking the\\nslightest originality of mind would think of\\nblindly following the dictates of fashion\\nwithout any reference to their own physical\\nstyle.\\nVery short women should not wear very\\nlarge hats. Women with very thin faces\\nshould avoid wide hat brims and many\\nplumes. Women with large, full faces\\nshould not go to the extreme in wearing\\nsmall bonnets. To do so is but to exagger\u00c2\u00ac\\nate the defect in each case. No matter what\\nthe extremity of style may be, there is always\\na happy medium from which to choose.\\nCurls and Ribbons.\\nFlying curls and a great superabundance\\nof ribbons and fluttering ends belong only\\nto a young girl. To persist in an extremely\\nyouthful style of dress long after the passing\\nof youth, instead of adding to the apparent\\nyouth of the wearer, simply defeats its own\\nend by exaggerating the defects it was meant\\nto conceal.\\nSmall, thin women should not wear too\\nmuch black. Let them wear a profus\u00c2\u00ac\\nion of fluffy laces about the throat; soft,\\npuffy vests, or, as one writer observes, \u00e2\u0080\u009chave\\nconsummate skill in concealing bones.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nShort, stout women should see that all\\nadornments, such as lolds, plaits, etc., keep", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0373.jp2"}, "374": {"fulltext": "356\\nETIQUETTE OF\\nas much as possible in perpendicular lines.\\nIt is a mistake to think that perfect plainness\\nwill disguise the breadth, it rather empha\u00c2\u00ac\\nsizes it. On this style of woman a loosely-\\nfitted wrap has a better effect for the street\\nthan a tight, plain garment.\\nGloves and Shoes.\\nTo have many dresses is always a mistake\\neven among the very wealthy. They are\\nconstantly going out of fashion and unless\\nthe owner is continually seen at balls, recep\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions and other gatherings, they are entirely\\nunnecessary.\\nThe glove of to-day is fitted comfortably.\\nNothing is more indicative of a lack of taste\\nthan to crowd the hand into a glove that is\\nseveral sizes too small for it. The same\\nmight be said of the foot, and with more\\nreason, since a painfully tight shoe not only\\ninjures the health, comfort and complexion\\nof the wearer, but is ruinous to all grace of\\ncarriage.\\nThere is nothing marks the true lady as\\nmuch as the perfection of neatness and style\\nin gloves and shoes. To be well gloved and\\nto have one\u00e2\u0080\u0099s feet neatly clad, no matter how\\nplain the attire, is to be well dressed.\\nWhen to Wear Jewels.\\nMme. de Maintenon declared that good\\ntaste simply indicates good sense, but many\\nwomen who boast of good sense seem not\\nto have the slightest idea of the times and\\nplaces for wearing precious stones.\\nIt is conceded by all authorities that arti\u00c2\u00ac\\ncles of adornment consisting of or contain\u00c2\u00ac\\ning jewels or precious stones should never\\nbe worn in the street. Exception is made in\\nfavor of rings and watches. The woman\\nwho wishes to adopt correct form will wear\\nthe simplest pin to fasten her gown during\\nthe morning hours and on the street.\\nPOLITE SOCIETY.\\nFor ceremonious visits, a pretty and orna\u00c2\u00ac\\nmental pin of gold is proper, or of gold and\\nenamel, but even then it should have a use\u00c2\u00ac\\nful purpose it should fasten some part of\\nthe toilet. The enameled and gold wreaths\\nof myrtle or of forget-me-nots are extremely\\npretty for these simple pins. So are the true\\nlove-nots or a flower of enamel upon gold,\\nbut without the all-prevailing diamond dew-\\ndrop or center.\\nDress for Dinner.\\nFor dinner, a woman may wear the rich\u00c2\u00ac\\nest gems, it being understood that the func\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion is a ceremonious one, and that she shall\\nwear a low gown. Should she dine in a\\nmore democratic way and the men of the\\nfamily do not wear evening dress, she natur\u00c2\u00ac\\nally will wear a high gown or one possibly\\nopen a little at the throat. She may wear a\\npin with a single gem under these circum\u00c2\u00ac\\nstances.\\nFor balls, operas or entertainments of cor\u00c2\u00ac\\nresponding splender, a woman, when she is\\nnot herself a hostess, may wear any number\\nof well-chosen jewels. It is quite correct to\\nbe sumptuous in this particular, but well to\\nremember that jewels, like flowers, har\u00c2\u00ac\\nmonize or do not harmonize, and that\\nemeralds and turquoises, for example, may\\nnot be worn in conjunction, because, as the\\nFrench say, they swear at each other.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nIt is not good form ta wear ornaments\\nmade in the form of beads or reptiles. The\\nsacred emblem of the cross set in shining\\njewels and worn at ball or rout, shows a\\nmost pitiable ignorance of the eternal fitness\\nof things.\\nThe Face Veil.\\nIn spite of the protestations of oculists,\\nwomen continue to regard veils as an essent\u00c2\u00ac\\nial part of their toilets first, because they\\nare becoming; and, second, because they", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0374.jp2"}, "375": {"fulltext": "TRAVELLING COSTUME.\\n357", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0375.jp2"}, "376": {"fulltext": "3 58\\nETIQUETTE OF POLITE SOCIETY.\\nkeep their hair in order. The plain tulles\\nand nets, which come in all colors, single\\nand double widths, are always pleasant to\\nwear and less trying to the eyes than the\\ncoarser meshes. The veil of Brussels net\\nwrought in sprigged designs is a failure. It\\nis becoming to nobody, and is essentially\\ninartistic.\\nOpera Dress.\\nFor the opera the most elegant dressing\\nis desirable. Ladies may wear evening-\\ngowns, and men dress suits. If they occupy\\nboxes this is almost an obligation. Light\\ncolors render the house more attractive\u00e2\u0080\u0094are,\\nin fact, a part of the whole spectacle. Jew\u00c2\u00ac\\nels and flowers are there, and those *who\\nwear visiting or street costume are in the\\nminority.\\nIf a man wear a dress suit it is expected\\nthat the woman will show him sufficient\\nrespect to wear an evening gown. The\\nman\u00e2\u0080\u0099s costume is donned out of respect for\\nthe occasion and the woman, and she betrays\\nutter ignorance or remissness of duty when\\nshe does not return the compliment in kind.\\nMiddle-aged women wear the same cos\u00c2\u00ac\\ntume at the opera that they would at a\\ndinner party.\\nTo dress for the theater is a much simpler\\nmatter than for the opera. Display is not\\nrequired here. Elegant visiting or prome\u00c2\u00ac\\nnade costume is appropriate. Dressy little\\nbonnets or small hats, gloves, either match\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the gown or light in tint, complete the\\ntheater toilet. If a large hat is worn to the\\ntheater, common courtesy demands its re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmoval that those in the rear may see the\\nstage.\\nDress for concerts admits of a little more\\ndisplay than for the theater. A silk gown\\nwith a little lace and jewelry, and white or\\nlight kid gloves.\\nA dress for traveling should be plain and\\nserviceable; a tint should be chosen that\\ndoes not show soil or dust. A duster, an\\nulster or overgarment of some kind made of\\npongee silk, linen, or whatever material is in\\nvogue, should be worn to protect the cos\u00c2\u00ac\\ntume from smoke and dust.\\nThe hat should be plain and a veil worn\\nto shield the eyes from cinders when travel-\\ning by railway. A pair of slightly smoked\\nspectacles are very good for this purpose.\\nCarry an extra wrap and a hand-satchel to\\nhold the needed toilet articles. Let every\u00c2\u00ac\\nthing else go in the trunk. A woman bur\u00c2\u00ac\\ndened with \u00e2\u0080\u009cbig bundle, little bundle, band-\\nbox and umbrella,\u00e2\u0080\u009d is a burden to herself\\nand a terror to others.\\nThe rule for traveling dress is that there\\nshould be nothing about a lady to attract\\nattention, but this is relaxed in case of ladies\\ntraveling a short distance for a brief visit,\\nwho are privileged to wear the dress that\\nsuits their purpose.\\nCalling or Visiting Costume.\\nFor morning calls dress quietly in prome\u00c2\u00ac\\nnade costume. Wear light-colored gloves\\nunless in deep mourning. If driving, car\u00c2\u00ac\\nriage dress may be worn. For day recep\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions the dress may be more elaborate and\\nthe bonnet more \u00e2\u0080\u009cdressy.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nBy not carefully distinguishing between\\nthe gowns for different occasions and over\u00c2\u00ac\\ndressing at all times, women lose all the\\nadvantages of contrast in style. If lace and\\nsilk are worn indiscriminately, what is there\\nleft for the full dress function\\nThis should be plain\u00e2\u0080\u0094tailor-made is the\\nbest\u00e2\u0080\u0094walking length and of good material.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cFussy\u00e2\u0080\u009d styles should not be chosen for\\nstreet wear, and the hat or bonnet should be\\nrather plain and harmonize with the gown.\\nThere is much more latitude for display\\npermitted by the carriage dress. Rich ma-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0376.jp2"}, "377": {"fulltext": "HER MORNING RIDE.\\n359", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0377.jp2"}, "378": {"fulltext": "360\\nETIQUETTE OF POLITE SOCIETY.\\nterials, elegant wraps, costly furs, are all\\nallowable here.\\nCoaching parties, too, have grown to be\\noccasions for most gorgeous costuming.\\nEvery hue of the rainbow is to be seen as\\nthe lofty tally-ho rolls past, until, so great\\nhas become the license of color and richness\\nof material, that the \u00e2\u0080\u009cfour hundred\u00e2\u0080\u009d are\\ncalling a halt, and soberer tints are beginning\\nto mark this amusement.\\nDo not wear too many fluttering ribbons,\\nespecially if occupying that coveted position\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0080\u0094the box seat. It does not add to the\\nskill and accuracy of the driver at a critical\\nmoment to have a fluttering ribbon cut like\\na whip-lash across his eyes.\\nDress for Riding.\\nThe riding-habit should be made of broad\u00c2\u00ac\\ncloth or some other suitable cloth. The\\nskirt should be weighted by sewing shot in\\nthe lower edge of the left-hand breadths.\\nEquestrian tights should be worn. The habit\\nis sometimes worn over another dress-skirt,\\nwhen, in case of dismounting or accident, the\\nhabit-skirt can be slipped off and the rider\\nstill left properly attired.\\nVery long skirts are not worn. The habit\\nshould fit perfectly and button to the throat.\\nLinen collar, a pretty tie and linen cuffs are\\nworn, and a leather glove with gauntlet.\\nThe hat should be plain and of the prevail\u00c2\u00ac\\ning fashion.\\nEvening Dress for Gentlemen.\\nGentlemen\u00e2\u0080\u0099s evening dress consists of\\nblack trousers, a low-cut black or white vest,\\ndress or \u00e2\u0080\u009cswallow-tail\u00e2\u0080\u009d coat, and white\\nnecktie. The linen must be immaculate.\\nA young man wears a standing collar; an\\nelderly man, if he choose, may wear his\\nfavorite style, with due deference to the\\nreigning style. One or three studs adorn\\nthe bosom.\\nProperly speaking, white or very light kid\\ngloves are a part of evening dress, but to\\nsay whether or not they shall be worn al\u00c2\u00ac\\nways at a formal dinner is hardly safe. If\\nworn, remove them at the table; but at a\\nball they are indispensable. On all doubt\u00c2\u00ac\\nful occasions it is well to be provided with a\\npair, to use if wished.\\nOccasions for Full Dress.\\nEvening dress is to be worn at balls,\\nlarge dinners, parties and the opera. It is\\nnever worn at church, save in case of an\\nevening wedding. It is never worn any\u00c2\u00ac\\nwhere on Sunday. In a small town a dress\\nsuit on any occasion is apt to seem an affect\u00c2\u00ac\\nation. Never wear a dress suit anywhere\\nbefore six o\u00e2\u0080\u0099clock in the evening.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cA gentleman never looks more tho\u00c2\u00ac\\nroughly a gentleman than in an evening\\ndress,\u00e2\u0080\u009d says one writer on etiquette, and it is\\nwell for those to whom the occasion is liable\\nto come to learn to wear one gracefully and\\neasily.\\nIn France a dress suit is worn upon nearly\\nall festive occasions. In England the same\\ncustoms prevail for its use as in our own\\ncountry.\\nMorning Dress for Gentlemen.\\nBlack cutaway, or Prince Albert coat\\n(frock coat), black vest, white in summer,\\nlight-colored trousers, silk or some other\\nstyle of stiff hat, and a black necktie. A\\nlight coat is never worn with black trousers.\\nThis morning dress is worn at church, morn\u00c2\u00ac\\ning receptions, informal parties, when making\\ncalls, and at places of amusement.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0378.jp2"}, "379": {"fulltext": "\u00c2\u00b0iA V*^ZAV* V*l\\n0 7 r 0 0 7 k 0 7 r\u00c2\u00ae^ 0 0 7 K 0 7 r 0\\n*/v yusssw/.L/?\\n!h\u00e2\u0080\u009e,\\nw%\u00c2\u00bb\\ni!|,iiii,^. 1\\njiiiiniiil\\nr.~\\n7 i 3J s \\\\wllii i\\n4\\n_ _ _ _ ___\\nl|| iiiiii 1 d fe=. f r fc r 4\\n4\\n4\\n^4*444^^4^4*4*4*4*4*4^^1*4*4^4^4^4*4.4^4.4^4*4*4.443?\\nflou^e Sekutiful\\nArtistic Home Decorations\\nhave\\nHE humblest home\\ncan be made at\u00c2\u00ac\\ntractive and fulfil all\\nthe requirements of\\ncomfort and taste.\\nMany large for\u00c2\u00ac\\ntunes are put into\\nhouses, and very fre\u00c2\u00ac\\nquently a needless ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npense. Many of these\\nhave been so luxurious\\nand there has been such a\\npainful effort to make\\nthem sumptuous, that the\\nmen who have built them,\\nand have spent in this way\\nlarge and needless sums\\nbeen made objects of\\nof money,\\nridicule.\\nWhile no one wishes to live in a hut and\\nnaturally desires to have pleasant surround\u00c2\u00ac\\nings, there is a wide difference between this\\nfeeling and that which seeks to outdo others\\nin gorgeous display. Many of the best and\\nnoblest people in this country have lived in\\nlog houses, and some of the grandest men\\nAmerica ever produced have slept in garrets\\nwhere the snow drifted through the roof in\\nwinter. Comfort and convenience are the\\nmain things to be considered, and these, with\\na contented heart, are about all that can be\\ndesired.\\nNaturally as the country grows older we\\nhave finer mansions, more costly furniture,\\nmore brilliant display, and adornments costly\\nand magnificent. All these need not be\\ncalled in question in the case of those who\\nare able to afford the outlay. Our object\\nhere is to give such hints as, if followed out,\\nwill make any home attractive and pleasant.\\nTaste and Comfort.\\nMany ambitious little housewives, longing\\nto possess picturesque as well as comfortable\\nhomes on small means, fail to give their\\nsurroundings the proper study. It is sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nprising how many rooms have picturesque\\npossibilities little suspected or appreciated by\\ntheir owners, that properly treated would\\nconvert these same apartments into abodes\\nof beauty. Many a housewife has been\\nannoyed beyond measure by an unsightly\\njog that made all her efforts to beautify her\\nroom of no avail. Do what she would, the\\n361", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0379.jp2"}, "380": {"fulltext": "362\\nTHE HOUSE BEAUTIFUL.\\njog was there jn its uncompromising ugli\u00c2\u00ac\\nness.\\nIn these days of artistic ingenuity jogs and\\nniches are not only tolerated, but hailed with\\npleasure, as are other so-called defects, giv\u00c2\u00ac\\ning opportunity, as they do, for the exercise\\nof an ingenuity that converts them into\\nbeauties.\\nCharming Colors.\\nA recess in the wall, or a jog, as it is\\nmore frequently called, can be tastefully\\nfitted up as a wall bookcase with but little\\ntrouble. If the walls of the room are\\npapered\u00e2\u0080\u0094and it to be hoped that they are,\\nas staring white walls are very inartistic\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nthe jog will probably be papered too. But\\nif the paper shows an aggressive pattern it\\nwill not serve well as a background for the\\nbooks and ornaments, and the jog should in\\nsuch cases be papered with a plain paper of\\nsuitable coloring. A flock paper which will\\nlook like a velvet lining will be preferable,\\nand the color should be such as to har\u00c2\u00ac\\nmonize well with the wall color.\\nMaroon and golden olives make good\\nbackgrounds for books. If the jog runs all\\nthe way up to the ceiling, have a panel of\\nlattice in squares let in at the top, and under\\nthis set a pole in sockets, secured to side\\npieces of wood nailed up for the purpose of\\nsecuring the lattice transom. This pole\\nmight be a one inch brass rod, from which\\nto suspend curtains before the shelves. A\\nreally elegant appearance will be given to\\nthe room if the lattice is nicely made and\\nthe curtains are of good color and design.\\nIf the room shows walls coverd with paper\\nof a pronounced pattern and coloring, the\\nlattice might be of mahogany color and the\\ncurtains of perfectly plain material. If, how\u00c2\u00ac\\never, the room has walls of a single color,\\nthe curtains may show either a set figure at\\nintervals or else an all over figure, but the\\ncolors should be quiet and subdued. The\\nshelves of this impromptu bookcase may be\\nof simple pine or some other wood that can\\nbe stained by rubbing in thin oil paint of the\\ndesired color.\\nIf the shelves are not all needed for books,\\nsome may be utilized for the keeping and\\ndisplay of bric-a-brac. In a bedroom the\\njog may be turned into a clothespress, with\\nshelves, or into a wardrobe or closet.\\nCosy Recesses.\\nNiches may be readily converted into wall\\ncabinets by means of lattice doors made to\\nfit the opening, or by means of a small\\ntransom, with curtain hanging directly be\u00c2\u00ac\\nneath. A small jog, or niche, by means of\\nfancy locked doors, may be changed into a\\nmedicine closet or a repository for private\\npagers. A more fanciful treatment with\\nJapanese fretwork and shelves will make a\\ncharming wall cabinet for bric-a-brac. Much\\ndepends upon the size, form and location as\\nto what one may make of such recesses.\\nA square, stiff looking apartment may be\\nmade much pleasanter by a picturesque\\ntreatment of one or more of the corners.\\nFor instance, a lattice transom placed across\\nthe corner, with a brass pole and handsome\\ncurtains beneath it, will furnish a cosy corner\\nin which may be placed a triangular divan,\\nwith two square pillows. A triangular\\nwooden box, with a mattress to fit, covered\\nwith some oriental looking dark fabric, such,\\nfor instance, as a Chinese rug or a Bagdad\\ncouch rug, with two large square pillows to\\nstand against the wall, will be very pleasing,\\nor the corner may contain a table and chair,\\nor a desk and chair, to be partly revealed by\\nthe half withdrawn curtains.\\nTwo corners of a large room might be ar\u00c2\u00ac\\nranged in this manner, giving a charming", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0380.jp2"}, "381": {"fulltext": "THE HOUSE BEAUTIFUL.\\n363\\nvariety to the form of the room, besides giv\u00c2\u00ac\\ning extra space for certain bits of furnishing.\\nIn a dining-room one or more corners may\\nbe artistically fitted with glass doors and\\nserve for china closets. Alcoves in bed\u00c2\u00ac\\nrooms are always more pleasing when cur\u00c2\u00ac\\ntained off with some dainty furnishing re\u00c2\u00ac\\nvealed from behind the curtains, and an\\nalcove in a sitting-room may be curtained\\noff to form a very attractive library.\\nEspecially pleasing is the old-fashioned\\nwindow, with its deeply set and paneled case\u00c2\u00ac\\nment, affording ample space for a pleasant\\nseat. An old-fashioned cottage window\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\npect, a holland shade will be necessary over\\nthe sash curtains. If such a window has a\\nbroad sill, a few potted plants will give a\\nfinishing touch to its beauty. The long low\\nseat should have its long or divided cushion\\ncovered with some pretty and durable ma\u00c2\u00ac\\nterial, with several small pillows.\\nHigh-topped sideboards have gone out\\nalong with that monstrosity, the bedstead\\nwith that towering headboard. A pretty\\nand artistic fancy is the low buffet without\\nany top at all, that prevailed a century ago.\\nOne of the prettiest effects in a dining-room\\nis produced by a collection of plates hung\\nARTISTIC FIREPLACE.\\none of the long, low windows set above a\\nlong low seat, with paneled back and sides\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094is a treasure trove to the lover of the\\npicturesque, If it is an eastern or northern\\nwindow it will be best to have curtains across\\nits whole width, run on two slender brass\\nrods, the curtains to be two or three or four,\\naccording to the width of the window; if\\ntwo, trimmed at the inner edge with tassel\\nbraid; or if four, the two centre ones thus\\ntreated.\\nCream swiss, powdered with large dots in\\ncream color or in deep pink or yellow, will\\nmake beautiful curtains for such a window.\\nIf the window has a southern or western as-\\nover such a sideboard. Indeed, you can\\nscarcely use too much china in dining-room\\ndecoration, stopping short, of course, of any\\nsuggestion of a wholesale china house.\\nNarrow shelves with low railings over the\\ndoors, the cabinet mantel with its shelves\\nand nooks, a corner cabinet with glass front\\nand sides, a hanging wall cabinet may all be\\nused for the display of odd or pretty pieces.\\nAn excellent feature of modern houses\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nsuburban houses in particular\u00e2\u0080\u0094is the recep\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion hall, which is generally nearly square.\\nThis is not difficult to furnish, and if it be of\\ngenerous size, it is generally arranged as a\\nsort of combined sitting and reception-room.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0381.jp2"}, "382": {"fulltext": "364\\nTHE HOUSE BEAUTIFUL.\\nIf the hall be small, one may have a hall\\nrack and a settle beneath, one with a box\\nseat preferred, as this form provides a useful\\nreceptacle for the prompt disposal of wraps,\\nmackintoshes, rubber shoes, etc., where they\\nwill be hidden from public view and still be\\neasy of excess.\\nIf there is a spare corner, a \u00e2\u0080\u009ccozy\u00e2\u0080\u009d may\\nbe fitted up; or, if not, and a window is\\navailable, a broad, low seat will be an attrac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntive feature. A small, low table and a side\\ntable with a drawer in it, a number of odd\\nsets and browns. When light is at a pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nmium, gladden the sight with its nearest\\nequivalent, yellow, in its variety. This\\nwould be a most distracting color in the\\nglaring light of the noonday sun, but when\\nused upon the walls of a dark and dismal\\nhall it is altogether different. Choice should\\nbe made of other colors that will prove\\nharmonious, always the warm rich colors,\\nnever the cold. With such a setting any\\nshade of finish in oak or mahogany wood\u00c2\u00ac\\nwork will be fitting.\\nRICH PIECES OF FURNITURE.\\nchairs, some that are easy and some selected\\nfor their quaintness, must not be omitted.\\nOne or more growing plants add much to\\nthe picturesque appearance of a hall, and as\\na background for these a pretty threefold\\nscreen may be utilized with good effect.\\nThe selection of the proper scheme of\\ncoloring is an important consideration. When\\nthe hall receives a plentiful supply of sun\u00c2\u00ac\\nlight at all times of the day, a cool scale\\nof coloring should be selected. With a\\nnorth room, be generous with the warm rich\\ntints, the dull reds, olives and golden rus-\\nWe are all of us by nature fire worshiper*\\nand the altar of home is, or should be, the\\nglowing, open fire. Next to this are the\\ngreat, clear windows meant to admit the\\nglorious glances of the fire worshiper\u00e2\u0080\u0099s sun.\\nAs to the first, if you can have but one,\\nthe house or the fireplace, give up the house\\nand keep the fire. If you wish to test the\\nsoundness of this advice, build a house,\\nfurnish it extravagantly and supply furnace\\nheat to all but one room, and in that room\\nbuild upon an ample hearth a glowing fire of\\nhickory logs, and in the presence of that", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0382.jp2"}, "383": {"fulltext": "THE HOUSE BEAUTIFUL\\n365\\ngenial blaze, upon the bare floor of that un\u00c2\u00ac\\nfurnished room, will gather the united house\u00c2\u00ac\\nhold. The broader this family hearth the\\nbetter. The old English baronial halls with\\ntheir mighty fireplaces and their great stone\\nhearths had more of light and beauty than\\nall our modern improvements.\\n1 Folding doors between communicating rooms\\nare seldom closed. An ordinary chair within\\na few feet of the space never looks well. It\\nshows its back to one room or the other and\\nis in the way.\\nA divan is an addition to any decorative\\narrangement of either room. It does not\\nSELECTING PAINTINGS FOR HOME DECORATION.\\nChairs and sofas we have without end in\\nvariety and beauty. Every alcove and nook\\nin every possible sort of room has been\\nthought of and provided for except the one\\nplace that exists in almost every house and\\nis the one place where people are always\\nwanting to sit\u00e2\u0080\u0094that is the doorway itself.\\ninterfere with any graceful drapery that may\\nbe arranged at the door. It is decidly use\u00c2\u00ac\\nful, convenient, and gives a certain touch of\\nthe unusual to the room.\\nBe careful of the pictures and their rela\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions to the walls. Rooms should rather be\\na setting for the groups of people in it.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0383.jp2"}, "384": {"fulltext": "366\\nTHE HOUSE BEAUTIFUL.\\nToo much gilding, too many gaudy oil\\npaintings attract the eye and detract the\\nmind.\\nOne authority objects to portraits as a\\ndecoration. \u00e2\u0080\u009cTheir presence, if at all im\u00c2\u00ac\\npressive. is too stimulating.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nPicture frames should never be so gorge\u00c2\u00ac\\nous as to distract the mind from the picture.\\nFrames are to protect the picture and relate\\nit to the walls.\\nGroup etchings together and put engrav\u00c2\u00ac\\nings in the portfolio. Over low bookcases\\npictures should be large, and in this form\\nthey give a style to the room. Water colors\\nlook admirable if treated in this manner, and\\nif two bookcases are put together so as to\\nform one, divide the pictures by a bracket,\\non which place a jar of some unique pattern.\\nSmall rooms require medium-size pictures,\\nwhich can be hung one above the other, and\\nthree may even be placed on line with good\\neffect. For an ideal head in oil the frame\\nshould be of broad gilt. Hang it in a good\\nlight, and on one side group two small water-\\ncolor pieces in the fashionable white band\\nframe. For an oblong picture a small sketch\\nunder it looks well equipped.\\nA very large and beautiful picture some\u00c2\u00ac\\ntimes sets the keynote of color for the apart\u00c2\u00ac\\nment. Otherwise, subordinate them as dec\u00c2\u00ac\\norations to the colorings of the room, as in\\nthe ivory and gold room.\\nIn a room where there are to be many\\npictures, give rather a neutral color to the\\nwalls, merely as a picture background.\\nWhere there are finely decorated walls pic\u00c2\u00ac\\ntures are rather out of place, since one dec\u00c2\u00ac\\noration spoils the effect of the other.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0384.jp2"}, "385": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0080\u00a2b THE 4\\n4 4\\nArt of Correspondence _\\nForms for Letters 4\\n4|fc i?j\u00c2\u00a3* \u00c2\u00ab|4 i$4 A$4 4$fc *y* i|Vj\u00c2\u00a3\\nS\\nOLITENESS may be\\nshown to great advan\u00c2\u00ac\\ntage in the art of writing\\nor answering letters.\\nToo many persons are\\nguilty of neglecting their\\nfriends; in this way es\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrangements often chill the\\nfriendship that has lasted long,\\nand would last longer still if\\nit were cultivated by those\\nlittle attentions and courtesies\\nthat go so far toward making\\nup the deportment of the true lady or gen\u00c2\u00ac\\ntleman. Therefore one of the first duties\\nclaiming our attention is that of letter\u00c2\u00ac\\nwriting.\\nFond mothers and lovers are the letter\\nwriters of this age, almost all other corre\u00c2\u00ac\\nspondence being merely notes. At present\\nno emblazoned crests or elaborate mono\u00c2\u00ac\\ngrams or initial letters are used in the corner\\nof note paper or stamped on our stationery.\\nThe frequency and speed with which com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmunications now fly across a city or a con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinent, also do away with the sealing-wax,\\nand this clear red, oval fixture of our grand-\\nm\\nt\\nfathers has almost totally disappeared; this\\nelegant formal and ceremonious way is-\\nsupplanted by what we call more modern\\nstyle.\\nThere is one fashion which has never\\nchanged, and is always in good taste use\\ngood, plain, thick note paper, folded square\\nand put in a square envelope; no mistake\\ncan be made in using this kind of stationery-\\nin any part of the world.\\nUse of Capital Letters.\\nThere is, however, no law forbidding the\\nuse of monograms, some ladies still prefer it,\\nand use the style most familiar to their\\nfriends; it is a fashion past, not of the pres*\\nent. Invariably use black ink, no other is\\nin good taste; it gives the written characters\\ngreat distinctness and is the only fashionable\\nmedium.\\nThe capital letters only set apart the sen*\\ntences and paragraphs, but while their proper\\nuse adds greatly to the beauty of an epistle,\\ntheir omission or improper use will make the\\npages present a perfectly absurd appearance.\\nBegin every paragraph and every sentence\\nfollowing a period with a capital letter.\\n367", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0385.jp2"}, "386": {"fulltext": "368\\nTHE ART OF CORRESPONDENCE.\\nBegin all proper names, all titles, as Presi\u00c2\u00ac\\ndent, Vice-President, General, Doctor or Cap\u00c2\u00ac\\ntain all names of places, as Chicago, Long\\nBranch, Niagara; the words, North, South,\\nEast, West, and their compounds and abbrevia\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions,- North-east, S. W., with a capital letter.\\nBegin the names of the Deity with a cap\u00c2\u00ac\\nital letter.\\nBegin every line of poetry, all titles of\\nbooks, and usually each important word of\\nthe title, as Bancroft\u00e2\u0080\u0099s History of the United\\nStates, the name of any historical event, as\\nthe Civil War, with a capital letter.\\nThe pronoun I and the interjection O must\\ninvariably be written with a capital letter.\\nBegin all the names of the month, as\\nJune, April, and all addresses as Dear Sir,\\nDear Madam, with a capital letter.\\nCapital letters must never be placed in the\\nmiddle of a word.\\nBe very careful not to repeat often the same\\nword. Tautology is a crime in writing.\\nDo not underline unless in extreme cases.\\nNever abbreviate unless in business. Dates\\nshould be given in figures, and money in pa\u00c2\u00ac\\nrenthesis, thus ($15,000). Date carefully.\\nTo a Picnic Party.\\nMy Dear Sir Buffalo, July 3, 189-.\\nWe are endeavoring to get up a small excursion to\\nvisit Niagara on the ioth of this month. Will you\\ndo us the favor of making one of our number Mrs.\\n-and my family desire their compliments, and\\nrequest me to mention that they have taken upon\\nthemselves the task of providing the creature com\u00c2\u00ac\\nforts for that occasion, and trust that their exer\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions will meet with unanimous approval. Should\\nyou have no previous engagement for that day, and\\nfeel disposed to join our party, a carriage will be at\\nyour door by 8 o\u00e2\u0080\u0099clock on Tuesday morning; and\\nbelieve me to be,\\nMy dear sir, yours most sincerely.\\nTo-, Bsq.\\nP. S.\u00e2\u0080\u0094The favor of an early answer will oblige.\\nTo a Boating Party.\\n_. July 12, 189\u00e2\u0080\u0094.\\nmyself, and four others are going\\ndown to Richmond in a six-oared boat next Wed\u00c2\u00ac\\nDear\\nJack\\nnesday. Now, you are a jolly fellow and a good\\nsteersman, so I hope you will give us your company\\nand your services; indeed, we will take no excuse.\\nWe shall set out from my lodging at 9 o\u00e2\u0080\u0099clock, with\u00c2\u00ac\\nout fail.\\nYours truly, in haste,\\nTo a Private Dinner.\\nFrankun Square, Nov. 12, 189\u00e2\u0080\u0094.\\nDear Mr. Benson\\nMy old friend Richard Roy is coming to take\\na chop with me on Saturday the 15th, and I hope\\nyou will come and join us at six o\u00e2\u0080\u0099clock. I know\\nyou are not partial to large parties, so trust you will\\nthink us two sufficient company.\\nYours ever truly,\\nG. H. Percivae.\\nTo a Social Party.\\nMr. and Mrs. Thompson request the pleasure of\\nMr. and Mrs, James s company, on Wednesday eve\u00c2\u00ac\\nning next, at eight o\u00e2\u0080\u0099clock, to join a social party.\\nAn immediate answer will much oblige.\\nFifth Avenue, January 9th.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0386.jp2"}, "387": {"fulltext": "THE ART OF CORRESPONDENCE.\\n369\\nAnswer, Accepting.\\nMr. and Mrs. James will be most happy to avail\\nthemselves of Mr. and Mrs. Thompson\u00e2\u0080\u0099s kind invita\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion to join their social party as requested.\\nLennox Street, January ioth.\\nAnswer, Declining.\\nMr. and Mrs. James greatly regret their inability\\nto accept Mr. and Mrs. Thompson\u00e2\u0080\u0099s kind invitation\\nto join their social party. Nothing would have\\nafforded them more pleasure than to be present, but\\nfamily affliction prevents them.\\nLennox Street, January ioth.\\nTo an Excursion.\\nMy Dear Sir NEW YoRK J ul 2 i8 9\\nMay I hope that you will allow your boys and\\ngirls to join mine in an excursion to Glen Cove on\\nthe 27th? We expect to make rather a large party,\\nand have, therefore, made arrangements to dine at\\nthe Cove House.\\nIn haste, believe me, my dear sir, yours ever sin\u00c2\u00ac\\ncerely.\\nMr.-.\\nTo an Evening Company.\\nMy Dear Gladys A few friends will be here on\\nWednesday evening next, to take a social cup of\\ntea, and chat about mankind in particular. Give us\\nthe pleasure of your company. Delia Scott.\\nPrince Street, Saturday morning.\\nMy Dear Delia It affords me great pleasure to\\ninform you that I shall join your party on Wednes\u00c2\u00ac\\nday evening next. Gladys Penryn.\\nSpring Street, Saturday afternoon.\\nTo a Visit.\\nST. Paul, Minn., July 2, 189-.\\nMy Dear Friend\\nBeing now settled at my country residence for the\\nsummer, I lose no time in soliciting the pleasure of\\nyour company, together with that of your family,\\nand trust that you will make it convenient to pass a\\nmonth or six weeks with us in our rural retirement.\\nI believe that you are too well aware of my friend\u00c2\u00ac\\nship, to doubt every thing will be done to render\\nyour stay with us agreeable.\\nMy wife desires me to inform you, that unless you\\ncomply with this, our mutual request, your name\\nwill be erased from her good books.\\nVery faithfully yours.\\nAccepting the Foregoing.\\nMy Dear Sir Chicago, July 4, 189-.\\nYour very friendly and polite invitation demands\\nmy immediate attention. You may be assured, that\\nI never willingly resign the pleasure of enjoying\\nyour society and, on the present occasion, I am\\nextremely happy to say, that I have nothing to\\nprevent my acceptance of your very kind offer.\\nYou may, therefore, expect me and my family in\\nthe course of ten days. I hope we shall be able to\\nprevail on you and your good lady to return with us.\\nRequesting you to be assured, that I am truly\\nsensible of your repeated acts of friendly attention\\ntowards me, I am, dear sir, with best wishes for your\\nhealth and happiness (in which my wife unites),\\nVery affectionately.\\nDeclining the Foregoing.\\nChicago, July 5, 189-.\\nMy Worthy Friend\\nI am truly obliged to you for your very friendly\\ninvitation, and sincerely lament that the pressure of\\nmy business prevents me at present from complying\\nwith it; though I hope this will not induce your\\namiable lady to erase my name from her good books,\\nespecially as it is no fault of mine, my inclination\\nbeing decidedly in favor of the visit.\\nMy family unite with me in the kindest remem\u00c2\u00ac\\nbrances to you all and I subscribe myself.\\nYour obliged friend.\\nTo a Bachelor Party.\\nSept. 20, 189-.\\nMy Dear Fred\\nMy festive self and half-a-dozen other good fellows\\nare going to devote a few hours on Thursday even\u00c2\u00ac\\ning to having a good time. I hope you will make\\none, as we have not enjoyed the feast of reason\\nand flow of soul in each other\u00e2\u0080\u0099s company for some\\ntime past.\\nBelieve me, dear Alfred,\\nYours ever,\\nTo Alfred Bellville, Esq. John Barry.\\nA Lady to Her Friend in the City.\\nEddington, Bucks Co., Pa., June 4, 189-.\\nMy Dear Friend\\nI need scarcely tell you that I always feel the\\ngreatest pleasure in your society, and am selfish\\nenough on the present occasion to covet it for a\\nmonth, or for a longer period, should it suit your\\nconvenience. Your sincere friend,\\nJennie Richman.\\nTo Mrs. Lftty Jones, Fifth Ave., N. Y.\\n24", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0387.jp2"}, "388": {"fulltext": "370\\nTHE ART OF CORRESPONDENCE.\\nA Lover\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Letter.\\nNo. 966 Butler Ave., July 16, 189-\\nMy Dearest Edith\\nI can no longer restrain myself from writing to\\nyou, dearest and best of girls, what I have often been\\non the point of saying to you. I love you so much\\nthat I cannot find words in which to express my feel\u00c2\u00ac\\nings. I have loved you from the very first day we\\nmet, and always shall. Do you blame me because I\\nwrite so freely I should be unworthy of you if I\\ndid not tell you the whole truth. Edith, can you\\nlove me in return I am sure I shall not be able to\\nbear it if your answer is unfavorable. I will study\\nyour every wish if you will give me the right to do\\nso. May I hope? Send just one kind word to\\nYour sincere adorer,\\nMiss Edith Eanshaw. James Martin.\\nA Favorable Reply.\\n219 Sixteenth St., July 17.\\nMy Dear James\\nThank you for your dear letter. It has made me\\nvery happy. My heart has long been yours, as I\\nwill own, although you may think less of me for the\\nfrank avowal, and I am blushing for myself while I\\nmake it. Of course we must consult our parents be\u00c2\u00ac\\nfore making any serious engagement. Meanwhile,\\nbelieve me,\\nSincerely yours,\\nMr. James Martin. Edith.\\nMaking a Declaration.\\nNo. 20 Green St., March 26, 189-.\\nMy Dear Miss Jerome\\nYou cannot but have been aware for some time\\npast that my feelings toward you have been stronger\\nthan those of mere friendship. Our long acquaint\u00c2\u00ac\\nance has given me ample opportunity to learn the\\nexcellencies of your character, and to prize them at\\ntheir full value. It has also afforded you a like op\u00c2\u00ac\\nportunity to judge whether I possess those charac\u00c2\u00ac\\nteristics which you would desire in a husband. Am\\nI presumptuous in hoping that you will consent to\\nbe my wife Until I receive your answer I shall\\nremain\\nYour anxious but 110 less ardent admirer,\\nMiss Cora A. Jerome. Robert Searees.\\nA Favorable Reply.\\n187 Park Ave., March 27, 189-.\\nMy Dear Mr. Searees\\nHow can I thank you for the honor you have done\\nme in asking me to be your wife It affords me the\\ndeepest satisfaction to assure you that ni}/ sentiments\\ntoward you are most favorable, and that I shall be\\nboth proud and happy to regard you as my future\\nhusband.\\nYours, most sincerely,\\nMr. Robert Searees. Cora A. Jerome.\\nEngaged to Another.\\n187 Park Ave., March 27, 189-.\\nDear Sir\\nWhile confessing myself honored by the prefer\u00c2\u00ac\\nence avowed for me by one whom I have every\\nreason to respect as a gentlemen, I feel that it would\\nbe dishonorable in me to keep you in any suspense,\\nwhere the answer must be unfavorable.\\nFor some time past I have been engaged to a gen\u00c2\u00ac\\ntleman, from whom I have every reason to expect\\nhappiness and comfort. I must, therefore, hope that\\nyou will henceforth regard me only in the light of a\\nfriend; and, with the sincere wish that such a\\npartner as you deserve may speedily fall to your lot,.\\nSincerely your friend,\\nCora A. Jerome.\\nMr. Robert Searees.\\nTo the Lady\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Father.\\nDear Sir\\nHaving made an application to your beloved\\ndaughter for her hand, she has given her consent,\\nprovided you and her mother will condescend to\\nsanction it. This, I flatter myself, you will do, my\\ncircumstances, family, and character, being well", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0388.jp2"}, "389": {"fulltext": "WHAT SHALL THE ANSWER BE?", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0389.jp2"}, "390": {"fulltext": "372\\nTHE ART OF CORRESPONDENCE.\\nknown to you both. I shall only add, that my\\nhappiness or misery through life depends upon your\\nreply; and that I will make any settlement upon\\nyour dear daughter which you may judge necessary.\\nMy happiness will be found on the promoting of\\nhers, with the possession of your esteem aud appro\u00c2\u00ac\\nbation. Entreating you to give a favorable reply, I\\nhave the honor, my dear sir, to subscribe myself,\\nYour humble servant,\\nThe Father\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Answer.\\nDear Sir\\nIn reply to the letter you did me the honor of\\nwriting, I must remark, that neither my wife nor\\nmyself have ever interfered with the wishes of our\\nexcellent daughter her whole conduct being gov\u00c2\u00ac\\nerned with such prudence that no room was left for\\nadvice.\\nYour affection being mutual, we have only to\\nobserve that we shall be highly gratified in giving\\nour girl to you, and we doubt not that you will enjoy\\nas much happiness in the married state as this life\\nwill admit of. In regard to ourselves, you may be\\nassurred that you possess our respect and affection\\nwere this not the case, we should not so readily\\nresign to your protection our greatest treasure.\\nMy good wife entirely coincides with what I have\\nsaid we shall, therefore, expect to see you on-\\nnext, when everything shall be arranged for your\\nunion. I am, dear sir,\\nYours, very affectionately,\\nThe Father\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Negative Answer.\\nDear Sir\\nI make no doubt of the truth of your assertions,\\nbut as I think my daughter too young to enter into\\nsuch a serious engagement, I request I may hear no\\nmore of your passion for the present; in every other\\nrespect,\\nI am your most obedient,\\nAn Apparent Slight.\\nMy Dearest-:\\nHow grieved am I that you should think me\\ncapable of wavering in my affection towards you,\\nand inflicting a slight upon one in whom my whole\\nhopes of happiness are centered Believe me, my\\nattentions to Miss-were never intended for\\nanything more than common courtesy. My long\\nacquaintance with her father, and my knowledge of\\nher amiable character\u00e2\u0080\u0094as well as the circumstance\\nof her being a comparative stranger to the-\u00e2\u0080\u0099s,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nsuch were my sole reasons for paying more attention\\nto her than I might otherwise have done.\\nPray rest confident in the belief that my affection\\nfor you is as unchanging as my regret is great that I\\nshould ever have given you cause to doubt it, and\\nbelieve me, dearest,\\nYours ever sincerely and devotedly.\\nBreaking an Engagement.\\nMiss Belew DES MoINES J une I5 l8 9\\nI am fearful that we are too precipitate in forming\\na mutual engagement. Our dispositions and tastes\\nare so antagonistical that there would be a continual\\nconflict between our inclinations, which would be\\nproductive of much sorrow.\\nTherefore, I desire to be released from the engage\u00c2\u00ac\\nment, confident that we never could be happy as\\nwife and husband.\\nRespectfully yours,\\nPaue Woodruff.\\nMiss Myrtle Belew.\\nAnswer.\\nSir 1365 Broad Ave., June 17, 189-.\\nThe contents of your letter, received this day,\\nwill entail upon me years of misery\u00e2\u0080\u0094hopeless and\\ndespairing misery! A man who will so debase\\nhimself, who is so devoid of feeling and principle,\\ndeserves the execration of every honorable mind.\\nI have been deceived, and the good qualities I\\nthought you possessed, and that warmed my love\\ninto life, are now proved, by the inconsistency of\\nyour conduct, to have been but the hypocrite\u00e2\u0080\u0099s art.\\nFarewell.\\nMyrtle Bellew.\\nConfessing a Change of Feeling.\\nMy Dear Sir Auburn, March iS, 1S9-.\\nI fear my avowal may give you some pain but it\\nis better to be sincere and open in matters where the\\nhappiness of another is concerned.\\nTo speak plainly, then, I feel that my sentiments\\nin regard to yourself are no longer what they were.\\nWhile my esteem for your character remains un\u00c2\u00ac\\nshaken, I still cannot blind myself to the fact that I\\ndo not cherish that affection which a wife ought to\\nfeel for her husband, and without which the married\\nlife is one continual scene of torment and vexation.\\nYou will not, I am sure, give me credit for acting\\nfrom mere fickleness\u00e2\u0080\u0094especially as I do not at present\\nentertain a partiality for any other but you must\\npardon me when I express my firm belief that all\\ncorrespondence between us had better cease, and\\nthat such letters as have passed between us should\\nbe returned at the first convenient opportunity.\\nAssuring you that, as a friend, I shall constantly\\nremember you with esteem, I remain, my dear sir,\\nVery respectfully,\\nMr. E. P. Davis. Nellie H. Spenser.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0390.jp2"}, "391": {"fulltext": "THE ART OF CORRESPONDENCE.\\n373\\nProposing a Day for the Nuptials.\\nOakland, February 28, 189-.\\nMy Dear Blanche\\nThe happy day to which I have looked forward as\\nthe blissful reward of our mutual constancy is not far\\ndistant, if the proposal I am now about to make\\nshould meet the approbation of yourself and parents.\\nIt is this: that our nuptial ceremony may be per\u00c2\u00ac\\nformed on the twenty-fifth of next month, and in the\\nThird Presbyterian Church. I hope to have the\\npleasure of seeing you soon we can then give the\\nsubject a lengthened discussion. If, however, you\\nshould wish to write before we meet, you can mention\\nbriefly whether the day I have fixed will suit the\\nconvenience of yourself and family; and in the\\nhope that I may claim shortly the privilege and\\nhonor of making you my bride for a long and\\nhappy life and of signing myself your affectionate\\nhusband,\\nBelieve me, for the present,\\nYour sincerest friend and most attached\\nMiss Blanche Rimmon. Raymond Beverly.\\nA Favorable Answer.\\nOakland, March 1, 189-.\\nMy Dear Raymond\\nThe affectionate letter which I have just received\\nis another convincing proof of your attachment.\\nUpon perusing it, I find that you have imposed upon\\nme a somewhat delicate duty, but one to which you\\nmay conclude I feel no aversion. You wish me to\\nname some day, convenient to myself and relatives,,\\nfor the performance of our nuptial ceremony. You\\nlikewise appear anxious that that day, to which we\\nhave looked forward as the most propitious of our\\nfuture life, may not be protracted to a distant period.\\nAs far as my own choice is concerned, you may rest\\nassured that I shall not interpose the least delay;\\nbut as I have relatives and friends, by whose con\u00c2\u00ac\\nvenience I must, as you are aware, be in some meas\u00c2\u00ac\\nure restrained, I will consult them without loss of\\ntime, and at the earliest opportunity you shall hear\\nthe decision to which we may come.\\nYours ever affectionately^,\\nMr. Raymond Beverly. Blanche Rimmon..\\n-U~+F\\nX^etkrs of\\nV\\n(^ongr tcil i ion 1\\n1- 4?\u00e2\u0080\u0094 jD Jr r jti r Jf- m\\nTo Friends, on a Marriage Anniversary.\\nMontgomery, Ala., October 5, 189-.\\nMy Dear Mr. and Mrs. Trevelyan\\nThe announcement of the fifteenth anniversary of\\nyour wedding recalls the long period of time through\\nwhich it has been our happy privilege to enjoy an\\nuninterrupted friendship. This is your crystal wed\u00c2\u00ac\\nding, and you will allow me to say that I trust your\\nlives will always be as bright and sparkling as the\\ngifts which you will receive.\\nI am sure you are proving the blessedness of mar\u00c2\u00ac\\nried life, and. they always do who enjoy mutual con\u00c2\u00ac\\nfidence, sympathy and support. The darkness\\nwhich at times has crossed the path along which\\nyou have now travelled for fifteen years has always\\nhad its silver lining, and my wish is that no greater\\nsorrows may overtake you in the future than have\\nfallen to your lot already. These you have borne\\nwith Christian patience, and have thus transformed\\nthem into benedictions.\\nAccept my hearty congratulations on this anniver\u00c2\u00ac\\nsary of your married life, and may another, which\\nshall be tinged with silver, and another still, en\u00c2\u00ac\\nriched with gold, fall to your lot.\\nVery 7 affectionately y 7 ours.\\nTo a Lady on Her Marriage Engagement.\\nVicksburg, Sept. 20, 189-\\nMy Dear-:\\nNo one, I believe, can be more desirous to hear of\\nyour welfare and your prosperous settlement in the\\nmarriage state than myself. I have long been sensi\u00c2\u00ac\\nble of your worth, your goodness of heart, your rec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntitude of principle, and your warmth of friendship.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0391.jp2"}, "392": {"fulltext": "374\\nTHE ART OF CORRESPONDENCE.\\nEnviable among men will be the lot of him who is\\ndestined to become your partner for life and fortu\u00c2\u00ac\\nnate, indeed, was Mr. in that introduction\\nwhich first presented you to his notice. As for Mr.\\nI need scarcely observe that I approve of\\nyour choice, in which you have shown a discrimina\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion that does credit to your taste, and to that good\\nsense which has been the guide of your past life.\\nAdieu, and believe me to be, my dear-,\\nYours most sincerely and affectionately,\\nTo a Gentleman.\\nPhii.adei.phia, Jan. 6, 189-.\\nDear Oed Feeeow\\nAnd so you really are to be a Benedict! Well!\\n1 have no objection, provided you feel convinced\\nthat it is a measure likely to tend to your happiness.\\nFor myself, I am still a bachelor, although I do not\\nknow what such temptation as you appear to have\\nundergone might not do towards upsetting my\\npresent resolutions. You know I have no antipathy\\nto matrimony but, unlike yourself, I have not inde\u00c2\u00ac\\npendent means sufficient to render me fearless of\\nconsequences, and should not be disposed to involve\\nany woman, whom I could like sufficiently to make\\nmy wife, in a doubtful state of circumstances, if not\\nin a discomfort which must be painful to a man of\\nproper feeling and honor. At the same time,\\nbelieve me, I cordially sympathize with your delight\\nat the prospect of an agreeable union, and wish sin\u00c2\u00ac\\ncerely that every happiness may be the result.\\nEver truly yours,\\nTo a Friend, on His Good Fortune.\\nLouisviEEE, Ky., Feb. 10, 189-.\\nMy Dear Howard\\nThe news of your good fortune gives me great\\nsatisfaction. No one can possess true friendship\\nwithout rejoicing in the prosperity of a friend. To\\none who has always been manly, true and noble, and\\nwho has labored persistently toward a particular end,\\nsuccess must be extremely gratifying.\\nIt will ever be my delight to hear that you are\\nprospering in your undertakings, and if in any way\\nI can serve you, you can rely upon my best en\u00c2\u00ac\\ndeavors. With every good wish for yourself and\\nMrs. Kerr.\\nEver faithfully yours,\\nTo a Friend on the Birth of a Son.\\nST. Eouis, Mo., June 15, 189-.\\nDear Oed Friend\\nThe happy announcement that a son and heir has\\nbeen born to you, gives me extreme satisfaction. I\\nalways thought you would distinguish yourself in\\nsome way, and would do something whereby your\\nname might descend to posterity. And now, my\\nw\u00e2\u0080\u0099orthy chum, it seems you have done it.\\nI will not draw any picture of the c^res and\\nanxieties of fatherhood, such as carrying a squalling\\nyoungster on your arm at 3 o\u00e2\u0080\u0099clock in the morning,\\nrunning for the doctor when the little one has\\nspasms of wind colic, opening your eyes with aston\u00c2\u00ac\\nishment at bills for shoes, dresses and toys, but will\\ncontent myself with sharing the joy which you feel\\nover the new arrival, and reminding you that what\u00c2\u00ac\\never may be the cares and anxieties which children\\nbring with them, in their intelligence, their artless\u00c2\u00ac\\nness, their love, there is abundant compensation and\\ndelight. Wishing you and the happy mother, as\\nwell as the young gentleman who will soon have the\\nhonor of calling you papa, the best of Heaven\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nblessings, I remain\\nYours most sincerely,\\nTo a Daughter on Her Birthday.\\nMy Dearest Chied\\nYour father, brothers and sisters all unite with me\\nin sending you a thousand good wishes on this your\\nfifteenth anniversary. We could all have desired\\nthat circumstances would have admitted of your\\nspending it with us but feeling in these matters\\nmust sometimes be sacrificed for our good, and our\\nselfish delights must not be permitted to interfere\\nwith the prospects of those dear to us. The package\\nwhich accompanies this letter contains not only some\\ntrifling tokens of affection from all of us, but the\\nmaterials for a little entertainment which, I have no\\ndoubt, Mrs. Boynton will allow you to give to your\\nschool-fellows, as I have written to beg a half-holiday\\non the occasion. God bless you, my dear child! and\\nthat every succeeding j^ear may see you increase in\\nall that is desirable in body and mind, is the earnest\\nprayer of your ever anxious parents. With best\\ncompliments to your mistress and teachers,\\nBelieve me, your ever affectionate mother,\\nTo Miss Eettie Thomas. Margaret Thomas.\\nA Gentleman to His Son, on the Latter\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Marriage.\\nPhieadeephia, Jan. 30, 189-.\\nMy Dear Son 0\\nIt is with no small pleasure, and a slight feeling of\\nparental pride, that I uow congratulate you upon\\nyour recent change of state. That you have my best\\nand heartiest wishes for your future happiness you\\nalready know but I feel natural pleasure in again\\ngiving them expression and here I have to add that\\nno parent could join in those wishes with more fer\u00c2\u00ac\\nvent sincerity than your dear and kind mother.\\nYour ever affectionate father,\\nJohn Paue Jones.\\nTo Henry Paue Jones, Pottstown, Pa.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0392.jp2"}, "393": {"fulltext": "THE ART OF CORRESPONDENCE.\\n375\\nI\\nf\\n.T..A,,T..A._.A..T.\u00e2\u0080\u009eT\\nTwT^twt^T\\nLETTERS OF\\ndoi\\\\dole:qde\\n1\\nT\\nOn the Death of a Mother.\\nTewkesbury, Mass., Nov. 8, 189-.\\nMy Dear Wieeiam\\nYou have lost your mother. There is a very wail\\nin the words. She may never be replaced. The dear\\ngood lady has passed away to a better land, cheered by\\nthe knowledge of your love and affectionate tender\u00c2\u00ac\\nness, consoled by the thought that her teaching,\\nwhen you were a little boy at her knee, has not been\\nin vain, aud that she leaves behind her for a little\\nwhile a sod who treads the path of rectitude and of\\nhonor. Dear William, ever remember that your\\ndarling mother watches you from on high, and as\\nshe was devoted to you in life, so is she devoted to\\nyou in death.\\nGod sustain you under this heavy affliction.\\nYour true friend.\\nMortimer Monson.\\nOn the Death of a Child.\\nDearest Sister\\nI cannot write what is in my heart for you to-day\\nit is too full\u00e2\u0080\u0094filled with a double sorrow, for you\\nand for myself. Tears blind me my pen trembles\\nin my hand. Oh to be near you to clasp you in\\nmy arms to draw your head to my bosom and weep\\nwith you Darling, God comfort you, I cannot.\\nEeizabeth.\\nOn the Death of a Husband.\\nRochester, N. Y., Nov. 29, 189-.\\nMy Dear Mrs. Bureeigh\\nWords fail to convey my feelings of sorrow on\\nreceipt of the intelligence of the death of my old and\\nesteemed friend, your late husband. My own grief\\nat the loss of a true friend teaches me how crushing\\nmust be your affliction. May the Almighty in his\\ngoodness console you in this dark hour of your\\ntribulation.\\nBelieve me always your true and sincere friend,\\nD. C. Jackson.\\nOn the Death of a Wife.\\nProvidence, R. I., Nov. 8, 189-.\\nMy Dear Arthur\\nI know how futile it is to address words, idle\\nwords, to you in this moment of supreme anguish,\\nwith which it has pleased God to visit you, and shall\\nnot say more than that the loss of your pure, good,\\nand beautiful wife is a source of deep sorrow to the\\nnumerous friends who had the privilege of knowing\\nher, and to none more than\\nYours, in deep sympathy and affection,\\nFrank Foster.\\nOn the Death of a Son.\\nNorwaek, Conn., June 3, 189-.\\nMy Dear Jueia\\nIf God has plucked the bright blossom from your\\nhome it is for a purpose none of us dare divine. He\\nalone can pour balm upon your crushed heart. The\\nholy joy is yours of knowing that angel eyes now\\nwatch for your coming, and that your beautiful boy\\nwill receive you when life\u00e2\u0080\u0099s dark day is done.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nIf the tenderest sympathy could soothe you, dear\\nJulia, learn that you have it from your\\nFriend,\\nIyAURA.\\nLa Fayette to Jefferson, Announcing- the Death of\\nMadame de La Fayette.\\nAnTEUIE, January 11, 1808.\\nMy Dear Friend\\nThe constant mourning of your heart will be\\ndeepened by the grief I am doomed to impart to you.\\nWho better than you can sympathize for the loss of\\na beloved wife The angel who for thirty-four\\nyears has blessed my life, was to you an affectionate,\\ngrateful friend. Pity me, my dear Jefferson, and\\nbelieve me, forever, with all my heart,\\nYours,\\nLa Fayette.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0393.jp2"}, "394": {"fulltext": "376\\nTHE ART OF CORRESPONDENCE\\nOn a Sudden Reverse of Fortune.\\nStanford, Conn., July 6,189-.\\nMy Dear Friend\\nHackneyed phrases of condolence never yet com\u00c2\u00ac\\nforted a man in the hour of trouble, and I am not\\ncouraged. When Senator Benton saw the work\\nof many years consumed in ten minutes, he took the\\nmatter coolly, went to work again, and saw the\\ndamaged repaired before his death. So, I kope, will\\nyou. There is no motto like \u00e2\u0080\u009cTry again for those\\nA LETTER OF SYMPATHY.\\ngoing to try their effect in your case. And yet, let\\nme say, in heartfelt earnest, that I was deeply pained\\nto hear of your sudden and unexpected reverse of\\nfortune. Misfortune is very hard to bear when it\\nfalls upon one like a flash of lightning from a clear\\nsky, without any warning. But do not be dis-\\nwhom fate has stricken down. Besides, there are\\nbetter things than wealth, even in this world, to say\\nnothing of the next, where we shall neither buy nor\\nsell. Cheer up, and believe me, as of old,\\nYour friend,\\nJ. C. Street.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0394.jp2"}, "395": {"fulltext": "THE ART OF CORRESPONDENCE.\\n377\\n4*|| 4 Su^ii\\\\e^ I(ettef^\\nHL, \\\\j _ _ .T f i *T\\nr ff$f\\n4\\n*f* Tf* $*5*\\njt, 1 4 ^.4\u00e2\u0080\u00984\u00e2\u0080\u00984\u00c2\u00bbI*4\u00e2\u0080\u00984 *j|* A\\nA i|i4\u00e2\u0080\u00984\u00e2\u0080\u00984\u00e2\u0080\u00984\u00e2\u0080\u00984\u00e2\u0080\u00984*^. jpg ,1\\n4*44\\nStorekeeper to Merchant.\\nMalone, N. Y., Nov. 14, 189-.\\nMessrs. Goodhue Co., New York, N. Y.\\nDear Sirs Will you please furnish me by return\\nmail with your list of prices for Rubber Shoes, Arc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntics, etc. Please quote lowest rates and best terms.\\nRefer to Messrs. Barnaby Bros, and Messrs. Wheeler\\nClarke, both of your city.\\nYours respectfully,\\nJoseph Bateman.\\nMerchant to Storekeeper.\\nNew York, Nov. 16, 189-.\\nMr. Joseph Bateman, Malone, N. Y.\\nDear Sir Herewith we hand you complete list\\nof Rubber Goods, which, being of our own manufac\u00c2\u00ac\\nture, we can guarantee to be of the best quality. We\\nhave marked down the prices so low we cannot offer\\nbetter terms than cash with order or on delivery.\\nAwaiting your early favors, we are,\\nYours respectfully,\\nGoodhue Co.\\nDealer Ordering Goods.\\nCleveland, O., April 8, 189-.\\nMessrs. Ward Bros. Co., Philadelphia.\\nDear Sirs Please send me by Merchants\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nDispatch\\n1,000 \u00e2\u0080\u009cFavoritas\u00e2\u0080\u009d half-boxes $46.\\n1,000 \u00e2\u0080\u009cHard Times\u00e2\u0080\u009d do. 29.\\n500 \u00e2\u0080\u009cChicos\u00e2\u0080\u009d boxes.@ 58.\\nBe careful not to send any light shades of Favor\u00c2\u00ac\\nitas,\u00e2\u0080\u009d as I have got nearly all the light boxes of for\u00c2\u00ac\\nmer lot still on hand, there being little demand for\\ncigars of that color.\\nI enclose draft on New York for $1^2 in settlement\\nof my account to March 1st, the receipt of which\\nplease acknowledge.\\nYours respectfully,\\nPhilip Marsh.\\nInquiry Into Responsibility.\\nSt. Louis, Sept. 13, 189-.\\nMessrs. Williams Bros., Little Rock, Ark.\\nGentlemen You will obHge us by stating if Mr.\\nFrancis Spellman, of the firm of Spellman Co., of\\nHot Springs, Ark., is known to you, and worthy of\\ncredit.\\nWe are, very truly yours,\\nBurt, Henry Co.\\nAnswer to Foregoing.\\nLittle Rock, Ark., Sept. 15, 189-.\\nMessrs. Burt, Henry Co., St. Louis, Mo.\\nGentlemen: Yours of the 13th inst., received,\\nand we are pleased to report Mr. Spellman an old\\nacquaintance, and entirely worthy of any trust you.\\nmay place in him.\\nWe are, very truly yours,\\nWilliams Bros.\\nRequesting Settlement.\\nPortland, Me., July 10, 189-.\\nA. A. Knight, Esq., Bangor, Me.\\nDear Sir We have, for several days past, been\\nlooking for a remittance from you, covering your\\nApril account, and as the necessity of meeting our\\nown engagements punctually is ever before us, wc\\nare obliged to remind you that prompt payments are\\nrequisite and indispensable to the credit system.\\nWe are, yours, etc.,\\nT. Taylor Co.\\nApologizing for Delay.\\nBangor, Me., July 15, 189-\\nMessrs. T. Taylor Co., Portland, Me.\\nDear Sir I regret extremely my delay in meet\u00c2\u00ac\\ning promptly the payment of April bills, and can only\\nexcuse myself upon the ground of business depres\u00c2\u00ac\\nsion, and consequent difficulty in making collections.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0395.jp2"}, "396": {"fulltext": "378\\nTHE ART OF CORRESPONDENCE.\\nI herewith enclose, in part payment of account\\nnamed, bank draft on your city for one hundred\\ndollars ($100), which please pass to my credit. The\\nbalance I shall try to remit on the 25th inst.\\nI remain, yours, etc.,\\nA. A. Knight.\\ni#etter Noticing Error in Invoice.\\nRequesting Letter of Introduction.\\nUtica, N. Y., Jan. 15, 189-.\\nI\\nMr. George Vaee.\\nDear Sir Some time ago you were kind enough\\nto express yourself desirous of serving me in the way\\nof introduction.\\nWould it be asking too great a favor if I were to\\nMorristown, N. J., Mar. 20, 189-.\\nMessrs. Pitkin Pheeps, New York.\\nGenTeemen We call your attention to an error\\nin the extension of items in your last invoice, by\\nA LETTER OF RECOMMENDATION.\\nwhich we are charged $113.50 more than the invoice\\nactually amounts to. Please correct same, and oblige,\\nYours very truly,\\nCase, Ceark Co.\\nAnswer to Foregoing.\\nMessrs. Case, Ceark Co., Morristown, N. J.\\nGENTEEMEN We find the amount charged in your\\naccount correct, and believe the error must have\\noccurred in taking off items from Invoice Book.\\nEnclosed we hand you a correct invoice, and beg\\nyour indulgence for any seeming negligence.\\nWe are, yours, etc.,\\nPitkin Pheeps.\\nsolicit from you a letter to two or three of the most\\nrespectable builders in New York, whom I should\\nlike to wait upon\\nI should esteem it a very great favor if you would\\noblige me, as I am convinced the position you\\nhold among them would considerably enhance my\\nchance of obtaining orders.\\nApologizing for troubling you, I remain,\\nYours very respectfully,\\nE. E. Wyant.\\nSoliciting Consignments.\\n25 New Street, New York, Oct. 1, 189-.\\nL. T. Warren, Esq., St. Joseph, Mich.\\nDear Sir Mr. Franklin handed us your letter\\nof the 25th ult., in which you asked the market\\nreport on apples, also expenses attending them, to\\nwhich we reply: Greenings are offered at from $2.25\\nto $2.50 a bbl., hand picked and carefully packed.\\nOur commission is five (5) per cent, on sales. The\\nusual charges of carting from boat or cars to store,\\nand labor hire in store, amounting to about six\\ncents per barrel, are additional.\\nWe should be pleased to hear from you further,\\nand will try to make satisfactory sales should you\\nentrust us with your shipments.\\nWe are, yours respectfully,\\nJohnson, Swift Co.\\nApplication for Position.\\nWest42d St.,\\nNew York, March 30, 189-.\\nMessrs. Stewart Co., No. Broadway.\\nGenTeemen In reply to your advertisement in\\nto-day\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Herald for a clerk competent to take charge\\nof a set of books, and conversant with the forms of\\nmercantile correspondence, I beg to offer my services\\nto your Firm.\\nI have been in the employ of Mr. A. G. Belmont\\nfor the past five years, but about three months ago\\nhe informed me of his desire to take his son into his\\ncounting-house, and dispense with the services of\\none clerk.\\nHe permits me to refer to him for any testimonial\\nof character or ability which you may require.\\nShould you favor my application, believe me that", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0396.jp2"}, "397": {"fulltext": "THE ART OF CORRESPONDENCE.\\n379\\nit will be my constant endeavor to fulfil faithfully\\nand punctually the duties required.\\nI have, gentlemen, the honor to be,\\nYours very respeetfully,\\nThomas Morris.\\nwill prove satisfactory. Should anything, however,\\nprove objectionable, we shall feel obliged if you will\\nnotify us promptly.\\nYours very respectfully,\\nTestimonial Accompanying the Above.\\nNEW York, January i, 1S9-.\\nMr. Thomas Morris being about to leave my em\u00c2\u00ac\\nploy, it gives me great pleasure to testify to his\\nability as a book-keeper. He has been in my count\u00c2\u00ac\\ning-house for three years, during which time he has\\nalways maintained the character of a conscientious,\\nupright and faithful clerk. He is a fine penman,\\ncorrrect accountant, good correspondent, and of\\nsteady moral habits.\\nIt will afford me pleasure at any time to reply to\\nany application with regard to Mr. Morris, and he\\nleaves me with my best wishes for his future success.\\nA. G. Beemont.\\nCircular Letter.\\nTo our Patrons and Friends\\nWe cordially and specially invite the attention of\\nour patrons and friends to our new display of here\\nstate the new specialties We have met with such\\ngracious encouragement, during the past season, and\\nour efforts to meet the public demaud have received\\nsuch liberal support, we feel doubly assured our\\npresent stock will prove equally as inviting, and fully\\nas desirable an exhibit as any we have heretofore\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0snade.\\nSignature\\nAddress.\\nForm of an Order to Clothiers.\\nDayton, O., Nov. 10, 189-.\\nMessrs. Parsons Co., 950 Broadway, N. Y.\\nGENTEEMEN Please send me by express, C. O.\\nD., one all-wool suit for boy ten years of age, to cost\\nabout eight or ten dollars. Also an overcoat to cost\\nabout eight dollars. Please enclose rules for self\u00c2\u00ac\\nmeasurement with parcel, and oblige,\\nYours respectfully,\\nPeete Rogers.\\nForm of Printed Blank to Accompany Invoice.\\nNew York.18...\\nM.\\nEnclosed please find invoice of.\\namounting to forwarded by.\\nbill of lading herewith, as per your order of.\\nThe goods leave us in good condition, and we trust\\nForm of Account Sales.\\nNew York Oct. 13, i8g\\nSold by HOLT CURTIS, for Accoicnt\\nE. P. BARLOW, Nashville, Tenn.\\n300 Barrels Apples, Greenings $2.75....\\n$825 00\\nPaid.\\nFreight Penna. R.R.\\n$75 00\\nCartage to store a nd labor.\\n18 00\\nCommission, 5 per cent.\\n4i 25\\n134 25\\nNet proceeds to your credit.\\n$690 75\\nExcusing Payment of Renk\\n265 Fiebert Street, Jan. 21, 189-.\\nDear Sir\\nFrom most unexpected and distressing circum\u00c2\u00ac\\nstances, of which perhaps you may, by report, have*\\nbecome acquainted before this, I regret that I have\\nbeen unable to pay my rent for the past three\\nmonths. But as up to this time the payment has\\nalways been punctually made, I hope I may request\\nyour kind forbearance a short time longer. Trusting\\nthat you will accede to my request,\\nI am, yours respectfully,\\nWileiam C. Ceark.\\nTo Eugene Adams, Esq.\\nDemand for Payment.\\nBoston, July 15, 189-.\\nMr. F. C. GlEBERT, Springfield.\\nSir Feeling much disappointed by your failure\\nto settle my account according to promise, I am\\ncompelled to say that the profits on my business will\\nnot admit of longer credit. At the same time,\\nI should be sorry to inconvenience you, and will\\ntherefore fix the 27th inst. for payment, after which\\nit will be quite impossible for me to wait, however\\nunpleasant the alternative. I am, sir,\\nYours obediently,\\nA. B. Jordan.\\nReply to Above.\\nSprinGFIEED, July 20, 189-.\\nMr. A. B. Jordan, Boston.\\nDear Sir I am happy to be able to enclose you\\na check on Messrs. Rice Co., of your city, for the\\nsum for which I have already been too long your", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0397.jp2"}, "398": {"fulltext": "380\\nTHE ART OF CORRESPONDENCE.\\ndebtor. Assuring you that unforseen disappoint\u00c2\u00ac\\nments have been the sole cause of any want of punc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntuality, I remain, dear sir,\\nYours very truly,\\nF. C. Gilbert.\\nNotice of Draft.\\nPhiladelphia, Jan. 16, 189-.\\nMessrs. NELSON Co., Lancaster, Pa.\\nGentlemen: We have this day deposited in\\nbank for collection three days sight draft on you for\\none thousand dollars ($1,000), which please honor\\nand oblige, Yours truly,\\nHigginson Ely.\\nOrder to a Grocer.\\nScotch Plains, N. J., May 1. 189-.\\nMessrs. Arnold Van Nostrand, Plainfield, N.J.,\\nDear Sirs Please deliver to the bearer, with bill\\nof cost, the following\\n28 lbs. Granulated Sugar,\\n3 lbs. English Breakfast Tea,\\n5 lbs. Java Coffee, roasted, not ground,\\n2 lbs. Mocha,\\n1 box Taylor\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Family Soap,\\n5 gal. N. O. Molasses,\\n1 bbl. Flour (XXX).\\nCharge in account, and oblige,\\nYours, etc.,\\nJames T. Miller.\\nOrder to a Dry Goods Merchant.\\nJOLIET, Ill., March 2, 189-\\nMessrs. Field, Leiter Co., Chicago, Ill.,\\nGentlemen Please send me by American Ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npress the following\\n15 yards ginghams, Renfrew Madras styles,\\n15. 2 2 5\\n13 yards Glasgow checks, dress styles, @12... 1.56\\n5 doz. napkins, $3-5\u00c2\u00b0. I 7 5 o\\ny 2 doz. ladies\u00e2\u0080\u0099 hemstitched handkerchiefs,\\n3 5 o. I# 75\\n3 pair ladies\u00e2\u0080\u0099 fine hose, $1.5\u00c2\u00b0. 4 5\\n$27-56\\nI inclose P. O. order for five ($5) dollars. Please\\nC. O. D. balance.\\nYours truly,\\nMrs. Maria C. Clayton,\\n35 Lake Avenue.\\nConsignees Acknowledge Receipt of Invoices, c.\\nNew York, Dec. 29, 189-.\\nMessrs. Jones, Loyd Co., 47 Cornhill, London,\\nEngland.\\nGentlemen We beg to acknowledge receipt of\\nyour esteemed favor of 18th inst. enclosing Invoice\\nand Bill of Lading of Fifteen Bales of Australian\\nWool, to arrive per \u00e2\u0080\u009cNeptune,\u00e2\u0080\u009d Smith, Master.\\nWe thank you for the honor conferred upon us, and\\nassure you that we will use our best endeavors to\\nmerit a continuance of the confidence you have been\\npleased to place in us.\\nHoping for a safe and quick passage for the good\\nship \u00e2\u0080\u009cNeptune,\u00e2\u0080\u009d we are,\\nYours very respectfully,\\nParker Bros\\nBill of Lading and Invoice.\\nSavannah, March 21, 189-.\\nMr. Samuel Barlow, London.\\nSir Enclosed please find invoice and bill of\\nlading of cotton shipped to you per the Otranto,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nthe former amounts to $685.80 for which sum please\\nremit us dft. on New York at 60 days.\\nAwaiting the pleasure of your further commands,\\nWe remain, yours faithfully,\\nHarding Pierce.\\nNew Partner Admitted.\\nChicago, Jan. 1, 189-.\\nMr. Robert Hall.\\nDear Sir I beg to acquaint you, that in conse\u00c2\u00ac\\nquence of my having taken into partnership my\\nnephew, Charles Martin, the business of my estab\u00c2\u00ac\\nlishment will henceforward be conducted under the\\nfirm of Henry Martin and Nephew. Please to note\\nour respective signatures at foot.\\nReturning you my sincere acknowledgments for\\nthe proofs of confidence with which you have\\nfavored me during so many years, and wdiich I trust\\nwill be continued to our new Firm, I remain,\\nVery respectfully yours,\\nHenry Martin.\\nHenry Martin will sign,\\nHenry Martin Nephew\\nCharles Martin will sign,\\nHenry Martin Nephew..\\nMerchants\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Apology for not Shipping as Ordered.\\nNew York, April 15, 189-.\\nMr. Philip Marsh, Cleveland, O.\\nDear Sir W e are sorry to learn by your favor of\\n13th inst. that we made a mistake in the mode of\\nshipment of your goods on the 10th inst. On refer-\\nring to your order, we find that you are entirely\\ncorrect, and we will give you credit on your account\\nfor the $2.25 excess of freight paid by you. We\\ncertainly will be more careful hereafter, and beg to\\napologize for our blunder.\\nYours respectfully,\\nWard Bros. Ca", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0398.jp2"}, "399": {"fulltext": "381", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0399.jp2"}, "400": {"fulltext": "o\\no\\nPastimes I\\nsium\\nORK calls for play. Is it\\na duty to work\\nNo less is it a duty\\nto play, to take\\nrecreation, to un\u00c2\u00ac\\nbend the bow, to\\nturn our physical\\npowers out to pas-\\nsend them to the gymna-\\nthe playground. Now\\nfor a grand romp, a splendid\\ngame, a cordial hand-shake with\\nfresh air! Come on, ye pale\\ndyspeptics, sallow students, thin\\nclerks, withered business men,\\nlank girls and women! Let exercise stir\\nyour blood and paint your cheeks\\nNo violent exertions are necessary, no\\ndifficult feats need be attempted, no special\\nform of exercise need occupy much of the\\ntime and attention but each day a well-\\ndirected plan is to be followed, by which the\\nweak and untrustworthy parts of the body\\nare to be found out, and then steadily im\u00c2\u00ac\\nproved by exercise, until finally the body\\nbecomes like the \u00e2\u0080\u009cone-hoss shay\u00e2\u0080\u009d in Doctor\\nHolmes\u00e2\u0080\u0099 ingenious parable\\nIn building of chaises, I tell you what,\\nThere is always somewhere a weakest spot,\\n382\\nIn hub, tire, felloe, in spring or thill,\\nIn panel or cross-bar, or floor or sill,\\nIn screw, bolt, thoroughbrace\u00e2\u0080\u0094lurking still.\\nFind it somewhere you must and will\u00e2\u0080\u0094\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\\nAbove or below, or within or without\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nAnd that s the reason, beyond a doubt,\\nA chaise breaks down but doesn\u00e2\u0080\u0099t wear out.\\nWhat is true of chaises is true of animals,\\nman included. What the worthy deacon\\ndid for his new \u00e2\u0080\u009cshay\u00e2\u0080\u009d we can do for our\\nbodies, or come near to it. Said the\\nDeacon\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0099Tis mighty plain\\nThat the weakes\u00e2\u0080\u0099 place mus\u00e2\u0080\u0099 stan\u00e2\u0080\u0099 the strain\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0099n\u00e2\u0080\u0099 the way t\u00e2\u0080\u0099 fix it, as I maintain,\\nIs only jest\\nT\u00e2\u0080\u0099 make that place as strong as the rest.\\nThis is what we have to do with the\\nvehicle in which we travel the road of life, if\\nwe would avoid premature collapse.\\nIt is by no means necessary, as many\\nimagine, to give much time daily to exercise\\nin order to acquire a strong and hearty body.\\nOn the contrary, many who, dissatisfied with\\nthe condition of their health and strength,\\nhave begun to take more exercise than be\u00c2\u00ac\\nfore, have defeated their purpose by taking\\ntoo much exercise.\\nTo exhaust the frame by long walks and\\nrides, or by undertaking some difficult and\\narduous system of training, would be unwise.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0400.jp2"}, "401": {"fulltext": "SPORTS AND PASTIMES.\\n383\\neven if the sole object were to acquire\\nstrength but where the ultimate object is\\nto increase the capacity for the work of life\\n(as it must be with every man of sense), and\\nthis work is only indirectly dependent on\\nbodily strength, it is utter folly to exhaust\\nthe frame by efforts for which it is unfit.\\nLet it be noticed, then, that apart from\\nsuch exercise as falls naturally into the day\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nwork, an hour a day, or even four times a\\nweek, devoted to systematic exercise, will\\nsuffice, first to restore, and afterward to\\nmaintain, the strength of the body. It was\\nwith this small amount of daily training that\\nMaclaren obtained such remarkable results,\\nadding girth to the chest and limbs, increas\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the weight and muscular development,\\nchanging actually the shape of the bony\\nframework of the body\u00e2\u0080\u0094in grown men\u00e2\u0080\u0094not\\nin long periods of time, but in a few weeks.\\nLAWN TENNIS\\n9\\nWN TENNIS is an adaptation\\nof the grand old game of ten\u00c2\u00ac\\nnis to out-door courts, which\\nmay be made wherever there\\nis a sufficient expanse either of\\nturf or of smooth ground. It\\nis said to have been invented\\nlong ago but it is only quite within late\\nyears that it has become a favorite game\\nthroughout the country. It may be hoped,\\nhowever, that it will long continue to enjoy\\nits well-earned popularity, for it combines\\nmuch of the interest and attractions of real\\ntennis, with this immense advantage, that it\\ncan be played in the open air.\\nFor schoolboys it is rather to be called a\\nholiday amusement than a school game.\\nWhere there are plenty of players available,\\ncricket, foot ball or base ball is a much more\\ncommendable, as well as, generally speak\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, a more convenient game but in holiday\\ntime comrades are not so easily to be found\\nin abundance, and then the charms of a\\ngame that can be played by four, or even a\\nsmaller number, are soon appreciated.\\nThere is, moreover, this special recom\u00c2\u00ac\\nmendation of lawn tennis, that it can be\\nplayed by girls as well as boys, and that\\nladies are not unfrequently known to be able\\nto hold their own in a double game, or even\\nin a single game, against really excellent\\nplayers belonging to the stronger sex.\\nThe Court.\\nThe Court is 78 feet long, and 27 feet\\nwide. It is divided across the middR by a\\nnet, the ends of which are attached to two\\nposts, A and B, standing 3 feet outside of the\\ncourt on either side. The height of the net\\nis 3 feet 6 inches at the posts, and 3 feet at\\nthe middle. At each end of the court, par\u00c2\u00ac\\nallel with the net, and 39 feet from it, are\\ndrawn the base lines DE and FG, the ends\\nof which are connected by the side lines", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0401.jp2"}, "402": {"fulltext": "384\\nSPORTS AND PASTIMES.\\nDF and EG. Half way between side lines,\\nand parallel with them, is drawn the half\u00c2\u00ac\\ncourt line I H, forming the right and left\\ncourts. On each side of the net, 21 feet\\nfrom it, and parallel with it, are drawn the\\nservice lines KL and MN.\\nFor average usefulness the dirt court,\\nrequiring much the least care, is best.\\nSuch a court is also easily made. Take any\\nordinary piece of land (50 feet by 100 feet)\\nand bring it to a level, removing all stones\\nand roots continued rolling and sprinkling\\nwill then produce a smooth, hard surface.\\nTurf, to be kept hard and firm, requires\\nG N\\n18\\n21\\nF M\\n39\\nmuch rolling; the grass of the court must\\nbe of the best quality, and must be carefully\\ncut and weeded the worn spots must be\\nworked over and re-seeded, and frequent\\nbrush-harrowings and re-markings are nec\u00c2\u00ac\\nessary. A turf court also requires periodical\\nrests of several days, if in anything like con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstant use.\\nCement courts are only useful in clubs or\\nin countries where the soil is unfit for other\\nkinds of court.\\nIn the construction of a court great stress\\nis to be put upon the following points, too\\noften neglected:\\n1. Sufficient space about the court. At\\nleast 21 feet at the ends and 12 feet at the\\nsides should be left clear.\\n2. The ground must be hard, perfectly\\nlevel and smooth. To effect a proper drain\u00c2\u00ac\\nage the court is too often allowed a slight\\nslant; except in the hard court, however,\\ndrainage may be better attained by a good\\nsub-soil. For turf, a foundation of about a\\nfoot of cinders or gravel answers very well;\\nabove this six inches of soil and then the\\nturf. A similar sub-soil also greatly improves\\na dirt court.\\n3. If possible, the court should lie north\\nand south, unshaded by trees, to insure\\nL _ _E\\n21\\nCO\\nf\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nK D\\n39\\nequality of light. Also, the player will be\\ngreatly aided in following the ball if there\\ncan be a dark background, such as would be\\ngiven by thick shrubbery or even a wall.\\nThe most durable centre net, and the one\\nmost in favor with experts, is a black tarred\\none with top binding of white canvas, easily\\ndistinguishable, even in very rapid play. It\\nis held in place by the posts and centre-iron.\\nA very serviceable post is made of pine, four\\ninches square, buried two and a half feet in\\nthe ground, three feet six inches high, hav\u00c2\u00ac\\ning a groove along the top and a cF f upon\\nthe outer side.\\nConcerning centre-irons, there is little", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0402.jp2"}, "403": {"fulltext": "SPORTS AND PASTIMES.\\n385\\nchoice. All are likely to interfere with the\\nplay, but the net must be kept just three feet\\nhigh at the centre.\\nThe backstops\u00e2\u0080\u0094an arrangement without\\nthe court to intercept balls, saving the player\\nedge of the proper kind, even to the expert.\\nIt is generally a matter of luck with the in\u00c2\u00ac\\nexperienced player.\\nIt is essential that the gut should be good\\n(chain not too thick), the handle plain and\\nOUTDOOR SPORTS.\\nthe trouble of going for them\u00e2\u0080\u0094are best\\nmade of wire netting, at least 7 feet high\\nand 50 feet to 75 feet long, placed 21 feet\\nbehind the base line.\\nThe choice of a good racket is a test of\\njudgment, of critical observation and knowl-\\noctagonal, the splice well fitting and the\\nhoop free from knots, with the grain going\\nall around. The stringing should be so\\ntight as to emit a distinct musical note when\\nstruck with the fingers. If too tight, how\u00c2\u00ac\\never, it will be of little use for \u00e2\u0080\u009cdriving,\u00e2\u0080\u009d", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0403.jp2"}, "404": {"fulltext": "386\\nSPORTS AND PASTIMES\\nTo test the balance\u00e2\u0080\u0094an important quality\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094hold the racket loosely by the butt, and\\njerk or swing it up and down; if it comes\\nup with difficulty the head is too heavy, if\\ntoo easily it is too light.\\nFor men the weight varies from 14 ounces\\nto 14^2 ounces; for women 13^ ounces is\\ncommon among the best players.\\nNever use any but good balls; fortourna-\\nLay the racket on a table with the smooth\\nside up. Open the hand, with the thumb\\nnearly at right angles to the fingers, and\\nthen clasp the handle in such a way as to\\nmake its upper right edge (if it were square)\\nfit into the hollow of the joint between the\\nthumb and forefinger. In closing the fingers\\non the handle do not put them directly\\nround it, but with the first joint of each\\nTHE SOCIAL PART OF THE GAME.\\nment practice, of course, only the official\\nregulation ball. Both rackets and balls\\nshould be kept in a dry, moderate tempera\u00c2\u00ac\\nture; the tendency of rackets to warp may\\nbe counteracted by use of a racket press or\\nweight that will hold them flat.\\nThe manner of holding packet is largely\\na matter of personal experiment. The main\\npoint at issue is the advisability of changing\\nthe hold of the racket during play.\\nfinger slanting up the handle, which will\\ncause the top joints to slant down the other\\nway. The first two fingers should be a little\\nseparated from the other fingers and each\\nother. The end of the handle should be\\nwell within the hand, with the little finger\\nround the leather rim. The thumb should\\nnot go round onto the ends of the fingers,\\nbut should slope upwards across the uppe?\\nside of the handle.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0404.jp2"}, "405": {"fulltext": "SPORTS AND PASTIMES.\\n387\\nThe position half way between the net\\nand service line is agreed by most of our\\nbest players to be the vantage ground of the\\ncourt from which they must easily protect\\nthemselves and attack their opponents. It\\nthen is the point to be gained and held.\\nIn serving stand as near to the centre of\\nthe base line as possible, it is better than the\\nside or defense, and gives a wider range for\\nThe most general return is down the side\\nline, the ball striking near the base line, and\\nthis may be varied by a drive across court, a\\ndifficult stroke, which, to be effected, should\\nstrike within the service line.\\nThere should be a referee for every tour-\\nnament, whose name shall be stated in the\\ncircular announcing such tournament. He\\nshall have general charge of the matches,\\nIft\\nBACKHAND STROKE.\\nplacing. Do not serve too swiftly to place\\nwell, and never make a double fault. Wait\\nuntil you have your opponent at disadvan\u00c2\u00ac\\ntage to take the net position.\\nUnless you know beforehand the pecu\u00c2\u00ac\\nliarity of an opponent\u00e2\u0080\u0099s service, stand a foot\\nor two behind the base line to receive it (it is\\neasier to run forward than backward), and do\\nnot try to protect your back-hand corner by\\ngiving your right hand more ground to cover.\\nunder the instructions and advice of the\\nmanaging committee, with such power and\\nauthority as may be given him by the rules\\nand by said committee. He shall notify\\nthe committee in case he intends to leave\\nthe grounds during the matches, and the\\ncommittee shall appoint a substitute to act,\\nwith like powers, during his absence.\\nThere shall be an umpire for each match,\\nand as many linesmen as the players desire.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0405.jp2"}, "406": {"fulltext": "388\\nSPORTS AND PASTIMES.\\nThe umpire may act as linesman also. The\\numpire shall have general charge of the\\nmatch, and shall decide whether the player\\ntook the ball on the first or second bounce.\\nThe umpire shall also decide any question\\nof interpretation or construction of the rules\\nthat may arise. The decision of the umpire\\nupon any question of fact, or where a dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ncretion is allowed to him under the rules,\\nshall be final.\\nHE largest crowds ever assem\u00c2\u00ac\\nbled to witness any athletic\\ncontests are those which\\nalways gather upon the an\u00c2\u00ac\\nnual recurrence of the foot\u00c2\u00ac\\nball contests between the\\ndifferent colleges. As many\\nas 30,000 persons have witnessed some of\\nthe games between the young collegians who\\nrepresent the brawn and muscle of their\\nrespective institutions. The game appears\\nto have taken a firm hold upon the public,\\nand nearly every institution of learning has its\\nteam, while many local and independent clubs\\nare in existence in every part of the country.\\nThose who are taking up the sport for\\nthe first time should observe certain rules\\nwhich will enable them to become adept\\nplayers with less mistakes than perhaps\\nwould otherwise fall to their lot.\\nA beginner in foot ball should do two\\nthings. He should read the rules and he\\nshould, if possible, watch the practice. If\\nthe latter be impossible, he and his mates\\nmust, after having read the rules, start in\\nand, with eleven men on a side, play accord\u00c2\u00ac\\ning to their own interpretation of these rules.\\nWhen differences of opinion arise as to the\\nmeaning of any rule, a letter addressed to\\nsome one of the players upon prominent\\nteams will almost always elicit a ready and\\nsatisfactory answer.\\nThe first thing to be done in starting the\\npractice, is to provide regarding the acces\u00c2\u00ac\\nsories of the game, which in foot ball are of\\nthe simplest kind. The field should be\\nmarked out with ordinary lime-lines, enclos\u00c2\u00ac\\ning a space of 330 feet long and 160 feet wide.\\nDescription of the Grounds.\\nWhile not absolutely necessary, it is cus\u00c2\u00ac\\ntomary to mark the field also with transverse\\nlines every five yards, for the benefit of the\\nreferee in determining how far the ball is\\nadvanced at every down. In the middle of\\nthe lines forming the ends of the field, the\\ngoal-posts are erected, and should be eigh\u00c2\u00ac\\nteen feet six inches apart, with cross-bar ten\\nfeet from the ground. The posts should\\nproject several feet above the cross-bar.\\nThe ball used is an oval leather cover con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntaining a rubber inner, which is inflated by\\nmeans of a small air pump or the lungs.\\nThe costumes of the players form another\\nvery important feature, and should be of a\\nproper and serviceable nature.\\nThe ordinary player should wear a canvas\\njacket. This can be home-made or pur-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0406.jp2"}, "407": {"fulltext": "THE turning point in the game", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0407.jp2"}, "408": {"fulltext": "WINTER RECREATION AND PLEASURE\\nLW", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0408.jp2"}, "409": {"fulltext": "SPORTS AND PASTIMES.\\n389\\nchased at a small expense from any athletic\\noutfitter. It should fit closely, but not too\\ntightly, and lace up in front so that it may\\nbe drawn quite snugly. Some have elastic\\npieces set in at the sides, back or arms, but\\nthese additions are by no means necessary.\\nThe trousers should be of some stout\\nmaterial, fustian for example, and well padded.\\nThis padding can be done by any seamstress\\nquilting in soft material over knees and\\nthighs, or the regular athletic outfitters fur\u00c2\u00ac\\nnish trousers provided with the padding.\\nLong woolen stockings are worn, and not\\ninfrequently, shin guards, by men playing in\\nthe forward line.\\nThe most important feature of the entire\\nuniform is the shoe. This may be the ordi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnary canvas and leather base ball shoe with\\nleather cross-pieces nailed across the sole to\\nprevent slipping. This is the most inxe-\\npensive form, but the best shoes are made\\nentirely of leather, kangaroo skin preferably,\\nfitting the foot firmly, yet comfortably, lacing\\nwell up on the ankle, and the soles pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nvided with a small leather spike which can\\nbe renewed when worn down. Inside this\\nshoe and either attached to the bottom of it,\\nor not, as preferred, a thin leather anklet\\nlaces tightly over the foot, and is an almost\\nsure preventive of sprained ankles.\\nThe cap may be of almost any variety,\\nand except in the cases of half-backs and\\nback, does not play any very important part.\\nThese men should, however, have caps with\\nvisors to protect their eyes from the sun\\nwhen catching a long kick.\\nIn Touch.\\na\\n0\\na*\\na\\nO\\nTouch or Bound.\\n330 feet.\\nTouch or Bounds.\\no3\\nO\\nO\\no\\n03\\nO\\nO\\n03\\nO\\nO\\nu\\na\\nO\\nv\\na\\nc 3\\nO\\no\\nU\\n1 r-\\nt+ 1 i ctf\\nN$.l\\nO\\nco\\nL\\na\\nrf\\nO\\no\\nu\\nKi\\nCm\\nI\\nP\\nH\\nCP\\na\\nft\\nO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0099-o\\no\\n7\\nO\\na\\na\\nO\\nO\\nT-H\\nw\\nc-r\\no\\na\\nrH\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00ba4\\nCJ\\nU\\na\\nlO\\nN\\nS\\nO\\nft\\nQ\\no\\np\\nP\\nft\\nE?l^\\nP\\nft\\nft\\nQ\\no\\np\\nt -1\\nC3\\nft\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2spnnog jo qonox\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2qonox ni\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2spnnog; jo ipnox\\nH\\no\\na\\no\\na*\\nO\\no\\np\\nO\\no\\np\\nDIAGRAM OF FOOT BALL GROUNDS.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0409.jp2"}, "410": {"fulltext": "390\\nSPORTS AND PASTIMES.\\nThe team of eleven men is usually divided\\nDROP KICK.\\nkito seven rushers or forwards, who stand in\\nBASE\\na line facing ther seven opponents a quar\u00c2\u00ac\\nter-back, who stands just behind this line;\\ntwo half-backs, a few yards behind the\\nquarter-back; and finally, a full-back or\\ngoal tend, who stands a dozen yards or so\\nbehind the half-backs. This gives the gen-\\noral formation, but is, of course, dependent\\nupon the plays to be executed.\\nThe succession of plays continues for\\nthirty-five minutes in a regular match. Then\\nintervenes a ten-minute intermission, after\\nwhich the side which did not have the kick\u00c2\u00ac\\noff at the commencement of the match has\\npossession of the ball for the kick-off at the\\nsecond thirty-five minutes.\\nBALL\\nUli national game is base ball.\\nMT 5 !b What cricket is to England,\\nthis game is to our country.\\nSince it came into vogue its\\npopularity, instead of dimin-\\ncife ishing, has increased, and in\\ng all our large cities the pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nfessional teams have had an enthusiastic fol\u00c2\u00ac\\nlowing. Immense audiences not infrequently\\nassemble, composed of all classes of people,\\napplauding the fine points in the game, and\\nexecrating the blunders made by some luck\\nless player.\\nEvery school, every village, every hamlet\\nis more or less devoted to this sport. Boys\\nbut! just promoted to long pants, as well as\\nfull-grown men, can engage in it. The rules\\nare simple, the game is easily learned, the\\nexercise is healthful, the spirit of rivalry is\\nexhilarating, and it may be prophesied that\\nthe day is far distant when base ball will\\ncease to be a national institution, holding\\nfront rank in athletics and outdoor sports.\\nTo enter upon a contest for the palm of\\nsuperiority in this American game, and to\\ndisplay the skill in pitching, batting, and\\nfielding which base ball requires, needs men\\nof pluck, nerve, and presence of mind\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\ncourageous and intelligent fellows, who have\\ntheir wits about them for the game, when\\nplayed up to its highest mark is anything\\nbut a boys\u00e2\u0080\u0099 game in any respect, as the\\namount of fatigue involved, and the injuries\\nfrequently sustained, fully prove.\\nNevertheless, base ball can be played and\\nenjoyed by boys as well as men, for its\\ntheory is simple, and when played by ama\u00c2\u00ac\\nteurs the demand for those qualifications\\nwhich make a player excel in professional\\ncontests is of course not so great.\\nThe theory of base ball in brief is as fol\u00c2\u00ac\\nlows :\u00e2\u0080\u0094A space of ground being mafked", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0410.jp2"}, "411": {"fulltext": "SPORTS AND PASTIMES.\\n391\\nout on a level field in the form of a diamond, the field side take their positions the pitcher\\nwith equal sides, bases are placed on the delivers the ball to the batsman, who en-\\nCENTRE\\nLEFT\\nRIGHT\\nCORRECT DIAGRAM OF A BASE BALL GROUND.\\nA. A. A.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Ground reserved for Umpire, Batsman and Catcher.\\nB. B.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Ground reserved for Captain and Assistant.\\nC. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Players\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Bench. D.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Visiting Players\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Bat Rack.\\nR.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Home Players\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Bat Rack.\\nfour corners thereof. The contestants include\\nnine players on each side\u00e2\u0080\u0094one side takes the\\nfield and the other goes to the bat. When\\ndeavors to send it out of the reach of the\\nfielders, and far enough out on the field to\\nenable him to run round the bases, and if", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0411.jp2"}, "412": {"fulltext": "392\\nSPORTS AND PASTIMES.\\nhe reaches the home base\u00e2\u0080\u0094his starting-\\npoint\u00e2\u0080\u0094without being put out, he scores a\\nrun. He is followed in rotation by the\\nothers of his side until three of the batting\\nparty are put out, when the field side come in\\nand take their turn at the bat. This goes\\non until nine innings have been played to a\\nclose, and then the side scoring the most\\nruns wins the game.\\nIt will be readily seen that the theory of\\nthe game is simple enough, and it is this\\nsimplicity of construction which forms one\\nof its chief attractions for the masses and\\nyet to excel in the game as a noted expert\\nrequires not only the possession of the physi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncal attributes of endurance, agility, strength,\\ngood throwing and running powers, together\\nwith plenty of courage, pluck, and nerve, but\\nalso the mental powers of sound judgment,\\nquick perception, thorough control of tem\u00c2\u00ac\\nper, and the presence of mind to act promptly\\nin critical emergencies.\\nRICKET is an\\nEnglish game. It\\nis fast coming to\\nbe an American\\ngame. Many per\u00c2\u00ac\\nsons consider that\\nit has advantages\\nover foot ball and\\nbase ball. The\\nprogress of the game is slower than that of\\neither of the games just mentioned, and for\\nthis reason is not so well suited to our Amer\u00c2\u00ac\\nican tastes. That cricket requires skill,\\nstrength, patience, the mental processes of\\nsound judgment and quick decision, will be\\ndisputed by no one. It is also a most healthful\\noutdoor exercise. The expert cricket player\\nmust have all his physical powers in full com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmand and must be in the pink of condition.\\nThe wickets are now formed of three up\u00c2\u00ac\\nright stumps, made usually of ash of the best\\ngrowth. Across these are two bails,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or\\npieces of wood neatly carved and turned, and\\nmade of almost similar material, each one of\\nwhich connects two of the three stumps, the\\ngrooves on the top of each of the stumps\\nserving to secure the ends of each bail.\\nThese are what is termed collectively a\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cwicket,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and at each end of the ground, at\\na distance of twenty-two yards, three stumps\\nare placed, the two erections serving to illus\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrate the distinction of double wicket.\u00e2\u0080\u009d", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0412.jp2"}, "413": {"fulltext": "A FIKIvD DAY IN ARCHERY", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0413.jp2"}, "414": {"fulltext": "HENLEY REGATTA ON THE THAMES, ENGLAND.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0414.jp2"}, "415": {"fulltext": "A CRITICAL MOMENT,", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0415.jp2"}, "416": {"fulltext": "394\\nSPORTS AND PASTIMES.\\nIn preparing for a match, the ground at\\neach wicket must be laid out according to\\nthe annexed diagram. The \u00e2\u0080\u009cbowling crease\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nis meant to be a sort of check upon the\\nbowler to prevent him from running past the\\nstumps. Should he in delivering a ball place\\nboth feet on the outside of the bowling\\nS. S. S. Stumps. R. c. Return Crease.\\nB. c. Bowling Crease. p. c. Popping Crease.\\ncrease (that is, in front of the stumps), the\\nball so delivered is called a \u00e2\u0080\u009cno-ball.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009creturn crease\u00e2\u0080\u009d is intended to indicate the\\nlimit sidewise of the bowler\u00e2\u0080\u0099s range. As for\\nthe \u00e2\u0080\u009cpopping crease,\u00e2\u0080\u009d it may be described\\nas a kind of check upon the batsman, for\\nshould he not have one foot always within\\nor on the crease the wicket-keeper nay put\\ndown the wicket with the ball, and so\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cstump\u00e2\u0080\u009d the batsman. Accordingly, the\\nstriker should be very careful never to go\\nout of his ground.\\nBefore facing the bowler, the batsman\\ncommonly \u00e2\u0080\u009ctakes block\u00e2\u0080\u009d from the umpire.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cBlock\u00e2\u0080\u009d is a spot usually a bat\u00e2\u0080\u0099s length\\nfrom the middle stump, with which it is sup\u00c2\u00ac\\nposed to be exactly in a line, for the purpose\\nof covering the wicket from the bowler\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nattack.\\nThe old bat was curved in the form of a\\nbutter-knife, and was obviously of little use\\nexcept for the purpose of hitting\u00e2\u0080\u0094blocking\\nor scientific play being things at that time\\nnot dreamt of in the philosophy of a crick\u00c2\u00ac\\neter. The bowling was what is known as\\nunderhand, and the mysteries of roundhand,\\nof curves, spins and the other secrets of\\nattack now so skilfully employed, were ut\u00c2\u00ac\\nterly unknown, so that the great point of the\\ngame was to hit without thought of defence.\\nAnd hit they did with a vengeance, if we\\ncan believe some of the traditions of our\\nforefathers.\\nTo complete the equipment of a cricket\\nclub, it will be necessary to provide a tele\u00c2\u00ac\\ngraph stand for announcing the scores, etc.,\\nand a set of nets for use in practice. A\\ncricket club should always have one of the\\nlatter. You cannot always get together a\\nsufficient number of players every practice.\\nBy using nets, however, practice can nearly\\nalways be had, as it is not then so requisite\\nto have several players. If you have a net\\nwith sides you will find yourself still further\\nassisted, as most of the hits will thus be\\nstopped, and no long-stop will be required,\\nNET PRACTICE.\\nand one bowler and two fieldsmen will enable\\nyou to have a good practice. If you deter\u00c2\u00ac\\nmine to have a complete outfit, get the dif\u00c2\u00ac\\nferent articles of good stuff and of good\\nmakers. An unwise economy is an expen\u00c2\u00ac\\nsive luxury in the end.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0416.jp2"}, "417": {"fulltext": "SPORTS AND PASTIMES.\\n395\\nYou will find yourself much disappointed\\nif you labor under any sort of impression\\nthat the science of cricket can be mastered\\nexcept after the expenditure of much time\\nand patience. Do not be mislead by the\\nidea that to be a good cricketer, either as\\nbatsman, bowler or fieldsman, is an inborn\\ngift. Take the converse of that hackneyed\\nproverb about a poet, and be assured that a\\ncricketer is made, not born. It is in batting\\nmore than in any other branches of the game\\nthat you will find practice the great secret to\\nsuccess.\\nYou will ask what is the first point that\\nwill have to be mastered before you can\\nenter on the high road to success. The an\u00c2\u00ac\\nswer is, Position. Master this one great\\nPOSITION.\\nrudiment, and you are on the way to ad\u00c2\u00ac\\nvancement. It is not so easily mastered,\\nthough; so take the best advice, and if you\\ncan possibly secure a favorable opportunity\\nto watch an expert and well-tried batsman\\nat work, do not fail to take advantage of the\\nchance. If you are lucky enough to see\\none of the most eminent amateur or profes\u00c2\u00ac\\nsional players at the wicket you will find the\\nbenefit that will accrue from such a practical\\nillustration.\\nDo not lose sight of the first necessity of\\nacquiring a useful as well as proper attitude\\nof batting. As in most things, an evil habit\\nis the most expensive to a good beginner.\\nAn easy position is as capable of achieve\u00c2\u00ac\\nment as an ungraceful, cramped, and crooked\\nattitude, though the bent may be more in\\nthe wrong direction.\\nYou must first of all see that you form\\nfor yourself a position that will enable you\\nto stand firmly without yielding an inch,\\nwhile at the same time it affords the greatest\\nfacility for rapidity of motion either forwards\\nor backwards. You must not indulge in\\neccentricities, after the fashion of the dancing\\nbear, or your career will be brief. Above\\nall things keep your right leg as firm as a\\nrock, as this leg essentially forms the \u00e2\u0080\u009cpivot,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nto regulate the movements of the batsman,\\nand you cannot adapt yourself readily to the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0417.jp2"}, "418": {"fulltext": "396\\nSPORTS AND PASTIMES.\\nvarying necessities of the game if the muscles\\nbe relaxed, the knee bent, and the posture\\ngenerally that of a cat militant.\\nBe sure that you insist on this stout sup\u00c2\u00ac\\nport for your actions, for the posture of the\\nTHE FORWARD PLAY.\\nother leg will be of minor importance, or at\\nthe best a matter of choice. It is marvellous\\nto see the contortions in which some bats\u00c2\u00ac\\nmen indulge, and still more surprising the\\nsuccess that attends some of those who affect\\nthe most eccentric attidudes. There are\\nmen who stand with their legs separated to\\nthe full extreme, after the form of the letter\\nV in an inverted state, and others who give\\nyou the idea that they pay rent for the use\\nof the ground, and are determined to occupy\\nthe very smallest possible space, so cramped\\nis their attitude.\\nPlace your left foot about twelve inches\\nin front of the right, and see that it is as\\nnearly as possible at right angles with it.\\nYou will find that in this position your left\\neye will be just above the level of the left\\nshoulder; and more than one batsman insists\\nupon this as an absolute essential to the ac-\\nquirement of a good position. Keep your\\nbat well down, though not so close to the\\nground as to hinder your quick recovery in\\ncase of hitting; for mere defense of the\\nwicket you will soon learn to consider tame\\nand monotonous.\\nTo know precisely when to play forward\\nand when to play backward at a certain style\\nof ball is an achievement in itself; but to de\u00c2\u00ac\\ncide on the precise course to be pursued,\\nand to act with the requisite amount of reso\u00c2\u00ac\\nlution, is a feat that will take you some time\\nto accomplish with anything like certainty.\\nThere are some batsmen who lunge out at\\nevery ball, and trust to their keenness of\\nvision more than to any judgment in calcula\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion to enable them to overthrow the best-\\nlaid schemes of a bowler.\\nTo get a batsman into what is called two\\nminds\u00e2\u0080\u009d is the main aim of a bowler; and it\\nTHE BACKWARD PLAY.\\nis this very player that renders him the most\\neffectual help. Old Felix, one of the most\\nthoroughly qualified writers who ever dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ncoursed on cricket, speaks feelingly on this\\npoint: Every well-practiced batsman knows", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0418.jp2"}, "419": {"fulltext": "SPORTS AND PASTIMES.\\n397\\nthere is a spot of ground\u00e2\u0080\u0094yes, there is a\\nspot of ground\u00e2\u0080\u0094upon which if the ball\\nshould alight it produces an indescribable\\nsensation seems to be caused by the difficulty\\nof being able to decide at the instant whether\\nor not you should lunge out to meet it,\\nsmother it and kill it, or take it upon the\\nback play. For when once you throw your\\nbody forward, in vain (should your judgment\\nbe incorrect) will you recover yourself in\\ntime enough to overtake the ball.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nDefence, and not defiance, should be the\\nmotto of the young batsman, until he has\\nproved himself able to take his own part\\nagainst the attack from first to last with\\nthe same amount of confidence. Take care\\nof the stumps, and the runs will take care\\nof themselves. You must feel your way\\ngently at the outset, until you have accus\u00c2\u00ac\\ntomed yourself to the style of the bowling\\nto which you are opposed, and until you\\nhave begun to understand the plans of the\\nattacking party.\\nMuch depends on the curve or spin that\\nis imparted to the bowling, and your style of\\nplay will have to be so suited as to best\\nfrustrate the craft of the enemy who aims\\nTHE FORWARD CUT.\\nat your destruction. The intentional bias\\ngiven to the ball in its passage from bowler\\nto batsman must cause, at any time, more\\ndisquietude than is occasioned when no de\u00c2\u00ac\\nflection arises from the course of the ball,\\nas obviously with a spinning ball the\\nbatsman has a double risk to his safety,\\nnamely, in the pitch as well as in the devia\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of the ball. Play steadily at first until\\nyou have become used to the pecularities of\\nthe bowling.\\nA left-handed bowler usually may be ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npected to break, or twist, from the off to a\\nright-handed batsmen, so that a rule may be\\ntaken as conclusive on this point, and you\\nwill at least have your weapons ready to\\nyour hand for this emergency. If you\\nallow the ball to touch the ground, you give\\nit an opportunity of indulging in its revolu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions, as it will take a fresh direction the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0419.jp2"}, "420": {"fulltext": "398\\nSPORTS AND PASTIMES.\\nmoment that it reaches the turf. You must\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009csmother\u00e2\u0080\u009d it before you allow it a field for\\nthe practice of its vicious purposes, or you\\nmust play back, and rob it of much of its\\noffensive action by the defensive policy of\\nprotecting your wicket with the full width of\\nyour bat.\\nYou have still to learn the art of \u00e2\u0080\u009ccut\u00c2\u00ac\\nting,\u00e2\u0080\u009d as the action of hitting a ball by\\nmeans of the wrist is usually denominated.\\nYou have still to learn one of the most\\neffective hits in the possession of an expert\\nbatsman, and you can never hope to attain\\nyour diploma of the college of batsmen un\u00c2\u00ac\\nless you have to some extent mastered this\\ngreat necessity. Much of the efficacy of\\nthis hit depends obviously on the batsman\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nstrength of wrist, but even with this faculty\\nno great success can be achieved unless the\\neye be quick and the judgment ready to\\ntime the ball well as it rises from the ground.\\nThere are two methods of cutting, known\\nrespectively as the \u00e2\u0080\u009cforward cut\u00e2\u0080\u009d and the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009clate cut,\u00e2\u0080\u009d though the latter is the more\\nefficacious as well as the more elegant and\\nlikely to confer the greater honor on the rising-\\nbatsman. The forward cut resembles more\\nthe ordinary drive to the off, with a slight\\ninfusion of wrist. Take notice that in this\\nhit the relative uses of the two legs are re\u00c2\u00ac\\nversed. To realize the cut proper you will\\nhave to make your left leg the pivot instead\\nof the right, as is usual in most of the ordi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnary hits, and the right will have to be used,\\nas occasion requires, to promote the correct\\ntiming of the ball. You will have neces\u00c2\u00ac\\nsarily to follow, as it were, the course of the\\nball, or rather to face it as you are in the act\\nof hitting.\\nMuch of the secret of cutting consists in\\nthe judgment with which the ball is timed,\\nand a few trials will convince you of the cor\u00c2\u00ac\\nrectness of this assertion. If your eye and\\nmind act well in concert, you need have\\nlittle fear of failure, and practice will further\\nenable you to make sure of your aim. It\\nmay be that you will never be so proficient", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0420.jp2"}, "421": {"fulltext": "SPORTS AND PASTIMES.\\n399\\nas some who have become almost represen\u00c2\u00ac\\ntative batsmen by reason of this one hit\\nfor to cut brilliantly demands that you should\\nHITTING THE LEG.\\nbe able to calculate the time and rise of the\\nball to the veriest nicety and flexibility of\\nwrist is required rather than the possession\\nof anything like herculean strength. It is\\na stroke, none the less, that you should cul\u00c2\u00ac\\ntivate and endeavor to master, although\\nthere are reasons why even the cut should be\\nadministered with caution and never abused.\\nYou will find here that a heavy bat will\\nseriously interfere with the success of your\\nefforts, so do not be misled by the idea that\\nan addition of a pound or two avoirdupois\\nwill give you any advantage over the rest of\\nyour fellows. Some young players seem to\\nthink that it adds to their renown to wield a\\nbat more sensible plodding souls reject on\\nutilitarian principles. In cutting you want a\\nbat that you can raise with ease, not one\\nHIGH ARM DELIVERY.\\nthat will cause the tendons of your wrist to\\nache for a week afterwards.\\nIf you are under the impression that you\\nhave mastered the art of bowling because\\nyou have gained a certain amount of mechan\u00c2\u00ac\\nical precision in directing the course of the\\nball, you are very much mistaken. You\\nmust banish forever the notion that precision\\nis all that is required to become a great\\nbowler, or you will have wasted much time\\nand labor that might have been more profit\u00c2\u00ac\\nably spent. You must recognize at once the\\nfact that to secure eminence as a bowler", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0421.jp2"}, "422": {"fulltext": "400\\nSPORTS AND PASTIMES.\\nneeds gifts that all do not possess, as well as\\na degree of nerve that practice and experi\u00c2\u00ac\\nence can alone produce. You need patience\\nand resolution, as you well know, to become\\nCATCHING A HIGH HIT.\\na good batsman but you require, in addition,\\na keen perception and a readiness to discover\\nthe weak points of your adversaries, or you\\nwill never mature into a bowler of the high\u00c2\u00ac\\nest rank.\\nDo not over-bowl yourself at the outset,\\nbut try your strength with a low delivery,\\nand a pace that will not tire or fatigue you.\\nYou will find at first that you will have some\\ndifficulty in pitching the ball far enough,\\nthough the distance does not seem very\\ngreat until you have tried. You had better\\ndo anything than retain that fault, for short\\nbowling is the worst of all, and even one long\\nhop in an over is a fatal mistake that you\\nmust seek to overcome at all hazards. You\\nwill assist your future prospects, too, more\\nthan you can imagine, by selecting a neat\\nand easy style of delivery. It may be that\\nyou have already formed a habit in this line\\nthat you cannot well eradicate, and in this\\ncase the advice may come a little too late.\\nIt is certain that the more easy and less ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nhaustive the style of action, the better the\\nchance of a bowler retaining his skill for any\\nlength of time. If you have, unfortunately,\\ncontracted the habit of bowling spasmodi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncally, without the measured steady swing\\nthat should mark the movements of a first-\\nclass bowler, you can hardly hope to last,\\nalthough you may electrify the world per\u00c2\u00ac\\nchance for a few brief seasons.\\nYou will have to learn how best to hold\\nthe ball, for so much depends on its course\\nafter leaving your hand that every possible\\nadvantage in the manner of holding has care\u00c2\u00ac\\nfully to be studied. It is obvious that most\\n0\\nof the rotary tendency which proves so\\neffectual in the case of some bowlers, is\\nowing to the method in which the ball is\\nheld when it leaves the hand, so that no", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0422.jp2"}, "423": {"fulltext": "SPORTS AND PASTIMES.\\n401\\nchance should be allowed to escape in this\\ndirection. There are some who deem it to\\ntheir advantage to hold the ball in the palm\\nof the hand, but the plan is injudicious, and\\nwill in no way assist the object in view.\\nThe spin of the ball and the judgment\\nrequisite to puzzle a batsman, are matters\\nentirely of experience, and can be learned\\nonly after the bowler has acquired the art of\\nhitting the stumps with certainty.\\nIf you aim to be an absolute expert in the\\nway of bowling, you will have to cultivate\\nother faculties than those with which the\\nmere possession of a certain amount of\\nbodily strength has endowed you. The\\nscience of batting has improved so much,\\nand developed so marvelously with the pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nportionate improvement in the condition of\\ncricket grounds, that the old order of bowl\u00c2\u00ac\\ning has changed in a surprising manner, giv\u00c2\u00ac\\ning place to a new and vastly more intelli\u00c2\u00ac\\ngent state of things. Indeed, to be a skilful\\nbowler nowadays requires a degree of mental\\nacumen that was almost unnecessary in the\\npast.\\nIn the majority of elementary treatises\\n26\\nwhich have been written on cricket, there\\nhas been little or no allusion made to field\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, which is certainly one of the most im\u00c2\u00ac\\nportant qualifications in a good cricketer.\\nA good bat may be unluckily caught, and a\\nSTOPPING A GROUNDER WITH ONE HAND.\\ngood bowler may not be on the spot for the\\nday and then, if bad men be in the field,\\nthey become mere clogs upon the other men\\non their side, and do more harm than good.\\nIt is not, therefore, by any means a waste of\\ntime on the part of the youthful cricketer if\\nhe steadily sets to work and learns his\\nduties in the field, by carefully watching the\\nmovements of masters in the art.\\nIn the first place, it will be universally\\nadmitted that the primary object of a man\\nstanding at any place is to catch the bats\u00c2\u00ac\\nman out or to save runs. But even with\\nthis laudable object in view, it is strange to\\nsee the awkward manner in which many so-\\ncalled cricketers set about the task. Often\\nin the case of a high catch they hurry up to\\nthe ball in a state of excitement, which pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nvents them from taking a steady look at it,\\nand judging it properly. Their legs straddle\\nunder them, and their hands are wide apart.\\nHolding a catch in such a position is only a", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0423.jp2"}, "424": {"fulltext": "402\\nSPORTS AND PASTIMES.\\nmatter of chance, and it is frequently the\\ncase that the lucky fieldsman is even more\\nastonished at his success than the lookers-on.\\nA golden rule for catching high hits is to\\nget as well under the ball as possible, and\\njudge where you think the ball will pitch.\\nKeep your wrists almost together on a level\\nwith the lower part of your chest, but a little\\ndistance away from it, with the palms of\\nyour hands facing each other, and the tips\\nof the fingers upwards, and about eight\\ninches apart. By this means you will have\\na sort of box to catch the ball in, and the\\nposition of your hands will give you a chance\\nof hugging it to your body, if you do not\\ncatch it clean, and the ball tries to elude\\nyour grasp. In the case of sharp catches,\\nquickness ofjsye alone is of avail, and there\\nis generally little time to make elaborate\\npreparations. It therefore necessitates a\\nfield near the wickets keeping a very sharp\\nlook-out, or the chance will have been given\\nand missed, before he fairly knows anything\\nabout it.\\nBacking up the wicket-keeper, or the\\nbowler, or another field, in cases where the\\nball is thrown in, or hit to them sharply, is\\nthe bounden duty of the careful field, and a\\nconscientious carrying out of this work has\\nsaved many a match from being lost. It is\\nnot by any means necessary for a field to\\nwear himself out by too great exertions, and\\nrunning after another man\u00e2\u0080\u0099s ball; but the\\nvirtue of backing up should never be lost\\nsight of.\\nThe last important point in fielding is\\nthrowing-in to the wicket-keeper, and many\\na good field in other respects is simply\\na nuisance to his side from the carelessness\\nof his throwing-in. On all occasions the\\nball should be thrown in as low as possible,\\nprovided it does not roll along the ground.\\nHOUGH this is the national\\ngame of Scotland, it is now\\nlargely played in England,\\nIreland and other parts of\\nthe world. It is an enjoyable\\nand healthy amusement, in\u00c2\u00ac\\nvolving as it does a great\\namount of muscular exercise and plenty of\\nwalking, without at the same time calling for\\nthose spasmodic outbursts of violent energy\\nwhich render several outdoor games simply\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cforbidden fruit\u00e2\u0080\u009d to hundreds of boys and\\nyoung men.\\nItisplayed over \u00e2\u0080\u009clinks\u00e2\u0080\u009d (English, \u00e2\u0080\u009cdowns\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nor \u00e2\u0080\u009ccommons\u00e2\u0080\u009d) and the \u00e2\u0080\u009ccourse\u00e2\u0080\u009d will be\\nnone the less pleasing to keen golfers should\\nit contain a fair sprinkling of sandpits,\\nbroomy knolls, and other bunkers or\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009chazards\u00e2\u0080\u009d (as they are styled), which it is\\nthe chief aim and prime duty of the player to\\navoid if he possibly can do so. Throughout\\nthe common there is a series of circular\\nholes, four inches in diameter, situated at\\nvarious distances, ranging from 80 to 500\\nyards from each other, which are generally\\ncut on a patch of smooth turf, to facilitate\\nputting \u00e2\u0080\u0099\u00e2\u0080\u0099\u00e2\u0080\u0094the gentle tapping of the ball\\nas it gets near the hole.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0424.jp2"}, "425": {"fulltext": "SPORTS AND PASTIMES.\\n403\\nThe players are either two in number, the\\ncommoner and simpler arrangement, or four\\n(two against two, constituting what is known\\nas a \u00e2\u0080\u009cfoursome\u00e2\u0080\u009d), in which latter case the\\ntwo partners strike the ball on their side\\nalternately. The object of the game is to\\ndrive the ball from hole to hole round the\\ncourse in the fewest number of strokes, the\\nplayer (or pair of players) succeeding in\\nholing the ball in the fewest number win\u00c2\u00ac\\nning that hole.\\nThe greatest number of holes thus gained\\nin one or more rounds ordinarily decides the\\nmatch, though sometimes it is agreed to\\naward victory to the smallest aggregate\\nnumber of strokes taken to hole the course.\\nEach player must be furnished with a set of\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0clubs of different lengths and shapes, to be\\nDRIVING.\\nemployed according to the position of the\\nball or distance to be driven for the ball,\\nhaving been struck from the \u00e2\u0080\u009ctee\u00e2\u0080\u009d (a snuff\\nof sand, or tuft of grass, to give the requi\u00c2\u00ac\\nsite elevation for a full drive to start with),\\nmust afterwards be struck as it happens to\\nlie, and must not be touched by anything\\nexcept a club until it reaches the hole\u00e2\u0080\u0094sav\u00c2\u00ac\\ning in the cases provided for in the rules.\\nThe golfer\u00e2\u0080\u0099s tools are numerous and varied,\\nconsisting of the play-club the grassed-driver,\\nthe long, middle, short and baffing spoons\\nthe heavy and light irons, the cleek, the nib\u00c2\u00ac\\nlick, and the driving and green putters This\\nis a formidable list yet the beginner need\\nnot be disheartened. Armed with a play-\\nclub, a cleek and a putter, he may acquire\\nsuch proficiency as will afford him many a\\nTHE CLUBS.\\nThe first row are the Spoon, Putter, Driver.\\nThe second row are the Niblick, Cleek, Sand-iron.\\ngood day\u00e2\u0080\u0099s sport and as he advances in\\nskill he may complete his set. The three\\nimplements named may be had for thirteen\\nor fourteen shillings.\\nThe play-club varying in length from forty-\\nfour inches downward, should be selected\\ninclining rather to stiffness than to spring\u00c2\u00ac\\niness in the shaft, with a medium-weighted\\nflattish head, neither too deep in the face nor\\ntoo broad in the back. Its primary purpose\\nis to drive long raking shots from the tee;\\nbut it is also useful in playing through the\\ngreen, when the ball lies in a tolerably good\\nposition.\\nIt should be grasped firmly with the left\\nhand at the extreme end, the right being held\\nloosely to act as a guide, both hands being\\nkept close to each other, the wrists easy, and\\nthe thumbs over, not along, the shaft, while\\nthe knees should be a little bent. Then the\\nclub should be drawn slowly back over the\\nright shoulder, but without touching it, and", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0425.jp2"}, "426": {"fulltext": "404\\nSPORTS AND PASTIMES.\\nbrought smartly down to the ball\u00e2\u0080\u0094the swing\\ndescribing three-fourth of a circle. The\\nascent can scarcely be too deliberate or the\\ndescent too rapid. But during the operation\\nthe eye must remain steadily fixed upon the\\nball, else it will either be missed altogether\\nor struck on the top.\\nNo attempt must be made to press the\\nshot, which is always fatal, as sureness of\\naim and farness of flight are more the result\\nof art than strength. These conditions lie\\nat the foundation of style, and patience and\\nattention will soon carry them into success\u00c2\u00ac\\nful practice. But of no less importance is\\nthe manner in which the ball is addressed.\\nPUTTING.\\nThis depends on the stand. The feet should\\nbe from thirty to thirty six inches apart, the\\nleft toe being turned in slightly in front of,\\nand nearly opposite to, the ball. A careful\\nstudy of the proper position will prevent the\\nball being sent off the course to the right, by\\nstanding too near it, or to the left, by stand\u00c2\u00ac\\ning too far from it.\\nThe putter is rightly regarded as the dead\u00c2\u00ac\\nliest weapon in the golfer\u00e2\u0080\u0099s armory, as it has\\ndecided many a hard-fought contest. Thirty-\\nsix inches long, it should possess an abso\u00c2\u00ac\\nlutely stiff, slender, upright shaft, slightly\\ncurved, with a medium head, broad-faced,\\nand weighted with plenty of lead to insure\\nsteadiness. This club comes into play as the\\nhole is approached, and necessitates dex\u00c2\u00ac\\nterous manipulation; as not only has distance\\nto be judged, but the undulations of the\\nground and the impeding force of the grass\\nhave also to be calculated.\\nRules of the Game.\\nIt must be explained that when both par\u00c2\u00ac\\nties hole the ball in the same number of\\nstrokes, the hole is halved and counts to\\nneither. Obviously, whoever gains the ma\u00c2\u00ac\\njority of holes wins the match, which may be\\nfinished, however, without completing the\\nround, if one of the sides lias placed more\\nholes to its credit than remains to be played.\\nYou are said to be \u00e2\u0080\u009cdormy\u00e2\u0080\u009d when it is im\u00c2\u00ac\\npossible for you to lose, as, for instance, if\\nyou are two holes ahead and there are only\\ntwo to play, because, even should your ad\u00c2\u00ac\\nversary win the last two, the match would\\nbe drawn. Disparity between the competi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntors is balanced by odds,\u00e2\u0080\u009d which serve the\\nsame purpose as points in billiards\u00e2\u0080\u0094the less\\nskilful getting a stroke to every hole, or\\nevery second or third hole, as the case may\\nbe. The advantage lies here, that if the ball\\nis holed by each in six strokes, the player\\nreceiving the odds gains that hole by deduct\u00c2\u00ac\\ning his allowance; or if he takes seven to his\\nopponent\u00e2\u0080\u0099s six, it is halved.\\nIn conclusion, it may be desirable to point\\nout that the game of golf ought to be played\\non links, commons or downs that are not\\nvery much frequented, as cases are on record\\nwhere serious injury has resulted to persons\\nwho have accidentally received a blow from\\na golf ball.\\nThe costume of the golfer is simple\\nenough. A cap, a jacket or short-sleeved\\nroomy shooting-coat, loosely fitting trousers,", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0426.jp2"}, "427": {"fulltext": "SPORTS AND PASTIMES.\\n405\\nwoolen socks and strong boots, are the staples\\nof his wardrobe. Cricketing shoes are a\\nnuisance; and as a safeguard against slip\u00c2\u00ac\\nping, too many rough nails in the soles are\\nworse than having none at all. A good\\nwaist belt is preferable to braces, which do\\nnot give the muscles of the shoulders suffi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncient freedom. Discarded white kid gloves\\nwill prevent blisters arising from the friction\\nof the clubs; but the left hand only stands in\\nneed of such protection, and the fingers of the\\nglove may be cut off below the second joint\\nFOOT-RACING\\nN order to prepare himself for a\\nhundreds yards race (irrespec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntive of the training, of which\\nwe shall treat generally in due\\ncourse,) the candidate cannot\\ndo better than begin by steady\\nwalking exercise, at a medium\\nrate of three and three-quarter miles to four\\nmiles an hour, of about five miles in the day,\\nto harden his muscles; but much walking\\nexercise should not be indulged in within a\\nfortnight of a ioo yards race, as it has a\\ntendency to make the knees and ankles\\nstiff. He may run about 200 yards twice\\nduring his walk, but should only run\\nbriskly, not violently while he is soft it\\nis a great mistake to put any undue strain\\non the ligaments of the body.\\nAs he becomes firmer in muscle, he may\\nreduce the distance which he runs, and cover\\nit more rapidly, until he can run the actual\\n100 yards at top speed. Still, it is wise not\\nto run the course every day at his very best;\\nthe squeezing the last ounce out of the\\npowers of the body too often tells a tale,\\neven in so short a spin. If he runs the dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntance within two or three yards of his best\\npowers this will do for two days out of\\nthree. Every third day he may see what he\\ncan really do, and try for himself where\u00c2\u00ac\\nabouts in the course he best makes his one\\nprincipal rush.\\nA 600 yards race is not frequently run at\\na uniform pace there is some space which\\nthe runner covers at greater speed than any\\nother. The runner should practice starts,\\nwhich are all important in a short spin. He\\nshould stand thus one foot (left for choice,)\\nabout its own length and three inches more\\nin front of its fellow, the body leaning very\\nslightly forward, and the weight on the fore\\nfoot.\\nMile Racing.\\nFor this more prepartory walking exercise\\nis wanted, and the mile should be run daily\\nat first, but to commence with, the pace\\nshould be little more than a jog, at about\\ntwo-thirds of the runner\u00e2\u0080\u0099s real powers. The\\nspeed may be increased as practice pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ngresses, but the full distance should not be\\nrun out to the last gasp more than once\\na week, and not at all within four or five\\ndays, or even a week, of the race. The\\nsame for two miles, only that a still longer\\nrest is needed between the last trial at full\\nspeed and the day of the race.\\nA common error in all athletics is a fever\\nish desire to gain success in a moment. Th. c\\nyouth stands and sees the trained athlete\\nexhibiting his feats of wonderful skill, and\\nnot only does he wish to do the same, but\\nhe wishes to do it immediately. He is rest\u00c2\u00ac\\nless and impatient, chafes at the long train\u00c2\u00ac\\ning required, would perfect himself in a week", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0427.jp2"}, "428": {"fulltext": "406\\nTHE FINISH OF THE RACE", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0428.jp2"}, "429": {"fulltext": "SPORTS AND PASTIMES.\\n407\\nor a month, and fails to comprehend the fact\\nthat there are some things which cannot be\\ndone in a day. The fastest runners do not\\nbecome so at once talk, with them and you\\nwill know what training they have under\u00c2\u00ac\\ngone. Some who have promised well drop\\nout entirely and disappear, for the reason\\nthat their strength and muscles have been\\nput to a strain that was too severe. It needs\\nthe very best judgment and discretion to\\ndevelop the physical powers to their full\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Hmit without causing them to break down\\nin the process. Injury for life may be in\u00c2\u00ac\\nflicted in a contest lasting only three minutes.\\nAnother thing is to be considered in foot\u00c2\u00ac\\nracing the athlete must know where his\\nbest chances of success lie. Some can run\\nacross the country all day like wild Indians\\nwithout breaking down. Others can run\\nfive miles, others but one mile, and the ma\u00c2\u00ac\\njority even less than this distance. The\\nman who would be distanced in a mile run\\nmight win a two hundred and twenty yards\\ndash from the entire field.\\nROWING\\nINCE the introduction of the slid\u00c2\u00ac\\ning seat, the art of rowing has\\nundergone material changes, but\\nit is open to question whether\\nstyle has gained by the altera\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion in the seat. The sliding\\nseat is an American invention,\\nand consists of a seat which is\\ncapable of sliding backwards and forwards,\\nthrough the motion of the oarsman\u00e2\u0080\u0099s body.\\nThis has the effect of reducing the swing\\nforward to a great extent, as the crew slide\\nforward in a more upright position than was\\nformerly the case.\\nThe three main principles of successful\\nrowing are, first, perfect time, secondly, get\u00c2\u00ac\\nting the oar into the water square, that is,\\nat right angles to it, and thirdly, rowing\\nthe stroke right out and using the legs\\nwell. With reference to \u00e2\u0080\u009ctime,\u00e2\u0080\u009d all that\\ncan be said in the way of advice to a\\nbeginner is, be determined never to remove\\nyour eyes from the shoulders of the man in\\nfront of you. Follow his every motion, and\\nif the time is wrong, you will not, at all\\nevents, be to blame. Only by observing this\\nrule can the whole crew row as one man.\\nBe careful not to hurry the body forward,\\nunder the impression that you may other\u00c2\u00ac\\nwise be late, for this only makes the boat\\nroll, and nothing demoralizes a crew more\\nthan that. Be sure to bring your hands\\nwell up to your body at the end of the\\nstroke, and on no account keep them there\\nlonger than you are able. A quick recovery\\nafter a stroke and the free use of the legs\\nthe moment the oar gets into the water are\\nimportant agents in the acquisition of that\\nlift which is so desirable to obtain in\\nboat-racing.\\nA well-coached crew will, when rowing,\\nfairly make their boat seem to jump out of\\nthe water at the beginning of each stroke\\nand the value of all work done in front of\\nthe rozulochs, that is, in the first part of the\\nstroke before the blade of the oar comes\\nlevel with the oarsman\u00e2\u0080\u0099s body, is almost\\nbeyond estimation. As regards the oai\\nitself, it should be brought straight home to\\nthe chest, the knuckles touching the body\\nabout an inch or less below the bottom of\\nthe breast-bone, where the ribs branch off,\\nthus every inch of water is made use of.\\nWhen there, the hands should be dropped", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0429.jp2"}, "430": {"fulltext": "408\\nSPORTS AND PASTIMES.\\nstraight down, and then be turned over and\\nshot out again along the legs, and the body\\nshould follow without the least pause. If\\nthis is not done, the oar will be feathered\\nhave been dropped down too low, and the\\nstraps must not be used too much a light\\ntouch is all that is needed. The muscles of\\nthe body\u00e2\u0080\u0094in this case those that cross the\\nnimm\\nB-\\ni III 1 1 vjj\\nmmjmm\\nf m\\nA BOATING PARTY.\\nunder water, and thus the boat will be buried,\\nwater will be thrown on the next oar, and\\nthe recovery will be impeded.\\nTo effect a quick recovery the back must\\nbe perfectly straight, the knees must not\\nstomach\u00e2\u0080\u0094must be used, and not the boat\\nitself, of which the strap is a part. The\\nbody should be swung evenly forward from\\nthe hips, not with a jerk or a plunge, or\\nquicker at one time than another, but freely", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0430.jp2"}, "431": {"fulltext": "SPORTS AND PASTIMES.\\n409\\nand easily, as if the hip-joint worked well\\nand not stiffly.\\nBe careful always to get the oar in square;\\nif it goes into the water obliquely the blade\\nwill get in much too deeply, and the ship\\nwill roll; be sure also that the blade of the\\noar is well covered by water, but no more.\\nDeep rowing makes the boat roll, and if the\\noar is not in deep enough an insufficient\\namount of work is done, and a splash is also\\ncaused which inconveniences the other men.\\nIn swinging backwards and forwards, be\\nsure to do so straight between the knees.\\nMany otherwise good men, screw across the\\nboat, and thereby not only spoil the appear\u00c2\u00ac\\nance of the crew, but make the boat un\u00c2\u00ac\\nsteady, and so spoil the pace. Feathering\\nunder water is a very common fault in the\\nbest of crews, and it consists in commencing\\nthe feather before the oar is well out of the\\nwater. This is never the case when the\\nstroke is rowed well out, and the hands\\nbrought well up to the body before the\\nfeather is commenced.\\nBOXING\\nY boxing we do not mean prize\u00c2\u00ac\\nfighting, for this is only the\\nbrutal perversion of a healthful\\nand manly sport.\\nTake your position, as shown\\nin the annexed figure, page 410.\\nThe left arm must be in ad\u00c2\u00ac\\nvance, playing backwards and forwards easily,\\nthe fist about on a level with the centre of\\nthe chest. The right arm held across the\\nbody, but not stiffly.\\nKeep the chin down and the mouth shut.\\nIf you want to know the reason for this last\\nrecommendation being printed in italics, you\\nmay have your mouth open, just for once,\\nand get somebody to give you a slight tap\\non the jaw. But you had better take the\\nhint without trying the experiment.\\nt\\nThe beginner should, if possible, com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmence sparring with an antagonist who\\nknows something of the art; but if this is im\u00c2\u00ac\\npracticable, as in the case of a couple of lads\\nat a country house who want to amuse them\u00c2\u00ac\\nselves with boxing, let both follow the rules\\ncarefully, and stop directly they find them\u00c2\u00ac\\nselves hitting wildly, or in any way ap\u00c2\u00ac\\nproaching to fighting at close quarters\u00e2\u0080\u0094in\u00c2\u00ac\\nfighting, as it is called. So long as they keep\\nto out-fighting, which is hitting and guarding\\nat arm\u00e2\u0080\u0099s length, they will be able to correct\\nfaults and improve themselves.\\nTo lead of with the left at the head is the\\nvery groundwork of boxing, and cannot be\\npractised too carefully. It must be a dart\\nforward, with the whole weight of the body\\nbehind the blow, and the movement never\\ncan be rapid enough. The object is to\\nstrike before the opponent can put his guard\\nup, and the drawing back the hand, or the\\nadvance of either hand or foot, the minutest\\nfraction of a second before the other would\\nwarn him of the attack and frustrate your\\nintention.\\nTake great care not to push or chop\\ndownwards; with big gloves on his own\\nhands and on those of his opponent, the\\nnovice sees very little opening, and is apt to\\nget into a slovenly style of hitting. Be sure,\\ntherefore, to clench your fist at the moment\\nand dart it out like a snake\u00e2\u0080\u0099s tongue.\\nIn hitting with the left at the body,\\nslightly draw back the arm and turn the\\nelbow outwards, ducking the head to the\\nright as you advance the left foot, to avoid", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0431.jp2"}, "432": {"fulltext": "410\\nSPORTS AND PASTIMES.\\nbeing stopped by a blow in the face, and\\nspring quickly back before raising the head\\nagain.\\nThe body is guarded by pressing the\\narm close to the body and receiving the\\nblow upon it, or, better\\nstill, by divining your an\u00c2\u00ac\\ntagonist\u00e2\u0080\u0099s intention, and\\nstopping him before he\\ncan duck with a straight\\nshoot in the face. But in\\nmerely practising the lead\\noff mentioned\u00e2\u0080\u0094head,\\nhead, body\u00e2\u0080\u0094the former\\nguard must be adhered to.\\nIn loose sparring the\\nbody blow should gen\u00c2\u00ac\\nerally be prefaced by a\\nfeint at the head, in order\\nto draw the adversary\u00e2\u0080\u0099s right arm up for\\nthe head guard, which will leave the\\nmark open to your attack. The guard\\nfor this is to bring the left arm across the\\nbody to receive the blow, while the right is\\nthrown up to guard the head.\\nLEADING OFF WITH THE LEFT.\\nFeinting with the left is done by darting\\nout the left arm, and slightly advancing the\\nleft foot; feinting with the right by advanc\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the left foot and drawing the right arm\\nback.\\nTo counter is to hit at the same time as\\nyour adversary, the object being to take a\\nlight blow and inflict a heavy one. Your\\neye must always be kept fixed on your\\nopponent\u00e2\u0080\u0099s, and thus you may often divine\\nhis intentions. When he is intent on aiming\\na blow at you he is thinking less of guarding\\nhimself, and if you can forestall him by the\\nsmallest fraction of a second, he is hit off\\\\ as\\nit were, as he delivers his attack.\\nPay especial attention to the use of the\\nlegs and feet, for if these get confused, their\\nowner must lose his balance, and become\\npowerless either for attack or defence, and\\na slight blow will suffice to knock him down.\\nYou require to step forwards, backwards,\\nsideways as lightly and quickly as possible,\\nalways keeping the right foot in rear of the\\nleft.\\nHITTING WITH THE LEFT AT THE BODY.\\nThus, when you deliver a blow the whole\\nweight of your body is thrown into it; when\\nyou receive one, you give to it, as it were,\\nand much of the force is lost. Or, if you\\nstep back very smartly, it falls short alto\u00c2\u00ac\\ngether, while, your left foot being still in\\nadvance, you are ready to step up again at\\nthe instant and deliver a counter blow.\\nYour object should be to strengthen the\\nbody. One man strikes a blow equal to five\\nhundred pounds; another lifts eleven hun\u00c2\u00ac\\ndred pounds; another bends his back so that\\nhis head rests against his heels; another\\nruns eleven miles in an hour; another turns\\nsixty somersets without resting.\\nPOSITION.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0432.jp2"}, "433": {"fulltext": "SPORTS AND PASTIMES.\\n411\\nWe are greatly delighted with all these\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\npay our money to see them perform but as\\nneither one of these could do what either of\\nthe others does, so we all know that such\\nfeats, even if they were at all desirable, are\\nnot possible with one in a thousand. The\\nquestion is not what shall be done for these\\nfew extraordinary persons. Each has in\u00c2\u00ac\\nstinctively sought and found his natural\\nspeciality, but what are the best exercises\\nfor everybody? Such as develop lungs and\\nmuscles and perfect the whole physical man.\\nVERY rider who begins cycling\\nwhen young has, as in all ath\u00c2\u00ac\\nletic pursuits, the advantage\\nover those who start later in\\nlife. He has the elasticity of\\nframe to learn without unduly\\nstraining himself, and he ac\u00c2\u00ac\\nquires such proficiency that cycling becomes\\npart of his ordinary motion. With the ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nception of horse and pony riding, we can re\u00c2\u00ac\\ncall at the moment no one pastime which\\nappeals equally to the old and young, except\\ncycling.\\nMany of the pastimes of youth, such as\\nmarbles, leap-frog, etc., the boy, as he grows\\nto manhood, ceases to care for, and on the\\nother hand a youth has to grow up before\\nhe takes kindly to shooting and such like\\nsports. But in cycling extremes of age meet,\\nand both derive in their separate ways pleas\u00c2\u00ac\\nure and physical benefit from the wheel. A\\nboy only thinks of whether he likes a pas\u00c2\u00ac\\ntime, and never whether it does him any\\ngood, physically speaking.\\nWhen going on a tour the first thing to\\ndecide is what will most be enjoyed, good\\nscenery and medium roads; good roads and\\nmedium scenery, or what No fixed dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntances can be laid down, as the wind, the\\nstate of the roads, or the advent of rain may\\nplay an unrehearsed but effective part in the\\nproceedings of any day. There is nothing\\nthat differs so much in its capabilities as the\\nhuman stomach, and therefore the sooner\\nthe better a boy starts on the principle that\\nhe will be either a fool or a physician at forty,\\nif he does not ere that period ascertain what\\nhe can eat to the best advantage.\\nCycling Medically Viewed.\\nIt must therefore be a great pleasure to\\nparents to know that in the indulgence of\\ncycling their children, male or female, are\\nnot only getting amusement, but also gaining\\nhealth. It was unfortunate for cycling that\\nthe hobby-horse, which placed a man in the\\nworst possible position, namely, straining his\\nleg whilst it was extended to its utmost,\\nshould at the outset have prejudiced the\\nmedical profession against cycling.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0433.jp2"}, "434": {"fulltext": "412\\nSPORTS AND PASTIMES.\\nNow, however, almost without exception,\\nthe faculty are practically unanimous in its\\npraise; many well-known members who\\ncould be named being absolute enthusiasts.\\nThe advantages of cycling are now no\\nlonger a moot point, and in the words of a\\nwell-known physician, every person can\\nride with benefit to himself, except those\\nsuffering from consumption and heart dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nease, or who are decidedly prone to apo\u00c2\u00ac\\nplexy.\u00e2\u0080\u009d So long as a watchful eye is kept\\non the young rider to see that he does not\\noverdo it and that he suffers no inconve\u00c2\u00ac\\nnience from his saddle, there is no cause for\\nanxiety.\\nThere are not many regular schools for\\nteaching nowadays, but most venders of\\nmachines will make arrangements for a pur\u00c2\u00ac\\nchaser to be taught by one of their men.\\nFailing this, however, it only requires the\\nassistance of a companion (two for choice) a\\nlittle stronger than the learner, to enable one\\nDRAISINE-I 8 1 6\\nnovice to easily teach another. The best\\npreliminary step is for the learner to wheel his\\nHOBBYHORSE-1 82 I.\\nbicycle and letting it fall gently towards him,\\nto feel it spring upright again as he turns\\nlallement\u00e2\u0080\u0099s velocipede\u00e2\u0080\u0094 1866\\nthe front wheel towards him, that is, the\\nsame way the machine is falling. He will\\nthen realize better than he could whilst in", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0434.jp2"}, "435": {"fulltext": "SPORTS AND PASTIMES.\\n413\\nthe saddle how a bicycle rights itself,\\nwits are clearer when on terra firma.\\nHis\\nobliged to do so at other times. Many modern\\nmachines are faulty in this respect\u00e2\u0080\u0094handles\\ntoo low\u00e2\u0080\u0094as regards com\u00c2\u00ac\\nfort, appearance and health\\nbut it only requires a buyer\\nto insist on a longer tube for\\nadjustment of his handles to\\nbe comfortable. Learning\\nto ride is the easiest part\\nof early cycling. Mounting is the\\nmost difficult, and next comes dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nmounting. With a professional teacher\\ninside a room the rider will be always\\non the turn, which although increas\u00c2\u00ac\\ning his earlier difficulties, makes him a\\nbetter rider when left alone than if he had\\nlearnt on a straightaway course. If he learns\\nA DASH ACROSS THE COUNTRY.\\nHaving thus gained an idea of how a\\nbicycle is kept on end, the learner, with a\\nfriend on each side of him, can seat\\nhimself in the saddle, seeing first that\\nit is at a proper height. The begin\u00c2\u00ac\\nning and end of ease in cycling de\u00c2\u00ac\\npend on this, and the gauge is as fol\u00c2\u00ac\\nlows When the rider is seated on\\nthe saddle, the centre of the bottom\\nof his foot should just be able to\\ntouch the pedal at its lowest point.\\nIn pedalling, however, he uses the ball\\nof his foot, that is, midway between\\nthe centre and the toe ends, and this\\nenables him to use his ankles as well\\nas his thrust of leg; but ankle action\\ncomes later \u00e2\u0080\u0094not in the learner\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nstage.\\nEvery modern machine is made\\nwith handle-bars so wide that no con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntraction of the chest can occur in\\nholding them; but riders should\\ninsist on the handles being capable\\nof being raised so high as to obviate\\nthe necessity of craning forward.\\nWhen spurting, as later on in his\\ncareer the novice will, he will crane for- in the street let it be in a secluded one, with\\nward, but he should be able to avoid being a very slight slope. Here with a friend or\\nA BICYCLE RAILROAD.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0435.jp2"}, "436": {"fulltext": "414\\nSPORTS AND PASTIMES.\\nfriends to hold him up, he will soon acquire\\nthe balance, but if he has a fall or two it will\\ngive him confidence by letting him know the\\nworst that can happen. It is useless going\\non learning when fatigue sets in; either rest\\nawhile or stop till next day. An hour at a\\ntime when learning is enough for anyone.\\nBetween Mount Molly and Smithfield, New\\nJersey, there is a railway for bicyclists which\\nwill be understood from our illustration. The\\nsingle rail is mounted on a fence, and the\\nbicycle is inverted in the manner shown.\\nEach passenger is his own locomotive, and\\nthus combines exercise with travel. There\\nis no danger of falling off and no trouble\\nabout steering, so that the passenger can\\nfreely look about him and enjoy the air. It\\nis proposed to double the track for going\\nand coming passengers, and to provide sta\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions at intervals with supplies of vehicles.\\nThe combined tricycle and boats shown\\nin the figure is an American invention for\\no\\nroad and river travel. Twin boats are\\nfastened to a tricycle having wheels fitted\\nwith paddles, and when in the water they\\ncan be guided by the steering wheel, which\\nis made as a circular disc. The boats\\ncan be disconnected from the tricycle at will,\\nand serve to hold luggage, fishing tackle,\\nand other paraphernalia.\\nIt is evident that the bicycle has come to\\nstay. No new method of locomotion ever\\nleaped so rapidly into public favor. While\\nthere have been differences of opinion as to\\nthe physical advantages of cycling, the\\nweight of this opinion is decidedly in favor of\\nit. The exercise is healthful, when not over\u00c2\u00ac\\ndone. Even walking may be overdone, and\\nis liable to the same objection that might be\\nmade against the wheel. A\\nperson must know when his\\nride has been long enough, and\\nknowing this he should have\\nwill power enough to stop.\\nIt is nothing uncommon now\\nto see business men in all parts\\nof our country making use of\\nthe bicycle. It gives promise\\nof a more robust health and a\\nbetter physique.\\nCycling has a short but bril\u00c2\u00ac\\nliant history of the past. In\\nendurance man mounted on a\\ncycle has beaten the strongest\\nand fleetest of domestic animals,\\nthe horse, out and out in a\\ntwenty-four hours\u00e2\u0080\u0099 ride. What horse could\\ncompete against a cycler who covers, as\\nsome have done, over 300 miles a day?\\nHorses have trotted a mile rather faster, but\\nwhere is the horse which could cover forty\\nmiles under two hours, as not one but several\\ncyclists have done in the fifty miles champ\u00c2\u00ac\\nionship What horse could turn out morn\u00c2\u00ac\\ning after morning, and trot or gallop to the\\ntune of over a hundred miles a day, as have\\nsome cyclists in the past few years A prac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntical knowledge of cycling tends to increase\\none\u00e2\u0080\u0099s wonder at these \u00e2\u0080\u009cgiant performances.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nTHE CYCLE IN USE ON THE WATER", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0436.jp2"}, "437": {"fulltext": "THE\\nLargest things\\nIN THE WORLD\\nIGHEST NATURAE BRIDGE in the world is\\nat Rockbridge, Virginia, being 200 feet high\\nto the bottom of the arch.\\nLargest circueation of paper money is that of\\nthe United States, being 700,000,000, while Russia\\nhas 670,000,000.\\nLargest insurance company in the world is the\\nMutual Life of New York City, having cash assets\\nof $108,000,000.\\nMOST remarkable ECHO known is that in the\\ncastle of Simonetta, two miles from Milan. It re\u00c2\u00ac\\npeats the echo of a pistol sixty times.\\nLargest voecano in the world is Etna. Its base\\nis 90 miles in circumference; its cone 11,000 feet\\nhigh. Its first eruption occurred 474 B. C.\\nLargest TREE in the world, as yet discovered, is\\nin Tulare County, California. It is 275 feet high, and\\n106 feet in circumference at its base.\\nLARGEST desert is Sahara, in Northern Africa.\\nIts length is 3000 miles and breadth 900 miles\\nhaving an area of 2,000,000 square miles.\\nLargest diamond in the world is the Braganza,\\nbeing a part of the Portuguese jewels. It weighs\\n1880 carats. It was found in Brazil in 1741.\\nTaeeEST man was John Hale, of Lancashire, Eng\u00c2\u00ac\\nland, w r ho was nine feet six inches in height. His\\nhand was seventeen inches long and eight and one-\\nhalf inches broad.\\nHighest MONUMENT in the world is the Wash\u00c2\u00ac\\nington monument, being 555 feet. The highest\\nstructure of any kind is the Eiffel Tower, Paris, fin\u00c2\u00ac\\nished in 1889, and 989 feet high.\\nIT is ceaimed that crows, eagles, ravens and swans\\nlive to be 100 years old herons, 59 parrots, 60\\npelicans and geese, 50; skylarks, 30 sparrow hawks,\\n40 peacocks, canaries and cranes, 24.\\nGREATEST cataract in the world is Niagara, the\\nheight of the American Falls being 165 feet. The\\nhighest fall of water in the world is that of the Yo-\\nsemite in California, being 2550 feet.\\nMost ANCIENT catacombs are those of the The\u00c2\u00ac\\nban kings, begun 4000 j^ears ago. The catacombs\\nof Rome contain the remains of about 6,000,000\\nhuman beings those of Paris, 3,000,000.\\nLargest number of cattee ever received in one\\nyear was that of Chicago in the year 1884, being\\n1,874,984 beeves, 30,223 calves, 5,640,625 hogs,\\n749,9^ sheep, ail d 15,625 horses. It required 9000\\ntrains of 31 cars each, which, if coupled together,\\nwould reach 2146 miles.\\nLargest producing farm in the world lies in the\\nsouthwest corner of Louisiana, owned by a northern\\nsyndicate. It runs one hundred miles north and\\nsouth. The immense tract is divided into conveni\u00c2\u00ac\\nent pastures, with stations of ranches every six\\nmiles. The fencing alone cost nearly $50,000.\\nUnion arch of the Washington Aqueduct is the\\nlargest in the world, being 220 feet; 20 feet in excess\\nof the Chester Arch across the Dee in England; 6S\\nfeet longer than that of the London Bridge 92 feet,\\nlonger than that at Neuilly on the Seine, and 100\\nfeet longer than that of Waterloo Bridge, London.\\nThe height of the Washington Arch is 100 feet.\\nLargest ship ever built, the Great Eastern, re\u00c2\u00ac\\ncently broken to pieces and sold to junk dealers, was\\ndesigned and constructed by Scott Russell, at Max-\\nwell, on the Thames. Work on the giant vessel was\\ncommenced in May, 1854. She was successfully\\nlaunched January 13, 1858. The launching alone\\noccupied the time from November 3, 1857, until the\\ndate above given. Her total length w r as 600 feet;\\nbreadth, 118 feet; total weight w 7 hen launched,\\n12,000 tons. Her first trip of any consequence was\\nmade to New York in 1859-60. She has been broken\\nand sold for old iron.\\nIn 1775 there were only twenty-seven news\u00c2\u00ac\\npapers published in the United States. Ten years\\nlater, in 1785, there were seven published in the\\nEnglish language in Philadelphia alone, of which\\none was a daily. The oldest newspaper published\\nin Philadelphia at the time of the F ederal conven-\\n415", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0437.jp2"}, "438": {"fulltext": "416\\nTHE LARGEST THINGS IN THE WORLD.\\ntion was the Pennsylvania Gazette established by\\nSamuel Keirner, in 1728. The second newspaper in\\npoint of age was the Pennsylvania Journal estab\u00c2\u00ac\\nlished in 1742 by William Bradford, whose uncle,\\nAndrew Bradford, established the first newspaper in\\nPennsylvania, the American Weekly Mercury in\\n1719. Next in age, but the first in importance, was\\nthe Pennsylvania Packet established by John Dun\u00c2\u00ac\\nlap in 1771. In 1784 it became a daily, being the\\nfirst daily newspaper printed on this continent.\\nStatistics of twenty leading libraries in\\nthis country show that, of over $500,000 spent, a\\nlittle over $170,000 spent was devoted to books,\\nwhile other expenses consumed $358,000. In the\\nMercantile Library of New York City it cost 14 cents\\nto circulate a volume in the Astor, 14^ cents are\\nTHE EIFFEL TOWER.\\nspent on each volume, or 27 cents on each reader;\\nin Columbia College Library, 2i cents per reader\\nin the Library Company of Philadelphia, 26 cents\\nper volume, or 10 cents per head. The largest li\u00c2\u00ac\\nbrary in the world is the National Library of France,\\nfounded by Louis XIV., which now contains 1,400,-\\n000 books, 300,000 pamphlets, 175,000 manuscripts,\\n300,000 maps and charts, 150,000 coins and medals,\\n1,300,000 engravings and 100,000 portraits. The\\nLibrary of Congress is the largest in this country.\\nMOST extensive mines in the world are those of\\nFreiberg, Saxony. They were begun in the twelfth\\ncentury, and in 1835 the galleries, taken collectively,\\nhad reached the unprecedented length of 123 miles.\\nA new gallery, begun in 1838, had reached a length\\nof twelve miles at the time of the census of 1895.\\nThe deepest perpendicular mining shaft in the\\nworld is located at Prizilram, Bohemia. It is a lead\\nmine, 3280 feet deep. The deepest coal mine in the\\nworld is near Tourney, Belgium it is 3 4 2 f ee t in\\ndepth, but, unlike the lead mine mentioned above,\\nit is not perpendicular. The deepest hole ever bored\\ninto the earth is the artesian well at Potsdam, which\\nis 5,500 feet in depth. The deepest coal shaft in the\\nUnited States is located at Pottsville, Pa., 1800 feet.\\nFrom this great depth 400 cars, holding four tons\\neach, are hoisted daily. The deepest silver mine in\\nthe United States is the Yellow Jacket, one of the\\ngreat Comstock system at Virginia City, Nevada;\\nthe lower levels are 2700 feet below the hoisting\\nworks.\\nLargest stone bridge on the face of the earth\\nis that finished in May, 1885, at Lagang, China.\\nChinese engineers had sole control of its construc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion. It crosses an arm of the China Sea, is nearly\\nsix miles in length, is composed entirely of stone,\\nand has 300 arches, each 70 feet high. It is the most\\ncolossal structure ever reared by man, yet we sneer\\nat heathen Chinee.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The largest truss iron bridge\\nin the world crosses the Firth of Tay, Scotland. It\\nis 18,612 feet in length and composed of 85 spans.\\nThe longest wooden bridge in the world is that cross\u00c2\u00ac\\ning Lake Ponchartrain, near New Orleans, La. It is\\na trestle-work 21 miles in length, built of cypress\\npiles which have been saturated with creosote oil to\\npreserve them. The highest bridge in the United\\nStates is over Kinzina Creek, near Bradford, Pa. It\\nwas built in 1882, has a total span of 2,051 feet and\\nis 301 feet above the creek bed.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0098\u00e2\u0080\u0098Centennial ox,\u00e2\u0080\u009d bred by Samuel Barkley of\\nSomerset County, Pa., was the largest specimen of\\nthe bovine the world has ever seen. He weighed\\n4900 pounds the day he arrived in Philadelphia.\\nThis mountain of beef was of mixed stock, being\\nshort-horn, native scrub,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and Ayrshire, the short\u00c2\u00ac\\nhorn predominating. After the exhibition was ended\\nthe giant ox was butchered and exhibited as show\\nbeef\u00e2\u0080\u009d at Philadelphia during the holidays of 1876.\\nA short-horn steer weighing 4100 pounds was slaugh\u00c2\u00ac\\ntered at Detroit in 1874. A. L Meal, of Moberly,\\nMo., formerly owned the largest cow in the world.\\nMr. Meal disposed of her in 1883, the Cole Circus\\nCompany being the purchasers She weighed the\\nday of sale 3296 pounds. Mr. John Pratt, of Chase\\nCounty, Kan., was formerly the owner of a cow\\nweighing 3200 pounds. She was of the common\\nscrub stock and stood nineteen hands high.\\nGreat Pyramid of Cheops is the largest struc\u00c2\u00ac\\nture of any kind ever erected by the hand of man.\\nIts original dimensions at the base were 764 feet\\nsquare, and its perpendicular height in the highest\\npoint 488 feet; it covers four acres, one rood, and", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0438.jp2"}, "439": {"fulltext": "VIEW OF THE NATIONAL CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON.\\n27\\n417", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0439.jp2"}, "440": {"fulltext": "418\\nTHE LARGEST THINGS IN THE WORLD\\ntwenty-two perches of ground, and has been esti\u00c2\u00ac\\nmated by an eminent English architect to have cost\\nnot less than ^30,000,000, which in United States\\ncurrency would be about $147,200,000. Internal\\nevidence proves that the great pyramid was begun\\nabout the year 2170 B. C., about the time of the birth\\nof Abraham. It is estimated that about 5,000,000\\ntons of hewn stone were used in its construction, and\\nthe evidence points to the fact that these stones were\\nbrought a distance of about 700 miles from quaries in\\nArabia.\\nLargest and grandest temple of worship in\\nuntil the year 1880. The cost, in round numbers, is\\nset down as $70,000,000.\\nCapitol Building at Washington, D. C., is the\\nlargest building in the United States. The corner\\nstone was laid December 18, 1793, by President\\nWashington, assisted by other Masons. It was par\u00c2\u00ac\\ntially destroyed by the British in 1814. The present\\ndome was begun in 1855 and finished in 1863. The\\nflag of the United States first floated from it Decem\u00c2\u00ac\\nber 12, 1863. The cost of the entire building has\\nbeen something over $13,000,000. Its length is 715\\nfeet 4 inches width, 324 feet. It covers 3^ acres\\nst. peter\u00e2\u0080\u0099s and the Vatican, rome.\\nthe world is the St. Peter\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Cathedral at Rome. It\\nstands on the site of Nero\u00e2\u0080\u0099s circus, in the northwest\\npart of the city, and is built in form of a Latin cross.\\nThe total length of the interior is 612^ English feet;\\ntransept, 446^ feet; height of nave, 152^ feet;\\ndiameter of cupalo, 193 feet; height of dome from\\npavement to top of cross, 448 feet. The great bell\\nalone without the hammer or clapper weighs 18,600\\npounds, or over 9^ tons. The foundation was laid\\nin 1450 A. D. Forty-three Popes lived and died\\nduring the time the work was in progress. It was\\ndedicated in the year 1826, but not entirely finished\\nof ground. The distance from the ground to the top\\nof the dome is 307 l z feet; diameter of the dome,\\n1 35 feet\u00e2\u0080\u0094making fifth as to size with the greatest\\ndomes of the world.\\nLargest and costliest private mansion in\\nthe world is that belonging to Lord Bute, called\\nMontstuart, and situated near Rothesay, England.\\nIt covers nearly two acres is built in gothic style\\nthe w alls, turrets and balconies are built of stone.\\nThe immense tower in the center of the building is\\n120 feet high, w r ith a balcony around the top. The\\nhalls are constructed entirely of marble and alabaster.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0440.jp2"}, "441": {"fulltext": "THE LARGEST THINGS IN THE WORLD.\\n419\\nand the rooms are finished in mahogany, rosewood\\nand walnut. The fire-places are all carved marbles\\nof antique design. The exact cost of this fairy\\npalace is not known, but it has never been estimated\\nat less than $8,000,000.\\nLargest body oe fresh water in the world is\\nLake Superior. It is 400 miles long and 180 miles\\nwide; its circumference, including the windings of\\nits various bays, has been estimated at 1800 miles.\\nIts area in square miles is 32,000, which is greater\\nthan the whole of New England, leaving out Maine.\\nThe greatest depth of this inland sea is 200 fathoms,\\nor 1200 feet. Its average depth is about 160 fathoms.\\nIt is 636 feet above sea level.\\nFamous Coreiss engine, the largest ever con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstructed, and the one used to drive the machinery\\nin the great hall at the Centennial of 1876, is now in\\nthe shops of the Pullman Car Company at Pullman,\\nnear Chicago, Ill. The writer is aware that this dif\u00c2\u00ac\\nfers from other statements that have been made, it\\nbeing generally supposed that the Emperor of Brazil\\nbought the engine and removed it to his own coun\u00c2\u00ac\\ntry. He did talk of buying it, but the bargain was\\nnever consummated. This tireless giant works in an\\nupright position, is over 40 feet high, of 1400 horse\u00c2\u00ac\\npower, and has two 40-inch cylinders and a io-foot\\nstroke.\\nLargest ferry-boat ever constructed was named\\nthe Solano, and is now in use daily conveying trains\\nacross the Straits of Carquinez, between Benecia and\\nPort Costa. The Solano is 460 feet long, 116 feet\\nwide, and 20-foot depth of hold. She has 8 steel\\nboilers, 4 rudders and a tonage of 3841 tons. On\\nher decks are 4 railway tracks, with capacity for 48\\nordinary freight cars and 2 locomotives, or 28 pas\u00c2\u00ac\\nsenger coaches of the largest build.\\nHighest buieding in the world, not counting the\\nEiffel Tower, the Washington Monument and the\\nCity Hall, Philadelphia, is the Cologne Cathedral.\\nThe height from the pavement to the top of the\\ncupola is 511 feet. It is 511 feet long, exactly the\\nsame as the height, and 231 feet wide. It was begun\\nAugust 15th in the year 1248, and was pronounced\\nfinished August 14, 1880, over 600 years after the\\ncorner-stone was laid.\\nHighest mountain on the globe is not, as is\\ngenerally supposed, Mt. Everest, that honor belong\u00c2\u00ac\\ning to a lofty peak named Mt. Hercules on the Isle\\nof Papua, New Guinea, discovered by Capt. Lawson\\nin 1881. According to Lawson, this monster is\\n32,763 feet in height, being 3781 feet higher than\\nMt. Everest, which is only 29,002 feet above the\\nlevel of the Indian Ocean.\\nLargest State in our grand republic is Texas,\\nwhich contains 274,356 square miles, capable of sus\u00c2\u00ac\\ntaining 20,000,000 of people, and then it would not:\\nbe more crowded than Scotland is at present. It\\nhas been estimated that the entire population of the\\nglobe could be seated upon chairs within the boun\u00c2\u00ac\\ndary of Texas, and each have four feet of elbow\\nroom.\\nMississippi River, from the source of the Mis\u00c2\u00ac\\nsouri to the Eads jetties, is the longest river in\\nthe world. It is 4300 miles in length and drains an\\narea of 1,726,000 square miles. The Amazon, which\\nis, without doubt, the widest river in the world, in--\\neluding the Beni, is 4000 miles in length and drains\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\n2,330,000 square miles of territory.\\nLargest custom-house in this or any other land\\nis in New Orleans. It was begun in 1848 and over\\nthirty years elapsed before it was finished and ready\\nfor use. It is built of Quincy granite, the interior\\nbeing finished in finest marble. It has 111 rooms\\nheight from the pavement to the top of the cornice\\nis 80 feet, and to the top of the light on the dome\\n187 feet. The dome itself is 49 feet square and 61\\nfeet high estimated total cost of building, $4,900,000.\\nLargest hotel in the United States, and prob\u00c2\u00ac\\nably the largest in the world, is located at San\\nFrancisco, Cal. It is 9 stories high and cost $3,500,-\\n000. It is named the Palace, and has accommoda\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions for 1,500 guests.\\nFinest theatre in the world is in Paris. It is\\nof solid stone, finished with marble floors, and\\ncovers about four acres of ground. La Scala, of\\nMilan, has the largest seating capacity, while the\\nAuditorium at Chicago, completed in 1889, seating\\n7000 people, ranks second in that respect.\\nA block OF coal exhibited at the Iowa State Fair\\nis thought to be the largest even mined it weighed\\n7000 pounds.\\nLargest bound book ever made is owned by\\nQueen Victoria. It is iS inches thick and weighs 63.\\npounds. It contains the jubilee addresses of con\u00c2\u00ac\\ngratulation\\nLargest COAL breaker in the world is in opera\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion at Edwardsville Colliery, Luzerne County, Pa.\\nIt prepares for market 4000 mine cars of coal every\\nten hours.\\nGREATEST elevation ever attained by balloonists\\nwas 37,000 feet\u00e2\u0080\u0094about 7 miles. The aeronauts were\\nJames Glaisher, F. R. S., and Mr. Coxwell. The\\nascent was made September 5, 1862, at Wolverhamp\u00c2\u00ac\\nton, England.\\nLongest single span of wire in the world is\\nused for a telegraph in India. It is stretched over\\nthe River Kistuah, between Bezorah and Sectaua-\\ngrum. It is over 6000 feet long, and is stretched\\nfrom the top of one mountain to the top of another,,\\neach mountain being nearly 2000 feet high.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0441.jp2"}, "442": {"fulltext": "420\\nTHE LARGEST THINGS IN THE WORLD.\\nTwo LARGEST castings in the world are in Japan,\\none at Nara and the other at Kamakura. Both are\\nstatues. The one at Nara is 53 feet and 9 inches\\nfrom the base to the crown of the head. It was first\\ncast in the eighth century, but was afterward de\u00c2\u00ac\\nstroyed and recast in the year 1223. The Kamakura\\nstatue is 47 feet high.\\nSydney (Australia) eighthouse is provided\\nwith the largest electric light in the world. It has\\na power of 180,000 candles and may be seen from\\nships 50 miles at sea. The next largest is in the\\nPalais d\u00e2\u0080\u0099lndustrieandhas a power of 150,000 candles.\\nSan Jose, California, has the most powerful elec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntric light in the United States, one of 24,000 candle\\npower.\\nStone pavement in front of the residence of the\\nlate William H. Vanderbilt, in New York City, is\\nmade up of the largest slabs of flagging stone ever\\nput in a single pavement. The stones were taken\\nfrom quarries in Pike County, Pennsylvania, west of\\nPort Jervis, N. Y., and from the Bigelow quarries in\\nUlster County, N. Y. The large slab immediately in\\nfront of the residence is the largest slab of its kind\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ever transported from any quarry and cost the\\nmillionaire $9200; the entire cost of the pavement\\nvas $47,000.\\nGreatest individuae land proprietor in\\nthe world is Wilson Waddingham, w T ho in 1SS7 pur\u00c2\u00ac\\nchased 163,000 acres of land in San Miguel County,\\nJfew Mexico. His present landed interests amount\\nto 1,500,000 acres, about 500,000 acres more than are\\nMaimed for the Duke of Westminster. In 1896\\nthe largest producing farm in the world was one of\\nthe same number of acres (1,500,000) situated in the\\nsouthwest corner of Louisiana. This immense farm\\nis operated by a northern syndicate, with J. B. Wat\u00c2\u00ac\\nkins as manager.\\nGREATEST FORTRESS, from a strategical point of\\nview, is the famous stronghold of Gibraltar. It oc\u00c2\u00ac\\ncupies a rocky peninsula jutting out into the sea,\\nabout three miles long and three quarters of a mile\\nwide. One central rock rises to a height of 1435\\nfeet above the sea-level. Its northern face is almost\\nperpendicular, while its east side is full of tremend\u00c2\u00ac\\nous precipices. On the south it terminates in what\\nis called Europa Point. The west side is less steep\\nthan the east, and between its base and the sea is the\\nnarrow, almost level span on which the town of\\nGibraltar is built. The fortress is considered im\u00c2\u00ac\\npregnable to military assault. The regular garrison\\nin time of peace numbers about 7000.\\nBIGGEST cavern is the Mammoth Cave, in Ed\u00c2\u00ac\\nmonson County, Kentucky. It is near Green River,\\nabout six miles from Cave City, and twenty-eight\\nfrom Bowling Green. The cave consists of a succes\u00c2\u00ac\\nsion of irregular chambers, some of which are large,\\nsituated on different levels. Some of the\u00c2\u00a7e are tra\u00c2\u00ac\\nversed by the navigable branches of the subterranean\\nEcho River. Blind fish are found in its waters.\\nLargest hanging bele in the world is in a\\nBuddhist monastery, near Canton, China. It is\\neighteen feet high and forty-five feet in circumfer\u00c2\u00ac\\nence, and is of solid bronze. It is one of the eight\\ngreat bells wdiicli w r ere cast by command of the Em\u00c2\u00ac\\nperor Yung-lo about A. D. 1400, and is said to have\\ncost the lives of eight men, who were killed during\\nthe process of casting. The whole bell, both inside\\nand out, is covered with an inscription in embossed\\nChinese characters about half an inch long, covering\\neven the handle, the total number being 84,000. The\\ncharacters tell a single story\u00e2\u0080\u0094one of the Chinese\\nclassics.\\nLargest stationery engine in the world\\nis at the famous zinc mines at-Friedensville, Pa. It\\nis knowm as the President,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and there is no pump\u00c2\u00ac\\ning engine in the w orld that can be compared with\\nthe monster. The number of gallons of water raised\\nevery minute is 17,500. The driving wheels are\\nthirty-five feet in diameter and w^eigh forty tons each.\\nThe sweep rod is forty feet long, the cylinder no\\ninches in diameter, and a piston-rod eighteen inches\\nin diameter, with a ten-foot stroke.\\nLargest gun in the United States is the 20-\\ninch Rodman, smooth bore, at Fort Hamilton, New\\nYork Harbor. Its dimensions are as follows: Ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ntreme length, 243! inches maximum diameter, 64\\ninches; minimum diameter, 34 inches; length of\\nbore in calibers, 10.50 inches. The service charge\\nis 200 pounds of powder, and the weight of the pro\u00c2\u00ac\\njectile is 2000 pounds. There is also a wrought iron\\nlined rifled 12} inch gun at Sandy Ilook. Its weight\\nis 89,350 pounds; extreme length, 262} inches;\\nmaximum diameter, 55 inches; minimum diameter\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\n2 7-55 inches length of the bore in calibers, 18.53\\ninches. The gun is used for experimental purposes\\niu testing powder.\\nThe Longest Tunnels in the World.\\nMount St. Gothard Tunnel, Italy, is 48,840 feet\\nlong, or nearly ten miles long, and the longest in the\\nworld.\\nMount Cenis Tunnel, Italy, is 39,840 feet long,\\nor about seven miles long.\\nHoosac Tunnel, Massachusetts, is 25,080 feet\\nlong, or about four and one-half miles.\\nNochistongo Tunnel is 21,659 feet long or\\nabout four miles.\\nSutro Tunnel is 21,120 feet long, or four miles.\\nThames and Medway, England, is ij,SSo feet\\nlong, or about two miles.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0442.jp2"}, "443": {"fulltext": "LARGEST PILLARS IN THE WORLD-RUINS OF KARNAK, EGYPT,\\n421", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0443.jp2"}, "444": {"fulltext": "422\\nTHE LARGEST THINGS IN THE WORLD.\\nLargest Steam Hammer in the World.\\nThe greatest steam hammer in the world, con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstructed at the Bethlehem Iron Company\u00e2\u0080\u0099s works for\\nthe manufacture of armor plate, was designed after\\nthe hammer of Schneider Co., of Le Crusot,\\nFrance, which, next to this one, is the largest\\nhammer in the world. It has a stroke of 125 tons,\\nwhile the Schneider hammer is only capable of\\nstriking a ioo-ton blow. The hammer is used for\\nforging ingots into armor plates. These ingots are\\ncast of metal weighing from 100 to 150 tons, and by\\nthis stupendous piece of mechanism are forged into\\nthe desired sizes by 125-ton blows.\\nThe hammer stands in the centre of a very large\\nbuilding and over a year was spent in its construc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion. A pit 58 by 62 feet was dug for the founda\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion and on walls 30 feet high the anvil stands. To\\ngive the foundation a certain elasticity a layer of 20\\nsteel slabs on top of Ohio white oak timbers was\\nmade and the surface w r as rendered perfectly smooth.\\nIt was of course entirely out of the question to cast\\nin a single piece the iron required and the anvil was\\nbuilt by depositing on top of the steel slabs and their\\ntimbers 22 blocks of solid cast iron. The average\\nweight of these blocks is 70 tons, and the entire\\nweight of the mass of iron and steel forming the\\nanvil and foundation is nearly 1800 tons.\\nThe hammer itself is a majestic looking structure,\\nsuperimposed over the cyclopean mass of iron, form\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the anvil\u00e2\u0080\u0094huge, substantial and powerful, rising\\nto a height of 90 feet.\\nMost Notable Bridges of the World.\\nBrooklyn Bridge was commenced, under the\\ndirection of J. Roebling, in 1870, and completed in\\nabout thirteen years. It is 3475 feet long and\\n135 feet high. The cost of building was nearly\\n$15,000,000.\\nCantilever Bridge, over the Niagara, is built\\nalmost entirely of steel. Its length is 910 feet, the\\ntotal weight is 3000 tons, and the cost was $900,000.\\nFirst Niagara Suspension Bridge was built by\\nRoebling in 1852-53, at a cost of $400,000. It is 245\\nfeet above water, 821 feet long, and the strength is\\nestimated at 1200 tons.\\nBridge AT Havre de Grace, over the Susque\u00c2\u00ac\\nhanna, is 3271 feet long, and is divided into twelve\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2wooden spans, resting on granite piers.\\nBritannia Bridge crosses the Menai strait,\\nWales, at an elevation of 103 feet above high water.\\nIt is of wrought iron, 1511 feet long, and was finished\\nin 1850. Cost, $3,008,000.\\nNew London Bridge is constructed of granite,\\nfrom the designs of L. Rennier. It was commenced\\nin 1824, and completed in about seven years, at a\\ncost of $7,291,000.\\nOld London Bridge was the first stone bridge.\\nIt was commenced in 1176 and completed in 1209.\\nIts founder, Peter of Colechurch, was buried in the\\ncrypt of the chapel erected on the centre pier.\\nCoalbrookdalE Bridge, England, is the first\\ncast-iron bridge. It was built over the Severn in\\n1779\\nBridge AT Burton, over the Trent, was formerly\\nthe longest bridge in England, being 1545 feet. It is\\nnow partly removed. Built in the twelfth century.\\nThe Rialto, at Venice, is said to have been built\\nfrom the designs of Michael Angelo. It is a single\\nmarble arch, 98 X feet long, and was completed in\\nI59i.\\nBridge of Sighs, at Venice, over which con\u00c2\u00ac\\ndemned prisoners were transported from the hall of\\njudgment to the place of execution, was built in 1589.\\nBridge of the Holy Trinity, at Florence, was\\nbuilt in 1569. It is 322 feet long, constructed of\\nwhite marble, and stands unrivaled as a work of art.\\nCovered bridge at Pavia, over the Ticino, was\\nbuilt in the fourteenth century. The roof is held by\\n100 granite columns.\\nST. Louis Bridge, over the Mississippi, is 1524\\nfeet long, exclusive of approaches. There are three\\narched spans of cast steel, the centre arch being 520\\nfeet, with a rise of 47 feet; and the side spans 502\\nfeet each, with a rise of 46 feet. The width on top,\\nbetween rails, is 50 feet. The piers rest on the bed\u00c2\u00ac\\nrock of the river, 136 feet below high water mark.\\nCaptain James B Eads was the engineer.\\nRush Street Bridge, Chicago, Ill., erected in\\n1S84, at a cost of $132,000 is the largest general traffic\\ndrawbridge in the world. Its roadway will accom-\\ndate four teams abreast, and its footways are seven\\nfeet wide.\\nVictoria Bridge, Montreal, one of the most\\nfamous in the world, is nearly two miles in length.\\nCleveland (O.) Viaduct is 3211 feet in length,\\n64 feet wide, 42 feet of which is roadway the draw\u00c2\u00ac\\nbridge is 332 feet in length, 46 feet wide, and is 68\\nfeet above ordinary stage of water.\\nThe Greatest City in the World.\\nLondon, England, is the greatest city the world\\never saw. It covers within the fifteen miles radius\\nof Charing Cross (Strand) 700 miles. It numbers\\nwithin these boundaries 5,656,000 of inhabitants. It\\ncomprises over 2,000,000 foreigners from every\\nquarter of the globe. It contains more Roman\\nCatholics than Rome itself; more Jews than the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0444.jp2"}, "445": {"fulltext": "THE LARGEST THINGS IN THE WORLD\\n423\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0whole of Palestine; more Irish than Dublin more\\nScotchmen than Edinburgh more Welshmen than\\nCardiff; more country-raised persons than the coun\u00c2\u00ac\\nties of Devon, Warwickshire and Durham combined.\\nLondon has 49,000 persons added annually (by\\nbirth) to its population has over 1000 ships and\\n10,000 sailors in its port every day has as many\\nbeer shops and gin palaces as would, if placed side\\nTHE GREAT SUSPENSION BRIDGE BETWEEN NEW YORK AND BROOKLYN\\nn UUIUTmnun w.\\njrv f\\nism\\ni|H\\nfill\\nHas a birth every five minutes, has a death in it\\nevery eight minutes has seven accidents every day\\nin its 8000 miles of streets; has on an average\\n40 miles of streets opened and 15,000 new houses\\nbuilt in every year.\\nby side, stretch from Charing Cross to Portsmouth,\\na distance of seventy-eight miles has 38,000 drunk\u00c2\u00ac\\nards annually brought before its magistrates has\\nseventy miles of open shops every Sunday; has\\ninfluence with all parts of the world represented by", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0445.jp2"}, "446": {"fulltext": "424\\nTHE LARGEST THINGS IN THE WORLD.\\nONE CF THE BIG TREES OF CALIFORNIA.\\na yearly delivery in its postal districts-\\nof 298,000,000 of letters. Eight hun\u00c2\u00ac\\ndred and fifty trains pass Clapham\\njunction every day, and the trans\u00c2\u00ac\\nportation (underground) railroad runs\\n1211 trains every day.\\nThe London Omnibus Company\\nhave over 700 \u00e2\u0080\u0099busses, which carry\\n56,000,000 passengers annually. It is\\nmore dangerous to walk the streets of\\nLondon than to travel by railroad or\\nto cross the Atlantic from New York\\nto Liverpool. In 1886, 130 persons\\nwere killed and 2000 injured by\\nvehicles in the streets. There are in\\nLondon 15,000 police, 15,000 cabmen,\\n15,000 persons connected with the\\npost-office. The cost of gas for light\u00c2\u00ac\\ning London annually is $3,000,000.\\nLondon has 400 daily and weekly-\\nnewspapers. The ancient city of Lon\u00c2\u00ac\\ndon was first founded by Brute, the\\nTrojan, in the year of the world 2832,\\nso that since the first building it is 3007\\nyears old. The drainage system of\\nLondon is superb, and the death rate\\nvery low.\\nThe Largest Trees in the World.\\nThe big trees of Calaveras and Mari\u00c2\u00ac\\nposa Counties, in California, belong to\\nthe same genus as the common red\u00c2\u00ac\\nwood. This giant of the Sierras is\\nnot a handsome tree, either when\\nyoung or aged; the branches are short,\\nthe spray less graceful than the coast-\\nredwood, the leaves small and awl-\\nshaped, but the cones are several times-\\nlarger, and the wood is of a duller\\nreddish hue. The forests were first\\nseen by white men in the spring of\\n1852, when a hunter named Dowd\\nconducted a party of miners to the\\nlocality where the big trees grew.\\nIn the several groves where they have-\\nbeen found, there are many trees from\\n2 75 to 335 feet high, and from 25 to\\n34 feet in diameter. The area of Mari\u00c2\u00ac\\nposa Grove is two miles square, and t\\ncontains 427 of the monster trees.\\nThe largest in the Calaveras Grove\\nis \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe Keystone State,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and is 325\\nfeet high, and its girth six feet from\\nthe ground is 45 feet. There are some\\nin the Mariposa Grove which are not so\\nhigh, but which have a greater circum-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0446.jp2"}, "447": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0447.jp2"}, "448": {"fulltext": "STATE, WAR AND NAVY BUILDING, WASHINGTON", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0448.jp2"}, "449": {"fulltext": "THE LARGEST THINGS IN THE WORLD.\\n425\\nference. \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe Grizzly Gian for example, being\\n93 feet at the ground, and over 64, eleven feet above.\\nSome dozen miles south of the Mariposa Grove\\nis the Fresno Grove, which is said to contain\\nabout 600 trees, the largest 81 feet in circum\u00c2\u00ac\\nference while about fifty miles north of the\\nCalaveras, in Placer county, a small grove has been\\ndiscovered. Careful computations have been made\\nof the ages of these trees, and some cautious scientists\\nadmit, in regard to one of them, that \u00e2\u0080\u009cits age can\u00c2\u00ac\\nnot have exceeded 1300 years\\nThe Largest Park in the World.\\nThe Yellowstone National Park extends sixty-five\\nmiles north and south and fifty-five miles east and\\nwest, comprising 3575 square miles, and is 6000 feet\\nor more above sea level. Yellowstone Lake, twenty\\nmiles by fifteen, has an altitude of 7788 feet. The\\nmountain ranges which hem in the valleys on every\\nside rise to the height of 10,000 to 12,000 feet, and\\nare always covered with snow. This great park con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntains the most striking of all the mountains, gorges,\\nfalls, rivers and lakes in the whole Yellowstone\\nregion.\\nThe springs on Gardiner\u00e2\u0080\u0099s River cover an area of\\nabout one square mile, and three or four square\\nmiles thereabout are occupied by the remains of\\nsprings w\u00e2\u0080\u0099hich have ceased to flow. The natural\\nbasins into which these springs flow are from four to\\nsix feet in diameter and from one to four feet in\\ndepth. The principal ones are located upon terraces\\nmidway up the sides of the mountain. The banks of\\nthe Yellowstone River abound with ravines and\\ncanyons, which are carved out of the heart of the\\nmountains through the hardest rocks.\\nThe most remarkable of these is the canyon of\\nTower Creek and Column Mountain. The latter,\\nwhich extends along the eastern bank of the river\\nfor upward of two miles, is said to resemble the\\nGiant s Causeway. The canyon of Tower Creek is\\nabout ten miles in length, and is so deep and gloomy\\nthat it is called \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe Devil\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Den.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Where Tower\\nCreek ends the Grand Canyon begins. It is twenty\\nmiles in length, impassable throughout, and inac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncessible at the water\u00e2\u0080\u0099s edge, except at a few points.\\nIts rugged edges are from 200 to 500 yards apart, and\\nits depth is so profound that no sound ever reaches\\nthe ear from the bottom.\\nThe Grand Canyon contains a great multitude of\\nhot springs of sulphur, sulphate of copper, alum,\\netc. In the number and magnitude of its hot\\nsprings and gevsers, the Yellowstone Park surpasses\\nall the rest of the world. There are probably fifty\\ngeysers that throw a column of water to the height\\nof from 50 to 200 feet, and it is stated that there are\\nnot fewer than 5000 springs-\\nThe temperature of the calcareous springs is from\\n160 to 170 degrees, while that of the others rises to\\n-200 or more. The principal collections are the\\nupper and lower geyser basins of the Madison River\\nand the calcareous springs on Gardiner\u00e2\u0080\u0099s River. The\\ngreat falls are marvels to which adventurous trav\u00c2\u00ac\\nelers have gone only to return and report that they\\nare parts of the wonders of this new\u00e2\u0080\u0099 American won\u00c2\u00ac\\nderland.\\nThe Washington Monument.\\nThe corner-stone w T as laid by President Polk, July\\n4, 1848, and December 6, 1884, the cap-stone was set\\nin position. The foundations are 126JJ feet square\\nand 36 feet 8 inches deep. The base of the monu\u00c2\u00ac\\nment is 55 feet 1 y z inches square, and the w\u00e2\u0080\u0099alls 15\\nfeet X inch thick. At the 500-foot mark, w\u00e2\u0080\u0099here the\\npyramidal top begins, the shaft is 34 feet 5X inches\\nsquare and the walls are 18 inches thick.\\nThe monument is made of blocks of marble 2 feet\\nthick, and it is said there are over 18,000 of them.\\nThe height above the ground is 555 feet. Th#\\npyramidal top terminates in an aluminum tip, which\\nis 9 inches high and weighs 100 ounces. The mean\\npressure of the monument is 5 tons per square foot\\nand the total weight, foundation and all, is nearly\\n81,000 tons. The door at the base, facing the capi-\\ntol, is 8 feet wide and 16 feet high, and enters a\\nroom 25 feet square.\\nAn immense iron frame-w\u00e2\u0080\u0099ork supports the machin\u00c2\u00ac\\nery of the elevator, which is hoisted with steel wire\\nropes, 2 inches thick. At one side begin the stairs,\\nof w\u00e2\u0080\u0099hich there are 50 flights, containing 18 steps\\neach. Five hundred and twenty feet from the base\\nthere are 8 windows, 18x24 inches, 2 on each face. The\\narea at the base of the pyramidal top is 11S7X feet,\\nspace enough for a six-room house, each room to be\\n12x16 feet. The Cologne Cathedral is 511 feet high;\\nthe pyramid of Cheops, 486 Strasburg Cathedral,\\n474 St. Peter\u00e2\u0080\u0099s at Rome, 448 the Capitol at Wash\u00c2\u00ac\\nington, 306, and Bunker Hill Monument, 221 feet.\\nThe Washington Monument, therefore, is the highest\\nstructure in the w 7 orld, except the temporary Eiffel\\nTower. The total cost was not far from $r,500,000.\\nHeight of Principal Monuments and Buildings.\\nPlaces.\\nNames.\\nFeet.\\nParis.\\n..Eiffel.\\nWash., D. C.\\n..Washington Monument.\\n555\\nPhiladelphia.\\n..Public Buildings.\\n545\\nEgypt.\\n.Pyramid of Cheops.\\n4S6\\nBelgium.\\n..Antwerp Cathedral.\\n476\\nFrance.\\n..Strasburg Cathedral.\\n474\\nEgypt.\\nPyramid of Cephrenes.\\n456\\nRome.\\n..St. Peter\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Church.\\n44", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0449.jp2"}, "450": {"fulltext": "426\\nTHE LARGEST THINGS IN THE WORLD.\\nPlaces.\\nNames.\\nFeet.\\nFeet.\\nGermany.St. Martin\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Church at Landshut. 411\\nEngland.Salisbury Cathedral..-. 400\\nEngland.St. Paul\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Church, London. 365\\nItaly.Cathedral at Florence. 3S6\\nLombardy.Cathedral at Cremona. 397\\nGermany.Church at Fribourg. 386\\nSpain.Cathedral of Seville. 360\\nLombardy.Cathedral of Milan. 355\\nHolland ..Cathedral of Utrecht. 356\\nNew York.Trinity Church. 284\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cChina..Porcelain Tower, Nankin. 260\\nParis.Church of Notre Dame. 224\\nMassachusetts.Bunker Hill Monument. 221\\nItaly.Leaning Tower of Pisa. 179\\nBaltimore.Washington Monument. 175\\nParis .Monument, Place Vendome. 153\\nItaly .Trojan\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Pillar, Rome. 151\\nParis.Obelisk of Luxor. no\\nCapacity of the Largest Churches and Hall.\\nSt. Peter\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Cathedral....Rome.\\nCathedral of Milan.Milan.\\nSt. Paul\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Church.Rome.\\nSt. Paul\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Cathedral.London\\nChurch of St. Petronio. Bologna.\\nCathedral of Florence...Florence.\\nCathedral of Antwerp... Antwerp.\\nMosque of St. Sophia...Constantinople\\nSt. John\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Lateran.Rome.\\nCathedral of Notre 1 p ar j s\\nDame./\\nCathedral of Pisa.Pisa.\\nChurch of St. Stephen..Vienna.\\nChurch of St. Dominic. Bologna.\\nChurch of St. Peter.Bologna.\\nCathedral of Vienna.Vienna.\\nSt. Peter\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Cathedral....Montreal.\\nAuditorium.Chicago.\\n54,000\\n37,000\\n32,000\\n25,000\\n24,000\\n24,000\\n24,000\\n23,000\\n22,000\\n21,000\\n13,000\\n12,000\\n12,000\\n11,400\\n11,000\\n10,000\\n8,000\\nThe Highest Mountains.\\nXuncfoainyunga, Himalayas. 28,170\\nSorata, Andes. 25,380\\nIllimani, Bolivia. 21,780\\nChimborazo, Ecuador. 21,444\\nHindoo-Koosh, Afghanistan. 20,600\\nCotopaxi, Ecuador. 19,408\\nAntisana, Ecuador. 19,150\\nSt. Elias, British America. 18,000\\nPopocatapetl, Mexico... 17 ,735\\nMt. Roa, Hawaii. i6,oco\\nMt. Brown. 15 9\\nMont Blac. T 5 77\\nMowna Roas, Owhyhee. 15 7\\nMt. Rosa, Alps, Sardinia. 15, 55\\nPinchinca, Ecuador. i5 2 oo\\nMt. Whitney, California. I 5\\nMt. Fairweather, Alaska. J 4,796\\nMt. Shasta, California. 14 45\\nPike\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Peak, Colorado. I 4 3 2\\nLit. Ophir, Sumatra. 13,800\\nFremont\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Peak, Wyoming. 13 57\\nLong\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Peak, California. I 3 4\\nMt. Ranier, Washington. 13, 000\\nMt. Ararat, Armenia. 12,700\\nPeak of Teneriffe, Canaries. 12,236\\nMiltsin, Morocco. 12,000\\nMt. Hood, Oregon. 11 57\\nSimplon, Alps. n, 54 2\\nMt. Lebanon, Syria. 11,000\\nMt. Perdu, France. 10,950\\nMt. St. Helen\u00e2\u0080\u0099s, Oregon. 10,158\\nMt. Etna, Sicily. 10,050\\nOlympus, Greece. 9,754\\nSt. Gothard, Alps. 9,080\\nMt. Sinai, Arabia. 8,000\\nPindus, Greece. 7,677\\nBlack Mountain, New Caledonia. 6,467\\nMt. Washington, New Hampshire. 6,234\\nMt. Marcy, New York. 5,467\\nMt. Hecla, Iceland. 5,000\\nBen Nevis, Scotland. 4,400\\nMansfield, Vermont. 4,280\\nPeaks of Otter, Virginia. 4,260\\nBen Lawers, Scotland. 4,030\\nParnassus, Greece. 3,850\\nVesuvius, Naples. 3 93 2\\nBen Lomond, Scotland. 3,280\\nMt. Carmel. 2,000\\nHeight of Twenty-four of the Loftiest Volcanoes\\nof the\\nWorld.\\nHeight\\nName of Volcano.\\nin feet.\\nWhere Located.\\nSahama.\\n..Peru.\\nLlullaillac.\\n..Chili.\\nArequipa...\\n..Peru.\\nCayambi.\\n..Equador.\\nCotopaxi.\\n.Peru.\\nAntisaua..\\n..Ecuador.\\nSan Jose.\\n..Chili.\\nMt. St. Elias.\\n..Alaska.\\nPopocatepetl.\\n.Mexico.\\nOrizaba.\\n..Mexico.\\nAltar.\\n..Ecuador.\\nSangai.\\n..Ecuador.\\nKlintcheoskaia.\\n..Kamtschatka.\\nIztacihuate.\\n..Mexico.\\nToluco.\\n..Mexico,\\nShasta.\\n..United States.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0450.jp2"}, "451": {"fulltext": "THE LARGEST THINGS IN THE WORLD.\\n427\\nName of Volcano.\\nHeight\\nin feet.\\nWhere Located.\\nFuj iyama.\\n...Japan.\\nMauna Kea.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2-13, 953\\n...Sandwich Islands.\\nMauna Loa.\\n....13,760...\\nTeneriffe.\\n....12,236...\\n...Canary Islands.\\nMt. St. Helens.\\n....12,000...\\n...United States.\\nMt. Hood.\\n....11,225...\\n...United States.\\nPeak of Tahiti.\\n....10,895...\\nMt. Etna.\\n....10,874...\\n...Sicily.\\nThree of the best known volcanoes of the world,\\nVesuvius, 3978 feet; Hecla, 3970 feet, and Stromboli,\\n3000 feet, are of much less elevation than many\\nothers altogether unfamiliar.\\nGreatest Known Depth of the Ocean.\\nThe greatest depth which has been ascertained by\\nsounding is five miles and a quarter (25,720 feet, or\\n4620 fathoms), not quite equal to the height of the\\nhighest known mountain. The average depth be\u00c2\u00ac\\ntween 60 degrees north and 60 degrees south is\\nnearly three miles.\\nDeepest Lake in the World.\\nIn the Cascade Mountains, about seventy-five\\nmiles northeast of Jacksonville, Ore., the seeker for\\nthe curious will find the Great Sunken Lake, the\\ndeepest lake in the world. This lake rivals the\\nfamous valley of Sinbad the Sailor. It is said to\\naverage 2000 feet down to the water on all its sides.\\nThe depth of the water is unknown, and its surface\\nis as smooth and unruffled as a mammoth sheet of\\nglass, it being so far below the mountain rim as to be\\nunaffected by the strongest winds. It is about 15\\nmiles in length and about 4 wide.\\nFor unknown ages it has lain still, silent and\\nmysterious in the bosom of the great mountain\\nrange, like a gigantic trench scooped out by the\\nhands of a giant genie. A hunting and surveying\\nparty recently left Jacksonville with the intention of\\nascertaining the exact depth of this mysterious body\\nof water, and to find out, if possible, whether or not\\nfish are to be found within its ghostly precincts.\\nThe Longest Rivers in the World.\\nEUROPE.\\nName. Miles.\\nVolga, Russia. 2,500\\nDanube.. 1,800\\nRhine. 84\u00c2\u00b0\\nVistula. 7\\nASIA.\\nYeneisy and Selenga. 3,580\\nKiang. 3 2 90\\nHoang Ho. 3 4\\nName. Mile*.\\nAmoor. 2,500\\nEuphrates. 1,900\\nGanges. 1,850\\nTigris. 1,160\\nAFRICA.\\nNile. 3,240\\nNiger. 2,400\\nGambia. 1,000\\nSOUTH AMERICA.\\nAmazon and Beni. 4,000\\nPlatte. 2,700\\nRio Madeira. 2,300\\nRio Negro. 1,650\\nOrinoco. 1,600\\nUruguay. 1,100\\nMagdalena. 1.000\\nNORTH AMERICA.\\nMississippi and Missouri. 4,300\\nMackenzie. 2,800\\nRio Bravo. 2,300\\nArkansas. 2,070\\nRed River.. 1,520\\nOhio and Allegheny. 1,480\\nSt. Lawrence. 1,450\\nSize of Lakes, Seas and Oceans.\\nEakes.\\nSuperior.\\nMichigan.\\nOntario.\\nChamplain..\\nErie.\\nHuron.\\nCayuga..\\nGeorge.\\nBaikal.\\nGreat Slave.\\nWinnipeg.\\nAthabasca.\\nMaracaybo..\\nGreat Bear.\\nLadoga.\\nConstance.\\nGeneva.\\nLake of the Woods,\\nSeas.\\nMediterranean.\\nCarribbean.\\nChina.\\nRed.\\nJapan.\\nBlack.\\nMiles Miles\\nLong. Wide.\\n380 120\\n330 60\\nl8o 40\\n123 12\\n270 50\\n250 90\\n36 4\\n36 3\\n360 35\\n300 45\\n240 40\\n200 20\\n150 60\\n150 40\\n125 75\\n45 10\\n50 10\\n70 25\\nMiles\\nLong.\\n2,000\\n1,800\\n1,700\\n1,400\\n1,000\\n932", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0451.jp2"}, "452": {"fulltext": "425\\nTHE LARGEST THINGS IN THE WORLD.\\nSeas.\\nCaspian.\\nBaltic....\\nOkhotsk.\\nWhite...\\nAral_\\nOceans.\\nPacific\\nAtlantic.\\nIndian.\\nSouthern\\nArctic\\nMiles\\nLong.\\n640\\n600\\n600\\n450\\n250\\nMiles\\nSquare.\\nSo, OOO, OOO\\n40,000,000\\n20 000,000\\n10 000,000\\n5,000,000\\nThe Greatest Catastrophes of History.\\nOne instance shows how the human race has been\\ndepleted from this cause. In the Kingdom of\\nNaples, from 17S3 to 1857, a period of 75 years, the\\nloss of life by earthquakes was 111,000 or at the rate\\nof more than 1500 a year, out of a population of\\n6,000,000. The country surrounding the Mediter\u00c2\u00ac\\nranean and the intertropical area from which the\\nAmerican Cordilleras spring, may be regarded as the\\ncenters of earthquake activity, though some of the\\ngreatest earthquakes of all time have occurred in\\nEastern Asia and the East Indies.\\nFloods and Freshets\\nThe list of losses by great floods and freshets in\\nhistory is as follows\\nIn China, where some of the greatest rivers in the\\nworld flow between artificial banks at an elevation\\nconsiderably above the surrounding country, there\\nhave been overflows that caused the destruction of\\nhundreds of thousands of lives. There have been\\nsimilar disasters in India, where, as in China, tLe\\nrivers had made beds for themselves with alluvial\\nbanks higher than the plains across which they\\nflowed. But aside from these the colossal calamity\\nat Johnstown, Pa., in June, 1SS9, and through the\\nfated Conemaugh Valley, leads all disasters in this\\ncountry in the appalling muster roll of the dead,\\nnumbering over 6000. In past centuries the greatest\\nloss of life has been by earthquake, and the follow\u00c2\u00ac\\ning list embraces the loss in historic calamities\\nYear. Place. Lives Lost.\\n1S71 China. 3,000\\n1574 Mill River,\\nMass. 150\\n1575 Egypt, the\\nNile. 250\\nYear. Tlace. Lives Lost.\\n1S79 Marcia, Spain 1,000\\n1SS7 Yellow River,\\nChina.100,000\\n1S89 Johnstown,\\nPa. 6,111\\nGreatest Conflagrations of the Present Century.\\nBut the greatest destruction of life and property\\nby conflagrations, of which the world has anything\\nlike accurate records, must be looked for within the\\ncurrent century. Of these the following is a partial\\nlist of instances in which the loss of property\\namounted to $3,000,000 and upward\\nProperty\\nCities. Destroyed\\nDates.\\nPersons\\n1\\nPersons\\n1802 Liverpool.\\nYear. Place.\\nKilled.\\nYear. Place.\\nKilled.\\n1805 St. Thomas..\\n1137 Sicily.\\n15,000\\n1792 Country be\\n1812 Moscow, bsrned five days 30,800\\n1158 Syria.\\n20,000\\ntween Santa\\nhouses destroyed..\\n1268 Cilicia.\\n50,000\\nFe andPana\\nJ\\n1820 Savannah.\\n1456 Naples.\\n40,000\\nma..\\n40,000\\n1822 Canton, nearly destroyed.\\n1531 Lisbon\\n40,000\\n1805 Naples.\\n6,500\\n1835 New York Great Fire\u00e2\u0080\u009d).\\n1626 Naples\\n70, COO\\n1822 Aleppo.\\n20,000\\n1837 vSt. John, N. B.\\n1667 Schamaki.\\n80,000\\n1829 Murcia__\\n5,000\\n1838 Charleston, 1158 buildings.\\n1692 Jamaica\\n4,000\\n1830 Canton.\\n6,000\\n1842 Hamburg, 4219 buildings, 100 lives\\n169T Sicily.\\n100,000\\n1S42 CapeHaytien\\n4,000\\nlost.\\n1703 Aquila, Italy\\n4,000\\n1S57 Calabria.\\n10,000\\n1845 New York, 35 persons killed.\\n1703 Yeddo Japan\\n200,000\\n1859 Quito.\\n5,ooo\\n1845 Pittsburgh, 1100 buildings.\\n1706 TheAbruzzi.\\n15, 000\\ni860 Mendozi,\\n1845 Quebec, May 2S, 1650 dwellings...\\n1716 Algiers.\\n20,000\\nSouth Am-\\n1846 St. Johns, Newfoundland..\\n1726 Palermo.\\n6,000\\nerica.\\n7,000\\n1848 Constantinople, 2500 buildings\\n1731 Pekin.\\n100,000\\n1868 Towns in\\n1S4S Albany, N. Y., 600 houses.\\n1746 Lima and Cal-\\nPeru and\\n1849 St. Louis.\\nloa.\\n18,000\\nEcuador....\\n25,000\\n1851 St. Louis, 2500 buildings....\\n1754 Grand Cairo.\\n40,000\\n1875 San Jose de\\n1751 St. Louis, 500 buildings.\\n1755 Kashan, Per-\\nCucuta, Co-\\n1851 San Prancisco, May 4 and 5, many\\nsia.\\n40,000\\nlombia.\\n14,000\\nlives lost.\\n1759 Syria.\\n20,000\\n18S1 Scio.\\n4,000\\n1851 San Francisco, June\\n1784 Ezinghian,\\n1886 Charleston...\\n96\\n1S52 Montreal, 1200 buildings\\nAsia Minor.\\n5, 000\\n1862 St. Petersburg..\\n000,000\\n000,000\\n35,000,000\\n3,000,000\\n10 000,000\\n3,000,000\\n5,000,000\\n5,000,000", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0452.jp2"}, "453": {"fulltext": "THE LARGEST THINGS IN THE WORLD.\\n429\\nProperty\\nDates. Cities. Destroyed.\\n1862 Troy, N. Y., nearly destroyed.\\n1665 Constantinople, 2800 buildings\\nburned..\\n1866 Yokohama, nearly destroyed..._\\n1865 Carlstadt, Sweden, all consumed\\nbut Bishop\u00e2\u0080\u0099s residence, hospital,\\nand jail; 10 lives lost.\\n1866 Portland, Me., half the city. $11,000,000\\n1866 Quebec, 2500 dwellings and 17\\nchurches.\\n1870 Constantinople, Pera suburb. 26,000,000\\n1S71 Chicago, 250 lives lost, 17,430\\nbuildings burned, on 2124\\nacres.. 192,000,000\\n1871 Paris, fired by the Commune. 160,000,000\\n1872 Boston... 75,000,000\\n1877 Pittsburgh, caused by riot. 3,260,000\\n1877 St. Johns, N. B., 1650 dwellings, 18\\nlives lost. 12,500,000\\n1SS9 Seattle, Wash. 20,000,000\\nFrom the above it appears that the greatest fires\\non record, reckoned by destruction of property, are\\nChicago fire, of Oct. 8 and 9, 1871.$192,000,000\\nParis fires, of May, 1871. 160,000,000\\nMoscow fire of Sept. 14-19, 1812. 150,000,000\\nBoston fire, Nov. 9-10, 1872. 75,000,000\\nHamburg fire, May 5-7, 1842. 35,000,000\\nTaking into account, with the fires of Paris and\\nChicago, the great Wisconsin and Michigan forest\\nfires of 187 r, in which it is estimated that 1000 human\\nbeings perished and property to the amount of over\\n$3,000,000 was consumed, it is plain that in the an\u00c2\u00ac\\nnals of conflagrations that year stands forth in gloomy\\npre-eminence.\\nChicago\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Great Fires.\\nThere were 2100 acres of land burned over, nearly\\nall of which area was thickly covered with buildings.\\nThere were nearly 18,000 buildings destroyed, of\\nwhich about 2400 were stores and factories; and\\nthere were but few short of 100,000 people rendered\\nhomeless by the calamity. The extreme length of\\nthe burnt district was 3^ miles, and its greatest width\\na little over a mile. The fire of July, 1874, originated\\non South Clark street, between Taylor and Twelfth,\\nand spread northeast to Michigan avenue. It was\\nestimated that in this fire about fifty acres were\\nburned over, many of the new buildings which had\\nbeen erected after the great fire of 1871 having been\\nleveled.\\nThe loss of property in the great fire of 1871 was\\n$192,000,000, after allowing $4,000,000 for salvage on\\nfoundations of buildings. This estimate does not\\ninclude the shrinkage of real estate values, or the\\nlarge loss to mercantile interests by the interruption\\nof trade consequent upon the destruction of stocks\\nand business facilities. Mr. Colbert estimated the\\ngrand aggregate not very much below $290,000,000.\\nThe loss occasioned by the fire of 1874 was estima\u00c2\u00ac\\nted as follows The net loss to insurance companies\\nwas officially placed at $2,244,970, or 40 per cent, of\\nthe entire loss, making an estimated total loss of\\n$5,612,425. The cash contributions to Chicago with\u00c2\u00ac\\nin three months after the fire amounted to $4,200,000.\\nMost Noted Facts in Turf History.\\nThe richest stake ever run in America was the\\nFuturity stake of 1890, run at Sheephead Bay, L. I.,\\nAugust 30, and won by August Belmont\u00e2\u0080\u0099s cli. c. Po\u00c2\u00ac\\ntomac (2) by St. Blaise, dam Susquehanna, by\\nLeamington. The value of the stake was $77,700,\\nof which $68,450 went to the winner, and $4500 to\\nthe second horse, Masher, b. c., by Ill Used also\\nowned by Mr. Belmont, who in addition received\\n$2500 for breeding first and second, making his\\nwinnings $75,450. Stathmeath, the third horse, re\u00c2\u00ac\\nceived $2250.\\nThe Lancashire plate run at the Manchester,\\nEng., September meeting of 1SS9, and won by the\\nDuke of Portland\u00e2\u0080\u0099s b. c. Donovan, was worth nearly\\n$80,000 to the winner.\\nLargest amount ever won by an American two-\\nyear-old, $78,650, Potomac, b. c., by St. Blaise, 1S90.\\nThe greatest winning three-year-old was Hanover,\\nby Hindoo. He won twenty races and $89,827.\\nMiss Woodford, br. m., foaled 1880, by imported\\nBillet, dam Fanny Jane, by Neil Robinson, won\\nmore money than any animal that ever ran on the\\nAmerican turf, winning in five years forty-eight\\nraces, worth $118,970.\\nIn 1886 the stable of Dwyer Brothers won $208,-\\n549.16 in purses and stakes\u00e2\u0080\u0094more money than was\\never won by any other single racing establishment\\nin America.\\nThe greatest sale of thoroughbreds ever had in\\nthis country was that of P. Lorillard in 1886, at\\nwhich twenty-seven head sold for $149,050, the\\nhighest price being $29,000, the lowest $300.\\nKing Thomas, by King Ban, was the highest\\npriced yearling ever sold at auction, L. O. Appleby\\npaying $38,000 for him at the Haggin sale in New\\nYork, June 25, 1888. The following day Mr. Apple\u00c2\u00ac\\nby sold the colt to Senator Hearst, of California, for\\n$40,000.\\nHighest price ever paid for a horse, $105,000, for\\nAxtell, br. s., record, 2.12, three years old, by Wil\u00c2\u00ac\\nliam L. (son of George Wilkes), dam Lou, by Mam-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0453.jp2"}, "454": {"fulltext": "430\\nTHE LARGEST THINGS IN THE WORLD.\\nbrino Boy. Purchased from C. W. Williams, of In\u00c2\u00ac\\ndependence, Iowa, by John W. Conley, of Chicago,\\nand others.\\nDimensions of Bartholdi\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Statue of Liberty.\\nThe figure of this statue, which is made of re\u00c2\u00ac\\npousse, or hammered work\u00e2\u0080\u0094that is, thin sheets of\\ncopper beaten into shape and fastened about an iron\\nskeleton\u00e2\u0080\u0094is no }4 feet high and weighs 100,000\\npounds. The uplifted torch, however, is raised 26\\nfeet, and adding to this the pedestal, the tip of the\\ntorch is raised 220 feet from the ground. The\\npedestal is of stone, 82 feet high. Some idea of the\\nenormous proportions of the statue may be given\\nfrom the fact that the forefinger is 8 feet long, and\\n4 feet in circumference at the second joint. The\\nhead is 14 feet high and 40 persons can stand in it.\\nThe distance from the farthest poim of polar dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ncovery to the pole itself is 6 deg. 46 min., or in\\nround numbers, 460 miles. It is 30 miles less than\\nfrom Chicago to Omaha, by the lines of the Chicago,\\nMilwaukee and St. Paul railway, over which the\\ntraveller rides in 24 hours. But this polar radius,\\nthough only 460 miles in extent, is covered by ice\\ngorges and precipices of incredible difficulty and\\nfrost is so severe that no instrument of human in\u00c2\u00ac\\nvention can measure its intensity, and it blisters the\\nskin like extreme heat.\\nThe greatest progress that has ever been made\\nacross these wildernesses of storm, of fury and de\u00c2\u00ac\\nsolation, was at the rate of five or six miles in a day,\\nthe explorers often necessarily resting as many days\\nas they had before travelled miles in a single day,\\ndebarred by the obstacles that they had encountered.\\nThe Dimensions of the Great Wall of China, and of\\nWhat it is Built.\\nIt runs from a point on the Gulf of Liantung, an\\narm of the Gulf of Pechili in Northeastern China,\\nwesterly to the Yellow River, thence makes a great\\nbend to the south for nearly 100 miles, and then runs\\nto the northwest for several hundred miles to the\\nDesert of Gobi. Its length is 1250 miles. For the\\nmost of this distance it runs through a mountainous\\ncountry, keeping on the ridges, and winding over\\nmany of the highest peaks. In some places it is\\nonly a formidable rampart, but most of the way it is\\ncomposed of lofty walls of masonry and concrete,\\nor impacted lime and clay, 25 feet in thickness, and\\n25 feet in height.\\nThe top of this wall is paved for hundreds of miles,\\nand crowned with crenelated battlements, and towers\\n30 to 40 feet high. In numerous places the wall\\nclimbs such steep declivities that its top ascends\\nfrom height to height in flights of granite steps. An\\narmy could march on the top of the wall for weeks\\nand even months, moving in some places ten men\\nabreast.\\nMost Northern Point Reached by Arctic Explorers.\\nThe following table shows the furthest points of\\nnorth latitude reached by Arctic explorers up to and\\nincluding the Greely expedition\\nYear. Explorers.\\n1607\u00e2\u0080\u0094Hudson.\\n1773\u00e2\u0080\u0094Phipps (Lord Musgrove).\\n1806\u00e2\u0080\u0094Scoresby...\\n1827\u00e2\u0080\u0094Parry.\\n1874\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Meyer (on land).\\n1875\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Markham (Nare\u00e2\u0080\u0099s expeditio:\\n1 876\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Payer.83d 07m\\ni 884\u00e2\u0080\u0094Lockwood (Greely\u00e2\u0080\u0099s party). 83d 24m cos\\nNorth\\nLatitudes.\\n.Sod\\n23m\\noos\\n.8\u00c2\u00aed\\n48m\\n00s\\n.8id\\nI2U1\\n42s\\n82 d\\n45 m\\n30s\\n.82d\\n09m\\noos\\n.83d\\n20m\\n26s\\n.83d\\n07m\\noos\\n83d\\n24m\\ncos\\nThe Coal Area of the World.\\nThe coal area of the world is distributed as follows t\\nSq. Miles. Sq. Miles.\\nUnited States.192,000 Germany. 1,800\\nBritish America 18,000 Belgium. 518\\nGreat Britain. 12,000 Rest of Europe.100,000\\nSpain 4,000 China. 2,000\\nFrance 2,00^ Japan. 5,000\\nRailroad Facts.\\nThe cost of railroads in the United States has been\\n$9,000,000,000.\\nOne million persons are employed by the railroads\\nof the United States.\\nThe cost of a high-class eight-wheel passenger lo\u00c2\u00ac\\ncomotive is about $8500.\\nThe cost of a palace sleeping-car is $15,000, or if\\nvestibuled,\u00e2\u0080\u009d $17,000.\\nThe average cost of constructing a mile of railroad\\nin the United States at the present time is about\\n$30,000.\\nf he average daily earning of an American locomo\u00c2\u00ac\\ntive is about $100.\\nThe consolidation locomotive weighs about 50\\ntons, and is able to draw on a level over 2400 tons.\\nThe longest mileage operated by a single system\\nis that of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe\u00e2\u0080\u0094about\\n8000 miles.\\nThe line of railroad which extends farthest east\\nand west is the Canadian Pacific, running from\\nQuebec to the Pacific Ocean.\\nThere are 60 miles of snow-sheds on the Central\\nPacific Railroad.\\nThe highest railroad in the United States is the\\nDenver and Rio Grande at Marshall Pass\u00e2\u0080\u009410,852\\nfeet.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0454.jp2"}, "455": {"fulltext": "THE BARTHOLDI STATUE OF LIBERTY\\n431", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0455.jp2"}, "456": {"fulltext": "432\\nTHE LARGEST THINGS IN THE WORLD.\\nThe longest American railroad tunnel is the\\nHoosac Tunnel on the Fitchburg Railroad 2\\nmiles. (The St. Gothard Tunnel in Europe is over\\n9 miles in length.)\\nThere are 208,749 railroad bridges in the United\\nStates, spanning 3213 miles.\\nThe longest railroad span in the United States is\\nthe Cantilever span in the Poughkeepsie bridge over\\nthe Hudson River\u00e2\u0080\u0094548 feet.\\nThe highest railroad bridge in the United States is\\nthe Kinzua Viaduct on the Erie road\u00e2\u0080\u0094305 feet high.\\nThe Manhattan Elevated Railroad of New York\\ncarries the largest number of passengers of any\\nAmerican road, over 200,000,000.\\nA steel rail lasts, with average wear, about eigh\u00c2\u00ac\\nteen years.\\nThe Fastest Locomotive Ever Built.\\nThe largest and fastest passenger engine ever\\nbuilt, was by the Rhode Island Locomotive Works,\\nfor the New York, Providence and Boston Railroad\\nCompany. The main driving wheels are six feet in\\ndiameter, and set but seven feet six inches apart.\\nThis arrangement makes her run easily on curves.\\nThe cylinders are eighteen inches in diameter, with\\ntwenty-four-inch stroke. The boiler is fifty-four\\ninches in diameter at the smoke-stack, with a wagon\\ntop. It extends to the very end of the cab, and\\nnecessitates the elevation of the engineer\u00e2\u0080\u0099s seat to a\\nheight far above the fire door. The fire requires three\\ntons of coal before the engine pulls out of the\\nround-house to make her trips, and four tons will be\\ncarried on the tender. The tank of the latter will\\nhold 4000 gallons of water, and the total weight of\\nthe engine proper is 93,000 to 95,000 pounds.\\nShe looks to be enormously high as she sets up\\nwell in the air, and her short smoke-stack adds to\\nher apparent height. Everything about her is steel.\\nThere is not a particle of brass or bright work about\\nher. She makes the run from Providence to Groton,\\nConn., a distance of 62.5 miles, including a dead\\nstop at Mystic drawbridge, as required by the sta\u00c2\u00ac\\ntutes of Connecticut, in just 62.5 minutes, pulling at\\nthe same time eight cars, four of which are Pull\u00c2\u00ac\\nman\u00e2\u0080\u0099s.\\nOne Railroad in Palestine.\\nThere is but one railway within the province of\\nthe Jerusalem consulate. This connects Jerusalem\\nwith the seaport, Jaffa, and it is 53 miles long. Its\\nsimple Oriental name is Chemin de Fer Ottoman de\\nJaffa a Jerusalem. It is a French corporation, but\\nis practically controlled by the Turkish government.\\nThe line is in fair condition, but the accommoda\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions for passengers are very bad, and would not be\\ntolerated by the traveling public of Europe or the\\nUnited States. It is difficult to keep the line m\\ngood condition, owing to the heavy grades and short\\ncurves among the mountains. In the distance of\\n53 miles the ascent is nearly 2500 feet, most of\\nwhich is made during the last half of the distance.\\nThe road is single track and narrow gauge. The\\ndaily service consists of one passenger and one\\nfreight train each way. The first-class fare between I\\nthe termini is #3, and a round-trip ticket is sold\\nfor $4.\\nThere are numerous railway lines in South Africa,\\nthe railroad-building industry having in recent\\nyears assumed very extensive proportions. Owing\\nto the soft nature of the soil and the frequency of\\nthe rains, most of the roadbeds are in a state of\\nchronic instability. There is regular railway com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmunication between Pretoria and Cape Town, a dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntance of 1040 miles. The first-class passenger fare\\nis 6 cents a mile.\\nThe Great Siberian Railway\u00e2\u0080\u0094a through line\\nacross Siberia 4715 miles long\u00e2\u0080\u0094is now under con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstruction in three sections. This is one of the\\nbiggest railway engineering enterprises ever under\u00c2\u00ac\\ntaken, involving, as it does, the tunneling of great\\nmountains and the building of enormous viaducts\\nand bridges. The Cheliabinsk-Omsk line is fast\\nnearing completion. The Middle Siberian section,\\nthe construction of which was begun in 1893, is now\\nwell under way, and it is hoped that it will be fin\u00c2\u00ac\\nished very soon. The main trunk of the great line\\nis under contract to be completed not later than\\n1900.\\nTo Sweden is given the distinction of owning\\nmore railway mileage per capita than any other\\ncountry in Europe, and a Swedish road enjoys the\\nfurther distinction of being the only railway in the\\nworld that enters the polar circle.\\nThe Seven Wonders of the World.\\nThe pyramids first, which in Egypt were laid\\nNext Babylon\u00e2\u0080\u0099s garden,\u00e2\u0080\u009d for Amytis made\\nThen Mausolo\u00e2\u0080\u0099s tomb of affection and guilt;\\nFourth, the temple of Dian,\u00e2\u0080\u009d in Ephesus built;\\nThe \u00e2\u0080\u009ccolossus of Rhodes,\u00e2\u0080\u009d cast in brass, to the sun\\nSixth, \u00e2\u0080\u009cJupiter\u00e2\u0080\u0099s statue,\u00e2\u0080\u009d by Phidias done\\nThe \u00e2\u0080\u009cpharos of Egypt comes last, we are told,\\nOr the palace of Cyrus,\u00e2\u0080\u009d cemented with gold.\\nThe Wonders of the Nc\\\\ World.\\nThe group of natural objects that have beeti\\nclassed as the seven wonders of the new world are,\\nNiagara Falls, Yellowstone Park, the Mammoth Cave,\\nthe Canyons and Garden of Gods, Colorado the\\nGiant Trees, California the Natural Bridge, Vir\u00c2\u00ac\\nginia, and the Yosemite Valley.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0456.jp2"}, "457": {"fulltext": "Affirmation of the Quakers first accepted as an\\noath, 1702.\\nAir-guns invented 1646 for throwing shells, 1886.\\nAmphitheatre in Rome built A. D. 69.\\nAmphyctionic Council or General Assembly of\\nGreece established B. C. 1497. This is the first in\u00c2\u00ac\\nstance on record of a free representation of indepen\u00c2\u00ac\\ndent states meeting to deliberate and settle their con\u00c2\u00ac\\ncerns by force of reason in place of arms.\\nArithmetic by the Arabian figures introduced\\ninto Europe by the Saracens of Spain in the ninth\\ncentury of the Christian era.\\nAssassination of Lincoln, April 14, 1S65.\\nBaffin\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Bay, separating Greenland from North\\nAmerica, discovered by Captain Baffin in 1662.\\nBalloons said to have been invented by Gusmac,\\na Jesuit, 1729, but probably invented much earlier,\\nand first used in France by Montgolfier, who\\nascended in one November 23, 1782.\\nBanks in the United States commenced in the\\nearly part of the Revolutionary War. The first by a\\nnumber of gentlemen in Philadelphia, June 17, 1780,\\nwith a capital of 1839,160; instituted for the purpose\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2of supplying the American army wfith provisions.\\nBarometers invented 1626.\\nBayonets invented at Bayonne, in France, 1670.\\nBlood, circulation of, through the lungs, first\\nmade public by Michael Servetus, a French physi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncian, in 1553.\\nBooks in the present form were invented by Atta-\\nlus, King of Bergumus, 887 the first supposed to be\\nwritten in Job\u00e2\u0080\u0099s time.\\nBread first made with yeast by the English, 1650.\\nBricks first used in England by the Romans\u00e2\u0080\u0094the\\nsize ordered by Charles I., 1625.\\nBurning-glass and common mirrors date back to\\n1680.\\nCable, first Atlantic, operated 1858.\\nCanals are of very ancient date, the first of which\\nw*e have any record being that in Egypt between the\\nNile and Red Sea\\nCards invented in France first used for amuse\u00c2\u00ac\\nment by Charles VI., 1380.\\nCarriages first introduced into Vienna 1515, into\\nLondon 1580.\\nChess, the game of, invented B. C. 608.\\nChina, first voyage to, from the United States,\\n1784.\\nChina, porcelain, first spoken of in history 1591.\\nChloroform was discovered in America and\\nGermany, 1831. In 1847 it was brought into promi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnent notice as an anaesthetic by Sir James Simpson,\\nof Edinburgh.\\nCOLLEGE, Harvard is the oldest in the United\\notates, established 1638.\\nCotton first raised in Virginia 1621, first exported\\n1741.\\nChristmas day first observed as a festival, 98.\\nCircumnavigators of the globe the first was\\nMagellan, or rather by his fleet, as he was himself\\nslain on the voyage, 1522.\\nClocks, called water clocks, first used in Rome,\\nB. C. 158.\\nCloth, coarse woolen, first made at Kendal, 1390.\\nCoal discovered near New Castle, Eng., 1234.\\nCoffee first brought into England, 1644.\\nCoin, silver, coined at Rome, B. C. 269.\\nColleges as places of public instruction, in which\\nacademical degrees were granted, first established at\\nParis, 1215.\\nCommerce first mentioned in the book of Genesis,\\nwhen Joseph\u00e2\u0080\u0099s brethren sold him to a caravan of\\nIshmaelites.\\nCompass in use in Europe as early as 1180; varia\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion first observed by Columbus and his companions,\\n1492-\\nCongress, Continental first met in Philadelphia,\\nvSeptember 5, 1774.\\nCopper mines found in New York, 1722.\\nCouncils. The first Nicene, when 328 fathers\\nattended against Arius, 325 at Nice, when Pope\\nAdrian presided and 350 fathers attended, 787.\\n433\\n28", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0457.jp2"}, "458": {"fulltext": "434\\nDATES OF FIRST OCCURRENCES.\\nChristianity was propagated in Spain in 36; in\\nBritain, 60 or, as others say, in the 5th century in\\nFranconia and Flanders, in the 7th century in\\nLombardy, Thuringia and Hesse, in the 8th century\\nin Sweden, Denmark, Poland and Russia, in the 9th\\ncentury in Hungary and Sclavonia, in the 10th\\ncentury in Vandalia and Prussia, in the nth cen\u00c2\u00ac\\ntury in Pomerania and Norway, in the 12th cen\u00c2\u00ac\\ntury in Livonia, Lithuania and part of Tartary, in\\nthe 13th century; in Sclavonia, part of Turkey, and\\nthe Canary Isles, in the 14th century in Africa, at\\nGuinea, Angola, and Congo, in the 15th century\\nmade great progress in Prussia, both the Indies and\\nin China, by the Protestant faith, in the 16th cen\u00c2\u00ac\\ntury reinstated in Greece, c., c., in the 17th\\ncentury.\\nDELFT earthenware first made at Faenza, 1450.\\nDistillation of spirituous liquors began in the\\n12th century in Ireland, 1590.\\nElectricity, first idea of, given by two globes of\\nbrimstone, 1467 electric spark discovered at Ley\u00c2\u00ac\\nden, 1746 first known it would fire spirits, 1756.\\nEmancipation Proclamation, by President Lin\u00c2\u00ac\\ncoln, January 1, 1863.\\nEngraving on metal plates known in Europe,\\nB. C. 504 on wood, invented in Flanders, 1423\\non steel, became common about 1830 lithographic,\\ninvented by Senefelder, a German, about 1796.\\nEnvelopes were first used in 1839.\\nEtching on copper, with aqua fortis, invented\\n-512.\\nFire engine, to force water, invented 1663.\\nFlag, American, first used at Cambridge, Mass.,\\nby Washington, January 1, 1776. Legally estab\u00c2\u00ac\\nlished by Congress, June 14, 1777\\nGas, use of, introduced into London for lighting\\nshops and streets, 1814 first into the United States,\\nat Baltimore, 1821.\\nGilding with leaf gold invented by Margaritone,\\n1273.\\nGypsies quitted Egypt, when attacked by the\\nTurks, in 1515, and wandered over all Europe.\\nGlass, the art of making it, known to the Romans\\nat least before 79 known to the Chinese about 200\\nintroduced into England by Benedict, a monk, 674\\nglass windows began to be used in private houses in\\nEngland, 1180; glass first made in England into\\nbottles and vessels, 1757 the first plate glass for\\nlooking glasses and coach windows, made at Lam\u00c2\u00ac\\nbeth, 1673 in Lancashire, 1773 window glass first\\nmade in England, 1557\\nGold was first discovered in California, in 1848.\\nGRIST mills invented in Ireland, 214.\\nGunpowder invented, 1330; first made in Eng*\\nland, 1418.\\nHabeas Corpus Act in England passed, 1641\\nattempt made in the Senate of the United States to\\nsuspend it, but rejected by the House of Representa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntives, 1806.\\nHackney coaches first used, 20 in number, in\\nLondon, 1625.\\nHair powder in use in England, 1590 a guinea\\nper year tax on those who wear it, 1795.\\nHandkerchiefs first manufactured at Paisley in\\nScotland, 1748, when $So,ooo worth were made.\\nHats invented at Paris, 1404 first made in Lon\u00c2\u00ac\\ndon, 1510.\\nHeraldry had its rise about the year 1100.\\nHour glasses were invented in Alexandria, 240,.\\nand introduced at Rome 158 years B. C.\\nHudson\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Bay discovered by Captain Hudson,\\n1607.\\nIndigo first produced in Carolina, 1747.\\nInfallibility. The dogma of Pagal Infallibility\\npromulgated in 1870.\\nInoculation first tried on criminals, 1741; vacine\\ndiscovered by Dr. Jenner, 1799.\\nInsurance on shipping began in England, 1560.\\nIron discovered by the burning of Mt. Ida,\\n1406 B. C. first cast in England, at Backstead, Sus\u00c2\u00ac\\nsex, 1544; first discovered in America in Virginia,\\n1715.\\nIron steamship, the first was built in 1830.\\nJupiter\u00e2\u0080\u0099S SATELLITES discovered by Jansen, 1590.\\nJuries first instituted by Ethelred II., King of\\nEngland, 979 the plaintiff and defendant, in those\\ntimes, used to feed them whence the .common law\\nof denying sustenance to the jury after hearing\\nevidence.\\nKerosene first used for illuminating in 1826.\\nKingdom, origin of, by Nimrod at Babylon, 2233\\nyears B. C.\\nKing\u00e2\u0080\u0099s evil supposed to be cured by the touch of\\nthe Kings of England, the first king being Edward\\nthe Confessor, 1058. It was dropped by George I.\\nKissing the Pope\u00e2\u0080\u0099s foot first practiced, 709.\\nKnitting stockings invented in Spain about\\n1550\\nKnives first made in England, 1563.\\nLamp for preventing explosion by fire-damp in\\ncoal mines, invented by Sir Humphrey Davy, 1815.\\nLancastrian schools of education established\\nin most of the principal towns of England, 1810.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0458.jp2"}, "459": {"fulltext": "DATES OF FIRST OCCURRENCES.\\n435\\nLawns and thread gauze were manufactured\\nat Paisley in 1784.\\nLETTERS invented by Memnon, the Egyptian,\\n1822 B. C.\\nLiberty Beet, the most famous bell in America,\\nrelic most prized by the nation, hung in the tower of\\nIndependence Hall, Philadelphia, 1776, and was\\nrung when the Declaration of Independence was\\nadopted. It was cracked while tolling for the death\\nof Chief Justice Marshall, 1835, and has never been\\nput to public use since. It was exhibited at the\\nWorld\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Fair, Chicago, 1893, and at the Atlanta Ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nposition, 1895.\\nLinen first made in England, 1253 the rich\\npeople wore linen, the poorer woolen shirts.\\nLocomotive, the first use of one in this country\\nwas in 1820.\\nLocusts, the country of Palestine infected with\\nsuch swarms of, that they darkened the air, and\\nafter devouring the fruits of the earth, they died,\\nand their intolerable stench caused a pestilential\\nfever, 406. A similiar circumstance occurred in\\nFrance, 873 a large swarm of, flew over the city of\\nWarsaw, June 17, 1816; swarms of, made their ap\u00c2\u00ac\\npearance near Aschersleben, June 24, 1816.\\nLooking-glasses made only at Venice, 1300.\\nLooms, the power loom invented by the Rev. Mr.\\nCartright, a clergyman of Kent, England, 1787.\\nLotteries, the first mentioned by historians for\\nsums of money, 1630.\\nMagnifying-GEAsses first made in England by\\nRoger Bacon, 1260.\\nMammoth, first fairly complete one discovered\\nnear the jouth of the Lena, in Siberia, 1S06.\\nMaps and geobes invented by Anaximander, 600\\nB. C.\\nMarbeE paper, a German invention belongingto\\nthe 17th century.\\nMatches, friction, first used in 1829.\\nMeckeEnburg Declaration of Independence is\u00c2\u00ac\\nsued May 31, 1776.\\nMicroscopes first used in Germany, 1621 the\\ndouble ones, 1624; solar microscopes invented, 1740.\\nMieitary Academy, West Point, founded by\\nCongress, March 16, 1802.\\nMissouri Compromise passed March 3, 1820, and\\nappealed May 24, 1854. It restricted slavery to\\nsouth of 36\u00c2\u00b0 30L\\nMonastery, the first founded where the sister of\\nSt. Anthony retired, 270 the first founded in\\nFrance, near Poictiers, by St. Martin, 360 Constan\u00c2\u00ac\\ntine IV. sends for a great number of friars and nuns\\nto Ephesus, orders them to change their black habits\\nfor white and to destroy their images on their\\nrefusal he orders their eyes to be put out, banishes\\nthem, and sells several monasteries, appropriating\\nthe produce, 770 they were totally suppressed by\\nAct of Parliament in 1539.\\nMoney, first mentioned as a medium of commerce\\nin the twenty-third chapter of Genesis, when Abra\u00c2\u00ac\\nham purchased a field as a sepulchre for Sarah, in\\nthe year of the world 2139 first made a.t Argos, 894\\nB. C.; has increased eighteen times its value from\\n1290 to 1640 and twelve times its value from 1530 to\\n1800.\\nMonroe Doctrine declared in the message of\\nPresident Monroe, December 2, 1823. Re-asserted\\nby President Cleveland in a message to Congress\\nconcerning the boundary line dispute between Vene\u00c2\u00ac\\nzuela and Great Britain, December, 1895.\\nMormons, sect of, founded by Joseph Smith,\\n1830 removed from Nauvoo to Salt Lake Valley,\\nUtah, July 24, 1S47.\\nMusicae notes invented in 1070 improved, 1330\\nprinted, 1502.\\nNantes, Edict of, tolerating Protestants, 1598\\nrevocation, 1685.\\nNEEDEES first made in England by a native of\\nIndia in 1545.\\nNew Orleans, battle of, January 8, 1815, Jackson\\ndefeating the British. Captured by Farragut, April\\n26, 1862.\\nNewspaper, the first authentic copy was printed\\nin 1494 first daily, Frankfort Gazette 1615. The\\nfirst English was the Weekly Newes 1622 the first\\nin France, Gazette de France 1631. The first adver\u00c2\u00ac\\ntisement appeared in 1648. The first American\\nnewspaper was printed in Boston, September 25,1690,\\nand was called Publick Occurrences Foreign and\\nDomestic. The first continuously printed in America\\nwas the Boston News Letter 1702 first daily, The\\nPennsylvania Packet 1784.\\nNullification Ordinance passed by South\\nCarolina, November 19, 1832. The proclamation of\\nPresident Jackson denouncing the same was issued\\nDecember 10, 1832.\\nOrgans were invented in 750.\\nOxford University, England, founded by Al\u00c2\u00ac\\nfred, 886.\\nPainting, earliest account of, in the reign of\\nNinus, about 2000 B. C.\\nPaper currency established in America May 15,\\n1775. Paper money first used in America, 1740.\\nPaper made of cotton was in use in 1000 made of\\nlinen rags, 1319 made from straw, 1800.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0459.jp2"}, "460": {"fulltext": "436\\nDATES OF FIRST OCCURRENCES.\\nParchment invented by King Attalus of Per-\\ngamus, 8S7 B. C.\\nPatent Right Law first enacted in United States,\\nApril 15, 1790.\\nPaving with stones first introduced, in Paris,\\n1186.\\nPearls, artificial, were invented 1686.\\nPENS for writing were first made from quills in\\n635. The substitution of steel for quill pens took\\nplace early in the present century, yet strange to\\nsay, nothing is known with certainty of the person\\nwho first invented the metallic pen. Fountain pens\\nand glass pens are of recent date.\\nPennypost set up in London and suburbs, by one\\nMurray, an upholsterer, 16S1, who afterwards as\u00c2\u00ac\\nsigned the same to one Dockwra afterwards claimed\\nby the government, who allowed the latter a pension\\nof ^200 a year, in 1711; first set up in Dublin,\\n1774; it was improved considerably in and round\\nLondon, July, 1794 made a two-penny post in 1801.\\nPhiladelphia was founded by William Penn in\\n16S2. Riots, native American and Irish, May 6 to 8,\\n1844. First National Convention of the Republican\\nParty, 1856.\\nPhonograph invented in 1877 by Thomas A.\\nEdison.\\nPhosphorous first made in 1677.\\nPhotographs were first produced in England in\\n1802 perfected in 1841.\\nPianoforte invented about 1710 in Italy.\\nPins were brought from France, and first used in\\nEngland by Catherine Howard, Queen of Henry\\nVIII. Before that time both sexes used ribbons,\\nloop-holes, laces with points and tags, hooks and\\neyes, and small skewers made of gold, silver and\\nbrass. Pins were first made by machinery in\\nAmerica in 1832.\\nPipes of lead, for water, first cast in 1539.\\nPistols first used by the cavalry in 1544.\\nPitch and tar first made from pit coal at Bristol,\\nin 1779.\\nPlaster of Paris. Casting with it from the\\nface invented in 1470.\\nPorcelain of Saxony greatly improved in 1767.\\nPort-holes introduced for ships of war in 1545.\\nPost-office first established between Vienna and\\nBrussels in 1516. Posts established regularly between\\nLondon and all the principal towns throughout Eng\u00c2\u00ac\\nland in 1635. Postage stamps were introduced in\\nEngland in 1840 in the United States in 1847.\\nPoTTERY improved greatly by Wedgwood in 1763.\\nPrince of Wales, the title of, first given to the\\nking\u00e2\u0080\u0099s eldest son, 1286.\\nPrinting. The Assyrians and Babylonians used\\nclay tablets, and wooden blocks were used by the\\nChinese as early as 952. Printing from movable\\ntypes was invented by Faust in 144 L aQ d made\\npublic by Gutenberg in 1454, although the invention\\nis also claimed for L. Kostcr, of Haarlem, as early as\\n1423. The first Bible was printed by Faust and\\nSchoffcr, in 1456, and they also printed the first\\nbook with date, a Latin Psalter, 1457 Wooden type\\nfirst introduced into England, by William Caxton, a\\nLondon merchant, in 1477 The first English press\\nwas set up in Westminister Abbey, where it remained\\nuntil 1494. The first American book, Escala\\nEspiritual,\u00e2\u0080\u009d was printed by Juan Hablas, Mexico,\\nabout 1535. The first press in the United States was\\nthat of Stephen Daye, at Cambridge, Mass., 1639.\\nPrinting in colors was first introduced in 1626.\\nPyramids first erected about 2170 B. C.\\nQuicksilver first used for refining silver ore, in\\n1540.\\nRailroad. The first passenger railroad was\\nopened in England, September 27, 1825 the first in\\nAmerica, Baltimore and Ohio, 1828, although freight\\nwas moved by rail at the granite quarries, of Quincy,\\nMass., as earlv as 1826. The first steam railroad\\nwas operated in the United States in 1830, from\\nAlbany to Schenectady\u00e2\u0080\u009416 miles.\\nReformation in Germany, 1517; in England,\\n1532.\\nRepublican Party. The first convention was\\nheld at Pittsburgh, February 22, 1856.\\nResumption of Specie Payments in the United\\nStates\u00e2\u0080\u0094Act approved 1875 took effect January 1,\\n1879\\nRibbon looms. It has been asserted that these\\nlooms were first known to the Swiss, but others\\nclaim their invention for a German in the town of\\nDantzic in the 16th century.\\nRuling-machines invented by a Dutchman m\\nLondon in 1792.\\nSaddles. Pliny informs us that one, Pelethro-\\nnius, was the first to introduce a piece of leather\\nfastened to the back of a horse for the accommoda\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of its rider. For a long time these cloths and\\npieces of leather were regarded as unmanly, and\\nwere, therefore, regarded by soldiers with great\\nscorn. The old German races despised the Roman\\ncavalry for riding on such effeminate contrivances.\\nSaddles of the kind now used appear to have been in\\nuse in 385. Side-saddles first used in 1380. Pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nvious to their introduction women always rode\\nastride.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0460.jp2"}, "461": {"fulltext": "The Maine was one of the Largest of the United States Warships. By its Destruction in the Harbor of\\nHavana over 240 lives were lost.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0461.jp2"}, "462": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0462.jp2"}, "463": {"fulltext": "DATES OF FIRST OCCURRENCES.\\n437\\nSailcloth first made in England in 1590.\\nSalting HERRINGS after the Dutch method first\\nused in 1416.\\nSaltpeter first manufactured in England, in\\n1625.\\nSaws. The inventor of the saw is said, by the old\\nGreek writers, to be Talus or Perdox. Pliny ascribes\\nthe invention to Doedalus, but Hardouin affirms that\\nthe passage in which he does so refers to Talus, and\\nnet *0 Doedalus. Talus was the son of a sister of\\nDoedalus, and the invention is said to be due to his\\nusing the jawbone of a snake to cut through a piece\\nof wood. His master grew jealous of the honor\\nTalus won by this invention, and caused him to be\\nprivately put to death.\\nSchools, public or common, first known in\\nAmerica, were established in the New England\\nStates about 1642.\\nSedan chairs introduced into England in 1734.\\nSewing-machine first patented in England, in\\n1755. The first complete machine was constructed\\nby an American, Elias Howe, in 1846.\\nSextant invented by Tycho Brahe, at Augsburg,\\nin 1550.\\nShay\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Rebellion, in Massachusetts, 1786-87.\\nSleeping-cars were first used in 1858. Pull\u00c2\u00ac\\nman\u00e2\u0080\u0099s patent dates from 1864.\\nSoap first made in London and Bristol in 1524.\\nThe first express mention of soap appears in Pliny\\nand Galen. The former speaks of it as an invention\\nof the Gauls.\\nSpeaking-trumpets invented by Kircher, a Je\u00c2\u00ac\\nsuit, in 1652.\\nSpinning-wheel invented at Brunswick, 1530.\\nSpectacles invented by Spina, a monk, of Pisa,\\nin 1299.\\nStamp Act enacted March 22, 1765 repealed\\nMarch 19, 1766.\\nSTATUTES of the United States first revised and\\ncodified in 1873.\\nSteam. The steam engine boiler was discovered\\nby the Marquis of Worcester in 1663. Newcom-\\nmen\u00e2\u0080\u0099s engine was patented in 1705, and the inven\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion was perfected by James Watt in 1773. The high\\npressure engine was invented by an American,\\nOliver Evans in 1779. The first steam vessel of\\nwhich there is any record was that of Papin (France),\\nin 1707. Then follow those of Jonathan Hulls\\n(England), 1736; William Henry (Conestoga River,\\nPa.), 1763; James Rumsey (Md.), 17S6; John\\nFitch (Delaware River), same year. In 1806 Robert\\nFulton constructed the Clermont, which plied regu\u00c2\u00ac\\nlarly between New York and Albany, at a speed of\\nfive miles per hour. The first steamer crossing the\\nAtlantic made the voyage from Savannah to Liver\u00c2\u00ac\\npool in twenty-five days, A. D. 1819.\\nSTEEL. The invention of steel is of very great\\nantiquity and the process of hardening iron is de\u00c2\u00ac\\nscribed in the Old Testament (Isaiah xliv, 12). The\\nhelmet of Hercules, described in Hesiod, appears to\\nhave been of steel. Homer refers to the process of\\nhardening steel by immersing it, while red hot, in.\\ncold water.\\nStereotype printing invented by William Gid,\\na goldsmith, of Edinburgh, in 1735.\\nStirrups, according to a statement made by the\\nEmperor Mauritius, were first used in the 6th cen\u00c2\u00ac\\ntury. Hippocrates and Galen speak of a disease\\nwhich, in their time, was occasioned by long and\\nfrequent riding, because the legs hung down without\\nany support.\\nSugar is first mentioned in 625 by Paul Eginetta,\\na physician. It came originally from China and the\\nEast; was produced in Sicily in 114S, in Maderia in\\n1419, in the Canary Islands in 1503, and in the West\\nIndies by the Portuguese and Spaniards in 1510. In\\n1641 it was cultivated at Barbadoes. Sugar-refining\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0was first carried out by a Venetian in 1503, and this\\nprocess was adopted in England in 1569. Sugar\\ncane was first cultivated in the United States in\\n1751, near New Orleans, the first sugar mill being\\nconstructed in 1858.\\nSunday-schools were first established bv Robert\\nRaikes, Gloucester, England in 1781.\\nSun-dials invented 558 B. C. The first in Rome,\\n308 B. C., was that erected by Papirius Cursor, when\\ntime was divided into hours.\\nTanning leather. A new and more expeditious\\nmethod than that previously in use was invented in\\n1795\\nTax. The first tax levied on the people was by-\\nSolon, 540 B. C.\\nTea first known in Europe in 1610, being brought\\nfrom India by the Dutch.\\nTelegraphs (mechanical) invented in 1687. First\\nused by the French in 1794, and by the English in\\n1796. The first electric telegraph was operated from\\nPaddington to Drayton, England, in 1835, the same\\nyear in which Morse\u00e2\u0080\u0099s telegraph was invented. The\\nfirst telegraph line in operation in America was be\u00c2\u00ac\\ntween Baltimore and Washington in 1844. The\\nfirst submarine cable was laid in 1851, between\\nDover and Calais, and the first Atlantic cable was\\noperated in 1858.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0463.jp2"}, "464": {"fulltext": "438\\nDATES OF FIRST OCCURRENCES.\\nTelephone. A. Graham Bell first presented a\\nspeaking telephone at the Centennial Exposition,\\nPhiladelphia, in 1876.\\nTelescopes. The first reflecting telescope made\\non the principle discovered by Sir Isaac Newton in\\n1692.\\nTemperance society, the first in this country\\nwas organized in Saratoga County, N. Y., in March,\\n1S08.\\nThread first made at Paisley, Scotland, in 1722.\\nThermometers first invented by Drebel, a\\nDutchman, in 1620 improved by Reaumur in 1730,\\nand by Fahrenheit in 1749.\\nTobacco was first introduced into England, from\\nVirginia, in 1583.\\nUnion of England and Scotland, 1707; Great\\nBritain and Ireland, 1801.\\nVaccination. See Inoculation.\\nVentilators first introduced by the Rev. Dr.\\nHales in 1740.\\nViolins of the modern kind invented about 1477.\\nIntroduced into England by Charles II.\\nWall-papers first used in Spain and Holland in\\n1555. Flock or velvet wall-papers were first used in\\n1620.\\nWar ships. In 1814 Sir Robert Seppings intro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduced various most important improvements for the\\nconstruction of war ships. The lower parts of the\\nframes of ships of war were then, for the first time,\\nfilled in, a system of diagonal trussing was intro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduced, the stern was altered in form, so that it no\\nlonger remained open to the fire of an enemy, and\\nthe upper decks were enlarged. Sir W. Symonds\\naltered them so as to decrease the quantity of ballast\\nrequired in 1832. In the International Exhibition of\\n1851 various improvements in this direction were\\nshown, but great iron-cased ships were not then\\nthought of. In July, 1854, the first of a new class of\\nscrew, gun vessels was launched for use during the\\nRussian war. To operate with these, vessels cu iron\\nwere constructed to bombard the fortresses in the\\nBaltic. The first French iron-cased ship was a frigate\\ncalled the \u00e2\u0080\u009cCloire,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and this was quickly followed\\nby the first English ship of that kind, the \u00e2\u0080\u009cWar\u00c2\u00ac\\nrior.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Since then vessels of this kind have been\\nsubject to a variety of alterations and experiments\\ntending to improve both their strength and their\\nsailing qualities. The first battle between iron ships\\nof war occurred in the war for the Union, the Mer-\\nrimac and Monitor being the contestants.\\nWaTCHES were invented at Nuremberg in 1477,\\nand were first introduced into England from Ger\u00c2\u00ac\\nmany in 1577.\\nWater mills for grinding corn are said to have\\nbeen invented by Belisarius when Rome was be\u00c2\u00ac\\nsieged by the Goths in 555. Pliny, however, men\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions wheels turned by water.\\nWeather-cocks. The earliest mention of a\\nweather-cock is that made by Vitruvius, concerning\\nthat on the tower built at Athens by Andronicus\\nCyrrhestes.\\nWild-fire invented by a Greek in 663.\\nWilmot Proviso, to restrict slavery, offered in\\nthe House of Representatives, August 8, 1846, by\\nDavid Wilmot, of Pennsylvania.\\nWire invented at Nuremberg in 1351.\\nWire-drawing. The first record we have of this\\nart is probably that contained in Holy Writ, where\\nwe are told that gold was beaten and cut to threads,\\nso that it could be interwoven in cloth. The present\\nmode of forming metallic threads, that known as\\nwire-drawing, was first known in the 14th century.\\nWoolen cloth. Although the making of woolen\\ncloth is one of the most ancient arts, its manufacture\\nwas not known in France until 1646, when it was\\nmade at Sedan. It was first made in England in\\n1331, but was not dyed or dressed until 1667.\\nYellowstone National Park established by\\nAct of Congress, February 28, 1871.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0464.jp2"}, "465": {"fulltext": "THE COUNTRIES\\nOF THE\\n-k-\\nWORLD\\nHistorical and Statistical Information.\\nCONDENSED history of the\\nnations of the globe, containing\\ninformation relating to the forms\\nof government and present con\u00c2\u00ac\\ndition of the people, is not only\\nof interest to the general reader,\\nbut also furnishes information of greac value.\\nIn this way the ends of the earth are brought\\nnear. A panorama of past events, including\\nthose of most recent date, passes before the\\neye. Here, also, means are afforded for ob\u00c2\u00ac\\ntaining that culture which cannot be com\u00c2\u00ac\\nplete without a knowledge of the world at\\nlarge.\\nIt must have occurred to every student of\\nhistory that there are great masses of rub\u00c2\u00ac\\nbish of no account, which are, in fact, a hin\u00c2\u00ac\\ndrance and vexation. Only by condensing\\nthe voluminous records of the past, and\\nbringing them within a narrow compass,\\nare we able to trace the golden chain of\\nevents.\\nThe following pages present the essential\\nfacts of history, enabling the reader to obtain\\na clear and intelligent idea of those annals\\nwhich preserve the life and deeds of nations\\nThe aim has been to depict great historic\\nfeatures, furnishing a record of the most\\nimportant transactions, and otherwise gather\u00c2\u00ac\\ning into this treasury of knowledge such\\ninformation as will be of the greatest prac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntical value. This comprehensive survey of\\nthe countries of the world forms a ready\\nhand-book for everyday use.\\nA Fountain of Knowledge.\\nThat a knowledge of history, ancient and\\nmodern, forms an important part of educa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, is conceded by every thoughtful person.\\nFor this reason the study of this subject is\\nrequired in all our schools and academies,\\nand it is admitted that a finished education\\ndemands a thorough acquaintance with his\u00c2\u00ac\\ntory, no less than with the common branches\\nuniversally taught, or with the sciences and\\nancient languages. This subject is one of\\nthe great sources of the world\u00e2\u0080\u0099s knowledge\\nand wisdom, and while it has its dry details\\nand facts, it is also invested with romance,\\nthe charm of which never dies.\\n439", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0465.jp2"}, "466": {"fulltext": "440\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\nThe comprehensive history of nations in\u00c2\u00ac\\ncludes their origin and certain great features\\nwhich have resulted from political changes.\\nWe behold revolutions, sanguinary battles,\\nstruggles for better forms of government,\\nthe peaceful achievements of diplomacy, and\\nmark the great convulsions, victories and\\nenterprises, which have changed the pages\\nthat record the annals of the past, and, as it\\nwere, have formed the world anew.\\nMERICA, including a vast extent\\nof territory, embracing every\\nvariety of climate, and bearing\\nwithin it, besides its precious\\nore and gems, the germs of im\u00c2\u00ac\\nmense wealth, remained undis\u00c2\u00ac\\ncovered until the nth of October, 1492,\\nwhen Christopher Columbus, a native of\\nGenoa, who had sailed from Spain with three\\nsmall vessels under the patronage of Ferdi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnand and Isabella, the Castilian monarch,\\nfirst beheld a light on the shore of the new\\ncontinent, two hours before midnight. On\\nthe next day he set foot in the New World.\\nThe Christian adventurers did not fail\\nto kneel upon the sand and offer up their\\nthanks for having been preserved through\\nthe perils of a long voyage. This island was\\ncalled Guanahani, by the natives, a name\\nwhich Columbus altered to St. Salvador,\\nand was one of the Bahama Islands.\\nIt is worthy of remark that the vast con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinent which Columbus discovered was not\\ncalled by his name, but derived its appella\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion from Amerigo Vespucci, a Florentine\\nnavigator, who made some subsequent dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ncoveries, in company with Alonzo de Ojeda,\\nin 1499. Columbus did not rest satisfied\\nwith his first successful voyage or the fame\\nwhich he acquired by it, but he undertook\\nothers. He was, however, in the end, the\\nvictim of jealousy and ingratitude. The\\nSpanish colonists at Hispaniola became dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ncontented and preferred complaints against\\nhim, sending home accusations and remon\u00c2\u00ac\\nstrances by every ship that sailed to Spain.\\nThe Discoverer in Irons.\\nIn consequence of this, Don Francisco de\\nBobadilla was sent out by the court, and in\u00c2\u00ac\\nvested temporarily with the chief power,\\nbeing permitted to use his own judgment in\\nquelling the disturbances of the colonies.\\nThis person scrupled not to arrest Columbus,\\nand put him in irons, from which he would\\nnot suffer himself to be freed, when he was\\nsent to Spain.\\nNo,\u00e2\u0080\u009d said he, when the attendants offered\\nto remove them; \u00e2\u0080\u009cthe truth must be ap*\\nparent, and my patrons are too noble, too\\ngenerous to overlook me. Then, if fortune\\nagain smiles upon me, these will serve as\\naffecting memorials of sorrow past; I wil\\nnot part with them, and I even wish that,\\nwhen I am no more, they ma be suspended\\nover my sepulchre.\u00e2\u0080\u009d When he again set\\nfoot in Spain, he might have exclaimed, in\\nthe language of the poet:\\nAre these the wreaths of triumph you bestow\\nOn those who bring you eonquest home and honor?", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0466.jp2"}, "467": {"fulltext": "1 MES\\nhi AY\\n.Luke\\n1 Winnip\\norkton\\ni-y-Manitobi\\nIgnace\\ninnipej\\nEraersoi\\nSt. Vinci\\nISLE ROYALE\\nV E Ji\\nRidout\\nMinnew\\n^Carri]\\n,C rooks tori\\n/P\\nRamsey\\njkauU SteJ\\nwu.n u\\nLoorhead 0 Duluth..^ Pv-\\n^sklpKiV\\n1 lT 4 ?t LittK/KffllsV. Supdrior U\\nrrttiU! 4\\nfes Miilncftpohs.14 j-j* \u00e2\u0080\u0094-Chipi P-W\\ni .s\u00c2\u00ab\\ni Ho os iss\u00c2\u00a3\\nJi sSarcKTj\\nr 0\\nlines T 3\\nEllendale\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nahpetoi\\n4\\nUgmamiHh/latJ\\nf A Linkville\\nil foreaxk\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0.bcrdeei\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2rtonva;\\nJ **Y f \\\\U ackR\\n/ftlaijistce A YpiV\\nrpsmj*\\nf WJ\\nWaiei\\\\^\\nV lBiOS S\\nPi\\noifcockeikJ\\njvatonn;\\nIPipe-Stom\\nI,.i 5 gSgyH\u00c2\u00abl\\nVEjiHi\\n,e:ofPorca|^k^\\n;oi\\\\ lyLsd 1 1\\nexport\\nS^AQaiuoy\\n./Sheldon\\nm\\n.ONG ISLANO\\nrairid du Chiefi_\\nBelojj/X_\\n\\\\Racine\\nKalam.\\nAinswonS ~Greight\u00c2\u00a7n JS, 1\\n-Aanva^ OWeiii^V-\\n1\\nies moincsq\\nfeejmej\\n[h ofanswgzkA ply\\nSpP ^Vco!\\nUfStr/ T sfc-q gfo 8 ii\\nimbu^\\nfi\u00c2\u00abaen r m\\n[oos;\\n(Jtn noil Bluffs\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094i-JUattsmoutM VI P Z\\n-^\u00e2\u0080\u00947^-. i--VOxUlatUif:.;\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n4 _Atchiso,,^\u00e2\u0080\u0098 e P\\nulesburg\\nLas tint\\nKeokuk^Nx/\\nTT lOD\u00e2\u0080\u0094 l -Q 1;\\nJlacoy H\\nlaSnibaP^^l\\nH.Vmisjaua 0\\nUMexico. R\\ninver\\n*mrado\\npk.\\nifjrfSkai.,1 1\\ntA J\u00e2\u0080\u009e\u00e2\u0080\u0098 y J\\\\,Jeffersprr\\\\N\\nVT^VarYawC^vO\\n4oU-/ Nev ada j fj\\nhjk/ ySaleniXpfr\\n^^C^T^Spriagfield\\ntY^Yroaett Poplar Bluff 1\\nrr Tj^ure^il Knobo\\nilpa 7/ Springs 0 xib/\\nfcljjfthlequah Newport/\\nu li /.VaaBuren A\\n^^r .CliUy A\\nEllinwo(\\n521\\nOwens\\nboroiXgl\\n1 aP on burg\\nTf4nid_ad\\n^Ulon 1~\\nAntonito;\\n^arP\u00c2\u00b0 r0\\nSpringerj\\njWver/-^\\n0 Ean Il^Sdl/\\ndtlahomj\\nC 0 1 u xnb P3 i_J n^\\nI^TUsgumb i\\nr Ppp-\\\\ /r\\n)ecatur\\\\\\nAnnistpn\\nefen,\\nBiriulng abt\\n[B a.shbi]\\nLure el\\n^Little RocltVl. Pc\\nLot Springs oV^H el\\nMaWeni pine^-v\\nGurdonc( Bluff X\\nCamcIeuvX\\nArkan ea\\n-X rTX xarkana City..\\nSj Llano Estacado\\nf A*\\nPeor e^ oW\\nX 510\\nRoy al\\nI Lc-liigli pyA lo ij{\\nA,- -a\\\\^P n\\ny -Pari:\\nGreenvil\\nStaked Plat:\\nAl banyFt,\\nI ClscoPl\\nL^VCofeniun\\nj ^ig Spring\\n~Mldl an\\nAlvarado\\nCorsicana\\n^tone*\\nBtuceveport Ale\\n^^b^nsfiel,\\natcli ito.cbesov Yi(\\nnei /Bufaulae\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2pie Gaines\\niFloma ton_\\n1 Jack so;\\niruns^m-\\ner0 aadlf\\nM kso\u00c2\u00bbvU\u00c2\u00bb*\\nl\\\\ yVaycK\\nbomasvi\\nec0s San\\n1 c p Fort-x\\nAlpine\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2rriganl,\\n-\u00e2\u0080\u0094Alex\\n?iSlaught\u00c2\u00abr 1\\nB a tori #ouj\\ninciniij;\\nrW\\nw\\nCe 4 a\\nts^^a\\nCape San l\\nAustin:\\nLake_\\n^Charles\\nKerrvi lle 0\\nP*C uero rXTim 0\\ntomo A ColMbia\\nVictoria- oXt,\\nGalveston\\nCiudad Porfirio\\nKi W^Vs jr,l\\n\u00c2\u00b1A \u00e2\u0080\u0094Vp\\nlidianol;.\\nTampa\\nSanta Totna\\nAlamo*-.\\n6R lS*k\u00c2\u00abk\\nCharlotte Uarlv\\\\\\nHidalgo\\nLanijiazos\\nArctic.\\nCircle\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009e,f Monclov\\n--^ocorito\\nAltat^P\\nPt.Isabel\\nMont erei\\nTorrcon\\nSal ti Hof\\naf vJsiea PR\\n0 cUaA ot\\nv Ciudad (j\\n^Victoria\\nttavan^u\\n^Santa\\nCla- ra\\nUNITED STATES\\niatecas.\\npinai\\nScale of Milei\\nISLE OF\\nPINES\\nPuerto\\niprineij\\nAguasl/\\nCalienVes\\nSan Luis\\nPotosi i\\nHoAgtin\\nTampico\\nC.S.AntonU\\nScale of Miles\\nfrom\\nGreenwich 90\\n100 Longitude", "height": "3406", "width": "4175", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0467.jp2"}, "468": {"fulltext": "R$", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0468.jp2"}, "469": {"fulltext": "THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\n441\\nColumbus was liberated immediately by\\nroyal order, and received at court with great\\nrespect. But though Bobadilla was recalled,\\nColumbus in vain supplicated to be restored\\nto his government; he was put off by vague\\npromises, and the post finally given to Don\\nNicholas Ovando, a practical as well as ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncomplished man. Thus after three moment\u00c2\u00ac\\nous voyages, and the acquisition of much\\nfame, he found himself displaced and thwarted\\nin a point in which he conceived his honor\\nconcerned, and his hard-earned authority\\ntorn from his possession.\\nBut it was not the nature of Columbus to\\nsink under his misfortunes on the contrary\\nwith four small caravels, the largest being\\nbut of seventy tons burthen, he set out on\\nhis fourth voyage of discovery with the\\nintention of completing the circumnavigation\\nof the globe, visiting the Indies, of which\\nVasco da Gama had given so inspiriting an\\naccount.\\nA Singular Occurrence.\\nLeaving Cadiz on May 9, 1 502, he reached\\nMartinique, one of the Windward Islands,\\nJune 15. Having touched at Cuba, he pur\u00c2\u00ac\\nsued a southwesterly course, until he reached\\nGuanaja, an island on the coast of Honduras,\\nwhose inhabitants had attained a pretty high\\ndegree of civilization. Their persons were\\ncovered with cotton garments dyed with a\\nvariety of bright and pleasing colors.\\nHe mentions a curious occurrence as taking\\nplace here. He had been presented, among\\nother animals; with a peccary, or American\\npig, and one of those monkeys with prehensile\\ntails, indigenous to America. The peccary\\nbeing thrown in the way of the monkey, the\\nlatter, by a dexterous use of its tail, confined\\nthe jaws of the pig in such a manner as to\\nexpose it helplessly to the action of the\\nmonkey\u00e2\u0080\u0099s claws. This appeared to me so\\nstrange,\u00e2\u0080\u009d Columbus writes to his patrons,\\nthat I thought fit to write it down for the\\ninformation of your majesties.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe Spaniards entertained the most exag\u00c2\u00ac\\ngerated ideas of the wonders of the New\\nWorld. To most of them, it appeared a realm\\nof magic, a fairyland, in which supernatural\\noccurrences were by no means infrequent.\\nThus Juan Ponce de Leon, in 1512 fitted\\nout three ships from Porto Rico, of which\\nhe was governor and set forth in search of\\nan Indian fountain which was fabled to\\nrestore all who bathed in it, even if they\\nwere tormented by the infirmities of extreme\\nold age, to the freshness, vigor and beauty\\nof youth. Although he failed to find the\\nfountain, he made the discovery of Florida.\\nExtinction of the Red Men.\\nFrom the time of the first European settle\u00c2\u00ac\\nments in this part of America, the number\\nof the Indians has diminished rapidly, and\\nthey are now reduced to a mere handful,\\nwhom the wave of emigration is fast rolling\\nto the shores of the Western Ocean. They\\nhave seen their hunting grounds diminished,,\\ntheir forests swept away by their white foes,,\\nand the smoke of the Christian village rising;\\nwhere once their council-fires blazed.\\nThe discovery of America awakened the\\nenterprise of various nations of the Old\\nWorld, and they fitted out numerous expe\u00c2\u00ac\\nditions to conquer and colonize. North\\nAmerica, which is of vast extent, its surface\\ncontaining about eight millions of square\\nmiles, fell into the hands of the English,\\nFrench and Spanish. Mexico, so valuable\\nfor its mines of gold and silver, inhabited at\\nthe period of its discovery by intelligent and\\npeaceable nations, was conquered by Fer\u00c2\u00ac\\nnando Cortez, a Spanish general, who scrupled\\nnot to make use of the basest treachery, and\\nto shed the blood of the natives like water.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0469.jp2"}, "470": {"fulltext": "442\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\nto accomplish his purposes. Mexico was for\\na long time attached to Spain, to which it\\nfurnished immense wealth, but at present has\\na republican government which it can hardly\\nbe said to enjoy, the country is in such an\\nunsettled state.\\nThe eastern shores of North America,\\nwere settled principally by the English. In\\nspite of the hostility of the Indians, the rav\u00c2\u00ac\\nages of disease and hardship, the colonies\\nincreased rapidly. The population of the\\nmiddle portion of North America, now called\\nthe United States, was estimated, in 1775 at\\nabout 3,000,000. The number of the colonies\\nwas thirteen. Poverty and oppression had\\nfirst driven them from their native land.\\nSettlement of the Colonies.\\nThe following dates of the settlement of\\nthe colonies, are given for reference\\nVirginia, 1607.\\nNew York, by the Dutch, 1614; occupied\\nby the English, 1664.\\nPlymouth, 1620; incorporated with Mas\u00c2\u00ac\\nsachusetts in 1692.\\nMassachusetts, 1628.\\nNew Hampshire, 1623.\\nNew Jersey, by the Dutch, 1624; occupied\\nby the English in 1664.\\nDelaware, by the Dutch, 1627; occupied\\nby the Englisn in 1664.\\nMaine, 163c*; united with Massachusetts\\nin 1677.\\nMaryland, 1633.\\nConnecticut, 1635.\\nNew Haven, 1637 united with Connecti-\\nc in 1662.\\nProvidence, 1635\\nRhode Island, 1638\\nNorth Carolina, 1650.\\nSouth Carolina, 1670.\\nPennsylvania, 1682.\\nGeorgia, 1733.\\nunited 1644.\\nThe English settlers in the northern parts\\nof America, were influenced by different\\nmotives from those which actuated the Span\u00c2\u00ac\\niards who quitted their native country for the\\nshores of the New World. The latter were\\nurged onward by a reckless spirit of adventure,;\\nby the promptings of heated imaginations,\\nand by the most insatiable cupidity. The\\nformer were impelled by far worthier motives.\\nMany causes operated together in the mother\\ncountry, to favor emigration among the\\nresolute and hardy.\\nThe people of England had been led to\\nexamine the nature of the power to which\\nthey were subjected, and the monstrous doc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrines of prerogative and religious intolerance,\\nwere denounced by many who had courage\\nto think and speak for themselves upon the\\nsubjects. The friends of republican institu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions multiplied with great rapidity, the natural\\nresult of the progress of literature, and the\\nincrease of wealth with the commons. In\\n1628 the wealth of the House of Commons\\nfar exceeded that of the House of Lords.\\nThe English Puritans.\\nAt the same time, the reformation which\\nhad been carried into effect by Henry VIII,\\nwhile it had purged the country of many\\nabuses long complained of, had established a\\nform of worship which was regarded by\\nmany as little better than that which had\\ngiven way before it. Those who refused to\\nconform to the established form, contempt\u00c2\u00ac\\nuously termed Puritans by their opponents,\\nand anxiously sought scope for the exercise\\nof religious rights, and, since the immunities\\nthey demanded were not granted them at\\nhome, determined to seek refuge from perse\u00c2\u00ac\\ncution in a remote quarter of the globe.\\nKing James granted, in 1606, letters patent\\nto two companies, called the London and\\nPlymouth Companies, by which possession", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0470.jp2"}, "471": {"fulltext": "THE PILGRIMS AT PLYMOUTH\\n443", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0471.jp2"}, "472": {"fulltext": "444\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\nwas given them of the territories lying be\u00c2\u00ac\\ntween the 34th and 45th degrees of north\\nlatitude; the southern part to the London,\\nand the northern part to the Plymouth Com\u00c2\u00ac\\npany the king himself having undertaken\\nto frame for them a code of laws.\\nThree ships were provided by the London\\nCompany, on board of which were 105\\npersons, who were expected to remain at\\nRoanoke, which was the place of their desti\u00c2\u00ac\\nnation. They made a settlement on a pen\u00c2\u00ac\\ninsula and called it Jamestown. This was\\nthe first permanent settlement made by the\\nEnglish in Virginia.\\nStory of Captain Smith.\\nShortly after, the company received sup\u00c2\u00ac\\nplies from England, and an accession to their\\nnumbers, swelling the number to 200. Two\\nvessels were freighted for England; one\\nloaded with a yellow and brilliant sand,\\ncommon in many places in the vicinity, but\\nsupposed by the colonists to contain a large\\nproportion of gold; the other vessel was\\nloaded with tobacco. The most efficient\\nmember of the council was Captain Smith,\\nwho was taken by the Indians while on an\\nexploring expedition.\\nHe was led to the place of execution, and\\nhis head placed upon a stone, while Pow\u00c2\u00ac\\nhatan, the Indian chieftain, stood over him\\nwith uplifted club, regardless of the earnest\\nsolicitations of his daughter Pocahontas,\\nthen about 13 years of age. The princess,\\nfinding her entreaties unavailing, fell upon\\nSmith, folded him in her arms, and laid her\\nface upon his, determined to meet death\\nwith him she could not save. Moved\\nby this touching devotion, Powhatan re\u00c2\u00ac\\nlented, and, two days afterwards, sent Smith\\nto Jamestown.\\nIn 1609, the destruction of the whole\\ncolony was planned by the Indians, but\\ntheir plans were defeated by the exertions\\nof the princess Pocahontas, who, in a dark\\nnight, went to Jamestown, and put the presi\u00c2\u00ac\\ndent upon his guard. Pocahontas married\\nan English gentleman by the name of Rolfe,\\nembraced the Christian religion, and was\\nbaptized by the name of Rebecca. She\\ndied four years after at Gravesend, on her\\nreturn with her husband from England. In\\n1619, twenty negroes were brought to Vir\u00c2\u00ac\\nginia in a Dutch vessel, and sold to the colo\u00c2\u00ac\\nnists, whence one may date the commence\u00c2\u00ac\\nment of the slaveholding system.\\nIn 1614 Captain Smith was sent from\\nEngland to explore North Virginia. He\\nranged the coast from Penobscot to Cape\\nCod, making observations on the shores,\\nharbors, islands and headlands and made a\\nmap of the country, which on his return to\\nEngland, he showed to Prince Charles (after\u00c2\u00ac\\nwards Charles I), who gave it the name of\\nNew England.\\nArrival of the Pilgrims.\\nThe Rev. Mr. Robinson with his flock, of\\nthe Reformed Church of the North of Eng\u00c2\u00ac\\nland, removed to Amsterdam in 1606, and\\nsoon after to Leyden. A variety of motives\\nled his congregation to turn their attention\\nto the New World the principal were, the\\nenjoyment of perfect liberty of conscience\\nthe preservation of ecclesiastical affairs dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinct from those of the State;\u00e2\u0080\u009d and a hope\\nof laying the foundation of an extensive\\nempire, that should be purged from all\\nreligious impurities.\\nHaving made an arrangement with the\\nVirginia Company, they sailed from Ply\u00c2\u00ac\\nmouth, Eng., on September 6, 1620, and on\\nNovember 10th anchored in Cape Cod har\u00c2\u00ac\\nbor. Perceiving that they were so far north\\nas to be without the territory of the South\\nVirginia Company, some hesitation arose;", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0472.jp2"}, "473": {"fulltext": "THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\n445\\nbut the winter was at hand, and it was now\\ntoo late to go in search of a settlement\\nwithin the jurisdiction of that company.\\nPrevious to their landing, after prayer\\nand thanksgiving, they formed themselves\\ninto a body politic, binding themselves by a\\nwritten covenant to be governed by the\\ndecisions of a majority. This instrument\\nwas subscribed by 41 persons, who, with\\ntheir children and domestics, composed a\\ncompany of 101 persons. Mr. John Carver\\nwas chosen, without one dissentient voice,\\ngovernor for one year.\\nSaved from Famine.\\nParties were sent on shore to make dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ncoveries. Some Indians were seen but could\\nnot be overtaken. A considerable quantity\\nof corn was found in heaps of sand, secured\\nin baskets, which served for seed the ensuing\\nspring, and tended to save the adventurers\\nfrom famine. On December 6th, Carver,\\nStandish, Winslow, Bradford and others,\\nsailed to various places, to discover a suit\u00c2\u00ac\\nable situation for a settlement. Monday,\\nDecember 11, O. S., they landed at what was\\nafterwards called Plymouth, and from the\\nexcellence of the harbor, and the favorable\\nappearance of the land, resolved to com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmence a settlement here.\\nIn 1637 the troops of Massachusetts and\\nConnecticut had several engagements with\\nthe Pequot Indians, and finally subdued\\nthem. This year was made famous by a\\ngreat theological disturbance caused by Ann\\nHutchinson, a woman of considerable talents,\\nwho was accused of maintaining heresies,\\nand supporting them by lectures frequently\\ngiven to large audiences. The result was a\\nsynod of the ministers, elders and mes\u00c2\u00ac\\nsengers of the churches, who, after three\\nweek\u00e2\u0080\u0099s deliberation, condemned as heretical\\neighty-two opinions which had been dis- I\\nseminated in New England, ind some ban\u00c2\u00ac\\nishments took place, among them that of\\nMrs. Hutchinson, her husband and children.\\nIn 1750 a number of noblemen, merchants\\nand others, of London, together with some\\ninfluential Virginia planters, formed a society\\nunder the name of the Ohio Company, for\\nthe purpose of commerce with the Indians\\nand the settlement of parts of the country.\\nThe French Governor in Canada fearing the\\nvaluable fur trade of the French would be\\ndestroyed, infringed upon the possessions of\\nthe Ohio Company, who laid their griev\u00c2\u00ac\\nances before Dinwiddie, Lieutenant-Governor\\nof Virginia.\\nThe Assembly of Virginia determined to\\ndemand, in the name of the King, that the\\nFrench should desist. George Washington,\\nthen in his 22d year, was despatched to the\\nFrench Commandant to convey the demand.\\nAs this was not complied with, the British\\ndetermined to attack Fort du Quesne (now\\nPittsburg), and Washington commanded the\\nexpedition, which, although unsuccessful,\\nreflected upon him great credit.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a24\\nBrave to the Last.\\nOn the arrival of Braddock, in the spring\\nof 1775, various military operations were\\nplanned. An expedition against Canada\\nwas successful, but the conquered territory\\nwas speedily relinquished by the victors.\\nGeneral Braddock\u00e2\u0080\u0099s expedition against Fort\\ndu Quesne was disastrous in the extreme.\\nHeedless of the advice of Washington, who\\ncautioned him against an ambush, he pressed\\nforward, and was surprised by the Indians.\\nInstead of retreating or scouring the\\nwoods, Braddock vainly endeavored to form\\nhis men; and continued with wanton bravery\\non the spot where he was first attacked, till\\nthree horses were shot under him; when he\\nreceived a shot through the lungs and fell.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0473.jp2"}, "474": {"fulltext": "44G\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\nThe remains of the army immediately\\nfled, bearing away the body of their rash\\nand unfortunate commander. Every mount\u00c2\u00ac\\ned officer except Washington, was either\\nkilled or wounded, and he was provident\u00c2\u00ac\\nially preserved, fcr an Indian had marked\\nhim as a victim, and fired at him several\\ntimes with a rifle that had never before de\u00c2\u00ac\\nceived him; 64 out 85 officers, and half the\\nprivates were killed. But Washington bore\\noff the wreck of the forces with consummate\\nskill and undaunted courage. The war was\\ncontinued until 1763, and, although the\\nmilitary operations were occasionally un\u00c2\u00ac\\nsuccessful, the bravery of the British and\\nprovincial troops prevailed, and the fall of\\nQuebec gave a death blow to the hopes of\\nthe French.\\nEvents Preceding the Revolution.\\nWe now come to the commencement of\\nthose acts which created that patrotic feel\u00c2\u00ac\\ning in the .colonies, which resulted in the\\nDeclaration of their Independence.\\nIn 1674 the Parliament of Great Britain\\npassed an act, the preamble to which ran\\nthus: Whereas it is just and necessary that\\na revenue be raised in America, for defraying\\nthe expenses of defending, protecting and\\nsecuring the same, etc.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The act then pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nceeds to lay a duty on clayed sugar, indigo,\\ncoffee, silk, molasses, calicoes, etc., being\\nthe produce of a colony not under the\\ndominion of his majesty. To this the\\ncolonists submitted; though not without\\ncomplaint and remonstrance.\\nMassachusetts recommended a colonial con\u00c2\u00ac\\ngress, to consult for the general welfare. A\\ncongress from most of the colonies, consisting\\nof twenty-eight members, met at New York\\nremonstrated against the Act of Parliament;\\npetitioned for its repeal; and made a declar\u00c2\u00ac\\nation of the rights of the colonies declaring\\nthat taxation and representation were insepar\u00c2\u00ac\\nable and that Parliament had no right to\\ntake their money ^without their consent.\\nIn 1767, the Chancellor of the Exchequer\\nbrought into Parliament a bill for imposing\\na duty to be collected in the colonies on glass,\\npaper, painter\u00e2\u0080\u0099s colors and tea.\\nThe Tea Thrown Overboard.\\nThe colonists were again violently excited.\\nThe corresponding committees, which had\\nbeen forming throughout the colonies for the\\nlast two years, excited resistance, declaring\\nsuch as aided directly or indirectly in these\\nviolations of liberty, enemies to their country.\\nThe consequence was that the cargoes of tea,\\nsent to New York and Philadelphia, were\\nsent back: and those sent to Charleston,\\nstored, but not offered for sale. The tea\\nships, intended for the supply of Boston, after\\nthe inhabitants had tried in vain to have them\\nreturned, they being consigned to the re\u00c2\u00ac\\nlations of Governor Hutchinson, were entered\\nby about seventeen persons in the disguise\\nof Indians, and three hundred and forty-two\\nchests of tea were thrown into the dock, no\\nother damage being done.\\nIn January, 1775, the Earl of Chatham\\nbrought forward a conciliatory bill in the\\nHouse of Peers, which was rejected two to\\none. Lord North, the Prime Minister, intro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduced a bill for restraining the trade of the\\nNew England colonies. Receiving informa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of the general opposition in the southern\\ncolonies, he introduced another bill, equally\\nrestraining their trade, but excepting North\\nCarolina, Delaware and New York.\\nThe time had how come for testing the\\nnerve of the colonists. An attempt was\\nmade by the British troops to seize the mili\u00c2\u00ac\\ntary stores at Concord, April 19, but they\\nhad to encounter the armed opposition of the\\nmilitia at Concord and Lexington. Boston", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0474.jp2"}, "475": {"fulltext": "THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\n44?\\nwas now blockaded. Ticonderoga and Crown\\nPoint were taken. The battle of BunkeFs\\nn i\\nHill followed, and an unsuccessful expedition\\nagainst Canada preceded the Declaration of\\nIndependence.\\nOn May io, 1775, the Continental Con\u00c2\u00ac\\ngress met at Philadelphia, and on June 15,\\nunanimously elected George Washington,\\ntheri a member from Virginia, Commander-\\nin-Chief of the forces raised, and to be raised,\\nfor the defence of the colonies. June 7, 1776,\\nRichard Henry Lee, of Virginia, made a\\nmotion in Congress, for declaring the colonies\\nfree and independent. After much debate,\\non the Fourth of July, the thirteen colonies\\nwere declared free and independent, under\\nthe title of The United States of America.\\nGallant Defence of the Fort.\\nAn attempt was made in June and July,\\nwith 3000 British troops, under the com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmand of General Clinton and Sir Peter Parker,\\nto destroy the fort on Sullivan\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Island, near\\nCharleston (S. C.). The fort was defended\\nby Colonel Moultrie with about 400 men.\\nAfter an action of ten hours, the British were\\nforced to retire with a loss of about 200 men.\\nTen Americans were killed and 20 wounded.\\nSoon after the evacuation of Boston by\\nthe British troops, March 17, Washington\\nmade his headquarters at the city of New\\nYork, with the principal part of the army.\\nBritish troops to the number of 24,000 men\\nunder Lord Howe, and his brother, Sir\\nWilliam Howe, landed, August 22, on Long\\nIsland near the Narrows, about nine miles\\nfrom the city. The American forces, at this\\ntime, amounted to upwards of 17,000 men,\\nand those principally raw recruits.\\nA battle was fought on Long Island,\\nAugust 27, in which the Americans were\\ndefeated. The battle of White Plains took\\nplace on October 28. The retreat of the\\nAmerican forces through the Jerseys and\\n4 c- 1\\napross the Delaware followed the battles\\nof Trenton, December 26, and Princeton,,\\nJanuary 3, 1777, were also among the events\\nof this period.\\nThe campaign of 1777 closed under better\\ncircumstances. General Burgoyne surren\u00c2\u00ac\\ndered at Saratoga, October 17. In 1778 a\\ntreaty of commerce and alliance was made\\nbetween Louis XVI and the Commissioners\\nof the United States, on February 6th.\\nFrench troops soon after arrived. Various\\nmilitary operations ensued. In the Southern\\nStates, where there was no regular American\\narmy, the partisan warfare kept up by Marion,\\nSumter, Morgan, and Green, thinned the\\nranks of their enemies. On October 19, 1781,\\nCornwallis surrendered at Yorktown. The\\nfall of this large British army may be con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsidered as the closing of the war.\\nPublic Thanksgiving.\\nGeneral Washington ordered divine service\\nin the different divisions and brigades. Con\u00c2\u00ac\\ngress went in solemn procession to the Dutch\\nLutheran Church in Philadelphia, returned\\nthanks to Almighty God for the success\\nof the combined armies, and recommended\\na day of general thanksgiving and prayer\\nthroughout the United States.\\nSavannah was evacuated in July, 1782, and\\nCharleston in December. Great Britain ac\u00c2\u00ac\\nknowledged our independence November 30,\\n1782. Holland acknowledged the independ\u00c2\u00ac\\nence of the United States in April; Sweden\\nin February, 1783 Denmark in the same\\nmonth Spain in March Russia in July.\\nThe debt of the United States, at the close\\nof the war, was $40,000,000. Congress had\\npower to make war, and to create debts, but\\nno power to carry on the war, nor ability to\\npay debts, but by appeals or recommenda\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions to thirteen independent sovereignties^", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0475.jp2"}, "476": {"fulltext": "448\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\nwhose unanimity alone, seldom to be expected\\ncould support public credit, or give efficacy\\nto the proceedings of Congress.\\nThe new Federal Government was estab\u00c2\u00ac\\nlished in 1789. Washington was unani\u00c2\u00ac\\nmously chosen first President, and John\\nAdams Vice-President. Mr. Jefferson was\\nselected for the Department of State.\\nDepredations by France.\\nThe Indian War and an insurrection in the\\nwestern part of Pennsylvania, on account of\\nthe tax on domestic spirits were favorably\\nterminated. The insults and maritime dep\u00c2\u00ac\\nredations committed by the French, induced\\nAmerica to take up arms in defence of her\\nrights, but a change of rulers in France pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nvented the effusion of blood. On the retire\u00c2\u00ac\\nment of Washington, John Adams was\\nelected to succeed him, and in 1801, Thomas\\nJefferson was chosen the third President of\\nthe United States.\\nThe claim of searching American vessels,\\nand impressing from them British seamen,\\nand the British orders in council prohibiting\\nthe exportations of the United States, together\\nwith other outrages committed by the Brit\u00c2\u00ac\\nish, produced a declaration of war against\\nGreat Britain in June, 1812. The successes\\nof the British were but few and trifling, while\\nthe American navy triumphed in a series of\\nbrilliant exploits, and the gallant defence of\\nNew Orleans by Gen. Andrew Jackson,\\ncrowned the American arms with laurels.\\nPeace was concluded at Ghent, December 24,\\n1814.\\nThe next great event of national import\u00c2\u00ac\\nance was the war with Mexico. What is\\nnow known as Texas was claimed by that\\ncountry. The territory was sparsely settled,\\nmainly by adventurers from the Southern\\nStates. In 1836 Texas revolted from Mexico\\nand established a Republic. In 1845 Texas\\nwas annexed or re-annexed to the United\\nStates and admitted as a State. A dispute\\nwith Mexico at once arose as to its Western\\nboundary and war followed, the Union forces\\nbeing commanded by Gen. Zachary Taylor\\nand Gen. Winfield Scott. The war resulted\\ndisastrously to the Mexicans under Gen.\\nSanta Anna, and a treaty of peace was con\u00c2\u00ac\\ncluded in 1848.\\nThe Irrepressible Conflict.\\nThe subject of slavery created a growing\\nagitation throughout the country, which\\nresulted in the formation of the Republican\\nparty in 1856, with Col. John C. Fremont\\nas its candidate for the Presidency. It\\nsprang rapidly into power, but failed to\\nobtain a majority of the votes of the Elec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntoral College. The agitation of the subject\\nof slavery continued with great vigor and\\nbitterness. Upon the election of Abraham\\nLincoln as President in i860, eleven of the\\nSouthern States seceded and formed an in\u00c2\u00ac\\ndependent government.\\nThe people of the North resisted the dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nmemberment of the Union and the great\\nCivil War followed. In January, 1863,\\nPresident Lincoln, by proclamation declared\\nthe slaves in the part of the South then in\\nrebellion, free. The character of the strug\u00c2\u00ac\\ngle was at once changed in the eyes of for\u00c2\u00ac\\neigners, and the sympathy of the outside\\nworld turned gradually to the North. The\\nstruggle between the North and the South\\nwas one of vast magnitude. Sanguinary\\nbattles were fought on land and water. At\\nlength the Federal forces, under Gen. Ulysses\\nS. Grant, were victorious, and on April 9,\\n1865, the Confederate army, under Gen.\\nRobert E. Lee, surrendered at Appomattox\\nCourt House, Va.\\nOn April 15, 1865, President Lincoln was\\nassassinated at Washington, and an attempt", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0476.jp2"}, "477": {"fulltext": "THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\n449\\nwas made upon the life of Mr. Seward, Sec\u00c2\u00ac\\nretary of State. The war had cost the nation\\nsome 10,000,000,000.\\nThe seceded States were again taken into\\nthe Union on conditions contained in the\\n13th, 14th and 15th amendments to the Con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstitution, abolishing slavery, and giving the\\nnegro the right to vote. In 1867 the United\\nStates purchased Alaska from Russia, the\\nprincipal result of which up to the present\\ntime has been recurring complications with\\nGreat Britain as to the right to capture seals.\\nThe Democratic Party.\\nFrom Lincoln onward till 1884, the presi\u00c2\u00ac\\ndents had all been Republicans\u00e2\u0080\u0094Johnson,\\nGrant, Hayes, Garfield and Arthur. In 1884\\nthe Democratic party, reorganized and con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntaining many of the young men of the North\\nwho had grown up since the war, elected its\\ncandidate, Mr. Cleveland, over Mr. Blaine.\\nIn 1888 the Democrats made the campaign\\non the basis of a reformed tariff in the direc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of less protection. The Republicans\\nwon, Mr. Harrison becoming President, and\\nby passing what are known as the McKinley\\nBill and the Administrative Bill reformed the\\ntariff in the direction of protection to Ameri\u00c2\u00ac\\ncan industries.\\nIn 1890 a House of Representatives over\u00c2\u00ac\\nwhelmingly Democratic was elected.\\nIn 1892 the election resulted in the return\\nof the Democratic candidate, Mr. Cleveland,\\nby a very large majority over Mr. Harrison.\\nMr. Cleveland was inaugurated on March 4,\\n1893.\\nOn the first of May following, the World\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nFair was opened at Chicago, the object of\\nwhich was to commemorate the four hun\u00c2\u00ac\\ndredth anniversary of the discovery of Amer\u00c2\u00ac\\nica by Columbus.\\nThe elections of November, 1894, resulted\\nin Republican victories all over the Union.\\nThe Presidential campaign of 1896, which\\n29\\nwas one of unusual excitement on account\\nof the monetary questions involved, resulted\\nin the election of Hon. William McKinley\\nas President and Hon. Garret A. Hobart as\\nVice-President, the former of Ohio and the\\nlatter of New Jersey. Mr. McKinley was\\ninaugurated March 4, 1897.\\nThe insurrection which broke out in Cuba\\nin 1895 continued, and was a subject of grave\\nconsideration by our Government. On the\\n15th of February, 1898, the United States\\nbattleship Maine was destroyed in the harbor\\nof Havana, resulting in the death of 266 offi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncers and men. This unfortunate incident had\\nmuch to do in precipitating the war with\\nSpain, which was declared by the United\\nStates, April 21, 1898.\\nNaval Battle of Manila.\\nThe coast of Cuba was at once blockaded by\\nthe North Atlantic squadron. On May 1st,\\nthe United States Asiatic fleet, under Admiral\\nDewey, destroyed the Spanish squadron in\\nthe harbor of Manila, gaining thereby a great\\nnaval victory. Subsequently, on the 13th of\\nAugust, Manila was bombarded and occupied\\nby forces under Admiral Dewey.\\nAn attack on Santiago de Cuba by United\\nStates troops under command of General\\nShafter resulted in the capture of that city in\\nthe early part of July. On the 3rd of the\\nsame month the Spanish squadron, under\\nAdmiral Cervera, attempted to escape from\\nthe harbor of Santiago and was totally de\u00c2\u00ac\\nstroyed by the United States fleet. A treaty\\nof peace between Spain and the United States\\nfollowed, which was signed by the Commis\u00c2\u00ac\\nsioners of the two countries on December\\n10th, and ratified by the United States Senate,\\nFebruary 6, 1899.\\nThe United States forces captured Iloilo,\\nthe capital of the Island of Panay, on Febru\u00c2\u00ac\\nary nth. The Islands of Negros and Cebu\\nsubmitted on the 21st.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0477.jp2"}, "478": {"fulltext": "450\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\nFAC-SIMILE OF THE ORIGINAL COPY OF THE STAR-SPANGLED BANNER.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0478.jp2"}, "479": {"fulltext": "THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\n451\\nSi.\\nrne^~i c asf\\n/fe dfrzcaZ\\nT^rO ct Ur^LS/Us p?yryZzZfeh ?tceZo\u00c2\u00a3*U(ctt\\nV^rn juu**/ r /?ie u AX oam/ Z/c/Z\\ntynkf tC^z\\nS\\n~/%y\\nOi\\nCwfertS\\nOc\\nCtsCCi\\nIZ; T?\\nOlceCCtZ i^ f^Q~irC, t\\ntf/cVt, Octet Sfil OJwrtj CUtc6\\nwiw\u00c2\u00a3xe/ticc/\u00c2\u00a3^^j\u00c2\u00a3 vyi cdt ifiZc#\\nTipCLeJ ecttfud-*\\nWC/\u00c2\u00a3s j/vM f stebnezs\\nfri\\nwn \u00c2\u00a3z\\nftvxcncit ra^ nij^\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2^u/JtoT\\nCf^PTiy Onus/ OKs/*\\n{ftix/rttu? ^-r? a.\\nC ZjlJ \u00c2\u00a3l s t/iy\\nQtO, casr/oerr?.\\nc/o-m j\\nr O*,\\n/Mz\u00e2\u0080\u0094fryz.\\nFAC-SIMILE OF THE ORIGINAL COPY OF OUR NATIONAL HYMN.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0479.jp2"}, "480": {"fulltext": "452\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\nJcfvh jtcL\\nCltftk\\n-CS^jZ-\\nJ. 3. M.aM\\nJD\\n^hisih~ AjL~\\nAUTOGRAPHS OF THE PRESIDENTS.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0480.jp2"}, "481": {"fulltext": "GREAT SEAL OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF MASSACHUSETTS.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF NEW JERSEY.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF DELAWARE.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF RHODE ISLAND.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF VIRGINIA.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF NEW YORK.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF MARYLAND.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF CONNECTICUT.\\n1\\n453", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0481.jp2"}, "482": {"fulltext": "COAT-OF-ARMS OF NORTH CAROLINA.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF OHIO.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF INDIANA.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF SOUTH CAROLINA.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF TENNESSEE.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF LOUISANA.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF MISSISSIPPI.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF ALABAMA.\\n4o 4", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0482.jp2"}, "483": {"fulltext": "COAT-OF-ARMS OF MAINE.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF ARKANSAS.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF IOWA.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF TEXAS.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF CALIFORNIA.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF OREGON.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF MISSOURI.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF MICHIGAN.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF FLORIDA.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF WISCONSIN.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF MINNESOTA.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF KANSAS.\\n455", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0483.jp2"}, "484": {"fulltext": "COAT-OF-ARMS OF WEST VIRGINIA.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF UTAH.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF MONTANA.\\nOAT-OF-ARMS OF COLORADO.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF SOUTH DAKOTA.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF NORTH DAKOTA.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF IDAHO.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF WASHINGTON.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF NEVADA.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF WYOMING.\\nCOAT-OF-ARMS OF NEBRASKA.\\n4 50", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0484.jp2"}, "485": {"fulltext": "U. S. REVENUE.\\nFLAGS OF ALL NATIONS.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0485.jp2"}, "486": {"fulltext": "ECUADOR.\\nDENMARK.\\nRUSSIA.\\nFLAGS OF ALL NATIONS.\\ng e*\u00e2\u0080\u0094- 0", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0486.jp2"}, "487": {"fulltext": "PHILADELPHIA CITY.\\nSWEDEN.\\nLIBERIA.\\nBELGIUM.\\nMEXICO.\\nEGYPT.\\nFLAGS OF ALL NATIONS.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0487.jp2"}, "488": {"fulltext": "SWITZERLAND.\\nCHINA.\\nPERSIA.\\nHAYT1.\\nNEW GRANADA.\\nFLAGS OF ALL NATIONS.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0488.jp2"}, "489": {"fulltext": "THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\n457\\nI\\ns\\ni\\\\\\nj* tfj* *j* \u00c2\u00ab|i* J* *4* J*\\nb\\ni*\\nN 1534 Jacques Cartier, a French\\nnavigator, a native of St. Malo,\\nset out from that port with two\\nsmall vessels of twenty tons\\neach, landed on the shores of\\nGaspe (now part of the prov\u00c2\u00ac\\nince of Quebec), and took\\npossession of the country in the name of\\nhis sovereign, Francis I. He went again in\\nthe following year (1535), passed up the\\ngulf and river, which he named the St. Law\u00c2\u00ac\\nrence, and reached Stadacone, the site of\\nthe present city of Quebec. Continuing his\\nvoyage, he arrived at Hochelago, another\\nIndian town, and gave it the name of Mont\\nRoyal, since corrupted into Montreal.\\nAfter passing the winter at Stadacone, he\\nreturned to France. But little or nothing\\nwas done to promote the colonization of the\\ncountry until 1608, when Samuel de Champ\u00c2\u00ac\\nlain, a Frenchman of gentle birth, maritime\\nand military experience, and much religious\\nenthusiasm, visited Canada for the third time,\\nwith the object of extending Christianity and\\ndeveloping trade and commerce, and founded\\nthe city of Quebec, the name of which is\\nsaid to be derived from an Indian word\\nkebec, the rock.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe control of the immense region, ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ntending eastward to Acadia (Nova Scotia),\\nwestward to Lake Superior, and down the\\nMississippi as far as the Gulf of Mexico,\\nwas from this time until 1763 claimed by\\nFrance. Recollet and Jesuit missionaries\\ntraversed it in all directions, suffering great\\nhardships in their endeavors to convert the\\nIndians. Their work was watched with\\nmuch enthusiasm in France, and it is ad\u00c2\u00ac\\nmitted that they were the first explorers of\\nthe country and the pioneers of civilization\\nin the Far West.\\nThe claims of France were not, however,\\nundisputed, as is shown by the grant of a\\ncharter in 1670 by Charles II to Prince\\nRupert and his company, known ever since\\nas the Hudson Bay Company of the exclu\u00c2\u00ac\\nsive right of trading in the territory watered\\nby streams flowing into Hudson Bay. As\\nalready mentioned, they gave up their ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nclusive rights in 1869 on certain conditions,\\namong others, a money payment of ^300,000\\nand a large grant of land.\\nLong and Bitter Struggle.\\nThe struggle between Great Britain and\\nFrance for supremacy in North America was\\nlong and bitter, but it terminated finally in\\n1763 by the cession to the former under the\\nTreaty of Paris of Canada with all its de\u00c2\u00ac\\npendencies, except the Islands of St. Pierre\\nand Miquelon, which were retained as fishing\\nstations, not to be fortified or garrisoned.\\nHudson Bay with the adjacent territory,\\nNova Scotia and Newfoundland had been\\npreviously transferred to England by the\\nTreaty of Utrecht in 1713. The population\\nof Canada in 1763 was about 70,000, of\\nNova Scotia, 8000.\\nNo time was lost in attempting to adapt\\nBritish institutions to the new possession\\nbut considerable friction occurred for some\\nyears, and it was not altogether allayed by\\nthe passing in 1774 of what is known as the\\nQuebec Act. This gave the French-Cana-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0489.jp2"}, "490": {"fulltext": "458\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD\\ndians the free exercise of their religion, and\\nsecured their civil rights, laws and customs.\\nIt annexed large territories to Quebec, in\u00c2\u00ac\\ncluding that part of the United States now\\nforming Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan,\\nOhio, Indiana and Illinois, which passed\\nfrom Great Britain in 1783.\\nQuebec was eventually in 1791 divided\\ninto Upper and Lower Canada; but this did\\nnot prove satisfactory in either province,\\nleading to conflicts between the popular\\nand elected assemblies and the nominated\\nor official councils, and ultimately to the\\nunsuccessful rebellion in 1837-38.\\nThe representatives from each province in\\nthe united parliament were equal in number.\\nUpper Canada, however, made greater pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ngress than Lower Canada (the population\\nin 185 1 was 952,004and 890,261 respectively,\\nand in 1861, 1,396,061 and 1,111,566), and\\nagitated for an additional number of members\\nand claimed other concessions, but the de\u00c2\u00ac\\nmands were always opposed by the latter.\\nThe consequence was frequent legislative\\ndeadlocks and continual difficulties. Such\\nwas the state of things in 1864.\\nIt is now necessary to refer to the other\\ncolonies on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts.\\nUNIVERSITY OF TORONTO.\\nIn accordance with Lord Durham\u00e2\u0080\u0099s rec\u00c2\u00ac\\nommendations, the two provinces were re\u00c2\u00ac\\nunited in 1840 (population of Upper Canada,\\n450,000; of Lower Canada, 650,000), but\\nthe union was not a success politically,\\nalthough it indirectly led to the great con\u00c2\u00ac\\nfederation in 1867. It should be mentioned\\nthat the inhabitants of Upper Canada consisted\\nlargely of United Empire loyalists, who re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmained loyal to British institutions, and who\\nleft the United States at the close of the War\\nof Independence, while those of Lower Canada\\nwere almost exclusively French-Canadians.\\nIn 1770 St. John Island (renamed Prince\\nEdward Island in 1780), and in 1784 New\\nBrunswick, were formed out of Nova Scotia\\ninto separate colonies. In 1858, owing to\\nthe rush for gold and the influx of popula\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, British Columbia was make a crown\\ncolony, and in 1866 Vancouver Island was\\njoined to it. In 1864 the maritime pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nvinces were discussing the desirability of\\nlocal confederation, and advantage of the\\nopportunity was taken by Canada to pro\u00c2\u00ac\\npose a broader scheme to cover all British\\nNorth America, and after several confer-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0490.jp2"}, "491": {"fulltext": "THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD\\n450\\nences a basis of union was agreed upon\\nwhich resulted in the formation of the Do\u00c2\u00ac\\nminion.\\nSince the confederation of the provinces,\\nthe chief events have been as follows The\\nRed River Rebellion, which collapsed in\\nAugust, 1870; treaty of Washington, 1871,\\ndealing with fisheries and the mutual use of\\ncertain canals outbreak of half-breeds under\\nLouis Riel in March, 1885, resulting in the\\nspeedy suppression of the rebellion and Riel\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nexecution and the treaty for the settlement\\nof the fisheries dispute, signed by the British\\nand corruption were made in Newfoundland\\nduring the same year and the ministry was\\ncompelled to resign, April 11. Much excite\u00c2\u00ac\\nment was caused throughout the country on\\naccount of the Manitoba school question in\u00c2\u00ac\\nvolving the sectarian issue judgment was\\npronounced in favor of the minority, Febru\u00c2\u00ac\\nary 6, 1895. This was followed by a re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmedial order which was adopted by the\\nCabinet Council, March 19.\\nAfter a heated campaign the New Bruns\u00c2\u00ac\\nwick elections resulted in a complete victory\\nfor the government, by a vote of 35 to 8,\\nPARLIAMENT HOUSE, OTTAWA.\\nand United States representatives February\\n15, 1888. Sir John MacDonald died June\\n7, 1891, his funeral being attended by a vast\\nconcourse of people. In October the Do\u00c2\u00ac\\nminion Government refused to acquiesce in\\nthe copyright treaty between England and I\\nthe United States, claiming that the treaty\\nwas not international.\\nThe voting in Ontario on the Prohibition\\nPlebiscite resulted in a prohibition majority\\nof 81,769. This was in 1894 and shows the\\nwidespread agitation at this time upon the\\nquestion of temperance. Charges of bribery\\nOctober 17, 1895. Canada exports chiefly\\ncoal, gold, copper, iron, phosphates, salt,\\nmineral oils and gypsum. Gold mines are\\nworked in Nova Scotia and other parts of\\nthe country. The fisheries, as regards the\\narea of water available, are the largest in the\\nworld. A bounty is offered by the govern\u00c2\u00ac\\nment for the vessels making the largest\\ncatch. The canal and river improvements\\nhave cost large sums of money and are\\nworks of great utility and importance.\\nEnglish is generally spoken in the Dominion,\\nbut in some parts of the province of Quebec", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0491.jp2"}, "492": {"fulltext": "460\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD\\nFrench is the only language understood.\\nIn the Dominion, Quebec and Manitoba\\nParliaments, members may address the\\nHouse in either language. In Quebec prov\u00c2\u00ac\\nince the speeches are usually in French, which\\nseems to retain a strong hold upon the people.\\nMEXICO\\nW HEN the Spaniards, under Cortez,\\ncommenced the conquest of Mexico\\nin 1519, they found the native In\u00c2\u00ac\\ndians far advanced in civilization, wealthy and\\nhospitable. They had some knowledge of\\ndeclared itself independent in 1820, and ha-\\nso continued to the present time.\\nIn 1825 a treaty of commerce was formed\\nwith Great Britain. The expulsion of the\\nSpaniards was decreed in 1829, and a Span-\\nENTRY OF THE FRENCH INTO THE CITY OF MEXICO.\\nart and architecture, and some ideas of civi\u00c2\u00ac\\nlized life. They had an instinctive dread of\\nthe foreigners, and yet treated them with\\nkindness. The country continued under the\\njurisdiction of a Spanish viceroy, until it\\nish expedition against Mexico was unsuc\u00c2\u00ac\\ncessful. On the nth of May, 1833, after a\\nrevolution such as have been common in\\nMexico, Santa Ann was made President.\\nThis resulted in the independence of Mexico,,", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0492.jp2"}, "493": {"fulltext": "THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\n461\\nwhich was recognized by Brazil in 1830 and\\nby Spain in 1836.\\nIn 1845 occurred the war between Mexico\\nand the United States respecting the posses\u00c2\u00ac\\nsion of Texas, and the Americans having\\nbeen victorious, a treaty of peace was rati\u00c2\u00ac\\nfied May 19, 1848. Since this time there\\nhas been no rupture of peaceful relations\\nbetween the two countries.\\nIn 1863 an assembly of notables at the\\ncity of Mexico decided on the establishment\\nof a limited hereditary monarchy, with a\\nRoman Catholic Prince as Emperor, and\\noffered the crown to the Achduke Maxi\u00c2\u00ac\\nmilian of Austria. The attempt, aided by\\nthe French, proved unsuccessful, and after a\\ncondition amounting to civil war; the Repub\u00c2\u00ac\\nlican element of Mexico was successful, and\\nMaximilian was seized and shot, June 19,\\n1867. The city of Mexico which was held\\nby the monarchial party was taken by the\\nopposing forces after a siege of sixty-seven\\ndays, and the Republic was re-established.\\nDuring the same year the Mexican Con\u00c2\u00ac\\ngress assembled, Jaurez acting as provisional\\npresident; he was re-elected in December of\\nthe same year. A series of insurrections\\nfollowed through the efforts of different\\nparties to obtain control of the government.\\nThe insurgent Diaz defeated the government\\ntroops, entered the city of Mexico and\\nassumed power as provisional president in\\nNovember, 1876. Diaz retained the presi\u00c2\u00ac\\ndency of the Republic, and continued his\\nadministration.\\nMexico is rich in mines and is a largr\\nexporter of coffee and tobacco. In addi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion to these, the chief agricultural product?\\nare maize, barley, wheat, beans, cotton,\\nsugar cane, rice, cocoa and vanilla. Large\\nnumbers of cattle are reared in Mexico for\\nthe United States and other countries.\\nT is a well-known fact of history\\nthat the western part of Eng\u00c2\u00ac\\nland was known to the Phoeni\u00c2\u00ac\\ncians, and was resorted io by\\nthem for its tin, about four cent\u00c2\u00ac\\nuries B. C. hence the whole\\ncountry received the name of the\\nCassiterrides Tin Islands When invaded\\nby Caesar, B. C. 55, it was called Britain or\\nsometimes Albion. The Romans subdued all\\nEngland, and some parts of Scotland and\\nWales, but did not reach Ireland, though its\\nexistence was known to them.\\nIn the third century of the Christian era,\\nadventurers from the opposite coasts of Ger\u00c2\u00ac\\nmany settled in various parts, and joined with\\nthe Britons in forcing the Romans to abandon\\nthe Island, A. D. 410, after a rule of about\\n400 years, traces of which still remain in\\nevery quarter. The Britons, being divided\\ninto as many hostile states as they had cities,\\nwere unable to resist the fresh hordes (now\\ncalled Saxons and Angles) that poured into\\nthe island, and about 459 the kingdom of\\nKent was founded.\\nThe Britons still fought stubbornly, but", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0493.jp2"}, "494": {"fulltext": "462\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\nwere gradually driven westward, and by the\\nyear 584 the kingdom of Mercia was estab\u00c2\u00ac\\nlished, being the last of the seven kingdoms\\nfounded by the invaders, whence the name\\nof the Heptarchy. In 827, Egbert, king of\\nWessex, obtained the supremacy over his\\nrivals, and declared himself King of England.\\nHis descendants, of whom Alfred the Great\\nyas the most illustrious, held the throne for\\nmore than 200 years, but the country suffered\\ngreatly during the time from the ravages of\\nthe Danes, who, under Canute and his sons,\\nbecame its ruler for 25 years (1017-1042).\\nThe Saxon line was restored in the person\\nof Edward the Confessor, to whom Harold\\nsucceeded; but his death in the battle of\\nHastings, 1066, gave England into the hands\\nof the Norman kings, who reigned from 1066\\nto 1154.\\nThen came the Plantagenets (11 54 1 4 5\\nthe Tudors (1485\u00e2\u0080\u00941603); and the Stuarts\\n(1603\u00e2\u0080\u00941714), to whom the House of Bruns\u00c2\u00ac\\nwick succeeded on the death of Q ueen\\nAnne. The conquest of Ireland was\\nbegun in the year 1170, but can hardly\\nbe regarded as completed till the sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nrender of Limerick in 1691. Wales\\nwas conquered by Edward I. in 1282,\\nand formally annexed to England by\\nHenry VIII. in 1536.\\nAlliance with France.\\nScotland successfully resisted the\\nefforts of Edward I. to subjugate it,\\nmaintained for ages a close alliance\\nwith France, and in 1603 gave a ruler\\nto England in the person of James\\nVI., who became James I. of Great\\nBritain, a title then first assumed.\\nThis was but a personal union, but the\\npolitical union of the two kingdoms\\nwas effected under Queen Anne in\\n1707. Ireland which had been hith\u00c2\u00ac\\nerto only styled a lordship, was de\u00c2\u00ac\\nclared a kingdom in 1542, and this\\nkingdom declared a member of the\\ntriple monarchy of Great Britain and\\nIreland by the Act of Union, 1801.\\nEarly in the present century there\\nwas a determined and successful effort\\nby the Irish Catholics to obtain religious\\nemancipation. At length the leaders of the\\nWhig party made common cause with the\\nclasses hitherto excluded from government,\\nand backed at once by the traders and\\nartisans, forced upon an unwilling Parliament\\nthe Great Reform Bill of 1832, which marked\\nan important epoch in English history.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0494.jp2"}, "495": {"fulltext": "THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\n463\\nFrom this time there has been a marked\\nchange both in the position of England and\\nin the character of the questions which have\\nexcited public interest. Still mistress of the\\nsea, and possessed through its colonies of an\\nempire distributed in every corner of the\\nglobe, England has found enough to do in\\nthe preservation and improvement of this\\ngigantic dominion, and has as far as possible\\nabstained from interference in continental\\nquarrels.\\nVast Power and Influence.\\nOnce and again it has shown its influence.\\nIn 1848, the year of revolutions, and in the\\nsubsequent consolidation of Italy, its sympa\u00c2\u00ac\\nthies were not hidden, but there was no\\nthought of active interference. It allowed\\nthe great American Republic to settle its\\ndisputes uninterrupted, save by sympathy at\\nfirst shown to the South. It adopted the\\nsame attitude of non-intervention in the\\nPrussian wars against Denmark, against\\nAustria and against France. It has onl);\\nbeen in questions which seemed to touch the\\nsafety of its eastern empire that it has drawn\\nthe sword.\\nThe Crimean War was avowedly for the\\nmaintenance of Turkey as a check upon\\nRussia, which was threatening the road to\\nIndia. Of the same class have been the wars\\nin Egypt and Afghanistan. Still more directly\\nwhen India itself burst into insurrection was\\nEngland called upon to interfere and engage\\nin the victorious but terrible campaigns which\\nmarked the suppression of the mutiny. The\\nother wars, and they are not few, have all\\nbeen connected with mercantile and co\u00c2\u00ac\\nlonial interests. The questions which have\\nchiefly moved men\u00e2\u0080\u0099s minds have been of a\\nsocial or mercantile character.\\nThe extension of the electoral franchise,\\nthe reform of municipalities, the repeal of the\\ncorn laws, the establishment of free trade,\\nthe improvement of the condition of the\\nworking classes, the regulation of strikes and\\ntrades-unions, a national system of education,\\nand of late years the question of the manag-\\nment of Ireland, have been the points round\\nwhich political interest has centred. They\\nare the fitting questions to occupy a de\u00c2\u00ac\\nmocracy. To that phase of political life\\nin one way or other England is fast has\u00c2\u00ac\\ntening.\\nIt has still to be seen whether under such\\nconditions means will be found to keep to\u00c2\u00ac\\ngether those colonies which are already to\\nall intents and purposes independent, and to\\npreserve to the empire the magnificent po\u00c2\u00ac\\nsition which the gradual development of\\nphysical and political forces has secured.\\nTable of Kings and Queens of England.\\nNORMAN RINE.\\nBegan to Reign.\\nWilliam I.October 14, 1066\\nWilliam II .September 9, 1087\\nHenry I.August 2, 1100\\nStephen.December 2, 1135\\nFA MIRY OF PRANTAGENET.\\nHenry II.October 25, 1154\\nRichard I.July 6, 1189\\nJohn.April 6, 1199\\nHenry III.October 19, 1216\\nEdward I. November 16, 1272\\nEdward II. July 7 1307\\nEdward III.January 24, 1326\\nRichard II.June 21, 1377\\nHOUSE OF RANCASTER.\\nHenry IV....September 29, 1399.\\nHenry V...March 23, 1413\\nHenry VI.August 31, 1422\\nHOUSE OF YORK.\\nEdward IV. .March 1, 1461\\nEdward V.April 9, 1483\\nRichard III.June 22, 1483\\nYORK AND RANCASTER UNITED IN THE\\nHOUSE OF TUDOR.\\nHenry VII. of Lan.August 22, 1485\\nHenry VIII.April 22, 1509-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0495.jp2"}, "496": {"fulltext": "464\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\nEdward VI. January 28, 1547\\nMary I.July 6, 1553\\nElizabeth.November 17, 1558\\nHOUSE OF STUART.\\nJames I.March 24, 1603\\nCharles I.March 27, 1625\\n[THE COMMONWEALTH FROM 1 649 TO l66o, CROM\u00c2\u00ac\\nWELL, PROTECTOR.]\\nCharles II.January 30, 1660\\nJames II... ..February 6, 1685\\nWilliam and Mary.February 13, 1689\\nWilliam alone.from December 28, 1694\\nAnne.March 8, 1702\\nBRUNSWICK FAMIEY.\\nGeorge I.August 1, I 7 r 4\\nGeorge II.June 11, I 7 2 7\\nGeorge III.October 25, 1760\\nGeorge IV.January 29, 1820\\nWilliam IV.June 26, 1830\\nVictoria. June 20, 1837\\ngJV ROM historic records it appears\\nthat the first inhabitants of\\nScotland were Celts, and pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nbably were the same as the\\nearly Britons,Welsh and Irish.\\nThey defended themselves\\nagainst the Romans, who\\ncould never subdue the people of the High\u00c2\u00ac\\nlands. They were so troublesome that the\\nRoman generals caused a wall to be built\\nfrom the Solway Firth to the river Tyne.\\nThus the Scots were shut up in their own\\ncountry, like a herd of unruly cattle; but\\nthey contrived to get over the wall pretty\\noften. In three or four hundred years after\\nChrist a tribe of Goths, called Piets, came\\nover from the continent and settled in the\\ncountry. These inhabited the Lowlands,\\nand lived by agriculture. The Scots dwelt\\n\u00c2\u00bbn the mountains, carrying on war, and sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nsisting by the chase.\\nThus the nation become divided into High\u00c2\u00ac\\nlanders and Lowlanders, and thus, to some\\nextent, the people remain to this day. They\\nlive peaceably now, but in early days they\\nquarreled fiercely, In 839, it is said that\\nKenneth II., who was a Highland leader,\\nsubdued the Piets, and became first king of\\nall Scotland. From this time to Edward I.\\nof England, there was a constant change of\\nsovereigns. Edward Longshanks, the same\\nthat subdued Wales, made war upon the\\nScotch, imprisoned Wallace, and had pre\u00c2\u00ac\\npared a great army for the final subjugation\\nof Scotland, when he died. Edward II., was\\nbeaten by Robert Bruce at the glorious bat\u00c2\u00ac\\ntle of Bannockburn. This event occurred\\nin 1313, and secured the freedom of Scot\u00c2\u00ac\\nland, which had been threatened by the\\nEnglish kings.\\nIncessant Warfare.\\nFrom this time the history of Scotland\\ntells of little but civil v/ars and bloody bat\u00c2\u00ac\\ntles with England, till the time of James V.\\nHe assumed the reins of government in\\n1 5 1 3 at the age of eighteen months. He\\nafterwards lost the confidence of his army,\\nand they deserted him in the hour of need.\\nThis broke his heart, and he starved himself\\nto death in 1542 at the age of thirty-one.\\nHis daughter was the beautiful and un-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0496.jp2"}, "497": {"fulltext": "THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\n465\\nfortunate Mary Queen of Scots, as she is\\ncalled, and who was educated in France,\\nand was not only very handsome, but very I\\naccomplished. While she was yet a young\\nlady she was taken to Scotland and became\\nqueen. But beauty, accomplishments and\\npower, cannot insure happiness. Mary\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nkingdom was in a state of great trouble;\\nthe people were divided among themselves,\\nand Mary found it impossible to govern\\nthem. At length she became afraid that\\nthey would kill her, and, to save her life,\\nshe went to England and placed herself un\u00c2\u00ac\\nder the protection of Elizabeth, who caused\\nher to be put in prison, and finally took her\\nlife, thus ending her many misfortunes.\\nThe son of Mary, James VI. of Scotland,\\nsucceeded his mother, and after the death of\\nElizabeth he became King of England also,\\nunder the title of James I. Though he\\nlived in England he did not forget Scotland.\\nHe loved learning and caused schools to be\\nestablished in his native country. These\\nschools are continued to this day, and there\u00c2\u00ac\\nfore it is very uncommon to meet with a\\nScotchman who is wholly uneducated.\\nFrom the time of King James, in 1603,\\nScotland has been attached to the British\\ncrown. She has sometimes rebelled, and in\\nthe cause of the Stuarts she fought a good\\nmany battles. But Scotland has long been a\\npeaceful portion of the British kingdom.\\nIRELAND\\nHE origin of the ancient Irish\\nrace is involved in much ob\u00c2\u00ac\\nscurity ethnologists, how\u00c2\u00ac\\never, generally agree in de\u00c2\u00ac\\nscribing it as belonging to\\nthe old Brito-Celtic stock.\\nUnder the name of Scoti, they\\nbecame known to the Romans by their in\u00c2\u00ac\\ncursions upon Britain. In the third century\\nA. D., through the supposed influence of\\nSt. Patrick, the natives of the island became\\nChristianized, and by the sixth, learning and\\ncivilization had become largely diffused\\nthroughout its limits.\\nIn 1014 A. D., the Danish invaders were\\noverthrown by King Brian Boru in the bat\u00c2\u00ac\\ntle of Clontarf. In 1155, Pope Adrian IV.\\ngranted Ireland, by special bull, to Henry II.\\n30\\nof England, and the island received shortly\\nafterward a permanent English colonization.\\nIn 1210 King John granted a Charter to the\\nIrish, which received confirmation at the\\nhands of his son, Henry III.\\nIn the sixteenth century, Henry VIII. in\u00c2\u00ac\\ntroduced the Reformed Faith, and assumed\\nthe title of King of Ireland. Under James I.\\nthe province of Ulster received a large im\u00c2\u00ac\\nmigration of Scottish and English settlers,\\nwho introduced Presbyterianism. In 1641,\\nthe Catholic population raised a formidable\\nrevolt against the English Protestants, 40,000\\nof whom were killed in Ulster alone.\\nAnarchy continued to prevail till 1649,\\nwhen the English republican, Cromwell,\\ncrushed it out with a hand of iron. In 1688,\\nthe Irish people\u00e2\u0080\u0094except the Ulster Protest-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0497.jp2"}, "498": {"fulltext": "466\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\nants\u00e2\u0080\u0094espoused the cause of James II.\u00e2\u0080\u0094a\\ncause extinguished by the defeats of Boyne\\nand Aughrim.\\nIn 1798, the Irish Catholics again rose in\\nrevolt, and received some trifling aid from\\nFrance; this insurrection ended in their be\u00c2\u00ac\\ning more firmly riveted to England than\\nbefore. In 1800, the Irish Parliament voted\\nthe legislative union of Ireland with England\\nin 1829, the Catholic Emancipation Bill\\npassed the Imperial Parliament; in 1848, a\\nso-called \u00e2\u0080\u009cmanifesto\u00e2\u0080\u009d of the \u00e2\u0080\u009cYoung Ire\u00c2\u00ac\\nland party\u00e2\u0080\u009d provoked an unsuccessful at\u00c2\u00ac\\ntempt at insurrection under William Smith\\nO\u00e2\u0080\u0099Brien and others; and since then the\\nFenians Home Rulers, Land Leaguers and\\nother modern partisans of Irish Independ\u00c2\u00ac\\nence have been a cause of anxiety and\\ntrouble to the British Government.\\nThe government is semi-independent, an\\nEnglish viceroy, under the title of Lord Lieu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntenant, holding almost regal sway. The\\nRoman Catholic is the prevailing form of\\nreligion, excepting in Ulster, in which prov\u00c2\u00ac\\nince Presbyterianism is largely in the ascen\u00c2\u00ac\\ndant. In 1870, the Anglican Church in\\nIreland, heretofore based on a similar foun\u00c2\u00ac\\ndation to that which it holds in the sister-\\nkingdom, was disestablished by Act of Parlia\u00c2\u00ac\\nment, and all churches therefore made self-\\nsupporting.\\nIreland is well supplied with educational\\ninstitutions, having three universities\u00e2\u0080\u0094those\\nof Trinity College, Dublin (Protestant), May-\\nnooth (Roman Catholic), and the Queen\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nUniversity\u00e2\u0080\u0094besides a large number of en\u00c2\u00ac\\ndowed schools, and an admirable system of\\nmixed schools where children of all denomi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnations may be taught. The legal execu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntive is similar to that of England.\\nEFORE the time of Caesar, the\\nwhole of France was known to\\nthe Romans under the name of\\nTransalpine Gaul; but after its\\nconquest it was divided into the\\nfour provinces of Provmcia Ro-\\nmanorum (Provence), Gallia,\\nAqidtanica, Celtica and Belgica. In the fifth\\ncentury the Germanic nations began to pour\\nin an irresistible torrent over Gaul; but the\\nFranks, in course of time, absorbed all the\\nother tribes of that country, and Pharamond,\\ntheir chief, in 420, is considered the founder\\nof the French monarchy.\\nIn 751 the Carlovingian dynasty, com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmenced in the person of Pepin le Bref, was\\ncarried to the zenith of its power and glory\\nby Charlemagne, 768-814, and ended with\\nLouis V. in 987. Phe Capetian race gave\\nfifteen kings to France, beginning with Hugh\\nCapet and ending with Charles V., 1328.\\nThe house of Valois ruled France under\\nthirteen kings, beginning with Philip VI. and\\nending with Henri III., 1589. In that year\\nHenri I\\\\ inaugurated the House of Bourbon.\\nLouis XIII. succeeded in 1610; Louis XIV.\\nin 1643; Louis XV. in 1715? and Louis\\nXVI. in 1774.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0498.jp2"}, "499": {"fulltext": "THE COUNTRIES\\nIn 1789, broke out that tremendous revo\u00c2\u00ac\\nlution which cost Louis XVI. his crown and\\nhead (1793), destroyed every vestige of the\\nprevious government and institutions, and\\ninaugurated an era of periodical convulsions,\\nwhich, unhappily for this country does not\\nyet seem to have terminated.\\nDownfall of Napoleon.\\nThe power was successively held by the\\nConvention, 1792 the Directory, 1795\\nthe Consulate, 1799 Napoleon I., who\\ncaused himself to be crowned emperor, 1804,\\nand whose downfall dates from the great\\nbattle of Waterloo, 1815 Louis XVIII., the\\nrepresentative of the House of Bourbon, who\\nwas then restored to the throne by the aid\\nof the Allied Powers Charles X., who suc\u00c2\u00ac\\nceeded the latter in 1824 Louis Philippe I.,\\nof the Orleans branch of the Bourbons, who\\nwas raised to the throne after the revolution\\nof July, 1830; the Second Republic, inaugu\u00c2\u00ac\\nrated after the overthrow of the last-named\\nmonarch in 1848; and Napoleon III., who,\\nafter the coup d etat of 1851, was elected\\nemperor.\\nIn July, 1870, the latter declared war\\nagainst Prussia; his armies were defeated in\\nseveral battles, and himself compelled to\\nsurrender to the victorious enemy after the\\ndecisive battle gained by them before Sedan\\nin September; and his dethronement was\\ndecreed by the French Assembly. The war\\nwas then unsuccessfully renewed by the Re\u00c2\u00ac\\npublican Government of National Defence\\nParis, besieged by the Germans, resisted\\nheroically its invaders for several months,\\nbut on the eve of being obliged to capitulate\\nby sheer starvation, negotiations were entered\\ninto which resulted, in February, 1871, in a\\ndisastrous treaty of peace with Germany, by\\nwhich France lost the portions of her terri\u00c2\u00ac\\ntory included in Alsace-Lorraine, and had\\nOF THE WORLD. 467\\nalso to pay the enormous sum of $1,000,-\\n000,000 by way of indemnity, which indem\u00c2\u00ac\\nnity, however, was paid in full much in ad\u00c2\u00ac\\nvance of the stipulated period.\\nIn March, 1871, a revolt broke out in\\nParis, headed by the leaders of the extreme\\nRepublican party, in conjunction with the\\nSocialists. Under the name of the Commune\\nthey inaugurated a dictatorial power in the\\nFrench capital, and resisted the authority of\\nthe National Assembly; hence necessitating\\na second siege, more calamitous than the\\nfirst\\nPresidents of the Republic.\\nOn August 31, 1871, M. Louis Adolphe\\nThiers was nominated by the National As\u00c2\u00ac\\nsembly President of the French Republic.\\nIn 1873 (May 24) he was succeeded by\\nMarshal MacMahon, and in 1879 by M.\\nGrevy, who resigned in 1887, and was suc\u00c2\u00ac\\nceeded by M. Carnot.\\nOn the 23d of June, 1894, President Carnot\\nwas assassinated at Lyons by an Anarchist.\\nM. Cassimer Perier was elected President\\nJune 27th by the National Assembly. I11\\nJanuary, 1895, he resigned his office and\\ndetermined to retire to private life. On the\\n17th of the same month the Assembly\\nelected as his successor, M. Francois Felix\\nFaure.\\nFrance is notably an agricultural countiy.\\nThe high development of nursery-gardening\\nhas achieved most remarkable results in\\nvariety and richness of crops. It may suffice\\nto say that, owing to their perfect methods\\nof horticulture, the farmers around Paris and\\nother large cities succeed in obtaining vege\u00c2\u00ac\\ntables and fruit to the value of from $300 to\\n$800 per acre. The planting of trees and\\nthe reclamation of unproductive soil go on\\nin various parts of France on a large scale.\\nSpecial interest is taken in cattle-raising, and", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0499.jp2"}, "500": {"fulltext": "468\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\nfine breeds of horses are reared in the North\\nand Northwest. In some parts of the country\\nwool-growing is an extensive industry. The\\nexports of cattle, butter, eggs, cheese and\\npoultry, especially to England, are very con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsiderable\u00e2\u0080\u0094no less than 70,000,000 pounds\\nof butter and 1,000,000,000 eggs being sent\\nevery year across the channel.\\nFrance is very rich in all kinds of building\\nstone, gravel, chalk and plaster, and this\\ncircumstance has permitted her to build most\\nof her cities of excellent stone.\\nROM all that can be collected\\nof the early history of Ger\u00c2\u00ac\\nmany (called Germania by the\\nRomans), it appears to have\\nbeen divided into many petty\\nnations and principalities, many\\nof which frequently united un\u00c2\u00ac\\nder one head or general, both in\\ntheir offensive and defensive wars. The\\nGermans maintained a long and aggressive\\nwarfare against the Romans, but were at\\nlength kept in check by Germanicus.\\nThe Romans, nevertheless, prudently con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntented themselves by making the Rhine and\\nthe Danube the boundaries of their con\u00c2\u00ac\\nquests they accordingly built fortresses on\\nthe banks of both those rivers, to prevent the\\nincursions of what they termed the barbarous\\nnations but within about a century after\\nConstantine the Great, the Franks, Burgun\u00c2\u00ac\\ndians, Alemanni, and other German nations,\\nbroke through those boundaries, and dis\u00c2\u00ac\\npossessed the Romans of all Gaul, Rhaetia\\nand Noricum, which they shared among\\nthemselves but the Franks prevailing over\\nthe rest, at length established their empire\\nover all modern Germany, France and Italy,\\nunder the conduct of Charlemagne.\\nAt the demise of this great monarch, Ger\u00c2\u00ac\\nmany became again dissolved into constituent\\nstates until 843, when the kingdom of Ger\u00c2\u00ac\\nmany arose under the sovereignty of Louis\\nle Debonnaire. After being governed by\\nthe Carlovingians till 887, the monarchy be\u00c2\u00ac\\ncame elective in 911, in the person of Conrad\\nI., Duke of Franconia; a Saxon dynasty\\nsucceeded in 918, and afterward resuscitated\\nthe empire under Otho the Great, under the\\ntitle of the Holy Roman Empire of the Ger\u00c2\u00ac\\nman Nation.\\nThe Throne at Last Established-\\nUnder the Suabian dynasty, 1138-1190,\\nthe imperial power attained its zenith. Then\\ncame the aggressions of the Popes, the feuds\\nof the great vassals of the crown, and the\\nstate of anarchy consequent upon the\\nstruggle between the Guelphs and the Ghi-\\nbellines, succeeded by an interregnum lasting\\nfrom 1254 to 1273. In the latter year the\\nempire became reconsolidated by Rudolph\\nof Hapsburg, and the throne first placed\\nupon a firm basis.\\nIn 1438, the House of Austria com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmenced its long career as Emperor of Ger\u00c2\u00ac\\nmany, and reached its acme of power and\\nprosperity under Charles V. and his imme\u00c2\u00ac\\ndiate successors. The Thirty Years\u00e2\u0080\u0099 War,\\n1618\u00e2\u0080\u009448, then supervened to disintegrate\\nthe empire, establish the Lutheran religion,\\nand give to France the political ascendancy\\non the continent of Europe. For several", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0500.jp2"}, "501": {"fulltext": "MORTGAGING THE FARM.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0501.jp2"}, "502": {"fulltext": "THE GIANT STEAM HAMMER", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0502.jp2"}, "503": {"fulltext": "SBm\\nWzmm w miiif\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0099j/rcos\\nCHARLEMAGNE AND HIS NOBLES.\\n469", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0503.jp2"}, "504": {"fulltext": "470\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\nafter generations, wars with the last-named\\npower culminated, in 1740, in the War of\\nthe Austrian Succession, which raised the\\nHouse of Lorraine to the imperial throne in\\nthe person of Francis I.\\nAt length, in 1804, the ancient German\\nempire came to an end, beneath the blows\\nof Napoleon I., by the abdication of Francis\\nII., who, retaining only his hereditary terri\u00c2\u00ac\\ntories, became the first Emperor of Austria.\\nAges anterior to this consummation, Ger\u00c2\u00ac\\nmany had been politically transformed (so\\nto speak) by the great princes, vassals of the\\nempire, into a semi-independent confederacy\\nof petty states, represented in the diets. The\\nfree cities also shared in the distribution of\\npolitical power, and finally resolved them\u00c2\u00ac\\nselves into the Hanseatic League.\\nThe Historic Ten Circles.\\nPrior to the French Revolution, 1789,\\nthe empire had become politically distributed\\ninto ten circles, each circle embracing the\\nstates of one or more powers\u00e2\u0080\u0094regal, ducal,\\nelectoral, ecclesiastical or municipal. The\\nprovincial diets of these circles were subject\\n(at all events nominally) to the imperial diet\\nconvened and presided over by the em\u00c2\u00ac\\nperors.\\nIn 1805, Napoleon I., in pursuance of his\\ndesigns for the disintegration of the German\\npower as a unity, enlisted on his side certain\\nof the circles and electoral powers, which he\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2combined into a body called the Confedera\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of the Rhine. He also created for his\\nbrother Joseph a kingdom out of the Lower\\nRhine provinces, under the name of West\u00c2\u00ac\\nphalia. In 1809, too, he succeeded in\\nabsorbing into the French Empire the sea\u00c2\u00ac\\nboard provinces of the old regime, and\\ndivided them into departments after the\\nFrench manner. In 1813, however, the\\nLiberation War broke out, and terminated in\\nthe redemption of the country, and the ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npulsion of the foreign invaders.\\nThe Congress of Vienna, 1815, divided\\nGermany into thirty-nine sovereign states\\nwhich number became by various after causes\\nreduced to thirty-four, at which it stood prior\\nto the Austro-Prussian war of 1866, which\\neliminated Hanover and several other second\u00c2\u00ac\\nary states from the German political map,\\nand extinguished Austrian influence in Ger\u00c2\u00ac\\nmany proper. Prussia hence became the\\none recognized ruling power in that\\ncountry, and assumed the leadership of\\nthe states of North Germany, united under\\nthe title of the North German Confederation\\nGrand Military Alliance.\\nIn addition, she further increased her po\u00c2\u00ac\\nlitical influence, or rather preponderance, by\\nentering into treaties with the South Ger\u00c2\u00ac\\nman powers of Bavaria, Wurtemberg and\\nBaden, providing for a strict international\\nmilitary alliance\u00e2\u0080\u0094offensive and defensive\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nand the placing of the armies of those powers\\nat the disposal of the German nation, as rep\u00c2\u00ac\\nresented by Prussia, in time of war. The\\npractical results of this wise and astute policy\\nbore fruit in the achievements of the united\\nGerman armies in the campaign against\\nFrance, 1870-1 and the restoration of\\nnational unity, in the rehabilitation of the Ger\u00c2\u00ac\\nmanic Empire of Barbarossa and Charles V.\\nin the person of William I., King of Prussia.\\nIn 1888, a serious illness of Emperor\\nWilliam resulted fatally, March 9th, and his\\nson, Prince P rederick IIP, came to the throne.\\nHis death followed on June 15th, and he was\\nsucceeded by his son, Emperor William II.\\nOn April 24, 1895, the German Govern\u00c2\u00ac\\nment, in connection with Russia and France,\\nprotested against the acquisition of Chinese\\nterritory by Japan. On June 19th, the\\nopening of the Baltic Canal was celebrated", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0504.jp2"}, "505": {"fulltext": "THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\n471\\nby the Germans with the warships of all\\nmaritime nations as guests. The occasion\\ncalled forth congratulations for Germany\\nfrom many other governments whose repre\u00c2\u00ac\\nsentatives participated in the festivities, and\\nwas regarded as a peaceful demonstration\\nintended to afford opportunity for the\\nEuropean nations to express their good will.\\nOWARDS the close of the 8th\\ncentury the Emperor Charle\u00c2\u00ac\\nmagne founded a jurisdiction\\nin Lower Austria, which be\u00c2\u00ac\\ncame a duchy in 1156 and an\\narch-duchy 300 years later.\\nIn 1 564, Maximillian II., son\\nof the great Emperor Charles V., became\\nEmperor, with Austria, Hungary and Bo\u00c2\u00ac\\nhemia for his possessions. But many years\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2elapsed before the whole of Austria was\\nunited under one government.\\nIn the 18th century it attained rank as one\\nof the great powers of Europe, and up to a\\nrecent date its influence was all-powerful in\\nGermany. Until 1806 its rulers bore the\\ntitle of Emperor of the Romans, but in that\\nyear the Emperor Francis renounced that\\ntitle and became the first Emperor of Aus\u00c2\u00ac\\ntria. From 1806 to 1813 Austria w as men\u00c2\u00ac\\naced by the ambitious Napoleon, but made\\nsuch bitter armed patriotic resistance to the\\ninroads of this almost invincible warrior, that\\nthe French victories were shorn of much of\\ntheir glory. The peace of Vienna (October\\n14, 1809) took from Austria large posses\u00c2\u00ac\\nsions.\\nBut these were restored by the Congress\\nof Vienna (1815) after the defeat of Napoleon\\nat Waterloo, together with Lombardy and\\nVenice, the Illyrian provinces, Dalmatia and\\nthe Tyrol The close of the reign of Fran\u00c2\u00ac\\ncis I. was marked by several insurrections\\namongst the Italian provinces, and it was\\nwith the utmost difficulty that the confeder\u00c2\u00ac\\nation was maintained. The Emperor died\\nin 1835, and was succeeded by his son,\\nFerdinand I., a weak-minded prince, who\\nentrusted the government almost entirely to\\nMetternich. The French Revolution (1848)\\ncaused the Austrian Empire to totter to its\\nfoundations. The revolutionary spirit mani\u00c2\u00ac\\nfested itself everywhere, resulting in the ab\u00c2\u00ac\\ndication of the Emperor in December, and\\nthe imperial honors were conferred upon his\\nnephew, Francis Joseph.\\nThe Two Months\u00e2\u0080\u0099 War.\\nIn 1859 diplomatic complications led to a\\nrupture of relations with France, which was\\nfollowed by warfare, for two months, until in\\nJuly the two Emperors, Napoleon III. and\\nFrancis Joseph, consummated the peace of\\nVillafranca, Austria giving up Lombardy,\\nItaly to be formed into a confederation\\nunder the presidency of the Pope, and Mo\u00c2\u00ac\\ndena and Tuscany to be restored to their\\nprinces. The first constitution of Austria\\nwas promulgated in i860, followed by a\\npatent in 1861, which formed the basis of a\\ncharter that went into effect in 1867, with\\ncertain modifications rendered necessary by\\nthe recognition of Hungary\u00e2\u0080\u0099s independence.\\nIn 1864 Austria joined Prussia in hostilities", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0505.jp2"}, "506": {"fulltext": "472\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\nupon the Danish duchies of Schleswig, Hol\u00c2\u00ac\\nstein and Lauenburg, and the war terminated\\nin their acquisition.\\nBut Austria speedily buttered terrible ret\u00c2\u00ac\\nribution for the part she had taken in the\\naffair, the difficulty in disposition of the\\nprovinces bringing on war with her former\\nally. The Italians acted in concert with\\nPrussia in hostilities upon Austria, and what\\nis called the Seven Days\u00e2\u0080\u0099 War ended in the\\nPrussian victory at Koniggratz, which led to\\npeace negotiations at Prague, where a treaty\\nwas signed August 23d.\\nBy this treaty Austria was shorn of Vene-\\ntia and the fortresses of the quadrilateral,\\nthe dissolution of the German Confederation\\nj was recognized, all claim to Holstein and\\nSchleswig was given up, and an indemnity\\nof 20,000,000 thalers paid. Home affairs\\nthen claimed the attention of the Emperor.\\nThe necessity of self-government for Hungary\\nwas recognized, and on June 8, 1867,Francis\\nJoseph was crowned King of Hungary, in\\naddition to his title as Emperor of Austria.\\nA treaty of alliance with Germany and\\nItaly was signed March 13, 1887. This was\\nfollowed by a defensive treaty with Germany\\nagainst Russian or other aggressions, October\\n7, 1879. Archduke Rudolph, heir to the\\nthrone, committed suicide January 30, 1889.\\nIn December, 1893, a commercial treaty was\\nformed with Spain.\\nISTORY records the fact that\\nthe Scythians and Sarma-\\ntians of the country border\u00c2\u00ac\\ning on the Don and Dnieper,\\nwere known to the Greeks\\nand Romans of old, as they\\nare mentioned hy Herodo\u00c2\u00ac\\ntus, Strabo and Tacitus. In the earlier cen\u00c2\u00ac\\nturies of the Christian era successive invas\u00c2\u00ac\\nions of Goths, Huns, and other warlike\\npeoples swept over the land, and either drove\\nout or absorbed the native inhabitants. At\\nthis point we find the first mention of the\\nSlavs, who drove the scattered Finnish tribes\\nto the far north and became the founders of\\nthe Russian people and government. There\\nstands in Novgorod a splendid monument\\nwhich was erected in 1862 on the millennial\\nanniversary of the foundation of the Russian\\nEmpire by Ruric the Norman.\\nBut for many centuries the country was\\ndivided into practically independent provinces,\\nsome of which retained their autonomy up\\nto a very recent period. The empire was\\ndivided and again united; it was broken into\\nfour parts became a confederacy, and again,\\nunder Ivan III. (1462\u00e2\u0080\u00941505), became a\\nnation.\\nChristianity was introduced about the year\\n950, and two centuries later the greater\\npart of the empire was overrun by the Mon\u00c2\u00ac\\ngols. From 1380 to 1470 tribute was paid\\nto the Tartars, but Ivan the Great broke\\ntheir power and his son and successor, Ivan\\nthe Terrible, contributed much to the great\u00c2\u00ac\\nness of Russia.\\nUnder Peter the Great, the fourth monarch\\nof the Romanoff dynasty, Russia emerged\\nfiom barbarism, the boyars (noblemen)\\nlost their influence, and the countrv assumed", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0506.jp2"}, "507": {"fulltext": "Cuv A\\nLon ^iti Q7 East\\nfrom 77 Washington _ 87\\n97 yortl, Can\\n-1- \u00c2\u00b0Jy\\n117\\nXvS?7 x\\nA o r\\nC, oroe M\\n1 v, 0 t a 3 SOe Q\\n7 A\\nc\\npV s** a1o **/j\\nJqV\\nV f\\n/i#_ n y~* r*\\nS\u00c2\u00b0 Alte/unUjcJ\\n\u00e2\u009c\u0093n Kautokeiiio\\nl V o 0\\nrV Ei\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2ftnhtrony, V\\nDodo\\nT i\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0099c#\\nS\\no\\na p o\\nT\u00c2\u00b0*\\nX7t?\\nTaJfaX\\n^oostaj\\naUf, ii iU W\\nA5e\\nJA^ v\u00e2\u0080\u009e\u00e2\u0080\u009e\\nrsumj\\\\\\nWiaaiF U\\n*V X\u00e2\u0080\u009cV;\\ns... fc? S S\\n*k*\\nJa ClV, V 5 /y J\\nA/ 1 YJ\\\\\\n(Hus fsi^ni\\nPitea r, JLulea\\n1\\n0\\n/Juiobsia\\n(V x\\nV \\\\Keuru\\nChrjstinesXl\\n^Si/lie Fd. __\\nVaidcchuu* lal.\\nJiibatchi 1st- n o\\na A tidma Jut. Ui^^el\\n\\\\y\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\na \\\\a^S D\\nj {\\\\hsa?Cs-r\u00e2\u0080\u0099c 1 -A 7 CfU\\n^I\u00e2\u0080\u0099iauoQ. tfl 1\\n(\u00e2\u0080\u0098iT 1,\\nWS P iKwVI *3\\n737\\nP\\nVIS** X\\n^v*. jiy//\\\\ oV\\nV\\n0\\nXs*?\\n7\\n.^,A* qS\\nItlSTI.I)\\nChristin\\nM Tanimerfors\\n?T^ 7 D I\\nX Kajmo\\n5 IS T stad\\n(st.MWbet\\njotf o\\nJ7. I\\n.A* 4\\n1\\nKil afeS^L,\\nr/ t y,7 %r? s L\\nt.\\n-Bristol Cha\\nA\\nWin;\\n^osd A\\niil.dtrona\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0i*v J K\\nj-, stad\\nV.\\n3fl\\n..j 1\\no\u00c2\u00ab- 0 1\\nW\u00e2\u0080\u0099a ah\\nu s XrEv/,ft ;E ,t Hi\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0Bristol Chew\\nWyt\\nrBctnds EnilC^\\nFalmoutb\\nA\\n._ S* 1 *,5\\\\e*\u00e2\u0080\u009c N\\na\\nK q^\u00c2\u00bb r\\nvoV\\nS^S\\nBelle I si.\\nM antcX\\n\\\\Ostrog\\n77oU^\u00c2\u00b0\\ni*V.as\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nX.\\nvSl\u00e2\u0080\u0099 5 h\\n5\u00e2\u0080\u0099 -o_ 7, r7 v t\\n0 W A\\njMuuth* uf the\\nSion#\\n*\u00e2\u0080\u0098hb a\\nV-Si^o\\nkr\\noa A\\ntona\\nf Terra N 0Va\\nf\u00e2\u0080\u0098r a t\\nCaj/jN\\n^V--y\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Naplt:\\nXi,\\na.\\n/(a\\nC r !a.\\n\\\\ujeIv\\ns\\nU \u00e2\u0080\u009c\u00e2\u0080\u0098Oco\\n^Ua c\\nj r e 11 n v\\n-\u00e2\u0080\u009cfill\\nMelilla\\n_ u\\nOran\\n,Xc*\u00e2\u0080\u0098\u00c2\u00bb te\\nAriel s\\nG *li L\\nIskenderun\\nC A\\nTuiaisl\\nLong[itude\\nEa^t\\nAlk^tu X o JJ ^.-1 Arcadl^ o N 1 1 1 0 X. jVnajo^X.-,\\nSyracuse Ka^-artoS^^^o Eh\\nC.Matctjian ^Cengo o u .Rhodes\\nCcrigottO a\\n20\\nar CVetc\\nAdalia\\nNll rftr\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0at\\nb-\\nEUROPE\\nScale of Miles\\nGreenwich\\n30\\n0 SO juo 209 300\\nA\\n40", "height": "3144", "width": "4012", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0507.jp2"}, "508": {"fulltext": "472\\nUpO!\\nsteii^\\nw \u00e2\u0080\u009c*OD\\nRa 4\\nP e 0 P l teoa\\nOUt GSpalatro\\n^X\u00c2\u00b0MostaAK^ 1 S t ^\u00c2\u00b03 o^X.^\\ntlllS N^vV Easas^, Bergoyatz-q/Burgas A u tf\\nU b ^Hv\u00c2\u00bb:^VsdPIIIAV SeliV BM T X\\nC1 0 c Antivarw 0 J ^Ghuisa A lr ^uople Amaset\u00c2\u00ab Sauas tt0\\n7 rSHS*#* \u00e2\u0080\u00a2wmp 1 ,opW\\nthe i qdraite ig\\ni i\u00c2\u00a9 Delwnb\u00c2\u00b0 o\u00c2\u00bbr\u00c2\u00bb-/\u00e2\u0080\u0099cbRbssaL, *7 ^vo\\nStan C -2^ Corfu^ fa^b)\\nwhic, u, a::f#^^\\nanmvo\\nipolit\\nEmpJ Ji 1\\n\u00c2\u00bb2p,\\nX _: \u00e2\u0080\u0094Y~\u00c2\u00bb TVitRt.ru\\nNavarinS/VC(M(stra 0 o 4 /^Rhod\\nU^C.Malea o Ci 0 VA) Khoa\\nC McUajian ^Cengo o u/i\u00e2\u0080\u0098\\nCcrigotto o __ ^OP 0-\\nK 1 Cg^Iu ^1\\nar Cr\u00c2\u00ab e", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0508.jp2"}, "509": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0509.jp2"}, "510": {"fulltext": "474\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\nthe position which it has ever since retained\\nas a leading member of the European family\\nof nations. Since the time of Peter its\\nnational policy has been directed to the ac\u00c2\u00ac\\nquirement of additional European and Asi\u00c2\u00ac\\natic territory, and every reign has seen vast\\npossessions added to this already enormous\\npower.\\nRussia become involved in the general\\nEuropean wars of the first fifteen years of\\nthis century, and destroyed its most re\u00c2\u00ac\\nnowned city, Moscow, that it might not afford\\nshelter to the hated invader, Napoleon. All\\nefforts of the various nations which have at\\none time or another been absorbed by Russia\\nto regain their independence have been bar\u00c2\u00ac\\nren of results; she never gives anything\\nback.\\nRussia\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Onward March.\\nAlthough her schemes of aggrandizement\\non the Black Sea were temporarily checked\\nby the war of 1854-55, in which England,\\nFrance and Sardinia supported the Ottoman\\nEmpire, Russia has since made greater\\nstrides east and south, and has almost at\u00c2\u00ac\\ntained her chief aim, the full and unrestricted\\ncontrol of the Black Sea. She presses Eng\u00c2\u00ac\\nland upon the line of the Himalayas, and\\nChina finds its great wall an insufficient de\u00c2\u00ac\\nfence against the disciplined legions of this\\ngreat power.\\nProperly speaking, Russia is an Asiatic\\npower with great possessions in Europe rather\\nthan a European power with subject pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nvinces in Asia, and its march has been and\\ncontinues to be in a directly opposite line to\\nthe ordinary movement of population and\\nempire, which is westward.\\nThere was much domestic disturbance in\\nRussia during the years 1891 and 1892, in\\nthe former of which the country was dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntressed by poor harvests and famine in some\\nlocalities, while in the latter year cholera\\ncarried off a quarter of a million persons.\\nOn November 1, 1894, occurred the death of\\nCzar Alexander III. at Livadia, aged 49.\\nNotwithstanding this recent death in the\\nroyal family, on the 26th of the same month,\\nCzar Nicholas II. wedded the Princess Alix\\nof Hesse-Darmstadt.\\nHer Power Felt Everywhere.\\nFor a long time the influence of Russia\\nhas been paramount in the politics of eastern\\nEurope and some parts of Asia. No sooner\\nhad Japan gained her brilliant victory over\\nChina in 1894 than the power of Russia\\nbegan to manifest itself in the settlement of\\nthe terms demanded by the Japanese Gov\u00c2\u00ac\\nernment. In the early part of 1896 the\\nsame strong influence was brought to bear\\nupon the Turkish question, which then was\\nagitating the world on account of the Ar\u00c2\u00ac\\nmenian Massacres, putting an effectual check\\nupon English diplomacy.\\nThe public income of Russia for 1895\\nwas estimated at 1,214,378,030 roubles, hav\u00c2\u00ac\\ning almost doubled since 1883. The internal\\ntaxes arc collected in paper, but much of the\\ncustoms dues are paid in gold. The value\\nof the paper rouble is about fifty cents in our\\nmoney, while the gold rouble is valued at\\nabout seventy-seven cents. But as only\\nabout one-tenth of the revenue is from cus\u00c2\u00ac\\ntoms, it is safe to put the yearly income of\\nthe government at a little over \u00c2\u00a3600,000,000.\\nThe exports of Russia to foreign countries\\nconsist principally of corn, flour, butter, eggs,\\nflax, timber, linseed, raw wool and illum\u00c2\u00ac\\ninating oils. The chief industrial centres are\\nMoscow and the surrounding governments,\\nSt. Petersburg and Poland. The woolen\\ntrade is taking firm root in the South, chiefly\\nthrough English capital and enterprise. The\\ndomestic industries carried on along with", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0510.jp2"}, "511": {"fulltext": "THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\n475\\nagriculture are of great importance and a\\nsource of livelihood to vast numbers of the\\npeasantry. The empire is very rich in all\\nkinds of minerals, and its mining industry has\\nof late years begun to advance with rapid\\nstrides and is full of promise.\\nm\\nNORWAY AND SWEDEN\\nm\\n;\u00c2\u00a7n\u00c2\u00a7iij ms n\\nm\\nORWAY\u00e2\u0080\u0099S authentic history 1\\nbegins with A. D. 863-933, j\\nwhen Harold Harfager, or\\nFair-Haired, subdued the\\npetty kings and united the\\ntribes as a nation. Olaf I.,\\nwho came to the throne in\\n995, destroyed the pagen temples, and laid\\nthe foundation of Trondhjem. In 1028 Ca\u00c2\u00ac\\nnute the Great, of Denmark and England,\\ndrove Olaf out and became King. Then\\ncommenced a series of wars with Britain,\\nfollowed by an invasion of Ireland. A war\u00c2\u00ac\\nlike nation, they became noted for their\\nprowess by water, and were a terror to the\\nnations about them.\\nIn 1262 the national prosperity of Norway\\nbeean to decline after the defeat of Haco V.\\nat the mouth of the Clyde, and his subse\u00c2\u00ac\\nquent death in the Orkneys. Wars with\\nDenmark exhausted the country\u00e2\u0080\u0099s resources,\\nnational industries were checked, and the\\nphgue broke out in 1348 and ravaged the j\\nkingdom for more than two years, destroy\u00c2\u00ac\\ning two-thirds of the population. Centuries\\nelapsed before this condition of decay was\\nthrown off. The country not only lost its\\nnationalty, but also its proper language,\\nwhich finally became a corrupt mixture of\\nthose of its neighbors.\\nIn 1380 the crown descended to the son\\nof Olaf III., King of Denmark, and from\\nthat period down to 1814 these two coun\u00c2\u00ac\\ntries were united. Margaret succeeded her\\nson, Olaf III., reduced Sweden, and joined\\nthe three kingdoms under one monarch,\\nunder what is historically known as the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cUnion of Calmar.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Gustavus Vasa severed\\nthis union with Sweden in 1523, and for\\ntwo centuries Norway was scarcely more\\nthan a province of Denmark. About the\\nbeginning of the present century a better day\\ndawned on Norway.\\nUnion of the Two Countries.\\nAfter a series of dissensions and diplo\u00c2\u00ac\\nmatic complications, Russia, which had been\\nengaged in warfare with Napoleon, indemni\u00c2\u00ac\\nfied Sweden for the loss of Finland\u00e2\u0080\u0094which\\non a former occasion Napoleon had signed\\naway to Russia, without warrant\u00e2\u0080\u0094by the\\npresentation of Norway, to which Sweden\\nhad no title. In 1814 the Danes acknow\u00c2\u00ac\\nledged Norway as a dominion of Charles\\nXIII. of Sweden, but a Danish prince, Chris\u00c2\u00ac\\ntian, attempted to set up an independent\\nsovereignity, but was compelled to abdicate,\\nand on August 14th of the same year, Nor\u00c2\u00ac\\nway and Sweden were formally united, the\\nratification by the Storthing settling the\\nmatter on the 20th of October.\\nFrom this time the government became\\nmore and more liberal, titles of nobility were\\nabolished, and the people styled citizens. In", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0511.jp2"}, "512": {"fulltext": "476\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\n1855 there was a good deal of anxiety felt\\nover the encroachments of the Russian Gov\u00c2\u00ac\\nernment, and Norway, Sweden, England\\nand France entered into an alliance in which\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cthe two Scandinavian powers promised\\nnever to cede or sell territory to Russia, or\\nto any other power, without the consent of\\nEngland and France,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and by this they re\u00c2\u00ac\\nceived a guarantee of future territorial integ\u00c2\u00ac\\nrity under protection of the last named\\npowers.\\nThe modern history of Sweden follows\\nsomewhat in the pathway of its neighboring\\nkingdom, Norway. After the establishment\\nof the Union of Calmar\u00e2\u0080\u009d (1397) by Marga\u00c2\u00ac\\nret of Denmark, the three countries of Nor\u00c2\u00ac\\nway, Sweden and Denmark were kept\\ntogether with great difficulty for 100 years.\\nIn 1 520, Christian II. of Denmark became\\nKing, and so exasperated the people that they\\nrose in revolt, with Gustavus Vasa at their\\nhead and their resistance to the government\\nof the Danish King was so successful that, in\\n1523, Gustavus was made King of Sweden.\\nThe country entered on an era of pi os-\\nperity, and was governed in a manner more\\npleasing to the people, though the successors\\nof Vasa attempted some radical changes\\nwhich did not meet with general favor. The\\nreigns of the sovereigns from 1600 were\\nmarked with almost constant warfare against\\nadjoining kingdoms.\\nIn 1741 Sweden was defeated in a war\\nwith Russia, and in 1743 East Finland was\\nyielded to the conqueror. Following this,\\ncame a war with Prussia which was disas\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrous in the extreme. Again in 1787 Sweden\\nwas involved in a war with Russia and Den\u00c2\u00ac\\nmark. In 1809 a new constitution was\\ndecreed. During the Crimean War neither\\nNorway nor Sweden took any part therein.\\nOf late years Sweden has prospered and\\nmade great improvement in manufactures,\\narts and sciences.\\nDENMARK\\n--o\\nENMARK has always exerted\\nan influence in the affairs of\\nEurope out of proportion to\\nher size and military strength.\\nHer authentic history dates\\nfrom 1385, the year of the\\naccession of Margaret, the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cSemiramis of the North,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and wearer of\\nthe triple Scandinavian crowns. After her\\nglorious reign, Sweden, after a lengthened\\ncontest, succeeded in asserting her inde\u00c2\u00ac\\npendence.\\nIn 1658 Denmark was invaded and de\u00c2\u00ac\\nspoiled of some of her most important terri\u00c2\u00ac\\ntories by the \u00e2\u0080\u009cLion of the North,\u00e2\u0080\u009d Gustavus\\nAdolphus. In 1807 a British fleet under\\nLord Nelson bombarded Copenhagen and\\ndestroyed the Danish navy, and in 1815\\nNorway was transferred to Sweden, Denmark\\nreceiving in exchange the insignificant duchy\\nof Lauenburg, with a money indemnity a\\nwork of spoliation consummated in 1864-7\\nby the foicible acquisition of the Schleswig^\\nHolstein duchies by Prussia, after a short but\\nsanguinary struggle, in which the latter\\npower, with the aid of Austria, overcame the\\nbrave Danes by sheer force of numbers.\\nIn 1863 died Frederick VII., the last\\nmonarch of the House of Oldenburg, who\\nwas succeeded by the present King, Christian", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0512.jp2"}, "513": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0513.jp2"}, "514": {"fulltext": "A BICYCLE PICNIC TARTY", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0514.jp2"}, "515": {"fulltext": "THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\n477\\nIV., of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-\\nGliicksburg.\\nThe peaceful relations already existing be\u00c2\u00ac\\ntween Denmark and England were confirmed\\nby the marriage of Princess Alexandra of\\nDenmark to the Prince of Wales, at Wind\u00c2\u00ac\\nsor, March io, 1863.\\nWhen the war broke out between Austria\\nand Prussia, in 1866, and resulted in the\\nhumiliation of Austria, the hope of Denmark\\nthat a part of her original territory, which,\\nas already stated, had been acquired by\\nPrussia, was frustrated. Notwithstanding\\nher dismemberment, Denmark has prospered\\nto an astonishing degree, and her material\\nfortunes have been constantly in the ascend\u00c2\u00ac\\nant. Her only trouble within the last decade\\nhas arisen from the dissensions in the two\\nhouses of Assembly and in the spread of\\ndangerous communistic opinions.\\nThe Government of Denmark is a consti\u00c2\u00ac\\ntutional monarchy, the King being assisted\\nby a cabinet of seven ministers. Elementary\\neducation is widely diffused and attendance\\nat school is compulsory for children between\\nthe ages of seven and fourteen years, poor\\nparents paying only a nominal sum toward\\nthe government schools, of which there are\\nabout three thousand. The established\\nreligion is Lutheran, to which the King must\\nbelong, but complete toleration is enjoyed in\\nevery part of the kingdom. The present\\nKing of Greece is a prince of the royal house\\nof Denmark.\\nHOLLAND\u00e2\u0080\u0094THE NETHERLANDS\\nSZ5H5H5E5Z5iL5H5E5HSE5H5HSH5\\nY the revolution of 1S30, Hol\u00c2\u00ac\\nland, or the Netherlands, was\\nseparated from Belgium. The\\nearliest accounts of the Nether\u00c2\u00ac\\nlands are from the Romans, by\\nwhom all the southern and cen\u00c2\u00ac\\ntral part (called Belgia) was\\nkept in subjection till the decline of their\\nempire in the fifth century. It was formerly\\nunder the government of counts, but being\\nincorporated with the extensive possessions\\nof the Duke of Burgundy, the Netherlands\\npassed to Maximilian of Austria, father of\\nCharles V., who united the seventeen prov\u00c2\u00ac\\ninces into one state but the bigotry of his\\nson Philip II. produced the separation of\\nthe Dutch provinces, and great dissension\\nand distress in the others.\\nThey remained under the Spanish crown\\nuntil the middle of the seventeenth century,\\nwhen arduous exertions were made by Conde\\nand Turenne to add them to the dominions\\nof Louis XIV. The quadruple alliance, con\u00c2\u00ac\\ncluded at the Hague in 1668, however, put\\na stop to their progress, but the wars from\\n1672 to 1679, an d 1680 to 1697, were\\nprosecuted chiefly for the Netherlands. At\\nlength, in 1702, Louis obtained them, but\\nthe French being defeated by the Duke of\\nMarlborough at the battle of Ramifies, in\\n1706, the southern provinces were brought\\nunder the power of the allies, and assigned\\nto Austria at the peace of Utrecht.\\nA peace ensued, until the war of 1741 was\\ntransferred to the Netherlands, and the\\nFrench under Marshal Saxe recovered them.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0515.jp2"}, "516": {"fulltext": "478\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\nBergen-op-Zoom was captured by the French\\nin September, 1747, and Maestricht in the\\nfollowing year, when the successes of the\\nBritish navy, and the persevering aspect of\\nthe coalition, led to the peace of Aix-la-\\nChapelle in 1748, and the southern Nether\u00c2\u00ac\\nlands thus became restored to Austria. By\\nthe treachery of Austria in 1756 they were\\nonce more nearly ceded to France, but the\\nscheme was not carried into effect.\\nIn the campaign of 1792 Austria again lost\\nthe Netherlands, and though recovered in\\n1793, they again passed over to France in j\\n1794. The hope of recovering them was the\\ncause of the coalition of 1799 an d 1805, both\\nbaffled in their object. The disasters of the\\nFrench army in Russia in 1812, at length\\nopened the long-wished-for prospect. In\\n1813 Germany occupied all the exertions of\\nthe allies, but in 1814 the Netherlands were\\ndetached by a consequence of the revolution\\nby which the Bourbons were restored and\\nthe British Cabinet accomplished the union\\nof the seventeen provinces, and their erection\\ninto an independent state, under the Prince\\nof Orange, in 1815. The Prince, therefore,\\nassumed the title of King of the Netherlands\\nand Grand Duke of Luxembourg.\\nThe bill for the emancipation of the slaves\\nin the Dutch West Indian possessions, passet\\nin 1862, decreed a compensation for each\\nslave and came into force in 1863. The ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npenses of this emancipation came to $5,06$,-\\n366, and the number of slaves set free was\\nabout 42,000, of whom 35,000 were in\\nDutch Guiana.\\nThe present King having no living male\\nissue, the succession to the\\ncrown was vested in the Prin\u00c2\u00ac\\ncess of Orange, Wilhelmina,\\nthe only child of King Wil\u00c2\u00ac\\nliam\u00e2\u0080\u0099s second marriage, born\\nin 1880. Of late years the\\ngreat question of internal\\npolitics has been the new con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstitution, which was duly pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nmulgated November 30, 1887.\\nThis act increased the elec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntorate of Holland by no less\\nthan 200,000 voters. A re\u00c2\u00ac\\nvision of the school laws in a\\nsectarian sense was carried\\nearly in December, 1889.\\nMeanwhile, in 1888, the\\nQueen, Emma of Waldeck,\\nhad been appointed regent in the event of\\nthe King\u00e2\u0080\u0099s demise, and a council of guard\u00c2\u00ac\\nians named to assist her in the education of\\nPrincess Wilhelmina.\\nMany industries are carried on, and the\\ncountry has a large percentage of skilled\\nartisans. Amsterdam has had the largest\\ndiamond-cutting trade in the world, ten\\nthousand persons depending on that branch\\nof industry, although in recent years it has\\nbeen on the decline.\\nThe Dutch were once called the Carriers\\nof Europe.\u00e2\u0080\u009d While this designation does\\nVIEW OF DORT.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0516.jp2"}, "517": {"fulltext": "THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\n479\\nnot apply to them now, they still have a large\\nmercantile marine. Minerals are scarce in\\nthe Netherlands, but valuable clay, for the\\nmanufacture of tiles, bricks and pottery is\\nfound everywhere in great abundance, and\\nof late there has been somewhat of a revival\\nof the Delft-ware, which was formerly so\\nfamous.\\n4* 4* 4* 4* 4* 4* 4* 4* 4*\\nN the time of the Romans, Bel-\\ngium was included in Gaul, and\\nwas known as Gallia Belgica.\\n4 The P eo P^ e were mostly Celts,\\nC but while under the rule of the\\nit* Franks, in the 5th and 6th cen\u00c2\u00ac\\nturies, by irruptions from the\\nNorth the principal element of the popula\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion became German.\\nThe country was afterwards divided into a\\nnumber of independent duchies, counties and\\nfree cities, the principal of which was the\\nCounty of Flanders. The male line of the\\nCounts of Flanders became extinct m 1385,\\nand their possessions passed into the hands\\nof the Dukes of Burgundy, who soon after\\nobtained the whole of the Netherlands.\\nBy the marriage of Mary of Burgundy\\nwith Maximilian in 1477, the Netherlands\\ncame into possession of Austria. Maximilian\\nwas succeeded by his son Philip, who married\\nJohanna, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella\\nof Spain, in 1496.\\nHolland, the northern portion of the Neth\u00c2\u00ac\\nerlands, established its independence, while\\nthe southern portion, Belgium, continued\\nunder the rule of Spain, Philip ceded Bel\u00c2\u00ac\\ngium to his daughter, Isabella, and her\\nhusband, the Archduke Albert, in 1598,\\nunder whom it formed a distinct and inde\u00c2\u00ac\\npendent kingdom. Albert died in 1621\\nwithout issue, and the country again fell into\\nthe hands of Spain.\\nBetween 1659 an d 1697 Belgium lost con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsiderable territory in the wars between Spain\\nand France and Holland. By the treaty of\\nUtrecht in 1713, Belgium was assigned to-\\nAustria. During the war of the Austrian\\nsuccession almost the whole country fell into\\nthe hands of the French, but by the peace of\\nAix-la-Chapelle it was restored to Austria,\\n1748. In 1790 the provinces of Belgium\\nrevolted against Austrian rule, and formed\\nthemselves into an independent state under\\nthe name of United Belgium. They were,\\nhowever, subdued by the Austrians in the\\nend of the same year.\\nAustria\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Power Overthrown.\\nIn the war with revolutionary France the\\nbattle of Fleurus (1794) put an end to the\\nAustrian rule in Belgium. In 1815 it was\\nunited with Holland under Prince William\\nI rederick of Nassau. Belgium revolted in\\n1830, declared itself an independent state,\\nand chose Leopold, Prince of Saxe-Coburg,\\nas its king, in 1831. The five great powers\\nafterward determined the limits of the terri\u00c2\u00ac\\ntory, making Holland and Belgium separate\\nkingdoms. Leopold died in 1865, and was\\nsucceeded by his son, Leopold II., the present\\nmonarch.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0517.jp2"}, "518": {"fulltext": "480\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\nOn the outbreak of the Franco-German\\nwar in 1870 the Belgians, fearing risks both\\nfrom Prussia and from France, mobilized\\ntheir army but in a special treaty arranged\\nby England, both belligerents recognized\\nanew the neutrality of Belgium, guaranteed\\nin 1831 and 1839. In 1885 the Congo Free\\nState, under the presidency of Leopold II.,\\nwas acknowledged by the powers.\\nAlthough the country has, on the whole,\\nsteadily grown in prosperity, and constitu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntional principles have been generally strength\u00c2\u00ac\\nened, yet 1886-87 witnessed industrial riots\\nand Socialist disturbances of a serious aspect,\\nattended at Liege, Mons. Charleroi and other\\nplaces with great violence. The King, at the\\nopening of the Chambers in November,\\npromised that measures of reform should be\\n1 introduced, and this had the effect of quell\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the disturbances. In 1880 the jubilee of\\nthe state was celebrated with enthusaism.\\nKing Leopold has distinguished himself\\nby being the patron of Henry M. Stanley in\\nhis African explorations, having rendered\\nmaterial aid to the explorer.\\nThe government is a constitutional hered\u00c2\u00ac\\nitary monarchy, the members of the House\\nof Representatives being elected by citizens\\nwho pay not less than twenty florins an\u00c2\u00ac\\nnually in direct taxes. The King can con\u00c2\u00ac\\nvoke, adjourn or dissolve the Senate and\\nHouse of Representatives at pleasure. Under\\nthe mild and successful government of Leo\u00c2\u00ac\\npold, the country has prospered, and the\\npeople seem attached to their King and con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstitution, and are peaceful and contented.\\nIn 1815 the perpetual neutrality of Switz\u00c2\u00ac\\nerland and the inviolability of her territory\\nwere guaranteed by Austria, Great Britain,\\nPortugal, Prussia and Russia, and the Fed\u00c2\u00ac\\neral Pact which had been drawn up at\\nZurich, and which included three new can\u00c2\u00ac\\ntons, was accepted by the Congress of\\nVienna. The Pact remained in force till\\n1848, when a new constitution, prepared\\nwithout foreign interference, was accepted by\\ngeneral consent. This, in turn, was, on May\\n2 9, 1874, superseded by the constitution\\nwhich is now in force.\\nFollowing the new constitution of 1848\\ncame the revolt of Neufchatel against\\nPrussia, to which country it had belonged,\\nand its reception into the Swiss Confederacy\\nWITZERLAND,the ancient Hel\u00c2\u00ac\\nvetia became, under the Roman\\nempire, a semi-civilized country,\\nand, after the fall of that power,\\npassed in succession under Bur\u00c2\u00ac\\ngundian, Frankish and Ger\u00c2\u00ac\\nmanic sway. In 1307 a move\u00c2\u00ac\\nment of the three northern\\ncantons of Schwyz, Uri and Unterwalden\\ninaugurated the ultimate overthrow of Aus-\\ntrian rule in the result of the battle of Mor-\\ngarten in 1315.\\nDuring the two following centuries the\\nother cantons fell one by one into the arms\\nof the Helvetic Confederation, which latter,\\nhowever, did not obtain its solidarity as a\\nEuropean power until the peace of 1814.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0518.jp2"}, "519": {"fulltext": "THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\n481\\nas a canton on an equal footing with the rest.\\nDuring the Franco-German war of 1870-71\\nthe landwehr were called out as a measure\\nfor the maintenance of Swiss neutrality.\\nThe sublime scenery of the Alps draws\\ntourists to Switzerland from all parts of the\\nworld and renders this remarkable country\\na constant and general object of interest.\\nITALY\\nTALY, since the downfall of\\nRome, has been divided into\\ndifferent states, and has lost\\nthat power which it formerly\\nenjoyed. Its historical remains,\\nits schools of art, its delicious\\nclimate, give it an undying in\u00c2\u00ac\\nterest. It has been called the garden of\\nEurope and the panegyric which Pliny be\u00c2\u00ac\\nstows upon it does not seem in any degree\\nexaggerated.\\nThe ancient inhabitants called themselves\\nAborigines, offspring of the soil, and the\\ncountry was soon after peopled by colonies\\nfrom Greece. Italy has been the mother of\\narts as well as of arms, and the immortal\\nmonuments which remain of the eloquence\\nand poetical genius of its inhabitants are\\nuniversally known. The early part of the\\nhistory of this country is, however, involved\\nin the greatest obscurity. The first light\\nthrown on this land of darkness was by the\\nsettlement of Greek colonies in the south,\\nwhere, eventually, a large tract of country\\nwas called Magna Grsecia. The annals of\\nRome are said to go back 750 years B. C.\\nItaly continued subject to one power for\\nmore than 800 years until the fifth century,\\nwhen the Goths crossed the barriers of the\\nAlps. Toward the year 560 A. D. the\\nLombards entered the north of Italy, took\\nMilan and Pavia, and founded a kingdom\\nwhich continued during two centuries, until\\noverthrown by Charlemagne.\\nProlonged Military Struggles.\\nAfter his death Italy belonged to his suc\u00c2\u00ac\\ncessors on the imperial throne, but their\\ntenure was precarious, the great barons\\nlaboring to assert their independence and the\\npopes to extend their temporal dominions.\\nThe subsequent history is little more than a\\nsuccession of military struggles, of little in\u00c2\u00ac\\nterest, until 960, when Otho I. repaired, in\\nperson, to the north of Italy, granted munici\u00c2\u00ac\\npal rights to the cities, and improved the\\ninterior government in general.\\nThe whole was united to the German\\nEmpire but from this compact fresh feuds\\nand commotions followed the Italian no\u00c2\u00ac\\nbility were jealous of their privileges con\u00c2\u00ac\\nspiracies were formed, detected and sup\u00c2\u00ac\\npressed, and no constant allegiance was\\nexhibited to the German Government or the\\nmagistracy put into authority by it.\\nA series of wars continued for several\\nages. In the fourteenth century Italy was\\ndivided into the kingdom of Naples, the es\u00c2\u00ac\\ntates of the Church, Tuscany, Parma and\\nLombardy, the Genoese and the Venetian\\nterritories and other petty states. For two\\ncenturies the Venetians and the Genoese\\n31", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0519.jp2"}, "520": {"fulltext": "482\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD\\nwere the most considerable commercial\\npeople in Europe, and Venice, in particular,\\npossessed large foreign colonies, and in 1194\\ntook Constantinople and held in sovereignty\\nportions of what now constitutes Turkey in\\nEurope and Greece.\\nThe foundation of the temporal power of\\nthe popes was laid about 1080, by Matilda,\\nIn March, 1860, Savoy and Nice were\\nceded to France, to which they are still at\u00c2\u00ac\\ntached. Garibaldi and his volunteers con\u00c2\u00ac\\nquered the Two Sicilies, Francis II. of Naples\\nfled in terror, and the end of the great pop\u00c2\u00ac\\nular uprising was that in March, 1861, Victor\\nEmmanual of Sardinia was proclaimed King\\nof Italy. The Austrians held Venice until\\nNAPLES, SHOWING MOUNT VESUVIUS IN THE DISTANCE.\\nCountess of Tuscany, who bequeathed a large\\nportion of her dominions to Pope Gregory\\nVII. After that time the popes successively\\nmade great acquisitions of territory but in\\n1798 Rome was taken by Berthier, and\\nBonaparte annexed the papal dominions to\\nFrance. They were, however, restored in\\n1814,\\n1866, when Italy and Prussia united their\\nforces against her. Rome remained in the\\nhands of the French until the outbreak of\\nthe FYanco-German war, in spite of the\\nabortive revolutions instigated by Mazzini\\nand Garibaldi.\\nFinally, on September 20, 1870, the na\u00c2\u00ac\\ntional forces entered Rome, which became at", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0520.jp2"}, "521": {"fulltext": "THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\n483\\nlast the capital of United Italy. Victor\\nEmmanuel was succeeded in 1877 by his\\nson Humbert. The Pope still resides in\\nRome, but has no jurisdiction except within\\nwhat is known to Italy as the Leonine\\nCity.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Parliamentary government has been\\naccorded in the fullest degree.\\nThe defeat of the Italian army in Abys\u00c2\u00ac\\nsinia, March 2, 1896, caused great excite\u00c2\u00ac\\nment at Rome and elsewhere throughout the\\ncountry and troops were called out to sup\u00c2\u00ac\\npress demonstrations against the govern\u00c2\u00ac\\nment Crispi\u00e2\u0080\u0099s ministry immediately resigned\\nand another cabinet was formed.\\nSPAIN\\nUN, after being partially col\u00c2\u00ac\\nonized by the Phoenicians and\\nCarthaginians, became a Roman\\nprovince under Augustus, and\\nsome 400 years afterward was\\nsuccessively overrun by the\\nVandals, Goths and other north\u00c2\u00ac\\nern races. In the eighth cen\u00c2\u00ac\\ntury the Moors successfully invaded the\\ncountry, and remained virtual masters of the\\nentire Spanish portion of it till the reign of\\nFerdinand and Isabella, when, in 1492, they\\nwere finally driven back into Africa.\\nUnder Charles V., and his son Philip II.,\\nSpain became the greatest power in the then\\nworld. But with the latter prince began\\nthat decay which speedily reduced it to a\\nmere shadow of its past glory and import\u00c2\u00ac\\nance. After the death of Charles II., in\\n1700, began the so-called War of the Spanish\\nSuccession in which the rival claims of\\nFrance and Austria to the throne terminated\\nin favor of Philip V., grandson of the French\\nKing Louis XIV.\\nBetween 1759 and 1763 an unsuccessful\\nwar was waged against England, and in\\n1778 Spain again took up arms agains f that\\ncountry, and at the peace of 1783 received\\nthe island of Minorca and the American\\nFloridas.\\nThe later chief events in Spanish historical\\nannals have been: The struggle against\\nNapoleon during the so-called Peninsular\\nWar; the restoration by French arms, in\\n1823, of the Bourbon dynasty in the person\\nof Ferdinand VII., whose tyranny had led\\nto a revolution in 1820; the Carlist War\\n1833-40, ending in the triumph of the Chris-\\ntinos; the exile of Queen Christina in 1854;\\na war with Morocco in 1858-9; the annex\u00c2\u00ac\\nation of St. Domingo in 1861 a war with\\nPeru and Chili in 1864-5 the downfall of\\nthe Bourbon monarchy in 1868 the insur\u00c2\u00ac\\nrection in Cuba in 1868-75 the election of\\nAmadeus of Savoy as King of Spain in *870;\\nhis abdication in 1873 the adoption of a\\nrepublican form of government under Castelar\\nand Serrano, 1873-4; and the restoration of\\nthe monarchy in the person of Alfonso XII\\nson of Isabella, January, 1875. Spain, from\\n1873 to 1875, was the theatre of a civil war\\nwaged against the government by the ad\u00c2\u00ac\\nherents of Don Carlos, who held nearly all\\nthe northeast of the countrv.\\n9", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0521.jp2"}, "522": {"fulltext": "484\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\nOn March I, 1896, a mob in Barcelona\\nattacked the American Legation, tearing\\ndown the Stars and Stripes and trampling\\nthem under foot. The town authorities at\u00c2\u00ac\\ntempted to disperse the mob and used their\\nefforts to protect the Legation. On the day\\nfollowing, the Spanish authorities called at the\\nLegation, expressed regret for the unfortu\u00c2\u00ac\\nnate occurrence and promised full reparation.\\nThe immediate cause of the outbreak was\\nthe proposed resolutions, by the United\\nStates Senate, expressing sympathy with the\\nattempt in Cuba to gain independence. For\\nseveral days the demonstrations against the\\nAmerican flag continued and troops were\\nrequired to disperse the mobs.\\nNDER its ancient name of\\nLusitania, Portugal was con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstituted a Roman province\\nunder Augustus, and so\\nremained till the fifth cen\u00c2\u00ac\\ntury, when it became subject\\nto the Visigoths. In the\\neighth the Moors took\\npossession of the country and held it for\\nfour centuries, at the end of which period\\nthey were driven out by Prince Alonzo\\nEnrique, of Castile, who thereupon was\\nelected King. Under the dynasty he founded\\nPortugal made rapid progress, and under\\nJohn I., and in the reigns of John II. and\\nEmanuel, 1481-1521, became eminent as a\\nmaritime and colonizing power, establishing\\nsettlements in the East and adding Brazil to\\nher dominions.\\nUnder Sebastian III. began that fruitless\\ncrusade against the Moors which cost that\\nmonarch both his life and crown. Later,\\nPortugal became a dependency of Spain, but\\nin 1640 she threw off the yoke and placed\\nthe Braganza dynasty on the vacant throne.\\nIn 1807, after the deposition of the royal\\nfamily by decree of Napoleon, Dom Pedro,\\nthe King, withdrew to Brazil, of which country\\nhe became first Emperor.\\nThe Government is a limited monarchy,\\nand the Legislature, known as the Cortes con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsists of two houses\u00e2\u0080\u0094one of Peers, the other\\nof Deputies. The Roman Catholic is the\\nstate religion, but entire toleration with\\nrespect to others prevails.\\nA Steady Decline.\\nFor many years the financial condition of\\nPortugal has gone steadily from bad to\\nworse. The rush of the European powers\\nto appropriate African soil awakened, for a\\ntime, her old spirit and ambition, but the\\nawakening came too late. The march of\\nevents and the energy of her rivals have\\nwrested from her many square miles that she\\nclaimed as her own, but had done next to\\nnothing to colonize and develop. England\\nin the end of 1889 compelled Portugal to\\nabandon her claims to Nyassaland, and two\\nyears later a treaty was signed defining the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0522.jp2"}, "523": {"fulltext": "THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\n485\\nrespective spheres of influence of the two\\ncountries in East and West Africa, especially\\nin the basin of the Zambesi. Further de\u00c2\u00ac\\nlimitations were agreed upon in 1891.\\nIn the meantime Charles I. had succeeded\\nhis father, October, 1889. The action of\\nBritain occasioned an outburst of strong\\npopular feeling in Portugal, which the repub\u00c2\u00ac\\nlicans turned to their own advantage, and\\nthey were greatly helped by the successful\\nrevolutions of the republicans in Brazil and\\nthe expulsion of the Emperor, November,\\n1889. But in the home country their ad\u00c2\u00ac\\nvantage proved to be only temporary.\\nREECE shares with Rome the\\nabsorbing interest of ancient\\nclassic story. Glorious in\\narts and arms, renowned for\\nher temples and mythology,\\nher warriors, poets and states\u00c2\u00ac\\nmen, her controlling influ\u00c2\u00ac\\nence at one time in the affairs which make\\nup the annals of ancient nations, she is at\\nonce the admiration of the scholar, the artist\\nand the historian. Her classics have come\\ndown to us with all the charm of learning\\nand romance and have long been the study\\nof the most cultured classes of modern times.\\nThe earliest settlers in ancient Greece were\\nthe Pelasgi, who were in course of time re\u00c2\u00ac\\nplaced by the Hellenes, a people which\\nconsisted of four tribes, namely, the ZEolians,\\nDorians, Ionians and Achaians. Colonists\\nfrom Phoenicia and Egypt followed the\\nHellenes, and joined with them in extending\\ntheir united sway over the country. About\\n2000 B. C. the great cities of Athens, Sparta,\\nThebes, Argos and Corinth sprung into\\nexistence, and became in course of time the\\ncentres of political governments of a demo\u00c2\u00ac\\ncratic form, and of a progressive advance\u00c2\u00ac\\nment in civilization, education and artistic\\nrefinement. Their commerce embraced within\\nits scope the ports of Gaul and the Mediter\u00c2\u00ac\\nranean, at the same time that their naval and\\nmilitary power became extended in a cor\u00c2\u00ac\\nresponding ratio.\\nPhilip of Macedon.\\nCivil discords, however, originated the\\nPeloponnesian War, B. C. 434\u00e2\u0080\u0094404, by\\nwhich their union of interests became broken\\nup, and rendered Greece a prey to foreign\\ninvasion under Philip of Macedon, who, after\\nthe battle of Cheronsea, B. C. 338, became\\nmaster of the country. Afterward, by the\\ndisruption of the Achaian League, Greece\\nbecame a Roman province, 146 B. C. Then\\nfollowed the decline and ultimate extinction\\nof the glories of Greek art and civilization.\\nInvasions by the Goths, Vandals and\\nNormans succeeded one another in turn till\\n1261, when the whole country\u00e2\u0080\u0094except\\nAthens and Nauplia\u00e2\u0080\u0094became merged in the\\nGreek Empire of Michael Palasologus. The\\nTurks took possession in 1481, but their\\ntenure of the country was contested for a\\nperiod of two centuries by the Venetians,", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0523.jp2"}, "524": {"fulltext": "486\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\nuntil finally it was definitely secured to them\\nby the treaty of Passarovitz.\\nIn 1821 a revolution broke out against\\nthe Ottoman yoke, and the independence of\\nGreece was secured by the interference of\\nforeign powers, after the defeat of the Turks\\nat Navarino, 1827. After a brief provisional\\ngovernment under Count Capo d\u00e2\u0080\u0099lstria,\\nGreece was made into a monarchy by the\\nprotecting powers, and Otho, of Bavaria,\\nplaced on the throne in 1832. He reigned\\ntill 1863, when he was dethroned and the\\ncrown conferred upon George I., a prince\\nof the reigning house of Denmark.\\nm\\nO reputation less enviable be\u00c2\u00ac\\nlongs to any nation of the\\nglobe than that of Turkey.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThe Unspeakable Turk\u00e2\u0080\u009d has\\nlong been an object of sus\u00c2\u00ac\\npicion and hatred by reason of\\npolitical intrigues, violation of\\nsacred oaths, the rapacity that characterizes\\nthe savage, and the universal sentiment,\\namounting to a tyrannical law, which subjects\\neverything to the reign of the Mohammedan\\nreligion. The most recent history of Asia\\nis dark with the crimes and massacres that\\nhave made Armenia the theatre of wholesale\\nslaughter, such as perhaps is unparalleled in\\nall the annals of time.\\nThe Ottoman Empire, properly speaking,\\ncomprehends all the countries in which\\nTurkish supremacy is directly or indirectly\\nrecognized, and it includes some of the most\\nbeautiful as well as most ancient sections of\\nthe globe, in point of civilization. As a\\nwhole, the empire is an aggregation of gov\u00c2\u00ac\\nernments, often widely separated, and only\\nunited by having been the subjects of a\\ncommon conquest.\\nThe Turks are first noticed in history about\\nthe year A. D. 800. They came originally\\nfrom Asia and are of Tartar origin. They\\ncaptured a portion of Armenia, which they\\ncalled Turcomania, and in a short time\\npushed their dominion to the Hellespont,\\nand finally obtained a foothold in Europe.\\nThe petty states into which their dominions\\nwere at first divided were united under Oth-\\nman, one of their chiefs, in 1289. After him\\ncame his son, and then his grandson, Amu-\\nlath, who established the Janizaries in 1362,\\na powerful and well-disciplined army, com\u00c2\u00ac\\nposed of youths selected from his Christian\\ncaptives. He conquered the greater part of\\nThrace, and made Adrianople his capital.\\nHis successor, Bajazet I., conquered the\\ngreater pait of the Eastern or Greek Empire\\nand besieged Constantinople; but being\\nsummoned to Asia to stop the encroach\u00c2\u00ac\\nments of Tamerlane, he had to abandon the\\nsiege. Bajazet assumed the title of Sultan,", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0524.jp2"}, "525": {"fulltext": "THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\n487\\nhis predecessors being known by that of\\nEmir. In 1453, Mahomet II. took Constan\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinople and made it the capital of the Turkish\\nor Ottoman Empire. His grandson, Selim\\nI., conquered Syria and Egypt, and Solyman\\nthe Magnificent, annexed the greater part of\\nHungary and extended the Turkish domin\u00c2\u00ac\\nions in the East.\\nThe Turks Defeated.\\nFrom the reign of Solyman the power of\\nthe Ottomans continued unabated till 1683,\\nwhen John Sobieski, King of Poland, de\u00c2\u00ac\\nfeated the Turks and drove them out of\\nAustria and Hungary. Thenceforward the\\npower of Turkey continued steadily to de\u00c2\u00ac\\ncline. By the peace of Carlowitz, in 1699,\\nAustria, Venice and Poland received back\\nthe territory previously wrested from them\\nby Turkey.\\nDuring the eighteenth century Turkey\\nwas engaged in an almost uninterrupted\\nseries of wars with Russia, the result of\\nwhich was seriously detrimental to the Turk\u00c2\u00ac\\nish interests. Russia secured the Crimea\\nand Azov, and the River Dniester was made\\nthe boundary between the two empires.\\nThe Greeks rose in rebellion in 1821, and\\nadopted an independent provisional constitu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion in 1822. The manly efforts made by\\nthe Greeks in face of overwhelming odds\\ninduced liberty-loving people in many\\nEuropean countries to furnish the patriots\\nwith men and money. Prominent among\\nthose who figured in the struggle for Grecian\\nfreedom was Lord Byron, who died at Mis-\\nsolonghi in 1824. Russia, France and\\nEngland finally interfered in behalf of the\\nGreeks, destroyed the Mohammedan fleet at\\nNavarino, and compelled Turkey to acknowl\u00c2\u00ac\\nedge the independence of Greece, 1829.\\nIn 1853 the Emperor Nicholas of Russia\\ndemanded that a Russian protectorate be\\nestablished over the Greek Christians in the\\nTurkish Empire\u00e2\u0080\u0094a demand that was resisted\\nby the Sultan. Nicholas thereupon declared\\nwar and invaded the Danubian Principalities.\\nEngland and France joined Turkey as allies\\nin 1854, and in 1855 Sardinia also embraced\\nthe cause of the Sultan.\\nThe Russians were defeated and had to\\nevacuate the Danubian Principalities. The\\nseat of war was then transferred to the\\nCrimea, a peninsula in the south of Russia,\\non the Black Sea. Here the Russians were\\ndefeated by the allies at the battles of Alma,\\nInkerman and Balaklava. Sebastopol, the\\ngreatest Russian stronghold on the Black\\nSea, was besieged, and after a protracted\\nresistance capitulated. Peace was finally\\nconcluded at Paris in 1856.\\nWar with Russia.\\nThe European powers having been unable\\nto satisfactorily settle the differences between\\nTurkey and her other rebellious provinces,\\nRussia interfered in behalf of the latter, and\\ndeclared war against Turkey in 1877. A\\ndesperate struggle ensued, the most cele\u00c2\u00ac\\nbrated battle fought being that of Plevna, in\\nwhich the Turks suffered a severe defeat.\\nThe result of the war was that the Danubian\\nPrincipalities secured their independence, and\\nRussia received Bessarabia, Batoum, Kars\\nand Ardahan in Asia.\\nTurkey in Europe at present covers about\\n62,028 square miles, and has a population of\\n4,786,545. Turkey in Asia occupies 710,320\\nsquare miles, and has a population of over\\n21,608,000.\\nIn Egypt (the principal Turkish possession\\nin Africa) the hold of the Sultan appears to\\nbe very weak. The present condition of\\nTurkey seems to warrant the title, the sick\\nman of Europe,\u00e2\u0080\u009d for some time applied to it.\\nTurkey has always been true to herself.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0525.jp2"}, "526": {"fulltext": "483\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\nThe history of the Mohammedan power is\\none of rapine, outrage and murder, and the\\nmassacres in Armenia were only what might\\nhave been expected. None the less the\\nwere enough to awaken the horror and\\nindignation of all civilized peoples.\\nHE epoch of Menes is the first\\nchronicle in the history of\\nancient Egypt, and has been\\nplaced at 5004 B. C. This\\nfact points to a very ancient\\norigin. Allusions are made\\nto Egypt in the Book of\\nGenesis and many other parts of the Bible.\\nThe history of the country is largely written\\nupon tablets of stone, which in recent times\\nhave been deciphered, thus rendering Egypt\\na country of peculiar interest.\\nUnfortunately the decline which has af\u00c2\u00ac\\nfected all the old nations of the East has cast\\ndown the ancient glory and left everywhere\\nthe footprints of death. Still, in her ruins\\nEgypt is a country of marvelous interest.\\nLong subject to outside powers, she still\\nmaintains her traditional character and\\ncustoms.\\nA royal dynasty ruled for some centuries\\nbefore Cambyses, 524 B. C., and by that line\\nof monarchs were constructed those grand\\npyramids, temples and obelisks, whose re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmains make of Egypt the oldest of classic\\nlands. Cambyses brought Egypt under\\nPersian sway till the time of the invasion of\\nAlexander the Great, who built Alexandria.\\nAfter him came the line of Ptolemies, end\u00c2\u00ac\\ning in the person of Cleopatra, under whom\\nit became a Roman province. After a\\npossession of 760 years the Romans gave\\nplace to the Saracens, who ruled Egypt till\\n1250, when the Mameluke dynasty was\\nestablished.\\nAt the beginning of the sixteenth century\\nit fell into the hands of the Turks, under\\nwhom it became a satrapy, and the object of\\nincessant contention among the Mameluke\\nBeys. The French under Napoleon occupied\\nthe country, 1798-1802. I11 1811, Mehemet\\nAli, after a massacre of the Mamelukes, made\\nhimself master of Egypt, and the succession\\nwas confirmed to him and his descendants\\nby the treaty of London, 1841.\\nThe Title of King.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nIn 1866 enlarged powers were granted the\\nEgyptian rulers by conferring on them the\\ntitle of Khedive (king). The former Khedive\\nIsmail Pasha, was deposed by the Sultan,\\nJune, 1879, and was succeeded by his son,\\nMohammed Tewfik.\\nThe reigning Khedive is Abbas, born July\\n1 74 son of Mohammed Tewfik, who\\nsucceeded to the throne on the death of his\\nfather, January 7, 1892. In the summer of\\n1882, in consequence of a military rebellion,\\nEngland intervened, subdued the uprising,\\nand restored the authority of the Khedive.\\nEgypt embraces 10,698 square miles and has\\na population of 6,817,265. The prevailing", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0526.jp2"}, "527": {"fulltext": "19 Synagogue of the Portuguese Jews.\\n20 Mosque.\\nIV\u00e2\u0080\u0094THE MOHAMMEDAN QUARTER,\\n21 Khan and Bazaar\\n22 Mineral Bath.\\n23 Convent and Schools.\\n31 Pilate\u00e2\u0080\u0099s House.\\n32 Place of Flagellation.\\n83 Ruins of a Churcdi. Ilodtee of Simon the\\nPharisee.\\n34 Church of St. Anna..\\n35 House of Herod. Dervish\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Mosque.\\nMODERN\\nJERUSALEM\\nDamaseii\\nDISTINCTION or EDIFICES Gate,\\nMosks and other Turkish builds\\nfgg Churches and Cloisters\\nEM Christian Cliurches^ss^^^^\\nEZ) Synagogues s vM,\\nr\\n(.olden\\nG ate 1 II III IV V\\nif/ mm\\nWM/ Tomb at\u00c2\u00a7i\\na JehoitaplraS\\nT\\ndJA hsn 1 Hmsi/TZ!\\nHi! ftJ ames\u00e2\u0080\u009dToH\\nmjt Zachai iah^s\\nW Tomb\\nI., ms\\ni rTInkrl\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nWBBr\\nZions\\nWmk Jm\\nwmimMSmmm\\nI The Christian Quarter\\nII The Armenian Quarter\\nIII The Jews Quarter\\nIV The Mahommedan 9 Quarter\\nV The Moors Quarter\\nMM\\n24 Institute for Blind Dervishes.\\n25 Hospital of St. Helena.\\n2G Reputed site of the House of the Rich Man.\\n27 Reputed site of the House of St. Varonica.\\n28 Residence of the Turkish Pasha.\\n29 Arch of the Ecce Homo.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n30 Place of the \u00e2\u0080\u009cScala Sancta,\u00e2\u0080\u009d the Holy Stair\u00c2\u00ac\\ncase.\\nV.-THE MOORS\u00e2\u0080\u0099 QUARTER.\\na Armenian Convent. House of Caiaphas.\\nb American Burial Ground,\\nc David\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Tomb,\\nd Place of Wailing of the Jews.\\nJust within Zion s Gate are urretched abodes of\\nlepers.", "height": "4628", "width": "2783", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0527.jp2"}, "528": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0528.jp2"}, "529": {"fulltext": "I .on^itude East from (ire -iiv\\\\ i\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0080\u00a2 h\\nf|\\nc^r\\ni\\nIII\\nrev*\\n\\\\5\\n1 A\u00c2\u00bb\\nn 5\\nK", "height": "3208", "width": "4030", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0529.jp2"}, "530": {"fulltext": "488\\nThe\\none\\nmass\\nJ\\nGenes\\nThe h\\nupon t\\nhave t\\na coun\\nUnfJ\\nfected\\ndown 1\\nthe fo\\nEgypt\\nLong\\nmainta]\\ncustom\\nA ro\\nbefore\\nof moi\\npyrami\\nmains i\\nlands.\\nPersian\\nAlexan\\nAfter\\ning in t\\nit beca\\nMODERN JERUSALEM.\\nI-THE CHRISTIAN QUARTER.\\n1 Goliath\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Castle.\\n2 Latin Convent.\\n3 Church of Holy Sepulchre.\\n4 Greek Convent-\\n13 Modern Evangelical Church.\\n14 Hospital and Syrian Convent.\\nII,\u00e2\u0080\u0094THE ARMENIAN QUARTER.\\n15 Armenian Convent, with the Church of Sfc.\\nJames.\\nw mm\\nb\\\\e Z EWlfH\\n(tile Modern Ci\\nvfcAncient\\nGate\\nTomb of A Vexaiidfit\\nNk QtsternS^\\nKphraims\\ni I AA\\nPalace of\\n6f (Hanaivei\\nG i8PP\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0098PdfcofioUmV\\npt\u00c2\u00b0sf ,oh\\nfmt\\nIgvfe r a G a tjNgi|\\nSenate\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n1 Loused\\nthije*\\nJchfkUi h\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0wu Garde,];\\nimam ny*\\npff Upper JP: M\\n==ss\u00c2\u00a3 Markets?.\\nBio grrfi\\nOTy of iSiWfiK\\nUilcSsi\\n^Dragon:\\nFoii ntaf\\nFirst Wajll,u%;\\nCity of David a\\nand Solomon, C\\nff atlj\\n3mu\\nSliCOXD \\\\v a 1:.:; 1\\ncfJ?? y\\nbuilt by Joth am y\\nIiezekiah,and\\nManasseh,Both\\nwalls after the ill 1\\nexile rebuilt by\\nNehemiah.\\nThird Wall 4||\\nbuilt by Herod Agrippa\\nA.D.45\\ngt^i Priest\\n-Anauus I\\nCircumvallation of the City\\nby the Romans under Titus\\nSp-Pompey s\\nLB. Folger Sc- Civ\\n5 Coptic Convent.\\n6 Ruins of St. John\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Hospital.\\n7 Greek Church. St. John\u00e2\u0080\u0099s.\\n8 Residence of the Christian Bishop.\\n9 Church of the Greek Schismatics.\\n10 Tower of Hippicus. David\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Tower.\\n11 Supposed site of the Tower of\\nPhasaelus.\\n32 The Prussian Consulate.\\nThe only building in Jerusalem which\\npresents any appearance of comfort.\\n16 Nunnery of St. George.\\n17 Barracks.\\nIll\u00e2\u0080\u0094THE JEWS\u00e2\u0080\u0099 QUARTER.\\nThe most wretched in the city.\\n18 Synagogue of the Shepardim.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0530.jp2"}, "531": {"fulltext": "THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\n489\\nreligion is Mohammedan, exclusive of 600,000\\nCopts, who have the honor of being Chris\u00c2\u00ac\\ntian descendants of the ancient Egyptians.\\nThe country changes but slowly, is fixed\\naud stereotyped, like all others of the Orient,\\nand gives little sign of progress.\\n1\\ni\\nm\\noCfoo\\nv ;v;;; 7*\\n;V.V.*r; \\\\y\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2/A\u00e2\u0080\u0099V. V\\n~TT\\nA-J\\nh\\nt**\\nt 7 J\\nJI r. .\u00e2\u0080\u0098.\u00e2\u0080\u0099lu I J.V.\\nPALESTINE\\n;!5l*\\niiPP\\n~T~\\n--x\\n4\\n$1\\nt ALESTINE derives its name from\\nthe Hebrew Pelescheth Land\\nof the Philistines\u00e2\u0080\u009d), and in re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmote times was known as\\nCanaan. Under the reigns of\\nDavid and his son Solomon, it\\nconstituted a flourishing kingdom. The\\nsubsequent history of Palestine is identical\\nwith that of Judea and of the Jewish people,\\nuntil its subjection by Rome.\\nThe country remained in the power of the\\nRomans till the conversion of the empire to\\nChristianity, when it became an object of\\nreligious veneration. In the sixth century\\nit fell under the sway of the Mohammedans,\\nwhich gave occasion to the Crusades. Jeru\u00c2\u00ac\\nsalem was taken by the European forces, and\\nwas under Godfrey of Bouillon erected into\\na Latin kingdom, which endured for above\\neighty years, during which the Holy Land\\nstreamed with Christian and Saracen blood.\\nIn 1187 Judea was conquered by Saladin,\\non the decline of whose kingdom it passed\\nthrough various hands, till, in 1517, it was\\nfinally added to the Turkish Empire.\\nTo all Christians throughout the world\\nPalestine is a Holy Land. It is associated\\nwith the lives of patriarchs, prophets and\\napostles, and also with that of Jesus of\\nNazareth. Early in the Christian era Jeru\u00c2\u00ac\\nsalem received the blow that shattered its\\nsacred temple, and began the downfall of\\nthe most remarkable nation of the ancient\\nworld. The old landmarks are obliterated,\\nthe country has been desolated, no bright\\nfuture seems to be before it, yet of all lands\\non the face of the earth it is the one whose\\nsoil is trod with reverent feet, and whose\\nlocalities have an absorbing interest to the\\nvisitor.\\nModern Changes.\\nAs regards Jerusalem, a new town has\\nsprung up outside the walls, and there are\\nabout 50,000 Jews in and about the holy\\ncity. Yet the character of the ancient nation\\nhas been changed and Palestine as it once\\nwas does not exist.\\nThe present condition of the country\\nshows the beginning of rapid changes in\\nevery direction. The thousands of visitors\\nwho every year pour into the country con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntribute in no small degree to alter the\\ncharacter, the habits and the ideas of the\\npeople. Roads are being everywhere con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstructed in a country where, but a few years\\nago, there were no roads. The traveler can\\nnow drive from Jaffa to Jerusalem, from\\nJerusalem to Jericho, and also from Jeru\u00c2\u00ac\\nsalem to Hebron. Societies formed for ex-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0531.jp2"}, "532": {"fulltext": "490\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\nploration have done much toward preserving\\nthe history of the country as revealed in its\\npresent ruins. Those who wish to see\\nPalestine as it has been for a thousand years\\nand more, must go at once or they will never\\nhave the opportunity.\\nRABIA consists of a peninsula,\\nwith a length of about 1500\\nmiles, a breadth of 900 miles\\n(Suez to Bassorah), and an area\\nof more than 1,000,000 square\\nmiles. It sea-coast is over 1200\\nmiles long, and a large proportion of the\\ncountry is an arid, sandy desert. On the\\nshores of the Rea Sea and Persian Gulf there\\nis, however, considerable good and fertile\\nland.\\nThe Arabs claim descent from Ishmael,\\nand have always been a wild and independ\u00c2\u00ac\\nent people of nomadic instincts. Their\\nhistory proper begins with the advent of the\\nprophet Mohammed and the foundation of\\nthe Caliphate. There are properly from\\n12,000,000 to 15,000,000 inhabitants of the\\nPeninsula, of whom all but a few Guebres\\n(fire worshippers), some negroes and a few\\nJews, are Mohammedans.\\nCoffee, believed to be indigenous, is one\\nof the chief articles of export, and balm,\\nfrankincense, gum arabic, cassia and other\\ndrugs and spices grow freely. Wheat,\\nbarley, beans, millet and lentils form the\\nfood of the natives, and almonds, dates, and\\ntamarinds are largely exported. The rivers\\nof Arabia are few and unimportant; the heat\\nis intense, and little rain falls at any season.\\nHE early history of China is\\nlost in antiquity. In the I ith\\ncentury the country was sub\u00c2\u00ac\\njugated by Jenghis Khan,\\nwhose descendants were after\u00c2\u00ac\\nward supplanted by the Ming\\ndynasty of native princes. In\\n1294 the first Christian missionaries reached\\nPekin. In the early part of the 17th century,\\nthe Ming dynasty was subverted by the\\nMantchoo Tartars, who substituted an empe\u00c2\u00ac\\nror of their own race.\\nThe first foreign powers to establish rela\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions with China was Great Britain in the\\n17th century. In 1839, seizure by the gov\u00c2\u00ac\\nernment of opium belonging to British mer-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0534.jp2"}, "533": {"fulltext": "THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\n401\\nchants was the cause of hostilities, known as\\nthe \u00e2\u0080\u009cOpium War,\u00e2\u0080\u009d 1840, and which was\\nput a stop to by treaty in 1842, by which\\nthe Island of Hong-Kong was ceded to\\nEngland, five ports opened free to foreign\\ncommerce, and a heavy indemnity paid the\\nEnglish merchants. This treaty was fol\u00c2\u00ac\\nlowed by one with the United States in\\n1844, and with France in 1845. In 1851, a\\nrebellion on a large scale broke out, known\\nas the Tae-ping Civil War, which, after many\\nsuccesses on the part of the rebels, was tem\u00c2\u00ac\\nporarily suppressed in 1853. Another war\\nwith England, in conjunction with France,\\noccurred in 1856, in which Canton was bom\u00c2\u00ac\\nbarded, and Pekin menaced by the Euro\u00c2\u00ac\\npeans. Another treaty, June 26, 1858,\\nterminated hostilities, and gave new and im\u00c2\u00ac\\nportant advantages to foreigners, among\\nwhich were the toleration of Christianity,\\nthe opening of new ports to commerce, and\\nthe reception at Pekin of foreign envoys.\\nIn 1859, an attempt to ignore this treaty\\nled to the occupation of Pekin by English\\nand French troops after which the treaty\\nwas ratified. From 1861 to 1868, the Tae-\\nping rebellion broke out anew, with slight\\nintermissions. In 1867, Mr. Burlingame\\nwas appointed envoy-extraordinary from the\\nUnited States to Pekin, and in 1868 effected\\na treaty with China, which conferred on\\nAmericans in China the same rights and\\nprivileges possessed by Chinese in the United\\nStates. In 1871, to avenge outrages by the\\nCoreans upon American shipwrecked mari\u00c2\u00ac\\nners, a United States force visited their pen\u00c2\u00ac\\ninsula. Recent years have seen the termin\u00c2\u00ac\\nation of the rebellion in Sungaria, and\\nbetter relations between China and Russia,\\narising over the Kashga rebellion, which was\\nput down in 1879.\\nThe war between China and Japan in 1894\\nresulted disastrously to the former, the su\u00c2\u00ac\\nperiority of the Japanese arms being evident\\nat every point of the contest. China sought\\nby diplomacy to avert further catastrophe,\\nand the strong hand of Russia was soon seen\\nin the terms of peace.\\nHE empire is politically sub\u00c2\u00ac\\ndivided into provinces, depart\u00c2\u00ac\\nments and districts, formerly\\ngoverned by upwards of 200\\nprinces called Daimios each\\nof whom held absolute power\\nover his own jurisdiction in\\n1870-1, these princes were made subordi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnate to the Mikado or supreme ruler of the\\nEmpire. This Mikado, or Emperor, is con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsidered of semi-divine origin, and was until\\nquite recently invisible to the people at large.\\nIn 1542 the Portuguese established a\\nsettlement at Nagasaki, and the Dutch\\nobtained a temporary footing in 1600, but\\nintercourse with the outside world came to\\nbe entirely suspended until about the middle\\nof the present century. Since 1867, several\\nembassies have visited the United States and\\nEurope. In February, 1889, a new consti-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0535.jp2"}, "534": {"fulltext": "492\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\ntution was promulgated, establishing import\u00c2\u00ac\\nant reforms, such as a parliament, the right\\nof suffrage to all men twenty-five years old\\nand over, who pay a certain amount of tax,\\nliberty of religion, of speech and the right to\\nhold public meetings. Judges cannot be\\nremoved, except by special legislation.\\nJapan has shown a remarkable ability to\\nadapt herself to Western civilization. With\\nsingular acuteness she has adopted ideas\\nfrom other countries, and within the last few\\nyears has undergone rapid changes. These\\ndo not so much affect her form of govern\u00c2\u00ac\\nment as her system of education, and, to\\nsome extent, her manners and customs. The\\nJapanese have been called the ankees of\\nthe Orient.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nWhen war broke out between her and\\nChina in 1894, she showed herself fully\\nequipped for the conflict by possessing arms\\nof the most recent type and by being thor\u00c2\u00ac\\noughly versed in the most approved methods\\nof military tactics. Her swift and brilliant\\nvictory was anticipated from the first.\\nN the widest sense of the term,\\nBritish India comprises all that\\npart of the great Indian penin\u00c2\u00ac\\nsula which is directly or in\u00c2\u00ac\\ndirectly under British rule, as\\nwell as certain countries beyond\\nthat area which are under the\\ncontrol or protection of the Governor-\\nGeneral. The Government of the Indian\\nEmpire is entrusted to a Secretary of State\\nfor India, assisted by a Council of not less\\nthan ten members, vacancies in which are\\nnow filled up by the Secretary of State for\\nIndia.\\nBut the major part of the Council must be\\nof persons who have served or resided ten\\nyears in India, and have not left India more\\nthan ten years previous to the date of their\\nappointment; and no person not so qualified\\ncan be appointed unless nine of the continu\u00c2\u00ac\\ning members be so qualified. The office is\\nheld for a term of ten years but a member\\nmay be removed upon an address from both\\nHonses of Parliament, and the Secretary of\\nState for India may for special reasons re\u00c2\u00ac\\nappoint a member of the Council for a\\nfurther term of five years. No member can\\nsit in Parliament. Therefore it will be seen\\nthat the intention is not to allow the repre\u00c2\u00ac\\nsentatives in the Council to have any con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrolling voice in the affairs of the country,\\nyet they possess a certain influence.\\nIndia is the ancient name of all that part\\nof Southern Asia which extended from\\nPersia to Serica (North China). The knowl\u00c2\u00ac\\nedge possessed of this portion of the world\\nis extremely small, and dates from the ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npedition of Alexander the Great. Seleucus\\nNicator extended the conquests of the\\nGreeks beyond the furthest point reached by", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0536.jp2"}, "535": {"fulltext": "THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD\\n493\\nAlexander. Ptolemy learned more from\\nsubsequent travelers, and his grand division\\nof the country into India Within and Beyond\\nthe Ganges has remained to the present day.\\nProm the time of the expedition of Alex\u00c2\u00ac\\nander the Great, in the 4th century, B. C.,\\ndown to the 15th century\\nof our era, the history of\\nIndia, divided as it was\\ninto an infinity of independ\u00c2\u00ac\\nent states, is of compara\u00c2\u00ac\\ntively little interest for the\\ngeneral reader. In 1525\\nthe country was invaded\\nby Baber, who established\\nthe Mogul line of princes,\\nwhose power culminated\\nunder his successor Au-\\nrungzebe.\\nBritish Arms.\\nAfter the latter\u00e2\u0080\u0099s death,\\n1707, the Mogul dynasty\\nbegan to decline; and after\\nan unsuccessful attempt\\nmade by the French to\\nestablish their power in\\nIndia, the foundations of a\\nvast political power were\\nlaid between 1750 and\\n1765, by the greater re\u00c2\u00ac\\nsources and superior mari\u00c2\u00ac\\ntime strength of the Eng\u00c2\u00ac\\nlish. Since that period the\\nhistory of India presents\\nbut a succession of battles\\nfought and territories con\u00c2\u00ac\\nquered by British arms.\\nIn 1857 occurred the great Sepoy mutiny,\\nwhich was extinguished after much blood\u00c2\u00ac\\nshed. In the year following, the foreign\\ncommerce of India, long a monopoly in the\\nhands of the East India Company, was\\nfinally thrown open to the world, and their\\npolitical jurisdiction vested in the British\\ncrown. The assassination of the Governor-\\nGeneral of India, the Earl of Mayo, in 1872,\\nfirst attributed to political motives, seems to\\nhave been only an act of fanaticism. In\\nPAGODA OF CHILLENBAUM, INDIA.\\n1878, over 500,000 deaths occurred at\\nMadras alone by famine.\\nThe costume is in numerous nationalities\\ncharacterized universally by the ease, light-\\nI ness and loseness common in the East and", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0537.jp2"}, "536": {"fulltext": "494\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\nsuitable to the hot climate. But it varies in\\nthe many provinces, and, indeed, with every\\nnationality. The turban (pagri) has every\\nsort of dimension, from minute neatness to\\nturgid massiveness.\\nThe waistband (dhoti) extends often below\\nthe knee, in which case there is no trouser.\\nJackets in many styles are common. The\\nwoman\u00e2\u0080\u0099s dress in many respects resembles\\nscarfs and shawls is the prevailing color. As\\na whoie the national dress is picturesque,\\nand a holiday crowd has the appearance of\\na flower garden.\\nFour-fifths of the population are affected\\nlargely by the caste system connected with\\nthe popular religion. A religious sanction\\nin some degree attaches to infant marriage,\\nor child marriage, with all classes; also, to\\nENGLISH TROOPS ON THE MARCH IN INDIA.\\nthat of the men. The petticoat is not uni\u00c2\u00ac\\nversal. The headdress is often extended, so\\nas to hang gracefully down the back. The\\nshoe is not always worn indeed, the hum\u00c2\u00ac\\nbler classes are generally barefooted. With\\nthem the blanket is often a plaid.\\nThe black colors of Europe are seldom\\nseen, but indigo blue is common. Other\u00c2\u00ac\\nwise white, set off by gay margins, and rich\\nthe seclusion of women, and to the prohib;\\ntion against remarriage of widows with the\\nupper and middle classes.\\nIn practice the women of the masses are\\nnot secluded, but, on the contrary, appear\\neverywhere, and work out of doors they\\nremarry, too, if in widowhood. The burn\u00c2\u00ac\\ning of widows on the funeral pyres of their\\nhusbands has long been suppressed by the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0538.jp2"}, "537": {"fulltext": "the countries of the world.\\n495\\ncriminal law under British rule. Polyandry\\nis found only among a few of the aboriginal\\ntribes. Old customs, many of them bar\u00c2\u00ac\\nbarous and cruel, are disappearing before the\\nadvance of Christian civilization, but here, as\\nelsewhere, the advance is very slow.\\nFGHANISTAN is subdivided\\ninto the three separate princi\u00c2\u00ac\\npalities of Cabul, Candahar and\\nHerat. The Afghans belong\\nto the Iranic race they are of\\na vigorous spirit and proud\\ntemper. Afghanistan is continually being\\nthreatened by England and Russia, both of\\nwhich nations desire the possession of Herat,\\nwhich is the key of Central Asia.\\nThe area is estimated at 225,00 square\\nmiles. Four-fifths of the country consists\\nof rocks and mountains the latter from the\\ntable-land in the north, varying from 15,000\\nto 16,000 feet in height and in the case of\\nthe Hindoo Coosh, to 20,493 feet.\\nBeloochistan is subdivided into six prov\u00c2\u00ac\\ninces. Nearly the whole country is moun\u00c2\u00ac\\ntainous, except in the northwest and along,\\nthe coast, its general characteristics being a\\nrugged and elevated surface, barrenness and\\ndeficiency of water. The famous Bolan\\nmountain pass, which is the only means of\\ncommunication with the interior of the coun\u00c2\u00ac\\ntry from the plains of Northwest India, is on\\nthe northeastern boundary. Relate, the\\ncapital, is situate at 6000 feet above sea\\nlevel. The products vary with the climate,\\nwhich is cold in the elevated parts, and ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ncessively hot in the lower valley.\\nThe pursuits of the people are mostly\\npastoral. The inhabitants consist chiefly of\\nI of Belooches and Brohooees, two tribes\\nwhich are probably a race of mixed Tartar\\nand Persian descent. Beloochistan was\\nformerly subjected to Persia, and afterwards\\nto Afghanistan, but its people conquered\\ntheir independence in 1758. They are ruled\\nby several chiefs, under the more or less\\nnominal authority of the Khan of KeUt.\\nProducts of the Country.\\nAmong the natural productions of\\nAfghanistan is the plant yielding asafcetida.\\nThe castor-oil plant is everywhere common,\\nand good tobacco is grown in the district of\\nKandahar. Aitchison says that the culti\u00c2\u00ac\\nvated area around Herat produces magnifi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncent crops of wheat, barley, cotton, grapes,\\nmelons and the mulberry tree the produc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion being only limited by the amount of\\nlabor procurable.\\nSurrounding the villages and in orchards\\nthe ash, elm, apricot, apple, plum, quince,\\npeach and pomegranite are cultivated. In\\nspecial localities are forests of pistachio, its\\nleaves being used in dyeing.\\nThe general appearance of the country\\nduring winter is barren and arid in the ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ntreme, owing to the absence of trees and\\nwoody shrubs but in spring a mass of vege\u00c2\u00ac\\ntation springs up, giving a grand coloring to\\nthe landscape. The industrial products are\\nsilk, chiefly for domestic use, and carpets.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0539.jp2"}, "538": {"fulltext": "496\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\nThe manufacture of postins or sheepskins,\\nis one of the most important of the indus\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrial occupations of the people, and of late\\n*~ars the trade in this article has greatly\\nincreased. Afghanistan is crossed by several\\ntrade-routes leading to India on the one side,\\nand to Persia and Turkestan on the other;\\nmerchandise is carried by camels.\\nITTLE of a reliable character is\\nknown of the early history of\\nSiam. The foundation of Ayu-\\nthia, its former capital, dates\\nfrom 1350, and in the sixteenth\\ncentury its territorial rule ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ntended from the Cambodia\\nRiver as far south as the Strait of Malacca.\\nIn 1782 the existing dynasty mounted the\\nthrone, and in 1855\u00e2\u0080\u00946, treaties were effected\\nwith the United States, England and France,\\nwhich have largely facilitated foreign trade,\\nopened out the resources of the country, and\\ngenerally been the means of introducing\\nmany of the arts and manners of the West\u00c2\u00ac\\nern nations among the Siamese people. The\\npopulation is estimated at 6,300,000.\\nThe monarchy is absolute and hereditary,\\nand there are two kings, of whom the first is\\nthe actual reigning sovereign, the second re\u00c2\u00ac\\nceiving one-third of the revenue, and exer\u00c2\u00ac\\ncising the administrative functions of chief\\nminister. Buddhism is the dominant form\\nof religion, and the pagodas of Siam are the\\nfinest of all Indian temples. Within the last\\nfew years the king has raised a small regular\\narmy officered by Europeans and in time\\nof war the entire adult population are liable\\nto be called out any time for military service.\\nThe men are of an olive color, with little\\nbeard; but the women are of a straw com\u00c2\u00ac\\nplexion. They have been said to excel in\\nthe fabrication of gold, in fireworks and in\\nminiature-painting but in mechanical inge\u00c2\u00ac\\nnuity they are decidedly inferior to the\\nnatives of China and Cochin-China.\\nCharacteristics of the People.\\nThe chief production of Siam is rice. It\\nis the national food and its export forms a\\ngreat source of wealth to the country.\\nThe Siamese are very social, vain and\\nfond of bright dresses and jewelry. Their\\nintercourse with each other is conducted\\nwith ceremonious attention to distinctions ol\\nrank. They shave the heads of their chil\u00c2\u00ac\\ndren, with the exception of a tuft on the\\ncrown, which is cut off with great ceremony\\nat the age puberty.\\nMarriages are negotiated by elderly\\nwomen who find out if the birthdays of the\\nintended bride and bridegroom are suitable,\\nfor the Siamese are superstitious in this re\u00c2\u00ac\\nspect. The marriage ceremonies, during\\nwhich the chewing of betel-nut plays an\\nimportant part, last two or three days and", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0540.jp2"}, "539": {"fulltext": "THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\n497\\nail friends are entertained liberally during\\nthis time. The houses are built of wood or\\nbamboo, thatched with palm. Furniture\\nthere is none, unless a mosquito net, a mat\\nor two and cooking utensils be reckoned\\nfurniture, and these are very crude.\\n3\\n3: ill\\niS\\n3\\nM3\\nF M3\\n3 35\\n3\\nMH\\nm\\ni*\\nPERSIA\\ns\\n3*\\n3\\nS\\n?IS 3\\ns\\n55\\nt ERSIA dates its rise as a nation\\nfrom after the fall of the Assy\u00c2\u00ac\\nrian and Babylonian Empires,\\nand under Cyrus extended from\\nthe Indus almost to Greece and\\nLibya. Conquered by Alex\u00c2\u00ac\\nander the Great, it became during several\\ncenturies afterward a Greek satrapy and\\nabout 200 B. C. a Parthian monarchy. In\\nthe third century A. D. the native rule was\\nrestored under the Sassanides dynasty.\\nLater, Persia became the prey of the\\nTartars, the Turks, the Afghans, until re\u00c2\u00ac\\ndeemed by the victories of Nadir Shah.\\nAfter the death of the latter the country\\nagain became the scene of social anarchy and\\ncivil war, which continued till the establish\u00c2\u00ac\\nment of the present dynasty. In 1871-2\\nthe more Southern and Eastern provinces\\nwere desolated by a terrible drought and\\nfamine, which swept away thousands of the\\ninhabitants. In 1873 the Shah visited\\nEurope. Estimated population, 10,000,000.\\nSome of the immense valleys of Persia\\nabound with the rarest and most beautiful\\nvegetable productions among them are\\nwheat of the very best quality, barley and\\nother cereals, cotton, sugar, rice and\\ntobacco. The vine flourishes in many of\\nthe provinces, and the wines of Shiraz are\\ncelebrated. The mulberry-tree is largely\\ncultivated, silk being one of the most im\u00c2\u00ac\\nportant staples of the country. The chief\\nmanufacture is that of silk stuffs, of the\\nrichest kinds other fabrications include tex\u00c2\u00ac\\ntile goods, arms, carpets, shawls, etc. Persian\\ncommerce is very extensive, and chiefly car\u00c2\u00ac\\nried on with Russia by way of the Caspian Sea,\\nand with British India by way of the Persian\\nGulf.\\nA Despotism.\\nThe government is a despotism under the\\nShah or sovereign and though a large\\namount of the taxes levied never reaches the\\nroyal treasury, yet the latter is reported to\\npossess immense wealth in bullion and pre\u00c2\u00ac\\ncious stones. Mohammedanism of the Shiah\\ntype is the prevailing form of religion. The\\nPersian (or Persic) is the most celebrated of\\nall the Oriental languages in respect of\\nstrength, copiousness and poetic harmony,\\nand is written from right to left.\\nThe houses in Persia, those of the wealth\u00c2\u00ac\\niest people, not excepted, appear contempti\u00c2\u00ac\\nble, being generally built of earth or mud\\nand are grouped, even in the towns, with\\n32", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0541.jp2"}, "540": {"fulltext": "498\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\nlittle attention to uniformity or order. The\\ninteriors, however, of the houses of the rich\\nare sometimes perfect paradises of luxury\\nand elegance. The miserable look of the\\ntowns is, moreover, greatly redeemed by the\\nbeauty of the gardens which surround them.\\nARBARY and Egypt formed\\nnearly all of Africa known to\\nthe ancients. It was peopled\\nchiefly by Moors, Numidians\\nand Phoenician colonists; it at\u00c2\u00ac\\ntained great celebrity during\\nthe Carthaginian dominion\\nwas afterwards subject to the Romans, and\\noccupied for nearly a century by the Vandals.\\nThe Arabs took it finally from the Romans,\\nabout B. C. 697.\\nBarbary is an extensive region, comprising\\nall the northern portion of Africa, from\\nEgypt to the Atlantic Ocean, and from the\\nMediterranean to the Greater Atlas. It is\\ndivided by the Atlas range into two regions,\\nthat on the north comprising the four\\nBarbary States, viz., Morocco, Algiers, Tunis\\nand Tripoli; and the southern region, called\\nBeled-ul-Jerid, or Country of Dates.\\nIn this region stood the celebrated city of\\nCarthage in ancient times. Its site was\\nabout ten miles northeast of the present city\\nof Tunis. It was founded by Phoenicians,\\neight hundred and sixty-nine years before\\nthe Christian era. The Phoenicians were\\nthe first people who engaged in commerce,\\nand founded colonies for the purpose of\\ncarrying on trade.\\nThe city of Algiers was built by the\\nSaracens, in the year 944. The Govern\u00c2\u00ac\\nment, called the Regency of Algiers, was\\nfounded in 1518, by two Turks, named\\nHoruc and Hagradin. They were brothers,\\nand both bore the name of Barbarossa P or\\nRed-Beard.\\nAmerican Resistance.\\nThe country now called Morocco was\\nconquered by the Saracens about the same\\ntime with the other Barbary States. So\\nalso was Tripoli. All these states, except\\nMorocco, afterward fell into the hands of\\nthe Turks. During a long period, the Bar\u00c2\u00ac\\nbary States were in the habit of fitting out\\nvessels to cruise against the ships of other\\nnations. Their prisoners were sold as slaves,\\nand never returned to their own country,\\nunless a high ransom was paid for them.\\nThe Americans were the first who made\\nany considerable resistance to these outrages.\\nIn the year 1803, Commodore Preble sailed\\nto the Mediterranean Sea with a small Ameri\u00c2\u00ac\\ncan fleet. He intended to attack Tripoli;\\nbut one of his frigates, the Philadelphia, got\\naground in the harbor. The Turks took\\npossession of the Philadelphia. But one\\nnight Lieutenant Decatur entered the har-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0542.jp2"}, "541": {"fulltext": "THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\n499\\nbor of Tripoli, and rowed toward the cap\u00c2\u00ac\\ntured vessel, with only twenty men. He\\nleaped on board, followed by his crew, and\\nkilled all the Turks, or drove them over\u00c2\u00ac\\nboard the Philadelphia was then set on\\nfire.\\nAfter this exploit, Commodore Preble ob\u00c2\u00ac\\ntained some gunboats from the King of\\nNaples, and with these and the American\\nvessels, he made an attack on the fortifica\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions of Tripoli. The Bashaw of Tripoli\\nwas forced to give up his prisoners. In the\\nyear 1815, Commodore Decatur\u00e2\u0080\u0094the same\\nwho had burnt the Philadelphia\u00e2\u0080\u0094was sent\\nwith a fleet against Algiers. He captured\\ntheir largest vessels, and compelled the Al\u00c2\u00ac\\ngerines, apd the Tripolitans also, to agree\\nnever more to make slaves of Americans.\\nIn 1816, Algiers was battered by an\\nEnglish fleet under the command of Lord\\nExmouth. This was the severest chastise\\nment that the Algerines had ever received\\nat that period. But in 1830, the French\\nsent a large naval and military force against\\nAlgiers, commanded by Marshal Beaumont.\\nThe war continued for seventeen years,\\nan Arab leader, by the name of Abd-el-\\nKader, making a powerful resistance to the\\nFrench. At length Abd-el-Kader was de\u00c2\u00ac\\nfeated and taken prisoner; so the country\\nwas conquered, and Algiers, under the name\\nof Algeria is now a province of France.\\nI!**!\\n1 1 1 S\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009csfclii\\ni ABYSSINIA\\nI\\nlira;\\nBYSSINIA was a part of ancient\\nEthiopia; its inhabitants are of\\na dark olive complexion. In\\n1867, the British Government,\\nhaving wrongs to avenge, sent\\nto Abyssinia an army of 10,000\\nmen and the expedition resulted in the death\\nof the Emperor Theodorus II., and the de\u00c2\u00ac\\nstruction of his capital, Magdala.\\nA few years ago Italy endeavored to plant\\na colony in Abyssinia. The new colony is\\nnearly self-supporting, but in their endeavor\\nto extend their influence, the Italians came\\nto blows with the Abyssinians whom they\\nhad taken under their protection. Abyssinia,\\nthe only state of Central Africa with a pre\u00c2\u00ac\\ntence to civilization, is made up of the terri\u00c2\u00ac\\ntory of a few hundred fierce clans whose\\nchieftains render more or less obedience to\\nthe Negus or King. The people of that\\ncountry are nominally Christians, but their\\nrites are strangely mixed with Pagan usages\\nas old as their hills. The main difficulty\\nbetween Italy and Abyssinia seems to arise\\nout of the determination of the former to put\\ndown slavery.\\nEarly in March, 1896, a bloody battle\\nwas fought between the Abyssinian troops\\nand the Italian army, in which the latter\\nwas utterly defeated with great loss of life,\\nand a check was put upon the ambition of\\nItaly to make for herself a position like\\nother European nations on African soil. The\\ndefeat created great excitement in Rome and\\nother parts of Italy, and led to the instant\\ndownfall of the Crispi Ministry.\\nAbyssinia consists of two districts, Tigre\\nand Amhara and Shoa. The country is\\nmountainous, but in the vales the soil is\\nfertile. The rainy season continues from\\nJune to September, succeeded without in\u00c2\u00ac\\nterval by a cloudless sky and a vertical sun,", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0543.jp2"}, "542": {"fulltext": "500\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\nbut cold nights follow those scorching days.\\nThough situate between the tropics, the\\nproductions of Abyssinia rather resemble\\nthose of the temperate than of the torrid\\nzone. The population is estimated at\\n3,000,000.\\nI-\\nREPUBLICS IN SOUTH AFRICA\\na\\nNE of the earliest settlements\\nin South Africa was that of\\nthe Dutch at the Cape of\\nGood Hope. In 1806 Great\\nBritain acquired their do\u00c2\u00ac\\nmain, following which the\\nDutch emigrated in large\\nnumbers, moving north and\\neast. They acquired by force of arms from\\nthe Zulas the country known as Natal, where\\nthey settled. The number of the Boers, as\\nthey were called, who left the British\\ncolonies was about 10,000. They organized\\na government, and in 1854 the British guar\u00c2\u00ac\\nanteed them complete independence.\\nThe Boers also established a republic\\nknown as the Transvaal, the independence\\nof which was acknowledged in 1852. Here\\nthey have remained until the present time.\\nThey have had the name of being very ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nclusive and refusing rights to foreigners who\\nwished to enter their country. In 1887 the\\nBritish attempted to take the country, and\\nfor a while occupied it. In 1 880 the Trans\u00c2\u00ac\\nvaal Boers threw off the British yoke and re\u00c2\u00ac\\nestablished the republic, after a conflict with\\nthe British, in which the latter were defeated\\nwith great loss.\\nEarly in 1896 a British company, with\\npossessions bordering on the Transvaal, at\u00c2\u00ac\\ntempted to conquer the Boers. In this\\nattempt they were led by Dr. Jameson, but\\nhis force was signally defeated. This disaster\\ncaused excitement throughout England,\\nespecially as Germany expressed its sym\u00c2\u00ac\\npathy with the Boers.\\nThe population of the Transvaal is 119,-\\n128 Europeans, of whom half are Dutch.\\nThe native population is 560,000.\\nThe state has immense latent wealth in\\nits minerals, for, in addition to the numerous\\ngold-fields the deposits of silver, copper and\\nlead, iron, coal, cobalt, and other metals and\\nminerals, are sufficient to show that nature\\nhas favored the Transvaal beyond all African\\nStates. The country is rich in corn and pas\u00c2\u00ac\\nture land. The climate is, as a rule, healthy,\\nand in some parts exceptionally bracing.\\nThe number of English-speaking residences\\nis fast increasing on account of emigration.\\nRepublic of Liberia.\\nLiberia is a small Republican State of\\nWest Africa and occupies a part of the coast\\nof North Guinea. Length, 600 miles\\nbreadth interiorward, 50 miles. Monrovia\\nis its capital, at the mouth of St. Paul\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nRiver. The principal exports are coffee,\\nsugar, palm-oil, camphor, indigo, ivory and\\ngold dust. The population consists of\\n20,000 \u00e2\u0080\u009cAmerico-Liberians (immigrants\\nfrom America and their descendants) and\\n600,000 aborigines. The first settlement\\nwas formed by free negro colonists from the\\nUnited States, at Cape Mesurado, in 1820.\\nThe colony became an independent republic", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0544.jp2"}, "543": {"fulltext": "THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\n501\\nin 1847. The constitution and government\\nare based upon the model of those of the\\nUnited States.\\nThe Congo Free State has sprung out of\\nthe discoveries of Stanley and the explora\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions of the International Association, founded\\nat Brussels for the opening up to civilization\\nof the Congo and its tributaries. Its auton\u00c2\u00ac\\nomy was recognized during 1884 and 1885\\nby the leading powers of Europe, and by\\nthe United States, conditioned upon its main\u00c2\u00ac\\ntaining the principles of free trade. There\\nare twelve territorial divisions, the capital\\nbeing Boma.\\nThe central government is at Brussels,\\nand consists of the King of the Belgians as\\nsovereign, and three departmental chiefs.\\nOn the Congo there is an Administrator-\\nGeneral and several European administra\u00c2\u00ac\\ntors of stations and districts. The rest of\\nWest Africa is variously \u00e2\u0080\u009cprotected\u00e2\u0080\u009d by\\nEngland, France, Germany and Portugal.\\nAPE COLONY is an extensive\\nterritory belonging to Great\\nBritain, comprising the greater\\nportion of the South African\\ncontinent. It has an area of\\n183,286 square miles, with a\\ncoastline of 1,150 miles. The entire country\\nconsists of three elevated plateaux inter\u00c2\u00ac\\nsected by three great mountain-chains, be\u00c2\u00ac\\ntween two of which is what is called the\\nGreat Karroo, a desert plain nearly 500\\nmiles long by 100 broad. The principal\\nrivers are the Orange, Great Fish River,\\nElephant, and their affluents. Saldanha\\nBay is by far the best harbor on the coast.\\nMinerals are known variously to exist, but\\nhave been hitherto little mined. Some gold\\nhas been found, together with diamonds and\\nand other precious stones. The products\\nare fruits, tobacco, wool, etc. Sheep-farm\u00c2\u00ac\\ning is the staple industry of the country.\\nThe chief towns are Cape Town (the capi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntal), Grahamstown, Zwellendam.\\nThe aborigines consist of Hottentots and\\nCaffres; the colonists are chiefly Eng\u00c2\u00ac\\nlish, Dutch and French. Cape Colony is\\ngoverned by an English viceroy, and is an\\nimportant British military and naval station,\\nbeing considered the key to the Indian\\nOcean. In 1650, the cape was colonized by\\nthe Dutch, from whom it was taken by the\\nEnglish in 1795, and finally ceded to them\\nin 1815. Population, 566,158.\\nOstrich-F arming.\\nOstrich feathers have long been an article\\nof export from the Cape. For many years\\nthey were obtained at the expense of the\\ndeath of the birds, but in 1864, ostrich-farm\u00c2\u00ac\\ning was commenced at the Cape and is now\\none of the leading industries. The feathers\\nof the wild bird are more beautiful than\\nthose of the tame bird, and are recognized\\nat once by those engaged in the feather\\ntrade. A few elephants and buffaloes are\\nstill preserved.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0545.jp2"}, "544": {"fulltext": "502\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\nTT R :4\\nlilt\\nIt i|i\\nAt -ijjl\\nIf 1\\nMADAGASCAR\\nt\\n1 .V-.VA\\nI| 1 i}0.\\nCl\\nnil\\nll l\\nw*.\\niSS\\nADAGASCAR is the larg-\\ni vljraraiy est \u00c2\u00b0f the African islands,\\npm\\n^rn.v/.fi situated to the east of the\\ncontinent, from which it is\\nseparated by the Mozam\u00c2\u00ac\\nbique Channel, and sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nrounded by the waters of\\nthe Indian Ocean. It contains a population\\nof about 4,000,000. It is ioio miles in\\nlength, and 370 at its greatest breadth, con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntaining an area estimated at 228,540 square\\nmiles.\\nThe island was known to the early Arabs\\nas Jezira-el-Komr, and became known under\\nits present name through Marco Polo. Its\\nactual discovery is due to the Portuguese,\\n1506. By a treaty signed at Tamatave,\\nDecember 12, 1885, Madagascar was de\u00c2\u00ac\\nclared a French protectorate, and a port on\\nDiego Suarez Bay was ceded to France,\\nnow converted into a naval station. The\\nBritish acknowledged the French protec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntorate of Madgascar in 1890.\\nThe soil is fertile, with rich pasturage,\\nand magnificent forests abounding in valuable\\ntrees and medicinal plants the other pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nducts are rice, sugar, silk, cotton, cocoanuts,\\nbananas, sweet potatoes, indigo, pepper,\\nIndia rubber, etc. Iron ore is found in\\nseveral places, and coal is also said to exist;\\ngold, silver, copper and lead are also found\\nin small quantities. The principal manufac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntures are jewelry, chains, necklaces, straw\\nhats and dresses, termed lambas.\\nUSTRALIA is an immense is-\\nland, containing 3,000,000 of\\nsquare miles, and is about\\nas extensive as all the United\\nStates. The natives of Aus\u00c2\u00ac\\ntralia are described as the most\\ndegraded people in the world. They are\\nblack, and have frizzled hair like negroes\\nand they have veiy lean arms and legs.\\nTheir features have a resemblance to the\\nmonkey tribe, and they are said to be not\\nmuch handsomer or more intelligent than\\nthe orang-outangs found in the Malaysian\\nIslands.\\nThis great island was discovered by the\\nDutch, in 1610, but the whole of it is now\\nclaimed as a territory of Great Britain\\nCaptain James Cook, the celebrated naviea-\\no", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0546.jp2"}, "545": {"fulltext": "THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\n503\\ntor, took possession of it in 1770. It is\\ndivided into North Australia, Western Aus\u00c2\u00ac\\ntralia, South Australia, Victoria, Queens\u00c2\u00ac\\nland and New South Wales. The latter\\nbegan to be settled in 1778. It was then\\ncalled Botany Bay.\\nThe first colonists were not a very respec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntable sort of people. The English Govern\u00c2\u00ac\\nment conceived the plan of sending criminals\\nto Australia, instead of keeping them in\\njail, or sending them to the gallows. Ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncordingly, ship-loads were transported every\\nyear. This cannot be considered a severe\\npunishment, for the soil of Australia is\\nfertile, and the climate is delightful. During\\nmany years there were hardly any honest\\nmen in the new colony. Few of the inhabi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntants felt any reluctance to commit crimes,\\nor were ashamed to be found out; for they\\nknew that their neighbors were as bad as\\nthemselves. In later years, however, the\\npeople began to improve. The children of\\nthe convicts were now growing up, and their\\nparents had taught them to be more virtu\u00c2\u00ac\\nous than they themselves had been.\\nCriminals became so numerous in Austra\u00c2\u00ac\\nlia, that it was found necessary to plant new\\ncolonies of them and in 1804 Tasmania\\nwas appropriated to that purpose. In the\\nyear 1853 the home government abandoned\\nthe practice of transportation for crime. In\\n1850, rich gold mines were found in Austra\u00c2\u00ac\\nlia, which caused a sudden and extraordi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnary prosperity in these colonies. Many\\nmillions of dollars, in gold, are now sent\\nfrom this island to Great Britain every year.\\niANICA comprises what may\\nbe called the fifth division of\\nthe globe, including the great\\nisland of Australia and a\\nmajority of the smaller\\nislands lying between the\\nIndian Ocean and the China\\nSea on one side and the\\nWestern world on the other. A sketch of\\nAustralia has already been given; others\\nmay be noticed as follows 1\\nNew Guinea was discovered by the Portu\u00c2\u00ac\\nguese in 1511. It is now divided between\\nHolland, England and Germany; the Ger\u00c2\u00ac\\nman portion is called Kaiser Wilhelm\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nLand.\\nBorneo, which, until the naturalist Wal\u00c2\u00ac\\nlace s explorations proved that New Guinea\\nhad the greater area, was believed to be the\\nlargest island in the world except Australia,\\nwas discovered in 1578 by the Portuguese.\\nIn 1690 they effected a settlement, but were\\nsoon driven out from it. In 1702 and 1774\\nEngland made unsuccessful attempts to", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0547.jp2"}, "546": {"fulltext": "504\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\ncolonize the island, but of late years she has\\nmanaged to acquire a controlling influence\\nover the northwestern coast of the island.\\nSumatra, Java, Celebes are among the\\nlarger single islands, while among the most\\nimportant groups are the Malay Archipelago,\\nin which these are included, and almost all\\nof which have been subjugated by the Dutch,\\nthe Spaniards, the Portuguese and the\\nBritish the New Hebrides and Polynesia,\\nwhich general terms include, among others,\\nthe Hawaiian, which is one of the most im\u00c2\u00ac\\nportant in the Pacific Ocean. In 1829 the\\nindependence of these islands was acknowl\u00c2\u00ac\\nedged by the United States, who were fol\u00c2\u00ac\\nlowed in 1843 by the British and in 1844 by\\nthe French. Oueen Liliuokalani, who sue-\\nceeded Kalakaua, was deposed in 1894 and a\\nrepublican form of government was adopted.\\nNew Caledonia, an island lying to the east\\nof Queensland, was taken possession of in\\n1853 by the French, who established there\\na naval station and a penal colony, which are\\nstill maintained.\\nNew Zealand was first visited by the\\nDutch navigator Tasman in 1642. A colony\\nwas first established in 1840. Gold fields\\nwere discovered in 1857 which brought a\\nlarge immigration. Executive authority is\\nvested in a Governor appointed by the\\nCrown there is also a General Assembly\\nconsisting of a Legislative Council and a\\nHouse of Representatives.\\nTasmania, formerly known as Van Die-\\nman\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Land, ceased being a penal colony in\\n1853, since which time its population and\\nprosperity have largely increased. A Gov\u00c2\u00ac\\nernor appointed by the Crown holds the\\nexecutive there are also a Legislative\\nCouncil and a House of Assembly.\\nOLUMBUS on his first voyage\\ndiscovered the Paria coast on\\nthe 31st of July, 1498. The\\nnext year the whole Venezulean\\ncoast was skirted by Ojeda and\\nAmerigo Vespucci,and the name\\nLittle Venice\u00e2\u0080\u009d was given to an Indian vil\u00c2\u00ac\\nlage built on piles (as is common) on the\\nshores of Lake Maracaybo this is the\\norigin of \u00e2\u0080\u009cVenezuela,\u00e2\u0080\u009d the name now of the\\nwhole country.\\nIn 1527 the territory of Coro was pledged\\nby Charles V. to the Welsers of Augsburg,\\nwhose governors and adventurers had eyes\\nand thoughts only for gold and the fabled\\nEl Dorado. In 1558 the Crown resumed\\npossession; Caracas was founded in 1567,\\nand in 1578 became the seat of govern\u00c2\u00ac\\nment.\\nDuring the 17th century the attentions ot\\nthe Crown were limited to extracting as\\nmuch revenue from the colony as possible,\\nwhile the people entered earnestly on agri\u00c2\u00ac\\nculture and stock raising, and the various\\nreligious orders arrived and partitioned out\\nthe territory among themselves.\\nBut the next century saw the beginning of\\ntroubles. The government insisted on all\\ntrade being carried on with Spain alone, and\\nultimately with only one city\u00e2\u0080\u0094first Seville,\\nthen till 1778, Cadiz. Legitimate commerce\\ndwindled away, and smuggling by the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0548.jp2"}, "547": {"fulltext": "THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\n505\\nDutch and English alone interfered to keep\\ndown the enormous prices of European\\ngoods. The first revolt occurred in 1749;\\nother outbreaks kept the land in a ferment,\\nuntil in 1810 the revolution began which\\nended in the independence of the country\\nand the withdrawal of the royal forces in\\n1821.\\nFrom 1870 to 1877 the \u00e2\u0080\u009cIllustrious\\nAmerican,\u00e2\u0080\u009d General Guzman Blanco, was\\nfirst dictator and then president, and did\\nmuch to rescue the country from its embar\u00c2\u00ac\\nrassments. Joaquin Crespo is the present\\nruler.\\nThere has never been any agreement be\u00c2\u00ac\\ntween Great Britain and Venezuela as to the\\nboundary line between the latter country and\\nBritis 1 Guiana. T.b^ Venezuelan Govern\u00c2\u00ac\\nment represented to ours at Washington that\\nGreat Britain was disposed to make encroach\u00c2\u00ac\\nments and claim territory that did not by\\nright belong to her.\\nIn December, 1895, President Cleveland\\nsent a strong message to Congress on this\\nsubject, in which he took occasion to assert\\nin very plain terms the Monroe Doctrine.\\nThe message was received with great favor,\\nand a commission of investigation was ap\u00c2\u00ac\\npointed by Congress. For a time there was\\nloud talk of war between Great Britain and\\nthe United States, but wiser counsels pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nvailed, and Great Britain furnished the com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmission with all information in its posses\u00c2\u00ac\\nsion, which could be of service in reaching a\\njust and equitable conclusion. Population of\\nVenezuela, 2,270,000.\\nLONG the sea coast and banks\\nof some of the rivers, besides\\nsome extensive tracts in Minas-\\nGeraes, the country has been\\nbrought under cultivation but\\nby far the greater portion of\\nthe surface remains in a state of nature.\\nThe dense forests furnish almost every\\nvariety of useful and ornamental timber,\\nmore than one hundred species of palms,\\nlogwood, mahogany, Brazil, and numerous\\nother dye-woods, with sassafras, sarsaparilla,\\nipecacuanha, and a great variety of other\\ndrugs. Cocoa is an indigenous product;\\nmaize, sugar, cofifee, cotton, rice, wheat and\\ntobacco, have been introduced by European\\nculture.\\nThe animal as well as the vegetable pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nducts here present the greatest diversity.\\nThe diamond mines of Minas-Geraes are at\\npresent the most productive known. Other\\ngems, and large quantities of gold, besides\\nsilver, copper, iron and platinum, are among\\nthe mineral riches of the same province.\\nManufactures in Brazil are confined to cotton\u00c2\u00ac\\nweaving, tanning, and the production of\\ngoods of primary necessity.\\nBrazil was discovered on the 26th of Jan\u00c2\u00ac\\nuary, 1 500, by the Spaniards under Pinzon,\\none of the companions of Columbus. In\\nthe same year the Portuguese fitted out an\\nexpedition to follow up the successful dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ncoveries of Vasco de Gama in the East, and\\nfinally took possession of the country in\\n1640.\\nIn 1808 the royal family of Portugal was\\nexpelled by the French and took refuge in\\nBrazil, and the first act of Dom Joao VI.,", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0549.jp2"}, "548": {"fulltext": "506\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\nwas to open Brazilian ports to foreign com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmerce. Other wise and liberal measures\\ngreatly stimulated the growth of the country.\\nIn 1822 he was succeeded by his son who\\nwas proclaimed and crowned Emperor as\\nDom Pedro I. His reign, however, was not\\na fortunate one. Vexed with the opposition\\nhe encountered he abdicated in 1831 in\\nfavor of his eldest son Dom Pedro II.\\nAfter a brief government by regencies,\\nDom Pedro II. was crowned in 1840. He\\nproved to be a wise and liberal ruler and\\nwas popular with his people until the revo\u00c2\u00ac\\nlutionary disturbances of 1895, when he fled\\nto Europe where he soon afterward died.\\nThe population of Brazil is 14,000,000. and\\na good deal of enterprise is shown in devel\u00c2\u00ac\\noping the resources of the country.\\nflii Tl\\nrap* rv- j\\nSFr.t;-;v v.*: Vv\\nNlll. H|\u00e2\u0080\u009e lu l| jl|lnn ll|,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0098III\\nm\\n0 PERU\\nm\\nIII 1\\nlit,\\nV\\n.i\\nHr\\nERU is, for the most part, of\\nigneous formation and contains\\na number of active volcanoes,\\nthat of Omati being the prin\u00c2\u00ac\\ncipal. Earthquakes are fre\u00c2\u00ac\\nquent and violent. Lying off\\nthe coast near Callao are the Chincha Islands,\\nwhich, with those of Guadafe and Macabo,\\nyield guano in vast quantities. Agriculture\\nis much neglected, although the land is pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nductive of excellent coffee, cocoa, cotton\\nbesides drugs, tobacco, pimento, dyestuffs,\\netc. The chief articles of export are, after\\nguano, gold, silver, wine, sugar, quinine,\\nwool, etc.\\nWhen Pizarro, at the head of a small band\\nof Spanish adventurers, first landed on the\\nshores of Peru, 1532, he found it governed\\nby sovereigns called Incas, who were looked\\nup to by their subjects with awe and venera\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion and the inhabitants were distinguished\\nfor their mild and polished manners. But\\nthe avarice of their European conquerors led\\nlo scenes of blood and desolation the last\\nInca, Atahualpa, was put to death, and the\\nPeruvians became the victims of the most\\nunheard-of cruelties.\\nAfter being for nearly three centuries a\\nSpanish viceroyalty, Peru, in 1821, along\\nwith the rest of Hispano-America, achieved\\nits independence. In 1864, the Spaniards\\nseized the Chincha Islands until Peru should\\nmake reparation for injuries inflicted upon\\nSpanish subjects, and held them till 1866,\\nwhen Peru agreed to pay an indemnity of\\n60,000,000 reals. This treaty was not rati\u00c2\u00ac\\nfied, and an alliance entered into with Chile.\\nAfter war for nearly three years, peace was\\nrestored in 1869 by the intervention of the\\nUnited States. In 1881, war broke out be\u00c2\u00ac\\ntween Peru and Chili, resulting in the defeat\\nof Peru, and the occupation of portions of\\nthe country by the Chilean army.\\nAs a Republic.\\nOn June 3, 1886, General Caceres, who\\nhad gallantly defended his country against\\nthe Chilians from first to last, became con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstitutional president of Peru. His policy\\nwas retrenchment and the protection of the\\nIndian population. Payment of interest of\\nthe foreign debt had become impossible.\\nGeneral Caceres served his term of office,\\nand was peacefully succeeded as president,\\non August 10, 1890, by Colonel Don Remijio\\nMorales Bermudez. Peru is thus slowly", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0550.jp2"}, "549": {"fulltext": "THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\n507\\nrecovering from the disastrous effects of a\\ngreat calamity.\\nThe natural resources of the country are\\nbeing developed, a greater interest is taken\\nin public affairs, and with a more stable\\ngovernment, supported by the popular will,\\nthere is reason to predict a bright future for\\nPeru.\\nHE backbone of this country is\\nfound in the Great Cordil-\\nlerras of the Andes, here at\u00c2\u00ac\\ntaining an average height of\\n14,000 feet, many of whose\\npeaks are volcanic, notably\\nthat of Aconcagua (the high\u00c2\u00ac\\nest Andean summit), which has an altitude of\\n23,910 feet above the sea. The coast-line\\npresents steep and rocky shores, broken into\\nby some excellent harbors. The rivers and\\nlagoons are so small as to be undeserving of\\nmention. Climate healthy, taken, as a whole; a\\nscarcityof rain is, however, often felt. Earth\u00c2\u00ac\\nquakes are of common occurrence the last\\ngreat shock doing much damage in 1868.\\nChili is one bed of metals silver, gold,\\nlead, and iron are found largely and worked;\\ncopper, however, is the principal resource of\\nthe national wealth, and is mined by Eng-\\nlishmen on an immense scale. Sulphur,\\nantimony, zinc, manganese, alum, nitre, salt,\\ncoal, are other mineral items which influence\\na large exportation. The soil is of varying\\nfertility, fattening most towards the South\\nand the foothills of the Andes.\\nMany hard woods are made useful, instead\\nof iron, and the fruits of the temperate zone\\nthrive excellently. The Chilenos have thriven\\ngreatly since their emancipation from Spanish\\nrule the bulk of commercial transactions is\\ncarried on with Great Britain.\\nValparaiso is the chief port, Santiago is\\nthe capital; Valdivia, Concepcion, Talca are\\namong the largest and finest towns. The\\ngovernment is formed on the constitu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of 1833, and consists of three depart\u00c2\u00ac\\nments\u00e2\u0080\u0094the executive, legislative and judicial.\\nThe first is in the hands of a president, whose\\ntenure of office is five years the legislature\\nconsists of a Senate and Chamber of Deputies.\\nThe state religion is the Roman Catholic;\\nother religions are tolerated, but their public\\nexercise is not allowed. Chili, before the\\nSpanish irruption, belonged to the Incas of\\nPeru; in 1535-1540, its whole extent, ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ncepting only Araucania, was conquered by\\nthe lieutenants of Pizarro. It thenceforward\\nbecome a Spanish colony, until 1817, when,\\nafter a seven years\u00e2\u0080\u0099 war with Spain, the vic\u00c2\u00ac\\ntory of Maypu, gained by General San Mar\u00c2\u00ac\\ntin, secured the independence of the country.\\nAt present Chili is the most flourishing of all\\nthe Hispano-American republics.\\nClimate and Scenery.\\nThe temperature of Chili is remarkably\\neven and pleasant and always cool at nights.\\nIn the south it is dry for about eight months\\nin the year and rainy the other four. Vines\\nptow well on the hillsides and are a source\\no\\nof large income. The Andes are almost\\neverywhere visible, covered with perpetual\\nsnow. There are many volcanic peaks,\\nmostly extinct. Chili is subject to frequent\\nshocks of earthquake and occasionally tc", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0551.jp2"}, "550": {"fulltext": "508\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\ndestructive tornadoes. The railway system\\nof Chili is well developed, and in the north\u00c2\u00ac\\nern provinces there are several mineral rail\u00c2\u00ac\\nways belonging to English companies. The\\nConstitution of Chili is Republican and based\\nupon that of the United States.\\nUNITED STATES OF COLOMBIA\\nORMERLY known as New\\nGranada, the United States of\\nColombia is one of the most\\nprogressive of the South\\nAmerican Republics. It lies\\nin the extreme northwest\\nangle of the continent. On\\nthe north is the Caribbean Sea on the\\nnortheast and east, Venezuela on the south\u00c2\u00ac\\neast and south, Brazil and Ecuador; and on\\nthe west, the Pacific and Costa Rica. Its\\nextreme length from north to south is 1000\\nmiles, and the extreme breadth from east to\\nwest, 760 on the Isthmus of Panama, how\u00c2\u00ac\\never, the breadth is but 28 miles. It has an\\narea estimated at from 480,000 to 520,000\\nsquare miles. The population by the last\\ncensus was 2,880,633. Of these, rather\\nless than a million are whites, and about an\\nequal number have a large admixture of\\nIndian blood. The remainder are civilized\\nIndians, mulattoes, savage Indians, and the\\nvarious crosses between whites, Indians and\\nnegroes.\\nThe form of government established by\\nthe constitution of 1863 resembles in many\\nrespects that of the United States. The\\npresident is elected for two years. The\\nSenate consists of three members from each\\nof the states, and the lower house of dele\u00c2\u00ac\\ngates from the several states, each sending a\\nmember for every 50,000 inhabitants. Each\\nstate has its own legislative and executive\\nofficer.\\nNDER the head of Central\\nAmerica the countries em\u00c2\u00ac\\nbraced are the Republics of\\nGuatemala, San Salvador,\\nHonduras, Nicaragua and\\nCosta Rica. They declared\\ntheir independence Septem\u00c2\u00ac\\nber 21, 1821, and separated\\nfrom the Mexican confederation July 21,\\n1823. ihe states made a treaty of union\\nbetween themselves March 21, 1847. There\\nhas been among them since much anarchy\\nand bloodshed, aggravated greatly by the\\nirruption of American filibusters under Kenny\\nand Walker, 1854-5.\\nIn January, 1863, a war began between\\nGuatemala (afterward joined by Nicaragua)\\nand San Salvador (afterward supported by", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0552.jp2"}, "551": {"fulltext": "509\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\nHonduras). The latter were defeated at\\nSanta Rosa, June 16th, and San Salvador was\\ntaken, October 26th; the President of San\\nSalvador, Barrios, fled, and Carrera, the dic\u00c2\u00ac\\ntator of Guatemala, became predominant\\nover the confederacy. General Barrios,\\nPresident of Guatemala, attempts the union\\nof the five states, himself to be dictator,\\nopposed by all except Honduras, February.\\nHe is defeated and killed in a prolonged\\nbattle at Chalchuapa, April 2d peace with\\nthe states signed April 16, 1885.\\n\u00c2\u00a34 EM of the Antilles,\u00e2\u0080\u009d as\\nCuba has long been called,\\nit is at once the largest,\\nmost picturesque and in\u00c2\u00ac\\nviting of all the West\\nIndia Islands. Here are\\nscenes of tropical loveli\u00c2\u00ac\\nness, plantations with fertile soil and thrifty\\nproducts, flourishing towns and beautiful\\nharbors, a mixed population comprising all\\nsocial grades and all degrees of intelligence.\\nThe insurrection going on in Cuba in 1895\\nand 1896, aroused the sympathies of the\\nAmerican people. Spain sent a large army\\nto beat back the rising tide of patriotic im\u00c2\u00ac\\npulse and hold the island still under her domi\u00c2\u00ac\\nneering rule. Secret expeditions were fitted\\nout from the United States, and the sym\u00c2\u00ac\\npathy for the Cuban cause expressed in\\nC\u00c2\u00a9ngress stirred the hot blood of the proud\\nCastilian and mobs in different parts of\\nSpain assaulted and dishonored the Ameri\u00c2\u00ac\\ncan flag.\\nCuba was discovered by Columbus in\\n1492. The Spanish settlement was consum\u00c2\u00ac\\nmated in 1512, and the culture of sugar-cane\\nand tobacco introduced about 1580. Ameri\u00c2\u00ac\\ncan filibustering expeditions against the is\u00c2\u00ac\\nland occurred in 1850-51, both or which\\nended disastrously to their projectors. Ow\u00c2\u00ac\\ning to the oppressive rule sanctioned by the\\nhome government, the island broke out into\\nrevolt in September, 1868, and her people,\\ndeclaring their independence, formed a so-\\ncalled National Junta, and appointed Don\\nManuel Cespedes their commander-in-chief.\\nYears of Warfare.\\nA sort of guerrilla warfare was thus initi\u00c2\u00ac\\nated, and carried on until 1878, marked by\\nrandom engagements and resultant mas\u00c2\u00ac\\nsacres on both sides. Since October, 1868,\\nabout 90,000 soldiers have been sent to\\nCuba from Spain, of whom scarcely 15,000\\nsurvived. In addition to these, nearly 100,-\\n000 were sent in 1895\u00e2\u0080\u009496.\\nThe soil is fertile in the extreme forests\\nof vast extent are interspersed over the in\u00c2\u00ac\\nterior, presenting a vegetation almost un\u00c2\u00ac\\nequalled for luxuriance and variety. The\\nclimate is hot and variable hurricanes and\\nshocks of earthquake are frequent. Sugar\\nis the chief staple followed by tobacco, coffee,\\nrice, maize, tropical fruits and vegetables.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0553.jp2"}, "552": {"fulltext": "510\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\nThe Cobre mines yield large supplies of\\ncopper-ore, and coal, bitumen and varieties\\nof marbles and valuable stones are found.\\nSugar, rum, molasses, cigars and applica\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions of wax are the manufactures. The\\nheroic effort of the Cubans to throw off the\\nyoke of Spain, beginning in 1895, aroused\\nthe sympathies of the American people and\\nfor a time threatened complications between\\nthis country and the government at Madrid..\\nSpain sent over 200,000 troops to Cuba to\\nquell the insurrection, but the heroism dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nplayed by the Cubans prevented the success\\nof the Spanish army. Even the death of the\\nfamous Cuban leader, Gen. Antonio Maceo,\\nwho was lured into ambush and shot, failed\\nto dispirit the insurgents, who gallantly con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinued their struggle for independence.\\nHAWAII\\nOR\\nTHE SANDWICH ISLANDS\\nNUSUAL interest was awak\u00c2\u00ac\\nened throughout America\\nby the agitation in Hawaii,\\nor the Sandwich Islands,\\nwhich resulted in the over\u00c2\u00ac\\nthrow of the monarchical\\ngovernment and the estab\u00c2\u00ac\\nlishment of a Republic.\\nIn 1843 the independence of the govern\u00c2\u00ac\\nment was formally guaranteed by the English\\nand French. A line of monarchs followed,\\nthe last male member of which was King\\nKalakaua, who died at the Palace Hotel, in\\nSan Francisco, January 20, 1891.\\nIt was his travels and extravagance that\\ncaused the financial troubles which led to a\\nchange in the form of government. Princess\\nLiliuokalani, who succeeded her brother,\\nproved herself to be an erratic and self-willed\\nruler. She was constantly at variance with\\nher legislature and advisers, and in January,\\n1895, attempted to promulgate a new con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstitution, depriving foreigners of the right of\\nfranchise and doing away with the existing\\nHouse of Nobles, at the same time giving\\nherself power of appointing a new house.\\nThis was resisted by the foreign element of\\nthe community, who at once appointed a\\ncommittee of safety consisting of thirteen\\nmembers, who called a mass meeting of\\ntheir class, at which twelve or fifteen hundred\\npersons were present.\\nThe Queen Condemned.\\nThat meeting unanimously adopted reso\u00c2\u00ac\\nlutions condemning the action of the Queen\\nand authorizing a committee to take into\\nfurther consideration whatever was necessary\\nto protect the public safety. The committee\\nissued a proclamation to the Hawaiian people,\\nformed itself into a provisional government,\\ntook possession of the national property and\\nsent commissioners to the United States,\\ninviting this republic to annex the islands.\\nA treaty to that end was proposed by Presi\u00c2\u00ac\\ndent Harrison in February, 1893.\\nWhen Mr. Cleveland entered upon his\\nsecond administration he set this treaty", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0554.jp2"}, "553": {"fulltext": "THE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD\\n511\\naside and was openly accused of expressing\\nsympathy with the party who favored the re\u00c2\u00ac\\ntention of the Queen upon the throne. The\\nnew form of government, however, has ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nisted, and the islands are now under its\\ncontrol.\\nThe Sandwich Islands are thirteen in\\nnumber, the eight principal of which are in\u00c2\u00ac\\nhabited, viz., Hawaii, Oahu, Maui, Molokai,\\nLanai, Nihau, Kahoolani and Atuai. Hawaii,\\nThe Sandwich Islands constitute a calling\\nplace (Honolulu) for the mail-steamers\\nwhich ply between San Francisco, Japan and\\nChina. The inhabitants are of the pure\\nPolynesian (Malay) type. Discovered by\\nCaptain Cook in 1778, they were erected\\ninto a constitutional monarchy in 1840.\\nLying as they do in the middle of the\\nPacific Ocean, the Hawaiian Islands, though\\nwithin the tropics, enjoy a fairly temperate\\nTHE GRAND MAUNA LOA IN ACTION.\\nthe largest of the group, contains the capi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntal. Honolulu has an area of about 4000\\nsquare miles, and embraces within its limits\\ntwo of the largest volcanic mountains in the\\nworld\u00e2\u0080\u0094Mouna Loa and Mouna Koa\u00e2\u0080\u0094each\\nwith an elevation of about 14,000 feet above\\nthe sea. These islands are very fertile, pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nducing grain, coffee, sugar, cocoa, arrow-\\nroot, tobacco and fruits while on their fine\\npastures great quantities of cattle are reared\\nto supply the needs of merchant-vessels.\\nclimate. Rains, brought by the northeast\\ntrade wind, are frequent on the side of the\\nmountains which faces that quarter, but on\\nthe other parts of the islands little rain falls,\\nand the sky is generally cloudless. The\\nyearly rainfall at Honolulu, being on the\\nleeward side of Oahu, is under forty inches\\nthat of the islands generally about fifty-four\\ninches.\\nThe soil, whose constituent parts are\\nmainly scoriae, decomposed lava and sand,", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0555.jp2"}, "554": {"fulltext": "512\\nTHE COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.\\nis generally thin and poor, but at the bases\\nof the mountains and in the valleys there\\nare extensive tracks as fertile as they are\\nbeautiful. In Hawaii alone, on the Waimea\\nplains, thousands of sheep of the merino\\nbreed find grazing ground; and on most of\\nthe islands, while the upland slopes of the\\nmountains are clothed with dense forests, the\\nlower levels spread into grassy plains rich\\nwith sugar and rice plantations.\\nThe islands are separated from other lands\\nby a broad expanse and great depth of sea,\\nconsequently their natural history has many\\nspecial features of its own. In the high\\nmountains there are some species of plants\\nakin to those of the American continent. The\\nforest trees are mainly to be found on the\\nwindward, being the rainy side of the moun\u00c2\u00ac\\ntain ranges. Tropical fruits are numerous.\\nThere are now, as has been stated, numerous\\nsugar and rice plantations on the islands.\\nThe staple food of the natives consists of\\npoi a kind of thick paste made from the root\\nof the taro plant and raw or dried fish. The\\nonly indigenous animals are rats, mice, bats,\\ndoes and hoes, but others have been added\\no o 1\\nsince white men came to the islands cattle,\\nsheep, etc., having been introduced by Van\u00c2\u00ac\\ncouver and other navigators. There are\\nlarge numbers of semi-wild horses in the\\nkingdom, and in some parts of the mountains\\nwild dogs are also to be found.\\nReptiles are few, including on land one\\nspecies of the lizard and a few of the gecko\\nand the native birds, of which there are nine\u00c2\u00ac\\nteen species, are rapidly disappearing, though\\nforeign importations more than supply their\\nplace. The archipelago has unfortunately\\nno mineral resources. Coral rock is the\\nmaterial chiefly used for building purposes,\\nand to a less extent, basalt, compact lava\\nand sandstone. There is a large variety of\\nsea-shells, some of which are of exquisite\\nbeauty and loveliness.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0556.jp2"}, "555": {"fulltext": "HE most exact, as\\nwell as the most\\nsublime oh all the\\nsciences, is astron\u00c2\u00ac\\nomy. Where are\\nthe souls to whom\\nthe spectacle of\\nstarry night is not an elo\u00c2\u00ac\\nquent discourse Where\\nare those who have not\\nbeen sometimes arrested\\nin the presence of the\\nbright worlds which hover\\nover our heads and who\\nhave not sought for the\\nkey of the great enigma\\nThe solitary hours of night are in truth\\nthe most beautiful of all our hours, those in\\nwhich we have the faculty of placing ourselves\\nin intimate communication with Nature.\\nThe orb of day conceals from us the splen\u00c2\u00ac\\ndors of the firmament; it is during the night\\nchat the panoramas of the sky are open to us.\\nAt the hour of midnight, the heavenly vault\\nis strewn with stars, like isles of light in the\\nmidst of an ocean extending over our heads.\\nIn the vaporous darkness our eyes gaze\\nfreely on the sky, piercing the deep azure of\\nthe apparent vault, above which the stars\\n33\\nshine. They traverse the white constellated\\nregions, visiting distant realms of space,\\nwhere the most brilliant stars lose their\\nbrightness by distance they go beyond this\\nunexplored expanse, and mount still higher,\\nas far as those faint nebulae whose diffused\\nbrightness seems to mark the limits of the\\nvisible. In this immense passage of sight\\nthought is carried away by its flight and\\nwonders at these distant splendors.\\nIt is then that thousands of questions\\nspring up in our minds, and that a thousand\\npoints of interrogation rise to our sight.\\nThe problem of creation is a great problem\\nThe science of the stars is a sublime science;\\nits mission is to embrace all created things\\nAt the remembrance of these impressions,\\ndoes it not appear that the man who does\\nnot feel any sentiment of admiration before\\nthe picture of the starry splendor, is not yet\\nworthy of receiving on his brow the crown\\nof intelligence\\nNo one can study the human frame, its\\nmarvelous bones, joints, muscles, arteries,\\nnerves; its breathing lungs and beating\\nheart, sending its thrill of life through every\\nfibre of the complicated system, without\\nbeing led to the thought of an all-wise\\nCreator. Far more true is it, if possible, that\\nan undevout astronomer is mad.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n513", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0557.jp2"}, "556": {"fulltext": "514\\nASTRONOMY.\\nOf all the sciences astronomy is the one\\nwhich can enlighten us best on our relative\\nvalue, and make us understand the relation\\nwhich connects the earth with the rest of\\ncreation. Without it, as the history of past\\ncenturies testifies, it is impossible for us to\\nknow where we are or who we are, or to\\nestablish an instructive comparison between\\nthe place which we occupy in space and the\\nwhole of the universe; without it we should\\nbe both ignorant of the actual extent of our\\ncountry, its nature, and the order to which\\nit belongs. Enclosed in the dark meshes of\\nignorance, we cannot form the slightest idea\\nof the general arrangement of the world; a\\nthick fog covers the narrow horizon which\\ncontains us, and our mind remains incapable\\nof soaring above the daily theatre of life, and\\nof going beyond the narrow sphere traced by\\nthe limits of the action of our senses.\\nA Universe of Wonders.\\nOn the other hand, when the torch of the\\nScience of the Worlds enlightens us, the\\nscene changes, the vapors which darkened\\nthe horizon fade away, our mistaken eyes\\ncontemplate in the serenity of a pure sky the\\nimmense work of the Creator. The earth\\nappears like a globe poised under our steps\\nthousands of similar globes are rocked in\\nether the world enlarges in proportion as\\nthe power of our examination increases, and\\nfrom that time universal creation develops\\nitself before us in reality, establishing both\\nour rank and our relation with the numerous\\nsimilar worlds which constitute the universe.\\nThe sun, which so many have worshiped,\\nand which is, humanly speaking, the source\\nof life to us all, is a perpetual wonder. Its\\ncircumference is about two million seven\\nhundred and seventy thousand miles. Its\\ndistance from the earth is so great that a\\nrailway train moving at thirty-two miles per\\nhour would take three millions of hours, or\\nthree hundred and forty-two years and three\\nmonths, to travel from us to the sun, sup\u00c2\u00ac\\nposing that it could travel incessantly night\\nand day during that time. When arrived, it\\nwould be rather more than a year and a half\\nin reaching the sun\u00e2\u0080\u0099s centre; three years and\\na quarter in passing through the sun, sup\u00c2\u00ac\\nposing it was tunnelled through, and ten\\nyears and one-eighth in going round it.\\nHow great these dimensions are, may be\\nconceived from the statement, that the same\\ntrain would attain the centre of the earth in\\nfive days and a half, pass through it in\\neleven days, and go round it in thirty-seven\\ndays. A cannon ball, moving fifty times\\nfaster than such a train, would expend seven\\nyears in reaching the sun.\\nVast Size of the Sun.\\nTo make a globe like the sun it would\\ntake one million four hundred thousand\\nglobes like the earth rolled into one! Or,\\nto make these facts simpler, and yet more\\nstupendous, the bulk of the sun is five hun\u00c2\u00ac\\ndred times greater than the aggregate bulk\\nof all the other bodies of the solar system of\\nwhich night only reveals to us a small part\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0094that which appears above our hemisphere\\nand above our particular standpoint. The\\ncentre of the sun is a dark mass covered\\nwith a garment of flame. But in this lumi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnous matter there are vast rents. We talk\\nof spots on the sun; spots indeed! the\\nspace occupied or laid bare by the principal\\nspot is nine hundred and twenty-eight million\\nsquare geographical miles.\\nArago, by a physical test, proved that this\\ngarment of flame, this luminous matter, must\\nbe gaseous so that the sun floats in an\\nocean of flame, and this is so powerful that\\nthe strongest blast furnace yet ignited by\\nman, at its highest power, is seven times", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0558.jp2"}, "557": {"fulltext": "HOW TO READ THE SKY\\n515\\nweaker than the sun\u00e2\u0080\u0099s heat at its surface.\\nIf the heat be electric, how great is the\\nwonder! being dispersed over space so great\\nthat the earth\u00e2\u0080\u0099s surface, at a distance of\\nninety-one million miles, notwithstanding the\\nalternation of night, receives in a year suffi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncient, if uniformly diffused, to liquefy a crust\\nof ice one hundred feet in thickness.\\nWhen we come to examine the sun by the\\naid of a telescope, we find that all parts of\\nthe surface do not give out light\\nto the same extent, and that there\\nare certain places on it darker,\\nand some brighter, than the re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmainder of the disk. The former\\nare sunspots, the latter faculae.\\nThe Sun Revolves.\\nThe first person who exam\u00c2\u00ac\\nined sunspots closely was the\\nillustrious Galileo, who pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nceeded to determine from them\\nthe sun\u00e2\u0080\u0099s velocity of rotation\\non his axis; for he perceived\\nthat they moved across the sun\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nbody. However, since his time,\\nit has been shown that the spots\\nhave a motion of their own\\nthose at the sun\u00e2\u0080\u0099s equator mov\u00c2\u00ac\\ning faster than those at his\\npoles; so that observations on\\nthe spots alone cannot tell us\\nthe rapidity of the revolution of the sun\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nentire mass.\\nIt has also been noticed that the number\\nof these spots visible at one time does not\\nremain the same from year to year, and, in\\nfact, that about every ten years there is an\\nepoch at which they are especially abundant.\\nGeneral Sabine has pointed out that these\\nperiods of frequency of sunspots are coinci\u00c2\u00ac\\ndent with the periods of greatest magnetic\\ndisturbance on our own globe. Accordingly,\\nwe see that there exists a distinct and close\\nconnection between variations in the appear\u00c2\u00ac\\nance of the sun, and changes in the physical\\nconstitution of our earth.\\nThe interesting question now arises what\\nare the sunspots? and what is their cause?\\nThe very careful investigations of science\\nhave thrown much light upon this interesting\\nsubject. One of the most remarkable fea\u00c2\u00ac\\ntures of the spots is, that their central por\u00c2\u00ac\\nSUN AND ITS REMARKABLE SPOTS.\\ntion is darker than the edge and accord*\\ningly, nearly a century ago, it was suggested\\nthat they were pits in an envelope which sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nrounded the sun. The results of later\\nexperiments seem to confirm this idea.\\nThey further go to show that the faculae, or\\nbright patches, are really of the nature of\\nluminous clouds, placed, relatively to the\\nsun, above the level of the spots.\\nThese faculae are generally seen behind\\nthe spot, a position which they would neces-\\nTHE", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0559.jp2"}, "558": {"fulltext": "51G\\nASTRONOMY.\\nsarily assume if they were thrown up to a\\ngreater distance from his centre, and would\\nmove more slowly. The same observations\\nhave shown that spots are produced below\\nthe level of the sun\u00e2\u0080\u0099s photosphere, while the\\nfaculse are suspended in that medium. If\\nA TYPICAL SUN-SPOT.\\nthis be admitted, it seems to follow that the\\ntwo phenomena are effects of a vertical cir\u00c2\u00ac\\nculation in the gaseous matter surrounding\\nthe sun, the faculse being produced when a\\nportion somewhat denser than the medium\\nin which it is suspended is raised into or\\nabove the photosphere, while spots ai e ob\u00c2\u00ac\\nserved when such a mass is below the pho-\\ntospheric stratum. In fact, one of our dili\u00c2\u00ac\\ngent sun observers has seen a faculae,\\napparently in the act of sinking, lose its\\nbrightness and gradually pass into a spot, its\\nform remaining unchanged dur\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the process.\\nThere is a shorter period of\\ntwenty months\u00e2\u0080\u0099 duration observ\u00c2\u00ac\\nable in the recurrence of spots,\\nand this coincides with the per\u00c2\u00ac\\niods of recurrence of the same\\nrelative position of Venus as\\nregards the sun and the earth.\\nThe same is true of Jupiter.\\nBrotherhood of Worlds.\\nThese discoveries are of the\\ngreatest interest, as they show\\nus how intimately all the bodies\\nof our solar system are related to\\neach other, and how the slightest\\nchange in any one of them ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nerts a definite influence on the\\ncondition of the entire system,\\ndespite their great magnitude and\\ndistance from each other.\\nLet us see then in what the\\nspots of the sun consist. Gen\u00c2\u00ac\\nerally, this is the aspect which\\nthey present to us in the field\\nof the telescope, as seen in the\\naccompanying engraving.\\nTwo very distinct portions are\\nnoticed; at the centre a well-\\ndefined black region. Around\\nit a region not so black or grayish com\u00c2\u00ac\\npared with the surface of the sun which\\nsurrounds it. The central part has received\\nthe name of \u00e2\u0080\u009cumbra;\u00e2\u0080\u009d sometimes at the\\ncentre of this part is noticed a more intense\\ndark spot, which is called \u00e2\u0080\u009cthe nucleus.\u00e2\u0080\u009d", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0560.jp2"}, "559": {"fulltext": "HOW TO READ THE SKY.\\n517\\nThe exterior region of the spot has received\\nthe name of penumbra.\u00e2\u0080\u009d When it is stated\\nthat the centre of the spot is black, this\\nexpression must be understood as relative to\\nthe general surface of the sun; for this\\ncentre, however dark it may appear by con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrast, has been found of a light equal to two\\nthousand times that of the full moon.\\nEnormous Gulfs.\\nWe may be led to the belief that these\\nspots, generally invisible to the naked eye,\\nare insignificant movements carried on on the\\nsun\u00e2\u0080\u0099s surface, and of small extent. It is not\\nso. They are daily and very important\\nphenomena. Some of them have been\\nknown to measure 80,000 miles, that is to\\nsay, they are ten times larger than the earth.\\nOur globe falling into most of them would\\nbe lost as in a well. Besides being of this\\nsize, they are also the seat of various actions\\nand prodigious phenomena.\\nThey are not formed suddenly as a whole,\\nbut increase to the limit they attain, and\\nafterwards diminish. Some only last a few\\nweeks, others months. Now, the movements\\nwith which they are animated, either for their\\nincrease or diminution, or in their internal\\naction, are sometimes of unheard-of rapidity.\\nLately, astronomers have followed a daz\u00c2\u00ac\\nzling meteor passing throuph a group of\\nspots with a velocity of eight thousand miles\\nper minute. In other parts, they have\\nwatched circular whirlwinds, dragging into\\ntheir commotion large spots like the earth,\\nand swallowing them up in abysses with fear\u00c2\u00ac\\nful velocity.\\nSometimes are seen the crests of stormy\\nwaves extending over parts of the penumbra,\\nand rising on the white surface of the sun as\\na still whiter and brighter substance, doubt\u00c2\u00ac\\nless projected in their ebullition by interior\\nforces. There have, besides, been seen\\nimmense bridges of fiery substances cast\\nsuddenly over a black spot, crossing it from\\none end to the other, like an arch of lumin\u00c2\u00ac\\nous striae, which sometimes is dissipated, and\\nfalls down into the abysses of lower whirl\u00c2\u00ac\\npools.\\nThis body, wiicb each day pours out over\\nour heads such a pure and calm light, is the\\nseat of powerful actions, and prodigious\\nmovements, of which our tempests, hurri\u00c2\u00ac\\ncanes and waterspouts give us but a slight\\nidea for these gigantic disturbances are not\\nperformed, as here, in an atmosphere of a\\nfew miles thickness and over a few miles\\narea, but in proportions as vast as its volume.\\nOne of the first results of the observation of\\nsolar spots was to discover that the sun turns\\non its axis in about twenty-five of our days.\\nRapid Movement of Sun-spots.\\nIndeed, if we watch for several consecu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntive days any of the spots visible on the\\nsolar surface, or a group of spots, or even\\nthe whole sun, we shall not be long in\\nremarking that the spots are all animated\\nwith the same movement from one edge to\\nthe other of the solar disk. If, for instance,\\nwe begin to follow a spot from its appearance\\nat the eastern edge, we observe that it ad\u00c2\u00ac\\nvances slowly towards the middle of the\\nbody, which it reaches about seven days\\nafter its appearance then it passes it, and\\ncontinues its course towards the west, and\\nseven days afterward it reaches the edge and\\ndisappears.\\nAfter a period of fourteen days, employed\\nin traveling over the opposite hemisphere, it\\nreappears at the same place, and follows the\\npath previously pointed out. These obser\u00c2\u00ac\\nvations evidently show that the sun turns on\\nan axis. This rotation of the sun shows its\\nspots in the following manner: If the period\\nof the reappearance of the spots is from", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0561.jp2"}, "560": {"fulltext": "518\\nASTRONOMY.\\ntwenty-five to twenty-eight days, this does\\nnot refute the number of twenty-five days\\nbefore mentioned.\\nThe difference proceeds from the earth not\\nremaining immovable in space, but turning\\nround the sun. Now, in its translatory\\nmovement round the sun, the earth advanc\u00c2\u00ac\\ning in the direction of its rotation, sees the\\nspots two days and a half after they have\\ndisappeared at the point where the earth was\\nat the commencement of the observation.\\nThe Sun\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Eternal Day.\\nThis rotary movement takes place from\\nwest to east, like that of the earth and all\\nplanets of the system. Thus, by telescopic\\nexamination, this body declared fixed and\\nincorruptible in antiquity, is stripped of its\\ntwo distinctive qualities. The diurnal rota\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of the sun is twenty-five times longer\\nthan that of the earth but it differs essen\u00c2\u00ac\\ntially in its immediate consequences, because\\nit does not produce on the surface the alter\u00c2\u00ac\\nnate day and night, which we derive from\\nthis movement. It cannot, then, be stated\\nthat this is the length of the solar day, for it\\nis not the sign of a succession of light and\\ndarkness the sun\u00e2\u0080\u0099s day does not go out,\\nand the twilight of evening does not pale it.\\nThis world lives in a permanent light.\\nIt neither knows our seasons nor years,\\nand the elements of our calendar cannot be\\napplied to its astronomical role. It seems\\nthat the rapid succession of things which\\nconstitute our time, and the changing series\\nof phenomena which we experience, do not\\nfall to his lot; continuance and endless dura\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion are his characteristics and he is free\\nfrom counting for his individual personal life\\nthe successive ages which, on our globe,\\nmeasure life and overwhelm it with their\\nnumber.\\nThe size of the sun exceeds the degree of\\nour habitual measurements too much for us\\nto hope to give a sufficient idea of it. In\\nthe matter of volumes, as in that of distances\\nand times, the numbers too far surpass our\\nordinary conceptions to appeal to our minds,\\nand every care that we take to represent\\nthem to ourselves remains almost sterile.\\nNevertheless, a comparison will be able to\\ninspire at least a nearer idea of the size to\\nwhich we refer.\\nIf we placed the terrestrial globe in the\\ncentre of the solar globe, like a kernel in the\\nmiddle of a fruit, the distance of the moon\\nwould be included in the interior of the solar\\nbody; the moon itself would be absorbed in\\nit, and beyond the moon to the surface of\\nthe sun, following the same radius, we\\nshould still have to traverse a distance of\\n200,000 miles. From the earth to the sun\\nare reckoned 91,000,000 miles. It is on\\naccount of this great distance that this\\nimmense body only appears to measure a\\nfoot in diameter and this explains why the\\nancients, and Epicurus in particular, did no\\nbelieve it larger than that measure.\\nHow to Ascertain the Distance.\\nThis distance equally explains why it does\\nnot appear to us larger than the moon, which\\nis only 240,000 miles away. From this it\\nmay reasonably be asked, how this distance\\nfrom the sun to the earth could possibly be\\ndetermined. The method is too complicated\\nfor us to explain it here in detail but an\\nidea may be given of it without exceeding\\nthe limits of this chapter.\\nBetween the sun and the earth there are\\ntwo planets, Mercury and Venus: the latter\\nhas rendered the greatest service in the study\\nof the distance, which separates us from the\\nsun. As its orbit (the circumference which\\nit describes round the central body) is nearly\\non the same plane as the earth\u00e2\u0080\u0099s orbit, it", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0562.jp2"}, "561": {"fulltext": "HOW TO READ THE SKY.\\n519\\nliappens from time to time that it passes\\nbetween the sun and ourselves, and appears\\nlike a black spot crossing the luminous disk.\\nThis passage takes place at the singular\\nintervals of eight years, 113^ years \u00e2\u0080\u00948\\nyears, 113^ years A 8 years.\\nAt these valuable periods, astronomers of\\nall countries forget their nationality, and lis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntening to each other like brothers, place\\nthemselves so as to observe the pas\u00c2\u00ac\\nsage of Venus in different countries.\\nTwo observers situated in the sta\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions most distant from each other,\\nnote the two points where the planet,\\nseen from each of their stations,\\nseems to be projected at the same\\nmoment on the solar disk. This\\nmeasure gives them the angle formed\\nby two lines starting from their sta\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions, and crossing each other on\\nVenus, and passing on to the sun.\\nThe measure of this angle, gives what\\nis named the parallax of the sun.\\nWaiting Eight Years.\\nAt the transit of Venus, in 1761, a\\nFrench astronomer, Le Gentil\u00e2\u0080\u0094-his\\nname should have preserved him\\nfrom such disappointments on the\\npart of Venus\u00e2\u0080\u0094was curiously re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquited for his love of science and\\nhis disinterestedness. Sent to India\\nby the Academie des Sciences, he\\nembarked with arms and baggage to observe\\nthe passage of the planet at Pondicherry.\\nHis great activity and ardor could not con\u00c2\u00ac\\nquer the chances of the sea voyage; he\\nlanded a few days after the phenomenon had\\ntaken place.. The obstacles irritated him and\\nincreased his courage. He formed the\\nheroic resolution of remaining for eight\\nyears in the midst of that unknown country,\\nin order to compensate himself for his lost\\nobservation he waited for the passage of\\n1769, and then made all desired arrange\u00c2\u00ac\\nments to obtain a perfect observation.\\nThe year and the day at length arrived!\\nThe sky was clear and no obstacle hindered\\nhis long resolution from at last receiving its\\nreward. But, alas! exactly at the moment\\nwhen the black spot was about to enter on\\nthe solar disk, a small cloud formed in the\\natmosphere and remained before the sun\\nuntil the moment when Venus left the disk,\\nputting an end to the possibility of all obser\u00c2\u00ac\\nvation. The astronomer again took the\\nvoyage to France with a stormy sea, which\\nbrought his days to a close.\\nThe last transit of Venus was in 1882, and\\nthere will not be another until June, 2004.\\nFrom considerations based on the mag\u00c2\u00ac\\nnetic action of the sun, we may be led to\\nTHE EARTH FLOATING IN SPACE.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0563.jp2"}, "562": {"fulltext": "5!20\\nASTRONOMY.\\nbelieve that its light is of the same nature as\\nthe electric light, only incomparably more\\npowerful, seeing that the elements which we\\nhave at command are infinitely inferior to\\nthose commanded by nature. However\\nbright our electric foci may be, however\\ndazzling their light, the whiteness of which\\nastonishes us, when it is projected on the\\nsolar disk, the electric light has the appear\u00c2\u00ac\\nance of a black spot.\\nInconceivable Heat.\\nThe intensity of solar heat is not less dif\u00c2\u00ac\\nficult to conceive; the most intense of our\\nfurnaces, which rise to the temperature of\\nwhite heat, does not give us a faint idea of\\nit. However, the following comparisons\\nwill indicate its value. If we represent the\\nsun under the form of an enormous globe\\nbuilt up of a million four hundred thousand\\nterrestrial globes, and covered entirely with\\na stratum of coal fourteen miles thick, the\\nheat which it pours out annually in space is\\nequal to that which would be furnished by\\nthis stratum of flaming coal. This solar heat\\nwould also be capable of melting in one\\nsecond a column of ice which would measure\\n1 590 square miles at its base, and 192,000\\nmiles high.\\nIt is curious to inquire how much this\\ngigantic body weighs. When astronomers\\nplace the sun in one of the pans of the im\u00c2\u00ac\\nmense scales with which they determine the\\nweight of the stars, it is necessary for them\\nto put in the other one, 350,000 terrestrial\\nglobes like our own to restore equilibrium.\\nMany of the chemical effects of the sun\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nlight are, and long have been, familiar. Linen\\nand cotton cloth exposed to it, for a length\\nof time, as is well known, will be bleached\\nand fabrics dyed of certain colors will be\\nfaded, or changed into a different shade.\\nYellow wax laid beneath the solar rays will\\nbe turned white; and the colorless horn\\nsilver in a few minutes changed into a violet\\ntint. And so of many other substances.\\nIf a piece of paper, or a finger, be dipped\\nin lunar caustic, and then be exposed to the\\nsun, it will quickly turn black. If initial let\u00c2\u00ac\\nters or names be written on linen with what\\nis called indelible ink, they will be at first\\nquite pale, but by a short exposure to the\\nsunlight they turn dark. If a sheet of paper\\nbe plunged into a solution of common salt,,\\nthen dried, and again be dipped into a solu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of silver, it becomes so sensitive to the\\naction of the sunrays, that if ferns and leaves\\nsuch as those represented in Fig. 1, be placed\\nupon it, and then exposed to the summer\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nsun, the uncovered part of the paper will\\nturn black, while that beneath the ferns and\\nleaves will remain white, presenting an exact\\nim^ess G f the w 10 le group, as in Fig. 2.\\nPictures Made by the Sun.\\nNothing can give a more beautiful picture\\nof them the light works through the slender\\nleaves, but not through the thicker and more\\ncompact stems, and thus copies all, even to\\nthe minutest veins. This process has been\\nturned to important practical purposes; it\\nhas been of great service, for example, in\\nmilitary operations, where it was necessary\\nto make quickly a copy of some map of\\nwhich there was only one impression. If a\\nduplicate had to be made by hand, it would\\nrequire several days to accomplish it; nor\\nwould it then have been as correct as that\\nprinted by the sun in the above manner.\\nIt is by the chemical action of the sun, as\\nis well known, that the photographer brings\\nforth his marvelous productions\u00e2\u0080\u0094produc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions which are not only of pleasing per\u00c2\u00ac\\nsonal interest, but of the greatest practical\\nvalue in art, science, and literature. By the\\nsimple action of the sunrays upon certain", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0564.jp2"}, "563": {"fulltext": "HOW TO READ THE SKY.\\n521\\nsubstances overspreading the surface of metal\u00c2\u00ac\\nlic or paper tablets, he can obtain an accurate\\nlikeness of any person, place, or thing he\\nmay desire. In this way he is enabled to\\npreserve for us the lineaments of those who\\nhave benefited their race by their learning,\\ntheir skill or their bravery.\\nBy the agency of the very rays which\\nillumine the countenance and reveal the bril\u00c2\u00ac\\nliancy of the laughing eye and the charm of\\nthe roseate cheek, he can at once secure for\\nus a lifelike picture of the form and features\\nwe most admire and love. In the same\\nnearly every branch of human study or inves\u00c2\u00ac\\ntigation. By its means the traveler is enabled\\nto bring home accurate representations of\\nthe scenery, inhabitants, and productions he\\nhas witnessed in foreign climes; the geol\u00c2\u00ac\\nogist, to secure unerring delineations of the\\nmarvellous fossils of the flora and fauna he\\nhas discovered in the deep strata of the\\nearth; the astronomer, to present the tran\u00c2\u00ac\\nsient appearances of the eclipses he has\\nobserved in the heavens; the meteorologist,\\nto furnish a correct registry of his baro\u00c2\u00ac\\nmeter and thermometer every hour.\\nFig. I. WREATHS COPIED BY THE SUN. Fig. 2.\\nmanner he can copy the outlines and details\\nof natural scenery with perfect fidelity. In\\nhis picture will be found every undulation\\nof the landscape, every projecting rock,\\nevery sinuous stream, each spreading tree,\\neach grazing ox, the peasant\u00e2\u0080\u0099s home, the vil\u00c2\u00ac\\nlage spire, together with every other object\\nand feature in the scene\u00e2\u0080\u0094these, all these, he\\ncan faithfully transfer to his plate, in all their\\nvaried and delicate shades, by the agency of\\nthe sunbeams which illuminate the whole.\\nThe chemistry of the solar rays, in our day,\\nhas become a most important auxiliary to\\nBy its aid the antiquarian is able to obtain\\na fac-simile of the ruined temples, broken\\nstatuary, and obscured inscriptions which he\\nhas found on the fields of ancient civili\u00c2\u00ac\\nzation and power; the botanist, to copy with\\nnature\u00e2\u0080\u0099s exactness the forms and parts of\\nplants, the stamens, and corolla, and pistils,\\nand pollen of flowers; and the anatomist, to\\nexhibit the various organs and functions of\\nthe body, both in their normal and abnormal\\nconditions.\\nAs nothing is more general in its applica\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, so nothing is more perfect and ad-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0565.jp2"}, "564": {"fulltext": "522\\nASTRONOMY.\\nmirable in its execution, than the sunbeam.\\nNo object is too great, and none too min\u00c2\u00ac\\nute for it to depict. It can give us large\\npictures, with every detail perfect and in its\\nright proportion, of the minutest objects,\\nsuch as insects and animalcula; and it can\\nfurnish us with microscopic pictures, equally\\ncorrect, of objects huge or vast. This is\\nachieved by the intervention of lenses that\\nmagnify or diminish the image.\\nMicroscopic photography is of great im\u00c2\u00ac\\nportance in relation to anatomic prepara\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions, which quickly change and become\\ndecomposed; it is also of very essential\\nhelp in the study of fixed and permanent\\nbodies. Jewelry, and even toys are some\u00c2\u00ac\\ntimes made, containing minute photographs\\nbeneath small magnifying glasses. When\\nthese are held before the eye, small trans\u00c2\u00ac\\nparent images, some of them portraits, some\\nstatues, and others, writings, come into view\\nin admirable perfection. Such things, how\u00c2\u00ac\\never, serve rather for amusement than use.\\nMicroscopic Photography.\\nBut there are cases where microscopic\\nphotography may prove of no little value\\nand importance. It has been suggested\\nthat in this way the contents of ponderous\\nvolumes might be concentrated within a few\\nsquare inches, and the books of a whole\\nlibrary be reduced within the capacity of a\\nsingle drawer. Though nothing of this sort,\\nas far as the author is aware, has thus far\\nbeen done, yet the process has been em\u00c2\u00ac\\nployed for other ends under most interesting\\ncircumstances.\\nProfessor Hermann Vogel relates that\\nduring the seige of Paris, in 1870, the block\u00c2\u00ac\\naded city held communication with the\\nworld outside by means of balloons and\\ncarrier pigeons. The first mode of commu\u00c2\u00ac\\nnication was almost engrossed for political\\nobjects the second only admitted the trans\\nmission of very minute writing. Letters,\\nhowever condensed, could scarcely have\\nbeen sent more than two or three at a time\\nby a pigeon. In this case, microscopic\\nphotography presented a valuable means of\\nconcentrating many pages on a collodion\\nfilm of only one square inch, and of expe\u00c2\u00ac\\nditing more than a dozen of such almost\\nimponderable films packed in one quill.\\nWhat the Sunbeam Can Do.\\nDagrand, at Paris, who first prepared\\nmicroscopic photographs, also set going the\\nsystem of these pigeon dispatches. All the\\ncorrespondence which had to be diminished\\nwas first set up in type, and printed together\\non a folio page. A microscopic photograph\\nwas made of this folio page, contained in\\nabout the space of 1 y 2 square inches.\\nThis collodion film, with the image upon it,\\nwas then glazed over by pouring leather\\ncollodion over it; that is, collodion contain\u00c2\u00ac\\ning a solution of glycerine. This glucose\\ncollodion easily dries, separates from the\\npicture, and forms a transparent film; a\\nmembrane of this kind could contain as\\nmany as fifteen hundred despatches.\\nAt the place of arrival these membranes\\nwere unrolled, and then enlarged by the\\nhelp of a magic lantern; a number of writers\\nthereupon set to work to copy the enlarged\\ndespatches, and ultimately forwarded them\\nto their respective addresses. Thus Paris\\ncorresponded, by the aid of photography,\\nfor six months with the world without, and\\neven poor persons were able to let their\\nrelatives know that they still lived.\\nAnother marvelous fact pertaining to the\\nchemistry of the solar ray is, the rapidity\\nwith which it produces its effects upon cer\u00c2\u00ac\\ntain substances. A new negative process\\nhas lately been discovered; it consists in the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0566.jp2"}, "565": {"fulltext": "HOW TO READ THE SKY.\\n523\\nuse of a gelatine emulsion of silver bro\u00c2\u00ac\\nmide for the sensitive surface. With a plate\\nthus prepared, a photograph may now be\\ntaken in one second of time which it for\u00c2\u00ac\\nmerly took thirty seconds to secure and a\\nplate can be prepared which needs an ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nposure of only one-sixtieth of a second,\\nwhen a view is fairly lighted, to secure a soft\\nand harmonious negative.\\nThus it appears that the solar rays are capa\u00c2\u00ac\\nble of instantaneous chemical action, and\\nof producing for us a perfect picture of a\\nman in full activity, or of an object in rapid\\nmotion. The likeness of an orator may be\\ntaken at the moment of his highest pitch of\\neloquence, giving not only his attitude and\\ngesticulation, but the very expression of his\\nfeatures. A squadron of cavalry can be\\npictured as they advance with rushing speed\\nto the deadly charge, each man, each\\nhorse appearing a distinct figure in the\\nscene.\\nNay, a view has been taken in which\\nthe shadow and reflections of a swallow\\npassing in the air over a pond were per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfectly represented. How wonderful the\\nworkings of the laws of nature! how\\nclosely related all its parts! how admira\u00c2\u00ac\\nbly constituted every ray of the sun to\\nmove every atom to accomplish the pur\u00c2\u00ac\\nposes of Him who worketh all in all.\\nEclipse of the Sun.\\nThe total eclipse occurs when the moon is\\nnear to the earth, and when her distance\\nfrom us is such that her apparent diameter\\nis sufficient to cover the entire disk of the\\nsun. This is an event of great interest to\\nthe astronomer, both on account of its short\\nduration and rare occurrence.\\nThe longest time an eclipse of the sun\\ncan be total is seven minutes; but often\\nit does not exceed three or four minutes.\\nAnd it takes place at any one locality\\nonly at distant intervals; for instance, at\\nLondon, prior to the total eclipse of 1715,\\nno such phenomenon had been visible for\\na period of 575 years.\\nAmong all the evolutions of the crea\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, visible to us, no occurrence is more\\nstriking or impressive than this. \u00e2\u0080\u009cA total\\neclipse of the sun,\u00e2\u0080\u009d says Lockyer, is at\\nonce one ot the grandest and most awe\u00c2\u00ac\\ninspiring sights it is possible for man to\\nwitness. As the eclipse advances, but\\nbefore the disk is wholly obscured, the\\nsky grows of a dusky livid, or purple, or\\nTHE SUN ECLIPSED.\\nyellow crimson color, which gradually gets\\ndarker and darker, and the color appears\\nto run over large portions of the sky,\\nirrespective of the clouds. The sea turns\\nlurid red. This singular coloring and dark\u00c2\u00ac\\nening of the landscape is quite unlike the\\napproach of night, and gives rise to strange\\nfeelings of sadness.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThe moon\u00e2\u0080\u0099s shadow sweeps across the\\nsurface of the earth, and is even seen in the\\nair; the rapidity of its motion and its intense\u00c2\u00ac\\nness produce a feeling that something mate\u00c2\u00ac\\nrial is rushing over the earth at a speed\\nperfectly frightful. All sense of distance is\\nlost the faces of men assume a livid hue,", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0567.jp2"}, "566": {"fulltext": "524\\nASTRONOMY.\\nflowers close, fowls hasten to roost, cocks\\ncrow, birds flutter to the ground in fright,\\ndogs whine, sheep collect together as if\\napprehending danger, horses and oxen lie\\ndown, obstinately resisting the whip and the\\np-oad in a word, the whole animal world\\nseems frightened out of its usual propriety\\nand all things wear the garb of terror.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nELESTIAL phenomena, also, at\u00c2\u00ac\\ntend a total eclipse, still more\\ngrand and imposing. A few\\nseconds before the commence\u00c2\u00ac\\nment of the total obscuration,\\nthe stars burst out, and sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nrounding the dark moon on all sides is seen\\na glorious halo, commonly of a silvery white\\nlight, which is called the corona. This\\nradiates and extends beyond the moon, to a\\ndistance equal to her apparent diameter, and\\nin some eclipses is observed to reach to a\\nmuch greater distance.\\nThis luminous appendage is supposed to\\nbe the sun\u00e2\u0080\u0099s atmosphere, which is not seen\\nwhen the sun itself is visible, owing to its\\noverpowering splendor. General Myer gives\\nthe following description of the corona, as\\nobserved by him from the summit of White\\nTop Mountain, Virginia, 5530 feet above the\\nlevel of the sea, this elevated station being\\nchosen in order to escape the smoke and\\nhaze which generally prevail in lower re\u00c2\u00ac\\ngions\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThe eclipse presented, during the total\\nobscurations, a vision magnificent beyond\\ndescription. As a centre stood the full and\\nintensely black disk of the moon, surrounded\\nby the aureola of a soft, bright light, through\\nwhich shot out, as if from the circumference-\\nof the moon, straight, massive, silvery rays,,\\nseeming distinct and separate from each\\nother, to a distance of two or three diameters\\nof the lunar disk, the whole spectacle show-\\ning as upon a background of diffused rose-\\ncolored light.\\nA Gorgeous Spectacle.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThis light was most intense, and ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ntended farthest, at about the centre of the\\nlower limb, the position of the southern\\nprominence. The silvery rays were longest\\nand most prominent at four points of the\\ncircumference, two upon the upper and two-\\nupon the lower portion, apparently equi\u00c2\u00ac\\ndistant from each other, giving the spectacle\\na quadrilateral shape.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nGreat changes in the solar prominences, as\\na rule, take place only very slowly, or quite\\nimperceptibly. In some cases, however, the\\nchange in the form of a prominence is so\\nextraordinary, and occurs with such rapidity,\\nthat it can only be ascribed to extremely\\nviolent agitations in the upper portions of the\\nsolar atmosphere, compared with which the\\ncyclonic storms occasionally agitating the:", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0568.jp2"}, "567": {"fulltext": "HOW TO READ THE SKY.\\n-earth\u00e2\u0080\u0099s atmosphere, sink into insignificance.\\nProfessor Respighi is of the opinion that\\nthe solar prominences are of an eruptive\\norigin and of a gaseous nature, and that\\nelectric action in some form is concerned in\\nproducing these eruptions. He observed\\nsome prominences that exceeded three\\nminutes, or ten times the earth\u00e2\u0080\u0099s diameter,\\nin height; and one prominence that was not\\nless than twenty times the earth\u00e2\u0080\u0099s diameter,\\nor 160,000 miles in altitude. He also\\nnoticed that the formation of a prominence\\nis usually preceded by the appearance of a\\nrectilinear jet, either vertical or oblique, and\\nvery bright and well defined.\\nWonderful Eruptions.\\nThis jet rising to a great height, is seen\\nto bend back again, falling toward the sun\\nlike the jets of our fountains, and presently\\nthe sinking matter is observed to assume the\\nshape of gigantic trees, more or less rich in\\nbranches and foliage. Gradually the whole\\nsinks down upon the sun, sometimes forming\\nisolated clouds before reaching the solar\\nsurface. It is in the upper portions of such\\nprominences that the most remarkable and\\nrapid transformations are witnessed but a\\ngreat difference is observed in the rate with\\nwhich prominences change in figure.\\nTheir duration, too, is very variable. Some\\ndevelop and disappear in a few minutes,\\nwhile others remain visible for several days.\\nHe considers that the sharply defined bases\\nof the eruptive jets prove that the eruption\\ntakes place through some compact substance,\\nforming a species of solar crust. He also\\nholds that the enormous velocity with which\\nthese gaseous masses rush through the solar\\natmosphere implies that the latter is of ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nceeding tenuity.\\nProfessor Young, of Dartmouth College,\\nby means of an instrument called telespec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntroscope,\u00e2\u0080\u009d witnessed the most remarkable\\noutburst from the sun ever yet seen by man.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cOn the 7th of September, 1871, between\\n12.30 and 2 p. m.,\u00e2\u0080\u009d he says, \u00e2\u0080\u009cthere occurred\\nan outburst of solar energy remarkable for\\nits sudden violence. Just at noon I had\\nbeen examining with the telespectroscope an\\nenormous protuberance of hydrogen close\\non the eastern limb of the sun. It had\\nremained with very little change since the\\npreceding noon\u00e2\u0080\u0094a long, low, quiet-looking\\ncloud, not very dense or brilliant, nor in any\\nway remarkable except for its size.\\nIt was made up mostly of filaments\\nREMARKABLE CORONA.\\nnearly horizontal, and floated above the\\nchro) latosphere with its lower surface at a\\nheight of some 15,000 miles, but was con\u00c2\u00ac\\nnected with it, as is usually the case, by\\nthree or four vertical columns brighter and\\nmore active than the rest. Lockyer com\u00c2\u00ac\\npares such masses to a banyan grove. It\\nwas about 100,000 miles long by 54,000\\nhigh.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cAt 12.30, when I was called away for a\\nfew minutes, there was no indication of what\\nwas about to happen, except that one of the\\nconnecting stems at the southern extremity\\nof the cloud had grown considerably brighter,\\nand was curiously bent to one side and", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0569.jp2"}, "568": {"fulltext": "526\\nASTRONOMY.\\nnear the base of another at the northern end\\na little brilliant lump had developed itself,\\nshaped much like a summer thunder-head.\\nThe annexed figure represents the promi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnence at this time, a being the thunder-head.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cWhat was my surprise, then, on returning\\nin less than half an hour, to find that in the\\nmeantime the whole thing had been literally\\nblown to shreds by some inconceivable up-\\nrush from beneath. In place of the quiet\\ncloud I had left, the air, if I may use the\\nexpression, was filled with flying debris \u00e2\u0080\u0094a\\nmass of detached vertical fusiform filaments,\\nbrighter and closer together where the pillars\\nhad formerly stood, and rapidly ascending.\\nWhen I first looked, some of them had\\nBANYAN GROVE ON THE SUN.\\nalready reached a height of nearly 100,000\\nmiles, and while I watched them they rose\\nwith a motion almost perceptible to the eye,\\nuntil in ten minutes the uppermost were\\nmore than 200,000 miles above the solar\\nsurface. This was ascertained by careful\\nmeasurement. The velocity of ascent also,\\n166 miles per second, is considerably greater\\nthan anything hitherto recorded.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cA general idea of its appearance when\\nthe filaments attained their greatest elevation\\nmay be obtained from the accompanying cut\\n(Fig. 1). As the filaments rose they grad\u00c2\u00ac\\nually faded away like a dissolving cloud, and\\nat 1.15 only a few filmy wisps, with some\\nbrighter streamers low down near the chro\u00c2\u00ac\\nmatosphere, remained to mark the place:\\nBut in the meanwhile the little thunder-\\nhead, before alluded to, had grown and\\ndeveloped wonderfully into a mass of rolling\\nand everchanging flame, to speak according\\nto appearance. First it was crowded down,,\\nas it were, along the solar surface (Fig. 3, a\\nlater it rose almost pyramidally 50,000 miles\\nin height; then its summit was drawn out\\ninto long- filaments and threads which were\\nmost curiously rolled backwards and down\u00c2\u00ac\\nwards, like the volutes of an Ionic capital\\n(Fig. 2) and finally it faded away, and by\\n2.30 had vanished like the other. The\\naccompanying cuts show it in its full devel\u00c2\u00ac\\nopment the former having been sketched\\nat 1.40, and the latter at 1.55.\\nGrand Burst of Flame.\\nThe whole phenomenon suggested most\\nforcibly the idea of an explosion under the\\ngreat prominence, acting mainly upwards,\\nbut also in all directions outwards, and then,\\nafter an interval, followed by a corresponding\\nin-rush. The same afternoon a portion of\\nthe chromatosphere on the western limb of\\nthe sun was for several hours in a state of\\nunusual brilliancy and excitement.\\nSuch are some of the marvelous phenom\u00c2\u00ac\\nena made known to us by astronomical\\nscience. We can say with Byron in his\\nbrilliant apostrophe\\nGlorious orb the idol\\nOf early nature and the _.xrous race\\nOf undiseased mankind, the giants\u00e2\u0080\u0099 sons\\nOf the embrace of angels with a sex\\nMore beautiful than they which did draw down\\nThe erring spirits who can ne\u00e2\u0080\u0099er return,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nMost glorious orb that wert a worship ere\\nThe mystery of thy making was revealed\\nThou earliest minister of the Almighty,\\nWhich gladdened, on their mountain-tops, the hearts\\nOf the Chaldean shepherds till they poured\\nThemselves in orisons? Thou material God\\nAnd representative of the Unknown\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nWho chose thee for His shadow Thou chief star,\\nCentre of many stars which make\u00e2\u0080\u0099st our earth", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0570.jp2"}, "569": {"fulltext": "HOW TO READ THE SKY.\\n527\\nKndurable, and temperest the hues\\nAnd hearts of all who walk within thy rays\\nSire of the seasons Monarch of the climes,\\nAnd those w ho dwell in them for near or far,\\nOur inborn spirits have a tint of thee,\\nEven as our outward aspects thou dost rise,\\nAnd shine, and set in glory.\\nThe formation of visible vapors, and their\\naggregation in masses, take place generally\\nin high regions of the atmosphere under the\\naction of currents, in con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsequence of a decrease of\\ntemperature and a due\\nsupply of aqueous elastic\\nvapor being present in\\nthose parts where clouds\\narise. It is easy to per\u00c2\u00ac\\nceive that these two con\u00c2\u00ac\\nditions, necessary to the\\nproduction of cloud-land,\\nmay be fulfilled in one\\nstratum of the atmosphere\\nand not in another and\\nhence the frequent diver\u00c2\u00ac\\nsity in the appearance of\\nthe sky, the clear blue\\nfields and patches of ether\\nalternating with visible\\nvaporous structures.\\nThe clouds are sup\u00c2\u00ac\\nposed to consist of minute\\nglobules of water filled\\nwith air; but there is\\ngreat difficulty, even with\\nthe aid of this view of\\ntheir structure, in explain\u00c2\u00ac\\ning their suspension aloft, for the globules\\nmust be specifically heavier than the air by\\nwhich they are upborne. The theory of as\u00c2\u00ac\\ncending currents of heated air has been pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nposed by Lussac to account for their posi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion and the retention of solar heat in the\\nclouds themselves, buoying them up and\\ncausing them to float, by Fresnel.\\nThe clouds float at different elevations,\\nbut the higher we ascend the drier the\\natmosphere is found, and the less loaded\\nwith vapors. We shall not err much, says\\nLeslie, if we estimate the position of extreme\\nhumidity at the height of two miles at the\\npole, and four miles and a half under the\\nequator, or a mile and a half beyond the\\nlimit of congelation. Dalton asserts that\\nsmall, fleecy patches of cloud are frequently\\nfrom three to five miles in height, and such\\nhave been observed sailing above the most\\nelevated peaks of the Andes, which rise\\ntwenty-five thousand feet above the level of\\nthe sea but other authorities claim for\\nsome visible clouds a still greater elevation.\\nThe height varies at different seasons of the\\nFig. 2.\\nFig. 3-\\nEXPLOSIVE PHENOMENA IN THE SUN.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0571.jp2"}, "570": {"fulltext": "528\\nASTRONOMY\\nyear, and there is little doubt that it is much\\nmore frequently below than above a mile.\\nSTRIKING APPEARANCES OF CLOUD-LAND.\\nThe effect is striking when, from an emi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnence which commands a view of an exten\u00c2\u00ac\\nsive plain or valley, we see the gossamer\\ncurtain of the night resting upon the surface,\\ngradually rent and torn by the action of the\\nsun\u00e2\u0080\u0099s rays, reflect\u00c2\u00ac\\ning their golden\\nhue as it disap\u00c2\u00ac\\npears. Many of\\nthe most felicitous\\nimages of poetty\\nare derived from\\nthis source, as in\\nOssian: \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe soul\\nof Nathos was sad,\\nlike the sun in a\\nday of mist, when\\nhis face looks\\nwatery and dim\\nHH and again, when\\ntwo contending\\nfactions are si\u00c2\u00ac\\nlenced by Cath-\\nmor They sunk\\nfrom the king on\\neither side, like\\ntwo columns of\\nmorning mist, when\\nthe sun rises be^\\ntween them on the\\nglittering rocks.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe stratus is\\noccasionally seen\\nunder peculiar and\\nstriking circum\u00c2\u00ac\\nstances, extending\\nover the surface of\\na sheet of water,\\nwithout passing the\\nboundary of its\\nbanks. Thus a lake\\nor river will exhibit\\na white cloud of\\nvisible vapor resting upon it, from which the\\nadjacent land is perfectly free. Sir Humphry\\nDavy thus explains this curious phenomenon:", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0572.jp2"}, "571": {"fulltext": "HOW TO READ THE SKY.\\n520\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cAll persons who have been accustomed to\\nthe observation of nature must have fre\u00c2\u00ac\\nquently witnessed the formation of mists\\nover the beds of rivers and lakes in calm and\\nclear weather after sunset; and whoever has\\nconsidered these phenomena in relation to\\nthe radiation and communication of heat and\\nthe nature of vapor, can hardly have failed\\nto discover the true cause of them.\\nPhenomena of Heat.\\nAs soon as the sun has disappeared from\\nany part of the globe, the surface begins to\\nlose heat by radiation, and in greater pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nportions as the sky is clear; but the land and\\nthe water are cooled by this operation in a\\nvery different manner; the impression of\\ncooling on the land is limited to the surface,\\nand very slowly transmitted to the interior;\\nwhereas in water above forty degrees Fah\u00c2\u00ac\\nrenheit, as soon as the upper stratum is\\ncooled, whether by radiation or evaporation,\\nit sinks in the mass of fluid, and its place is\\nsupplied by water from below; and till the\\ntemperature of the whole mass is reduced to\\nnearly forty degrees Fahrenheit, the surface\\ncannot be the coolest part.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cIt follows, therefore, that wherever water\\nexists in considerable mass, and has a tem\u00c2\u00ac\\nperature nearly equal to that of the land, or\\nonly a few degrees below it, and above forty\\ndegrees Fahrenheit at sunset, its surface\\nduring the night, in calm and clear weather,\\nwill be warmer than that of the contiguous\\nland; and the air above the land will neces\u00c2\u00ac\\nsarily be colder than that above the water;\\nand when they both contain their due pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nportion of aqueous vapor, and the situation\\nof the ground is such as to permit the cold\\nair from the land to mix with the warmer air\\nabove the water, mist or fog will be the\\nresult.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe atmosphere of our globe is composed\\n34\\nmainly of two gases, oxygen and hydrogen,\\nwhose combination forms a perfectly trans\u00c2\u00ac\\nparent medium. In this medium, however,\\nthere floats at all times a vast quantity of\\naqueous vapor, raised daily by the heat of\\nthe sun, in the form of steam, from the sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nface of the sea and of the dry land. The\\namount of water thus lifted into the air by\\nthe process of evaporation is very great, and\\nfar exceeds that discharged into the ocean,\\nduring the same length of time, by all the\\nrivers of the earth.\\nHow the Sun is Colored.\\nThe aqueous vapor produced in this man\u00c2\u00ac\\nner is diffused through the whole body of\\nthe atmosphere, and is in a state of perpetual\\nmotion and change, being rarefied into an\\ninvisible condition, or condensed into mists\\nand clouds, according to the varying degrees\\nof heat or cold to which it is exposed; and\\nin this way it affects, sometimes more and\\nsometimes less, the general transparency of\\nthe air, and modifies both the colors and the\\nforms of objects seen through it. And in\\nthe present chapter we are to speak of the\\nvarious aspects which it gives to the solar\\norb.\\nThe sun, viewed through a vaporous\\natmosphere, appears in \u00e2\u0080\u009cfalse colors.\u00e2\u0080\u009d When\\nthe vapor is dry and rarefied, or in an invisi\u00c2\u00ac\\nble condition, the air is clear, and the sun is\\nseen in its natural brightness. But if the\\nvapor be slightly condensed, and takes the\\nform of mist, he appears through it as if\\nshorn of his glories, a white orb, upon which\\nthe eye can rest without pain or inconve\u00c2\u00ac\\nnience as he descends he grows still more\\ndull; and finally, as he approaches the hori\u00c2\u00ac\\nzon, he gradually assumes a rosy tint, and\\nat last a deep red color.\\nThese changes are thus explained. Every\\nray of the sunlight which comes to us has to", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0573.jp2"}, "572": {"fulltext": "530\\nASTRONOMY.\\npass through the whole thickness of the\\natmosphere, and the greater the distance it\\nhas to travel the greater the portion of it\\nthat is absorbed by the vapors in the air.\\nAnd this distance, as is obvious, increases\\nwith the increased declination of the sun.\\nIf we admit the atmosphere to extend\\nvertically to the height of sixty-two miles, a\\nray of light coming from the sun at the\\nzenith has only these sixty-two miles to pass\\nthrough m order to reach us. But a ray\\nfrom the sun on the horizon has to travel\\nthrough seven hundred and six miles, or\\nmore than eleven times the former distance,\\nand that, too, through the densest portion of\\nthe atmosphere. In traversing this great\\ndistance, the various colors combined in the\\nperfectly white ray, except the red, are, for\\nthe most part, absorbed by the slowly con\u00c2\u00ac\\ndensing vapors along the cooling surface of\\nthe earth. Hence the red color in which\\nthe sun appears at its setting and rising.\\nThe Sun\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Apparent Form.\\nThe sun, viewed through a vaporous at\u00c2\u00ac\\nmosphere, often appears, also, in a false\\nform.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Seen on the meridian, through a\\nclear sky, he appears as a perfect circle,\\nwhich is his true outline. But as seen near\\nthe horizon, in certain conditions of the at\u00c2\u00ac\\nmosphere, instead of being circular, he ap\u00c2\u00ac\\npears of an oval form, the upper and lower\\nsides being flattened, and the latter more so\\nthan the former. On high mountains, and\\non plateaux near the seacoast, this flattening\\nof the disk appears very considerable, amount\u00c2\u00ac\\ning sometimes to one-fifth the apparent diam\u00c2\u00ac\\neter of the sun. This peculiar deformation\\nis caused by the refraction or bending of the\\nrays of light in passing through the vapors\\nof the atmosphere. Sometimes the want of\\nhomogeneity in the successive layers of the\\natmosphere, caused by the unequal admix\u00c2\u00ac\\nture of vapors, gives to the sun an apparent-\\nform of so irregular a character that he is\\nscarcely recognizable.\\nAgain, the sun, viewed through the atmos\u00c2\u00ac\\npheric vapors, in a certain state, appears sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nrounded by appendages which do not belong\\nto him. When the sky is hazy, and presents\\na dull, milky appearance, there is frequently\\nto be seen around the sun a colored circle,\\nor halo, and the sun occupying the centre of\\nthe circle, as h h. The inner edge of the\\ncircle is colored red, and is well defined.\\nThe sky within the halo is much darker\\nthan it is for some distance without.\\nMagnificent Halos.\\nSometimes there may be seen around the\\nsun a second halo or colored circle, as H H.\\nThe inner edge of this also is red, and toler\u00c2\u00ac\\nably well defined, while the outer edge is of\\na pale blue color, and but faintly marked.\\nAt rare intervals, a third halo, radius, as H\\nH has been observed, surrounding the sun.\\nUnlike the other two halos, this one shows\\nscarcely a trace of color.\\nAll these phenomena are produced by the\\nrefraction of the sunlight in passing through\\nthe minute crystals of frozen vapors floating\\nin the atmosphere these crystals being of\\nvarious kinds and having their facets set at\\ndifferent inclinations to one another, refract\\nthe various colors of the sunrays at different\\nangles, and thus produce halos of different\\ndiameters.\\nWhen a halo is formed around the sun.\\nr\\nthere is often to be seen a white circle pass\u00c2\u00ac\\ning through the sun, and parallel to the\\nhorizon, as represented by A P P. This is\\ncalled parhelic circle, and is produced like\\nthe foregoing by the reflection of the sun\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nlight from ice prisms or snow crystals, whose\\nsurfaces have a vertical position. At or near\\nthose points where halos cut the parhelic", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0574.jp2"}, "573": {"fulltext": "HOW TO READ THE SKY\\n531\\ncircle, there is a double cause of light; and\\nhere the illumination is sometimes so great\\nas to present the appearance of a mock-sun,\\nand is called parhelion.\\nThe number of these mock-suns, or par\u00c2\u00ac\\nhelia, visible at the same time, is variable\\nsometimes one or two only are to be seen,\\nat other times four or five on some occa\u00c2\u00ac\\nsions as many as seven have been observed\\nat once. The mock-suns\\ngenerally seem about the\\nsize of the true sun, but\\nnot quite so bright, though\\noccasionally they are said\\nto rival their parent lumi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnary in splendor. These\\nbeautiful phenomena ap\u00c2\u00ac\\npear most commonly in\\nhigh latitudes, but often\\noccur in the more tem\u00c2\u00ac\\nperate regions.\\nParhelia have been ob\u00c2\u00ac\\nserved frequently both in\\nancient and modern times.\\nAristotle records two ap\u00c2\u00ac\\npearances of these meteors,\\nand Pliny mentions their\\noccurrence at Rome. A\\ndouble parhelion,which was\\nnoticed before the Christian\\nera, is referred to by St.\\nAugustine. Many others\\nhave been observed from\\ndifferent points on the continent. On the\\n2d of January, 1586, Christopher Rotham\\nsaw, at Cassel, before sunrise, an upright\\ncolumn of light of the breadth of the sun\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\ndisk. As the sun rose, he was preceded\\nand followed by a parhelion, which appeared\\nin contact with his orb, and continued visible\\nfor thirty minutes and then were hidden by\\na cloud. On the 28th of February, 1551,\\nmock-suns were seen at Antwerp and on\\nthe 17th of March of the same year, a similar\\nphenomenon, with two halos, was witnessed\\nat the same place. Four days after the last\\nnamed, two parhelia, with three halos, were\\nseen at Magdeberg.\\nScheiner witnessed a singular one at Rome,\\non the 20th of March, 1629. From the\\nzenith as a centre there was seen a great\\nwhite circle, having the true sun in its cir\u00c2\u00ac\\nHALOS AND PARHELIA.\\ncumference; this was intersected by two\\nconcentric circles around his disk. Where\\nthe outer of these smaller rings cut the\\nzenithal circle, two parhelia appeared, and\\nin the great circle, nearly opposite to these,\\nbut separated by a wider arc, two others\\nwere visible.\\nGassendi describes a very remarkable in\u00c2\u00ac\\nstance of this phenomenon, which was seen in\\n1630. Around the sun were two concentric", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0575.jp2"}, "574": {"fulltext": "ASTRONOMY.\\ncolored, and these with very long\\ntails waving and pointing from\\nthe true sun, together with cer\u00c2\u00ac\\ntain white arches crossing one\\nanother. The true sun was about\\n25\u00c2\u00b0 high, and surrounded almost\\nentirely by a circle whose diame\u00c2\u00ac\\nter was 45\u00c2\u00b0, and colored like a\\nrainbow with purple, red and\\nyellow, its under limb being\\nscarcely 2 l 2 above the horizon.\\nOn each side of the sun, to\u00c2\u00ac\\nwards the west and east, there\\nappeared two mock-suns, col\u00c2\u00ac\\nored, especially towards the sun,\\nwith very long and splendid tails\\nof a whitish color, terminating\\nin a point. A far greater circle\\nencompassed the sun and the\\nhalos the larger cut the horizon, and con- former lesser circle, and extended itself down\\nsequently was incomplete; these were colored in the horizon. It was very strongly colored\\nlike the rainbow, excepting that\\n/he red was internal. In the\\ndirection of the zenith, there was\\na tangental arc external to these\\nhalos and with the zenith as a\\ncentre, a great white circle ran\\nparallel with the horizon, having\\nthe true sun in its circumference.\\nAt the five intersections of these\\ncircles and arcs parhelia appeared,\\nand a sixth was seen in the inter\u00c2\u00ac\\nnal halo between the true sun\\nand the zenith.\\nOne of the finest meteors of\\nthis kind on record was seen by\\nHevelius, at Sedan, on the 20th\\nof February, 1661. A little\\nbefore 11 o\u00e2\u0080\u0099clock,\u00e2\u0080\u009d he says \u00e2\u0080\u009cthe\\nsun being towards the south and\\nthe sky very clear, there appeared\\nseven suns together, in several\\ncircles, some white and others\\nPARHELIA OBSERVED BY HEVELIUS.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0576.jp2"}, "575": {"fulltext": "HOW TO READ THE SKY\\n533\\nto its upper part, but was somewhat duller\\nand fainter on each side. At the tops of\\nthese two circles were two inverted arcs,\\nwhose common centre lay in the zenith, and\\nthese were very bright and beautifully\\ncolored.\\nIn the middle of the lower arc, where it\\ncoincided with the circle, there appeared\\nanother mock-sun, but its light and colors\\nwere dull and faintish. There appeared a\\ncircle much bigger than the former, of a\\nuniform and whitish color, parallel to the\\nhorizon, w\\nhich\\nfrom the\\narose, as it were,\\ncollateral mock-suns, and\\npassed through three other\\nparhelia, of a uniform whitish\\ncolor like silver. There passed\\nalso two other white arches of\\nthe greatest circle of the\\nsphere through the eastern\\nand western parhelia, and also\\nthrough the pole of the\\necliptic. They went down to\\nthe horizon, crossing the great\\nwhite circle and obliquely, so\\nas to make a white cross at\\neach parhelion; so that seven\\nsuns appeared very plainly at\\nthe same time. This phe\u00c2\u00ac\\nnomenon, with certain changes in the bright\u00c2\u00ac\\nness of its several parts, continued visible for\\nan hour and twenty minutes.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nSuch parhelia have been observed at\\nvarious times and places in North America.\\nBarker describes a curious halo with accom\u00c2\u00ac\\npanying mock-suns, which he saw at Fort\\nGloucester, near Lake Superior. A circle\\nwith tangental arc surrounded the sun about\\nmidway between the horizon and zenith, a\\ncircle ran parallel to the horizon, having the\\nsun in its circumference in this horizontal\\ncircle there appeared altogether five mock-\\nsuns, with this peculiarity, that, directly\\nopposite the true sun in this great circle, a\\nSt. Andrew\u00e2\u0080\u0099s cross was seen, the upper limbs\\nof which extended higher above, than the\\nlower one descended below, this circle in\\nthe intersection of this cross and the circle,\\none of the parhelia was placed. A very\\ncurious system of circles, with several mock-\\nsuns, appeared on the 19th of August, 1825,.\\nat Jackson, Tennessee.\\nAn exceedingly curious optical appearance-\\nbelonging to this class of phenomena, was\\nobserved by Mr. Fallows, at the Cape of\\nGood Hope, when the sun\u00e2\u0080\u0099s disk was just:\\nPARHELIA OBSERVED IN TENNESSEE.\\ndipping in the ocean. On either side of the\\ntrue luminary, and within the breadth of a\\ndegree and a half of his disk, lour mock-suns\\nappeared on the left, and three on the right.\\nThey had the same shape as the true sun,\\ntouched the water at the same instant, and\\nall of them disappeared together, shining as\\nbright spots upon the water\u00e2\u0080\u0099s edge. This\\nmagnificent scene occurred on a delightful\\nevening, when not a cloud was to be seen.\\nSuch are a few of the marvelous appen\u00c2\u00ac\\ndages which the vapors of the atmosphere\\nsometimes create around the great luminary\\nof the day.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0577.jp2"}, "576": {"fulltext": "534\\nASTRONOMY\\nNow, evanescent as is the nature of all\\nthese meteoric phenomena at which we have\\nglanced, and irregular as their occurrence\\nmay be, yet they are in no sense to be re\u00c2\u00ac\\ngarded as the result of chance. On the con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrary, we see in them the play of exact and\\nbeautiful laws. All are produced according\\nto the principles of order established in the\\nbeginning, by the One Supreme Lawgiver.\\nIn all, brightness and shade prevail in their\\nordained degrees; and heat and cold produce\\ntheir designed effects in sea and land and\\nsky. The sunrays in their passage through\\nvisible mists, or viewless vapors, are reflected,\\nrefracted, and absorbed, according to uniform\\nrules.\\nThe diameters, distances and intersections\\nof the encircling halos are all measured off\\nafter the undeviating principles of geometry.\\nEvery tint and shade in their coloring, and\\nevery facet and angle in the frozen particles\\nthat produce them, display the operations\\nof the unerring laws of optics. Invisible\\nvapors, icy crystals, luminous arches, colored\\nhalos, splendid parhelia\u00e2\u0080\u0094all proclaim the\\nobservance of law and order. And though\\nthe whole magnificent diorama may fade and\\nvanish within the brief space of five minutes,\\nyet, in its production, nothing has been\\nslighted, nothing imperfectly formed, nothing\\nleft to be determined by chance.\\nIf a pebble be dropped into the bosom of\\na still and smooth sheet of water, a circular\\ndepression is formed, at the point where it\\nsank, which spreads wider and wider, with\\nuniform velocity. In the meanwhile an ele\u00c2\u00ac\\nvation has been formed at the point where\\nthe pebble, in entering the water, had origi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnally caused a depression; then as this sinks\\nback to its original level it pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduces a wall-like circular elevation\\naround it, which follows up the\\npreceding circular depression\\nwith equal velocity. Whilst the\\nwater continues its up-and-down\\nmovement at the point struck,\\nfresh wave-rings appear to pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nceed from this central point,\\nwhich, owing to their constantly\\nspreading more and more widely,\\ngive the illusory appearance of\\nthe fluid steaming out on all sides\\nfrom the middle point.\\nNow, let us suppose that, in\u00c2\u00ac\\nstead of one pebble, two are\\ndropped into the water at the\\nsame instant, but at a short distance one\\nfrom the other. We shall have then two\\nsystems of circular waves moving and spread\u00c2\u00ac\\ning out as before. As these two systems\\nintersect each other, they divide the surface\\nof the water into a regular net-work of small\\nelevations and depressions, as represented in\\nthe annexed figure. Yet the one does not\\ndestroy or efface the other at the points\\nwhere two wave-crests meet, the surface of\\nthe water, if the two waves are equal, rises\\nto twice the height, and where two depres\u00c2\u00ac\\nsions meet, it sinks to double the depth.\\nBRIGHT HALO IN NORWAY.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0578.jp2"}, "577": {"fulltext": "HOW TO READ THE SKY.\\nr.o.r\\nJ jO\\nThus each wave maintains and extends\\nunbroken its circular and moving form, as if\\nit had the entire surface to itself. And if,\\ninstead of two, we had three, or in fact, any\\nnumber of pebbles dropped, the same result\\nwould be produced by each of them. In\\nother words, it may be said, that every wave\\nsystem superimposes itself upon, or adds it\u00c2\u00ac\\nself to, a surface already moved by waves,\\nas it would do were it acting alone on that\\nsurface at rest. Every wave system forms\\nitself unhindered by those already present,\\nand spreads after it has crossed these, upon\\nthe still quiescent surface of the water.\\nLarge and Small Waves.\\nOnce more suppose that when we\\nhave flung a handful of pebbles upon the\\nwater, each creating its little system of\\nspreading waves, a succession of large\\nbillows or swells be produced by the\\nwind or a passing steamboat, we shall\\nsee that even these do not destroy the\\nlittle waves of the pebbles, but take\\nthem on their backs, and having passed,\\nleave them behind with their original\\nforms and motions unaltered. Of all this\\nwe may witness a beautiful illustration\\nwhen large drops of rain begin to fall\\nupon the agitated surface of a lake or river.\\nNow, similar results, though invisible, are\\nproduced in the atmosphere by a blow\\non a drum or a bell, or by any number of\\nsuch blows given in succession. These\\naerial vibrations, like the waves upon the\\nwater, do not destroy or extinguish one\\nanother. If a whole orchestra, composed\\nof numerous and diverse instruments, play a\\npiece of music together, each pipe and each\\nstring will create its own system of vibra\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions, which will pass outward through the\\natmosphere without disorder, each being\\nendowed with an individuality as indestruc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntible as if it alone had disturbed the quietude\\nof the still air.\\nIf now we advance to the far more attenu\u00c2\u00ac\\nated and elastic medium of light, the ether,\\nwe shall find the same law still hold good.\\nHere, as in the water and in the air, one\\nsystem of vibrations, whether set in motion\\nimmediately by the sun, or by reflection of\\nthe sun\u00e2\u0080\u0099s rays from some terrestial object,\\ndoes not interrupt or confuse another\\nsystem. Each, though it may have crossed\\na hundred or a thousand others, maintains\\nits existence and its identity unchanged, and\\nINTERSECTION OF TWO WAVE SYSTEMS.\\nbears on its bosom a correct and clear repre\u00c2\u00ac\\nsentation of the centre or object from which\\nit has proceeded. These radiant vehicles of\\nlight are infallible in their progress and office;\\nfrom ten thousand points, and in ten thou-\\nsand directions, they unceasingly carry and\\nimprint the messages of the world and of\\nthe universe.\\nIf we enter the garden, and bend over a\\nbed of diverse flowers, we shall find that\\neach green leaf and each variegated petal\\nsends forth its little system of ethereal vibra\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions, announcing infallibly its particular\\nform and color. If we stand confronted by", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0579.jp2"}, "578": {"fulltext": "53 G\\nASTRONOMY.\\na regiment of soldiers, the countenance of\\neach individual, in like manner, sends forth\\nits system of vibrations, and all meet in the\\neye, and imprint their pictures of those coun\u00c2\u00ac\\ntenances on the retina within a circle that\\ndoes not exceed in circumference that of a\\ndime\u00e2\u0080\u0094not one is omitted not one is blurred.\\nLight treats all objects alike.\\nFINE family of planets is that\\nover which the sun presides, and\\nan accurate description of these\\nwill be of interest to the reader.\\nWe are now speaking of the\\norbs that revolve around him.\\nMERCURY.\\nAbove the sun, in the west, when that\\nradiant body sets, or again before its rising\\nin the east, is seen sometimes a small white\\nstar, slightly tinged with red. The Greeks\\ncall it Apollo, god of day, and Mercury, the\\ngod of thieves, who take advantage of the\\nnight to commit their misdeeds; for they\\nsaw in it two different planets, one a morn\u00c2\u00ac\\ning and the other an evening one, as they\\ndid also for a longtime in the case of Venus,\\nthe Egyptians and Indians doing the same.\\nThe former gave it the names of Set and\\nHorus; the latter those of Boudda and\\nRauhineya; names which bring to mind,\\nlike the preceding, the divinities of day and\\nnight. The Latins who, however, employed\\nthemselves very little with astronomy, in\\nthis respect remained in doubt. It has\\nbeen only in later times that the identity of\\nthese two stars winch, like Castor and\\nPollux, to which they are assimilated, never\\nappear together, has been proved its evening\\nname Mercury, was the one retained.\\nBeing the first planet of the system, Mer\u00c2\u00ac\\ncury always remains absorbed in the royal\\nradiation of the prince of day; also, like a.\\ncourtier, it is deprived of its individuality and\\nblended in the personality of the ruling star.\\nIt gains nothing and loses much, seeing that\\nit had not the honor of being known tO\\nthe founders of astronomy. Copernicus\\ndespaired of ever seeing it: \u00e2\u0080\u009cI fear,\u00e2\u0080\u009d said\\nthis great man, \u00e2\u0080\u009cthat I shall descend to the\\ntomb without having oeen the planet.\u00e2\u0080\u009d And,\\nindeed, he who had transformed the system\\nof the world, and taken in hand each of the\\nplanets to place them round the sun, died\\nwithout having seen the first amongst them.\\nGalileo was able to observe it, thanks to the\\nglasses which he had invented, but it could\\nnot be said that he understood it sufficiently,\\nas it was impossible for him ever to distin\u00c2\u00ac\\nguish its phases.\\nThe adversaries of the new system op\u00c2\u00ac\\nposed the first astronomers, Copernicus,\\nGalileo, and Kepler, on account of the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0580.jp2"}, "579": {"fulltext": "HOW TO READ THE SKY.\\n537\\nabsence of phases in the planets Mercury\\nand Venus. \u00e2\u0080\u009cFor,\u00e2\u0080\u009d said they, \u00e2\u0080\u009cif these\\nplanets revolved around the sun, they would\\nchange their aspect to our eyes, as the moon\\ndoes, according as we see in front, in profile,\\nor in rear, the illumined part, the side in\\nfact which they turn towards the sun.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nCopernicus and his colleagues replied,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cWe do not distinguish any phases, it is\\ntrue; but if it only requires them in order\\nthat you should adopt our system, God\\nwill cause that there may be some.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nIndeed there were some. By the observa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of the irregularities visible in the\\ninterior of the crescent or quarter, it has\\nbeen observed that Mercury is rugged\\nwith high mountains, higher than those\\nof the earth, although Mercury is a much\\nsmaller globe than ours. The existence\\nof a denser and higher atmosphere than\\nours has been suspected.\\nGrotesque Romances.\\nIn the middle of the last century, one\\nof the numerous romancers who feigned\\nvoyages to the planets, pretended to know\\nthat the mountains of Mercury were all\\ncrowned with beautiful gardens, in which\\ngrew naturally not only the most succu\u00c2\u00ac\\nlent fruits which served as food to the\\nMercurians, but also the greatest variety\\nof dishes. It is better, perhaps, to believe\\nthis than to think with Fontenelle, that\\nthe inhabitants of Mercury are all mad,\\nand that their brains are burned with the\\nviolent heat which the sun pours upon their\\nheads. But until an authentic voyager has\\nmade us sufficiently acquainted on this head,\\nwe will confine ourselves to the astronomical\\nelements of the planet.\\nIt revolves at a distance of 35,000,000 of\\nmiles from the sun its diameter is 2960\\nmiles; its day is 24 hours, 3 minutes, 28\\nseconds long; its year, 87 days, 23 hours,.\\n14 mmutes and its seasons, 22 days only*\\nits mass, compared to that of the earth is\\nonly yjpo its density is three times more than\\nours, and bodies which fall on its surface\\ntravel 7.45 feet during the first second of\\nfall; and, lastly, it receives six times and\\na half more light and heat than the earth does.\\nCELEBRATED ASTRONOMERS.\\nCOPERNICUS.\\nGALILEO. ISAAC NEWTON.\\nKEPLER. TYCHO BRAHE.\\nVENUS.\\nThou little sparkling star of even,\\nThou gem upon an azure heaven I\\nHow swiftly will I soar to thee\\nWhen this imprisoned soul is free\\nThe young poetess who sang this charm\u00c2\u00ac\\ning song, Maria Lucrecia Davidson, escaped\\nfrom her earthly prison towards her well-\\n1 beloved star when she had scarcely seen her", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0581.jp2"}, "580": {"fulltext": "538\\nASTRONOMY.\\nseventeenth spring blossom forth. Some ill-\\ndisposed minds have asserted that although\\nVenus is beautiful afar, it is frightful on a\\nnearer view. We fancy our young and\\namiable readers are not of this opinion.\\nIndeed all the magnificence of light and\\nday which we enjoy on the earth, Venus\\nposseses in a higher degree. Like our\\nglobe, it is surrounded by a transparent\\natmosphere, in the midst of which are com\u00c2\u00ac\\nbined thousands and thousands of shades of\\nlight. Clouds rise from the stormy ocean,\\nand transport into the sky, snowy, silvery,\\ngolden and purple tints. At morning and\\nevening, when the dazzling orb of day, twice\\nas large as it appears from the earth, lifts its\\nCRESCENT AND SPOTS OF VENUS.\\nenormous disk at the east or inclines towards\\nthe west, the twilight unfolds its splendors\\nand charms*. From here we can be spec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntators of this distant spectacle; for we\\ndistinctly see the daybreak and the close of\\nday in the plains of Venus.\\nDay and night are of nearly the same\\nduration as on the earth the diurnal period\\nof rotation of the planet is twenty-three\\nhours, twenty-one minutes, seven seconds\\nit is consequently thirty-five minutes less\\nthan ours. Its year is two hundred and\\ntwenty-four days. Its mountains are much\\nhigher than ours. The inequalities which are\\nnoticed in the interior of the crescent are the\\nhighest points of the surface which still\\nreceive the sun\u00e2\u0080\u0099s rays after these have left\\nthe plain. The height can be concluded\\nfrom the time that these light-points take to\\ndisappear.\\nRapid Motions.\\nWe have just spoken of Venus as a cres\u00c2\u00ac\\ncent. Like Mercury, this planet is situated\\nbetween the earth and the sun; and the\\ncircle which it describes during its year is\\ncomprised in the circle which the earth\\ndescribes round the same body. Hence\\nit follows that at certain epochs the planet\\nVenus is exactly between us and the sun\\nand then it presents its dark part to us, as its\\nilluminated portion is naturally on the side\\nof the sun. At other times,\\nwhen it is to the right or left of\\nthe sun, it presents only a quar\u00c2\u00ac\\nter. Lastly, when Venus is on\\nthe other side of the sun, it pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nsents its entire illuminated por\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion to us. At such times it is\\none of the beauties of the firma\u00c2\u00ac\\nment, a gem of the first water.\\nThe phases of Venus were\\nseen for the first time by Galileo\\nin the month of September, 1610, who\\nbeheld this spectacle with a joy impossible\\nto describe, seeing that it eloquently testified\\nin favor of the system of Copernicus, show\u00c2\u00ac\\ning that like the earth and moon, the planets\\nreceive their light from the sun. When we\\nsay that these phases were for the first time\\nseen in the month of September, 1610, you\\nmust not conclude that they did not exist\\nbefore that epoch, but you must understand,\\nthat before that year no one had turned the\\ntelescope to the planet, and that with the\\nnaked eye, these phases are imperceptible.\\nAccording to the custom of the period,\\nthe illustrious astronomer disguised his\\ndiscovery under an anagram, to maintain", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0582.jp2"}, "581": {"fulltext": "HOW TO READ THE SKY.\\n539\\nthe authenticity of this discovery in case\\nof rivalry, and to give himself time to con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinue his observation and to perfect them.\\nHe finished a letter with this phrase: \u00e2\u0080\u009cHcec\\nimmatura a me jam frustra leguntur d. y.\\nwhich means, These things unripened and\\nas yet hidden to others, are at length read\\nby me.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nUnder this cryptogram, it would be diffi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncult to discover the idea of the phases of\\nVenus. Our farthers were very ingenious,\\nand in the present time certain discoveries\\nwould not have been so greatly contested, if\\nastronomers had sometimes used the same\\nruse. In this phrase there are thirty-four let\u00c2\u00ac\\nters. By placing them in another order, we get\\nthese words, in which the whole discovery is\\nelegantly inscribed Cynthice jiguras emu-\\nlatur mater Amorum. \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe mother of the\\nLoves puts on the phases of the moon.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nA Shrewd Reply.\\nGalileo was very cunning. Two months\\nlater, Father Castelli asking if Venus had\\nphases, he replied, My state of health is\\nvery bad, and I find it better to be in my\\nbed than in the dew.\u00e2\u0080\u009d It was only two\\ndays before the end of the year that he\\nannounced the above discovery.\\nThis globe presents the greatest sem\u00c2\u00ac\\nblance to our own, and it has nearly the\\nsame astronomical elements, size, volume,\\nweight and density; only it is much nearer\\nto the sun than we are. From the com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmencement of ancient poetry, its position\\nnear the sun, which causes it to appear at\\nsunrise and sunset, attracted contemplative\\nminds towards it. In the middle ages, a\\nworthy father took an ecstatic voyage in\\nthe heavens, and in Venus saw only young\\npeople of ravishing beauty, living in the\\nmidst of perfect happiness; in his sight,\\nthese were the guiding spirits of the planet\\nVenus, for in olden times it was believed\\nthat a legion of angels or genii presided\\nover the direction of each of the heavenly\\nspheres.\\nMARS.\\nAll the maledictions of mortals have fallen\\non Saturn and Mars. Beginning with war,\\nthat scourge of humanity of which it will\\nhave great trouble to rid itself, all public\\nmisfortunes caused by power have been\\nattributed to Mars, which, if it knew what\\nthe earth thought of it, ought to regard us\\nwith an evil eye. It is, nevertheless, inno\u00c2\u00ac\\ncent of all these calumnies, and we ought\\nnot to speak ill of it, presenting, as it does,\\nmost resemblance to ourselves. Indeed the\\nworld of Mars resembles the earth so much,\\nthat if we happened one day to be traveling\\nthere and lost our way, it would be almost\\nimpossible to recognize which of the two\\nwere our planet. Without the moon, which\\nwould charitably remove our uncertainty, we\\nshould run a great risk of arriving amongst\\nthe inhabitants of Mars, expecting to descend\\ninto the United States, or some other ter\u00c2\u00ac\\nrestrial quarter.\\nIndeed, the planet Mars in our telescopes\\npresents the same aspect as the earth must\\ndo to the inhabitants of Venus; a circular\\ndisk, rather flattened, turning on itself in\\nabout twenty-four hours, furrowed from time\\nto time by fleeting clouds, diversified with here\\ndark and there light plains, revolving ob\u00c2\u00ac\\nliquely on an axis enveloped with an atmos\u00c2\u00ac\\nphere and with snow-covered poles. On\\nthis planet the seasons are nearly of the\\nsame intensity as our own, but their dura\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion is twice as long; for Mars only accom\u00c2\u00ac\\nplishes its annual revolution around the sun\\nin i year, 321 days, and 22 hours, or 1 year,\\n10 months and 21 days.\\nWe may notice certain differences be-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0583.jp2"}, "582": {"fulltext": "540\\nASTRONOMY.\\ntween the aspect of Mars and our own\\nworld. Whereas the earth seen at a distance\\nmust appear tinted with green, on account\\nof the color of its atmosphere, its vegetation\\nand water, Mars is shaded with red, and it is\\nthis shade which gives it the reddish light\\nwith which it is seen to shine. Doubtless\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0his characteristic color is produced by the\\ndominant coloring of its surface; either its\\nsoil is thus colored like that of our deserts,\\nor its seas, its vegetation, or the vapors\\nrising into its atmosphere, are chiefly clothed\\nwith this shade. Nevertheless, the poles\\nalways preserve their brilliant light. In 1837,\\nit once happened that Mars was, during the\\nobservations, completely darkened by a cloud,\\nwith the exception of the poles which\\nstood out distinctly.\\nRemoved from the sun to a mean distance\\nof 139,000,000 of miles, and encircling the\\nthe earth\u00e2\u0080\u0099s orbit in that which it describes\\nround the central body, there are certain\\nperiods where these planets aie very near\\ntogether; that is, when they are both on\\nthe same side of their path with regard\\nto the sun. Sometimes they are not more\\nthan 48,000,000 of miles distant irpm each\\nother. Mars has two satellites, which have\\nbeen discovered at a comparatively lecent\\ndate.\\nThe conjunction of two planets is the\\npoint of their orbits where they are on the\\nsame side of the sun, and are the nearest\\npossible to each other; the term\\nopposition is given to the opposite\\npoint of their paths, when they\\nare on opposite sides of the sun,\\nexcept in the case of Mercury and\\nVenus. In olden times these\\npositions greatly exercised the\\nsagacity of horoscope-seekers, and\\nhuman destinies received fancied\\npredictions, according as the god\\nof war was in conjunction in such\\nand such a sign of the zodiac.\\nThe Little Worlds.\\nThe interior planets, Venus and\\nMercury, whose orbits are en\u00c2\u00ac\\nclosed in that of the earth, have\\nno opposition, but they have two\\nconjunctions the superior, when\\nthe planet is beyond the sun and\\nin one right line; the inferior^\\nwhen it is situated between the sun and the\\nearth. The exterior planets, those which\\nenclose the terrestrial orbit, and of which\\nMars is the first, have only the superior\\nconjunction.\\nAt about 80,000,000 of miles, beyond the\\nplanet Mars, between the orbit of this planet\\nand that of Jupiter, we meet with the group\\nof small planets, of which we have already\\nspoken. These are very little worlds, if\\neven they deserve this name, which have", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0584.jp2"}, "583": {"fulltext": "HOW TO READ THE SKY.\\n541\\nscarcely the extent of a province, or even a\\ndepartment. They gravitate in this zone in\\nconsiderable numbers, for there may exist\\nseveral thousands. Perhaps they are debris\\nof a larger world, shattered by some catas\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrophe; perhaps they have been formed in\\nthis region of space in the fragmentary state\\nin which we now see them.\\nPutting aside the title of original greatness\\nof these asteroids, and the fate which attends\\nthem, let us traverse their colony, and\\nbeyond it get near the most magnificent of\\nthe worlds of our system.\\nJUPITER.\\nShe said\\nOh that it were my doom to be\\nThe spirit of yon beauteous star,\\nDwelling up there in purity,\\nAlone, as all such bright things are\\nMy sole employ to pray and shine\\nTo light my censer at the sun\\nThe orb of Jupiter is more bulky than all\\nthe other planets of our system it is only a\\nthousand times smaller than the sun, which\\nmakes it, if we remember the volume of that\\nradiant body, from fourteen to fifteen hun\u00c2\u00ac\\ndred times larger than the terrestrial globe.\\nAlso, although it revolves in an orbit nearly\\n475,000,000 of miles distant from the sun,\\nand receives a much fainter light than that\\nreceived by the earth, its size is evidenced by\\nthe light with which it shines during our\\nstarry nights, equal and often superior to\\nthat with which Venus shines. Jupiter is\\ntherefore reckoned among the most beautiful\\nobjects of the heavens. As it is always in\\nthe zodiac, and when Venus is visible in the\\nevening, it is always in the west, it is easily\\nrecognized. At whatever period of the year,\\ntherefore, you see a very bright star, either\\nin the east, or high up among the zodiacal\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0constellations, you may be certain that it is\\nJupiter.\\nThis planet is a charming one, so far at\\nleast as we are able to judge from afar and\\nwithout going there. To begin with, a con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinual spring rejoices its surface. If it is\\nornamented with flowers, which we do not\\ndoubt, though we know not of what these\\nflowers consist, they do not only survive\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cthe span of a morning,\u00e2\u0080\u009d as our roses do,\\nbut live much longer. Scarcely have the\\noldest begun to dry up and fade but they\\nare replaced by lovely buds, opening before\\nthe first have died away. Not only is the\\nJovian year equal to twelve of ours, but it is\\nscarcely known when the yearly period\\nbegins or ends.\\nThe King of the Planets.\\nThen Jupiter presents a surface 126 times\\nmore extensive than the terrestrial surface.\\nWe speak of surface, not volume. Now, a\\nhundred and twenty-six earths placed side\\nby side, and on which the human race would\\nbe able to spread itself at will, would con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstitute a very fine country. We ought, then,\\nnot to doubt that such an empire has been\\nformed to serve as an abode for a race of\\nbeings, venerable and worthy of our re\u00c2\u00ac\\nspect. We reason thus of Jupiter, because\\nwe have had the necessary means to measure\\nand appreciate it at its just value. But it is\\nnecessary to add something to complete the\\ncomparison between this world and our own.\\nBecause we find, by observation of the\\nJovian planet, excellent reasons for believing\\nthat its inhabitants are very favored, it does\\nnot follow that the aforesaid inhabitants\\nmake similar reflections on us. There is a\\nvery good reason why they do not occupy\\nthemselves with us\u00e2\u0080\u0094they are probably not\\nacquainted with our existence. And, indeed,\\nif ever, at a future time, more or less dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntant, you should happen to inhabit Jupitei,\\nyou would have great trouble to discover", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0585.jp2"}, "584": {"fulltext": "ASTRONOMY\\n542\\nyour old country. To do so you would\\nhave to rise a little before the sun (and mark\\nor six minutes before the rising look to the\\neast for a very small white star. With good\\neyes, you perhaps would\\nperceive it. In this case,\\nyou would know that our\\nearth exists.\\nAgain, you would make\\nthe same search six months\\nlater, at the west, a few\\nmoments after the setting\\nof the sun. Such is the\\ncondition of the inhabitants\\nof Jupiter with regard to us.\\nThey can never see the\\nearth during the night, al\u00c2\u00ac\\nthough it is precisely in\\nthe middle of clear nights\\nthat we are best able to\\nthis\\nRELATIVE SIZES OF THE SUN AND PLANETS\\nthere are only five hours from the setting to\\nthe rising of this body on Jupiter) and five\\nobserve\\nplanet.\\nmagnificent\\nSATURN.\\nIf you were to take\\njourney to the planet Sat\u00c2\u00ac\\nurn, which is scarcely more\\nthan 900,000,000 of miles\\nfrom us, you would feel on\\napproaching it an unspeak\u00c2\u00ac\\nable astonishment, to which\\ncertainly no sentiment of\\nsurprise felt on the earth\\ncan be compared. Imagine\\nan immense globe, not only\\nof the size of the earth, but\\nas large as 734 earths put\\ntogether. It revolves on\\nan axis with such rapidity,\\nthat in spite of its size it\\naccomplishes its diurnal\\nrotatory movement in\\nabout ten hours. Around\\nit, at 20,000 miles distance above its equator\\nan immense ring, flat and relatively very thin.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0586.jp2"}, "585": {"fulltext": "HOW TO READ THE SKY.\\n543\\nsurrounds it on all sides. This ring is fol\u00c2\u00ac\\nlowed by a second, and this one by a third.\\nNow this system of multiple rings is only\\na few miles thick, while its diameter is\\n166,000 miles. They do not remain im\u00c2\u00ac\\nmovable, but are carried along with a circular\\nmovement round the planet, this movement\\nbeing of still greater rapidity than that of the\\nplanet itself. The domain of the Saturnine\\nworld is not confined to this. Beyond the\\nring, eight moons are seen revolving in the\\nheavens around this strange system the\\nnearest of these satellites is separated from\\nthe planet\u00e2\u0080\u0099s centre by a distance of 120,000\\nmiles; the most remote has an orbit of\\n2,293,000 miles from the centre of the\\nplanet. Saturn then governs a system which\\nmeasures not less than four and a half millions\\nof miles in diameter.\\nBy the side of this world the earth makes\\nbut a poor figure, and Micromegas, in the\\nfable, was to be pardoned when on coming\\nout of Saturn he mistook the earth for a\\nmolehill. Its years are thirty times longer\\n*han ours of its seasons each lasts seven\\nyears and four months a change remarkably\\nlike that which distinguishes our own diver\u00c2\u00ac\\nsifies them a regenerating spring succeeds\\nthe rigor of winter summer and autumn\\npour forth their alternate fruits.\\nURANUS.\\nOn the 13th of March, 1781, between ten\\nand eleven in the evening, a quondam organ\u00c2\u00ac\\nist of Halifax, who had himself made the\\nbest telescope then in existence, observed\\nthe small stars of the constellation of the\\nTwins, with a telescope of nine feet focal\\nlength, and a magnifying power of 227.\\nDuring his observation he perceived that\\none of the stars presented an unusual dia\u00c2\u00ac\\nmeter. Astonished and desiring to prove\\nthe fact, he took an eyepiece magnifying\\ndouble, and found that the diameter of the\\nstar increased whilst that of the others\\nremained the same. More and more sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nprised, he fetched his magnifying power of\\n932, being quadruple that of the first, and\\nagain observed it. The mysterious star was\\nstill larger.\\nFrom that time, he no longer doubted\\nthis was a new body, not a star. He con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinued the following days, and noticed that\\nit slowly moved among the others. It was\\nthen a comet. Herschel described it to the\\nRoyal Society in a paper entitled, \u00e2\u0080\u009cAccount\\nof a Cometand the scientific world of all\\ncountries registered this new cometary body,\\nTHE PLANET SATURN.\\nand set about observing it in order to deter\u00c2\u00ac\\nmine its orbit. If Herschel had directed his\\ntelescope towards the constellation of the\\nTwins eleven days sooner, said Arago, the\\nreal movement of Uranus would have\\nescaped him, for this planet was on the\\nsecond at one of its stationary points. It\\nmay be seen by this remark on what the\\ngreatest astronomical discoveries depend.\\nThe name of the astronomer was then so\\nlittle known that it is found written in every\\nway; Mersthel, Herthel, Hermstel, Horo-\\nchelle. Nevertheless, the discovery of a new\\ncomet was an event important enough to\\ninduce a study of the new body. Laplace,\\nMechain, Boscowich and Lexell endeavored", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0587.jp2"}, "586": {"fulltext": "544\\nASTRONOMY.\\nto determine the orbit along which it moved.\\nMany months elapsed before the astrono\u00c2\u00ac\\nmers guessed that it was a real planet and\\nit was not until after having observed that\\nall the imagined orbits for the pretended\\ncomet were soon contradicted by observa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, and that it probably had a circular\\norbit, much more distant from the sun than\\nSaturn, until then the ooundary of the\\nsystem, that they agreed to regard it as a\\nplanet.\\nThe New Member cf the Family.\\nStill this was but a provisional agreement.\\nIt was, indeed, more difficult than was\\nthought thus to increase unscrupulously the\\nfamily of the sun. Many reasons of pro\u00c2\u00ac\\npriety were opposed to it. Old ideas are\\ntyrannical. It had been the custom for so\\nlong to regard the venerable Saturn as\\nkeeper of the frontiers, that it required a\\ngreat effort to determine upon extending\\nthese frontiers, and guarding them by a new\\nworld. It happened in this as in the dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ncovery of the small planets situated between\\nMars and Jupiter.\\nTwo years before this discovery was\\nmade, Kepler imagined, for the harmony of\\nthe world, a large planet in this space, and\\nthe most frivolous and senseless considera\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions were urged against it. For instance,\\nthey reasoned There are only seven open\u00c2\u00ac\\nings in the head, the two eyes, the two ears,\\nthe two nostrils, and the mouth; there are\\nonly seven metals, there are but seven days\\nin the week, therefore there are but seven\\nplanets,\u00e2\u0080\u009d etc. Considerations like these,\\nand others no less imaginary, often hinder\\nthe progress of astronomy.\\nWhen William Herschel, having been\\npresent as a spectator at the debates created\\nby his discovery, came to the belief that his\\ncomet was a planet situated at the confines\\nof our system, he claimed the right, which\\nwas indisputably his, of christening the new\\nstar. Animated by a lawful motive of grati\u00c2\u00ac\\ntude towards George III., who had appre\u00c2\u00ac\\nciated his astronomical worth and given him\\nan annual pension, he at first proposed the\\nname of Georgium Sidus, George\u00e2\u0080\u0099s star, as\\nGalileo had called the satellites of Jupiter\\ndiscovered by him, the Medici\u00e2\u0080\u0099s stars, and\\nas Horace had said Julium Sidus.\\nOthers proposed the name of Neptune, in\\norder to preserve the mythological character;\\nSaturn would be thus found between his\\ntwo sons, Jupiter and Neptune. Others\\nadded to Neptune the name of George III.,\\nothers again proposed Astrae, considering\\nthe goddess of Justice was as far as possible\\nfrom the earth; Cybele, mother of the gods;\\nUranus, the most ancient of all to whom\\nreparation was due after so many hundred\\nyears of neglect. Lalande suggested Her-\\nschel\u00e2\u0080\u0099s name to immortalize the discoverer.\\nThese two denominations prevailed.\\nFor a long time the planet bore the\\nname of Herschel, but custom has since\\ndeclared for the mythological appellation of\\nUranus. The discovery of Uranus has in\u00c2\u00ac\\ncreased the radius of the solar system from\\n872,000,000 of miles to 1,753,000,000.\\nCompared with the preceding, this planet is\\nnot very large, for it is scarcely eighty-two\\ntimes more bulky than the earth. Its seasons\\nlast twenty-one years, of ours, and its years\\neighty-four years and a quarter. Around\\nit revolves eight satellites, six of which Her\u00c2\u00ac\\nschel himself discovered.\\nNEPTUNE.\\nThe world which here marks the frontiers\\nof the system, is situated at such a distance\\nfrom the sun, that the light and heat which\\nit receives from it are thirteen hundred\\ntimes less than that with which the earth", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0588.jp2"}, "587": {"fulltext": "HOW TO READ THE SKY.\\n545\\nis enriched, so that no great difference ean\\nbe noticed between the day and night of\\nthis distant planet, and to it the solar disk\\nis nearly reduced to the smallness of the\\nstars.\\nIn Eternal Twilight.\\nTwo billions seven hundred and forty-\\nsix millions of miles is the distance which\\nseparates this world from the sun. Until the\\ntime of its discovery, the frontiers of the\\nplanetary system already augmented by the\\naddition of Uranus, were confined to an\\norbit of 1,753,000,000 of miles in radius.\\nDoes this, then, imply that these are the\\nutmost limits, and that analysis will not be\\nable to go further and add fresh members to\\nthe already increasing family of the sun?\\nNo when observations spreading over a\\nlong series of years shall have been made,\\nand compared with each other, the uni\u00c2\u00ac\\nversal law of gravitation by which the\\nexistence of this planet was known before\\never being perceived in the field of the tele\u00c2\u00ac\\nscope, will prove the existence of others if\\nothers exist, which is probable; and the\\nprogress of optics following equally the\\nprogress of astronomy will give to the visual\\npower, again magnified, the power to dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ncover such distant planets which will, doubt\u00c2\u00ac\\nless, be of the sixteenth or seventeenth mag\u00c2\u00ac\\nnitude.\\nImagine a body a hundred times larger\\nthan the earth carried into the gloomy des\u00c2\u00ac\\nerts of space to the distance of the Neptunian\\norbit. It floats, isolated, in the obscurity\\nof space, following an immense but purely\\nideal curve, and which exists only in\\ntheory in the decree of eternal laws. It\\nfollows this curve, and revolves on itself\\nwithout ever deviating from its path. To\\nfinish its immense route and return to its\\nstarting point, it requires one hundred and\\nsixty-four years. It will return and again\\n35\\npass through this mysterious point of space\\nwhich it passed nearly two centuries before.\\nWhat power moves it What hand guides\\nthis blind body through the night of the dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntant regions, and what causes it to describe\\nthis harmonious curve? It is universal\\nattraction.\\nInstead of following a regular ellipse round\\nthe sun, the planet Uranus underwent, from\\nsome unknown cause, a perturbation, which\\nretarded its theoretical path, and extended its\\ncircular curve towards a certain point, as if\\nan attractive cause had seduced the traveler\\nfrom its path, and had made it deviate from\\nits proposed route. It was calculated that,\\nin order to produce at this point an attrac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of such intensity, it was necessary that\\nthere should be on that side of the system\\nbeyond Uranus, a planet of a certain mass,\\nand at a certain distance.\\nA Remarkable Discovery.\\nTwo astronomers, the one French, the\\nother English, set to work at the same time\\nin this research. They discovered the dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nturbing cause theoretically, and observers\\ndirected their telescopes to the spot thus\\nindicated by theory. They were not long in\\nactually discovering the body near the spot\\npointed out, and they were able to announce\\nto the world the most brilliant confirmation\\nof universal gravitation.\\nThis discovery justly ranks as one of the\\nmost celebrated among the dazzling triumphs\\nof astronomical science. If anything in crea\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion might be expected to be circumspect\\nand steady, it is one of the planets, like\\nNeptune, that helps to form the solar sys\u00c2\u00ac\\ntem. But like a swift-running locomotive, it\\nswayed, trembled, threatened to leave the\\ntrack. Surely,\u00e2\u0080\u009d said the astronomer, \u00e2\u0080\u009cthere\\nmust be some world beyond that is drawing\\nit.\u00e2\u0080\u009d And there was.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0589.jp2"}, "588": {"fulltext": "54(5\\nASTRONOMY.\\nhe Earth\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\n*4\\nUR earth is not rich in respect\\nto satellites, possessing as it\\ndoes only one, which, how\u00c2\u00ac\\never, is of dimensions ample\\nenough as compared to it;\\nthis is the moon, the faithful\\ncompanion of its course.\\nOther planets, it is true, like\\nJupiter and Saturn, are more richly endowed,\\nand have from four to eight satellites but\\nagain there are others which do not possess\\nany, as is the case with Venus and Mercury.\\nThe sole and faithful satellite of the earth,\\nformed by a fragment detached from it, now\\ncold and wan, rolled round us when it began,\\na red and blazing sphere, vomiting torrents\\nof fire from its whole surface. Whilst gravi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntation was regulating its form and path, the\\nmoon, in the course of thousands of years,\\nexhausted its fires to show us at last its pale\\nand silvery face, the sa,d luminary of our\\nnights, the splendid nocturnal mirror which\\nreflects to us, pale and cold, the divergent\\nrays of the sun.\\nCompared to the immeasurable distances\\nof the nebulae and stars, the space which\\nseparates us from our satellite is quite insig\u00c2\u00ac\\nnificant she is our next-door neighbor and\\nthe eye can so clearly discern her form and\\npeculiarities, that she seems almost to touch\\nus. But this insignificant distance, abstractly\\nconsidered, is yet vast enough. The dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntance from the earth to the moon is about\\n237,000 miles. If it were possible to get\\nthere by means of steam, it would require\\none year and about three hundred and\\ntwenty-two days for a locomotive starting\\nfrom our globe and traveling at a high rate\\nof speed to reach the moon and land its\\npassengers yet this is but a step compared\\nto the distances of the stars.\\nGrand Lunar Mountains.\\nThe moon is in. every part roughened\\nwith eminences of different shapes, but they\\nom j uy rarely group themselves into moun\u00c2\u00ac\\ntain chains comparable to those of our globe.\\nThe Alps, Caucasus, and the Apennines\\nrepresent the principal ones. Certain iso\u00c2\u00ac\\nlated summits have received the names of cele\u00c2\u00ac\\nbrated men, but those of past times have been\\nchosen in order not to excite any jealousy\\nwe travel from the Mountain of Aristotle to\\nthat of Hipparchus, from that of Ptolemy to\\nthat of Copernicus. The astronomers have\\nvery properly not forgotten their claims.\\nThe highest lunar mountains attain an\\naltitude which surpasses most terrestrial\\nelavations, a fact which may well astonish\\nus. Generally they do not rise beyond 22,750\\nfeet. But in proportion to the size of the\\nplanet, we may say that the mountains in\\nthe moon are much loftier than those of the\\nearth. The summits of Mount Doerfel are", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0590.jp2"}, "589": {"fulltext": "HOW TO READ THE SKY.\\n547\\n24,700 feet above the valleys which environ\\nit, whilst the crest of Mont Blanc only rises\\n15,632 feet above the level of the sea.\\nMost of the mountains of our pale com\u00c2\u00ac\\npanion are of volcanic origin, and its surface\\nhas been so shattered by subterranean fires\\nthat in many places the craters are heaped\\nup close beside each other. Probably no\\nstar was ever so horribly torn by the fury of\\nvolcanoes. These\\neven attain propor\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions far beyond what\\nis seen in our globe.\\nSome of those lunar\\ncraters are four or five\\nleagues in diameter,\\nand the gaping mouth\\nof the volcano of\\nAristillus, still more\\nprodigious, is ten\\nleagues from one\\nridge to the other!\\nOur glasses enable\\nus to see these ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinct craters in such\\nproportions, that none\\nof their details escape\\nus; whilst, were we\\non the moon, our\\ntelescopes, according\\nto Humboldt, would\\nscarcely enable us to\\nmake out terrestrial\\nvolcanoes.\\nIt seems strange to say that the geography\\nof the moon, or at least of much of that\\nportion of her surface which is presented to\\nour view, is better known than that of many\\nparts of our own earth; and yet this is quite\\ntrue. Our telescopes are of such power that\\nif there were an object on the moon\u00e2\u0080\u0099s surface\\nas large as the Capitol at Washington, they\\nwould surely reveal it to us.\\nSeen from the earth many lunar volcanoes\\nappear very much depressed, and the edges\\nof their craters resemble so many flattened\\nrings, projecting very little above the plains.\\nSome regions are so riddled with them that\\ntheir mouths touch. Others surmount lofty\\nsummits, and their crenelated ramparts sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nround enormous excavations, which pierce\\ndeep into the mountains below.\\nFormerly the dark patches which cover\\npart of the moon\u00e2\u0080\u0099s surface were considered\\nas representing lunar seas, but at present\\nmen are disposed to look upon them as only\\nimmense plains. The first astronomers gave\\nthem names full of poetry. There was the\\nSea of Tranquility, the Sea of Clouds, the\\nSea of Nectar, the Ocean of Tempests, and\\nthe Sea of Serenity.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0591.jp2"}, "590": {"fulltext": "548\\nASTRONOMY.\\nThe rocky and shattered soil of our satel\u00c2\u00ac\\nlite is perfectly bare; not a blade of grass\\ngrows there, not a flower opens. Totally\\ndeprived of water and air, life is an impossi\u00c2\u00ac\\nbility. A threefold death would overtake\\nthe least animal that happened to alight\\nthere; a squirrel would perish of hunger,\\nthirst, and asphyxia! In these cold and hor\u00c2\u00ac\\nrid realms of the moon, everything is plunged\\nin torpor and silence; the echoes are mute,\\nand the breath of a zephyr never plays around\\nthe summits of the rugged mountains.\\nA Desert World.\\nBy means of our instruments, which have\\nnow been brought to so great perfection, we\\ncan pry into the minutest details of our satel\u00c2\u00ac\\nlite, and examine them with as much accu\u00c2\u00ac\\nracy as if it were some distant view on earth\\nhence we can, to a certain extent, make out its\\ngeological disposition. The precision of our\\nglasses has been carried to such a* pitch, that\\nwe could with them easily perceive large\\nbuildings, if any existed on the lunar surface;\\nwe could even make out troops of animals\\nmoving about. It would, it is true, be im\u00c2\u00ac\\npossible to perceive one of its inhabitants\\ntraversing the valleys of its silver crescent,\\nbut if the much spoken of Selenites existed,\\nwe should certainly perceive their movements\\nwhen they were collected into dense masses.\\nAccording to Humboldt, however, there is\\nonly a noiseless, silent desert there.\\nSir Walter Scott gives us, in one of his fine\\npoetical outbursts, this apostrophe to the\\nlunar world\\nHail to thy cold and clouded beam,\\nPale pilgrim of the troubled sky\\nHail, though the mists that o\u00e2\u0080\u0099er thee stream\\nLend to thy brow their sullen dye\\nHow should thy pure and peaceful eye\\nUntroubled view our scenes below\\nOr how a tearless beam supply,\\nTo light a world of war and woe\\nThere is a great contrast, not only appa\u00c2\u00ac\\nrent but real, between the serene tranquility\\nof the lunar disk and the great movements\\nwhich are ceaselessly carried on on the sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nface of our world. On approaching the\\nmoon nothing is seen of the physical causes\\nwhich make the earth a vast laboratory\\nwherein a thousand elements contend or\\nunite with each other.\\nThere are none of those tumultuous tem\u00c2\u00ac\\npests which sometimes sweep over our\\nundulated plains; none of those hurricanes\\nwhich descend in waterspouts to be swal\u00c2\u00ac\\nlowed up in the depth of the sea; no wind\\nblows, no cloud rises to the heavens. There\\nwhite trains of cloudy vapors are not seen,\\nnor those laden masses with heavy cohorts\\nthe rain never falls, and neither snow, nor\\nhail, nor any of the meteorological phe\u00c2\u00ac\\nnomena are manifested there.\\nSilence and Death.\\nBut, on the other hand, the magnificent\\ntints which color our sky at sunrise and twi\u00c2\u00ac\\nlight, the radiation of the heated atmos\u00c2\u00ac\\nphere, are never seen there; if winds and\\ntempests never blow, neither is there the\\nbalmy breeze which descends npon our\\ncoasts. In this kingdom of sovereign im\u00c2\u00ac\\nmobility, the lightest zephyr never comes to\\ncaress the hilltops the sky remains eter\u00c2\u00ac\\nnally asleep in a calm incomparably more\\ncomplete than that of our hottest days when\\nnot a leaf moves in the air. This is because\\non the surface of this strange world there is\\nno atmosphere. From this privation results\\na state of things difficult to realize.\\nIn the first place, the absence of air\\nimplies also the absence of water and every\\nliquid, foi water and liquids can only exist\\nunder atmospheric pressureif this pressure\\nis taken away they evaporate and their beds\\nare dried up. Thus, for instance, if you", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0592.jp2"}, "591": {"fulltext": "HOW TO READ THE SKY\\n549\\nplace a vessel filled with water under the\\nreceiver of an air-pump, and then, by pump\u00c2\u00ac\\ning out the air which is in the receiver, you\\nmake a vacuum, you will soon see the water\\nboil, even when the place where the experi\u00c2\u00ac\\nment is made is frozen with the most intense\\n:old. The boiling disengages vapors, and,\\nfinally, the water is evaporated. Now let us\\nsuppose, that, at a certain period of its past\\nexistence the moon had, like\\nthe earth, seas and rivers, and\\nthat by the aid of any apparatus,\\nits seas and rivers\\nwere made to boil\\nand to fall into vapor\\nagain; by continuing\\nthis operation long\\nenough the moon\\nwould be made com\u00c2\u00ac\\npletely dry: this is\\nprecisely what has\\nhappened.\\nSince the distant\\nperiod of its forma\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion in a fluid state,\\nit has lost all its\\nliquids and vapors,\\nand now a linnet\\nwould die of thirst\\nin the midst of the\\nseas of the moon. These seas\\ndo not contain a drop of water.\\nThese, it will be said, are sing\u00c2\u00ac\\nular seas. And, indeed, no on*,\\nwill hold that their title is logical. But we\\nhave seen that they were named at a time\\nwhen people did not know the lunar surface\\nsufficiently well to guess that it existed with\u00c2\u00ac\\nout air and water.\\nFrom the absence of air follows another\\nvery curious fact\u00e2\u0080\u0094the absence of sky. An\\nimmensity without depth is traversed by the\\nsight, and in the day as in the night are seen\\nthe stars, planets, comets, and all the bodies\\nof our universe. The sun passes among them\\nwithout extinguishing them, as it does to us.\\nNot only does the moon not possess this\\nperpetual diversity which the movements of\\nthe air produce on our world, but it has not\\nthe azure vault which covers the earth with\\nsuch a magnificent dome space is a black\\nand a perpetually black abyss.\\nWhilst on high there reigns darkness,\\nbelow there is silence. Not the least sound\\nis ever heard the sigh of the wind in the\\nwoods, the rustling of foliage, the song of\\nthe morning lark, or the sweet warbling of\\nthe nightingale never awakens the eternally\\ndumb echoes of this world. No voice, no\\nspeech has ever disturbed the intense soli\u00c2\u00ac\\ntude with which it is overspread. Unchange-\\nTELESCOPIC VIEW OF THE MOON.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0593.jp2"}, "592": {"fulltext": "550\\nASTRONOMY\\nable silence reigns there in sovereignty. Tall\\nperpendicular mountains divide its surface.\\nHere and there are seen worn out craters\\nrising towards the sky, white rocks heaped\\nup like the ruins of some long-passed revo\u00c2\u00ac\\nlution, crevasses crossing the surface as in\\nlands dried by the burning rays of long\\nsummer days.\\nThat which renders the spectacle more\\nheight. This paradox, rather difficult to\\nunderstand, arises from the fact that the\\nmountains of the moon are not like those of\\nthe earth, but are hollow. When we arrive\\nat the top there is a ring, the white, rugged\\nand sterile mountains, and lofty and deserted\\ncraters.\\nThese solitary and dried-up landscapes\\nremind us of what Fontenelle said regarding\\nPART OF THE MOON\u00e2\u0080\u0099S CRESCENT DURING THE FIRST QUARTER.\\nstrange is that the absence of vapors causes\\nthe absence of perspective as well as the\\nabsence of all tints, and we see only white\\nor black according as the object is in the\\nsun\u00e2\u0080\u0099s light or in shadow, the objects suc\u00c2\u00ac\\nceeding each other as far as the horizon with\u00c2\u00ac\\nout losing brightness or contour. The moon\\nis such a singular world that its mountains\\nmay be measured as well by depth as\\nthe changes at work on the surface of our\\nsatellite, caused, not by the movements of\\nlife, like those which regulate terrestrial\\nnature, but by the simple falling down of\\nlands. w Everything is in perpetual motion,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nhe says. Even including a certain young\\nlady, who was seen in the moon with a tele\u00c2\u00ac\\nscope about forty years ago, everything has\\nconsiderably aged. She had a pretty good", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0594.jp2"}, "593": {"fulltext": "HOW TO READ THE SKY.\\n551\\nface, but her cheeks are now sunken, her nose\\nis lengthened, her forehead and chin are now\\nprominent to such an extent, that all her\\ncharms have vanished, and I fear for her days.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nWhat are you relating to me now?\u00e2\u0080\u009d in\u00c2\u00ac\\nterrupted the Marchioness.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThis is no jest,\u00e2\u0080\u009d returned the author.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cAstronomers perceived in the moon a par\u00c2\u00ac\\nticular figure which had the aspect of a\\nwoman\u00e2\u0080\u0099s head, which came forth from be\u00c2\u00ac\\ntween the rocks, and then occurred some\\nchanges in this region. Some pieces of\\nmountain fell, and disclosed three points\\nwhich could only serve to compose a fore\u00c2\u00ac\\nhead, a nose, and an old woman\u00e2\u0080\u0099s chin.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nGleaming Mountain Crests.\\nWe do not know whether the face, of\\nwhich the ingenious writer speaks, existed\\nanywhere but in his imagination; but changes,\\neven caused by simple fallings, are extremely\\nrare, if even they are still produced. For a\\nhundred years, for instance, during which\\nperiod a day has not elapsed in which the\\nmoon has been visible, without it being ob\u00c2\u00ac\\nserved by the telescope, the slightest move\u00c2\u00ac\\nment has never been noticed.\\nAt the commencement of the century, it is\\ntrue, people fancied they observed active vol\u00c2\u00ac\\ncanoes, but they have since discovered that\\nvery probably what were then taken for vol\u00c2\u00ac\\ncanoes were nothing more than the white\\ncrests of certain mountains, their form or\\ntheir structure being more favorably adapted\\nto reflect light. Thus the orb of night\\nremains dumb and silent. Why this sad and\\nsolitary fate This is the question asked by\\nthe poet Shelley\\nArt thou pale for weariness,\\nOf climbing heaven and gazing on the earth,\\nWandering companionless\\nAmong the stars that have a different birth,\\nAnd ever changing, like a joyless eye\\nThat finds no object worth its constancy.\\nNow that we have pointed out how the\\nmoon is an inhospitable world, poor and\\ndestitute of nature\u00e2\u0080\u0099s gifts, it is necessary to\\nretrace our steps, and show it to you as a\\nmagnificent world, worthy of admiration and\\nesteem. We do not wish to contradict the\\nforegoing words but in order not to leave\\na bad impression with regard to our faith\u00c2\u00ac\\nful friend, we wish to remind you that nature,\\neven when it appears to disgrace some of its\\nworks from some points of view, favors them\\nwith very desirable riches when regarded\\nunder other aspects.\\nA Magnificent Spectacle.\\nTo an astronomer, the moon would be a\\nmagnificent observatory. In the daytime he\\ncould observe the stars at noon, and thus\\ndiscover, without trouble, that they reside\\neternally in the heavens. With us, on the\\ncontrary, among the ancients, were a great\\nnumber who imagined that they were lighted\\nup in the evening and extinguished in the\\nmorning. If, then, people make astronomical\\nobservations on the moon, the sun is not a\\ntyrant who governs the heavens absolutely\\nit allows the stars to be enthroned peaceably\\nwith it in space; and studies commenced\\nduring the night can be carried on without\\ndifficulty during the day until the following\\nnight.\\nOn our satellite the nights are fifteen times\\ntwenty-four hours long, and the days are of\\nthe same length but there is an essential\\ndifference to remark between the nights of\\nthe lunar hemisphere, which faces us, and\\nthose of the hemisphere which we do not\\nsee.\\nYou must have noticed that the moon\\nalways presents the same side to us. From\\nthe beginning of the world it has never\\nshown but this side. We read in Plutarch,\\nwho wrote nearly two thousand years ago,", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0595.jp2"}, "594": {"fulltext": "ASTRONOMY\\n552\\na thousand conjectures relative to the side of\\nthe moon always turned toward us. Some\\nsaid it was a large mirror, well polished and\\nexcellent, which sent back from afar the\\nimage of the earth the dark portions repre\u00c2\u00ac\\nsented the oceans and seas, while the bright\\nportions represented the continents.\\nOthers believed that the spots were forests,\\nwhere some placed the hunts of Diana, and\\nthat the most brilliant parts were the plains.\\nOthers, again, saw in it a very light, celestial\\nearth they stated that its inhabitants must\\npity the earth which is below them, and\\nwhich is only a mass of mud. Others, again,\\nand their singular opinion was widely spread,\\nadded that the beings who peopled it were\\nfifteen times larger than those of our earth,\\nand by the side of the lunar trees our oaks\\nwould only be small bushes. All this to\\nexplain the nature of the lunar face eternally\\nturned towards us.\\nNow, if we never see but one side of the\\nmoon, it follows that there is only one side\\nof this body which sees us so that half of\\nthe moon has a moon\u00e2\u0080\u0094namely, our earth,\\nand the other half is deprived of one. If\\nthere are any inhabitants on the hemisphere\\nturned from us, they do not guess that the\\nmoon is only a body placed for illumination\\nof our nights, and they must be greatly\\nI astonished when the narratives of travelers\\nrelate to them the existence of our earth\\nin the heavens. If the travelers there re\u00c2\u00ac\\nsemble those here, what tales must they\\nspread with regard to\\nus? But, also, how use\u00c2\u00ac\\nful must the earth be to\\nthe lunar nights, and\\nhow beautiful we are\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nfrom afar!\\nSilvery Splendors.\\nFancy to yourself\\nfourteen moons like that\\nwhich gives us light, or\\nmore properly speaking,\\na moon with fourteen\\ntimes the extent of sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nface, and you will have\\nan idea of the earth as\\nseen from the moon.\\nSometimes it only pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nsents a fringed crescent,\\na few days after the new\\nearth sometimes it presents the first quarter;\\nsometimes it shines out with its full disk,\\nspreading its silvered light in floods. The\\nmost fortunate thing is, that it begins to shine\\nprecisely in the evening, that its brightest\\nlight, its full disk, is precisely at midnight, and\\nthat it fades away in the morning at the time\\nwhen it is no longer required. And it is\\nknown that from the evening to the morning\\nis fifteen times twenty-four hours with our\\nneighbors the Selenites.\\nHow much more reasonable are these", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0596.jp2"}, "595": {"fulltext": "HOW TO READ THE SKY.\\n553\\ninhabitants than we are in believing that the\\nmoon was created and placed in the world\\nexpressly for them, and that we are only\\ntheir very humble servants\\nThe lunar caverns form a very peculiar\\nand prominent feature of the moon\u00e2\u0080\u0099s surface,\\nand are to be seen in almost every region,\\nbut are most numerous in the southwest\\npart of the moon. Nearly a hundred of\\nIn some instances their margins are level\\nwith the general surface of the moon but\\nin most cases they are encircled with a high\\nridge of mountains marked with lofty peaks.\\nSome of the larger of these cavities contain\\nsmaller cavities of the same kind and form,\\nparticularly in their sides. The mountain\u00c2\u00ac\\nous ridges which surround these cavities\\nreflect the greatest quantity of light; and\\nSINGULAR ASPECT OF THE MOON\u00e2\u0080\u0099S SURFACE.\\nthem, great and small, may be distinguished\\nin that quarter. They are nearly of a cir\u00c2\u00ac\\ncular shape, and appear like a very shallow\\negg cup. The smaller cavities appear within\\nalmost like a hallow cone, with the sides\\ntapering towards the centre but the larger\\nones have, for the most part, flat bottoms,\\nfrom the centre of which there frequently\\nrises a smal lconical hill, which gives them\\na resemblance to ridges and mountains.\\nhence that region of the moon in which they\\nabound appears brighter than any other.\\nFrom their lying in every possible direc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, they appear, at and near the time of\\nfull moon, like a number of brilliant streaks\\nor radiations. These radiations appear to\\nconverge towards a large brilliant spot sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nrounded by a faint shade, near the lower part\\nof the moon, which is known by the name\\nof Tycho, and which every one who views", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0597.jp2"}, "596": {"fulltext": "554\\nASTRONOMY.\\nthe full moon even with a common tele\u00c2\u00ac\\nscope, may easily distinguish.\\nIn regard to their dimensions, they are of\\nall sizes, from three miles to fifty miles\\ndiameter at the top and their depth below\\nthe general level of the lunar surface varies\\nfrom one-third of a mile to three miles and a\\nhalf. Twelve of these cavities, as measured\\nby Schroeter, were found to be above two\\nmiles in perpendicular depth. These cavities\\nconstitute a peculiar feature in the scenery\\nof the moon, and in her physical constitution,\\nwhich bears scarcely any analogy to what\\nwe observe in the physical arrangements of\\nour globe.\\nA Remarkable Crater.\\n11 is a curious fact that the surface of the\\nlunar hemisphere was known before that of\\nour own earth, and the heights of all its\\nmountains were measured before the same\\nthing was done for our own. The volcano\\nof Aristillus in particular was one of the first\\nand best known. Lecouturier, the author of\\na very good map of the moon, gave a long\\ndescription of it, and this description may be\\napplied to the most of the lunar mountains.\\nIt is composed of a crater about twenty-four\\nmiles across, from the centre of which rise\\ntwo cones, the highest of which attains nearly\\n984 yards; the whole is surrounded by a\\nircular rampart.\\nWhen the bottom of the crater is exam\u00c2\u00ac\\nined with a powerful telescope, and under\\nfavorable circumstances, numerous rough\\nportions are noticed which seem to indicate\\nhardened lava and blocks of rock heaped\\ntogether. From this mountain, taken as a\\ncentre, start five or six lines and rocky rami\u00c2\u00ac\\nfications directed towards the east and south.\\nThese ramifications give rise to the radia\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of Aristillus. They are surmounted by\\nan enormous quantity of peaks or basaltic\\ncolumns which rise from their summits, and\\nmake them resemble from afar the multitude\\nof bell towers that are seen on some Gothic\\ncathedrals. Aristillus presents the general\\naspect of most of the mountains of our satel\u00c2\u00ac\\nlite.\\nThus the moon would appear very inhos\u00c2\u00ac\\npitable to us. The sense of speech, like the\\nsense of hearing, would be lost, and, conse\u00c2\u00ac\\nquently, would not exist. To the privation\\nof these two senses, perhaps, must be added\\nan inferiority in the pleasures which sight\\ngives to us, seeing that wherever the eye\\nwould be ^directed, it would only meet with\\na scene of comparative desolation.\\nIt is doubtless this proximity which has\\ncaused the great reputation of the lunar orb\\namongst us. No celestial body, except the\\nsun, has ever had a similar influence. The\\nwhole world, it was supposed, was accessible\\nto the lunar influences, men, animals, plants,\\nminerals. The astrological opinions with\\nregard to this body were most singular.\\nWe must quote some they are really too\\ncurious to be passed over in silence. Let us\\nchoose one or two good astrologers, learned\\non the moon, and let us question them.\\nCurious Opinions.\\nCornelius Agrippa, a famous geomancer,\\nthus expresses himself: The moon is called\\nPhoebe, Diana, Lucinus, Proserpine, Hecate,\\nwho governs the months, half-formed who\\nilluminates the nights, wandering, in silence,\\nwith two horns queen of divinities, queen\\nof heaven, who rules over all the elements,\\nto whom respond the stars, to whom return\\nthe seasons, and whom the elements obey\\nat whose direction the thunders sound, the\\nseeds germinate, the germs increase; the\\nprimordial mother of fruits, heart of Phoebus,\\nshining and brilliant, carrying light from one\\nplanet to another, illuminating by her light", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0598.jp2"}, "597": {"fulltext": "HOW TO READ THE SKY.\\n555\\nall the divinities, stopping various inter\u00c2\u00ac\\ncourses with the stars, distributing the light\\nrendered uncertain on account of meetings\\nwith the sun queen of beauty, mistress of\\nshores and winds, giver of riches, nurse of\\nmen, governor of all states good and un\u00c2\u00ac\\nhappy; protecting men by sea and land,\\nmoderating the reverses of fortune dispens\u00c2\u00ac\\ning with destiny, nourishing all which comes\\nout of the earth, arresting the insults of\\nphantoms, holding the cloisters of the earth\\nclosed, the heights of heaven luminous, the\\ncurrents of the sea salutary, and ruling at\\nwill the deplorable silence of the lower\\nregions, governing the world, treading Tar\u00c2\u00ac\\ntarus under foot; of whom the majesty\\ncauses the birds which fly in the sky, savage\\nbeasts in the mountains, the serpents hidden\\nunder the earth, and the fish in the sea, to\\ntremble.\\nAccording to Eteilla, the moon governs\\ncomedians, butchers, tallow and wax chand\u00c2\u00ac\\nlers, ropemakers, lemonade-vendors, publi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncans, playwrights of all kinds, masters of\\ngreat works, menageries of animals and, on\\nthe other hand, professional gamblers, spies,\\nsharpers, cheats, bankrupts, false money-\\ncoiners, and mad-houses that is to say, the\\nmoon rules over all those whose business it\\nis to work during the night until sun-rising,\\nor to sell provisions for the night; and it\\nalso rules over all which people would be\\nashamed to commit in full day, in sight of\\nthose who have manners. Thus each reader\\nmay easily find out what denomination he is\\nand what it is that governs him.\\nPACE has neither beginning nor\\nend. The heavens are infinite\\nspace, indefinite expanse, a void\\nwithout limits no frontier cir\u00c2\u00ac\\ncumscribes them, they have\\nneither beginning nor end,\\nneither top nor bottom, right\\nor left there is an infinity of\\nspaces which succeed each other in every\\ndirection. The earth is a little material\\nglobe, placed in this space without support\\nof any kind, like a bullet which sustains itself\\nalone in the air, like the little captive balloons\\nwhich rise and float in the atmosphere when\\nthe thin cord which retains them is broken.\\nA multitude of suns, surrounded like ours\\nwith a family of which they are the foci and\\nthe light-givers, float likewise in all parts of\\nthe expanse. These suns are the stars with\\nwhich the fields of heaven are scattered. In\\nspite of the appearance caused by perspective,\\nimmense spaces separate all these systems\\nfrom ours, spaces so great that the highest\\nfigures of our great numeration can scarcely\\nnumber the smallest amongst them. A dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntance that our figures can scarcely express\\nalso separates these stars from each other,\\nextending from depths unto depths.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0599.jp2"}, "598": {"fulltext": "ASTRONOMY.\\n5 5 G\\nNotwithstanding these prodigious inter\u00c2\u00ac\\nvals, these suns are in number so consider\u00c2\u00ac\\nable that their numeration as yet exceeds all\\nour means millions joined to millions are\\ninadequate to enumerate the multitude\\nLet the mind try, if it is possible, to represent\\nto itself at one time this considerable number\\nof systems and the distances which separate\\nthem one from the other! Confused and\\nsoon humbled at the aspect of this infinite\\nrichness, it will only learn to admire in silence\\nthis indescribable wonder.\\nHeavens Piled on Heavens.\\nContinually rising on the other side of the\\nheavens, going beyond the distant shores of\\nthis ocean without limits, it will endlessly\\ndiscover fresh new space, and new worlds\\nwill reveal themselves to our eager gaze,\\nheavens will succeed to heavens, spheres to\\nspheres after deserts of expanse will open\\nother deserts, after immensities other immen\u00c2\u00ac\\nsities and even when carried away without\\nrest, during centuries, with the rapidity of\\nthought, the soul would continue its flight\\nbeyond the most inaccessible limits that im\u00c2\u00ac\\nagination could conceive,\u00e2\u0080\u0094there even the\\ninfinite of an unexplored expanse would\\nremain still open before it; the infinite of\\nspace would oppose itself to the infinite of\\ntime; endlessly rivalling, without our ever\\nbeing able to take away from the other:\\nand the spirit will be arrested, overcome with\\nfatigue, at the entrance of infinite creation as\\nif it had not advanced a single step in space.\\nYe stars bright legions that, before all time,\\nCamped on yon plain of sapphire, what shall tell\\nYour burning myriads but the eye of Him\\nWho bade through heaven your golden chariots\\nwheel\\nYet who, earth-born, can see your hosts, nor feel\\nImmortal impulses\u00e2\u0080\u0094eternity\\nWhat wonder if the o\u00e2\u0080\u0099erwrought soul should reel\\nWith its own weight of thought, and the wild eye\\nSee fate within your tracks of deepest glory lie\\nThe immensity of the heavens has been\\nsung on many lyres but how can the song\\nof man express such a reality Poets have\\ntried to render it in verse, when one feels the\\ninsufficiency of speech to note the immense\\nthoughts which this wonderful contemplation\\ndevelops in us.\\nMarvelous Flight Through Space.\\nWe wish to open space before us and em\u00c2\u00ac\\nploy ourselves there, in trying to penetrate\\nits depth. The velocity of a cannon-ball\\nfrom the mouth of the cannon makes swift\\nway, 437 yards per second. But this would\\nbe too slow for our journey through space,\\nas our velocity would scarcely be 900 miles\\nan hour. In nature there are movements in\u00c2\u00ac\\ncomparably more rapid, for instance, the\\nvelocity of light. This velocity is 186,000\\nmiles per second. We will place ourselves\\non a ray of light and be carried away on its\\nrapid course.\\nTaking the earth as our starting-point, we\\nwill go in a straight line to any point of the\\nheavens. We start, and at the end of the\\nfirst second, we have already traversed 186-\\n000 miles at the end of the second, 372,000\\nWe continue ten seconds, a minute, ten\\nminutes have elapsed\u00e2\u0080\u0094111,600,000 miles\\nhave been passed. Flying away during an\\nhour, a day, a week, without ever slackening\\nour pace\u00e2\u0080\u0094during whole months, and even a\\nyear, the time which we have traversed is\\nalready so long that expressed in miles, the\\nnumbers exceed our faculty of comprehen\u00c2\u00ac\\nsion, and indicate nothing to our mind;\\nthey would be trillions, and millions of mil\u00c2\u00ac\\nlions.\\nBut we will not interrupt our flight.\\nCarried on without stopping by this same\\nrapidity of 186,000 miles each second, let us\\npenetrate the expanse in a straight line for\\nwhole years, fifty years, even a century\u00e2\u0080\u0094-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0600.jp2"}, "599": {"fulltext": "HOW TO READ THE SKY.\\n557\\nwhere are we For a long time we have\\ngone beyond the last starry regions which\\nare seen from the earth, the last that the\\ntelescope has visited; for a long time we\\ntravel in other regions, unknown and un\u00c2\u00ac\\nexplored. No mind is capable of following\\nthe road passed over thousands of millions\\njoined to thousands of millions express noth\u00c2\u00ac\\ning at the sight of this prodigious expanse\\nthe imagination is arrested, humbled.\\nWell this is the wonderful point of the\\nevery direction; and when after centuries\\nemployed in this giddy course, we should\\nstop ourselves, fascinated or in despair before\\nthe immensity eternally open, eternally re\u00c2\u00ac\\nnewed, we should again understand that our\\nflights had not measured for us the smallest\\npart of space, and that we were not more\\nadvanced than at our starting point. In\\ntruth, it is the infinite which surrounds us,\\nas we before expressed it, or the infinite\\nnumber of worlds. We should be able to\\nCYCLONE OF SPIRAL NEBULA.\\nproblem we have not advanced a single\\nstep in space. We are no nearer a limit than\\nif we had remained in the same place we\\nshould be able again to begin the same\\ncourse, starting from the point where we are,\\nand add to our voyage a voyage of the same\\nextent; we should be able to join centuries\\non centuries in the same itinerary, with the\\nsame velocity,\u00e2\u0080\u0094to continue the voyage with\u00c2\u00ac\\nout end and without rest; we should be able\\nto guide ourselves in any part of space, left,\\nright, forwards, backwards, above, below, in\\nfloat for eternity without ever finding any\u00c2\u00ac\\nthing before us but an eternally open infinite.\\nIn the bosom of infinite space, the un\u00c2\u00ac\\nfathomable extent of which we have tried to\\ncomprehend, float rich clusters of stars, each\\nseparated by immense intervals. These rich\\ngroupings of stars have received the name of\\nnebulae. This name was given at the time\\nof the invention of astronomical lenses, when\\nthese starry tribes were distinguished only\\nunder a diffused, cloudy aspect, which did\\nnot enable the eye to distinguish the com-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0601.jp2"}, "600": {"fulltext": "558\\nASTRONOMY.\\nposing stars. This appearance not revealing\\nin any way the idea of solar clusters, it was\\nthought that fchey were only phosphorescent\\nvapors, whirlwinds of luminous substance, or\\npossibly primitive fluids, whose progressive\\ncondensation would in the future effect the\\nformation of new stars. The first nebula\\nobserved by the aid of the telescope and\\npointed out as an object of particular nature,\\nthe nebula of Andromeda, was considered\\nfor three centuries and a half as entirely\\ndeprived of stars.\\nInfinite Clusters of Stars.\\nOnly a few years ago a Cambridge astrono\u00c2\u00ac\\nmer counted within the limits of this nebula\\ni 500 little stars, notwithstanding which, the\\ncentre still keeps the aspect of a diffused\\nlight, in spite of the best instruments. Later,\\nthe astronomer Halley thought no more of\\nthe star-clusters.\\nThus, infinite space must be represented as\\nan immense void in the bosom of which are\\nsuspended archipelagoes of stars. These\\narchipelagoes are themselves of infinite num\u00c2\u00ac\\nber; the stars which compose them can be\\ncounted by millions, and from one to the\\nother the distance is incalculable. They are\\ndistributed in space in every direction, fol\u00c2\u00ac\\nlowing every imaginable course, and invested\\nwith every possible form.\\nThe fixed stars are in reality suns, many\\nof them thousands of times larger than our\\nlittle sun.\\nThe existence of binary stars was dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ncovered by Sir William Herschel toward the\\nclose of last century. It had long been\\nnoticed by astronomers as a remarkable\\ncoincidence that, in several instances, a pair\\nof bright stars were found in close proximity\\nto each other, much closer than we should\\nhave expected, supposing the stars to have\\nbeen scattered up equally distant from all\\nits four suns. A green and a red sun are\\nabove the horizon, and when we look directly\\nat either, its color is clear, brilliant and well-\\ndefined. But their rays meet and mingle\\nand unite into a dazzling snowy white, which\\nimparts to the whole landscape the pure\\nradiant look which seems to fill the firma\u00c2\u00ac\\nment on a sunny day when the ground is\\ncovered with snow. A light cloud-wreath\\nsteals over the green sun, and a faint rosy\\nblush overspreads the face of the sky. The\\ncloud thickens, and the rosy hue deepens\\ninto a mellow crimson.\\nThen the green sun sets and a blue one\\nrises, changing the red light of the sky into\\na rich purple, veined here and there with pale\\namethyst, as a few rays from the green sun\\nstruggle through the clouds just as it sinks\\nbeneath the horizon. The purple changes\\ninto a deep gold as the blue sun is succeeded\\nby an orange one, and the gold pales down\\nas the red sun sinks to his rest in turn. The\\norange is left alone; and when it, too, sets,\\nnight comes on apace.\\nAll the Colors of the Rainbow.\\nAnd now the moons rise and shed their\\nradiance on the scene. But how differently\\ndo they show from the pale uniform light\\nthat beams from our own plain satellite\\nEvery color of the rainbow glows from their\\nfaces; in belts, in spots, in lunes, their\\ncheckered disks reflect every shade of hue\\nthat the artist\u00e2\u0080\u0099s palette can produce.\\nThe parts illumined by one sun alone\\n1 effect, more faintly than the rest, the colors\\nof their respective orbs; those which come\\nwithin the light of two or three of them will\\nshine more brightly and with gayer com\u00c2\u00ac\\nbinations of colors; while in the parts on\\nwhich all the four suns shine at once we find\\nagain the snowy white, so bright as to sparkle\\nalmost with the light of day.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0602.jp2"}, "601": {"fulltext": "HOW TO READ THE SKY.\\n559\\nBut where there are four great lights to\\nrule the day, night will be of nnfrequent\\noccurrence and of short duration; and soon\\nthe four suns, their noctural course ended,\\nbegin at once to draw nigh to their rising.\\nPale, slender threads of red, green, blue, and\\norange steal out from the darkness in four\\nquarters of the horizon and these widen and\\nlengthen till they mingle together at their\\nextremities in softly shading hues of white,\\nindigo, and gold. Brighter and broader they\\ngrow, and the gorgeous variegated belt\\nspreads rapidly from horizon to zenith, till at\\nlast the suns have fairly risen, and their\\nmany-colored rays combine again into the\\ndazzling white of the perfect day.\\nEPRESENTATIVE maps were\\nformed of the heavens by the\\nancients, and from the time of\\nHipparchus, the Greek astrono\u00c2\u00ac\\nmer, they were able to class the\\nstars, distingushing them ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncording to their brightness. The bright\\nclusters are called constellations, and the\\nancient astronomers gave them, for the most\\npart, the names of animals according to\\ntheir supposed resemblance to some repre\u00c2\u00ac\\nsentative of the animal kingdom.\\nLet us form the geography of the heavens.\\nThe innumerable figures of animals, men or\\nobjects, with which the sphere is adorned,\\nwill not all be drawn here, seeing that they\\nwould only serve to confuse the mind with\\nimaginary lines. Formerly they printed\\ncelestial atlases, where the figures were\\nrepresented with exquisite care, so much so,\\nmdeed, that they ended by forgetting the\\nstars, and the sky was nothing more than a\\nmenagerie. In spite of the interest of the\\nimages, we will not follow this example.\\nAt present, let us see how to direct our\\ncourse for reading correctly the great book\\nof the heavens.\\nTHE GREAT BEAR.\\nThere is one constellation known to every\u00c2\u00ac\\none for greater simplicity we will begin\\nwith it, as it will serve as a starting-point to\\ngo towards the others, and as a sign to find\\nits companions. This constellation is the\\nGreat Bear, which has also been called\\nDavid\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Chariot, or Charles\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Wain which\\nthe ancients called Septem trioncs (whence\\ncame the word septentrion or, again, Helix\\nPlaustrum; which the Greeks addressed\\nunder the name of Arktos Megale; which the\\nArabs called Aldebb al Akbar and the\\nChinese, three thousand years ago, addressed\\nas the Tcheou-pey the god of the north.\\nThus it can boast of a high celebrity.\\nIf, however, in spite of its universal noto\u00c2\u00ac\\nriety, some have not yet had occasion to\\nmake its acquaintance, the following is the\\nsign by which it may always be recognized.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0603.jp2"}, "602": {"fulltext": "560\\nASTRONOMY.\\nTurn towards the north, that is to say,\\nopposite the spot where the sun is at noon.\\nWhatever may be the season of the year,\\nthe day of the month, or hour of the night,\\nyou will always see there a large constella\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion formed of seven stars, four of which are\\nquadrilateral, and at a right angle with the\\nside.\\nHave you not all seen it It never sets.\\nNight and day it watches above the northern\\nhorizon, turning slowly in four-and-twenty\\nhours around a star of which we shall speak\\npresently. In the figure of the Great Bear,\\nthe three stars of the extremity form the\\ntail, and the quadrilateral forms the body.\\nIn the Chariot the four stars form the wheels,\\nand the three the car. Above the second\\nbetween these latter, good sights distinguish\\na very small star called Alcor, which is also\\ncalled the Cavalier. The Arabs used it to\\ntest a good eye.\\nThis constellation is also called the Big\\nDipper, from its supposed resemblance to a\\ndipper. If a straight line be carried through\\nthe two stars on the side opposite the handle,\\na star less brilliant than the preceding ones\\nis found, which forms the extremity of a\\nfigure like the Great Bear, but smaller and\\ndirected in a contrary direction. This is the\\nLittle Bear, or Little Chariot, also formed of\\nseven stars. The star to which our line\\nbrings us, that which is at the extremity of\\nthe Bear\u00e2\u0080\u0099s tail, or at the end of the shaft of\\nthe Chariot, is the Pole-Star. Always found\\nin its place, it is an example of fidelity.\\nThe Pole-Star has a certain\\nrenown, like all personages who\\ndistinguish themselves from\\nothers, because, among all the\\nstars which twinkle in our starry\\nnights, it remains immovable in\\nthe heavens. At any moment\\nof the year, day or night, if you\\nobserve the sky, you will al\u00c2\u00ac\\nways find it occupying the same\\nplace. All the other stars, on\\nthe contrary, revolve round it\\nevery twenty-four hours, a, hold\\nfor the centre of this immense\\nwhirlpool! The Pole-Star remains immov\u00c2\u00ac\\nable over one pole of the world, whence it is\\nused as a fixed point by navigators of the\\npathless ocean, as well as by travelers in an\\nunexplored desert.\\nURSA MINOR.\\nCASSIOPEIA.\\nLooking at the Pole-Star, stationary in the\\nmidst of the northern region, we have the\\nsouth behind us, the east to the right, the\\nwest to the left. All the stars revolving\\naround the Pole-Star, from right to left.\\nURSA MAJOR, OR GREAT BEAR.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0604.jp2"}, "603": {"fulltext": "HOW TO READ THE SKY.\\n561\\nought to be recognized according to their\\nmutual relations rather than according to the\\ncardinal points. On the other side of the\\nPole-Star, relating to the Great Bear, is\\nanother constellation easily recognized. This\\nis Cassiopeia, which is formed of five stars of\\nthe third magnitude, arranged somewhat like\\nthe slanting strokes of the letter M. This\\ngroup takes every possible position, going\\nround the pole; sometimes being above,\\nsometimes below, sometimes to the left and\\nsometimes to the right; but it is always easy\\nto find, seeing that, like the preceding con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstellation, it never sets and is always opposite\\nTAURUS OR BULL.\\nto the Great Bear. The Pole-Star is the\\naxle around which these two constellations\\nrevolve.\\nWe go from west to east. We shall easily\\nrecognize the Bull by the group of the\\nPleiades which sparkle on its shoulder, by\\nthat of the Hyades which glimmer on its\\nforehead, and by the magnificent star which\\nmarks its right eye, the star Aldebaran, of\\nthe first magnitude. It is, moreover, situated\\njust above the splendid constellation of Orion.\\nThe Pleiades, which are seen in the an\u00c2\u00ac\\nnexed engraving, are a group of about 80\\nstars, resolved by the telescope. The ancients\\ncounted in the Pleiades seven stars more\\n3(5\\nbrilliant than the ground sprinkled with\\ngolden dust. At the present time only six\\ncan be counted with the naked eye. Alcyone\\nin Pleiades appears to be the central point of\\nthe universal heavens.\\nThis region, marked with Orion, Sirius,\\nthe Twins, the Goat, Aldebaran and the\\nPleiades, is ths most magnificent region of\\nthe celestial sphere. It is towards the end\\nof Autumn that it shines in our hemisphere\\nTHE TWINS.\\nin the evening. The Twins are, in the fable,\\nCastor and Pollux, sons of Jupiter, celebrated\\nfor their indissoluble friendship, for which\\nthey were rewarded by immortality. The\\nGreeks also gave the name of Castor and\\nPollux to those lights which appear round", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0605.jp2"}, "604": {"fulltext": "562\\nASTRONOMY.\\nvessels after storms, electrical phenomena\\nnow called the fires of Saint Elmo.\\nThe Crab or Cancer may be distinguished\\nat the bottom of the line of Castor and\\nPollux, in five stars of the fourth or fifth\\nmagnitude. It is the least important body\\nof the zodiac. While Hercules was fighting\\nthe Lion of Nemea, the Crab, aiding the ven\u00c2\u00ac\\ngeance of Juno, pinched the heel of the hero,\\nwho crushed it with his foot, but the queen\\nof heaven gave it its reward by placing it in\\nthe heavens.\\nThe Lion is a cluster of beautiful stars,\\nsituated to the east of the Twins. The most\\nbrilliant of these stars is of the first magni\u00c2\u00ac\\ntude, and is called Regulus, the heart of the\\nLion; the three others are of the second\\nmagnitude. The sun enters the Lion at the\\nsummer solstice, and causes it to disappear\\nby covering it with his fires; this is the vic\u00c2\u00ac\\ntory of Hercules over the Lion of Nemea.\\nIt was also for the same cause the symbol\\nof strength and power. Being the abode of\\nthe sun during the month of July, it was\\nagain the sign of burning heats and of plagues\\nwhich they sometimes brought with them.\\nIn the eyes of astrologers of the middle\\nages, this was its terrible aspect. The Vir\u00c2\u00ac\\ngin comes after the Lion.\\nCopernicus (the He-goat) is not rich in\\nbright stars. Those which sparkle on his\\nforehead, are the only ones which can be\\ndistinguished by the naked eye. In some\\nauthors Copernicus represents the goat Amal-\\nthea, which nursed Jupiter on Mount Ida,\\nand received a place in heaven as a reward.\\nAccording to others, it represents the return\\nof the sun to the winter solstice through the\\ngates of the tropics. Again, according to\\nothers, it was a he-goat which was brought\\nup with the king of the gods, and which\\ndiscovered and sounded the marine trumpet,\\nand produced fear among the Titans in their\\nwar with Olympus. The fright\u00c2\u00ac\\nened gods hid themselves in the\\nforms of different animals;\\nApollo changed into a crane,\\nMercury into an ibis, Diana into\\na cat. Such a metamorphose\\nwas never seen. Lastly, Pan\\ninto Capricornus, having a goat\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nbody and the tail of a fish. He\\nappeared, also, to wish to steal\\naway with the giants who scaled\\nheaven.\\nAquarius forms with his three\\ntertiaiy stars a very obtuse tri\u00c2\u00ac\\nangle. The base is prolonged in a string of\\nstars from the side of Capricornus, and to\u00c2\u00ac\\nwards the left to the Urn. Thence begins a\\nsinuous line of very small stars descending\\nto the horizon. This is the water poured out\\nby Aquarius. Aquarius appears to personify\\nGanymede, who was raised by Jupiter\u00e2\u0080\u0099s eagle\\nto serve as cup-bearer to the gods after the\\ndownfall of Hebe.\\nThe Scorpion, with its heart marked by\\nthe brilliant Antares, a star of the first mag\u00c2\u00ac\\nnitude, is easily recognized. It is not that\\nthe form can be distinguished for this form\\nis not better sketched out by the stars which\\ncompose it, than the preceding figures have", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0606.jp2"}, "605": {"fulltext": "HOW TO READ THE SKY.\\n563\\nbeen. But it is well understood that, when\\nwe speak of recognizing a constellation, we\\nrefer simply to the groups of stars which\\nbear its name and not to its mythological\\nfigure. The Scales and Scorpion only\\nformed one sign, with the Latins before\\nAugustus the Scales were thert the claws\\nof the Scorpion. As Augustus was born on\\nthe 23d of September, flattery leagued itself\\nwith astrology to celebrate the happiness\\npromised to the earth by the birth of this\\nemperor the Scales, which the Egyptians\\nhad formerly instituted in the original sphere,\\nwere replaced in the heavens as a symbol of\\nJustice.\\nThe verses of the Eneid may now be easily\\ninterpreted. As a sign of misfortune and\\nfear, the Scorpion was cursed among all the\\nconstellations. It was said, especially, that\\nit had an invincible hatred towards Orion,\\nbecause this figure sets when the former\\nrises, and vice versa. It was not only the\\nterror of the stars, but also the terror of the\\nsun himself, that Ovid has described it to us.\\nORION.\\nTHE SCORPION.\\nORION.\\nAmong the southern constellations Orion\\nis the most beautiful; we must not pass it\\nwithout doing homage to it. It is during\\nfine winter nights that this constellation\\nshines over our heads. No other season is\\nso magnificently constellated as the winter\\nmonths. Whilst nature deprives us of cer\u00c2\u00ac\\ntain enjoyments on the one hand, it presents\\nus with others no less precious. The won\u00c2\u00ac\\nders of the heavens present themselves to us\\nfrom the Bull and Orion at the east, as far as\\nthe Virgin and Bootes at the west; of eigh\u00c2\u00ac\\nteen stars of the first magnitude, which may\\nbe counted in the whole extent of the firma\u00c2\u00ac\\nment, a dozen are visible at nine o\u00e2\u0080\u0099clock in\\nthe evening, not counting many beautiful\\nstars of the second order and the remarkable\\nnebulae worthy of the attention of mortals.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0607.jp2"}, "606": {"fulltext": "5G4\\nASTRONOMY.\\nThus it is that nature establishes every\u00c2\u00ac\\nwhere harmonious compensation and, whilst\\nit darkens our short and frosty winter days,\\nit gives us long nights enriched with the\\nwealthiest creations of the heavens.\\nThe constellation of Orion is not only the\\nrichest in bright stars, but it conceals also\\ntreasures for the initiated which no other can\\npresent. We might almost call it the\\nCalifornia of the heavens. Let as speak\\nfirst of its nebulae, situated below the second\\nstar of the Belt.\\nThis has been minutely examined and the\\ndifferent regions of its cluster have been\\nstudied and described in all their details. In\\nproportion as the instruments have become\\nmore powerful, the stars, which constellate\\nit, appear more numerous, which has hap\u00c2\u00ac\\npened in all telescopic observations of\\nnebulae; and, whilst in early days it was\\nasked with great uncertainty if there was\\nonly a phosphorescent cloud, a vaporous\\nmass\u00e2\u0080\u0094astronomers afterwards arrived at the\\nconviction that it was formed of an immense\\nnumber of heaped-up suns.\\nIt occupies a large space in the sky, its\\napparent dimension being equal to that of the\\nlunar disk. When we think of the distance\\nwhich separates us from this agglomeration,\\nwe are dismayed at the real extent which\\nit embraces in the midst of the boundless\\nvoid and limitless expanses of the sky,\\ntpcinqe Wanderers in\\npace\\nOMETS are tailed bodies that\\nsuddenly come to light up the\\nheavens, and were long re\u00c2\u00ac\\ngarded with terror, like so many\\nwarning signs of divine wrath.\\nMen have always thought them\u00c2\u00ac\\nselves much more important than they really\\nare in the universal order; they have had the\\nvanity to pretend that the whole creation\\nwas made for them, whilst in reality the\\nwhole creation does not suspect their exist\u00c2\u00ac\\nence. The earth we inhabit is only one of\\nthe smallest worlds; and therefore it can\\nscarcely be for it alone that all the wonders\\nof the heavens, of which the immense major\u00c2\u00ac\\nity remains hidden from it, were created.\\nThe word comet is derived from a Greek\\nword signifying hair, a title which had its\\norigin in the hairy appearance often exhibited\\nby the haze of luminous vapor, the presence\\nof which is, at first sight, the most striking\\ncharacteristic of eomets.\\nThe chief point of difference between them\\nand the planets is, that their orbits are very", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0608.jp2"}, "607": {"fulltext": "HOW TO READ THE SKY.\\n565\\nelongated; and, instead of being nearly cir\u00c2\u00ac\\ncular, they take the elliptical form. In\\nconsequence of the nature of these orbits,\\nthe same comet may approach very near the\\nsun, and afterwards travel from it to immense\\ndistances. Thus, the period of the comet of\\n1680 has been estimated at 3000 years. It\\napproaches the sun, so as to be nearer to it\\nthan our moon is to us, whilst it recedes to\\na distance eight hundred and fifty-three times\\ngreater than the distance of the\\nearth from the sun.\\nGreat Velocity.\\nOn the 17th of December,\\n680, it was at its perihelion\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nthat is, at its greatest proximity\\nto the sun; it is now continu\u00c2\u00ac\\ning its path beyond the Nep\u00c2\u00ac\\ntunian orbit. Its velocity varies\\naccording to its distance from\\nthe solar body. At its perihelion\\nit travels thousands of leagues\\nper minute; at its aphelion it\\ndoes not pass over more than a\\nfew yards. Its proximity to the\\nsun in its passage near that body\\ncaused Newton to think that it\\nreceived a heat 28,000 times\\ngreater than that we experience\\nat the summer solstice; and that\\nthis heat being 2000 times\\ngreater than that of red-hot\\niron, an iron globe of the same dimensions\\nwould be 50,000 years entirely losing its\\nheat.\\nTwo tnousand years ago, Seneca wrote\\nA day will come when the course of these\\nbodies will be known, and submitted to\\nrules, like that of the planets. The prophecy\\nof the philosopher is realized. It is now\\nknown that, like the planets, comits gravitate\\nround the sun, and depend equally on its\\ncentral attraction. Only, instead of moving\\nin orbits, circular, or nearly so, they describe\\noval curves\u00e2\u0080\u0094very long ellipses. This is the\\ngreat distinction established between them\\nand planets. Instead of being opaque,\\nheavy, and important bodies like our planets,,\\nthey are of great lightness, and extreme,\\ntenuity.\\nBut there are many comets which astron\u00c2\u00ac\\nomers can prove will never again return to\\nthe neighborhood of the sui They come\\nfrom the remote depths of space, at a stu\u00c2\u00ac\\npendous distance from the sun and all his\\ntrain of planets on beginning to feel the\\neffect of his attraction they move towards our\\nsystem, and at length they come sufficiently\\nnear to it to be visible through a telescope,\\nand as surely as they do so, so surely are\\nthey detected by the keen eyes of some of\\nthe numerous astronomers who are always\\nVARIOUS FORMS OF COMETS WITH THE DATES OF\\nTHEIR APPEARANCE.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0609.jp2"}, "608": {"fulltext": "ASTRONOMY\\n\u00c2\u00a36G\\non the watch for these bodies. They come\\non nearer to the sun, till their pace exceeds\\nthat of the earth itself, but they do not plunge\\nheadlong into him.\\nNotwithstanding the vast powers of his\\nattraction, they just whirl around the mighty\\nluminary. Exposed to the fearful heat of\\niiis beams, the tail is developed to an enor\u00c2\u00ac\\nmous length. By some unknown law, which\\nProfessor Tyndall has recently sought to\\nexplain in a very ingenious manner, the tail\\nstands out away from the sun as the comet\\nwhirls around it; then, after having passed\\nthe sun, the comet retreats again. It grad\u00c2\u00ac\\nually becomes fainter, gradually is lost sight\\nof by our telescopes, gradually plunges again\\ninto the depths of space, never again to\\nrevisit our sun, never again to be beheld by\\nhuman eye. Such is the history of many of\\nthe great comets which at different times\\nhave struck terror into the inhabitants of the\\nearth\u00e2\u0080\u0094they have retreated never more to\\nreturn.\\nThe great comet of 1843 was one of\\nthe most remarkable ever ob\u00c2\u00ac\\nserved. The nucleus of this\\nwas so brilliant that it could be\\nseen with the greatest ease in full\\ndaylight. This comet is remark\u00c2\u00ac\\nable for coming nearer to the sun\\nthan any other of these bodies\\nwhose paths have been deter\u00c2\u00ac\\nmined with accuracy. It was\\nfound to approach the sun to\\nwithin a distance of thirty-three\\nthousand miles. It is easy to cal\u00c2\u00ac\\nculate, though not easy to\\nimagine, what must be the heat\\nin such a position. It would\\ndoubtless be many hundred\\ntimes greater than the tempera\u00c2\u00ac\\nture of molten iron.\\nStrange Visitors.\\nThe distinctive character of\\ncomets lies especially in the\\nlength of their course, and in the\\nimmense duration of their jour\u00c2\u00ac\\nneys round the sun, through the\\ncelestial regions. The following\\nlines are by the poet Conder:\\nMysterious visitant, whose beauteous light\\nAmong the wondering stars so strangely gleams\\nLike a proud banner in the train of night,\\nThe emblazon\u00e2\u0080\u0099d flag of Diety it streams\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nInfinity is written on thy beams\\nAnd thought in vain would through the pathless sk\\nExplore thy secret course. Thy circle seems\\nToo ast for Time to grasp. Oh, can that eye\\nWhich numbers hosts like thee, this atom earth\\ndescry\\nTHE GREAT COMET OF 1 843.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0610.jp2"}, "609": {"fulltext": "HOW TO READ THE SKY.\\n567\\nMeteorites are those solid fiery bodies\\nwhich from time to time visit the earth,\\nsweeping through the sky with immense\\nvelocity in every direction, and remaining\\nvisible but a few moments they are gener\u00c2\u00ac\\nally attended by a luminous train, and dur\u00c2\u00ac\\ning their progress explosions usually occur,\\nfollowed by the fall of stones, to which the\\nname of aerolites is given.\\nWe must not confound the magnitude of\\nthe meteorite with that of the aerolite, for\\nthe latter is nothing\\nmore than a fragment\\nthrown off from the\\nformer and falling to\\nthe earth, while the\\nmain body sweeps\\nonward in its course.\\nThe diameter of the\\nWeston meteorite\\nwas computed to be\\n300 feet, and that of\\na meteorite observed\\nat Windsor, in\\nAugust, 1783, was\\ncalculated to be no\\nless than 3210 feet,\\nor more than three-\\nfifths of a mile.\\nMeteors or shoot\u00c2\u00ac\\ning stars may be oc\u00c2\u00ac\\ncasionally seen on any clear night, but it is\\nabout the middle of August and November\\nthat the display is most brilliant. Sometimes\\nmeteoric showers of several hours\u00e2\u0080\u0099 duration\\nare witnessed. Meteors are supposed to be\\nsmall bodies revolving around the sun, like\\nthe planets, in orbits which cross that of the\\nearth. When the earth in its annual revo\u00c2\u00ac\\nlution arrives sufficiently near, under the in\u00c2\u00ac\\nfluence of its attraction they approach it with\\ngreat velocity, and on entering the atmos\u00c2\u00ac\\nphere of the earth they take fire. In most\\ncases they are consumed before reaching the\\nearth, and thus disappear in the sky.\\nSometimes, however, when the mass is\\nlarge, a loud explosion takes place, and frag\u00c2\u00ac\\nments from a few pounds to a ton in weight\\nfall to the ground. In one case a meteoric\\nstone nearly ten tons in weight was found in\\nFrance. Such wanderers from far distant\\nspace or from other worlds are made up of\\nmaterials similar to those we find in the\\nearth\u00e2\u0080\u0094iron, nickel, quartz, talc, etc. These\\nmeteors, when large, are often inexpressibly\\nbrilliant. One seen at Hurworth, England,\\nin 1854, lit up the heavens for half an hour\\nwith as bright a light as that of the sun, and\\nfinally burst with a thunderous explosion\\nheard for many miles.\\nThe periodical meteoric showers of August\\nand November are caused by our orbit carry\u00c2\u00ac\\ning us, at those periods of the year, right\\nthrough great clusters of these aerolites. It\\nhas been estimated that not less than a hun\u00c2\u00ac\\ndred thousand million of them are annually\\nTHE GREAT METEOR SEEN AT HURWORTH.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0611.jp2"}, "610": {"fulltext": "568 ASTRONOMY.\\nA SHOWER OF BRILLIANT METEORS ON THE OCEAN.\\ncaught by our atmosphere and when we\\nconsider the comparative smallness of the\\nring which we traverse, we can see that the\\nabsolute number of the meteorites belonging\\nto our system must\\nbe something in\u00c2\u00ac\\ncomparably ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nceeding human\\ncalculation.\\nIn the immediate\\nneighborhood of\\nthe sun, where his\\nattraction exercises\\nthe most direct and\\npotent influence,\\nthey will be found\\nin special abund\u00c2\u00ac\\nance; and it is to\\nthe fact of their ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nist e n c e that we\\nmust look for an\\nexplanation of the\\ncorona, and per\u00c2\u00ac\\nhaps of yet greater\\nand more interest\u00c2\u00ac\\ning mysteries of\\nour system. The\\ncorona is simply\\nthe sunlight re\u00c2\u00ac\\nflected from their\\nsurfaces, as it is\\nfrom the disks of\\nthe moon and\\nplanets. For a vast\\ndistance round the\\nsun the whole\\nfirmament is pow\u00c2\u00ac\\ndered with them as\\nthick as hailstones,\\nand the reflection\\nfrom them pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduces a continuous\\nluminous glow, lost\\nindeed in the overpowering brightness of\\nordinary sunlight, but shining out with ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nquisite lustre when his direct beams are cut\\noff from us.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0612.jp2"}, "611": {"fulltext": "HOW TO READ THE SKY.\\n569\\nf F all optical phenomena, the\\naurora borealis, or the north\u00c2\u00ac\\nern daybreak, is one of the\\nmost striking, especially in\\nthe regions where its full\\nglory is revealed. It fires\\nthe sky above the horizon\\nwith shooting jets of flame.\\nWhat fills with dazzling beams the illumined air\\nWhat wakes the flames that light the firmament\\nThe lightnings flash there is bright splendor there,\\nAnd earth and heaven with fiery sheets are blent;\\nThe winter\u00e2\u0080\u0099s night now gleams with brighter, love\u00c2\u00ac\\nlier ray,\\nThan ever yet adorned the golden summer\u00e2\u0080\u0099s day.\\nThe appearances exhibited by the autora\\nare so various and wonderful. A cloud, or\\nhaze, is commonly seen in the northern\\nregion of the heavens, but often bearing\\ntowards the east or west, assuming the form\\nof an arc, seldom attaining a greater altitude\\nthan forty degrees, but varying in extent\\nfrom five to one hundred degrees. The\\nupper edge of the cloud is luminous, some\u00c2\u00ac\\ntimes brilliant and irregular. The lower\\npart is frequently dark and thick, with the\\nclear sky appearing between it and the hori\u00c2\u00ac\\nzon. Streams of light shoot up in columnar\\nforms from the upper part of the cloud, now\\nextending but a few degrees, then as far as\\nthe zenith, and even beyond it.\\nInstances occur in which the whole hemi\u00c2\u00ac\\nsphere is covered with these coruscations\\nbut the brilliancy is the greatest, and the\\nlight the strongest, in the north, near the\\nmain body of the meteor. The streamers\\nhave in general a tremulous motion, and\\nwhen close together present the appearance\\nof waves, or sheets of light, following each\\nother in rapid succession. But no rule obtains\\nwith reference to these streaks, which have\\nacquired the name of \u00e2\u0080\u009cthe merry dancers,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nfrom their volatility, becoming more quick\\nin their motions in stormy weather, as if\\nsympathizing with the wildness of the blast.\\nSuch is the extraordinary aspect they present,\\nthat it is not surprising the rude Indians\\nshould gaze upon them as the spirits of their\\nfathers roaming through the land of souls.\\nThey are variously white, pale red, or of a\\ndeep blood color, and sometimes the appear\u00c2\u00ac\\nance of the whole rainbow as to hue is\\npresented.\\nVivid Illumination.\\nWhen several streamers emerging from\\ndifferent points unite at the zenith, a small\\nand dense meteor is formed, which seems to\\nburn with greater violence than the separate\\nparts, and glows with a green, blue, or purple\\nlight. The display is over sometimes in a\\nfew minutes, or continues for hours, or\\nthrough the whole night, and appears for\\nseveral nights in succession. Captain Beechey\\nremarked a sudden illumination to occur at", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0613.jp2"}, "612": {"fulltext": "570\\nASTRONOMY\\none extremity of the auroral arch, the light\\npassing along the belt with a tremulous,\\nhesitating movement towards the opposite\\nend, exhibiting the colors of the rainbow\\nand as an illustration of this appearance, he\\nrefers to that presented by the rays of some\\nmolluscous animals in motion.\\nCaptain Parry notices the same effect as a\\ncommon one with the aurora, and compares\\nit, as far as its motion is concerned, to a\\nperson holding a long ribbon by one end,\\nand giving it an undulatory movement\\nthrough its whole length, though its general\\nposition remains the same. Captain Sabine\\nlikewise speaks of the arch being bent into\\nconvolutions, resembling those of a snake in\\nmotion. Both Parry, Franklin and Beechey\\nagree that no streamers were ever noticed\\nshooting downwards from the arch.\\nThe preceding statement refers to aurora\\nin high northern latitudes, where the full\\nmagnificence of the phenomenon is displayed.\\nIt forms a fine compensation for the long and\\ndreary night to which these regions are\\nsubject, the gay and varying aspect of the\\nheavens contrasting refreshingly with the\\nrepelling and monotonous appearance of the\\nearth. We have already stated that the\\ndirection in which the\\naurora generally makes its\\nfirst appearance, or the\\nquarter in which the arch\\nformed by this meteor is\\nusually seen, is to the\\nnorthward.\\nEffulgent Arch.\\nBut this does not hold\\ngood of very high latitudes,\\nfor by the expeditions\\nwhich have wintered in the\\nice, it was almost always\\nseen to the southward;\\nwhile, by Captain Beechey,\\nin the Blossom,\u00e2\u0080\u009d in Kot-\\nzerne Sound, two hundred\\nand fifty miles to the south\u00c2\u00ac\\nward of the ice, it was\\nalways observed in a north\u00c2\u00ac\\nern direction.\\nDalton has furnished the\\nfollowing account of an\\naurora, as observed by him Attention was\\nfirst excited by a remarkably red appear\u00c2\u00ac\\nance of the clouds to the south, which\\nafforded sufficient light to read by at eight\\no\u00e2\u0080\u0099clock in the evening, though there was no\\nmoon nor light in the north. From half\u00c2\u00ac\\npast nine to ten there was a large, luminous,\\nhorizontal arch to the southward, and several\\nfaint concentric arches northward. It was\\nparticularly noticed that all the arches seemed", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0614.jp2"}, "613": {"fulltext": "HOW TO READ THE SKY\\n0/1\\nexactly bisected by the plain of the magnetic\\nmeridian.\\nAt half-past ten o\u00e2\u0080\u0099clock streamers ap\u00c2\u00ac\\npeared, very low in the southeast, running\\nto and fro from west to east. They increased\\nin number, and began to approach the zenith,\\napparently with an accelerated velocity, when\\nall on a sudden the whole hemisphere was\\ncovered with them, and exhibited such an\\nastonishment, but the uncommon grandeur\\nof the scene only lasted one minute. The\\nvariety of colors disappeared, and the beams\\nlost their lateral motion, and were converted\\ninto the flashing radiations.\\nThe great distinction between the polar\\ncountries and the other regions of the globe,\\nis their long day and long night. Describ\u00c2\u00ac\\ning an immense spiral around the horizon,\\nBRILLIANT AURORA BOREALIS IN THE ARCTIC SEAS.\\nappearance as surpasses all description.\\nThe intensity of the light, and prodigious\\nnumber and volatility of the beams, the\\ngrand intermixture of all the prismatic colors\\nin their utmost splendor, variegating the\\nglowing canopy with the most luxuriant and\\nenchanting scenery, afforded an awful, but at\\nthe same time the most pleasing and sublime\\nspectacle in nature. Every one gazed with\\nthe sun gradually mounts to the highest\\npoint of his course; then, in the same man\u00c2\u00ac\\nner, it returns towards the horizon, and bids\\nfarewell to the earth, slowly dying away in a\\ngloomy and ghastly twilight. And, for six\\nmonths, the Arctic wildernesses knew it not.\\nWhen the navigator, says Captain Parry,\\nfinds himself buried for the first time in the\\nsilent shadows of the polar night, he cannot", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0615.jp2"}, "614": {"fulltext": "572\\nASTRONOMY.\\nconquer an involuntary emotion of dread; he\\nfeels transported out of the sphere of ordin\u00c2\u00ac\\nary existence. These deadly and sombre\\ndeserts seem like those uncreated voids which\\nMilton has placed between the realms of life\\nand death. The very animals are affected\\nby the melancholy which veils the face of\\nnature. Under the influence of the almost\\nperpetual gloominess Dr. Kane\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Newfound\u00c2\u00ac\\nland dogs went mad, and died.\\nDazzling Radiance.\\nBut if the sun for six months of the year\\ndeprives the circumpolar countries of the\\nsplendor of its fires, an imposing phenomenon\\nfrequently illuminates the long nights with\\ndazzling radiance, as if nature sought to com\u00c2\u00ac\\npensate for the absence of the orb of day by\\nthe most impressive of all her optical won\u00c2\u00ac\\nders. The polar nights are nearly always\\nlighted up by the gorgeous lustre of the\\naurora called borealis or australis, accord\u00c2\u00ac\\ning to the poles at which it is produced.\\nShafts and rays of light shoot upwards to\\nthe zenith. These luminous sheaves pass\\nthrough all the colors of the rainbow; from\\nviolet and sapphire to green and purple-red.\\nSometimes the columns of light issue from\\nthe resplendent arch mixed with blackish\\nrays sometimes they rise simultaneously at\\ndifferent points of the horizon, and unite to\\nform a sea of flame pervaded by rapid undu\u00c2\u00ac\\nlations. On other occasions, fiery dazzling\\nstandards are unfurled to float lightly in the\\nair. A kind of canopy of soft and tranquil\\nlight, which is known as the corona, an\u00c2\u00ac\\nnounces the close of the phenomenon. There\u00c2\u00ac\\nupon the luminous shafts begin to wane in\\nsplendor, the richly colored arcs dissolve, die\\nout, and soon of all the magnificent spec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntacle nothing remains but a whitish cloudy\\nhaze.\\nThe arch of the aurora is only part of a\\nring of light, which is elevated considerably\\nabove the surface of our globe, and whose\\ncentre is situated in the vicinity of the pole.\\nIt is easy, then, to account for the different\\naspects it presents to observers placed at\\ndifferent angles to it. A person some de\u00c2\u00ac\\ngrees south of the ring would necessarily see\\nonly a very small arc of it towards the north,\\nfrom the interposition of the earth between\\nhim and the observer if he stood nearer the\\nnorth, the arc would appear larger and\\nhigher; if immediately below it, he would\\nsee it apparently traversing the zenith or if\\nwithin the ring, and still further north, he\\nwould suppose it to culminate in the south.\\nIt is supposed that the centre of the ring\\ncorresponds with the magnetic north point,\\nin the island of Boothia Felix.\\nMagnetic Needle Affected.\\nThe phenomenon generally lasts several\\nhours, and is frequently diversified by pecu\u00c2\u00ac\\nliar features so that sometimes it seems to\\npresent the hemispherical segment of a\\ngigantic wheel sometimes it waves and\\ndroops like a rich tapestry of colored light,\\nin a thousand prismatic folds; and, at other\\ntimes, it may be compared to a succession\\nof resplendent banners, or streamers, waving\\nin the dark and intense sky.\\nThe arch varies in elevation, but is seldom\\nfound more than ninety miles above the ter\u00c2\u00ac\\nrestrial surface. Its diameter must be enor\u00c2\u00ac\\nmous, for it has been known to extend from\\nItaly to the polar regions, and has been\\nsimultaneously visible in Sardinia, Connecti\u00c2\u00ac\\ncut, and New Orleans.\\nOf the magneto-electric origin of the\\naurora no doubt can be entertained. When\\nit occurs, the magnetic needle is invariably\\naffected, the very noticeable perturbation\\nbeing greatest at the climax of the auroral\\nbrilliancy.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0616.jp2"}, "615": {"fulltext": "F late years the science\\nof electricity has made\\nstrides so rapid as to\\nsurprise even those\\nwho are constantly\\nlooking for wonders\\nin scientific discovery.\\nThe achievement of Ben\\nFranklin in drawing lightning\\nfrom the clouds with his kite\\nhas been surpassed a thou\u00c2\u00ac\\nsand fold. The triumphs of\\nEdison, Bell and others read\\nalmost like miracles, and\\nwhereas it was once supposed\\nthat electricity was little else than a destruc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntive force, it has now been caught, tamed,\\nharnessed and made to work for the good\\nof man.\\nThe electric light, illuminating the streets\\nof every city; the telephone, repeating what\\nyou say here at a point miles distant; the\\nphonograph, speaking, singing, reproducing\\nsounds of every description the kineto-\\nscope, exhibiting the motions of actual life\\nthe megaphone, sounding its trumpet blast\\nfar beyond the natural reach of the human\\nvoice; the application of the mysterious\\nforce of electricity to the uses of ordinary\\ntravel, such as street cars, and even railways\\nhitherto operated by steam\u00e2\u0080\u0094these are only\\na few of the wonderful inventions and appli\u00c2\u00ac\\ncations of the subtle agent which has sud\u00c2\u00ac\\ndenly leaped from the clouds and seems to\\nbe almost transforming the face of the\\nearth.\\nIf a stick of sealing-wax is rubbed vigor\u00c2\u00ac\\nously with a woolen cloth, it will be found\\ncapable of attracting small shreds of paper.\\nThis is the simplest experiment in electricity.\\nMany other substances, such as resin, vul\u00c2\u00ac\\ncanite, glass, etc., can be made to show the\\nsame phenomenon. To obtain the best\\neffect with any given substance a particular\\nrubber must be chosen. For example, a\\ncat\u00e2\u0080\u0099s fur, slightly warmed, is every efficient\\nin electrifying vulcanite or resin, while silk,\\namongst simple substances should be used\\nto excite glass.\\nA Powerful Agent.\\nThus, in a simple manner, we discover in\\nnature the existence of an invisible force.\\nIts power may be said to be unlimited. It\\ncan shatter the stateliest granite column. It\\ncan rive in twain the brawniest oak. It can\\ndestroy instantly every form of animal life.\\nNot until within a comparatively recent\\nperiod has this force been mastered and\\nmade to work out beneficent results.\\n573", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0617.jp2"}, "616": {"fulltext": "574\\nELECTRICITY.\\nIn a general way it may be said that in\\nusing electricity it is produced by friction,\\nand stored as water might be in a tank and\\nthen the force is turned on when the power\\nis required. All else relates to the con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstruction of the necessary apparatus.\\nMR. EDISON TALKING INTO THE PHONOGRAPH.\\nl\\\\)q PI)or o6rapl)\\nERY few even of those who\\nhave heard the dulcet strains\\nof some sweet song from\\nthe depths of the phono\u00c2\u00ac\\ngraph, understand in the\\nleast the mechanism by\\nwhich the sounds are produced. The ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nplanation is as follows The phonograph is\\ncomposed of a metal cylinder covered with a\\nthin layer of wax, on which a pointed pen\\ninscribes tracings, corresponding to the\\nvibrations caught by a membrane placed on\\ntop of the pen.\\nThe wax-coated cylinder is rapidly re\u00c2\u00ac\\nvolved by means of an electric battery, and\\nas one speaks in front of the membrane, the\\ncylinder advances slowly in a horizontal\\nposition, at the same time revolving rapidly.\\nThe membrane vibrates much or little,\\naccording to the sounds emitted by the\\noperator. The pen moves according to the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2vibrations, and peculiar, almost imperceptible\\ntracings on the wax are the result. On top\\nof the membrane is a funnel into which the\\noperator speaks. The picture shows Mr.\\nEdison talking into this funnel.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0618.jp2"}, "617": {"fulltext": "LATEST DISCOVERIES\\n575\\nTo obtain reproductions of the sounds as\\ninscribed on the wax cylinder, it is replaced\\nin its original position. Another pen of\\ndifferent construction than tne first is put\\ninto play, and in a most exact and delicate\\nmanner transfers to the wax of another\\ncylinder the tracings on the first. The funnel\\nis replaced by a rubber tube having two,\\nfour or six branches, according to the number\\nfound in many hotels and public places.\\nThe first cylinder is carefully made as above\\ndescribed, and duplicated as many times as\\nrequired. Each cylinder is then placed in a\\ncase, and the phonograph may be put in use\\nwhen required.\\nThe new and perfected Edison phonograph\\nhas already gone into very general use and\\nmany thousands are distributed in American\\nLISTENING TO SOUNDS FROM THE PHONOGRAPH.\\nof the auditors, and the tubes are applied to\\ntheir ears, as in the illustration.\\nNot only can we hear the sounds from\\nthe same phonograph into which they are\\nspoken, but the cylinders may be preserved\\nand taken wherever we wish; by placing\\nthem again in a mechanism as above de\u00c2\u00ac\\nscribed, the original sounds may be re\u00c2\u00ac\\nproduced.\\nIn this manner are made the phonographs\\nbusiness offices, where they facilitate corre\u00c2\u00ac\\nspondence in a variety of ways. They are\\nalso employed by stenographers as a help in\\nthe transcription of their shorthand notes.\\nHeretofore these notes have been slowly\\ndictated to amanuenses, but they are now\\nfrequently read off to a phonograph and then\\nwritten out at leisure. The phonograph is,\\nhowever, being used for direct stenographic\\nwork and it reported verbatim forty thousand", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0619.jp2"}, "618": {"fulltext": "67G\\nELECTRICITY.\\nwords of discussion at one presidential con\u00c2\u00ac\\nvention, the words being quietly repeated\\ninto the machine by the reporter as quickly\\nas they were uttered by the various speakers.\\nA large number of machines are in use by\\nactors, clergymen, musicians, reciters and\\nothers, to improve their elocution and singing.\\nIt is also worthy of note that voice records\\nremain of distinguished men, who being\\ndead, yet speak.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\ntl) e YZT eeIs Go Roupd\\nEW people understand the prin\u00c2\u00ac\\nciple upon which street cars\\nare propelled by what is known\\nas the Trolley system. Most\\npeople know that a power\u00c2\u00ac\\nhouse, a trolley wire and a\\nmotor are necessary to the\\nsystem, but of the functions of\\nthe various parts they have but a faint con\u00c2\u00ac\\nception. \u00e2\u0080\u009cWhat makes he wheels go\\nround is a mystery, yet it can be easily\\nexplained.\\nFirst, there are boilers to generate steam\\nfor the engines, and the engines in turn drive\\nthe generators, which produce the myste\u00c2\u00ac\\nrious power or \u00e2\u0080\u009cjuice,\u00e2\u0080\u009d as it is commonly\\ncalled by the electricians, for the motors in\\nthe cars. It is obvious, therefore, that the\\nprime factor in the operation of an electric\\nrailway is steam, the electric current acting\\nonly as a convenient and subtle agent for\\ntransmitting and distributing the power.\\nThe voltage of an electric circuit cor\u00c2\u00ac\\nresponds to the pressure in water pipes.\\nThe voltage of a dynamo depends on three\\nconditions, namely, the speed of revolution\\nof the armature, the number of coils of wire\\nin the armature, and the strength of the\\nmagnetic field. For incandescent lighting,\\ni io volts are generally used, while for rail\u00c2\u00ac\\nways the pressure is 500 volts.\\nThe current from the generator in the\\npower-house goes to the switchboard, where\\nit passes through an ammeter, which indi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncates the amount of current being given out,\\nthrough a switch, by means of which the\\ncurrent may be shut off at will, and through\\na circuit-breaker, which opens the circuit\\nautomatically in case of a short circuit on\\nthe line or an overload.\\nFrom this point one side of the circuit is\\ncomposed of the feeder (heavy insulated\\ncopper cables) and the other side of the\\nground or return. Formerly the rails alone\\nconnected with the ground formed the\\nreturn, but owing to various causes, among\\nthem the electrolytic action on water and\\ngas pipes, the modern practice is to supple\u00c2\u00ac\\nment the rails with heavy copper wires,\\nwhich afford an easier path for the current\\nthan the pipes. The feeders run parallel\\nwith the tracks, either overhead or under\u00c2\u00ac\\nground, as the case may be, and at points\\nalong the line are tapped or connected to\\nthe trolley wire.\\nHow the Current is Applied.\\nEach car is provided with two motors, the\\narmatures or revolving parts of which are\\nconnected to the axles of the cars. A motor\\nis made almost exactly like a generator. In\\nfact, if driven by an engine, it will generate\\nan electric current the same as the generator.\\nTherefore, when the power of the engine\\ndrives the armature of the generator in the\\npower house, causing it to give out a cur\u00c2\u00ac\\nrent, this current supplied to the motor\\ncauses its armature to revolve and develop\\nsame mechanical power originally re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquired to drive the generator, eliminating, of", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0620.jp2"}, "619": {"fulltext": "LATEST DISCOVERIES.\\n577\\ncourse, the various losses due to friction and\\nleakage.\\nNext the current goes through the motor.\\nWhile delivering a lecture before an audi\u00c2\u00ac\\nence of unskilled laymen, a well-known\\nelectrical engineer was asked how the cur\u00c2\u00ac\\nrent gets into the car, and he replied The\\nconductor brings it in.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Of course he\\nmeant the copper conductor running down\\nthe trolley pole, and not the innocent fare-\\ntaker and bell-ringer.\\nPractical Illustration.\\nThe method of allowing the current to\\npass through the motor in the car is illus\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrated in the annexed sketch. The top line\\nis the trolley wire and R shows the rails.\\nBetween these there is maintained a pressure\\nof 500 volts. W is the trolley wheel in\\ncontact with the trolley wire, and attached\\nto the trolley pole. In electrical contact\\nwith the trolley wheel and running through\\nthe trolley pole is an insulated copper wire\\nC. This wire is shown in the sketch, but is,\\nof course, concealed in the car. It runs to\\nthe familiar metal case on the platform.\\nThis case contains the controller, which con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsists of a system of coils of wire, resistance\\narranged so that the speed of the motors\\nmay be varied by the motorman by turning\\nthe switch or controller handle to different\\npoints.\\nThe controller is also so constructed that\\nby turning another handle the motor will\\nrevolve in the opposite direction, backing the\\n,car. The coils are so arranged that the two\\nmotors may be thrown in parallel or in\\nseries, which means in the first case that\\neach motor completes a circuit by itself,\\nwhile in the second case the same current\\nflows through both motors. Only one\\nmotor is shown in the sketch, which is\\nsufficient to illustrate the principle.\\nThe direction of flow is shown by the\\narrow heads. The current from the gen\u00c2\u00ac\\nerator G in the power house flows to the\\nfeeders and trohey wire. From the trolley\\nwire it flows through the trolley wheel W,\\nthrough the wire C in trolley pole to the\\ncontroller S, where it is turned on or off by\\nmeans of the controller handle. From here\\nit flows through another wire to the brush\\nB of the motor M, through the armature of\\nthe motor and out at the brush B B, then\\nthrough a wire into the car wheel to the rail\\nR, which carries the current back to the\\nnegative brush of the generator G.\\nGreat Motive Power.\\nThe flashing often seen at the wheels of\\nan electric car is caused by imperfect contact\\nbetween the wheel and rail, and is due often\\nto dust on the rail or similar causes.\\nAlready the electric current has been ap\u00c2\u00ac\\nplied to ordinary railroad traffic. The most\\nadvanced thought on this subject points to\\nthe time not far distant when electricity will\\nbe the great motive power superseding steam.\\nIts advantages are evident at a glance. The\\nspeed which it is capable of furnishing, the\\nabsence of annoying smoke, the facility with\\nwhich it can be operated, all indicate that its\\npractical results will be of great service, will\\nform an epoch in scientific discovery and\\nconstitute a new mode of carrying on those\\ngreat industries which are dependent upon a\\nmotive power, at once efficient and easily\\nmanipulated.\\n37", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0621.jp2"}, "620": {"fulltext": "578\\nELECTRICITY.\\nSuccessful efforts have been made to place\\nthe conducting wires in the earth, thus avoiding\\nthe danger of having them over head. The\\nadvantage of this is apparent, and being accom\u00c2\u00ac\\nplished, we shall have the most complete\\nmotive power ever brought into use.\\nThe achievements thus far in electrical\\nscience are among the greatest triumphs of\\nthe age. These have come rapidly and in\\nvivid succession. The most acute thought\\nand inventive genius have been displayed in\\nthe practical application of this greatest and\\nmost marvelous of all the agents treasured\\nin the storehouse of nature.\\nTf e Telepl^opp\\nUPPOSE you want to communi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncate with your neighbor across\\nthe street: a wire is stretched\\nbetween the two houses and con\u00c2\u00ac\\nnected to the two telephones\\nfrom the remaining binding\\nscrew of each telephone wires\\nare conducted, say, to the gas-pipe, and\\nthe bare wire wound round the bare pipe,\\nbrass pipe, as the joints of the latter some\u00c2\u00ac\\ntimes intercept altogether the flow of elec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntricity.\\nPhilosophy of the Telephone.\\nWe already know that when sound-waves\\nimpinge on anything like the ferrotype\\nplate of a telephone, such a plate is made tc\\nvibrate and a piece of iron like this vibrat-\\nCOMMUNICATING BY TELEPHONE.\\nso that there may be metallic contact.\\nConversation may now be carried on as in\\nthe annexed figure. For short distances\\nyou will perhaps find least difficulty by using\\na double wire instead of connecting to the\\ning in the neighborhood of a magnet will\\nconsiderably disturb its lines of force. If\\nthese fluctuating lines of force, therefore,\\nare crossed by rings of wire, currents of\\nelectricity will be generated in the wire.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0622.jp2"}, "621": {"fulltext": "LATEST DISCOVERIES.\\n579\\nAnd so it is every time one speaks into a\\ntelephone, for electricity is generated and\\nsent along the wire to the other end, in a\\ndirection which varies with the in-and-\\nout action of the telephone plate.\\nYou will clearly see, then, that electricity\\nis produced at the transmitting end. What\\nhappens where the listener has his attentive\\near to the telephone The electricity travels\\nround the coil of the receiving telephone,\\nand varies the magnetism of the bar within\\nit, which in its turn varies its attraction upon\\nthe ferrotype plate; the ferrotype plate\\nbegins to vibrate, and it vibrates in such a\\nway as to reproduce the sounds which were\\nspoken into the transmitting end.\\nTransmission of Sound.\\nThat we should ever be able to talk by\\nlightning was not dreamed of for many\\nyears after the discovery of the telegraph\\nproved that messages could be transmitted\\nthrough motions of the electric instrument\\nproducing signs. Now we do not have to\\nwrite the communication, but can speak to a\\nperson many miles away, and converse\\nalmost as freely as we would with one by\\nour side in the same room.\\nThe principle is that of the transmission\\nof sound. The air, the water, woods,\\nmetals are all conductors, but it has been\\nproved that a metallic conductor, a tele\u00c2\u00ac\\ngraphic wire, with electricity for the driving\\nforce, is the best transmitter ever discovered.\\nThe telephone has rapidly sprung into use,\\nand has become a necessity in our large\\ntowns, where, on account of the pressure of\\nbusiness, time is money and moments count\\nfor as much as hours did once. A man of\\nbusiness can call up his neighbor, who is\\nnear or his customer miles away, and in a\\nbrief time the matter in hand is disposed of.\\nThe description of the instrument is as\\nfollows An electro-magnet or spool of\\ncopper wire is fastened to the end of a steel\\nbar which has been charged with magne\u00c2\u00ac\\ntism the ends of the wire are carried down\\nto the outer part of the rubber case, and\\nconnected by screws to the line wire.\\nIn front of the spool, and a little way\\nfrom the end of the bar magnet, a piece of\\nferrotype sheet iron is placed. When a\\nLIN\\nTHE BELL TELEPHONE.\\ncurrent of electricity is sent into the tele\u00c2\u00ac\\nphone and through the spool of wire, thn\\nsheet iron plate is caused to vibrate in unisoe\\nwith the breaking of the current, by reason\\nof the alternate attractions and cessations of\\nattraction of the plate by the electro-magnet,\\nand a sound is produced, as already ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nplained.\\nThe microphone is an instrument for in\u00c2\u00ac\\ntensifying and making audible very feeble", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0623.jp2"}, "622": {"fulltext": "580\\nELECTRICITY.\\nsounds. It produces its effects by the\\nchanges of intensity in an electric current,\\noccasioned by variations in the contact resist\u00c2\u00ac\\nance of conducting bodies. It has always\\nbeen known that many solids are excellent\\nTHE MICROPHONE.\\nconductors of sound. One of the little ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nperiments of boyhood is for one lad to hold\\nhis head under water while another, not far\\naway, strikes two stones together under the\\nsurface. The water coming in close contact\\nwith the ear, and being a good conductor of\\nsound, produces something in the nature of\\na shock, quite as startling as would be the\\nfiring of a pistol near one\u00e2\u0080\u0099s head. This, it\\nmust be understood, is not the principle of\\nthe microphone or tele\u00c2\u00ac\\nphone. There must be a\\nconductor for the electric\\ncurrent, but the current\\nitself is indispensable.\\nThus, not only by the\\ntelegraph can words be\\ntransmitted, but also in a\\nmore direct way, and even\\nthe tones of the human voice can be distin\u00c2\u00ac\\nguished. It is literally true that we talk by\\nlightning, and can speak to a listener a thou\u00c2\u00ac\\nsand miles away. Our age finds in electricity\\nits most marvelous field of discovery.\\nTl e Elec\\nHE problem, long-studied by\\nscientists, of procuring from\\nthis subtle force in nature a\\nlight that would be of ser\u00c2\u00ac\\nvice and outstrip all other\\nmeans of illumination has\\nbeen solved, and in every\\ntown now, of any dimensions, electric light\u00c2\u00ac\\ning is in successful operation.\\nPure incandescence is represented by four\\nsystems\u00e2\u0080\u0094Edison, Maxim, Swan and Lane\\nFox. The light from this description of\\nlamp is from the heating of a carbon filament\\ndue to its high resistance to the passage of\\nthe current. This filament is surrounded by\\na hermetically sealed glass bulb from which\\nall the air has been extracted.\\nThe life of the lamp depends greatly as\\nto how carefully this process has been car\u00c2\u00ac\\nried on. It is not sufficient only to extract\\nthe air when the lamp is cold, but the pro-\\nlirk Liol)t\\ncess must be carried on when the lamp is\\nburning, and the exhaustion must be con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinuous for some time. These Hmps can be\\nworked either by an alternating or a con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinuous current machine and, unlike those\\nof partial incandescence, require a tension\\ncurrent, while the former work best with a\\nquantity one.\\nThe Edison lamp is generally considered\\nto be the pioneer of this system of illumin\u00c2\u00ac\\nation. Whether this be so or not the name\\nof the inventor has been for a considerable\\ntime associated with lighting by incandes\u00c2\u00ac\\ncence, although his early experiments were\\nwith a lamp containing a metallic substance.\\nThe lamp consists of a blown glass globe\\ncontaining a very fine filament made from the\\nfibre of bamboo carbonized. The length is\\nfixed according to the resistance required.\\nEach end of the filament is nipped be\u00c2\u00ac\\ntween a miniature vise composed of platinum", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0624.jp2"}, "623": {"fulltext": "LATEST DISCOVERIES.\\n581\\nconnected with the terminals of the lamp.\\nThese are fixed in an insulated socket, which\\nalso holds the glass bulb. The socket is\\nfurnished with a screw which fits into a pro\u00c2\u00ac\\njection on the bracket or holder, so that the\\nact of screwing in the lamp makes the neces\u00c2\u00ac\\nsary connection with the conducting wires.\\nBy turning a tap the lamp can be removed\\nwithout interrupting the passage of the cur\u00c2\u00ac\\nrent. The maximum duration of the lamp\\nis stated to be twelve hundred hours. The\\nchief feature of the Edison\\nsystem is the manner in\\nwhich the inventor distrib\u00c2\u00ac\\nutes the current from a main\\ngenerator of his own design,\\nwhich is always used with\\nthis system of lighting.\\nThe engraving on next\\npage is a perfect represen\u00c2\u00ac\\ntation of Edison\u00e2\u0080\u0099s latest\\nelectric lamp, with its vari\u00c2\u00ac\\nous parts shown in detail.\\nFig. I shows the carbon\\nhorseshoe ready for use, full\\nsize Fig. 2 represents the\\nhorseshoe when just cut\\nfrom the Bristol board, illus\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrating, by its comparison\\nwith Fig. i, the enormous\\nshrinkage it undergoes dur\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the process of carbonization.\\nThe only index to the completion of this\\nprocess is the crackling of the oxide formed\\non the exterior of the iron boxes in which\\nthe horseshoes are placed. After their re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmoval from the boxes the carbons are placed\\nbetween the jaws of small platinum vises,\\na, a, supported on thin platinum wires\\nblown in the glass base and forming the\\nelectrodes. The resistance of the slender\\nhorseshoe is one hundred ohms. and while\\nthe lamp shown, Fig. 3, is intended to give\\na light equivalent to a single four-foot gas\\njet, it may be forced to give a light equal to\\neight or ten of such jets.\\nThe carbons are so tough that one of\\nthem has been subjected to the test of ap\u00c2\u00ac\\nplying and removing the electric current a\\nnumber of times equivalent to thirty-six\\nyears of actual daily use, and without being\\nin the least impaired. The horseshoe form\\nof the carbon has a great advantage over\\nthe voltaic arc, the light being softer, more\\ndiffused and less trying to the eyes. It is,\\nbesides, perfectly uniform and steady. The\\nlamps are connected in multiple arc, that is,\\nthe two wires leading from the electrical\\ngenerator run parallel to each other, and\\nthe lamps are placed between them and are\\nconnected with each wire.\\nEasily Handled.\\nThe entire lighting apparatus of any\\nbuilding consists in the lamps and a few\\nwires. The lamp in its present form is as\\nsimple and as easily handled as a candle,\\nand can be taken from its socket and re\u00c2\u00ac\\nplaced even while the current is on. The\\nconstruction of this socket is shown in\\nFig. 4. The lamp has, attached to its elec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrodes, slips of copper which are bent up\\nagainst the sides of the glass, touching two\\nsprings at opposite sides of the socket. One\\nof these springs is connected with one of the\\nelectrical conductors the other merely\\ntouches the copper strip, and does not form\\na part of the electrical conductor until it is\\ntouched by the thumb-screw, b this latter\\nbeing connected with the second electrical\\nconducting wire.\\nTo start the light it is only necessary to\\nturn the screw, b till it touches the spring.\\nTo stop the light the screw is turned in the\\nreverse direction. From this it is obvious\\nthat an electric lamp is more easily managed", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0625.jp2"}, "624": {"fulltext": "582\\nELECTRICITY\\nthan a gas burner, as it requires neither\\nlighting nor regulating while it is equally\\nplain that these lamps, having withstood the\\ntest of time, the inventor has solved a pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nedison\u00e2\u0080\u0099s marvelous\\nfound problem, and become one of the\\nworld\u00e2\u0080\u0099s great benefactors.\\nEdison\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Mimeograph.\\nThe Mimeograph was designed and\\npatented by Mr. Thomas A. Edison. In\\ndesigning the mimeograph, Mr. Edison took\\nas his fundamental principle the stylus or\\npoint, the writing implement of man since\\nthe art was first invented. It is the natural\\ntool by which the hand can trace characters,\\nand it is this stylus or point, peculiar to the\\nmimeograph in the line of duplicating ma\u00c2\u00ac\\nchines, which created for it such a decided\\nand permanent popularity.\\nWith the stylus as first principle, Mr.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0626.jp2"}, "625": {"fulltext": "LATEST DISCOVERIES.\\n583\\nEdison built the mimeograph, with reference\\nto the stylus as the writing instrument, de\u00c2\u00ac\\nsigning the other parts to meet its require\u00c2\u00ac\\nments.\\nThe mimeograph belongs to the stencil\\nclass of duplicating machines, which, as is\\nwell known, is the best type of such devices.\\nThe stencil is made on a sheet of fine\\nspecially manufactured tissue paper, which is\\ncoated on one side with a film of sensitive\\nmaterial.\\nFine Steel Plate.\\nThe cutting agent of the mimeograph is a\\nplate of fine tool steel, upon which are cut\\nintersecting corrugations, numbering two\\nhundred to the inch, thus making on the\\nplate a surface of small sharp points, so fine\\nand minute that a magnifying glass is re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquired to bring them distinctly to the eye\\nupon this steel plate, which is imbedded in\\na table or plate of polished slate, the sheet\\nof sensitive paper is placed, and the stencil is\\nformed by writing on the paper over the\\nsteel plate with the stylus, which is made of\\ntempered steel and nickel plated.\\nAs the steel point of the stylus (which is\\nground to a round or smooth point) passes\\nover the sensitive paper, it presses the paper\\nagainst and upon the steel plate, and the fine\\nsharp points puncture it from the under\\nside making a series of orifices or holes, each\\none a two-hundredth part of an inch from\\nthe next, in the lines of the writing.\\nThe point of the stylus, although tapered\\nto the size of a nicely sharpened lead pencil,\\nreally rests on three of the cutting points of\\nthe writing plate (as the corrugated steel is\\ntermed) at one time.\\nIt thus glides easily and smoothly over\\nthe roughened surface without tearing the\\npaper, but still with just enough friction to\\nmake the act of writing a pleasant operation,\\nalmost identical to that done by a medium\\nhard lead pencil.\\nAfter the stencil is made, the next opera\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion is to prepare the stencil sheet (as the\\nsensitive paper is now called) for the purpose\\nof printing copies of which it is the original.\\nThe ink is squeezed from its collapsible\\ntube upon a slate used for that purpose, and\\na hand roller made of a peculiar composition\\nis passed- over it, spreading the ink evenly\\nover the slate, and at the same time charging\\nthe roller.\\nThe sheet of paper upon which the copy\\nis to be printed, is placed upon a blotter\\nresting on the baseboard beneath the stencil\\nsheet, and the ink roller is passed over the\\nstencil sheet, forcing the ink through the\\nperforations and upon the impression paper,\\nthus making a print. This last operation is\\nrepeated until the required number of copies\\nare obtained.\\nThe modus operandi just described is for\\nthe purpose of reduplicating autographic\\nmatter.\\nEdison\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Kinetoscope.\\nPerhaps the simplest statement of the\\nprinciple upon which this instrument is con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstructed, would be to call it the reproduction\\nof motion. The observer looks through a\\nglass into a small cabinet and appears to see\\nliving figures. These may be men, or\\nanimals, and they are in action. Just as the\\nphonograph makes a faithful record of\\nsounds, so the kinetoscope gives us a repro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduction of the actions of living creatures.\\nThe following is what Mr. Edison himself\\nsays on the subject: In the year 1887 the\\nidea occurred to me that it was possible to\\ndevise an instrument which should do for\\nthe eye what the phonograph does for the\\near, and that by a combination of the two\\nall motion and sound could be recorded and", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0627.jp2"}, "626": {"fulltext": "584\\nELECTRICITY.\\nreproduced simultaneously. This idea, the\\ngerm of which came from the little toy called\\nthe zoetrope, and the work of Muybridge,\\nMarie and others, has now been accom\u00c2\u00ac\\nplished, so that every change of facial\\nexpression can be recorded and reproduced\\nlife size. The kinetoscope is only a small\\nmodel illustrating the present stage of\\nprogress, but with each succeeding month\\nnew possibilities are brought into view.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cI believe that in coming years by my\\nown work and that of others, who wil 1\\ndoubtless enter the field, grand opera can be\\ngiven at the Metropolitan Opera House at\\nNew York, without any material change\\nfrom the original, and with artists and musi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncians long since dead.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nAfter the instrument was perfected the\\nsuccession of pictures was found to be rapid,\\nand those instruments exhibited in nearly all\\nour towns are found to work most satis\u00c2\u00ac\\nfactorily.\\nElectric Rifles.\\nThe practice of firing big guns by elec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntricity is already well established, but hith\u00c2\u00ac\\nerto no practical attempt has been made to\\nexplode the shells of small arms electrically.\\nAn electric rifle has been designed in which\\nit is sought to carry out this principle.\\nThe source of the current is a battery A,\\nwhich is fitted into the stock either from the\\nside or from the ends. The holes B B are\\nconnected to springs C C, from which the\\nwires D D run respectively to a spring M,\\nbolted at I to the lock plate, and to the\\ninsulated hammer H fixed on the upper part\\nof the trigger G. Q is the shell containing\\nan insulated pin, the head of which O pro\u00c2\u00ac\\njects beyond the base of the shell. If neces\u00c2\u00ac\\nsary, two pins can be placed parallel with\\neach other and insulated until their points\\nnearly meet. Between the base of the car\u00c2\u00ac\\ntridge and the hammer is a pin K encircled\\nby a spring and riveted into a cross plate J\\nat one end, the other end being fitted into an\\ninsulated thimble L, the point of which\\nnearly touches the shell pin head O. When\\nthe cartridge has been inserted and the gun\\nclosed, the spring M rests on the metal base\\nof the cartridge.\\nAs the trigger is pulled, the hammer\\nstrikes the plate J forcing the point of the\\nthimble L into contact with the projecting\\nend O of the cartridge pin. An arc is estab\u00c2\u00ac\\nlished at P O, \u00e2\u0080\u0099which explodes the contents\\nof the cartridge.\\nThe point of the firing pin P can be placed\\nanywhere within the explosive powder cf\\nthe cartridge, but by extending it near the\\nbullet, as shown in the illustration, a more\\neffective explosion of the powder is secured.\\nTo Get an Electric Shock.\\nSuppose there are four persons (A, B, C\\nand D) who are desirous of receiving the\\nshock. A wire is wound round the outer\\ncoating of the Leyden jar; the jar is then\\ncharged and placed on the table. The four\\npersons join hands, and while A holds the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0628.jp2"}, "627": {"fulltext": "LATEST DISCOVERIES.\\n585\\nend of the wire leading from the outer coat\u00c2\u00ac\\ning of the jar, D has also hold of a wire\\nwhich is in communication with one of the\\nknobs of a discharger. You now seize the\\ninsulating handle of the discharger and bring\\none knob only in contact with the knob of\\nthe Leyden jar. A shock will be experi\u00c2\u00ac\\nenced by the four persons, and unless A be\\ncautioned he may, by his sudden antics, pull\\nthe jar off the table.\\nA Singular Effect.\\nThere are many effects, some of them odd\\nand humorous, which can be produced by\\nelectricity. For example, place the figure\\nof a human head, with flowing hair, on the\\nAN ELECTRICAL FRIGHT.\\nend of a rod stuck into the prime conductor.\\nImmediately it becomes charged with elec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntricity its hair stands on end as if it had\\nreceived a terrible fright.\\nHow Ocean Cables Are Made.\\nThe cable consists first of a core comprising\\nthe conductor made of a strand of copper\\nwires, and the insulating covering of gutta\\npercha or India rubber to prevent leakage of\\nthe electric current. Outside of this is a\\nlayer of tanned jute yarn. This protects the\\ngutta percha or rubber from the sheathing of\\nsteel wires which is the next covering, and\\nwhich varies according to the depth of water\\nin which the cable is to be laid. Outside of\\nthis again is a combination of jute yarn and\\na bituminous mixture. This is applied in a\\nmelted condition from a spout as the cable\\nis passed underneath. During the time the\\ncable is being manufactured and laid, elec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrical tests are taken to insure perfection.\\nThe finished cable is then kept coiled in\\nlarge circular iron tanks under water. Simi\u00c2\u00ac\\nlar tanks are in the cable ship, and when at\\nsea the lengths are paid out over a large\\npulley at the stern. The speed is regulated\\nby several retarding wheels and a brake\\nwheel, over and under which the cable has\\nto pass. The strain to which it is subjected\\nat any given moment is indicated by a\\ndynamometer.\\nMethod of Laying.\\nWhen all the cable has been paid out, the\\nend is carefully sealed up and attached to a\\nstout rope. This is lowered to the bottom\\nof the sea and the other end of the rope is\\nattached to a buoy which is to mark the end\\nof the cable, which is usually laid in three\\nsections. One laid, for instance, was started\\nfrom Waterville and laid out to a given point\\nin deep water. The second section was laid\\nfrom Canso, on the American side, also into\\ndeep water, after which the fifteen hundred\\nintervening miles were laid and all three\\nspliced together.\\nBut the laying of a cable is as nothing to\\nthe difficulty experienced in repairing it,\\nespecially if the work has to be done during\\nrough weather, when the sea runs mountains\\nhigh and the gales continually blow the ship\\naway from the scene of operations. Some\u00c2\u00ac\\ntimes the cable is found buried in sand\\nseveral thousand fathoms from the surface of\\nthe water. When it is only a flaw and the\\nstrands themselves are whole the task of\\nrepairing it is slight; but when the cable\\nhas actually parted and both ends have to\\nbe found and again spliced together, it is.\\nsometimes a work of several months.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0629.jp2"}, "628": {"fulltext": "VJ CV j\\n.Si Wonderful Photography\\nBY THE\\nRoentgen Rays\\nARLY in 1896 it was\\nannounced that Pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nfessor Roentgen, of\\nWurzburg Univer\u00c2\u00ac\\nsity, Germany, had\\ndiscovered a method\\nby which certain\\nsubstances could be\\nphotographed, not merely\\nshowing the exterior surface,\\nbut also the interior sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nstances. As the composition\\nof the rays of light was un\u00c2\u00ac\\nknown, these rays were desig\u00c2\u00ac\\nnated by the algebraical term\\nof X, meaning an unknown quantity. The\\ndiscovery caused great interest throughout\\nthe world, and immediately experiments were\\nbegun in many places, especially by profes\u00c2\u00ac\\nsors in medical schools.\\nIt was soon ascertained that some parts of\\nthe human body, for example the hand,\\ncould be photographed and all solid sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nstances beneath the flesh could be distinctly\\nseen. In this way the bones of the hand\\nare reproduced, and if there should be such\\na solid substance as a bullet of lead, it can\\nbe located and extracted. The importance of\\nthis discovery, especially to medical science,\\ncannot be overestimated.\\nExperiments were carried on at Yale\\nCollege with the following results One of\\nthe professors laid a sensitive photographic\\nplate horizontally in a wooden box, placed\\nthe object to be experimented with on top\\nof the box, and suspended his Crookes tube\\nabove them both. He then turned on the\\nelectric current, which generated the newly\\ndiscovered rays in the tube, which, in turn,\\nthrew them upon the objects below.\\nThrough Opaque Substances.\\nIn the first experiment Mr. Bumstead used\\na leather pocketbook containing several coins.\\nHe thus photographed the coins, the rays\\ngoing completely through the leather, the\\nresistance of which was trifling compared\\nwith what it would hitve offered to light.\\nHe also photographed in the same way\\na pair of eyeglasses in their case. The\\nresult showed that the glasses were photo\u00c2\u00ac\\ngraphed, while the case was scarcely visible.\\nA lead pencil was experimented on, and the\\nresult was an excellent picture of the lead,\\nwith the wooden portion dimly outlined.\\nA couple of English walnuts which had\\nnever been opened were exposed, and a\\nsplendid view of the kernels was obtained.\\nAll these exposures lasted about an hour.\\nThe experiments were carried on in open\\ndaylight, the plates, of course, being kept\\nfrom the sun in an ordinary holder.\\nProbably the most interesting of Mr.\\nBumstead\u00e2\u0080\u0099s experiments were those with\\nanimals. For this purpose he used a fish,\\na mouse and a frog. After the usual expos\u00c2\u00ac\\nure the backbone of the fish was easily dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinguishable.\\n586", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0630.jp2"}, "629": {"fulltext": "WONDERFUL PHOTOGRAPHY\u00e2\u0080\u0094ROENTGEN RAYS.\\nThe frog picture displayed a portion of the\\nskeleton with more or less vividness, the\\nplainest parts being the leg bones. The\\nPHOTOGRAPH OF HUMAN HAND SHOWING THE\\nANATOMY IN DETAIL.\\nmost distinct part of the mouse\u00e2\u0080\u0099s skeleton\\nwas the skull, which could be traced with\\nlittle difficulty. The little fleshy nose\\nof the mouse did not give nearly as\\nmuch resistance to the rays as the\\nbone, and this fact was the most useful\\nresult of the experiments.\\nOne experimenter relates the result\\nas follows\\nMy last attempt has resulted in\\ngiving me a perfect photograph. I\\nused as a subject the leg of a man\\nwhich had been fractured in a railroad\\naccident two years ago. The fracture\\nwas in the upper third of the tibia, or,\\nin other words, in the large bone of the\\nleg a few inches above the knee. I placed\\nan ordinary camera on one side of the leg\\nand directly opposite on the other side of\\n587\\nthe member I placed the tube at a distance\\nof three or four inches.\\nThe result was a clearly defined photo\u00c2\u00ac\\ngraph. The bone appears rounded and not\\nflat, as in the shadowgraphs heretofore pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduced. The fracture is perfectly plain. It\\ncan be traced all around the bone. The\\nsurface of hardened lime salt, which forms\\nafter a fractured bone has been set, shows\\nclearly.\\nThen comes the most remarkable part\\nof the photograph. Running down each\\nside of the bone is a line showing the loca\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of the marrow. The marrow is darker\\nin the picture than the bone itself. Then,\\nthrough the marrow a dark line can be seen,\\nshowing the mark of the fracture on the\\nopposite side of the bone. In the centre of\\nthe bone are two spots, plainly discernible,\\nshowing the fibrous tissues of the nerves.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nA standard medical journal comments as\\nfollows, upon the advantages of the dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ncovery\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cAs far as our present knowledge goes\\nthe positive advantages to medicine seem to\\nbe limited to three conditions fractures,\\ndislocations, and tumors of bones, encysted\\nbullets, needles or pieces of glass in the tis\u00c2\u00ac\\nsues and earthy calculi.\\nPHOTOGRAPH OF SHOT INSIDE OF A RAT\u00e2\u0080\u0099S BODY.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0631.jp2"}, "630": {"fulltext": "588\\nWONDERFUL PHOTOGRAPHY\u00e2\u0080\u0094ROENTGEN RAYS.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cAs a means of ascertaining that the parts\\nhad been placed in proper position after\\nadjustment, it would however, be most\\nvaluable, for of course all splints and dress\u00c2\u00ac\\nings, except plaster or metallic splints, would\\nbe as \u00e2\u0080\u0098translucent\u00e2\u0080\u0099 as the soft tissues them\u00c2\u00ac\\nselves. Its principal value, however, would\\nbe in obscure cases with much swelling,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0098green-stick\u00e2\u0080\u0099 fractures for instance, in partial\\nluxations, and in medico-legal cases when\\nthe proper setting of a fracture or reduction\\nof a dislocation was in question.\\nIn the locating of bullets, some brilliant\\nresults have been already recorded, in which\\nthe bullet beyond the reach of touch or\\nprobe has been found by the X ray and\\nsuccessfully removed.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nOne experiment at Berlin, Germany,\\nlocated a needle in the stomach of a young\\nwoman which caused great irritation and\\nincessant expectoration of blood. It was\\ndetermined as a last resort to bring the\\npatient to the Roentgen laboratory in the\\nhope that the X ray would locate the needle,\\nand that it might be extracted without en\u00c2\u00ac\\ndangering the young woman\u00e2\u0080\u0099s life.\\nThe plate plainly showed every bone of\\nthe upper part of the body and the needle\\nwas found lying point downward in the lower\\nright angle of the stomach.\\nSurgeons being present, it was resolved to\\nremove the needle at once. The patient was\\nplaced under the influence of chloroform, and\\nthe cause of the excruciating sufferings whicn\\nthreatened her life, was taken from the\\nstomach by skillful surgical manipulations.\\nThe statement has been made that if, at\\nthe time President Garfield was felled by an\\nassassin\u00e2\u0080\u0099s pistol, this method of photography\\nhad been in use, the bullet could have been\\nlocated and doubtless the life of the President\\ncould have been saved. The probes of the\\nsurgeons were of no avail; they were work\u00c2\u00ac\\ning in the dark. No such fatal result could\\nhave happened if this new discovery had\\nbeen known at that time. Its effects upon\\nmedical science are of the most marked and\\nbeneficial description.\\nThe announcement has already been made\\ntha*- success has attended efforts to pho\u00c2\u00ac\\ntograph the brain, thus locating tumors in\\nthat organ. In fact, the whole human body\\nis likely to be surveyed and examined in all\\nthe workings of its wondrous mechanism.\\nA photograph will tell the surgeon just what\\ninternal parts are diseased and will save all\\nexploration with the knife. This, apart from\\nthe curiosity attending such a discovery, has\\nled the scientific world to hail the new pho\u00c2\u00ac\\ntography with delight.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0632.jp2"}, "631": {"fulltext": "UBSTANCES which are\\nnot sources of light\\nhave the power to re\u00c2\u00ac\\nflect it from their sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nfaces when it falls on\\nthem. Thus glass is\\na very good reflector;\\nand the still surface of water\\nis also exceedingly good in\\nthis respect, so that as you\\nwalk along the bank of a\\nriver its surface may appear\\nlike pearl by reflecting the\\nwhite light of the clouds,\\nmargin greener than the\\nemerald in mirroring the grassy\\nslopes of the bank on the other side.\\nWe are now in a position to consider the\\nformation of the image in a large looking-\\no-lass. The observer standing on the right\\nreceives borrowed light proceeding from the\\npoints i, 2 and 3 (see figure), which is again\\nreflected from the surface of the glass into\\nbis eye. As a result the observer perceives\\nhis very image at each of the three points\\nI, 2 and 3, appearing behind the glass at 1\\n2 and 3 and the same with all the points\\nbetween and around which make up the\\nobject and image.\\nA Curious Effect of Reflection.\\nIf you take this book and turn any of its\\npages towards a looking-glass, you will find,\\nupon attempting to read the reflected print,\\nthat you cannot do so at all. The word\\nMAGIC, for example, appears as if it were\\nreversed and so with any other word, for\\nthey look just as they would if we could\\ntake each word and turn it completely over\\naround one end as centre. This phenomenon\\nis known as lateral inversion and you really\\nsee it when you look at your image in a\\nlooking-glass, for the left side of your face\\nappears really as the right side in the look-\\ning-glass, and so on.\\nYou would have to travel now for many\\na day to find an educated person who believes\\nin ghosts. Time was, however, when you\\nwould have to travel quite as long to find\\nsome one who did not believe in them.\\nThere could then be found people who had\\nseen them, so they thought, with their own\\neyes, and therefore were as much convinced\\nof their reality as Hamlet was when he saw\\nthe ghost of his father at Elsinore. The\\nbelief still exists in unfrequented nooks\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nplaces where advanced ideas are a long time\\nin reaching\u00e2\u0080\u0094and it exists alongside with a\\nbelief in witchcraft and such like nonsense.\\nWhen a ghost appears nowadays, an inves\u00c2\u00ac\\ntigation\u00e2\u0080\u0094not always of the gentlest kind\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nhas generally shown that the sheeted spectre\\nhas been made of solid flesh, much too solid\\n589", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0633.jp2"}, "632": {"fulltext": "590\\nPHENOMENA OF LIGHT,\\nto vanish or permit of a stout cudgel pass\u00c2\u00ac\\ning through it. By universal consent, then,\\nghosts are now relegated to the stage. How\\nreal they appear there probably every lad is\\naware, for has he not seen them in white\\nflowing robes, walking along and speaking,\\nand exhibiting the ghostly attribute of per-\\nOften, when you have stood gazing out ot\\nthe window in the evening, you have seen,\\nas if outside, a lamp or gas-jet, but the exact\\npicture of the light within the room. The\\nghost of the light, it is plain at once to see,\\nresults from the transparent pane of glass\\njust opposite you acting as a reflector. Pep-\\nTHE FAMOUS PEPPER GHOST.\\nmitting a performer to run his sword through\\nthem without their being in the least affected\\nFor many a day after he has doubtless won\u00c2\u00ac\\ndered how the thing was done, and has at\\nlast given it up in despair, while all the time\\nthe explanation was to be had without step\u00c2\u00ac\\nping out of doors even, so very easy to\\nunderstand are some of these things.\\nper\u00e2\u0080\u0099s famous ghost is produced just in the\\nsame way.\\nA large plate of transparent glass on the\\nstage faces the audience, being inclined at an\\nangle of 45 Below this the actor stands\\nin a pit, with a strong light falling on him.\\nThe audience cannot see him, but his image\\nas reflected from the glass is very ap-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0634.jp2"}, "633": {"fulltext": "PHENOMENA OF LIGHT.\\n591\\nparent, and seems to be on the stage and\\nsomewhere behind the transparent reflector,\\nso that in gazing steadfastly at the ghost\\nyou fail to perceive the glass which produces\\nit. Ghosts produced in this way are often\\nshown, but you will have no difficulty in\\ndetecting the large plate of glass on the\\nstage now that your attention is directed\\nto it.\\nLong-Distance Signals.\\nOften during the campaigns in Zululand,\\nAfghanistan and Cuba a peculiar mode of\\ntransmitting news was adopted when the\\ntelegraph lines had been cut by the enemy,\\nor where no telegraph lines had been erected.\\nThe plan is so exceedingly simple that you\\nwill understand it at once. You have often\\nnoticed that the window-panes of houses\\nmiles away have looked like burnished gold;\\nit has happened at such times that they were\\nso placed with reference to the sun and\\nyourself that the light from the great lumi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnary has been reflected from them straight\\nin your direction. A single bit of looking-\\nglass placed in the same plane as these\\nwindows would have acted just in the same\\nway.\\nNow suppose you have a comrade on a\\ndistant hill, with a piece of looking-glass so\\nplaced that the light of the sun or moon is\\nsent in your direction, you could see the\\nflare a great many miles away, and each\\ntime he brought his cap before it the bright\\npoint would disappear. If, therefore, you\\nhave arranged with your friend that a cer\u00c2\u00ac\\ntain number of times of taking his cap away\\nfrom the mirror\u00e2\u0080\u0094that is, of producing a\\ngiven number of flashes\u00e2\u0080\u0094shall mean a cer\u00c2\u00ac\\ntain thing, he is able to communicate with\\nyou and if you have a mirror too, you may\\ncommunicate with him, and so hold a con\u00c2\u00ac\\nversation.\\nOften in this way has one camp flashed\\nnews to another over the heads of their\\ncommon enemies, and the line of communi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncation could not be cut, as would have been\\nthe case had the two camps been connected\\nby ordinary telegraph. Here, then, we see\\none of the most elementary principles in\\nPhysics employed for a very important\\npurpose.\\nMany a time in thoughtful mood you will\\nhave watched the dancing shadows formed\\nby the flickering firelight, and perchance, as\\nyour own shadow has suddenly appeared on\\nthe wall behind you, you have given a start\\nat its giant size and extraordinary form.\\nYou can readily perceive the cause of such\\na shadow, which is briefly this\u00e2\u0080\u0094that light\\nfrom the fire travelling in straight lines can\u00c2\u00ac\\nnot pass round corners to any marked ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ntent, so that when an object stands in its\\nway all behind it is in darkness, and the\\nform of this area of darkness will vary with\\neach movement. Hence, from the same\\nobject employed as a light obstructor a\\nwonderful variety of shadow-forms may be\\nproduced, and perhaps in nothing is this so\\nremarkably shown as in hand-shadows.\\nSingular Shadow-Pictures.\\nIn the accompanying cut you have a\\nvariety of hand-shadows with the particular\\ndisposition of the hands which is required\\nto produce them. Other forms of hand-\\nshadows you will doubtless find out as you\\nare practicing these, and they will afford\\nmany a half-hour\u00e2\u0080\u0099s amusement as you lead\\nout your shadow-animals, including the bear\\nand the goat, the dog and the pig, and a\\nhost of others.\\nWe need scarely give any directions as to\\ntheir production, for, if the gas-light be, say,\\nin the middle of the room, and you want to\\ncast the hand-shadows on a particular wall,.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0635.jp2"}, "634": {"fulltext": "692\\nPHENOMENA OF LIGHT.\\nthe hands are brought between the gas\u00c2\u00ac\\nlight and the wall, and their distance from\\nthe former is regulated according to your\\nthe parts which give rise to the shadow of\\nthe mouth. Moreover, if you are able to\\nimitate the sounds of any of the beasts\\nHAND-SHADOWS OF ANIMALS.\\nwish as to the size of shadow you want.\\nWe may add that you will be able easily to\\nrepresent the jaws of your hand-shadows\\nmoving by bringing together and separating\\nwhose hand-shadows you can form\u00e2\u0080\u0094as, for\\nexample, the bark of the dog, the bray of\\nthe donkey, and the lowing of the cow\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nyour entertainment becomes complete.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0636.jp2"}, "635": {"fulltext": "Famous Gems\\nROYAL gift is now in the hands\\nof the Pope of Rome. It is a\\ndiamond, the size of which has\\nnever been equalled in the whole\\nworld, unless the story of the\\nBraganza diamond was true.\\nThat diamond, it was said, weighed in the\\nrough 1680 carats. The loss in cutting\\ngenerally comes to one-half or a little less\\nthan two-thirds. This would make the\\ngem weigh about 560 carats when cut. The\\nstone was said to be worth ,\u00c2\u00a33,000,000\\nsterling or $15,000,000. What became of\\nthe Braganza is not known. It is probably\\nnow famous after successive cuttings and\\nvarious owners under a name which has no\\nassociation with the original finder.\\nVery little is yet known of the immense\\ndiamond now the property of the Pope. The\\nmeagre cable despatches from Rome said\\nthat it was found by an African chief in the\\nmines at Jagersfontein, and is said to be the\\nlargest known, weighing in the rough 971\\ncarats. It came into the possession of the\\nPresident of the Transvaal Republic, who sent\\nit to the Pope. It is described as being of a\\nbluish white cast and practically perfect, the\\nonly blemish being a tiny spot, invisible to\\nthe naked eye.\\nWhat the value of this stone is can\\nhardly be estimated. When cut the weight\\nof the stone will be about 450 carats, and,\\nif perfect, it should be worth the gigantic\\nsum of $20,000,000. Large South African\\ndiamonds have not the same value that the\\nBrazilian stones have. An eighty-carat gem\\nis a common find in the African mines, but\\nmost of the large stones discovered there\\nare yellow in color, which largely depreci\u00c2\u00ac\\nates the value. Still, from its gigantic size,\\nthe Pope\u00e2\u0080\u0099s diamond has at once taken a fore\u00c2\u00ac\\nmost place among the great gems of the\\nworld, and two thousand years from now it\\nwill probably be talked and written about\\njust as the Koh-i-noor is to-day.\\nThe Queen of Jewels.\\nThe most valuable cut stone in the world\\nis the King of Portugal\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Brazil diamond,\\nwhich weighs 525 carats and is worth, if\\ngenuine, the magnificent sum of $28,-\\n000,000.\\nThe Koh-i-noor or mountain of light,\\nowned by Queen Victoria, is worth $3,500,-\\n000. This brilliant is 2000 years old. The\\nHindoos trace it back to the time of the god\\nKrischna. It was certainly in the treasury\\nof Delhi, and was taken in the conquest of\\n593\\n38", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0637.jp2"}, "636": {"fulltext": "594\\nFAMOUS GEMS.\\nthat city by Ala-ed-Din. From him it came\\ninto the possession of the Sultan Baber, of\\nthe Mogul dynasty, in 1526. This prince\\nesteemed its worth at the sum which it\\nwould take to maintain the whole world for\\na single day. The jewel was seen by\\nTavernier among the jewels of Aurengzebe,\\nbut it had been reduced by the unskillful\\ncutting of Hortensio Borgio from 793 carats\\nto 186, the weight it possessed at the Paris\\nExhibition of 1851.\\nThe Emperor Indignant.\\nThe Emperor Aurengzebe not only re\u00c2\u00ac\\nfused to pay Borgio for the cutting, so in\u00c2\u00ac\\ncensed was he at the great loss, but he con\u00c2\u00ac\\nfiscated all of his property, and was with\\ngreat difficulty prevented from cutting off\\nhis head.\\nNadir Shah, the conqueror of India, pos\u00c2\u00ac\\nsessed himself of the stone by a trick then\\nit passed from his descendants into the pos\u00c2\u00ac\\nsession of Achmed Shah, whose son, Shah\\nSujah, was forced, in his turn, to give the\\nprize to Runjeet Singh. After the capture\\nof Lahore, at the time of the Sikh mutiny,\\nit fell into the hands of the British troops,\\nwho presented it to Queen Victoria in 1850.\\nThe brilliant had an irregular form, with\\nseveral hollows at the base and at the sides,\\nand there were several fissures on the sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nface. After great discussion among scien\u00c2\u00ac\\ntists the stone was intrusted to Mr. Costen,\\nof Amsterdam, for recutting, and the results\\nwere marvelous. Little was lost in size\\ncomparatively, and, instead of being a luster\u00c2\u00ac\\nless mass little better than a piece of rock\\ncrystal, it is now a matchless, fire-flashing\\nbrilliant weighing 10 1-16 carats, and forms\\na valuable part of the crown jewels of Eng\u00c2\u00ac\\nland.\\nOne of the diamond wonders of the world\\nis the Orloff, which is set in the scepter of\\nthe Czars of Russia. It weighs 194^\\ncarats. Like the Koh-i-noor it has the\\nunder side flat and is rose cut. The dia\u00c2\u00ac\\nmond is supposed to have formed one of\\nthe eyes of an idol in a Brahmin temple.\\nIt is also said to have been set in the famous\\npeacock throne of Nadir Shah.\\nBe its origin what it may, it is certain that\\nit was stolen by a Frenchman, who sold it\\nin Malabar for ^28,000. It was purchased\\nby the Armenian Schaffras, who, in turn,,\\nsold it in the year 1774 to the Empress\\nCatharine II. of Russia for 450,000 roubles,\\na pension of 20,000 roubles and a patent of\\nnobility. Another beautiful diamond belong\u00c2\u00ac\\ning among the Russian crown jewels is the\\nShah, which weighs 86 carats and is abso\u00c2\u00ac\\nlutely perfect, a mass of fire and brilliancy.\\nIt was presented to the Emperor of Russia\\nby Cosroes, the son of Abbas Mirza.\\nFamous French Gem.\\nAmong the other famous diamonds is the\\nRegent or Pitt diamond, which forms part of\\nthe French crown jewels. Its weight is\\n136^ carats, and its estimated worth to-day\\nis $1,000,000. It was bought by the Duke\\nof Orleans, then Regent of France, of Pitt,\\nthe Governor of Fort George, in the year\\n1 7 1 7, f\u00c2\u00b0 r I 35 000 i n the rough stone\\nweighing 410 carats, and the cutting cost\\nA2000. Pitt published a pamphlet declar\u00c2\u00ac\\ning that he purchased the stone in Golconda\\nof Jamelchund, a Hindo merchant. This\\ndiamond was stolen from the Garde Meuble\\nin 1792, but was mysteriously restored. Its\\nfinal cutting occupied two years and cost\\n3500\\nThe Emperor Napoleon I. had it set in the\\nhilt of his sword of state, and it was cap\u00c2\u00ac\\ntured by the Prussians at Waterloo. This\\nwonderful stone was shown at the French\\nExhibition in 1855.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0638.jp2"}, "637": {"fulltext": "FAMOUS GEMS.\\n595\\nThe Empress Eugenie has a superb stone,\\nabsolutely perfect, which weighs 51 carats\\nit is set as a pendant, and was purchased for\\nher by Napoleon III.\\nThe Florentine belongs to the Emperor\\nof Austria; it weighs 139^ carats, and it is\\nworth $500,000. It is yellowish in color\\nand is rather thickly covered with facets like\\na rose diamond. In shape it is pointed top\\nand bottom.\\nDisappeared and Returned.\\nThe noted Sancy diamond is almond-\\nshaped it weighs 53 carats it was found\\non the body of the Duke of Burgundy in\\n1479 an d was bought by the King of Portu\u00c2\u00ac\\ngal. After many changes it finally came to\\nJames II. of England, who sold it to Louis\\nXIV. for ,\u00c2\u00a325,000. It disappeared, with\\nmany other valuable things, in the dark days\\nof the Revolution, and some years later be\u00c2\u00ac\\ncame by purchase the property of Prince\\nPaul Demidoff.\\nAfter the battle of Culloden the city of\\nLondon purchased a magnificent diamond at\\na cost of $57,000 and presented it to the\\nDuke of Cumberland. It was known there\u00c2\u00ac\\nafter as the Cumberland diamond its weight\\nis 32 carats. It was one of the the stones\\nclaimed by the crown of Holland.\\nThere are perhaps 8,000 dealers in dia\u00c2\u00ac\\nmonds in the world who carry in their stock\\nstones worth perhaps $350,000,000. The\\nremainder are in the hands of private indi\u00c2\u00ac\\nviduals. There is always something fasci\u00c2\u00ac\\nnating about the subject of diamonds, and\\nrich and poor like to read about precious\\nstones. It is estimated that during the last\\ntwenty-five years the American people have\\npaid duty on at least 180,000,000 worth of\\ndiamonds and other precious stones. In\\n1893 alone they imported $15,203,563\\nworth, but in 1894 there was a falling off,\\nowing to the hard times, and the total was\\nonly $4,856,895. This does not include\\nuncut diamonds, of which we imported\\nmore than 1,000,000 worth in 1892, $800,-\\nOOO worth in 1893, and $566,267 worth in\\n1894.\\nDiamond- Cutting.\\nIn 1880 we imported only 129,000 worth\\nof uncut diamonds, and in 1889 only $250-\\n000 worth. The large increase of late has\\nbeen due to the fact that a number of Ameri\u00c2\u00ac\\ncan jewelers have opened diamond-cutting\\nestablishments. There are now fifteen estab\u00c2\u00ac\\nlishments in the United States, which employ\\nfrom one to twenty men. There are 4,000\\nmanufacturers in Europe and about 200 in\\nthe United States, who employ between\\n7,000 and 8,000 persons as cutters and\\npolishers.\\nPerhaps 28,000 people are employed in\\nthe diamond mines throughout the world.\\nWe read that in past centuries 60,000 people\\nwere working in some single Indian mines at\\none time, and perhaps that statement is not\\nexaggerated, since by the aid of modern\\nmachinery one miner can now accomplish as\\nmuch as twenty who use the primitive\\nmethods. The total value of all the dia\u00c2\u00ac\\nmonds in the world undoubtedly exceeds\\n1,000,000,000.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0639.jp2"}, "638": {"fulltext": "The Weather\\nAND\\nWeather Signals\\nHE new system of weather sig\u00c2\u00ac\\nnals was introduced by the\\nUnited States Signal Office\\nof the War Department in\\n1887, and has since been in\\nuse at all the stations of the\\nservice. The flags adopted\\nfor this purpose are four in number, and of\\nthe form and dimensions indicated below\\nNo. 1.\\nWhite Flag.\\nClear or fair weather.\\nNo. 2.\\nBlue Flag.\\nRain or snow.\\nNo. 3.\\nBlack Triangular\\nFlag.\\nTemperature signal.\\nNo. 4.\\nWhite Flag with Black\\nSquare in Center.\\nCold wave.\\nNumber 1, white flag, six feet square, indi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncates clear or fair weather. Number 2, blue\\n596\\nflag, six feet square, indicates rain or snow.\\nNumber 3, black triangular flag, four feet at\\nthe base and six feet in length, always refers\\nr\\nto temperature; when placed above numbers\\n1 or 2 it indicates warmer weather when\\nplaced below numbers 1 or 2 it indicates\\ncolder weather; when not displayed, the in\u00c2\u00ac\\ndications are that the temperature will remain\\nstationary, or that the change in temperature\\nwill not vary five degrees from the tempera\u00c2\u00ac\\nture of the same hour of the preceding day.\\nNumber 4, white flag, six feet square, with\\nblack square in center, indicates the approach\\nof a sudden and decided fall in temperature.\\nT his signal is usually ordered at least twenty-\\nfour hours in advance of the cold wave. It\\nis not displayed unless a temperature of\\nforty-five degrees, or lower, is expected.\\nWhen number 4 is displayed, number 3 is\\nalways omitted.\\nWhen displayed on poles, the signals are\\narranged to read downwards when dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nplayed from horizontal supports, a small\\nstreamer is attached to indicate the point\\nfrom which the signals are to be read.\\nNo. 1, alone, indicates fair weather, station\u00c2\u00ac\\nary temperature.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0640.jp2"}, "639": {"fulltext": "THE WEATHER AND WEATHER SIGNALS.\\n597\\nNo. 2, alone, indicates rain or snow,\\nstationary temperature.\\nNo. i, with No. 3 below it, indicates fair\\nweather, colder.\\nNo. 2, with No. 3 above it, indicates\\nwarmer weather, rain or snow.\\nNo. i, with No. 4 below it, indicates fair\\nweather, cold wave.\\nNo. 3, with Nos. i and 2 below it, indi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncates warmer, fair weather, followed by rain\\nor snow.\\nNo. 4, followed by Nos. 2, i and 3, in the\\norder given, indicates the approach of a cold\\nwave, to be succeeded by rain or snow\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nthis, in turn to be followed by fair weather\\nand colder temperature.\\nStorm, Cautionary and Wind-Direction\\nSignals.\\nA red flag with a black center indicates that\\nthe storm is expected to be of marked violence.\\nA yellow flag with a white center indicates\\nthat the winds expected will not be so severe,\\nbut brisk seaworthy vessels can meet them\\nwithout danger. The red pennant indicates\\neasterly winds, that is, from the northeast to\\nsouth inclusive, and that generally the storm\\ncenter is approaching.\\nIf above cautionary or storm-signal, winds\\nfrom northeast quadrant are more probable\\nbelow winds from southeast quadrant. The\\nwhite pennant indicates westerly winds that\\nis, from north to southwest inclusive, and\\nthat generally the storm center has passed.\\nIf above cautionary or storm-signal, winds\\nfrom northeast quadrant are more probable\\nif below winds from southwest quadrant.\\nWinds and Storms.\\nConstant Winds. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The Trade Winds are\\ndue to the inrush of cold air from the poles\\ntoward the equator in order to supply the\\nplace of the heated column of air which\\nascends from the latter owing to the east\u00c2\u00ac\\nward rotation of the earth, the air proceed\u00c2\u00ac\\ning from the N. becomes a N. E. wind, and\\nthat from the S. a S. E. wind. The heated\\nair flows to the poles as an upper current,\\nand, cooling, descends to the surface to form\\nthe westerly winds, or anti-trades, of the\\ntemperate zones.\\nVariable Winds. \u00e2\u0080\u0094When in turn each of\\nthe northern and southern hemispheres is\\nbrought directly under the sun\u00e2\u0080\u0099s influence, a\\nheated column ascends, and a consequent in\u00c2\u00ac\\nrush of the surrounding air takes place, giving\\nrise to the periodical winds or Monsoons.\\nPeculiar Winds. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The more important\\nare the Mistral, Fohn and Sirocco, confined\\nto the countries of the Mediterranean. A\\nhot, dry wind blows from Central Africa,\\ntermed variously the Khamsin in Egypt,\\nSirocco in Algeria, Shume in Morocco,\\nand the Harmattan in Upper Guinea. A\\nhot wind occurs on the coasts of Australia,\\ntermed the Australian Harmattan. Cold,\\ndry winds, the Northers,\u00e2\u0080\u009d occur in the\\nWestern Mississippi and Gulf of Mexico.\\nThe cold Puna winds of South America\\nblow west from the ice-topped Cordillera.\\nThe Pamperos, strong, dry, sudden S. W.\\nwinds, occur in the S. E. of South America.\\nCalms. \u00e2\u0080\u0094At the meeting line of the trade\\nwinds in the equatorial regions a belt of\\ncalms is observed, called the Equatorial\\nCalms. Between the beginning of the west\u00c2\u00ac\\nerly winds and that of the trades, there is a\\nsecond series termed the Calms of Cancer\\nand Capricorn.\\nWhirlwinds otcur in the desert regions\\nof the tropics during the hot season, and are\\ncaused by the friction of two winds moving\\nin opposite directions, the direction of rota\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion being taken from the wind which prevails.\\nHurricanes are vast whirlwinds of great\\nvelocity and destructive power, experienced", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0641.jp2"}, "640": {"fulltext": "598\\nRAILROAD SIGNALLING.\\nin certain areas of the tropical and adjoining\\ntemperate zones.\\nThe Tyfhoons of eastern seas are similar\\nto hurricanes in effect, and are probably due\\nto the meeting of the S. W. Monsoon with\\nthe N. E. Trade.\\nTornadoes are a species of hurricane met\\nwith on the west coast of Africa and in West\\nIndian seas between io\u00c2\u00b0 S. and 20\u00c2\u00b0 N. lat.\\nEuropean Storms have a course from\\nS. W. to N. E., and seldom extend over an\\narea of less than 600 miles in breadth.\\nWeather Signs.\\nA rainbow in the morning gives the shep\u00c2\u00ac\\nherd warning that is, if the wind be east\u00c2\u00ac\\nerly, because it shows that the rain cloud is\\napproaching the observer.\\nA rainbow at night is the shepherd\u00e2\u0080\u0099s de\u00c2\u00ac\\nlight. This is also a good sign, provided\\nthe wind be westerly, as it shows that the\\nrain clouds are passing away.\\nEvening red and next morning gray are\\ncertain signs of a beautiful day.\\nWhen the glow worm lights her lamp, the\\nair is always damp.\\nIf the cock goes crowing to bed, he\u00e2\u0080\u0099ll cer\u00c2\u00ac\\ntainly rise with a watery head.\\nWhen you see gossamer flying, be ye sure\\nthe air is drying.\\nWhen black snails cross your path, black\\nclouds much moisture hath.\\nWhen the peacock loudly bawls, soon\\nwe\u00e2\u0080\u0099ll have both rain and squalls.\\nIf the moon shows like a silver shield, be\\nnot afraid to reap your field.\\nBut if she rises haloed round, soon we\u00e2\u0080\u0099ll\\ntread on deluged ground.\\nWhen crows fly sporting high in the air,\\nit shows that windy storms are near.\\n*\u00c2\u00ab\u00c2\u00a74 iffc 4^ **j* 4^4 4^4 4^4 j* 4^4 4^ 4^4\\n4*4 _ 44\\nIt Railroad Signalling its\\n4 4 4* 4*4* 4* 4*4* 4* 4\u00e2\u0080\u0098fc5fi\u00c2\u00a7M4\u00e2\u0080\u0098 4* 4* 4*4*444444* 4* 4^\\nT is doubtful whether the aggre\u00c2\u00ac\\ngate plant used in all manufac\u00c2\u00ac\\nturing industries can equal the\\nvalue of railroads. The capital\\nengaged in banking is but a\\ntrifle beside it. The world\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nwhole stock of money of every\\nkind, gold, silver, and paper, would purchase\\nonly a third of its railroads.\\nSome of the most colossal fortunes ever\\naccumulated by single individuals have grown\\nout of their moneyed interest in railroads.\\nAs a means of investment and making money\\non the rapid plan, railroad stocks are unsur\u00c2\u00ac\\npassed. While in some instances the bubble\\nhas burst and the result has been bankruptcy,\\nin others, the effect has been opposite.\\nYet these facts by no means measure the\\nwhole importance of the railroad in the\\nmodern industrial system. The business\\nmethods of to-day are in one sense the\\ndirect results of improved means of trans\u00c2\u00ac\\nportation. The railroad enables the laree\\nestablishment to reach the markets of the\\nworld with its products; it enables the laree\\no\\ncities to receive their food supplies, if neces-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0642.jp2"}, "641": {"fulltext": "RAILROAD SIGNALLING.\\n599\\nsary, from a distance of hundreds or thous\u00c2\u00ac\\nands of miles. And while it thus favors the\\nconcentration of capital, it is in itself an\\nextreme type of this concentration.\\nAmerican Railway Signals.\\nOne pull of the bell cord signifies \u00e2\u0080\u009cstop.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nTwo pulls mean \u00e2\u0080\u009cgo ahead.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThree pulls mean \u00e2\u0080\u009cback up.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nOne whistle signifies \u00e2\u0080\u009cdown brakes.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nTwo whistles signify off\\nbrakes.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThree whistles mean \u00e2\u0080\u009cback\\nup.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nContinued whistles indicate\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cdanger.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nShort rapid whistles, \u00e2\u0080\u009ca cat\u00c2\u00ac\\ntle alarm.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nA sweeping parting of the\\nhands on a level with the eyes\\nmeans go ahead.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nA slowly sweeping meeting\\nof the hands over the head\\nsignifies \u00e2\u0080\u009cback slowly.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nA downward motion of the\\nhands, with extended arms, sig\u00c2\u00ac\\nnifies \u00e2\u0080\u009cstop.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nA beckoning motion with\\none hand indicates \u00e2\u0080\u009cback.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nA red flag waved up the\\ntrack indicates \u00e2\u0080\u009cdanger.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nA red flag by the roadside\\nmeans danger ahead.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nA red flag carried on a locomotive signi\u00c2\u00ac\\nfies \u00e2\u0080\u009can engine following.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nA red flag raised at a station means\\nstop.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nA lantern swung at right angles across\\nthe track means \u00e2\u0080\u009cstop.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nA lantern raised and lowered vertically is\\na signal to start.\u00e2\u0080\u009d-\\nA lantern swung in a circle signifies\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cback the train.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nIn traveling in a railway train, everyone\\nmust have observed the signal-boxes, which\\ndiffer very much in size\u00e2\u0080\u0094from that of a\\nsmall hut, with its three or four shafts or\\nsteel handles, to that of a considerable cot\u00c2\u00ac\\ntage at a junction, with thirty, forty, or even\\nmore. And in front of this glistening line\\nstands the signalman, moving backwards and\\nforwards, now closing this which had been\\nopen, now opening that which had been shut.\\nBut the mere opening and shutting of these\\nbristling steel handles form but a small part\\nof his work, though these shafts communi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncate with and open or close them.\\nIn every signal-box\u00e2\u0080\u0094at all events, in\\nevery box of great extent\u00e2\u0080\u0094there are two\\nclocks of somewhat peculiar construction\\nright in front of this row of handles\u00e2\u0080\u0094clocks\\nwhich can be seen immediately on looking\\nup. Then near at hand are telegraph dials\\nand bells for receiving messages, as well as\\nWAYSIDE SIGNAL-BOX.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0643.jp2"}, "642": {"fulltext": "RAILROAD SIGNALLING.\\n600\\ntelegraph-despatching desks, and a writing-\\ndesk in the corner, on which books of\\nrecord are carefully laid out.\\nThe main end of the block system is to\\nprevent more than one train or engine mov\u00c2\u00ac\\ning between two signal-boxes at the same\\ntime. Everyone knows the semaphore sig\u00c2\u00ac\\nnal up for danger, down for clear line;\\nthe main line is clear; and it is because of\\nthis that lapses of memory, leading to fatal\\nissues, are most likely to arise.\\nFor it has to be remembered that the sig\u00c2\u00ac\\nnalman must give the same attention to a\\nsingle engine, or to an engine with one bag\u00c2\u00ac\\ngage car, as to an express train he must\\nsignal to the next station what it is that he\\nINTERIOR OF A SIGNAL-BOX.\\nand this summarizes the signalman\u00e2\u0080\u0099s primary\\nduty.\\nWhere this alone is the requirement, the\\nwork is much simplified and straightforward,\\nbut where traffic is great it is inevitable that\\nthere should be no end of goods trains, return\\nengines, trucks, and cars, which, to make\\nway for the specials and expresses, must be\\nswitched into sidings to wait for relief till\\nhas passed, and whether it bears a lamp\\nbehind it, and of what character, so that the\\nnext signalman may be certain, whether in\\ndark or light, that he has passed all intact\\nthat his predecessor did, and that nothing\\nhas slipped or parted from the engine.\\nIt lequires a man of cool temper and clear\\nhead to be charged with such vast responsi-\\nI bility,* involving property and human life.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0644.jp2"}, "643": {"fulltext": "MORE popular description of\\nthese societies would be, so\u00c2\u00ac\\ncieties by which every man\\nmay become his own land\u00c2\u00ac\\nlord,\u00e2\u0080\u009d their main purpose being\\nto collect together the small\\nperiodical subscriptions of a number of mem\u00c2\u00ac\\nbers, until each in his turn has been able to\\nreceive a sum sufficient to aid him materially\\nin buying his dwelling house.\\nThe origin and early history of these\\nsocieties is not very clearly traceable. A\\nmention of \u00e2\u0080\u009cbuilding clubs\u00e2\u0080\u009d in Birmingham,\\nEngland, occurs in 1795 one is known to\\nhave been established by deed in the year of\\n1809 at Greenwich; another is said to have\\nbeen founded in 1825, under the auspices\\nof the Earl of Selkirk, at Kirkculbright, in\\nScotland.\\nWe furnish below a sample Constitution\\nof a prosperous Building Society, which can\\nbe used in the organization of one of these\\nAssociations.\\nCONSTITUTION.\\nARTICLE I.\\nTITLE AND OBJECT.\\nThis Association shall be known by the\\nname, style and title of the\\nAmerican Building and Loan Association,\\nthe character and object of which is to accu\u00c2\u00ac\\nmulate a fund by the contribution of its mem\u00c2\u00ac\\nbers, which shall enable them to purchase a\\nhomestead or other real estate, or to borrow\\nmoney for their use and investment in any\\nlawful business, and for these purposes to-\\nhave, possess and enjoy all the rights, bene\u00c2\u00ac\\nfits and privileges of the Acts of Assembly\\nin such cases made and provided.\\nARTICLE II.\\nSTOCKHOLDERS.\\nThe stockholders of this Association shall\\nbe Citizens of the United States. Women\\ncan hold stock in their own right, minors by\\nguardians or trustees.\\nARTICLE III.\\nELECTIONS AND OFFICERS.\\nThe number, title, functions and compen\u00c2\u00ac\\nsation of the Officers of this Association, their\\nterms of office, the time of their election, as\\nwell as qualifications of electors, the manner\\nof voting and of holding the periodical meet\u00c2\u00ac\\nings, shall be determined by the By-Laws.\\nARTICLE IV.\\nSHARES.\\nSection The stock of this Association\\nshall be issued in Annual Series and the\\ncapital shall not consist of more than 5000\\nshares.\\nSec. 2. Every stockholder shall pay a\\nsubscription fee of twenty-five cents per\\nshare upon joining the Association, and\\nthereafter one dollar dues per share every\\nmonth. These payments shall be made to\\nthe Board of Directors at the place to be\\ndesignated by the stockholders. No stock\u00c2\u00ac\\nholder shall hold more than fifty shares in\\none series.\\n601", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0645.jp2"}, "644": {"fulltext": "60-\\nBUILDING SOCIETIES.\\nSec. J. Stockholders not having loans, in\\narrears in their monthly contributions for the\\nterm of six months, shall be regarded as\\nhaving withdrawn from the Association, and\\nshall receive in full payment of their claims\\nagainst the same, the actual amount of\\nmonthly dues paid by them, without interest,\\nfirst deducting all fines charged against their\\nshares. Every share of stock shall be sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nject to a lien for the payment of unpaid\\ninstalments and other charges incurred\\nthereon. The By-Laws may prescribe the\\nform and manner of enforcing such lien.\\nSec. /j Stockholders desiring to with\u00c2\u00ac\\ndraw from the Association shall, after hav-\\ning given thirty days\u00e2\u0080\u0099 notice of their inten\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion so to do, receive, after the expiration of\\nthe first year, interest on their monthly dues\\nat the rate of six per cent, per annum, less\\nthe losses and expenses incurred on each\\nshare.\\nSec. 5. Upon the death of a stockholder,\\nhis or her legal representatives shall be en\u00c2\u00ac\\ntitled to receive the amount paid in on his\\nor her stock, with interest at six per cent,\\nper annum, less all fines and other charges.\\nNo fines shall be charged to a deceased,\\nmember\u00e2\u0080\u0099s account after his or her decease,\\nunless the legal representatives of such dece\u00c2\u00ac\\ndent, by continuing the payments on such\\nstock for three months after his or her\\ndecease, shall have thereby assumed the fur\u00c2\u00ac\\nther payment on the stock.\\nARTICLE V.\\nLOANS.\\nSection 1. Every stockholder shall be\\nentitled to a loan of two hundred dollars on\\neach share of stock, and the preference shall\\nbe given to the stockholder bidding the\\nhighest premium, which premium, if any be\\nbid, shall be paid once only.\\nSec. 2. Stockholders having taken loans\\nfrom the Association, shall pay interest to\\nthe Board of Directors monthly, at the rate\\nof six per cent, per annum for the amount\\nof money actually received by them. The\\ninterest shall be reduced at the end of the\\nfiscal year to the extent of the amount paid\\noff annually on the principal during the\\nyear, and interest be charged only on the\\nbalance for the ensuing year.\\nA loan may be paid off at any time, in one\\npayment, in larger payments than regular\\ndues, or by regular monthly payments, but\\nit shall be expressly understood that said\\npayments of monthly dues, or larger pay\u00c2\u00ac\\nments, shall be payments on account of the\\nloan or mortgage.\\nWhen the whole amount of a loan has\\nbeen paid off in payments of monthly dues,\\nor by larger payments as aforesaid, such\\nstockholder shall receive his securities and\\nhave them satisfied of record provided that\\nall arrears and expenses be fully paid and\\ndischarged.\\nSec. j. In case a stockholder having a\\nloan shall be in arrears in his monthly dues\\nfor the term of six months, the Board of\\nDirectors may proceed to collect the whole\\namount of the loan, with interest and ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npenses, according to law. This action must\\nbe ordered by at least a three-fourths vote\\nof the Board.\\nARTICLE VI.\\nCONTINUANCE OF CORPORATION.\\nThis corporation shall not expire or be\\ndissolved from neglect on the part of the\\nstockholders to elect officers at the time\\nmentioned in the Charter or By-Laws, and\\nall elected officers shall hold their offices\\nuntil their successors have been duly elected.\\nARTICLE VII.\\nCERTIFICATES OF STOCK.\\nEvery stockholder shall be entitled to a\\ncertificate for the stock held by him or her,\\nto be issued in the name and under the seal\\nof the Association, signed by the President\\nand attested by the Secretary, which certifi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncates may be transferred or assigned, in\\nperson or by attorney, in the presence of the\\nSec.ietaiy; and such transferee, by comply\u00c2\u00ac\\ning with the rules and regulations of the\\nAssociation, may become a member thereof.\\nFifty cents shall be paid to the Secretary for\\nsuch tiansfer of the stock, and for duplicates\\nissued to replace lost certificates.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0646.jp2"}, "645": {"fulltext": "BUILDING SOCIETIES.\\n603\\nARTICLE VIII.\\nWITHDRAWAL AND CANCELLATION.\\nThe By-Laws may provide for the invol\u00c2\u00ac\\nuntary withdrawal and cancellation, at or\\nbefore maturity, of shares of stock not bor\u00c2\u00ac\\nrowed on provided that such withdrawal\\nand cancellation shall be pro rata among the\\nshares of the same series of stock and pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nvided further, that not less than legal interest\\nshall be credited and allowed to each share\\nso withdrawn and cancelled.\\nARTICLE IX.\\nDISTRIBUTION.\\nStockholders having loans from the Asso\u00c2\u00ac\\nciation pay back the actual amount received.\\nStockholders having no loans may con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinue to pay their monthly dues until the\\nreal assets of the Association are sufficient to\\npay the sum of $200 on each share.\\nARTICLE X.\\nBY-LAWS.\\nThe Stockholders may make or alter By-\\nLaws for the better management of the\\nAssociation, which shall not be repugnant to\\nthis Constitution, to the Constitution of this\\nCommonwealth, or of the United States of\\nAmerica.\\nARTICLE XI.\\nALTERATION OF THE CONSTITUTION.\\nThe Constitution or the By-Laws shall\\nnot be altered or amended, except at a\\nregular monthly or special meeting of the\\nstockholders, and then only by the vote of\\ntwo-thirds of the members present.\\nThe table given below will answer many\\ninquiries concerning earning powers.\\nTable of Earning Powers.\\nThese powers are 1 4 9 16 25 36 49\\n64 81 140 121 and 144 While not exactly\\ntrue, they are based on the view that when\\n$12 have been paid in\u00e2\u0080\u0094$1 each month\u00e2\u0080\u0094the\\naverage time is six months for the total $12.\\nIn the partnership plan the total gain is\\ndivided anew every year, so as to give each\\ndollar invested a like per cent, per annum.\\nIt is assumed that $12 invested for six\\nmonths has an earning power of \u00e2\u0080\u009cone.\u00e2\u0080\u009d It\\nfollows then that $24 invested for an average\\nof one year has the earning power of four,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nbecause 24 is twice the amount of 12 and\\nbecause 12 months is twice the time of six\\nmonths. One is twice the money and twice\\nthe time of the other. Two powers repre\u00c2\u00ac\\nsent money and two powers represent time\\ntherefore 2 x 2 4\\nIt will be seen that $120 is ten times as\\nmuch as $12, and that the time of invest\u00c2\u00ac\\nment is ten times as long; therefore, 10 X\\n10 100 for the power of 120 These\\npowers are obtained by squaring the number\\nof years that the series have run, namely,\\n12 X 12 144 for $144 paid in.\\nThe table referred to is as follows\\n$144 4 12 12 X 12 144 X 6 $8 64 one per ct,\\n132 -4- 12 11 X 11 121 X 6 7 26 one per ct.\\n120 -4- 12 10 X 10 100 X 6 6 00 one per ct.\\n108 4 12 9 X 0= 81X6= 4 86 one per ct.\\n96 4 12 8 X 8= 64 X 8 3 84 one per ct.\\n84 4 12 7 X 7 49 X 6 2 94 one per ct.\\n72 4 12 6 X 6 36 X 6 2 16 one per ct.\\n60 4 12 5 X 5 25 X 6 1 50 one per ct.\\n48 4 12 4 X 4 16 X 6 96 one per ct.\\n36-4-12= 3 X 3= 9X6= 54 one per ct.\\n24-4-12= 2 X 2= 4X6= 24 one per ct.\\n12-4-12= IX 1= 1X6= 06 one per ct\\nThe table also shows what one per cent,\\ngain is at the end of one year and up to the\\nend of 12 years.\\nThe rule to find one per cent, is as follows\\nSquare the number of years in a series and\\nmultiply by 6.\\nears. One per cent.\\n10 X 10 100 X 6 $6 00\\nThe use of this one per cent, table is to\\nascertain the rate of gain per annum credited\\non building society reports to the various\\nshares of stock when share values are given\\non the reports. After the profits are divided\\nthe accountant may make sure that each dol\u00c2\u00ac\\nlar invested has received a like per cent, per\\nannum by making proper use of the one per\\ncent.\u00e2\u0080\u009d column in the above table. We give as\\nan example the following figures from a report:\\nPaid in.\\nGains.\\nValues.\\n$60\\n$12 00\\n$72 00\\n48\\n7 68\\n55 68\\n36\\n4 32\\n40 32\\n24\\n1 92\\n25 92\\n12\\n48\\n12 48", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0647.jp2"}, "646": {"fulltext": "gll/, _\\nAKE home bright a*nd happy.\\nThrow open the shutters\\nand let in the sunlight.\\nSome homes have a cold\\nchill about them, for the\\nreason that it is all work\\nand no play, no amuse\u00c2\u00ac\\nment. Food must be provided for the\\nyoung; so must pastime. There are games\\nthat not only amuse, but also discipline the\\nmind and teach one to think, to look ahead,\\nto work out of tight places. One of these is\\nCHESS.\\nChess\u00e2\u0080\u0094ancient as it is\u00e2\u0080\u0094still holds its own\\nagainst all new-born gauds.\u00e2\u0080\u009d It is still\\nthe favorite game among the educated, and\\nis considered an essential accomplishment in\\nmost family circles, where, beyond doubt, it\\nis beneficial in assisting the mental develop\u00c2\u00ac\\nment of the young.\\nThe game is played on a board divided\\ninto sixty-four squares, colored alternately\\nblack and white. It is the same as that\\nused at Draughts. Eight pieces of different\\ndenominations and powers, and eight Pawns,\\nare allotted to each compeitor. As a neces\u00c2\u00ac\\nsary distinction, each set is colored in a\\ndifferent way one commonly being White,\\nthe other Red, or Black. The pieces are\\nnamed as follows King, Queen, Bishops,\\nKnights, Rooks, Pawns.\\nEvery player is provided with one King,\\none Queen, two Bishops, two Knights, and\\ntwo Rooks, besides the eight Pawns.\\n604\\nIn placing the board, care must be taken\\nthat a White comer square be at the right\\nhand of each player. It should also be\\nobserved that the Queen must be olaced\\nupon a square of her own color.\\nThe Pieces: Their Powers and Mode of\\nAction.\\nThe King can move in any direction\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nforward, backward, sideways, or diagonally,\\nprovided always, of course, that he does not\\nmove into check. The King possesses one\\ngreat prerogative\u00e2\u0080\u0094that of never being taken\\nbut by way of counterbalancing the advan\u00c2\u00ac\\ntage of this exemption, he is restrained from\\nexposing himself to check. He can move\\nonly one square at a time, except when he\\ncastles which he may do oi ce during each\\ngame. He may then move two squares.\\nHe cannot castle when in check, nor after he\\nhas once moved, nor with a Rook that has\\nbeen moved, nor if any of the squares over\\nwhich be has to move be commanded by an\\nadverse piece.\\nThe Queen can move either horizontally\\nor diagonally. She combines the powers of\\nthe Bishop and the Rook. She can, at one\\nmove, pass along the whole length of the\\nboard, or, if moving diagonally, from corner\\nto corner. Although she can move and take\\nin the same manner as a Bishop, or as a\\nRook, she must make the whole of one\\nmove in one direction, and cannot combine\\nin one move the powers of these two pieces\\nshe cannot move round a corner at one step.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0648.jp2"}, "647": {"fulltext": "INDOOR AMUSEMENTS.\\n605\\nThe Rook, (sometimes called the Castle)\\nmay pass along the entire length of the\\nboard at one move. It may move back\u00c2\u00ac\\nwards, or forwards, or sideways\u00e2\u0080\u0094but always\\nhorizontally, never diagonally.\\nThe Bishop can move only in a diagonal\\ndirection, but can go any number of squares,\\nfrom one to eight, or as far as the space be\\nopen. The Bishop can never change the\\ncolor of his square. Thus, the White King\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nBishop being on a White square at the\\nbeginning, remains so throughout the game.\\nThis is a necessary consequence of his move\\nbeing purely diagonal.\\nThe Knight has a power of moving which\\nis quite peculiar and rather difficult to ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nplain. He moves two squares at once, in a\\ndirection partly diagonal and partly straight.\\nHe changes the color of his square at every\\nmove. The Knight is the only piece that\\npossesses what is styled the vaulting\\nmotion.\u00e2\u0080\u009d He is not precluded from going\\nto a square between which and his own\\nother pieces intervene.\\nThus, instead of moving your King\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Pawn\\ntwo, as your first move, you might, if good\\nplay permitted it, move out either of your\\nKnights right over the row of Pawns in\\no o\\nfront. This power is possessed by the\\nKnight alone, all the other pieces being\\nobliged to wait until there is an opening in\\nfront of them before they can emerge. The\\nKnight can move over the sixty-four squares\\nof the board in as many moves. There are\\nmanv ways of doing this, but Euler s solu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, unlike most others, is based on math\u00c2\u00ac\\nematical calculation, and is not a mere\\nexceriment.\\nX\\nThe Pawn moves in a straight line towards\\nthe adverse party. It cannot move out of\\nits file except in capturing one of the opposing\\nPawns, or pieces, when it steps one square\\nin a diagonal or slanting direction, and\\noccupies the square of the captured piece. It\\ncan only be moved one square at a time,\\nexcepting in the first move, when the player\\nhas the option of advancing it two squares.\\nThe Pawn is the only piece which cannot\\nretreat, and which does not take in the\\ndirection in which it moves. For full ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nplanations relative to Queening the Pawn,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nand taking a Pawn en passant see instruc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions on those points.\\nAbbreviations.\\nThe abbreviations which are invariably\\nused in Chess publications are the following:\\nBI.ACK.\\nWHITE.\\nORDER OF THE MEN ON THE BOARD.\\nK. for King Q. for Queen B. for\\nBishop Kt. for Knight R. for Rook P.\\nfor Pawn; Sq. for Square and Ch. for\\nCheck. The pieces on one side of the board\\nare distinguished from those on the other in\\nthe following manner\\nThose on the same side as the King are\\nnamed after him, as K.\u00e2\u0080\u0099s B. (King\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Bishop);\\nK.\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Kt. (King\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Knight) K.\u00e2\u0080\u0099s R. (King\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nRook) while those on the same side as the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0649.jp2"}, "648": {"fulltext": "600\\nINDOOR AMUSEMENTS.\\nQueen are named Q.\u00e2\u0080\u0099s B. (Queen\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Bishop);\\nQ.\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Kt. (Queen\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Knight) Q.\u00e2\u0080\u0099s R. (Queen\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nRook). The Pawns are distinguished in like\\nmanner. The Pawn occupying the square\\nin front of the King\u00e2\u0080\u0099s B. is called the K.\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nB.\u00e2\u0080\u0099s P. that in front of the K.\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Kt. is\\ncalled the K.\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Kt.\u00e2\u0080\u0099s P. that in front of the\\nQ.\u00e2\u0080\u0099s R. is called the Q.\u00e2\u0080\u0099s R.\u00e2\u0080\u0099s P., etc.\\nTechnical Terms Used in the Game.\\nThe Move.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Whichever player opens the\\ngame by making the first move, is said to\\nhave the move.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nCheck.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 When your King is attacked by\\nany piece, he is said to be in check and it is\\nyour opponent\u00e2\u0080\u0099s duty to give you warning\\nof such an event by crying check,\u00e2\u0080\u009d when\\nhe makes the move. You must then put\\nyour King out of check by moving him, by\\ntaking the checking piece, or by interposing\\none of your own men between the checking\\npiece and your King, thus covering\\ncheck, as it is termed.\\nCheckmate is the term used when the\\nKing is in inextricable check\u00e2\u0080\u0094 i. e., when\\nnone of the above means avail to place him\\nbeyond the range of the attacking pieces.\\nWhen a checkmate is obtained, the game is\\nat an end, that being the sole object.\\nDiscovered Check is when the player\\nmoves a Pawn or piece from before another\\npiece, thereby opening or discovering\\ncheck\u00e2\u0080\u0094 e. g., the Black Rook may be on a\\nline with the opposing King, the only inter\u00c2\u00ac\\nvening piece being a Black Pawn. The re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmoval of this Pawn discovers check.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nDouble Check is when check is discov\u00c2\u00ac\\nered as above, the King being also attacked\\nby the piece moved.\\nPerpetual Check is when the King of\\none of the players can be checked almost at\\nevery move, and when he has little else to\\ndo but move out of check. When the\\ngame has reached this stage, the weaker\\nplayer may demand that checkmate shall be\\ngiven in a certain number of moves, in de\u00c2\u00ac\\nfault of which it may be declared a drawn\\ngame. (See Rule VIII.)\\nDrawn Game.\u00e2\u0080\u0094A drawn game may arise\\nfrom several causes I. As above. 2. Stale\u00c2\u00ac\\nmate. (See \u00e2\u0080\u009cStalemate.\u00e2\u0080\u009d) 3. Equai play\\nBetween very good players (remarks\\nPhilidor), it sometimes happens that the\\nequipoise in force and position is constantly\\nsustained in the opening, in the intermediate\\nstages, and in the last result; when either\\nall the exchangeable pieces have been\\nmutually taken, or the remaining forces are\\nequal\u00e2\u0080\u0094as a Queen against a Queen, a.\\nRook against a Rook, with no advantage in\\nposition, or the Pawns are mutually blocked\\nup.\u00e2\u0080\u009d 4. Absence of mating power i. e. y\\nwhen neither player possesses the force re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquisite to obtain a checkmate. (See Mat\u00c2\u00ac\\ning Power.\u00e2\u0080\u009d) 5. Unskilful use of a suffi-\\ncently strong force: If one player is superior\\nin force to his adversary, and possesses the\\nrequisite mating power, the game may still\\nbe drawn by the unskilful use of that superi\u00c2\u00ac\\nority. If he cannot effect a checkmate in\\nfifty moves it may be declared a drawn game.\\nStalemate describes that state of the\\ngame when one of the players has nothing\\nleft but his King, which is so placed that,\\nalthough not in check, he cannot move with\u00c2\u00ac\\nout going into check.\\nCastling is a double operation, accom\u00c2\u00ac\\nplished by moving the King and one of the\\nRooks at the same time. When the removal\\nof the Bishop and the Knight on the one side,\\nor of the Bishop, Knight and Queen on the\\nother, has cleared the intervening squares,\\nthe King may castle with either of his Rooks.\\nIf it should be done on the King\u00e2\u0080\u0099s side of\\nthe boaid, the King is to be placed on the\\nKnight\u00e2\u0080\u0099s square, and the Rook on the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0650.jp2"}, "649": {"fulltext": "INDOOR AMUSEMENTS.\\nBishop\u00e2\u0080\u0099s if in the Queen\u00e2\u0080\u0099s section, the King\\nmust be moved to the Bishop\u00e2\u0080\u0099s square, and\\nthe Rook to the Queen\u00e2\u0080\u0099s.\\nIn other words, the King, in either case,\\nmust move two squares, and the Rook be\\nplaced on the opposite side of him to that on\\nwhich he stood before. It is universally laid\\ndown that the King shall not castle when in\\ncheck, nor when he has previously moved,\\nnor with a Rook that has moved, nor if a\\nsquare over which he has to pass be com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmanded by an adverse piece.\\nEn Prise. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A piece is said to be en prise\\nwhen under attack.\\nEn Passant (in passing ).\u00e2\u0080\u0094If your adver\u00c2\u00ac\\nsary has advanced one of his Pawns to the\\nfifth square, and you move one of your\\nPawns in either of the adjoining files two\\nsquares, he is entitled to take your Pawn,\\nen passant as though you had only moved\\nit one square. This peculiar mode of cap\u00c2\u00ac\\nture can only be effected by Pawns.\\nRanks and Files. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The lines of squares\\nrunning from left to right are known as\\nRanks and those perpendicular to them,\\nrunning from one player to the other, are\\ncalled Files.\\nPassed and Isolated Pawns. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A Pawn\\nis said to be \u00e2\u0080\u009cpassed\u00e2\u0080\u009d when it is so far\\nadvanced that no Pawn of the adversary\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\ncan oppose it. An Isolated Pawn is one that\\nstands alone and unsupported.\\nDouble Pawn.\u00e2\u0080\u0094T wo Pawns on the same\\nfile.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cJ\u00e2\u0080\u0099adoube\u00e2\u0080\u009d (signifying I adjust, or I\\narrange is the expression generally used\\nwhen a player touches a piece to arrange it\\nwithout the intention of making a move.\\nPerhaps it is not absolutely necessary that he\\nshould say J adoube j but he must at any\\nrate use an equivalent expression.\\nTo Interpose. \u00e2\u0080\u0094This term explains itself.\\nIf your King or one of your pieces is at\u00c2\u00ac\\n607\\ntacked, and you move another of your\\npieces between the attacking piece and the\\npiece attacked, either for the purpose of\\ncovering check, or as a means of protection,\\nor with any other object, you are said to\\ninterpose.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nWinning the Exchange.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 You are said\\nto \u00e2\u0080\u009cwin the exchange\u00e2\u0080\u009d when you gain a\\nRook for a Bishop, a Bishop for a Knight,\\nor, in short, whenever you gain a superior\\npiece by giving an inferior.\\nQueening a Pawn. You are said to\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cQueen a Pawn\u00e2\u0080\u009d when you advance it to-\\nthe eighth square on the file. You may\\nthen claim a Queen, or any other piece, in\\nexchange for it. Formerly the rule was\\nthat you might substitute for it any piece\\nyou had previously lost, but, according to\\nthe modern game, three or more Rooks, or\\nBishops, or Knights, may be obtained in\\nthis w r ay.\\nGambit. \u00e2\u0080\u0094This term, which is derived\\nfrom the Italian, describes an opening in\\nwhich a Pawn is purposely sacrificed at an\\nearly stage of the game, in order subse\u00c2\u00ac\\nquently to gain an advantage. Several\\nGambits are distinguished by the names of\\ntheir inventors, such as the Cochrane Gambit,\\nthe Muzio Gambit, the Salvio Gambit, etc.\\nThere are also the Bishop\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Gambit, the\\nQueen\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Gambit, etc., etc.\\nMating Power. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The force requisite to\\nbring about a checkmate: a King and Queen\\nagainst King and two Bishops, King and two\\nKnights, King and Bishop and Knight, or\\nagainst King and Rook, can effect check\u00c2\u00ac\\nmate. King and two Bishops can mate\\nagainst King and Bishop, or King and Knight.\\nKing, with two Bishops and Knight, can mate\\nagainst King and Rook. King, with Rook\\nand Bishop, can mate against Rook and\\nKing. King can always draw against King\\nand Bishop, or King and Knight. King and", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0651.jp2"}, "650": {"fulltext": "\u00e2\u0096\u00a0608\\nINDOOR AMUSEMENTS.\\nRook against either a King and Bishop, or\\nKing and Knight, makes a drawn game, etc.\\nLaws of the Game.\\nThe following laws are in force in all\\nthe principal clubs in this country\\nI. \u00e2\u0080\u0094If a player touch one of his men,\\nunless for the purpose of adjusting it, when\\nhe must say \u00e2\u0080\u009cJ\u00e2\u0080\u0099adoabe (see Law IV.), or it\\nbeing his turn to move, he must move the\\npiece he has so touched.\\n[Walker gives the following remarks on\\nthis law\u00e2\u0080\u0094\u00e2\u0080\u009cWhen you touch a piece with\\nthe bona fide intention of playing it, the say-\\ning J adonbe will not exonerate you from\\ncompleting the move. A Chessplayer\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nmeaning cannot be misunderstood on the\\npoint; and were it otherwise, you might hold\\na man in your hand for five minutes, and\\nthen saying J adoube replace it, and move\\nelsewhere\\nII. \u00e2\u0080\u0094If the men are not placed properly at\\nthe beginning of the game, and this is dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ncovered before four moves have been made\\non each side, the game must be recom\u00c2\u00ac\\nmenced. If the mistake should not be found\\nout till after four moves have been made, the\\ngame must be proceeded with.\\nIII. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Where the players are even, they\\nmust draw lots for the first move, after which\\nthey take the first move alternately. When\\na player gives odds, he has the option of\\nmaking the first move, and the choice of men\\nin every game.\\n[In giving odds, should it be agreed upon\\nto give a Pawn, it is customary to take the\\nK. B. P. If a piece is to be given, it may\\nbe taken from either the King\u00e2\u0080\u0099s or Queen\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2side.]\\nIV. \u00e2\u0080\u0094If a player should accidently or\\notherwise move or touch one of his men\\nwithout saying J adoidicf his adversary\\nmay compel him to move either the man he\\nhas touched or his King, provided the latter\\nis not in check.\\nV. \u00e2\u0080\u0094When a player gives check, and fails\\nto give notice by crying Check,\u00e2\u0080\u009d his adver\u00c2\u00ac\\nsary need not, unless he think proper, place\\nhis King out of check, nor cover.\\n[If it is discovered that the King is in\\ncheck, and has been so for several moves\\npast, the players must move the men back to\\nthe point at which they stood when check\\nwas given. If they cannot agree as to when\\ncheck was first given, the player who is in\\ncheck must retract his last move, and defend\\nhis King.]\\nVI. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The player who effects checkmate\\nwins the game.\\nVII. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Stalemate constitutes a drawn game.\\nVIII. \u00e2\u0080\u0094If, towards the end of the game,\\none of the players has what is called the\\nmating power,\u00e2\u0080\u009d his adversary may demand\\nthat checkmate shall be given in fifty moves.\\nIf this is not accomplished, it shall be de\u00c2\u00ac\\nclared a drawn game.\\nIX. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The operation of \u00e2\u0080\u009cCastling\u00e2\u0080\u009d can\u00c2\u00ac\\nnot be effected when the King is in check,\\nnor when the King or Rook has been pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nviously moved, nor when the space be not\\nclear between the King and Rook, nor when\\nany of the squares over which the King has\\nto pass are commanded by the adversary.\\nX. \u00e2\u0080\u0094So long as you retain your hold of a\\npiece you may move it where you will.\\n[Great dissatisfaction is sometimes caused\\nby the latitude which this law allows. It\\nhas often been said that this law would be\\nimproved if it were made compulsory to\\nmove the piece in the direction in which it\\nhad been inclined, and that when it has been\\nrested on a particular square it should re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmain there, and the move considered com\u00c2\u00ac\\nplete. \u00e2\u0080\u009cTo finger the squares of the board\\nwhilst planning your move is strictly legal,\\nbut a most villanous habit.\u00e2\u0080\u009d]", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0652.jp2"}, "651": {"fulltext": "INDOOR AMUSEMENTS.\\n609\\nXI. \u00e2\u0080\u0094No limit is fixed to the time allowed\\nfor the consideration of each move. Where\\ngreat delay occurs, a third party may be\\nappealed to and if he should pronounce\\nthe delay vexatious, the player refusing to\\nmove loses the game.\\n[This is a necessary law, but it would\\noften be desirable to come to a mutual agree\u00c2\u00ac\\nment as to the time beforehand. No greater\\nbore can be imagined than an excessively\\ncautious player. In matches of conse\u00c2\u00ac\\nquence the time is generally stipulated.]\\nXII. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Should you move one of your ad\u00c2\u00ac\\nversary\u00e2\u0080\u0099s men instead of your own, he may\\ncompel you to take the piece you have\\ntouched, should it be en prise, or to replace\\nit and move your King provided, of course,\\nthat you can do so without placing him in\\ncheck.\\nXIII. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Should you capture a man with\\none that cannot legally take it, your adver\u00c2\u00ac\\nsary may compel you either to take such\\npiece (should it be en prise with one that\\ncan legally take it, or to move the piece\\ntouched provided that by so doing you do\\nnot discover check, in which case you may\\nbe directed to move your King.\\nXIV. -\u00e2\u0080\u0094Should you move out of your\\nturn, your adversaiy may compel you either\\nto retract the move, or leave the piece where\\nyou placed it, as he may think most advan\u00c2\u00ac\\ntageous.\\nXV. \u00e2\u0080\u0094If you touch the King and Rook,\\nintending to Castle, and have quitted hold of\\nthe one piece, you must complete the act of\\nCastling. If you retain your hold of both,\\nyour adversary may compel you to move\\neither of them.\\nXVI. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The game must be declared to be\\ndrawn should you fail to give checkmate in\\nfifty moves, when you have\\nKing and Queen against King\\nKing and Rook\\nKing and 2 Bishops against King.\\nKing, Bishop, and Kt. fs\\nKing and Pawn\\nKing and 2 Pawns\\nKing and minor piece\\nXVII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Drawn games ot every description\\ncount for nothing.\\nXVIII.\u00e2\u0080\u0094Neither player may leave a game\\nunfinished, nor leave the room without the\\npermission of his adversary.\\nXIX. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Lookers-on are not permitted to\\nspeak, nor in any way express their appro\u00c2\u00ac\\nbation or disapprobation while a game is\\npending.\\nXX. \u00e2\u0080\u0094In case a dispute should arise on\\nany point not provided for by the laws, a\\nthird party must be appealed to, and his\\ndecision shall be final.\\nComparative Value of the Pieces.\\nThe Pawn is always accounted the lowest\\nin value. Its importance, however, like that\\nof all the other pieces, changes as the game\\nprogresses. Towards the end of a game its\\nvalue is considerable.\\nThe Knight is of more value in the first\\nattack than in the final struggle. It loses\\nforce as the game proceeds. In certain\\nsituations the Knight is of incomparable\\nvalue. Its peculiar vaulting power gives it\\nconsiderable importance in complicated posi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions. Walker considers it of equal value\\nwith the Bishop.\\nThe Bishop. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Mr. Walker gives a list of\\nthe advantages which the Bishop and Knight\\npossess over each other, and sums up by\\nexpressing it as his opinion, founded on\\npractical experience, that the Bishop is\\nsuperior to the Knight only in imagination\\nand that the two pieces should be indiscrim\u00c2\u00ac\\ninately exchanged by the learner, as being of\\nstrictly equal value in cases of average\\nposition.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Most other authorities, however,\\n39", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0653.jp2"}, "652": {"fulltext": "610\\nINDOOR AMUSEMENTS.\\nmaintain that the Bishop is, upon the whole,\\nslightly superior to the Knight.\\nThe Rook is reckoned to be about equiv\u00c2\u00ac\\nalent to a Bishop and two Pawns, or a Knight\\nand two Pawns. It is seldom called into active\\nplay at the commencement of a game, but\\nit gradually rises in importance, till towards\\nthe close it may almost be said to command\\nthe game. In actual play, it is probably\\noftener instrumental in giving checkmate\\nthan any other piece. With the King, a\\nRook can mate against a King\u00e2\u0080\u0094a power\\npossessed by no piece besides the Queen.\\nThe Queen decreases in power as the\\ngame proceeds. Throughout, however, she\\nholds by far the first position in value.\\nThe King, though seldom of much use\\nfor purposes of attack at the beginning,\\nacquires considerable force as the game\\nbecomes narrowed. His power of moving\\nin any direction, and attacking any piece\\nbesides the Queen, is often of great value.\\nThe plan of comparing, by means of fig\u00c2\u00ac\\nures, pieces of which the value varies so\\nconsiderably, is obviously somewhat imprac\u00c2\u00ac\\nticable, and the estimate cannot in all cases\\nbe relied on. To the learner, however, it\\nmay be of some service in conveying to him\\na vague idea of their relative value. Sup\u00c2\u00ac\\npose the Pawn to stand as I the value of\\nthe Knight may be estimated at rather more\\nthan 3 that of the Bishop rather less than\\n4 that of the Rook at about 5 and that of\\nthe Queen at about jyi.\\nBACKGAMMON.\\nThe game of Backgammon is allowed on all\\nhands to be the most ingenious and elegant\\ngame next to chess. The word is Welch, and\\nsignifies littlebattle The origin and antiquity\\nof the game has been accordingly ascribed to\\nthe Cambro Britons, although it is claimed\\nalso by the French and Spaniards.\\nThis game is played with dice by two\\npersons, on a table divided into two parts,\\nupon which there are twenty-four black and\\nwhite spaces, called points.\\nEach player has fifteen men, black and\\nwhite to distinguish them. If you play into\\nthe left-hand table, two of your men are\\nplaced upon the ace point in your adversary\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\ninner table five upon the sixth point in his\\nouter table three upon the cinque point in\\nyour own outer table and five upon the\\nsixth point in your own inner table, and the\\nadversary\u00e2\u0080\u0099s men are to be placed so as to\\ncorrespond with yours in a directly opposite\\nposition.\\nThe object of the game is to bring the\\nmen round to your own home,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or inner\\ntable; consequently, all throws of the dice\\nthat tend to this, and impede your adversary\\nin executing the same design on his part, are\\nin your favor. The first most advantageous\\nthrow is aces, as it blocks the sixth point in\\nyour outer table, and secures the cinque\\npoint in your inner table, so that your adver\u00c2\u00ac\\nsary s two men upon your ace point cannot\\nescape with his throwing either quatre,\\ncinque or six. Accordingly, this throw is\\noften asked and given between players of\\nunequal skill by way of odds, and is con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsidered only fair.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0654.jp2"}, "653": {"fulltext": "INDOOR AMUSEMENTS.\\n611\\nHoyle\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Instructions.\\n1. If you play three up, your principal ob\u00c2\u00ac\\nject in the first place is either to secure your\\nown or your adversary\u00e2\u0080\u0099s cinque point. When\\nthat is effected you may play a pushing game,\\nand endeavor to gammon your opponent.\\n2. The next best point (after you have\\ngained your cinque point) is to make your\\nbar-point, thereby preventing your adversary\\nrunning away with two sixes.\\n3. After you have proceeded thus far,\\nprefer making the quatre point in your own\\ntable, rather than the quatre point out of it.\\n4. Having gained these points, you have\\na fair chance to gammon your adversary if\\nhe be very forward. For suppose his table\\nto be broken at home, it will be then your\\ninterest to open your bar-point, to oblige\\nhim to come out of your table with a six,\\nand having your men spread, you not only\\nmay catch that man which your adversary\\nbrings out of your fable, but will also have\\na probability of taking up the man left in your\\ntable, upon the supposition that he had two\\nmen there. And if he should have a blot\\nat home, it will be then your interest not to\\nmake up your table, because if he should\\nenter upon a blot which you are to make for\\nthe purpose, you will have a probability of\\ngetting a third man, which, if accomplished,\\nwill give you at least four to one of the\\ngammon whereas, if you have only two of\\nhis men up, the odds are that you do not\\ngammon him.\\n5. If you play for a hit only, one or two\\nmen taken up of your adversary\u00e2\u0080\u0099s makes it\\nsurer than a greater number, provided your\\ntable be made up.\\nTechanical Terms.\\nBackgammon. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The entire game won.\\nBar. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The division between the two sec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions of the board.\\nBar-point.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The point adjoining the bar.\\nBearing your Men. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Removing them\\nfrom the table after bringing them home.\\nBlot. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A single man upon a point.\\nDoublets. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Two dice bearing the same\\nnumber of pits.\\nGammon.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 To win a gammon is to win\\ntwo out of the three points constituting the\\ngame.\\nHit.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 To remove all your men before\\nyour adversary has done so.\\nHome.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 The inner table.\\nMaking Points. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Winning hits.\\nTo Enter.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 To enter is to place a man\\nagain on the board after he has been ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ncluded on account of a point being already\\nfull.\\nLaws of the Game.\\nHoyle appends the following laws of the\\ngame to his treatise\\n1. If you take a man or men from any\\npoint, that man or men must be played.\\n2. You are not understood to have played\\nany till it is placed upon a point and quitted.\\n3. If you play with fourteen men only,\\nthere is no penalty attending it, because with\\na lesser number you play to disadvantage,\\nby not having the additional man to make up\\nyour tables.\\n4. If you bear any number of men before\\nyou have entered a man taken up, and which\\nconsequently you were obliged to enter,\\nsuch men, so borne, must be entered again\\nin your adversary\u00e2\u0080\u0099s tables, as well as the\\nman taken up.\\n5. If you have mistaken your throw, and\\nplayed it, and your adversary have thrown,\\nit is not in your or his choice to alter it,\\nunless both parties agree.\\nThese laws of the game are simple and\\neasily learned, and, moreover, Backgammon is\\none of the most diverting games for the home\\ncircle or an evening\u00e2\u0080\u0099s pleasant amusement", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0655.jp2"}, "654": {"fulltext": "I Comparative\\nFace Reading Physiognomy\\nHE study of character and its\\nindications is as old as human\\ninquiry, and therefore the ten\u00c2\u00ac\\ndency of mind in this direction\\nmust arise from a special men\u00c2\u00ac\\ntal trait. The changing ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npression of the face is every-\\nwheie regarded as a mirror in which the pass\u00c2\u00ac\\ning thought or present emotion can be seen.\\nIf one be long afflicted by grief or blessed\\nby joy, wearied by trouble or vexed with\\ncare, shadowed with melancholy or excited\\nby wit, inspired by faith or led by conscience,\\ninflated by pride or subjected to its domina\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, the emotions awakened by these different\\nstates and revealed in the face, may become\\nso far fixed as to defy concealment. But\\nlet one\u00e2\u0080\u0099s circumstances be suddenly changed\\nlet grief be turned to joy, and trouble, care,\\nand vexation will fade from the countenance\\nand leave scarcely a trace.\\nThen there are expressions of face inherited\\nfrom joyous or sorrowing parentage. In the\\nsame family one child absorbs the sunshine\\nof its mother\u00e2\u0080\u0099s joy, and it glows from its face\\nfor a lifetime another, if circumstances have\\nchanged, will wear the tear marks, or the\\nexpression of bitterness that darkened the\\nmother\u00e2\u0080\u0099s life; and no doubt the brain as\\nwell as the face will bear a similar and even\\nmore permanent record.\\nThe very attitudes and motions assume,\\nby long habit, an expression of the inner\\nlife. One accustomed to the exercise of\\n312\\nauthority gets a stiffer spine, a more ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nalted head, and firmer lines of the face, and\\nth brain confoi xiis in development and ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntivity to the conditions that have become\\nhabitual.\\nFor centuries the face has been studied,\\nand attempts have been made to reduce the\\nface to a science with greater or less ap\u00c2\u00ac\\nproaches to success. People will study the\\nface and its expression and be influenced by\\nit without having any science or rules for it,\\nor any means of explaining it. Yet their\\nimpressions will be correct.\\nLikeness Between Men and Animals.\\nIt is interesting to note the very striking\\nfacial resemblance between men and some of\\nthe animals, as shown in the accompanying\\nengravings. The animal world appears to\\nhave been created on one general plan, and\\ntypes of face and features among the lower\\norders are constantly reproduced among the\\nhigher.\\nNear the close of the last century the\\nphysiology of the brain became the subject\\nof special investigation by an eminent phy\u00c2\u00ac\\nsician of Germany, Dr. Gall, and he claimed\\nthat he had discovered signs of character in\\nthe brain, that it can be safely studied as the\\nbasis of character, and that whatever the\\nface 01 attitudes or motions may reveal, the\\nimpulse comes from the brain. His mode\\nof investigation has acquired the name of\\nPhrenology.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0656.jp2"}, "655": {"fulltext": "COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY.\\n613\\nFor nearly a hundred years the\\nterm Phrenology has been before the\\nworld, and has been understood to\\nrelate to the laws and activities of\\nthe human mind, and that in some\\nway it is related to the brain as its\\norgan. A few have studied Phre\u00c2\u00ac\\nnology and accepted it heartily\\nothers have made it a topic for con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntempt or ridicule, and, though thou\u00c2\u00ac\\nsands of the general public have little\\nor no knowledge on the subject, other\\nthousands have more or less informa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion respecting it, and, so for as they under\u00c2\u00ac\\nstand it, they believe and accept it.\\nA brief outline of the doctrines of Phre\u00c2\u00ac\\nnology may here be made\\nAPE. APISH.\\nFirst. The brain is the organ or instru\u00c2\u00ac\\nment of the mind, just as the eye is the in\u00c2\u00ac\\nstrument of sight. Every trait of character,\\nevery talent, propensity, or senti\u00c2\u00ac\\nment has its organ.\\nThere is a general belief that\\nsomehow the intellect stands related\\nto the brain, and when an injury to\\nany part of that viscus occurs, the\\nnewspapers will say that the intel\u00c2\u00ac\\nlect was, or was not, affected by\\nthe injury. But a doubt exists\\nwhether the brain is also the seat\\nof the feelings and the propensities.\\nA STRIKING PAIR.\\nTo say that some injury of the brain\\ndid not affect the intellect, is about as defi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnite as it would be to say that a man was\\ninjured in the head, but that his eye-sight,\\nor his smelling power, or his hearing\\nwas not affected, and therefore eye\u00c2\u00ac\\nsight and hearing do not necessarily\\nbelong to the head; but Phrenology\\nteaches that every sentiment, every\\nelement of taste and aversion, of hope\\nand fear, of love and hatred, as well\\nas the intellectual faculties and mem\u00c2\u00ac\\nory, have their special seats in some\\npart of the brain.\\nSecond. The mind is not a single\\npower, but has many faculties, some\\nof which may be stronger or weaker than\\nthe others in the same person from which\\narises the great variety of character.\\nPUSS, YOU REMIND ME OF", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0657.jp2"}, "656": {"fulltext": "614\\nCOMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY.\\nThird. Each faculty or propensity of the\\nmind has its special organ in the brain.\\nFourth. Size of brain, the quality being\\ngood, is the true measure of its power. The\\nOWL. owlish.\\nbrain, when deficient in size or low in qual\u00c2\u00ac\\nity or health, is always connected with a low\\ndegree of mental power. Even among the\\nlower animals the brain is found to be large\\nand complicated in proportion to the variety\\nand strength of their faculties.\\nFifth. There are several groups of facul\u00c2\u00ac\\nties, and each of these groups is represented\\nby organs located together in the brain.\\nThe organs of the intellect are situated\\nin the forehead in what are called the\\nanterior lobes of the brain those of the\\nsocial nature in the back head, or pos\u00c2\u00ac\\nterior lobes of the brain those of pas\u00c2\u00ac\\nsion, appetite, and self-preservation, in\\nthe side head, or middle lobes of the\\nbrain while those organs which mani\u00c2\u00ac\\nfest aspiration, pride, ambition, are in\\nthe crown of the head, and those of\\nsentiment, sympathy, morality and re\u00c2\u00ac\\nligion in the top head.\\nSixth. Each faculty of the mind,\\neach sentiment and propensity, has its own\\norgans, as each function of the body has its\\nspecific organ. If this were not so, each\\nperson would manifest the same amount of\\ntalent or power on all subjects, ouch as\\narithmetic, language, music, mechanism, the\\npower of reasoning, love of property, cour\u00c2\u00ac\\nage, prudence or pride. Everybody knows\\nthat persons rarely ever show equal\\ntalent on all topics, and that a man\\nmay be a genius at one thing and find\\nit impossible, by long training, to\\nbecome even tolerably successful in\\nother things. If the mind were a\\nsingle power and the brain a single\\norgan this would not be the case.\\nThe senses of seeing, hearing, tast\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, smelling, are not always possessed\\nby each person in an equal degree of\\nperfection, these several powers being\\ndependent on different organs, and\\neach related to a special part of the brain\\nso the mental faculties and dispositions are\\nalike unequal in a given person, owing to\\nthe greater strength or weakness of their\\nrespective organs in the brain hence some\\npeople represent partial genius, others partial\\nidiocy or partial insanity, and these facts are\\nexplained and sustained only by the phreno\u00c2\u00ac\\nlogical theory of the mind.\\nMARKED RESEMBLANCE.\\nSeventh. The Quality and Temperament\\nof the organization determine of the degree\\nof vigor, activity and Trance of the men\u00c2\u00ac\\ntal powers.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0658.jp2"}, "657": {"fulltext": "COMPARATIVE PHYSIOGNOMY,\\n610\\nTemperament is indicated by external\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2signs, including the build, complexion and\\ntexture. Men recognize different qualities\\nin their judgment of horses, cattle and other\\nstock, although they do not use the terms\\nwe apply to mankind. Men who deal in\\ntimber know that the quality of different\\nmist as wide a range of quality may be\\nfound in the human race. Speed, activity,\\nstrength, endurance in birds and horses\\nare recognized and understood. The trim,\\ncompact game-chicken that weighs five\\npounds finds little difficulty in vanquishing\\nthe clumsy, coarse and tall Shanghai or\\nLOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE ORGANS AS FIXED BY PHRENOLOGISTS.\\nkinds of wood has infinite variety; the\\nspongy palmetto of the South, the soft tex\u00c2\u00ac\\nture of the willow, or the coarse character\\nof the hemlock in contrast with oak, hick\u00c2\u00ac\\nory, ebony, lignum vitae, showing that con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrasts of temperament or quality in wood are\\nvarious.\\nTo a critical phrenologist and physiogno-\\nChittagong that may turn the scales at four\u00c2\u00ac\\nteen pounds; and temperament is a term\\nwhich, rightly understood, explains the rea\u00c2\u00ac\\nson of these peculiarities.\\nA practical knowledge of Phrenology is\\nconsidered by many persons of great assist\u00c2\u00ac\\nance in deciding what occupation a young\\nman or woman should follow..", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0659.jp2"}, "658": {"fulltext": "CURIOUS FACTS\\nThings Not Generally Known\\no o\\nO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2O^ o.\\nO\\nO-*. O^. o\\nO -5^- O O\\no\\nO\\nO O\\nLPS, THE.\u00e2\u0080\u0094These mountains comprise about\\niSo peaks, from 4,000 to 15,732 feet high, the\\nlatter being the height of Mont Blanc, the\\nhighest spot in Europe. The summit is a sharp\\nridge, like the roof of a house, consisting of nearly\\nvertical granite rocks. The ascent of these awful\\nsolitudes is most perilous, owing to the narrow paths,\\ntremendous ravines, icy barriers, precipices, etc.\\nIn many places every step has to be cut in the\\nice, the party being tied to each other by ropes, so\\nthat if one slips he may be held up by the rest, and\\nsilence is enforced, lest the noise of talking should\\ndislodge the avalanches of the Aiguille du Midi.\\nThe view from the mountain is inexpressibly grand.\\nOn the Alps, the limit of the vine is an elevation\\nof 1,600 feet; below 1,000 feet, figs, oranges and\\nolives are produced. The limit of the oak is 3,800\\nfeet, of the chestnut 2,800 feet, of the pine 6,500 feet,\\nof heaths and furze to 8,700 and 9,700 feet, and per\u00c2\u00ac\\npetual snow exists at an elevation of 8,20c feet.\\nAucohou\u00e2\u0080\u0094Who Drinks It?\u00e2\u0080\u0094I t has been the\\nendeavor of the census-takers, in 1890, to obtain, as\\nfar as possible, such facts as relate to the use of\\nalcohol as a beverage It appears that alcohol,\\nas such (in some cases diluted with water, but with\u00c2\u00ac\\nout any coloring or extraneous flavoring), is used by\\na certain foreign element of our population. It is\\ndrunk to a great extent by Poles, Norwegians,\\nSwedes, Finns, Hungarians and Fussians. The\\nquantity thus consumed is larger than is generally\\nsupposed.\\nInquiry of some of the large houses in the North\u00c2\u00ac\\nwest, familiar with this particular trade, elicits the\\ninformation that fully one-half of the alcohol sold in\\nthat section is drunk, it being the favorite beverage\\nof these foreign races. It is estimated, by competent\\nauthority, that about fifteen barrels of alcohol are\\ndaily consumed for that purpose in New York city\\nalone. A considerable amount is consumed by the\\nsame element in the coal regions of Pennsylvania,\\nand undoubtedly in other localities.\\nBody, Th\u00c2\u00a3 Human. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The average height of a\\nnewly-born infant is 18 inches average weight, 6.77\\n616\\nlbs. The average weight of the newly-born male-\\nchild is 7I lbs., of the female child 6} lbs. It takes.\\n3 years for the child to grow the second 18 inches,\\nso as to be 3 feet high.\\nAverage weight of adult male, 145 lbs. height, 5.\\nft. 7 inches chest measurement of male, 36 inches\\ndrawing strength between hands, 75 lbs.\\nThe skeleton is one inch shorter than the measure\u00c2\u00ac\\nment of the living person\u00e2\u0080\u0094skeleton weighs about 14\\nibs.\u00e2\u0080\u0094there are 240 bones. The body contains about\\n12 lbs. of blood about 6^3 ozs. pass through the\\nheart in each beat, and in adults from 65 to 75 beats\\noccur per minute. All this passes through the lungs\\nand is revivified by the oxygen of the air\u00e2\u0080\u0094as bright\\nred blood goes by the subdivision of the arteries to\\nevery minutest portion of the body, and returns laden\\nwith impurities as dark venous blood through the\\nveins to the heart again.\\nThe heart is a little larger than the fist, and weighs\\nabout 9 to 11 ozs.\\nThe adult male brain weighs 49 to 50 ozs., female\\n44 to 45 ozs. the nerves of motion and sensation\\nfrom every portion of the body end in the brain and\\nspinal cord.\\nThe lungs consist of about 174 million sacs or cells\\nat the end of minute tubes that unite to form larger\\ntubes, and these form the two bronchial tubes, and\\nthese unite in the windpipe, opening into the mouth\\nand nose. At each breath the lungs are filled with\\nair, the purpose of which is to oxygenate the blood.\\nThe blood absorbs about 30 ozs. of oxygen per day\\nsufficient to consume in the tissues of the body the\\ncarbon from about 3 lbs. of bread. The utmost\\namount of air expirable at one breath is calculated\\nat 200 to 250 cubic inches.\\nThe stomach lies beneath the lungs, near the\\ncentre of the body, and is a sac of a capacity of about\\na pint (without distension), in which the food is\\nchanged by the digestive juices and ferments.\\nThe liver, to the right, and beneath the stomach,\\nweighs 50 to 60 ozs. it changes the starch of foods\\nto sugar, secretes bile, and otherwise aids in digestion.\\nSpleen, to left of stomach, about the size of fist*\\nweighs 5 to 7 ozs.; functions undetermined.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0660.jp2"}, "659": {"fulltext": "CURIOUS FACTS\\n617\\nThe intestines, about 34 feet in length the diges\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of the food and the absorption of its nutrient\\nqualities into the lacteals and the blood is completed\\nin the intestines.\\nThe two kidneys weigh each about 4^ ozs.; about\\n1,000 ozs. of blood passes through them in an hour,\\nand by them the waste fluid portions of the food\\nnot useful to the blood are strained out. The waste\\nfluids of the body are also exuded through the pores\\nof the skin. The area of the surface of the body is\\nabout 2,500 square inches, it contains about 7,000,000\\npores, each about of an inch long, or a total length\\nof nearly 28 miles of pores.\\nThe secretions of the bod^, saliva, gastric juice,\\nchyle, bile etc., which are absorbed from the blood\\nand reabsorbed by it in twenty-four hours, amount\\nto 25 lbs. Adults require eight or nine hours\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nsleep.\\nCaused over the Coaes. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Originally \u00e2\u0080\u009chauled\\nover the coals,\u00e2\u0080\u009d derived from the ordeal by fire in\\nearly days, one form of which consisted in making\\nthe accused walk over burning coals. This method\\nof persuasion was often employed to get money from\\nJews by the kings and barons of early centuries.\\nCities, Fictitious Names oe. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Aberdeen, Scot\u00c2\u00ac\\nland, Granite City.\\nAlexandria, Bgypt, Delta City.\\nAlton, Ill., Tusselburgh.\\nAkron, O., Summit City.\\nBaltimore, Md., Monumental City.\\nBirmingham, O., Bran Town.\\nBoston, Mass., Puritan City; Modern Athens;\\nHub of the Universe City of Notions Athens of\\nAmerica The Hub.\\nBrooklyn, N. Y., City of Churches.\\nBuffalo, N. Y., Queen City of the Takes.\\nCairo, City of Victory.\\nCincinnati, O., Queen City; Porkopolis; Queen\\nof the West Paris of America.\\nChicago, Ill., Garden City.\\nCleveland, Forest City.\\nDayton, O., Gem City of Ohio.\\nDetroit, Mich., City of the Straits.\\nDuluth, Minn., Zenith City.\\nEdinburgh, Scotland, Maiden Town Northern\\nAthens Modern Athens Athens of the North.\\nGibraltar, Key to the Mediterranean.\\nHannibal, Mo., Bluff City.\\nHavana, Cuba, Pearl of the Antilles.\\nHolyoke, Mass., Paper City.\\nIndianapolis, Ind., Railroad City.\\nJerusalem, Palestine, City of Peace City of the\\nGreat King.\\nKansas City, Mo., Mushroomopolis.\\nKeokuk, la., Gate City.\\nUafayette, Ind., Star City.\\nLimerick, Ireland, City of the Violated Treaty.\\nLowell, Mass., City of Spindles Manchester of\\nAmerica.\\nLondon, England, City of Masts; Modern Babylon.\\nLouisville, Ky., Falls City.\\nMadison, Wis., Lake City.\\nMilan, Italy, Little Paris.\\nMilwaukee, Wis., Cream City.\\nMinneapolis, Minn., City of Flour.\\nNashville, Tenn., City of Rocks.\\nNew Haven, Conn., City of Elms.\\nNew Orleans, La., Crescent City.\\nNew York, Gotham Empire City Metropolitan\\nCity.\\nPekin, Ill., Celestial City.\\nPhiladelphia, Pa., Quaker City City of Brotherly\\nLove; City of Homes.\\nPittsburg, Pa., Iron City Smoky City Birming\u00c2\u00ac\\nham of America.\\nPortland, Me., Forest City.\\nPaterson, N. Y., Lyons of America.\\nPeoria, Ill., Whisky Town.\\nQuebec, Canada, Gibraltar of America.\\nQuincy, Ill., Gem City.\\nRacine, Wis., Belle City.\\nRome, Italy, Eternal City Nameless City Queen\\nof Cities Seven-Hilled City Mistress of the World.\\nRochester, N. Y., Flour City.\\nSt. Louis, Mo., Mound City.\\nSt. Paul, Minn., Gem City.\\nSan Francisco, Cal., Golden City.\\nSalem, Mass., City of Peace.\\nSalt Lake City, City of the Saints.\\nSpringfield, Ill., Flower City.\\nStreator, Ill., City of the Woods.\\nToledo, O., Corn City.\\nVenice, Italy, Bride of the Sea.\\nWashington, D. C., City of Magnificent Distances.\\nWinnipeg, Manitoba, Gate City of the Northwest.\\nDixie. \u00e2\u0080\u0094An imaginary place, somewheie i.i the\\nSouthern States of America, celebrated in a popular\\nnegro melody as a perfect paradise of luxurious ease\\nand enjoyment. The term is often used as a collec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntive designation of the Southern States.\\nEarth\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Centre.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 All bodies weigh less the fur\u00c2\u00ac\\nther removed they are from the centre of the earth.\\nA block of stone weighing 700 pounds upon the sea\u00c2\u00ac\\nshore, will weigh only 699 pounds if carried up a\\nmountain three miles high. A pendulum oscillates\\nmore quickly at the poles than at the equator,\\nbecause the earth is flatter by twenty-six miles at the\\npoles\u00e2\u0080\u0094that is, the bob of the pendulum is that\\nmuch nearer the earth\u00e2\u0080\u0099s center, and therefore heavier*\\nand so swings more quickly.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0661.jp2"}, "660": {"fulltext": "618\\nCURIOUS FACTS.\\nEly Dorado Spanish the golden land .)\u00e2\u0080\u0094A name\\ngiven by the Spaniards to an imaginary country,\\nsupposed, in the sixteenth century, to be situated in\\nthe interior of South America, between the rivers\\nOrinoco and Amazon, and to abound in gold and all\\nmanner of precious stones. Expeditions were fitted\\nout for the purpose of discovering this fabulous\\nregion and, though all such attempts proved abor\u00c2\u00ac\\ntive, the rumors of its existence continued to be\\nbelieved down to the beginning of the eighteenth\\ncentury.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cFlying Dutchman.\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u0094The name given by\\nsailors to a spectral ship, which is supposed to\\ncruise in storms off the Cape of Good Hope, and the\\nsight of which is considered the worst of all possible\\nomens. She is distinguished from earthly vessels\\nby bearing a press of sail when all others are unable,\\nfrom stress of weather, to show an inch of canvas.\\nThe cause of her wanderings is variously explained.\\nAccording to one account, a Dutch captain, bound\\nhome from the Indies, met with long continued\\nhead-winds and heavy weather off the Cape of Good\\nHope, and refused to put back, as he was advised to\\ndo, swearing a very profane oath that he would\\nbeat round the cape if he had to beat there until the\\nday of Judgment. He was taken at his word, and\\ndoomed to beat against head-winds all his days. His\\nsails are believed to have become thin and sere, his\\nship-sides white with age, and himself and crew\\nreduced almost to shadows. He cannot heave to or\\nlower a boat, but sometimes hails vessels through\\nhis trumpet, and requests them to take letters home\\nfor him. The superstitution has its origin, probably,\\nin the looming, or apparent suspension in the air,\\nof some ship out of sight\u00e2\u0080\u0094a phenomenon sometimes\\nwitnessed at sea, and caused by unequal refraction in\\nthe lower strata of the atmosphere.\\nGolden AGE and Iron Age.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\u00e2\u0080\u0094T he Eliza\u00c2\u00ac\\nbethan was the Golden Age of England, the Vic\u00c2\u00ac\\ntorian is the Iron Age the Silver Age was the reign\\nof Queen Anne. The first named period was noted\\nfor giants of literature, simplicity of manners, integ\u00c2\u00ac\\nrity of conduct, honesty of intention, and domestic\\nvirtues. The second is an age of commerce and\\nhard matter-of-fact. The third was noted for elegant\\nrefinement, delicacy of speech, luxurious living,\\npoliteness, and artificial manners.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0098\u00e2\u0080\u0098Go TO Haeifax.\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u0094Halifax law was, that the\\ncriminal should be \u00e2\u0080\u009ccondemned first, and inquired\\nupon after. Halifax also has the credit of inventing\\nthe rude guillotine of Maunaye, and easily became\\na place of terror to rogues. In the United States it\\nis now used as a coarse expletive, Halifax, i. e., Hell.\\nHobson\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Choice. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Tobias Hobson was the first\\nin England who let out hackney horses. To each\\nwho applied, Hobson obliged him to take the horse\\nwhich stood nearest the stable-door, hence the\\nmodern \u00e2\u0080\u009cHobson\u00e2\u0080\u0099s choice,\u00e2\u0080\u009d meaning practically\\nnone. \u00e2\u0080\u009cNeck or nothing\u00e2\u0080\u009d commonly added was\\nprobably Next or nothing.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nJohn Buee. \u00e2\u0080\u0094This nickname is derived from the\\nsatire of Dr. Arbuthnot, representing the English\u00c2\u00ac\\nman under that name as a bluff, kind-hearted and\\nbull-headed farmer. In the minds of some it is asso\u00c2\u00ac\\nciated with Dr. John Bull, organist to Queen Eliza\u00c2\u00ac\\nbeth, and a celebrated musician.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cKick The Bucket.\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u0094This term, meaning to\\ndie, alludes to the way in which a slaughtered pig is\\nheld up. The ends of a bent piece of wood, tech\u00c2\u00ac\\nnically called a \u00e2\u0080\u009cbucket,\u00e2\u0080\u009d are fastened behind the\\ntendons of the hind legs in order to suspend the car\u00c2\u00ac\\ncass. It has sometimes been said to have originated\\nfrom a method of committing suicide by standing on\\na bucket, adjusting the noose and then kicking the\\nbucket away.\\nLiberty Beee. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The order for the bell was given\\nin 1751. The State House of Pennsylvania, in\\nPhiladelphia, work on which had been suspended\\nfor a number of years, was then approaching com-\\nTHE OLD LIBERTY BELL.\\npletion. J he lower floors were already occupied by\\nthe Supreme Court in the chamber, while in the\\nother assembled the Freemen of the Province of\\nPennsylvania, then consisting of one body. A com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmittee was appointed by the Freemen, with Peter\\nNorris as chairman, and empowered to have a new\\nbed cast for the building. The commission for the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0662.jp2"}, "661": {"fulltext": "CURIOUS FACTS.\\n619\\nbell wrs in the same year awarded to Robert Charles,\\nof London, the specification being that the bell should\\nweigh about 2000 pounds and cost 100 sterling.\\nIt was to be made by the best workmen, to be\\nexamined carefully before being shipped, and to\\ncontain, in well-shaped letters around it, the inscrip\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion By order of the Province of Pennsylvania,\\nfor the State House in the City of Philadelphia,\\n1752.\u00e2\u0080\u009d An order was given to place underneath this\\nthe fatal and prophetic words from Leviticus xxv.\\nto Proclaim liberty throughout all the land, unto\\nall the inhabitants thereof.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nundertook to recast the bell, which, on being\\nopened, revealed a bell which pleased very much.\\nBut it was also found to be defective. The original\\nbell was considered too high, and a quantity of\\ncopper was added to the composition, but too much\\ncopper was added. There were a great many witti\u00c2\u00ac\\ncisms on account of the second failure, and the\\ningenious workmen undertook to recast the bell,\\nwhich they successfully did, and it was placed in\\nposition in June, 1753.\\nOn Monday, the 8th of July (not the 4th), at\\nnoon, true to its motto, it rang out the memorable\\nTHE LAYMAN BOAT USED IN DUCK SHOOTING.\\nThe reason for the selection of this text has been a\\nsubject of much conjecture, but the true reason is\\napparent when the full text is read. It is as follows\\nAnd ye shall hallow the fiftieth year and proclaim\\nliberty throughout the land and to all the inhabitants\\nthereof.\u00e2\u0080\u009d In selecting the text the good Quakers\\nhad in memory the arrival of William Penn and their\\nforefathers more than half a century before.\\nIn August, 1752, the bell arrived, but though in\\napparent good order, it was cracked by a stroke of\\nthe clapper while being tested. It could not be sent\\nback, as the captain of the vessel who had brought\\nit over could not take it on board. Two skillful men\\nmessage of \u00e2\u0080\u0098\u00e2\u0080\u0098Liberty throughout the land and to all\\nthe inhabitants thereof.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nFor fifty years the bell continued to be rung on\\nevery festival and anniversary until it eventually\\ncracked. This happened in July, 1S35, when it was\\ntolling for the death of Chief Justice John Marshall.\\nAn ineffectual attempt was made to cause it to con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinue serviceable by enlarging the cause of its dis\\nsonance and chipping the edges. It was remove\\nfrom its position in the tower to a lower story, an\\nonly used on occasions of public sorrow, such as tlu\\ndeath of ex-Presider.ts and statesmen. Subsequently\\nit was placed on the original timbers in the vestibule", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0663.jp2"}, "662": {"fulltext": "620\\nCURIOUS FACTS.\\nof the State House, and in 1873 it was suspended in\\na prominent position immediately beneath where a\\nlarger bell presented to the city in 1866 now pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nclaims the passing hours.\\nMan in The Moon.\u00e2\u0080\u0094A name popularly given to\\nthe dark lines and spots upon the surface of the\\nmoon, which are visible to the naked eye, and -which,\\nwhen examined with a good telescope, are discov\u00c2\u00ac\\nered to be the shadows of lunar mountains. It is\\none of the most popular, and perhaps one of the\\nmost ancient superstitions in the world, that these\\nlines and spots are the figure of a man leaning on a\\nfork, on which he carries a bundle of thorns or\\nbrushwood, for stealing while on a Sunday he was\\nconfined in the moon. The account given in Num\u00c2\u00ac\\nbers xv. 32 of a man who was stoned to death for\\ngathering sticks upon the Sabbath-day, is undoubt\u00c2\u00ac\\nedly the origin of this belief.\\nMonroe Doctrine.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 In 1822, during the Presi\u00c2\u00ac\\ndency of Janies Monroe, the Spanish-American\\ncolonies having fought their w\u00e2\u0080\u0099ay to independence as\\nagainst Spain, they were recognized as an indepen\u00c2\u00ac\\ndent power by the United States. In his annual\\nmessage to Congress in 1823, the President pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nclaimed the celebrated doctrine of non-interference,\\nas follows \u00e2\u0080\u009cThat as a principle the American con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinents, by the free and independent position which\\nthey have assumed and maintained, are henceforth\\nnot to be considered as subjects of future coloniza\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion by any European power.\u00e2\u0080\u009d This doctrine is\\nattributed to Adams, who was Secretary of State\\nunder Monroe.\\nPi}eim)atic Sporting goat\\nfix* out on page 619 will give you a very good\\nidea of its general construction. The upper or\\nfloating surface is divided into four compart\u00c2\u00ac\\nments, separately inflated, any one of which will sus\u00c2\u00ac\\ntain one in the water, and so constructed that it can\\nbe neither capsized nor sunk under any reasonable\\nconditions. It combines all the essential features of\\na perfect boat, being light, weighing but 18 pounds,\\nconveniently carried, comfortable, impervious to air\\nand water, and not liable to puncture.\\nflie boat is provided with loops, carrying straps\\nand rings inside and outside for all conveniences and.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0664.jp2"}, "663": {"fulltext": "CURIOUS FACTS.\\n621\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0emergencies. In the loops around the outer edges\\nwild rice or any other marine grain or plant may be\\nplaced so as to form a complete blind which will\\nenable the sportsman to float down to a flock of\\nducks without his presence even being suspected.\\nFor this purpose there is a blind, mounted on net\u00c2\u00ac\\nting, with supports so arranged as to fit perfectly in\\nthe loops of boat, made in two sections which com\u00c2\u00ac\\npletely envelop the boat, and these roll, when not in\\nuse, into a very small compass.\\nThe air compartments are quickly and easily\\ninflated, either by the lungs or, better and quicker,\\nwith any of the pumps listed. The total weight of\\nboat is from 18 to 20 pounds, and when inflated\\noccupies a space of 45 inches long by 32 inches in\\nwidth. When deflated it folds into a very small\\nspace, about 16 x 20 inches, and can be conve\u00c2\u00ac\\nniently carried under the seat of a buggy or wagon,\\nin a boat, or carried safely packed in a trunk with\\nother traps.\\nThese pneumatic boats are more comfortable to\\nsit in than any small boat in use the position is\\nthat of sitting, the legs going into the boots from the\\nknee down this brings the entire weight on the\\nunder side and below the floating compartments,\\ngreatly increasing their stability and rendering them\\nabsolutely non-capsizable.\\nIn the use of this boat you have no oars to contend\\nwith there is no splash of the waters, leaves no\\nwake, is entirely noiseless in its movements and\\ngives perfect freedom to arms and body. The boots\\nare sufficiently large to go over any shoe.\\nThe boats have been practically tested under all\\npossible conditions, in lakes, rivers and the open\\nsea, and have been found safe in all waters and in\\nall sorts of weather. They have proved themselves\\nequal to all emergencies. Under ordinary conditions,\\ntwo or three miles per hour can be comfortably\\ncovered. It is available for every purpose for which\\none goes into the water.\\nHoW 0^ r Presidents Died\\nFORGE WASHINGTON died from a cold,\\nwhich brought on laryngitis buried on his\\nestate at Mount Vernon, Va.\\n2. John Adams died from senile debility; buried\\nat Quincy, Mass.\\n3. Thomas Jefferson died of chronic diarrhoea\\nburied on his estate at Monticello, Va.\\n4. James Madison died of old age buried on his\\nestate at Montpelier, Vt.\\n5. James Monroe died of general debility buried\\nin Marble Cemetery, New York city.\\n6. John Quincy Adams died of paralysis, the fatal\\nattack overtaking him in the House of Representa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntives buried at Quincy, Mass.\\n7. Andrew Jackson died of consumption and\\ndropsy buried on his estate, the Hermitage, near\\nNashville, Tenn.\\n8. Martin Van Buren died of catarrh of the throat\\nand lungs buried at Kinderhook, N. Y.\\n9. William Henry Harrison died of pleurisy,\\ninduced by a cold taken on the day of his inaugura\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion buried near North Bend, Ohio.\\n10. John Tyler died of a mysterious disorder like\\na bilious attack buried at Richmond, Va.\\n11. James K. Polk died from weakness, caused by\\ncholera buried on his estate at Nashville, Tenn.\\n12. Zachary Taylor died from cholera morbus, in\u00c2\u00ac\\nduced by improper diet buried on his estate near\\nLouisville, Ky.\\n13. Millard Filmore died from paralysis buried in\\nForest Hill Cemetery, Buffalo, N. Y.\\n14. Franklin Pierce died from inflammation of the\\nstomach buried at Concord, N. H.\\n15. James Buchanan died of rheumatism and gout;\\nburied near Lancaster, Pa.\\n16. Abraham Lincoln, assassinated by J. Wilkes\\nBooth buried at Springfield, Ill.\\n17. Andrew Johnson died from paralysis buried\\nat Greenville, Tenn.\\niS. Ulysses S. Grant died from cancer of the\\nthroat buried at Riverside Park, New York city.\\n19. Rutherford B. Hayes died from paralysis of the\\nheart buried at Fremont, O.\\n20. Janies A. Garfield died from the bullet of an\\nassassin, Charles Guiteau buried at Mentor, O.\\n21. Chester A. Arthur died from Bright\u00e2\u0080\u0099s disease 5\\nburied at Rural Cemetery, Albany. X L Y.\\nT I?e Silver Qtiestioi]\\nf N all civilized countries either gold or silver has\\nbeen adopted as the standard of monetary value.\\nThe following is a list of the most important\\ncountries in the world, divided into three groups,\\nthose using (1) a gold standard, (2) a silver stand\u00c2\u00ac\\nard, (3) a double or variable standard. Of these\\nlast it may be said that the term \u00e2\u0080\u009cvariable is pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nferable to that of \u00e2\u0080\u009cdouble,\u00e2\u0080\u009d inasmuch as the double\\nstandard never exists at one and the same time, gold\\nor silver becoming alternately the standard, as the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0665.jp2"}, "664": {"fulltext": "622\\nCURIOUS FACTS.\\nstate of the exchanges makes the one or the other\\nthe more desirable as the practical medium of\\nexchange. Its weight is a chief objection to the use\\nof silver in business transactions. Silver has long\\nbeen a matter of discussion, both in Congress and\\nout, and party lines are to some extent drawn,\\naccording to views on this subject.\\nGold Standard.\\nAustralia.\\nBrazil.\\nBritish Colonies in Africa\\nBritish N. America.\\nDenmark.\\nEgypt.\\nGerman Empire.\\nGreat Britain and Ireland.\\nLiberia.\\nNew Zealand.\\nNorway.\\nPortugal.\\nSweden.\\nTurkey.\\nSilver Standard.\\nAustralia.\\nHungary.\\nBolivia.\\nIndia.\\nChina.\\nJapan.\\nCochin China.\\nMexico.\\nColombia.\\nPeru.\\nEcuador.\\nRussia.\\nE. Indian Isles.\\nTripoli.\\nDouble or Variable\\nStandard.\\nArgentine Republic.\\nItaly.\\nBelgium.\\nNetherlands.\\nChili.\\nRoumania.\\nCuba.\\nSpain.\\nFrance.\\nSwitzerland.\\nGreece.\\nVenezuela.\\nHayti.\\nUnited States.\\nStates ai]d territories\u00e2\u0080\u0094Sljeir Fictitious farcies\\nAlabama (Ala.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094The name is of Indian origin,\\nsignifying Here we rest.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nArizona Ter. (Ariz.)\u00e2\u0080\u0094An Indian word, meaning\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009csand hills.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nArkansas (Ark.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094French and Indian words,\\nsignifying Bow of Smoky Waters.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The fictitious\\nname of the State is Bear State,\u00e2\u0080\u009d from the number\\nof these animals formerly found there.\\nCalifornia (Cal.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094From Spanish words, mean\u00c2\u00ac\\ning \u00e2\u0080\u009chot furnace.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The fictitious name is \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe\\nGolden State.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nColorado (Colo.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094Spanish word, meaning \u00e2\u0080\u009ccol\u00c2\u00ac\\nored.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nConnecticut (Conn.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094An Indian name, signify\u00c2\u00ac\\ning The Long River.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The nicknames are Free\u00c2\u00ac\\nstone State,\u00e2\u0080\u009d Nutmeg State,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and Land of Steady\\nHabits.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nDakota (Dak.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094Indian word, meaning \u00e2\u0080\u009callied.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nDelaware (Del.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094Named in honor of Lord De\\nLa War. It is called \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe Diamond State,\u00e2\u0080\u009d from\\nits small size and its intrinsic worth also Blue Hen\\nState.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nFlorida (Fla.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094From the Spanish, meaning\\nflowery so called from the abundance of flowers,\\nand the day (Easter Sunday) upon which it was dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ncovered. From its shape it is sometimes called\\nThe Peninsular State.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nGeorgia (Ga.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094Named in honor of King George\\nII. of England. The nickname is the \u00e2\u0080\u009cEmpire\\nState of the South.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nIllinois (Ill.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094An Indian word, signifying\\nTribe of Men.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The sobriquet is Prairie State\\nalso, \u00e2\u0080\u009cSucker State.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nIndiana (Ind.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094So called from the Indians.\\nThe original meaning of the word India is river.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe nickname is \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe Hoosier State.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nIowa (la.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094An Indian word, meaning \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe\\nSleepy Ones.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The fictitious name is The Hawk-\\neye State.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nKansas (Kan.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094Indian word, signifying Smoky\\nWater.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The sobriquet is Garden of the West.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nKentucky (Ky.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094Indian name signifying \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe\\nDark and Bloody Ground.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The nickname is The\\nCorn-Cracker State.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nLouisiana (La.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094Named in honor of King Louis\\nXIV. of France. The sobriquet is \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe Creole\\nState.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nMaine (Me.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094So called from Maine in France.\\nThe fictitious name is \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe Pine Tree State.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nMaryland (Md.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094Named in honor of Queen\\nHenrietta Maria, of England.\\nMassachusetts (Mass.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094 An Indian name, sig\u00c2\u00ac\\nnifying Blue Hills.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The fanciful name is The\\nBay State.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nMichigan (Mich.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094Indian word, meaning \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe\\nLake Country. It is nicknamed The Lake State;\\nalso, The Wolverine State.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nMinnesota (Minn.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094From Indian words mean\u00c2\u00ac\\ning \u00e2\u0080\u009cCloudy Water.\u00e2\u0080\u009d It is called \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe Gopher\\nState.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nMississippi (Miss.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094Indian word for \u00e2\u0080\u009cFather of\\nWaters.\u00e2\u0080\u009d It is nicknamed \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe Bayou State.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nMissouri (Mo.). \u00e2\u0080\u0094Indian word, meaning Muddy\\nWater.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The Missourians are called Pukes.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nNebraska (Neb,).\u00e2\u0080\u0094An Indian word, meaning\\nShallow River.\u00e2\u0080\u009d", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0666.jp2"}, "665": {"fulltext": "CURIOUS FACTS.\\n623\\nNevada (Nev.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094A Spanish word, signifying\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cSnow-clad.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The fictitious name is \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe Sage\\nHen State.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nNew Hampshire (N. H.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094Named from Hamp\u00c2\u00ac\\nshire county, Eng. The sobriquet is \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe Granite\\nState.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nNew Jersey (N. J.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094Named for the Isle of Jer\u00c2\u00ac\\nsey. The sobriquet is The Jersey Blue.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nNew Mexico Ter. (N. M.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094Spanish. Named\\nfrom the country of Mexico, meaning The Place of\\nAztec, God of War.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nNew York (N. Y.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094Named in honor of the\\nDuke of York and Albany. It is called The Excel\u00c2\u00ac\\nsior State and \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe Empire State.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nNorth Carolina (N. C.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Named, with South\\nCarolina, in honor of Charles II. of England. The\\nfictitious names are The Old North State,\u00e2\u0080\u009d The\\nTar State\u00e2\u0080\u009d and \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe Turpentine State.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nOhio. \u00e2\u0080\u0094An Indian word, signifying Beautiful.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nIt is nicknamed The Buckeye State.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nOregon (Ore.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094Signifies \u00e2\u0080\u009cRiver of the West.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nPennsylvania (Pa.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094\u00e2\u0080\u009cPenn\u00e2\u0080\u0099s woodland\u00e2\u0080\u009d is\\nthe signification. The sobriquet is The Keystone\\nState.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nRhode Island (R. I.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094Named from the Isle of\\nRhodes, in the Mediterranean. Rhodes signifies a\\nrose.\u00e2\u0080\u009d It is nicknamed Little Rhody.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nSouth Carolina (S. C.). \u00e2\u0080\u0094Named in the same\\nmanner as North Carolina, which see. The sobri\u00c2\u00ac\\nquet is The Palmetto State.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nTennessee (Tenn.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094Derived from Indian words\\nsignifying \u00e2\u0080\u009cRiver of the Eig Bend.\u00e2\u0080\u009d It is nick\u00c2\u00ac\\nnamed \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe Big Bend State.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nTexas (Tex.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094Spanish; it is said to signify\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cFriends.\u00e2\u0080\u009d It is nicknamed \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe Lone Star\\nState.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nUtah (Utah).\u00e2\u0080\u0094Named from the Utes, or Utah\\nIndians.\\nVermont (Vt.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094From the French, signifying\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cGreen Mountain.\u00e2\u0080\u009d It is called \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe Green\\nMountain State.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nVirginia (Va.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094Named for Elizabeth, Queen of\\nEngland\u00e2\u0080\u0094the \u00e2\u0080\u009cVirgin Queen.\u00e2\u0080\u009d It is nicknamed\\nThe Mother of States,\u00e2\u0080\u009d also \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe Old Dominion.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nWashington (W.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094Named for President Wash\u00c2\u00ac\\nington.\\nWest Virginia (W. Va.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094It is nicknamed the\\nPanhandle State.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nWisconsin (Wis.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094Named from its principal\\nriver, and that from the French, meaning flowing\\nwestward.\u00e2\u0080\u0099 The fictitious name is \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe Badger\\nState.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nWyoming (Wyo.).\u00e2\u0080\u0094An Indian term, meaning\\nlarge plains.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nStock grokers\u00e2\u0080\u0099 ^ecljuicalities\\nA Bull is one who operates to depress the value\\nof stocks, that he may buy for a rise.\\nA Bear is one who sells stocks for future delivery,\\nwhich he does not own at the time of sale.\\nA Corner is when the Bears cannot buy or bor\u00c2\u00ac\\nrow the stock to deliver in fulfillment of their con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntracts.\\nOverloaded is when the Bulls cannot take and\\npay for the stock they have purchased.\\nShort is when a person or party sells stocks when\\nthey have none, and expect to buy or borrow in time\\nto deliver.\\nLong is when a person or party has a plentiful\\nsupply of stocks.\\nA Pool or Ring is a combination formed to con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrol prices.\\nA broker is said to carry stocks for his customer\\nwhen he has bought and is holding it for his account.\\nA Wash is a pretended sale by special agreement\\nbetween buyer and seller, for the purpose of getting\\na quotation reported.\\nA PUT and Call is when a person gives so much\\nper cent, for the option of buying or selling so much\\nstock on a certain day, at a price fixed the day the\\nI option is given.\\nUflele San)\\n^^HIS is the popular title for the provisions for\\nthe United States. In the year 1812, a large\\nquantity of provisions for the army was pur\u00c2\u00ac\\nchased at Troy, N. Y., by Elbert Anderson, a gov\u00c2\u00ac\\nernment contractor. The goods were inspected by\\ntwo brothers, Ebenezer and Samuel Wilson. The\\nlast-named was invariably known among the work\u00c2\u00ac\\nmen as \u00e2\u0080\u009cUncle Sam.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The packages were marked\\nL. a.\u00e2\u0080\u0094U. S. On being asked the meaning of these\\ninitials, a workman jokingly replied that he did not\\nknow unless they meant Elbert Anderson and\\nUncle Sam. So the title became current among\\nworkmen, soldiers and people, and the United States.\\nGovernment is known as Uncle Sam.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0667.jp2"}, "666": {"fulltext": "mpi\\nm\\nHa\\n1\\na\\nm\\nBUSINESS\\nTERMS AND RULES\\nAbandonment. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Relinquishing to underwriters prop\u00c2\u00ac\\nerty saved from shipwrecks.\\nAbatement. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Discount; sum allowed on payment of\\nmoney before due.\\nAcceptance. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A receiving so as to bind the agreement\\nto pay a bill or draft.\\nAccommodation Paper. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The loan of commercial\\npaper or credit.\\nAccrued. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Interest or increase due and unpaid.\\nAccount. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A statement an arrangement of debits\\nand credits in relation to any person or thing a\\nrecord of business transactions.\\nAccount Sales. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A statement of the product arising\\nfrom the sale of goods received bv a. merchant\\nfrom another party, and sold for his benefit,\\ntogether with the costs and charges incurred in\\nmaking such sale.\\nAccountant. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One who is skilled in accounts.\\nActuary. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A clerk of certain courts and insurance\\noffices one skilled in annuities an acting\\nofficer.\\nAdministrator. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One who manages an intestate\\nestate.\\nAdjustment. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Settlement of a difference between two\\nparties.\\nAd valorem. \u00e2\u0080\u0094According to value.\\nAdvance. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Additional price, stock above par.\\nAdvances. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Sums of money paid by a merchant upon\\ngoods lodged in his hands for sale at future time.\\nThis term also covers money loaned by bankers\\non bills of lading.\\nAffidavit. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A declaration under oath made in\\nwriting.\\nAgent. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A person who acts for another a deputy.\\nAdulteration. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Mixing a spurious with a genuine\\narticle.\\nAllowance. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Abatement, a deduction made for\\nvarious reasons.\\nAmbassador. \u00e2\u0080\u0094An envoy of the highest rank sent to\\na foreign government.\\nAppraise. \u00e2\u0080\u0094To estimate the value of goods or\\nproperty.\\nAppurtenance .\u00e2\u0080\u0094That which appertains or belongs to\\nsomething else.\\nArbitration .\u00e2\u0080\u0094The referring of a controversy to\\npersons chosen by the parties to decide it.\\n624\\nArrear. \u00e2\u0080\u0094That which is behind in payment.\\nAssay. \u00e2\u0080\u0094To determine the amount of a particular\\nmetal in an ore or metalic compound.\\nAssess. \u00e2\u0080\u0094To tax, or value for the purpose of taxing.\\nAssets. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Resources, property in possession or money\\ndue.\\nAssignee. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One to whom something is assigned, one\\nwho receives property to dispose of for the\\nbenefit of creditors.\\nAssignor. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One who makes a transfer to another.\\nAssignment. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The transfer of property to assignees.\\nAssume. \u00e2\u0080\u0094To take on one\u00e2\u0080\u0099s self or become liable for\\nthe debts of another.\\nAttachment. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A writ or warrant for the purpose.\\nAttest. \u00e2\u0080\u0094To call to witness or give official testimony\\nrequired in solemn instruments.\\nAttorney Power of). \u00e2\u0080\u0094A document by which a\\nperson authorizes another to act in his stead.\\nAuditor. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A person authorized to examine and\\nadjust accounts.\\nAward. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The decision of arbitrators in a disputed\\ntransaction.\\nBail. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Surety for another; giving security foi\\nappearance on trial.\\nBailee. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One to whom goods are delivered in trust\\nBankrupt. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A person who, by reason of inability to\\nmeet his obligations, surrenders his property to\\nhis creditors and seeks the relief allowed him by\\nlaw. At present there is no general law upon\\nthis subject, the laws of the several States regu\u00c2\u00ac\\nlating it.\\nBill of Exchange. \u00e2\u0080\u0094An order drawn by a creditor\\nupon his debtor demanding of him payment of a\\nspecified sum of money at a designated time.\\nThe acceptance of such a bill renders it a bind\u00c2\u00ac\\ning obligation upon the person upon whom it\\nis drawn.\\nBill of Lading. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A printed receipt given by the mas\u00c2\u00ac\\nter of a vessel, or the agent of a transportation com-\\npany, for freight shipped by sucli vessel or com\u00c2\u00ac\\npany. Upon the presentation of a bill of lading\\nat the point of destination, the carrier must de\u00c2\u00ac\\nin er the freight to the person presenting the bill.\\nBills Discounted. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Promissory notes, acceptances,\\nor bills of exchange discounted for the accom\u00c2\u00ac\\nmodation of an indorser by bankers.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0668.jp2"}, "667": {"fulltext": "BUSINESS TERMS AND RULES.\\n625\\nBills Payaoie. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Promissory notes or drafts held by a\\nmerchant against others for future payment.\\nBills Receivable. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Promissory notes or drafts due to\\na merchant by others.\\nBill of Rights. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A bill permitting an importer to\\nexamine his goods at the custom-house.\\nBullion. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Uncoined gold or silver, including gold\\ndust, ingots or bars.\\nCall Loan. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Money loaned by a banker or other\\nperson, secured by the deposit of stocks, bonds,\\nor other marketable securities, to be repaid when\\ncalled for.\\nCapital. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Money or property invested in business.\\nCarat. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Weight showing the degree of fineness of\\ngold.\\nCarte blanche. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Signature of an individual or indi\u00c2\u00ac\\nviduals on blank paper with space above to write\\na note full power.\\nChancellor. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A judge of a court of chancery or\\nequity.\\nCharter. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A formal writing conferring title, right or\\nprivileges.\\nCharter-party. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A contract by which the whole or\\npart of a vessel is let a merchant or other\\nperson for the conveyance of goods on a par\u00c2\u00ac\\nticular voyage.\\nCheck. \u00e2\u0080\u0094An order upon a bank, or banker, to pay on\\ndemand to the person named in the check, or to\\nhis order, the sum of money specified in the\\nbody of the check in writing.\\nChoses in action. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Things of which the owner has\\nnot the possession, but merely the right of\\naction for the possession, as notes, accounts, etc.\\nChoses in possession. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Things of which one has pos\u00c2\u00ac\\nsession.\\nClearance. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Certificate from the custom authorities\\npermitting a vessel to leave port.\\nClearing. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Act of leaving.\\nClearing-house. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Place where banks exchange checks\\nor drafts and settle their differences.\\nClosed Policy. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A policy in which the amount\\ninsured is definitely stated.\\nC. O. D. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Collect on Delivery. Goods sent by\\nexpress marked in this way must be accom\u00c2\u00ac\\npanied by the bill for them. This bill is col\u00c2\u00ac\\nlected and receipted by the messenger of the\\nexpress company before delivering the goods.\\nCodicil. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A supplement to a will.\\nCollaterals. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A term used to designate stocks, bonds,\\nor other securities deposited to secure the pay\u00c2\u00ac\\nment of loans.\\nCommission. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The percentage for buying or selling\\ngoods or stocks.\\nCommon law. \u00e2\u0080\u0094In Great Britain and the United\\nStates the unwritten law that receives its binding\\n40\\nforce from immemorial usage; in distinction\\nfrom written or statute law.\\nCompact. \u00e2\u0080\u0094An agreement by which the parties are\\nfirmly bound together.\\nCompound. \u00e2\u0080\u0094To settle on terms different from the\\noriginal agreement.\\nCompromise. \u00e2\u0080\u0094An amicable adjustment by mutual\\nconcession.\\nCommon Carrier. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One who makes it a business to\\ntransport goods; railroad companies are com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmon carriers.\\nConsignee. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The person to whom goods are sent or\\nconsigned.\\nConsignment. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Goods consigned or trusted to an\\nagent to be sold.\\nConsignor. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One who commits or consigns goods to\\nanother.\\nConsols. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The three per cent, funded debts of Eng\\nland.\\nContraband. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Prohibited illegal.\\nContract. \u00e2\u0080\u0094An agreement based upon sufficient con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsideration to do or not to do some particular\\nthing.\\nCondition precedent. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A condition which must be\\ncarried out before the obligation is performed.\\nCountersign. \u00e2\u0080\u0094To sign, as secretary or subordinate\\nofficer, a writing which has been signed by the\\nsuperior.\\nCoupon. \u00e2\u0080\u0094An interest certificate attached to a bond\\nwhen paid, it is cut off.\\nCoverture. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The state of a married woman.\\nCurrency. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Money in current use.\\nCustoms. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Duties on goods imported or exported.\\nCustom House. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The place where duties are paid,\\nand vessels enter and clear.\\nDays of grace. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Usually three days allowed for the\\npayment of a note after maturity.\\nDebenture. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A certificate for bounty or rebate to be\\npaid to the exporter of goods.\\nDeed. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A sealed instrument used in the conveyance\\nof real estate\\nDefalcation. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A deduction abatement or diminu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, as in a promissory note.\\nDefaulter. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One who fails to pay or account for\\nmoney intrusted to him.\\nDemand. \u00e2\u0080\u0094An asking by authority a claim by\\nright.\\nDemise. \u00e2\u0080\u0094To convey to bequeath by will.\\nDemurrage. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Allowance for detention of a ship\\nbeyond a specified time.\\nDemurrer. \u00e2\u0080\u0094An assent to facts for an issue on law.\\nDemurer. \u00e2\u0080\u0094An exception to evidence produced to\\nrest or stay.\\nDeputy. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One appointed to act for another a repre\u00c2\u00ac\\nsentative.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0669.jp2"}, "668": {"fulltext": "BUSINESS TERMS AND RULES.\\n*26\\nDiscount. \u00e2\u0080\u0094In mercantile transactions, a discount\\nmeans a deduction of a certain amount from the\\nface of a bill for cash. In banking, a discount\\nmeans the deduction of a certain amount from\\nthe face value of a note or bill, as a payment for\\nallowing the holder of the note the immediate\\nuse of the money the rate of discount varies.\\nDividend. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A portion allotted to stockholders in\\ndividing the profits.\\nDonee. One to whom a gift is made or a bequest is\\ngiven.\\nDonor. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One who gives or bestows.\\nDraft. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A bill of exchange used for domestic pur\u00c2\u00ac\\nposes.\\nDrawback. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Duty refunded on exported goods.\\nDrawee. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One on whom a draft is drawn the\\npayor.\\nDrawer. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One who draws a bill or draft.\\nDuplicate. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A copy or transcript of anything.\\nDuress. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Personal restraint, or fear of personal in\u00c2\u00ac\\njury or imprisonment. It nullifies all contracts\\ninto which it enters.\\nEarnest. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A pledge, like money deposited, affords\\ngood grounds for reliance.\\nEffects. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Goods or property of any kind.\\nEmbargo. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Prohibition of vessels from sailing.\\nEmbarassment \u00e2\u0080\u0094Financial distress on the verge\\nof bankruptcy.\\nEmbassy. \u00e2\u0080\u0094-A public message or commission the\\nperson by whom it is sent.\\nEmbezzlement. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Unlawful appropriation of what is\\nintrusted to one\u00e2\u0080\u0099s care.\\nEndorse. \u00e2\u0080\u0094To write one\u00e2\u0080\u0099s name on the back of a\\ncheck, note, or draft.\\nEngross. \u00e2\u0080\u0094To copy a manuscript.\\nEquity. \u00e2\u0080\u0094In law, qualifying or correcting the law in\\nextreme cases.\\nEstate. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The degree, quantity, nature and extent of\\ninterest which a person has in real property.\\nEstoppel. \u00e2\u0080\u0094In law, some previous act which estops\\nor precludes a man from making a given plea or\\npretence.\\nExchange. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Act of bartering; a bill drawn for\\nmoney a place where merchants meet; a dif\u00c2\u00ac\\nference between the value of money in two\\nplaces, or the premium and discount arising\\nfrom the purchase and sale of funds.\\nExecutor. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One who settles the estate of a testator.\\nExecutory. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Yet to be performed.\\nExports. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Goods or produce carried abroad in com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmerce.\\nFace .\u00e2\u0080\u0094The amount expressed on a note or draft.\\nFactor. \u00e2\u0080\u0094An agent to whom goods are consigned\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\ndiffers from broker in that the factor has the\\ncustody of tne goods.\\nFailure. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Act of becoming insolvent.\\nFac Simile. \u00e2\u0080\u0094An exact copy.\\nFancy Stocks. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Term applied to stocks subject to\\nsudden fluctuation in price.\\nFavor. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A note or draft is said to be in favor of the\\npayee.\\nFee Simple. \u00e2\u0080\u0094An estate held by a person in his own\\nright and descendible to his heirs.\\nFinancier. \u00e2\u0080\u0094An officer of finance one having charge\\nof the revenue.\\nFiscal. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Pertaining to a treasury or revenue.\\nForeclose. \u00e2\u0080\u0094To cut off the power of redemption under\\na mortgage.\\nForestall. \u00e2\u0080\u0094To buy goods before they reach the\\nmarket.\\nFolio. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Page of a book, usually the two opposite\\npages.\\nFranc. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A French silver coin, value about 20 cents.\\nFrank. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A free letter; a writing which exempts\\nfrom postage.\\nFraud. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Artifice by which another\u00e2\u0080\u0099s right or interest\\nis impaired.\\nFree Trade. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The policy of conducting international\\ncommerce without duties.\\nFreehold. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Rand held by free tenure or in fee simple,,\\nsubject to no superior or conditions.\\nFunds. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Stock or capital, a sum of money.\\nGauging. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Measuring the contents of casks, etc.\\nGrant. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Conveyance bestowment a thing con\u00c2\u00ac\\nveyed by deed.\\nGross Weight. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Weight of goods, including case,\\nbag, etc.\\nGuarantee or Guaranty. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A surety for performance\\nby a third person one who warrants.\\nGuarantor. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A warrantor.\\nHabeas Corpus. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A writ to deliver a person from\\nfalse imprisonment.\\nHigh Seas. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Waters of the ocean outside of the juris\u00c2\u00ac\\ndiction of any country.\\nHonor. \u00e2\u0080\u0094To accept and pay when due.\\nHypothecate. \u00e2\u0080\u0094To pledge as security.\\nImport. \u00e2\u0080\u0094To bring from another country.\\nImporter. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One who brings goods from abroad\\nImpost. Duty on goods paid by the importer.\\nIndemnity .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Recompense for injury or loss.\\nIndenture. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A writing containing a contract.\\nIndorsement. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A writing on the back of a note.\\nIn re. \u00e2\u0080\u0094In the matter of.\\nInsolvency. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Inability to pay all debts.\\nInsurance. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Indemnity from loss; the rate paid for\\nindemnity.\\nInstalment. Part of a sum of money paid or to be\\npaid from time to time.\\nInterest, fhe use of money premium paid for the\\nuse of money.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0670.jp2"}, "669": {"fulltext": "BUSINESS TERMS AND RULES.\\n627\\nIntestate. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Dying without making a valid will.\\nInvestment. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The laying out of money in the pur\u00c2\u00ac\\nchase of property.\\nInventory. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A list of goods.\\nInvoice. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A list of goods bought or sold, or con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsigned.\\nJettison. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A voluntary throwing of goods overboard\\nat sea in a storm to lighten ship.\\nJointure. \u00e2\u0080\u0094An estate in lands settled on a woman in\\nconsideration of marriage.\\nJoint Stock. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Property held in common by a com\u00c2\u00ac\\npany.\\nJoint-tenancy. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Joint occupancy not so close inti\u00c2\u00ac\\nmacy as partnership.\\nJournal. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A book used to classify and arrange busi\u00c2\u00ac\\nness transactions.\\nJudgment Note. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A note in the usual form, with the\\naddition of the power to confess judgment if not\\npaid.\\nJurisdiction. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The authority by which judicial offi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncers take cognizance of and decide causes.\\nLarceny. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The taking of goods or other personal\\nproperty feloniously.\\nLaw-merchant. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The general body of commercial\\nusages in matters relative to commerce.\\nLease. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A letting of land, etc., for hire the writing\\nor contract for such letting.\\nLegacy. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A bequest; a particular thing or certain\\nsum of money given by last will or testament.\\nLedger .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Book of accounts.\\nLessee. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One to whom a lease is made.\\nLetters of Credit. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A letter authorizing the holder to\\nreceive money on account of the writer.\\nLiability. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Debt or claim against a person.\\nLicense. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Begat permission to sell goods or to do\\ncertain things.\\nLien. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A legal claim on property to satisfy debt.\\nLiquidate. \u00e2\u0080\u0094To pay off, as debts to settle or adjust\\naccounts.\\nLoan. \u00e2\u0080\u0094To deliver to another, for temporary use\\nthe thing lent.\\nMalfeasance. \u00e2\u0080\u0094An act which one has no right to do.\\nMandatory. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One to whom business is intrusted or\\ncharge given.\\nManifest. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A list of articles comprisirg a vessel\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\ncargo.\\nMargin. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A sum of money deposited with a broker,\\nin stock transactions, to protect him against loss\\nby the depreciation of stocks held by him for\\nanother party. Also the difference between the\\nvalue of securities deposited as collateral and\\nthe amount loaned upon them.\\nMarine. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Relating to the sea.\\nMaritime Law. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Baw relating to harbors, ships and\\nseamen.\\nMark. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A weight in European countries for esti\u00c2\u00ac\\nmating gold and silver a German gold coin\\nequal to 23 T 3 ^c.\\nMart. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A place of public sale a market.\\nMaturity. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The date when a note or draft falls due\\nor is payable.\\nMaximum. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The highest figure.\\nMercantile Law. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Baw relating to business trans\u00c2\u00ac\\nactions.\\nJMerger. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The absorption of a thing of lesser import\u00c2\u00ac\\nance by a greater, whereby the lesser ceases to\\nexist, but the greater is not increased. For in\u00c2\u00ac\\nstance, a note on which a judgment is recovered\\nis absorbed by and merged in the judgment.\\nMinimum. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The lowest figure.\\nMint. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The place where money is coined.\\nMisfeasance. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Doing in an improper manner, by\\nwhich another receives an injury.\\nMitigation. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Bessening the amount of a judgment,\\npenalty or punishment.\\nMoney. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Current coin and circulating medium.\\nMoney Broker. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A broker who deals in money or\\nexchanges.\\nMonopoly. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The sole power of vending goods.\\nAlortgage. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The conveyance of real estate as col\u00c2\u00ac\\nlateral security of a debt.\\nMortgagee. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The person to whom the conveyance is\\nmade.\\nAlorlgagor. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One who makes the mortgage.\\nNegotiable. \u00e2\u0080\u0094That may be transferred by endorse\u00c2\u00ac\\nment and delivery, or by delivery alone.\\nNegotiate. \u00e2\u0080\u0094To transact business or treat with\\nanother respecting trade or treaty.\\nNet. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Clear of all charges and deductions.\\nNet Proceeds. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The sum left after deducting com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmission or discount, etc.\\nNon-feasance. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The non-performance of an act that\\nshould be done.\\nNon-suit. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Abandoning a case, usually by order of\\nthe court.\\nNote. \u00e2\u0080\u0094An obligation without a seal; a written\\npromise to pay.\\nNotary Public. \u00e2\u0080\u0094An officer whose chief business it is\\nto protest paper for non-payment.\\nOpen Policy. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A policy upon which amounts yet to\\nbe ascertained and insured may be entered at\\ndifferent times.\\nOstensible Partners. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Those whose names are made\\nknown to the public.\\nOutstanding Debts\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Those unpaid.\\nOvert. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Open to view, not secret, but manifest.\\nPar.-M yasi\\\\ value when market value equals face\\nvalue.\\nPartnership. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Company union of two or more in\\nbusiness.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0671.jp2"}, "670": {"fulltext": "628\\nBUSINESS TERMS AND RULES.\\nPawnbroker. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One wlio lends money on pledge or\\ndeposit of goods.\\nPayee. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The party to whom payment is to be made.\\nPayor. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One who pays cr is bound to pay.\\nPledge. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A pawn a deposit as security.\\nPolicy of Insurance. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Contract between the insurer\\nand the insured.\\nPortage. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The price of carrying; cost paid by the\\ncaptain for running his vessel.\\nPremises. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Things previously mentioned houses,\\nlands, etc.\\nPremium. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The sum paid for insurance the excess\\nof value above par.\\nPrice Current. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A table of the current price of mer\u00c2\u00ac\\nchandise, stocks, bills of exchange, etc.\\nPrima Facie. \u00e2\u0080\u0094On the first view of the matter.\\nPrimage. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A charge imposed in addition to the\\nfreight.\\nPrincipal. \u00e2\u0080\u0094An employer the head of a commercial\\nhouse the sum loaned upon which interest is\\npaid.\\nPro rata. \u00e2\u0080\u0094According to the rate proportionately.\\nProtest. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A formal declaration made by a notary\\npublic for want of payment of a promissory note,\\nor for want of acceptance of payment of a bill of\\nexchange.\\nQitarantine. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Restraint of intercourse to which a\\nship is subjected upon the supposition that she\\nis infected w T ith disease.\\nQuotations. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A statement of the prices of articles of\\nmerchandise, given for the information of cor\u00c2\u00ac\\nrespondents.\\nRate. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The proportion or standard.\\nRebatement. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Deduction for prompt payment; dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ncount.\\nReal Estate. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Land, and everything that legally\\npasses with the land, in a conveyance or sale.\\nReceipt. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A writing acknowledging the taking of\\nmoney of goods.\\nRefund. \u00e2\u0080\u0094To repay or pay back.\\nResources ,\u00e2\u0080\u0094Pecuniary means effects property.\\nRespondential Bond. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A pledge of a cargo at sea.\\nRetail. \u00e2\u0080\u0094To sell in small quantities.\\nRevenue. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Tax income rents customs and duties.\\nReversionary Interest. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A right to possession of\\nproperty at the termination of a certain period,\\nor upon the death of the holder.\\nRevocation. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The recall of power or authority con\u00c2\u00ac\\nferred, as the revocation of an agency.\\nSalvage. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A reward or recompense allowed by law\\nfor the saving of a ship or goods from loss at sea,\\neither by shipwreck or other means.\\nScrip. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Dividends issued by a stock company pay\u00c2\u00ac\\nable in stock. Scrip dividends are simply an\\nincrease of the capital of the company, as the\\nstock issued to meet them is added to the capital,\\nand in its turn is entitled to future dividends.\\nSeaworthy. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Fit for a voyage in a proper condition\\nto venture at sea.\\nSecondarily. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Applied to the endorser of a note or\\nthe drawer of a bill, signifying that he is only\\nconditionally liable, or liable if the maker and\\ndrawee fail.\\nShipment. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Goods act of shipping.\\nSight. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The time of presenting a bill to the drawee.\\nSignature. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The peculiar style in which a person\\nsigns his name.\\nSinking Fund. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A fund created by a government or\\ncorporation for the extinction of its indebtedness,\\nby the gradual purchase of its outstanding obliga\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions, and the application of the interest saved\\non these obligations thus redeemed to further\\npurchases.\\nSilent Partner. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One who invests his capital in a\\nbusiness house, but whose name does not appear\\nin the firm. His liability is limited to the\\nextent of his contribution, except in cases where\\nhe fails to make the proper publication of his\\nconnection with the concern.\\nSolicitor. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One who solicits a lawyer or advocate\\nin a court of chancery.\\nSolvency. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Ability to pay all debts.\\nSpecialty. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A writing sealed and delivered, contain\u00c2\u00ac\\ning some agreement.\\nStatement. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Usually a list of property, or resources\\nand liabilities.\\nStatistics. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A collection of facts respecting any par\u00c2\u00ac\\nticular thing.\\nStatute law. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A law established by act of the legis\u00c2\u00ac\\nlative power.\\nStipend. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Settled pay for services daily, monthly\\nor annual salary.\\nStipulation. \u00e2\u0080\u0094An agreement or contract.\\nStocks. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Shares in joint stock companies, and notes\\non the Government,\\nStock Broker or Jobber. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One who speculates in\\nstocks.\\nSurety. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Security against loss; a person bound for\\nthe faithful performance of a contract by another.\\nTacit. \u00e2\u0080\u0094That which is understood implied.\\nTare. \u00e2\u0080\u0094An allowance for weight of box, case, bag,\\ncask, etc., containing merchandise.\\nTariff. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A list of prices duties on imports and\\nexports.\\nTax. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A rate or sum of money imposed on persons\\nor property for public use.\\nTenants in common. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Persons holding lauds and\\ntenements by several and distinct titles, and not\\nby a joint title.\\nTenant. \u00e2\u0080\u0094One who holds prooerty under another.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0672.jp2"}, "671": {"fulltext": "BUSINESS TERMS AND RULES.\\n629\\nTenement. \u00e2\u0080\u0094That which is held.\\nTender. \u00e2\u0080\u0094To offer for acceptance. Legal tender is\\nsuch money as the law prescribes shall pass\\ncurrent.\\nTenure. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The mode in which one holds an estate in\\nlands.\\nTestator. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The person who has made a valid will.\\nTickler. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Name of a book kept by banks.\\nTime of Draft. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A draft maturing at a future speci\u00c2\u00ac\\nfied time.\\nTonnage. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Weight of a ship\u00e2\u0080\u0099s load; capacity of a\\nvessel.\\nTransact. \u00e2\u0080\u0094To perform any act of business; to\\nmanage.\\nTransfer. \u00e2\u0080\u0094To convey to sell or alienate title.\\nTreasury. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A place where public money is kept.\\nTrustee. One to whom some special trust is\\nassigned.\\nUncurrent. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Not passing in common payment, as\\ns. d. in the United States.\\nUnderwriter. \u00e2\u0080\u0094An insurer so called because he\\nunderwrites his name to the conditions of the\\npolicy.\\nUsage of Trade. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Custom, or the frequent repetition\\nof the same act in business transactions.\\nUsance. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A fixed time on bills of exchange busi\u00c2\u00ac\\nness habit generally acted upon from force of\\ncustom.\\nUsury. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Excess of interest over the amount allowed\\nby law.\\nValid. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Of binding force strong effectual.\\nValue. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The rate of worth or amount or price of a\\ncommodity.\\nVend. \u00e2\u0080\u0094To sell to transfer for a pecuniary con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsideration.\\nVendee. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The person to whom a thing is sold.\\nVersus. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Against.\\nVoid. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Having no binding force or effect.\\nVoidable. \u00e2\u0080\u0094That wdiich has some force or effect, but\\nwhich, in consequence of some inherent quality,\\nmay be annulled or avoided.\\nVoucher. \u00e2\u0080\u0094A paper that confirms anything, particu\u00c2\u00ac\\nlarly the truth of accounts.\\nWages. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Compensation for services.\\nWaiver. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The relinquishment or refusal to accept of\\na right.\\nWares. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Goods merchandise commodities.\\nWarrant. \u00e2\u0080\u0094To invest with authority to arrest a\\nperson to insure against defects.\\nWharfage. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Money paid for use of a wharf or dock..\\nWharfinger. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The owner or keeper of a wharf.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0673.jp2"}, "672": {"fulltext": "il\\nii l\\ni!ll.\\ni!\\n4\\nM\\n4 s\\ni* i!\\nii*\\niS\\nIk\\ni |4\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0080\u00a2liiSA,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0098Jii T\\niil!^\\n4 \\\\^l\\ni Ii|t4\\n.\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0080\u00a2illii\\ni|* if* *f* *f* i k\\nJTSHE following system of Bookkeeping,\\nthe best now in use in commercial\\nschools and mercantile houses, should be\\nlearned by every boy and girl. It\\nsimple that it can be easily understood.\\nis so\\nIt would be well for the learner to have\\nan instructor, but the system here presented\\ncan be learned without this by anyone who\\nwill study it page by page and diligently\\nfollow the instructions.\\nSigns and Abbreviations Used in Business.\\nAcct .Account\\nAd lib. At pleasure\\nAdnir .Administrator\\nAdmx .Administratrix\\nAdv .Adventure\\nAgt .Agent\\nAmt .Amount\\nA ns .Answer\\nA. D .In the year of our Lord\\nA. M. .In the year of the World\\nA. M. .Before noon\u00e2\u0080\u0094Morning\\nApr. .April\\nAsst .Assistant\\nAsstd .Assorted\\nAug .August\\nAve .Avenue\\nBal .Balance\\nBds .Boards\\nBgs .Bags\\nBbl. .Barrel\\nBk .Bank\\nB. B .Bill Book\\nBlk .Black\\nBis .Bales\\nBot .Bought\\nBi O .Brother\\nBrot .Brought\\nBu .Bushel\\nBxs .Boxes\\nBills Rec. or BjR Bills Receivable\\nBills Pay. or BJP Bills Payable\\nCap .Capital\\nC. B\\nCh gd,\\nCk\\nC. L\\nC. 0 D.\\nCo\\nColl\\nCol\\nConst.\\nCom\\nCon.\\nCr\\nCts.\\nD. B.\\nDep\\nDec.\\nDeft\\nDft\\nDis.\\nD. i.\\nDo.\\nDoz.\\nDr.\\nDray.\\nD sr.\\nDays\\nPa.\\nE. E.\\nE. O. E.\\nexcepted\\nEng\\nEnt d.\\nEtal.\\nG30", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0674.jp2"}, "673": {"fulltext": "BOOKKEEPING.\\n031\\nEx .Example\\nExch .Exchange\\nExp .Expense\\nEx. ret. .At the information of\\nFav .Favor\\nFeb .February\\nf.o.b .Free on board\\nFol .Folio\\nFor d .Forward\\nFrt .Freight\\nGal. Gallon\\nGro .Gross\\nGt. Gro .Great Gross\\nGuar .Guaranteed\\nHhd .Hogshead\\nHund .Hundred\\nI. B .Invoice Book\\nlb \u00e2\u0096\u00a0.Ibid\u00e2\u0080\u0094in the same place\\nId. .Idem\u00e2\u0080\u0094the same\\nI. E .Id est\u00e2\u0080\u0094That is\\nIns .Insurance\\nInst .Instant\u00e2\u0080\u0094the present month\\nInt .Interest\\nInvt Inventory\\nJan .January\\nJ. D. B .Journal Day Book\\nJ. F. .Journal Folio\\nJour. .Journal\\nL. B. .Letter Book\\nL. C. L .Less than Carloads\\nL. F. .Ledger Folio\\nLbs .Pounds\\nMar .March\\nMdse .Merchandise\\nMem .Memorandum\\nMessrs .Gentlemen\u00e2\u0080\u0094Sirs\\nMo .Month\\nMat .National\\nM. B .Nota Bene\u00e2\u0080\u0094Take notice\\nMo .Number (Numero)\\nM. O. S. .Not otherwise specified\\nMov .November\\nO. C. .Overcharge\\nOct .October\\nO. R .Owner\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Risk\\nOz .Ounce\\nP ;.Page\\nPer. .By\\nPer cent .By the hundred\\nPer an .By the year\\nPayt .Payment\\nP. C. B .Pretty Cash Book\\nPd. .Paid\\nPkg .Package\\nP.df L .Profit and Loss\\nPr\\nPair\\nP.S.\\nPs\\nPrem\\nPres\\nPro .r.\\nProximo\u00e2\u0080\u0094the next monl\\nPtff.\\nReed\\nReceived\\nR. R\\nRailroad\\nS. B\\nShipt\\nSept\\nSt\\nSt. DJt\\n5 S.\\nSS.- or ss.\\nThat is to say\\nSq.ft,\\nSq. yds\\nSund s\\nSundries\\nT.B\\nTrans\\nTransaction\\nUlt.\\nUltimo\u00e2\u0080\u0094the last month\\nVis\\nNamely\\nVs\\nVersus\u00e2\u0080\u0094against\\nI V. B\\nWay bill\\nWk\\nWeek\\nWt\\nWeight\\nYds.\\nYards\\nYr\\nYear\\nV?.\\nDollars\\n0-\\nCents\\nPound Sterling\\nShillings\\nd.\\nPence\\nUsed for shillings, as\\n3/6 3s. 6d.\\n.At or to\\nAccount\\nB/L\\nBill of lading\\nC/O\\nCare of\\nO.K.\\nAll correct\\nDitto\\n3 \\\\I.\\n.One thousand\\nfc\\nPer cent\\nPer or by\\nc.\\nAnd so forth\\nAnd\\nv\\nCheck mark\\nNumber or pounds\\n(Mumber when placed\\nfore a figure, pounds w\\nplaced after)\\n4.4 or 4 l4.\\nFour quarter\u00e2\u0080\u0094one yard\\nP\\nOne and one-fourth\\ni 2\\nOne and one-half\\n3\\nOne and three-fourths", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0675.jp2"}, "674": {"fulltext": "632\\nBUSINESS RULES AND FORMS.\\nMETHOD OF KEEPING BOOKS.\\nBookkeeping is the science of accounts.\\nBookkeeping, like Banking, was first used\\nin Italy. Two distinct methods are in use:\\nbookkeeping by single entry and bookkeep\u00c2\u00ac\\ning by double entry.\\nHEAD FOR BOOKS.\\nSingle Entry shows one\u00e2\u0080\u0099s standing with\\no\\nthe individual, firm or corporation with whom\\nhe has transacted business, and it does that\\nas well as double entry; but it does not go\\nbeyond that.\\nDouble Entry, and double entry alone,\\nexhibits the relation of the business man to\\nthe kinds of property possessed, and the\\nloss or gain made upon each kind, and\\nwithout the aid of anything else than the\\ntaking of the account of stock; the Ledger,\\nby double entry, exhibits all the facts of the\\ncase.\\nIn double entry, accounts are not only\\nwith persons, but with all kinds of property,\\netc. The amounts which are placed on the\\ndebit side of one account must be placed on\\nthe credit side of another account. This is\\nthe fundamental principle of double entry\\nbookkeeping, for there cannot be a debit\\nwithout a corresponding credit, and vice\\nversa.\\nSingle entry is without the advantage of\\nthe check furnished by the Trial Balance\\nused in Double entry. When one desires his\\nLedger closed, to see where he stands and\\nhow he has reached his present position, if\\nhis Ledger has been keep by single entry it\\nwill furnish only two schedules or lists, the\\none consisting of the names of individuals,\\nfirms, or corporations owing him, and the\\nother consisting of the names of individuals,\\nfirms or corporations to whom he is in debt..\\nAll other facts needed in the determination\\nof his condition must be ascertained outside\\nof the Ledger.\\nDebits are entries upon the left hand or\\ncharge side of an account of business trans\u00c2\u00ac\\nactions. Credits are entries upon the right\\nhand or discharge or trust side of an account\\nof business transactions.\\nA Business Transaction is an exchange\\nof values.\\nACCOUNTS.\\nAccounts are of two kinds: Speculative\\nand Non-speadative.\\nSpeculative Accounts show losses and\\ngains, and include such accounts as Mer\u00c2\u00ac\\nchandise, Real Estate, Railroad Stock, Ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npense, etc.\\nNon-speculative Accounts show Re\u00c2\u00ac\\nsources and Liabilities on which, from their\\nnature, can be neither increase or decrease\\nof value, such as Cash, Bills Receivable, etc.,\\nand on which there is neither loss nor crain\\no\\nunless it arises incidentally, in the case of a\\nfailure of the individual, firm, or corpora\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion in debt, or loss of cash by theft or fire.\\nBOOKS OF ACCOUNT.\\nBooks of Account are the various books\\nin which entries of business transactions are\\nmade, and are of three kinds: Books of", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0676.jp2"}, "675": {"fulltext": "BOOKKEEPING.\\n633\\nOriginal Entry, Auxiliary Books and Books\\nof Subsequent Entry.\\nBooks of Original Entry are those in\\nwhich the business transaction is recorded at\\nthe time of its occurrence, and from which\\nis taken, directly or indirectly, to the Ledger:\\nas the Day Book, Cash Book, Invoice Book,\\nSales Book, etc.\\nAuxiliary Books aid materially in giv\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the particulars and details of a trans\u00c2\u00ac\\naction. They comprise the Bank Book, Bill\\nBook, Draft Book, Note Book, Order Book,\\nTicker, etc.\\nBooks of Subsequent Entry are the I\\nJournal and Ledger. The Journal is some- I\\ntimes used to prepare the entries for the\\nLedger, in which are collected together in\\none place, under their appropriate heads, all\\ndebits and credits of like character.\\nBILLS AND BOOKS OF ORIGINAL\\nENTRY.\\nThe proper making of bills of goods is a\\nvery important feature of counting-house\\nduty, and the recording of business trans\u00c2\u00ac\\nactions in books of original entry is of great\\nimportance.\\nThe requisites of a proper book of original\\nentries are\\nFirst .\u00e2\u0080\u0094That the book is the original book\\nof entries, and not one in which the entries\\nare transcribed from another book.\\nSecond .\u00e2\u0080\u0094That they shall be properly de\u00c2\u00ac\\ntailed and not lumped, giving such items of\\naccount, prices and kinds of goods that the\\nparty shall be able to tell what he is charged\\nwith.\\nThird .\u00e2\u0080\u0094That the entries charge the parties\\nby name with sufficient definiteness to indi\u00c2\u00ac\\nvidualize the party charged, and to distin\u00c2\u00ac\\nguish him from every one else.\\nFourth .\u00e2\u0080\u0094That the entries are made for\\ngoods sold and delivered, or work and labor\\ndone in the usual course of business.\\nFifth .\u00e2\u0080\u0094That the respective dates of the\\nentries are given.\\nSixth .\u00e2\u0080\u0094That the entries are made at or\\nabout the time the goods are set apart for\\ndelivery, or are delivered, or the work is\\nfinished.\\nDAY BOOK.\\nThe book of original entry is the Day\\nBook, or a subdivision of it. There should\\nbe entered into it, or its subdivision a concise\\nand comprehensive history of the merchant\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nbusiness transactions, and they should be so\\ncarefully and clearly made that one familiar\\nAN EXPERT ACCOUNTANT.\\nwith business affairs, although an entire\\nstranger to these particular transactions, would\\nunderstand them fully by merely reading the\\nrecord of them.\\nIf mistakes are made, either in words or\\nfigures, they should be cancelled by drawing\\nlines of red ink through the mistake, and\\nshould not under any circumstances be\\nerased. As books of original entry only are\\nallowed in cases of litigation, it becomes more\\nimportant that erasures should not be made\\nin them.\\nThe Day Book is rarely ever used in a ousi-\\nness by itself. The keeping of a Cash Book\\nis strongly urged, no matter how limited", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0677.jp2"}, "676": {"fulltext": "634\\nBUSINESS RULES AND FORMS.\\nthe business in either number or volume of\\ntransactions, and, when kept, to use it only\\nfor the receipt or disbursement of cash.\\nTHE CASH BOOK.\\nThis may be defined as that part of the\\nDay Book, or that branch of the Day Book,\\ninto which is entered all cash received.\\nIf the books of original entry are limited\\nto the Cash Book and Day Book, the rule of\\n(.classification to be followed in making entries\\nHEAD FOR MECHANICS.\\nin them is this: Enter into the Cash Book\\nall Cash received and all Cash paid out, and\\nenter everything else into the Day Book.\\nIn very many businesses it is very desira\u00c2\u00ac\\nble that there should be kept, in some way,\\nan Invoice Book and a Sales Book.\\nTHE INVOICE BOOK\\nIs that branch or department of the Day\\nBook into which purchases of Merchandise\\nare entered.\\nWhen it is necessary to keep an Invoice\\nBook, it is also necessary to keep a\\nSALES BOOK.\\nThis is a subdivision or part of the Day\\nBook, into which are entered all sales of\\nMerchandise made by the merchant. A\\nSales Book is sometimes made out of an\\nordinary letter copying book, into which, by\\nan ordinary letter press, a copy of every bill\\nsent by the merchant to his customers is\\ntaken, and from the Sales Book the charges\\nand credits are taken to the Ledger.\\nWhen the books of original entry em\u00c2\u00ac\\nbrace Cash Book, Day Book, Invoice Book\\nand Sales Book, there should be entered into\\nthe Cash Book, as above, all moneys received\\nand all moneys paid out, and into the In\u00c2\u00ac\\nvoice Book all Merchandise bought, and\\ninto the Sales Book all Merchandise sold,\\nand into the Day Book every other kind of\\nbusiness transacted.\\nSometimes the Bill Book is used as a book\\nof original entry. When so used it ceases to\\nbe an Auxiliary Book and becomes a branch\\nor division of the Day Book, into which are\\nentered all Bills Receivable received and\\nTills Payable issued. Under such circum\u00c2\u00ac\\nstances the Day Book would not be used for\\nthe reception and issuing of promissory\\nnotes and acceptances.\\nTransactions to be recorded in books of original entry when the Day Book and Cash Book\\nonly are kept.\\nFebruary 3, 1888 \u00e2\u0080\u0094Commercial business with a Cash Capital of $2500. Bought of John B. Ellison Sons\\n350 yds. Black Diagonal Cloth, ^2.25=^787.50. Gave them my note, 90 days, for amount of their bill,\\n$787.50. Sold T. J. Barlow 50 yds. Diagonal, $2.75 =$137.50. Received from him, cash, $137.50. Paid\\nRent of Store for one month, in advance, $125. Paid for Postage, $10.\\nThe day-book items above would appear in the Day Book as follows:", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0678.jp2"}, "677": {"fulltext": "BOOK-KEEPING.\\nPhii.adei.phia, February 3, 189\\n635\\n1\\nCommenced business this day with a cash Capital of $2500\\nBought of John B. Ellison Sons, on 90 days\u00e2\u0080\u0099 note,\\n350 yds. Black Diagonal Cloth, $2.25\\n787\\n50\\nGave John B. Ellison Sons my note at 90 days for invoice of this date.\\n787\\n50\\nSold T. J. Barlow, for cash,\\n50 yds. Black Diagonal, $2.75\\n137\\n50\\nThe cash items in the above set of transactions wonld appear in the Cash Book as\\nfollows:\\nDr, Cash. Cash. Cr,\\nThe books of every business man should\\nfaithfully reflect his monetary transactions.\\nIt is one of the achievements of a perfect\\nsystem of book-keeping that it chronicles\\nall the transactions of an individual or firm,\\nand does it so effectively that the exact state\\nof affairs can be made known any day.\\nThere must be clear ideas as to what needs\\nto be done, and the strictest fidelity in doing\\nTransactions to be entered in books of origv,\\nSales Book and Day Book.\\nit. Some mercantile accounts are contin\u00c2\u00ac\\nually and almost hopelessly muddled.\\nThere is no necessity for this, and, besides,\\nit is disastrous to all business success. The\\nold-fashioned, country store-keeper used to\\ncarry his accounts in his head, or kept them\\nwith a piece of chalk on the cellar door.\\nHe was a man to be laughed at, not to be\\nimitated.\\nentry comprising Cash Book Divoice Book\\nMarch 1, 1S9 .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Invested in business, Cash, $2000. Bought of Camden Woolen Mills, 650 yards of Cassi-\\nmeres, $1.75 $1 137-50. Gave them cash, on account, $537-5\u00c2\u00b0 and my note, 60 days^for balance, $600,\\nPai(Tonefmonth\u00e2\u0080\u0099s RenP, in advance, $100. Paid for Stationery, $12.50. Sold to John Stilz Son 200 yds, Cassi-\\nmeres (a), $2 25 $450. Received in cash, on account, $200, and their note, 10 days, for $250. Bought of\\nWendell Fay C0T500 yds. Black Serge, $2.25 $1125. Gave them cash, on account, $625, and my note,\\n0 3 o days, for $500. Sold to Hughes Miller, 250 yds. Serge, $2.75 $687.50. Received from them,\\ncash, $687.50.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0679.jp2"}, "678": {"fulltext": "C3G BUSINESS RULES AND FORMS.\\nThe cash items in preceding transactions would appear in Cash Book as follows:\\nDr. Cash. Cash. Cr,\\nThe purchases mentioned above would appear in the Invoice Book as foliov/s:\\nPhiladelphia, March i, 189\\nCamden Woolen Mills\\n650 yds. Cassimere,\\n$*\u00e2\u0096\u00a0\u00e2\u0080\u00a275\\nii37\\n50\\n1\\nWendell, Fay Co.\\n500 yds. Black Serge,\\n$2.25\\n1125\\n00\\nThe sales mentioned above would appear in the Sales Book as follows:\\nPhiladelphia, March i, 189\\nJno. Stilz Son\\n200 yds. Cassimere,\\n\u00c2\u00a32.25\\n450\\nOO\\nHughes Miller\\n250 yds. Serge,\\n$2.75\\n6S7\\n50\\nThose items mentioned above, which do not appear in the Cash Book, Invoice\\nBook and Sales Book, would be entered in the Day Book as follows:\\nPhiladelphia, March i, 189\\nGave Camden Woolen Mills my note, 60 days, to balance their bill\\nthis date\\n600\\noc\\nReceived from John Stilz Son their note, 10 days, for balance of bill\\nof this date\\n250\\nOO\\nGave Wendell, Fay Co. my note, 30 days, to balance their account\\nc\\n0\\nOO\\n1", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0680.jp2"}, "679": {"fulltext": "BOOK-KEEPING.\\n637\\nTHE JOURNAL.\\nIs a book in which the debits and credits of\\ntransactions appearing in the books of origi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnal entry may be written before they are\\ntaken to the Ledger, and it is also used for\\nthe recording of debits and credits needed\\nin closing the Ledger.\\nThe writing of debits and credits in the\\nJournal is called Journalizing.\\nBAY-BOOK JOURNAL.\\nThe Day Book and the Journal are fre\u00c2\u00ac\\nquently combined in a book called the Day\\nBook-Journal, in which the Day Book entry\\nis written and journalized immediately un\u00c2\u00ac\\nderneath, and the amounts extended in the\\nmoney columns as in the Journal, the money\\ncolumns in the Day Book-Journal being used\\n(or debits and credits instead of for items and\\ntotals as in the Day Book.\\nRULES FOR DEBITING AND\\nCREDITING.\\nThe rules for debiting and crediting Per\u00c2\u00ac\\nsonal Accounts, be they with individuals,\\nlinns or corporations, are:\\nDebit the account of those to whom you\\ngive any value. Credit the account of those\\nfrom whom you receive any value.\\nThe rules for debiting and acrediting\\naccounts with things are:\\nDebit the thing received, or that which\\ncosts value. Credit the thing parted with\\nor that which produces you value.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cPosting\u00e2\u0080\u009d is the process of transferring\\nthe various entries in the Cash Book and\\nDay Book to their proper accounts in the\\nLedger. It is the custom of the best book\u00c2\u00ac\\nkeepers to post their books once a week, and\\nthus avoid an accumulation of work at the\\nend of the month; but in no case should the\\nposting be delayed longer than once a month.,\\nas it is necessary to close the Cash Book and\\nDay Book on the last day of each month as\\nhas been already explained.\\nThe book-keeper must be careful to post\\neach entry on the proper side of the account\\nin the Ledger, and to write the figures\\ncorrectly, as the slightest error will throw\\nthe books out of balance.\\nMemorandum of transactions entered m the Day Book on page 380, and here Journalized.\\\\\\nMarch i, 189 .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Gave Camden Woolen Mills my note, 60 days, to balance account, $600. Received\\nfrom John Stilz Son their note, 90 days, for balance of bill this date, $250. Gave Wendell, Fay Co.\\nmy note, 30 days, to balance their account, $500.\\nThese would appear in the Journal as follows:\\nPhiladelphia, March i, 189\\nCamden Woolen Mills\\nBills Payable\\n600\\n00\\n600\\n00\\nPills Receivable\\n250\\n00\\nJno. Stilz Son\\n250\\n00\\nWendell, Fay Co.\\n500\\n00\\n1\\ni\\n1\\nBills Pavable\\n500\\n00\\nMemorandum of transactions entered in the Cash Book on page 380, and here Journalized\\nMarch 1, 189 .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Invested in business $2000. Gave Camden Woolen \u00e2\u0080\u009cMills, on account, $537.50. Paid one\\nmonth\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Rent, $100. Paid for Stationery, $12.50. Received from Jno. Stilz Son, on account, $200. Gave\\nWendell, Fay Co., on account, $625. Received from Hughes Miller, on account, $687.50.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0681.jp2"}, "680": {"fulltext": "638\\nBUSINESS RULES AND FORMS.\\nThese would appear in the Journal as follows:\\nPhiladelphia, March i, 1S9\\nCash\\nCO\\nCO\\nCl\\n50\\nMerchant\\n2000\\nOO\\nJno. Stilz Son\\n200\\nOO\\nHughes Miller\\n687\\n50\\nCamden Woolen Mills\\n537\\n50\\nExpense\\n100\\n00\\nExpense\\n12\\n50\\nWendell, Fay Co.\\n625\\n00\\nCash\\nI275\\nOO\\nMemorandum of transactions entered in the Invoice Book on page 380, and here Journalized\\nMarch, 1 189 .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Bought of Camden Woolen Mills bill of Cassimeres amounting to $1137.50. Bought of\\nWendell, Fay Co. bill of Serge, $1125.00.\\nThese would appear in the Journal as follows:\\nPhiladelphia, March i, 1S9\\nMdse.\\nCamden Woolen Mills\\n2262\\n50\\nH 37\\n50\\nWendell, Fay Co.\\n1125\\n00\\nMemorandum of transactions entered in the Sales Book, on page 380, and here Journalized.\\nMarch 1, 189 .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Sold John Stilz Son Cloths to the amount of $450. Sold Hughes Miller bill of Clotha\\nto the amount of $687.50.\\nThese would appear in the Journal as follows:\\nPhiladelphia, March i, 1S9\\nJno. Stilz Son\\n450\\n00\\nHughes Miller\\nMdse.\\n6S7\\n5\\n1137\\n50\\nLEDGER.\\nThe Ledger is the principal book, and all\\nother books are subservient to it. It is the\\nbook of accounts, and in it are gathered\\nfrom the books of original entry, either\\ndirectly or through the Journal, all the\\nbusiness transactions of which a record has\\nbeen made; but nothing can be entered into\\ntile Ledger until (1) it is known to what\\naccount the entry belongs, and (2) o\\\\ which\\nAide it is to be entered. For each person\\nwho becomes indebted to us, or to whom we\\nowe anything, and for each sort of property\\nof which we may become possessed, an\\naccount must be opened and indexed, and\\nthe date and amount of the item placed\\ntherein. Numerous transactions are thus\\nbrought, in this condensed form, into a very\\nsmall compass. The debtor, or charged\\nitems, are placed on the left hand side and\\nthe creditor, or discharged, or trusted items.,\\non the right hand side. By deducting th\u00c2\u00a3\\nsum of the items on the one side, from the\\nsum of the items upon the other side, an\\neasy determination is made of the amount\\ndue us, ot due by us, or the amount of", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0682.jp2"}, "681": {"fulltext": "BOOK-KEEPING.\\n639\\nproperty on hand, or the actual gain or loss.\\nThe Ledger is a summary of the transac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions, and gives only the date and amount\\nof the items, the page of the books from\\nwhich they have been brought, and the\\nname of the corresponding accounts. For\\nother particulars, reference must be made to\\nthe books of original entry and to the\\nauxiliary books.\\nA double entry Ledger is usually divided\\nvertically in the middle, and the ruling is\\nthe same on the left as on the right.\\nTransactions appear in the books of origi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnal entry in the order of the date of their\\noccurrence, but in the Ledger they are clas\u00c2\u00ac\\nsified in the order of their kind, all of the\\nsame kind being grouped together and con*\\nItituting an account.\\nAn account in the Ledger is an arrange\u00c2\u00ac\\nment of the debits and credits of business\\ntransactions of a like character, in a space set\\napart for them with the name or title of the\\naccount written at the top.\\nThe Ledger is made up exclusively of\\nthese different kinds of debits and credits,\\nor different accounts, and everv account has\\ntwo sides\u00e2\u0080\u0094a debit or left hand one, and a\\ncredit or right hand one. Below will be\\nfound a space ruled as a page of a double\\nentry Ledger, with the use of each division\\ndenoted:\\n(Side.)\\nDr.\\n(Name of account.)\\nBirrs Receivable.\\n(Side.)\\nCr.\\n189\\niy\\n14\\nTojno. Wanamaker\\n560\\n75869\\n189\\nJ ul y\\nBy W. M. Singei ly\\nCASH ACCOUNT.\\nCash Account does not contain the items\\nfound in the Cash Book, but it is debited\\nu To Sundries\u00e2\u0080\u009d for the total amount of cash\\nreceived from all sources and credited \u00e2\u0080\u009cBy\\nSundries\u00e2\u0080\u009d for cash expenditures of all kinds.\\nThe Cash Account in the Ledger is in it\u00c2\u00ac\\nself a skeleton Cash Book, or a Cash Book\\nfrom which particulars have been excluded.\\nAs more money cannot be paid out than\\nis received, Cash Account will either close it\u00c2\u00ac\\nself when all the money has been paid out,\\nor will close \u00e2\u0080\u009cBy Balance\u00e2\u0080\u009d for whatever\\namount remains unexpended. The differ\u00c2\u00ac\\nence between the two sides at any time\\nshould agree with the amount of Cash on\\nhand at that time.\\nIt is the custom of most book-keepers to\\nuse what is called a Petty Cash Book. Any\\nblank book ruled with dollar and cent col\u00c2\u00ac\\numns will answer. The Petty Cash Book is\\nfor expenditures only, and saves the book\u00c2\u00ac\\nkeeper a great deal of time and labor which\\nwould be required were all the minor ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npenses entered in the Cash Book and trans\u00c2\u00ac\\nferred separately to the Ledger.\\nCash is a Non-speculative Account. Take\\nthe following example:", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0683.jp2"}, "682": {"fulltext": "640\\nBUSINESS RULES AND FORMS.\\nCash.\\nDr.\\nCr 0\\n189\\n189\\nJan.\\n31\\nTo Sundries\\n5\\n500\\n00\\nJan.\\n3 i\\nBy Sundries\\n5\\n300\\nOO\\nFeb.\\n29\\ndo\\n20\\n300\\n00\\nFeb.\\n29\\ndo\\n20\\n400\\n00\\nMar.\\n31\\ndo\\n34\\n200\\n00\\nMar.\\n3 i\\ndo\\n34\\n150\\nOO\\nApr.\\n30\\ndo\\n46\\n100\\n00\\nApr.\\n30\\ndo\\n46\\n200\\nOO\\nMay\\n3 i\\ndo\\n53\\n200\\n00\\nMay\\n3 i\\ndo\\n53\\nj 10000\\nJune\\n30\\ndo\\n64\\n500\\n00\\nJune\\n10\\ndo\\n64\\n30000\\nt\\nBalance\\n1 35000\\n1800\\n00\\n0\\n0\\nCO\\nt-l\\nGO\\n109\\nI\\nJune\\n30\\nTo Balance\\nI 350\\nOO\\nIt will be noticed that the total Receipts\\nof Cash are entered on the Debit, or left hand\\nside, and that the total Payments are entered\\nupon the Credit, or right hand side.\\nMERCHANDISE ACCOUNT.\\nThis is a Speculative Account and is\\ncharged with all goods or other property\\nwhich we buy for the purpose of selling in\\nthe regular line or conduct of our business.\\nIt embraces the manufacturers\u00e2\u0080\u0099 wares, shop\u00c2\u00ac\\nkeepers\u00e2\u0080\u0099 goods and the produce or property\\nin which a merchant trades, as well as the\\nstaple commodities of a country in the hands\\nof regular dealers in them.\\nMerchandise is always Credited for the\\nsale of that which has been charged against\\nit. It may be likened to a clerk to whom is\\nintrusted all the goods, etc., bought, and who\\nis discharged from the responsibility of their\\ncare when they are sold.\\nThis account must be credited \u00e2\u0080\u009cBy In\u00c2\u00ac\\nventory\u00e2\u0080\u009d for the amount of merchandise on\\nhand, as shown in the Inventory, then the\\naccount is to be closed \u00e2\u0080\u009cTo or By Loss and\\nGain\u00e2\u0080\u009d account, according as the difference\\nbetween the two sides shows a gain or a\\nloss.\\nAfter closing and ruling this account, it\\nmust be debited \u00e2\u0080\u009cTo Inventory\u00e2\u0080\u009d for the\\namount of the stock on hand.\\nThe reader is recommended to rule several\\npages of a blank book, and to practice keep\u00c2\u00ac\\ning a Day Book according to the instructions\\nherein contained. By this it is not meant\\nthat he should simply copy or confine him\u00c2\u00ac\\nself to the forms given in these pages. He\\nshould, beginning with the Cash and Day\\nBooks, open a complete set of books, and\\nkeep them as though he were actually en\u00c2\u00ac\\ngaged in business, extending them as far as\\npossible, and posting them as directed in\\nthese instructions. This will give him an\\namount of practice which will be found very\\nuseful.\\nPurchases and Sales of Merchandise.\\nJanuary io, 189 .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Bought from John Wanamaker bill of goods amounting to $652.75. Bought from Straw-\\nbridge Clothier a number of articles amounting to $126.37. Bought from Coffin, Altemus Co. a case of\\nMuslin for $141.63. Received from Wood, Brown Co. Cassimeres to the amount of $1394.60. Bought from\\nMorris Lewis Beavers amounting to $3264.48. Bought of Hood, Bonbright Co. Dry Goods to the amount\\nof 463 74\\nSold M. L. Waterhouse Sons, Frankford, Phila., Beavers to the amount of $326.48. Sold Curwen Stod-\\ndart Bro. Beavers to the amount of $652.50. Sold S. C. Webster Sou Dry Goods to the amount of $231 87\\nSold Mrs. M. D. Graham, Dover, Del., goods to the amount of $75.\\nInventory of stock on hand amounts to $5300.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0684.jp2"}, "683": {"fulltext": "BOOK-KEEPING.\\n641\\nThese entries taken from the Day Book, through the Journal, will appear in the Mer*\\nchandise Account of the Ledger as follows:\\nMdse. o.\\n189\\nJan.\\n10\\nToJ. Wanamaker\\n8\\n652\\n75\\n189\\nJan.\\n10\\nBy M. L. Waterhouse\\n8\\n^26 a8\\n4 4\\nStrawbridge Clothier\\n8\\n126\\n37\\n44\\n4 4\\nCurwen Stoddart Co.\\n8\\n652\\n5\\nCoffin, A. Co.\\n8\\n141\\n6 3\\n4\\n4 4\\nS. C. Webster Son\\n8\\n231\\n87\\nWood, B. Co.\\n8\\n1394\\n60\\nMrs. M. D. Graham\\n8\\n75\\n00\\n4\\n4 4\\nMorris Lewis\\n8\\n3264\\n78\\nt 4\\nInventory\\n12\\n5500\\n00\\nHood, Bonbright Co.\\n8\\n4 6 3\\n74\\n4 4\\n44\\n4 4\\nLoss and Gain\\n15\\n741\\n98\\n4 4\\n67S5\\n85\\n6785\\n85\\n189\\nJan.\\n31\\nTo Inventory\\n14\\n55 oo\\n00\\nPERSONAE ACCOUNTS.\\nA Personal Account is an account with\\neither an Individual, a Firm, ora Corpora\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, or with such a natural or legal person\\nas may sue or be sued at law.\\nAn Account bearing the name of an Indi\u00c2\u00ac\\nvidual, Firm, or Corporation should be\\ndebited for all moneys paid, all goods sold^\\nor for property of any sort or kind transfer\u00c2\u00ac\\nred to such individual, firm, or corporation.\\nSuch an Account should be credited for\\nall moneys received, or goods bought, or for\\nproperty of any sort or kind received from\\nsuch individual, firm, or corporation.\\nIf the sum of the debits of such an Account\\nis greater than the sum of the credits, the\\nindividual, firm, or corporation is in debt,\\nand constitutes what is called in business a\\nBook Account due to the merchant or busi\u00c2\u00ac\\nness man, or an Asset, or a Resource, and\\nwill close By Balance.\u00e2\u0080\u009d If, on the other\\nhand, the sum of the credits is greater than\\nthe sum of the debits, the merchant or busi\u00c2\u00ac\\nness man owes the individual, firm, or cor\u00c2\u00ac\\nporation, and it is called a Liability, and will\\nbe closed \u00e2\u0080\u009cTo Balance.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nA very great assistance to the book-keeper\\nin checking his books is the habit, now well-\\nnigh universal, of sending out statements of\\naccounts on the first of each month, by which\\nwe learn whether or not the books of our\\ncustomers agree with our books, and, receiv\u00c2\u00ac\\ning from those to whom we are indebted,\\nsimilar statements, we learn how our ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncounts appear on the Ledgers of those to\\nwhom we are indebted, and thus is insti\u00c2\u00ac\\ntuted a comparison between our accounts as\\nthey appear on their books and their ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncounts as they appear on our books.\\nThis matter of sending out monthly state\u00c2\u00ac\\nments should be borne in mind, because it is\\nof assistance to the book-keeper in testing\\nthe correctness of his books, as well as for\\nits importance to the financial management\\nof the business. One can never be too\\nprompt in making monthly statements.\\nPersonal Accounts are Non-speculative\\nAccounts.\\nBusiness Transacted with Individuals, Firms and Corporations.\\nVebruary io, 189 .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Sold Robert Boyd, bill of Oils and Paints to amount of $135.50. Also sold him 100\\nshares Reading R. R. Stock, $30 a share, $3000. Bought of him ioo.shares Penna. R. R. Stock, $52 a\\nshare, $5200. Received from him Cash for amount of bill of goods sold him, $i 35 5 Paid him, on account o r\\nbalance due on exchange of Railroad Stocks, $1000.\\n41", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0685.jp2"}, "684": {"fulltext": "642\\nBUSINESS RULES AND FORMS.\\nThis will appear in Robert Boyd\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Account of the Ledger as follows\\nDr.\\n189-.\\nFeb.\\n10\\n4 4\\n4\\n4\\n4 4\\n4 4\\n4 4\\nTo Mdse.\\nReading R. R. Stock\\nCash\\nBalance\\nRobert Boyd. Or.\\n189-.\\nBy Penn a. R. R. Stock\\n10\\n135\\n50\\nFeb.\\nro\\n10\\n5200\\noa\\n10\\n3000\\n00\\n44\\n4 4\\nCash\\n10\\n135\\n50\\n10\\n1000\\n00\\n1200\\n00\\n5335\\n50\\n5335 5^\\nI\\n189-.\\nFeb.\\n10\\nBy Balance\\n1200 90\\nIt will be noticed that Personal Accounts,\\nbe they with individuals, firms or corpora\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions, are debited for all values given to them,\\nand credited for all values received from\\nthem. The observance of this principle will\\nbe of benefit in all bookkeeping.\\nBILLS RECEIVABLE ACCOUNT.\\nA Bill Receivable is a written obligation\\nfor the unconditional payment of a certain\\nsum of money at a specified time to a certain\\nperson, his order or bearer, without interest,\\nissued by any one but the merchant, and\\npayable to him by virtue of the written\\npromise contained in it. It may be either a\\nnegotiable promissory note, or an acceptance\\nof a time draft.\\nBills Receivable Account in the Ledger\\nis debited whenever such a note or draft is\\nreceived, and is credited whenever such a\\nnote or draft is transferred to another, either\\nin the course of trade, or when surrendered\\nto the maker upon payment.\\nThe language of a negotiable promissory note varies in different States of the Union\\nThe following are the more common forms\\n$175\u00c2\u00b0 PA- Phi lad a, March 15, 189-.\\nThirty days after date /promise to pay\\nto the order of Sharpless Brothers\\nSeventeen hundred and fifty Dollars\\nat the Girard National Bank without defalcation value received.\\nNo. 12. Due 4/14/17/9-. Edward Hayworth.\\n#A7 to\u00c2\u00b0o Baltimore Md.,fune 14 189-.\\nThirty days after date, I promise to pay\\nto the order of Jno. IV. Garrett s Sons\\nThree hundred and eighty-seven pp Dollars\\nvalue received.\\nNo. 3. Due 7/14/17/9-. a. B. Long.\\nDrafts are sometimes drawn after date and sometimes after sight. Those drawn after\\ndate, if accepted, are payable the prescribed time, plus three days of grace, after the date of\\nthe instrument. Those drawn after sight are payable the prescribed time, plus grace, after\\nacceptance, in neither case are they binding upon the person upon whom they are drawn\\nunless he agrees to honor them by his written acceptance across the face. An acceptance\\nof a draft is as binding upon the person who signs it as is his signature to a note.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0686.jp2"}, "685": {"fulltext": "BUSINESS RULES AND FORMS.\\nG43\\nIt will be noticed tliat Bills Receivable Account is always debited when notes and\\naccepted drafts payable to the merchant or business man are received and credited\\nwhenever such notes and accepted, drafts are transferred to others.\\nBILLS PAYABLE ACCOUNT.\\nA Bill Payable is a written obligation for\\nthe unconditional payment of a certain sum\\nof money at a specified time to a certain\\nperson, his order or bearer, without interest,\\nissued by one and payable by him by virtue\\nof his written promise contained in it. It\\nhas to some extent the force of a note, given\\nover the signature of the one who is obli\u00c2\u00ac\\ngated to the amount named in the note.\\nBills Payable Account is credited when\\none issues, either in the form of a promissory\\nnote, or of an acceptance of a time draft\\ndrawn upon him, such a written obligation,\\nand it is debited when one redeems such\\nobligations.\\nThe language of a Bills Payable is the\\nsame as that of a Bills Receivable. It is\\ncalled a Bills Payable when one is uncondi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntionally liable as maker or acceptor of the\\nobligation, and it is called a Bills Receivable\\nwhen it is held by some other person than\\nthe maker or acceptor. The same note or\\nacceptance has both names applied to it;\\nthat is, it is both a Bills Receh ^b 1 and a\\nBills Payable. It is a Bills Pay a Die only to\\none person. All other persons who may\\nbecome holders of it, call it a Bills Receiv\u00c2\u00ac\\nable. The name is not applied because the\\nnote or acceptance is received by the mer\u00c2\u00ac\\nchant, or parted with by him, but the name\\narises from the relation which the holder\\nbears to the note or acceptance. If, as above\\nstated, the relation be that of payor of the\\nnote or acceptance when due, the payor will\\ncall it a Bills Payable, and all other persons;\\nwho may have handled the note or accept\u00c2\u00ac\\nance call it a Bills Receivable.\\nSTORE FIXTURES ACCOUNT.\\nA storekeeper needs shelving, counter^\\ndesks, a fireproof safe, etc., and when he pur\u00c2\u00ac\\nchases such property for his own use, he does\\nnot charge it to Merchandise, because he does\\nnot buy the shelving, etc., for the purpose of\\nselling it, nor would it be just to his business\\nto pay for such property and call it an expense\\nof business; for, if he should sell out, these\\nfixtures would constitute a valuable piece of\\nproperty, which he could sell to his succes\u00c2\u00ac\\nsor, or, if he were to go out of business, they\\ncould be sold to a dealer in fixtures. The\\nrule requiring a separate account to be kept\\nof fixtures, in distinction from merchandise\\nis very serviceable and should be observed.\\nAgain, if the business man was not a store\u00c2\u00ac\\nkeeper, but a manufacturer, he would need\\nto buy machinery, tools, etc., and *n some\\ndepartments of business this account ,?ould\\nbe called Machinery and Tools.\\nStore Fixtures, or Machinery and Tools, or\\nFurniture, would be debited for the full value\\nof all such property purchased, and would be\\ncredited in case any of it should ever be sold.\\nThese are Speculative Accounts and must\\nbe credited with the amount of Inventory of\\nStock on hand in each, and the accounts\\nthen closed into Loss and Gain.\\nAfter closing and ruling these accounts,\\nthey must be debited \u00e2\u0080\u009cTo Inventorv\u00e2\u0080\u009d for\\nthe amount of the stock on hand.\\nStore Fixtures Purchased and Sold.\\nMarch 9 189 .Bought of Amos Hillborn Co. Office Desks and Chairs, costing $150. Bought Irom\\nMarvin Safe Co. one large double Fireproof Safe, $225. Bought of Cornelius Co. Gas Fixtures for office, $60.\\nWm. C. Merritt has put up Shelving and Counters and sent me his bill, amounting to $85.\\nJuly 15, 189 .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Sold for Cash, to a dealer, my Office Desks for $60. Bought ol Hall Garrison new double\\nDesk, $50.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0687.jp2"}, "686": {"fulltext": "644\\nBOOK-KEEPING.\\nThis will appear in a Store Fixtures Account of the Ledger as follows:\\nDr Store Fixtures.\\n189\\n189\\nMar.\\n9\\nTo A. Hiilborn Co.\\n19\\n150\\n00\\nJuly\\n5\\nBy Cash\\n19\\n60\\n44\\n4 4\\nMarvin Safe Co.\\n19\\n225\\n00\\n1 4\\n4\\nCornelius Co.\\n19\\n60\\n00\\n44\\n4 4\\nW. C. Merritt\\n19\\n85\\n00\\nJuly\\n5\\nHall Garrison\\n19\\n50\\n1\\n00\\nEXPENSE ACCOUNT.\\nThis is an account which enables a busi\u00c2\u00ac\\nness man to gather together all the running\\nexpenses of his business in one place for any\\ngiven period. It informs him of the outgo,\\nwhile other accounts show v *.n what the\\nincome and profit are.\\nIt is debited for all moneys paid, or liabil\u00c2\u00ac\\nities incurred, from which no direct return\\nis expected, as, for instance, rent of store,\\nhire of clerks, advertising, etc. Under this\\ngeneral head or account is emerged up on\\nthe debit side everything that is expended\\nin the conduct of the business, except that\\nspent for the commodities in which one\\ndeals, and such matters as have been pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nviously described as Store Fixtures, or\\nMachinery and Tools, etc., or Furniture.\\nIt is frequently subdivided. If one desires\\nto know just how much is spent for rent,\\nhe opens a Rent Account and charges that\\naccount with the money either paid for rent,\\nor owed for rent, and does not put it in\\nExpense Account. If, for any reason, the\\nmerchant desires to know how much he is\\nspending for clerk hire, he opens an account\\ncalled Salary Account or Clerk Hire Account.\\nIf one desires to know how much he is\\nspending for Postage, he may open a Post\u00c2\u00ac\\nage Account, and not charge postage until\\nthe end of the year, when he would debit\\nExpense for the whole sum. In general,\\nit may be said that where the amounts spent\\nfor a particular kind of expense are large, it\\nis good usage to open a specific account for\\nthat kind of expense, leaving the Expense\\nAccount to be charged only with those\\nthings which cannot be very well individ\u00c2\u00ac\\nualized, and which would not amount to\\nany considerable sum in a year.\\nExpense is a Speculative Account and\\ncloses into Loss and Gain.\\nREAL ESTATE ACCOUNT.\\nThis is the name of a Ledger Account to\\nwhich is charged the cost of all Real Estate,\\nconsisting either of land or buildings, or\\nboth. It is frequently the case that a book\u00c2\u00ac\\nkeeper lias as many Real Estate Accounts as\\nthere are independent properties possessed,\\nand they are distinguished one from another\\nby words in the title of the account denot\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the localitv, or previous owners cf the\\nproperty.\\nReal Estate Account is debited with its\\ncost, with repairs and all taxes.\\nIt is credited for the sales and for all rents\\nreceived.\\nDISCOUNT AND INTEREST ACCOUNT.\\nThis account is debited for all moneys\\nwhich one pays for money borrowed, and for\\nall discounts allowed debtors on their bills\\nfor payment of the same before maturity.\\nIt is credited for all moneys received for the\\nloan of money, or for discounts allowed by\\ncreditors for the payment of bills before\\nmaturity. The importance of this account\\nwill be seen when we consider that a large\\npart of business is carried on by loans and\\ndiscounts.\\nIt is a Speculative Account, and closes into\\nLoss and Gain.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0688.jp2"}, "687": {"fulltext": "645\\nBUSINESS RULES AND FORMS.\\nDiscounts i cceivcd cuid allowed, and transactions with others involving interest.\\n189 Ti^ CCe V fron J J* B Lippincott Co. an allowance of 5 per cent, for cash payment of bill of\\np 13 n Allowe Granville B. Haines Co., 3 per cent, discount for cash settlement of bill of May 21,\\nu ai V aran ee Jrust Co. 4 months\u00e2\u0080\u0099 interest on my loan from them of $5000, $100. The College Bank\\ncharged me for discounting a bill receivable for $900, 3 months, $14.10. I discounted for R. J. Allen his note\\nfor $1000, and charged him discount of #15. J\\nThis would appear i.i Discount and Interest Account cf the Ledger as follows:\\nDiscount and Interest.\\nCr.\\nId9\\nJune\\nC\\nTo G. B. Haines Co.\\nGuarantee Trust Co.\\nCash\\n27\\n48\\n37\\n189\\nJune\\n1\\n27\\n100\\n00\\ni t\\n27\\n14\\n10\\nByJ. B. LippincottCo\\nCash\\n27\\n13\\n27\\n15\\n93\\n00-\\nDebitS show the merchant what borrowing money and collecting his bills before\\nmaturity has cost him.\\nCredits show the merchant what he has\\nbefore maturity.\\nMATERIAL. ACCOUNTS AND\\nLABOR ACCOUNTS.\\nIn a manufacturing business, instead of\\ncharging directly to the Merchandise Account\\nthe cost of production, it is a well-approved\\ncustom to open a Material Account to which\\nis charged the cost of the raw material, and\\nto open a Labor Account to which is charged\\nthe wages expended upon the manufacture\\nof the goods.\\nmade by loaning money and paying his bills\\nWhen closing the Ledger, Material Ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncount must be credited for the amount of\\nmaterial on hand as shown by the Inventory,\\nand then both of these accounts (Material\\nand Labor) should be closed into Mer\u00c2\u00ac\\nchandise Account.\\nThey are A on-speculative Accounts and\\nare kept so as to make clear just how much\\nof the cost of the manufactured article arises\\nfrom labor, and how much from raw material,\\nPurchases of Raw Material.\\nJune 16, 189 .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Bought of E. A. Greene Co. 6000 lbs. Mestizo Wool, 28c. $i6So. Bought of Sheble\\nMill 10,000lbs. Common Domestic Wool, 20c. $2000.\\nThis would appear in Material Account of the Ledger as follows\\nDr. Material Account. Cr.\\n1S9\\nJune\\nt6\\nTo E. A. Greene Co.\\n29\\n16S0 00\\n189\\nJuly\\n1\\nBy Mdse\\n29\\n3680\\ni\\nSheble Hill\\n29\\n2000 00\\ni\\n36S0 00\\n3 68\\nPayments to Artisans for Piecework;\\nJune 16, 1S9 .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Paid Geo. Doll, for week\u00e2\u0080\u0099s work at loom, $13. Paid Jos. Cook, for loom work, $14.50. Paid\\nAnd. Wagner, for designs for carpets, $35.25.\\nThis would appear in the Labor Account of the Ledger as follows:\\nD Labor Account. Cr.\\n189\\n189\\nBy Mdse.\\n62\\none\\n16\\nTo Geo. Dolt\\n29\\n13\\n00\\nJuly\\n1\\n29\\n75\\nn\\n6\\nJos. Cook\\n29\\n14\\n50\\n___\\nAndrew Wagner\\n29\\n35\\n25\\n62\\n75\\n1\\n62\\n7", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0689.jp2"}, "688": {"fulltext": "G4G\\nBOOK-KEEPING.\\nCAPITAL. ACCOUNT.\\nThe Capital Account is variously named\\nby book-keepers. By some the name of the\\nProprietor of the business is used; by others\\nthe word \u00e2\u0080\u009cStock,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and some call it the Cap\u00c2\u00ac\\nital Account. The name Stock is quite\\naged, but it is often misunderstood by\\nlearners as having something to do with\\nthe stock of goods on hand when the Inven\u00c2\u00ac\\ntory is taken. The use of the name of the\\nProprietor as a caption for this account is\\ngrowing in favor, and where there is more\\nthan one proprietor it is positively necessary\\nthat the names of the proprietors should be\\nused.\\nThis account is debited for his liabilities\\nand credited for his resources at the time of\\nbeginning business, it is also debited for any\\nwithdrawals of capital made by the proprie\u00c2\u00ac\\ntor and credited for any additional invest\u00c2\u00ac\\nments made by him; but if the withdrawals\\nmade by him are for personal expenses, they\\nshould be kept in a personal expense account\\nuntil the closing of the Ledger, and should\\nthen be charged up to the Capital Account\\nin one lump sum. It is also debited at the\\ntime of settling the business for the net loss,\\nif one has been made, or credited with the\\nnet gain found to have been made at the\\ntime of settling business.\\nIn some cases this account is credited with\\ninterest on investments, and debited for\\ninterest on withdrawals. In other cases no\\ninvestments are to be accounted for.\\nThe net capital invested in the business is\\nfound by subtracting the sum of the debits\\nfrom the sum of the credits. It is what the\\nbusiness owes the proprietor, because it is\\nthe amount by which the resources exceed\\nthe liablilities. In an adverse condition of\\nbusiness the sum of the debits may be the\\nlarger. If so, it shows net insolvency, which\\nis the amount that the proprietor needs to\\nput into the business to enable the debts\\nto be paid. The net capital is shown by\\nthe entry \u00e2\u0080\u009cTo Balance\u00e2\u0080\u009d .above the ruling,\\nand net insolvency is shown by the entry\\nBy Balance above the ruling,\\nCapital Account is a No ^speculative\\nAccount.\\nTransactions wliich belong in the Capital Account.\\nJanuary I, 189 .\u00e2\u0080\u0094J. F. Morris and A. B. Lewis have formed a copartnership, under the firm name of MoniS\\nLewis. Morris invests Merchandise to the amount of $1500; Cash, 2000; Bills Receivable, $1000. The\\nbusiness is to pay off certain of his promissory notes, to the amount of $500, and amounts which he owes\u00e2\u0080\u0094Terry\\nCo., $600, and Folwell Bros. Co., $400. The net amount invested by him is, therefore, $3000. A. B. Lewis\\ninvests Cash, $2000 Merchandise, $2500; Bills Receivable, 2000, and the business is to pay off certain of his\\npromissory notes to the amount of $1200. His net investment is, therefore, $5300.\\nJuly 1, 189 .\u00e2\u0080\u0094The business is settled, showing a net gain of $6Soo, one-half of which goes to Lewis and one-\\nhalf to Morris.\\nThis would appear in the proprietors\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Capital Accounts of the Ledger as follows:\\nDr. J- F. Morris (Capital Account). Cr.\\n189\\n189\\nJan\\n1\\nTo Bills Payable\\n32\\n500\\n00\\nJan.\\n1\\nBy Mdse.\\n31\\n1500\\n00\\nTerry Co.\\n32\\n600\\n00\\ni i\\nCash\\n31\\n2000\\n00\\n4 i\\nc\\nFolwell, Bro. Co.\\n32\\n400\\n00\\ni\\nBills Receivable\\n31\\n1000\\n00\\niy\\n1\\nBalance\\n6400\\n00\\nJuly\\n1\\nLoss and Gain\\n32\\n3400\\n00\\n7900\\n00\\n7900\\n00\\n1\\n189\\n1\\nJuly\\n1\\nBy Balance\\n1\\n6400\\n00", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0690.jp2"}, "689": {"fulltext": "Dr.\\nBUSINESS RULES AND FORMS.\\nA. B. Lewis (Capital Account).\\nCr.\\n647\\n189\\nJan.\\nJuly\\n1\\n1\\nTo Bills Payable\\nBalance\\n32\\n1200\\n8700\\n00\\n00\\n189\\nJan.\\na\\nJuly\\nI\\nI\\nBy Cash\\nMdse.\\nBills Receivable\\nLoss and Gain\\n1\\n32\\n32\\n32\\n32\\n2000\\n2500\\n2000\\n3400\\n00\\n00\\n00\\n00\\n9900\\n00\\n9900\\n00\\n189\\nJuly\\nI\\nBy Balance\\n8\\nCO\\n00\\nThis account will be debited for the business man\u00e2\u0080\u0099s liabilities, withdrawals, etc., for\\nthe net loss, and sometimes for interest on withdrawals. It is credited for investments of\\nall sorts, net gain, and sometimes interest on investments.\\nPERSONAL EXPENSE ACCOUNT, OR\\nPRIVATE ACCOUNT.\\nThis account is debited for what the busi\u00c2\u00ac\\nness man takes out for his personal use, or\\nfor the maintenance of his family. It is very\\nrarely ever credited. It should not be credited\\nexcept when the merchant returns some of\\nthe money which he had previously drawn.\\nThe Account is opened and kept to enable\\nthe bookkeeper to charge against the Mer\u00c2\u00ac\\nchant\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Capital Account his personal expenses\\nin one sum.\\nIt is a Non-speculative Account and is\\nclosed into the Capital Account at the time\\nof closing the Ledger.\\nAmounts Drawn Out by a Merchant for Personal and Family Use\\nFebruary i, 1S9 .\u00e2\u0080\u0094A. B. Lewis drew out, for his own use, $200. March 15th.\u00e2\u0080\u0094He withdrew $300. June\\n9th.\u00e2\u0080\u0094He drew out S500.\\nThis would appear in the Merchant\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Personal Account of the Ledger as follows\\nDr. A. B. Lewis\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Personae Expenses. Cr.\\n189\\n189\\nFeb.\\n1\\nTo Cash\\n32\\n200\\n00\\nJuly\\n1\\nBy A. B. L. Cap. Ac.\\n32\\n1000\\n00\\nMar.\\n15\\ndo\\n32\\n3\\n00\\n_ _\\nJune\\n9\\ndo\\n3 2\\n500\\n00\\n1000\\n00\\n1000\\n00\\nINVENTORY ACCOUNT.\\nThis account is debited for the amount of goods and other property on hand at the\\ntime of taking an account of stock, and is credited for the same after the losses and gains\\nhave been ascertained.\\nIt is a Non-speculative Account.\\nAccount of Stock of Mitcliell, Fletcher Co.\\nMerchandise, $9763.38. Store Building, $9000. Counters, Shelving, Desks, Chairs, Fireproof Safe, Gas\\nSFixtures, etc., $1625. 100shares Reading Railroad Stock 32, $3200.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0691.jp2"}, "690": {"fulltext": "648\\nBOOK-KEEPING.\\nThis would appear in Inventor} Account of the Ledger as follows\\nDr.\\nInventory.\\n189\\n189\\nfuly\\n1\\nTo Mdse.\\n35\\n9763\\n38\\nJuly\\n44\\nReal Estate\\n35\\n9000\\n00\\n4 4\\nfc\\n4 4\\nStore Fixtures\\n35\\n1625\\n00\\nu\\n44\\nReading Rail Road Stock\\n35\\n3200\\n00\\n23,588\\n38\\n1\\ni\\nCr.\\nBy Mdse.\\nReal Estate\\nStore Fixtures\\nReading Rail Road Stock\\n35\\n9763\\n3\\n35\\n9000\\n00\\n35\\n1625\\nOG\\n35\\n3200\\nOO\\n23,588\\n38\\nLOSS AND GAIN ACCOUNT.\\nLoss and Gain Account is debited with all\\nLosses and credited with all gains. The dif\u00c2\u00ac\\nference between the sum of the debits and\\nthe sum of the credits is the net gain or net\\nloss. If the sum of the debits is the greater,\\nit is a net loss if the sum of the credits is\\nthe greater it is a net gain\\nInto this account are brought all the losses\\nand gains which have occurred in the busi-\\no\\nness, and they are here compared and the net.\\ngain or loss determined.\\nIt is a Non-speculative Accor nt and closes\\ninto the Capital Account.\\nSchedule of Losses and Gains.\\nJuly i, iSo .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Porter Sc Coates, on closing their Ledger for the year, find that they have gained On Mer\u00c2\u00ac\\nchandise, $21,630.80; on Real Estate sold during the year, $2,800 on Discount and Interest, $963.40; on Penna_\\nR. R. Stock, $1140; on Phila. Reading R. R. Stock, $813.\\nThey have lost: On Expense Account, $581.60 on Salary Account, $9830; on Rent, $5000.\\nTheir net gain for the year is, therefore, $11,935.60.\\nThis would appear in Loss and Gain Account of the Ledger as follows;\\nDr. Loss and Gain. Cr\\nI89\\nI89\\nJuly\\nI\\nTo Expense\\n36\\n581 60\\nJuly\\n1\\nBy Mdse.\\n36\\n21,630\\n80\\n44\\n4 4\\nSalary\\n3 6\\n9830,00\\n4 4\\n4 4\\nReal Estate\\n36\\n2800\\n00\\na\\n4 4\\nRent\\n36\\n5000 00\\n44\\n4 4\\nDiscount and Interest\\n36\\n963\\n40\\ntt\\n4 4\\nPorter\\n36\\n596780\\n4 r\\n4 4\\nPa. R. R. Stock\\n36\\n1140\\n00\\nit\\n44\\nCoates\\n36\\n5967,80\\n4 4\\n4\\nP. R. R. R. Stock\\n3 6\\n813\\n00\\n27,347\\n20\\n27,347\\n20,\\nDebits are losses; Credits are gains.\\nSHIPMENT ACCOUNTS.\\nShipments are names given to accounts to\\nwhich are charged the cost of goods sent to\\nbe sold for our account and at our risk by a\\nFactor, or Bailee, called a Commission Mer\u00c2\u00ac\\nchant The account is kept for the purpose\\nof ascertaining the gain or loss on goods sent\\nto a particular person.\\nAt the time of shipping, the account, by\\nwhatever name it may be called, is debited\\nfor the cost of the merchandise and all ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npenses incurred in shipping the same. It is\\ncredited for the net sum yielded by our goods\\nin the hands of the Commission Merchant.\\nThe shipments are distinguished one from\\nanother by the letters of the Alphabet, or the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0692.jp2"}, "691": {"fulltext": "BUSINESS RULES AND FORMS.\\nG49\\nN mnerals, or by naming the person to whom\\nthey are sent.\\nGreat care should be taken when crediting\\nthe Shipments for net proceeds, to charge\\nthem to the Commission Merchant as a\\nFactor, and not as a person, for he holds\\nthe business man s money, not as a debt due\\nto the business man, but as the business\\nman\u00e2\u0080\u0099s funds in trust until they are remitted,\\nand returned to the proper owner.\\nThese are Speculative Accounts and close\\ninto Loss and Gain.\\nGoods sent to be sold at our risk and on our account and returns for same.\\nJanuary 2, 189 .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Shipped and consigned to Charles Berger, to be sold on our account and at our risk, 150\\nyds. Brussels Carpet, 65c., $97.50; 500 yds. Ingrain Carpet, 50c., $250.00; 1000 yds. Stair Carpet, 45c.,\\n$450.00; in all, 797 50 Paid shipping expenses, $7.50. (13th) Received from Charles Berger an account of\\nsales, showing our net proceeds to be $772.56.\\nThis will appear in the Shipment Account of the Ledger as follows;\\nDr. Shipment, Charles Berger. Cr.\\n189\\n189\\nJan.\\n2\\nTo Mdse.\\n38\\n79 7\\n50\\nJan.\\n13\\nBy C. Berger, Factor\\n39\\n1\\n772\\n56\\n44\\n4 4\\nCash\\n38\\n7\\n50\\nDebits show the cost of the go^ds sent, and also the expenses, and credits what they\\nproduce.\\nSHIPMENTS IN COMPANY.\\nThis is the name given to an account\\nrepresenting the business man\u00e2\u0080\u0099s interest in a\\nlot of goods sent to be sold partially at his\\nrisk and partially on his account.\\nShipment in Company is made debtor for\\nthe cost of the merchant\u00e2\u0080\u0099s interest at the time\\nthe goods are shipped, and it is credited for\\nthe net proceeds of his share at the time the\\ncommission merchant renders the account of\\nsales.\\nGoods sent to be sold partially at our risk\\nShipments in Company are distinguished\\none from another by letters of the Alphabet\\nor Numerals, in the same manner as Ship\u00c2\u00ac\\nments.\\nCare should be taken at the time of receiv\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the account sales from the commission\\nmerchant to charge the commission merchant\\nas a Factor or Bailee, for the reasons named\\nunder the head of Shipment Accounts.\\nThese are Speculative Accounts and close\\ninto Loss and Gain.\\nand partially on our account and returns for\\nsame.\\nJune 1, 189 .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Shipped to Russell Mason 1000 Bales Cotton, valued at $60,000, on which they are to assume\\none-fourth of the risk by reason of having paid a part of the purchase price. They are to have a proportionate\\nshare of the gains. Paid expenses of shipment, $12.50.\\nJuly 3, 189 .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Received account sales from Russell Mason of my interest in the shipment, showing my net\\nproceeds to be $46,500.\\nThis will appear in the Shipment in Company Account of the Ledger cl 3 follows\\nDr. Shipment in Co. with Russell Mason. A. Cr\\n189\\nJune\\n1\\nTo Mdse.\\n40\\n45,oco 00\\n189\\nJuly\\n3\\nBy R. M., Factors\\n40\\n46,500\\n00\\n4 4\\n4 4\\nCash\\n40\\n9\\nI\\n37\\nI\\n1\\nDebits show the cost of the merchant\u00e2\u0080\u0099s interest in the Shipment and the expenses for\\nhis share of same credits show what that interest has yielded him.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0693.jp2"}, "692": {"fulltext": "BOOK-KEEPING.\\n350\\nFACTOR\u00e2\u0080\u0099S OR BAILEE\u00e2\u0080\u0099S ACCOUNTS.\\nThese are accounts kept by the business\\nman with Commission Merchants engaged\\nin the sale of his goods.\\nThey are debited for the net proceeds re\u00c2\u00ac\\nported to the business man by his Commis\u00c2\u00ac\\nsion Merchant on each account sales, and\\nthey are credited whenever the money or\\nother property may be sent by the Commis\u00c2\u00ac\\nsion Merchant to the business man.\\nThe employment of the account enables a\\nbusiness man to prove conclusively the rela\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion existing between himself and his Com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmission Merchant; that the Commission\\nMerchant holds i:i his hands in trust as the\\nproperty of the business man anything\\nthat may be to the debit of Factor\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncount. It enables one to distinguish clearly\\nthe difference between debts due by the Fac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntor as an individual and moneys held by him\\nas an Agent, cr Factor, or Bailee.\\nCONSIGNMENTS, SALES ACCOUNTS, Etc.\\nThese are names given to Accounts repre\u00c2\u00ac\\nsenting goods received from another business\\nhouse, to be sold on its account and at its\\nrisk, by a Commission Merchant as a Factor,\\nor Bailee, or Agent.\\nSuch Accounts are debited for any ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npenses incurred in receiving, o^ handling, or\\nstoring the goods, and also for whatever the\\nCommission Merchant may charge for the\\nservices rendered by him in selling them, or\\nguaranteeing payment for same. They are\\ncredited for what the goods bring and the\\ndifference between the amount for which the\\ngoods are sold and the charges of the Com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmission Merchant, either for services rendered\\nor money expended, belongs to the Owner,\\nand is held by the Commission Merchant as\\nthe Owner\u00e2\u0080\u0099s money, in trust, until it is\\nremitted. Care should be taken, when the\\nConsignment Account is closed, that cr^it\\nwill be given to the owner as Principal or\\nBailor.\\nThese are Non-speculative Accounts; for,\\nafter the Commission Merchant reimburses\\nhimself for his outlay and pays himself for\\nhis trouble, the balance belongs to the\\nOwner.\\nMERCHANDISE COMPANY.\\nThis is a name given to an account of\\ngoods received from another business man,\\nto be sold partially at his risk and partially\\nat tlu commission merchant\u00e2\u0080\u0099s risk.\\nSuch accounts are debited for the commis\u00c2\u00ac\\nsion merchant\u00e2\u0080\u0099s share of their cost, also for\\nmoneys expended on them by the commis\u00c2\u00ac\\nsion merchant, and for his services in selling\\nthem, as well as for the net proceeds belong\u00c2\u00ac\\ning to the shipper. They are credited for\\nthe sales of the goods, and close into Loss\\nand Gain.\\nThey are Speculative Accounts and illu\u00c2\u00ac\\nstrate very clearly the difference between buy-\\ning goods outright and receiving them to\\nsell them at another person\u00e2\u0080\u0099s risk, for the\\nshipper must be credited in his personal\\naccount for that part of the cost of the goods\\non which the commission merchant takes\\nthe risk. That is an absolute purchase by\\nthe commission merchant of that much of\\nthe goods, and he owes for that part or share\\nof them as he owes for any other goods\\nwhich he buys outright; but for the ship\u00c2\u00ac\\nper\u00e2\u0080\u0099s net proceeds credit should be given to\\nanother account than the personal account\\nof the shipper, called by his name with the\\nword Principal, cr Bailor, added, for such\\nmoney belongs to the shipper, and is held\\nby the commission merchant in trust foi\\nhim.\\nPRINCIPAL\u00e2\u0080\u0099S OR BAILOR\u00e2\u0080\u0099S ACCOUNTS.\\nThese accounts enable the Commission\\nMerchant to show with clearness that in cer\u00c2\u00ac\\ntain transactions he is acting as an agent^", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0694.jp2"}, "693": {"fulltext": "BUSINESS RULES AND FORMS.\\n601\\nmd that certain credits on his books are not\\ndebts due by him, but money or property\\nbelonging to bis principal, held by him in\\ntrust.\\nThey are credited whenever an Account\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2Sales is rendered, and the Consignment\\nAccount, or Sales Account, is closed out.\\nThey are debited whenever the money, or its\\nequivalent, is remitted.\\nThey are Non-speculative Accounts.\\nCOMMISSION ACCOUNT. GUARANTEE\\nACCOUNT.\\nThese Accounts are credited for the Com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmission charged by the Commission Merchant\\nto his customers for his services in selling\\ntheir goods.\\nIt is very rarely ever debited such a cir\u00c2\u00ac\\ncumstance could only arise by the Commis\u00c2\u00ac\\nsion Merchant getting some other one in his\\nline of business to aid him in selling the\\ngoods and giving them a part of his Join-\\nmission for doing it. In any such case Com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmission Account would be debited.\\nGuarantee Account is sometimes associated\\nwith Commission Account; that is to say,\\nthe Commission allowed by the business man\\nto the Commission Merchant may be intended\\nto cover the pay for selling the goods, and\\nalso a recompense for guaranteeing the sound\u00c2\u00ac\\nness of the accounts made by selling the\\ngoods payable at some future time. In some\\nlines of business 2 J /z per cent. is allowed for\\nselling and per cent, for guaranteeing,\\nand the 5 per cent, is credited to the one\\naccount called Commission and Guarantee\\nAccount.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Some book-keepers may prefer\\nto keep a Commission Account by itself and\\na Guarantee Account by itself.\\nThey are Speculative Accounts, and close\\ninto Loss and Gain.\\nPRACTICAL DEDUCTIONS.\\nEvery business transaction in the hands c r\\na double-entry book-keeper requires:\\nFirst .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Some Ledger Account, or Ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncounts, to be debited, and some Ledger Ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncount, or Accounts, to be credited.\\nSecond .\u00e2\u0080\u0094In every business transaction,\\nthe debit, or sum of the debits, carried to the\\nLedger, must equal the credit, or sum of the\\ncredits, taken to that account.\\nThe fundamental law of book-keeping by\\ndouble entry is, that there should be as much\\nplaced upon the debit side as there is placed\\nupon the credit side, and no business can be\\ntransacted, however slight, which does not\\nrequire at least one debit and one credit to\\nbe made in the Ledger.\\nTRIAL BALANCES.\\nOne of the most perplexing positions the\\nbook-keeper ever occupies is at the time\\nwhen he takes off a trial balance. This te\\nmade up from the face of the Ledger, and\\nconsists of the names of all open Ledger\\naccounts, with their debit balances in one\\ncolumn and their credit balances in another\\ncolumn. If the debit balances amount to a\\nsum equal to the total of the credit balances,\\nthe trial balance is said \u00e2\u0080\u009cto come out all\\nright,\u00e2\u0080\u009d but the debit side of the Ledger can\\nbe equal to the credit side of the Ledger,\\nand yet the Ledger contain many errors;\\nand were the book-keeper furnished with\\nno better proof of the correctness of his\\nwork he would have very little ground for\\nthe satisfaction whicn is universally felt by\\na book-keeper when his trial balance does\\nthus \u00e2\u0080\u009ccome out right.\u00e2\u0080\u009d A little reflection\\nwill cause it to appear that the debit and\\ncredit balances of the Ledger can be equal\\nand yet errors like these abound:\\n1. Errors in entering a transaction in\\nbooks of original entry, as, for instance, a\\nsale in the Invoice Book, or a purchase m\\nthe Sales Book; the omission of the whole\\nj of a transaction. All of which may be", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0695.jp2"}, "694": {"fulltext": "BOOK-KEEPING.\\nC52\\ndescribed in a general way as mis-entries in\\nthe books of original entry.\\n2. If the transaction is incorrectly Journ\u00c2\u00ac\\nalized; that is to say, Bills Payable should\\nbe credited when we get somebody else\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nnote discounted, or anything of that char\u00c2\u00ac\\nacter. To be spoken of in general as mis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntakes in debiting or crediting.\\n3. Any mistake in posting, provided the\\nright amount has been taken to the right\\nside 0/ the Ledger, but to a wrong account.\\nThus, in posting, if a debit belonging to A\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\naccount is taken to the debit side of B\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\naccount, and the right amount is used, an\\nerror will be produced in two accounts, and\\nyet there will not be any disturbance of the\\nequality of the footings of the trial balance.\\nAny transposition of figures, if the transpo\u00c2\u00ac\\nsition occurs on both sides. These errors\\nmay be spoken of in general as mis-posts.\\nA practical, satisfactory check upon one\\nin book-keeping is the custom, almost uni\u00c2\u00ac\\nversal, of sending out statements of accounts\\nto debtors at the beginning of each month.\\nIf the recipient should find he is over\u00c2\u00ac\\ncharged, the book-keeper would learn his\\nmistake.\\nTrial balances are taken off at two stated\\nperiods, one at the end of each month show-\\ning- the debtor and creditor balances of all\\nopen accounts, and one taken off after the\\nLedger is closed, showing the debtor and\\ncreditor balances of all accounts which\\nremain open at that time. When the\\nentries have been correctly made in the\\nLedger, and the trial balance taken off with\u00c2\u00ac\\nout mistake, the debit and credit columns of\\nbalances will equal each other.\\nNothing more, however, is proven by\\neither of the trial balances than that the\\nLedger is in balance\u00e2\u0080\u0094a satisfactory thing\\nfor every book-keeper to know.\\nA Ledger, and the Trial Balance of Same.\\nJune 30, 1S9 .\u00e2\u0080\u0094The Ledger shows the following balances on this date Merchandise, Dr., $2547.40; Cash,\\nDr-, $i 547- 8 4 Bills Payable, Cr., $365 John Thomas, Dr., $145.10 Richard Mann, Dr., $75 George Brown, Cr.,\\n$325.15 Alfred Douglas, Cr., $61.89; Store Fixtures, Dr. $360; Expense, Dr., $76.70; Students\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Capital Account,\\nCr., $4000.\\nThis will appear in the Monthly Trial Balance as follows\\nTriai, Balance, June, 189\\nBalances.\\nDr.\\nCr.\\nI\\nMerchandise\\n3\\nCash\\n2547\\n40\\n7\\nBills Payable\\n1547\\n84\\n9\\nJohn Thomas\\n365\\nOO\\n10\\nRichard Mann\\n145\\n10\\n11\\nGeo. Brown\\n75\\n00\\n12\\nAlfred Douglass\\n325\\n15\\n13\\nStore Fixtures\\n6 l\\n80\\n14\\nExpense\\n360\\n00\\n15\\nStudents\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Capital Account\\n76\\n70\\n4000\\nOO\\nN\\n4752\\n04\\n4752\\n04", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0696.jp2"}, "695": {"fulltext": "BUSINESS RULES AND FORMS.\\n653\\nCLOSING THE LEDGER.\\nA very interesting branch of a book\u00c2\u00ac\\nkeeper\u00e2\u0080\u0099s work is closing the Ledger. There\\nare two general ways of closing accounts:\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009c\u00e2\u0080\u0098To or By Loss and Gain\u00e2\u0080\u009d and \u00e2\u0080\u009cTo or By\\nBalance.\u00e2\u0080\u009d To close an account is to make\\nboth sides equal. In the process of closing\\nthe Ledger, all the losses and gains that\\nhave occurred in the business are gathered\\ntogether in the Loss and Gain Account, and\\nthere compared. The gains are placed upon\\nthe credit side; the losses upon the debit\\nside. When the credit side is the greater,\\nthe account is closed \u00e2\u0080\u009cTo Capital Account,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nand shows a net gain. The opposite entry,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cBy Loss and Gain,\u00e2\u0080\u009d is made in the Capital\\nAccount, and increases the capital. When\\nthe debtor side is the greater, the account is\\nclosed, \u00e2\u0080\u009cBy Capital Account,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and shows a\\nnet loss. The opposite entry, \u00e2\u0080\u009cTo Loss and\\nGain,\u00e2\u0080\u009d is made in the Capital Account, and\\ndecreases the capital.\\nRed ink should not be used at all, unless\\nit is used for a definite purpose. A safe\\ngeneral rule is to use black ink in the\\nLedger in the recording of all entries which\\ncome from other books, and to use red ink\\nm making entries which are made for the\\npurpose of closing and bringing down the\\nbalances to the new accounts. Custom is\\nnot uniform, however, regarding this rule.\\nVery many of those who use red ink for\\nclosing, prefer to use black ink in making\\nthe transfers of the closing entries.\\nIn closing the Ledger, it is necessary to\\nremember the classification cf Ledger Ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncounts, separating clearly those which are\\nspeculative and show losses and gains from\\nthose which are non-speculative and show\\nresources and liabilities. To the former\\nclass, showing losses and gains, belong Ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npense, Discount and Interest, Commission,\\nInsurance, Merchandise, etc., etc. To the\\nlatter class, showing resources and liabilities,\\nbelong accounts with Individuals, Firms and\\nCorporations, Cash, Bills Receivable, Bills\\nPayable, etc.\\nUnless the property possessed in the busi\u00c2\u00ac\\nness has all been sold, it is a necessary step\\nin closing the Ledger to take an account of\\nStock and to credit the respective accounts\\nheretofore charged with the amount of prop\u00c2\u00ac\\nerty now on hand. Nor should a Ledger be\\nclosed until a first trial balance has been\\ntaken off, and the Ledger found to be in\\nbalance, and also, there should be a test of\\nthe correctness of the Ledger by comparing\\nthe Cash and Bills Receivable balances with\\nthe Cash on hand and the Bills Receivable\\non hand, and the sending out and receiving\\nof Statements.\\nFirst .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Close all Speculative Accounts\\ninto \u00e2\u0080\u009cLoss and Gain\u00e2\u0080\u009d account by journal\u00c2\u00ac\\nizing and posting.\\nSecond .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Close \u00e2\u0080\u009cLoss and Gain\u00e2\u0080\u009d account\\ninto the Capital Account by journalizing and\\nposting.\\nThird .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Close \u00e2\u0080\u009cInventory\u00e2\u0080\u009d account by\\ncrediting it and debiting the corresponding\\naccounts.\\nFourth .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Then close all accounts now un\u00c2\u00ac\\nclosed, \u00e2\u0080\u009cTo\u00e2\u0080\u009d or \u00e2\u0080\u009cBy Balance,\u00e2\u0080\u009d ruling them\\nup and bringing down the balance on the\\nopposite side of each account so closed.\\nAll entries \u00e2\u0080\u009cTo\u00e2\u0080\u009d or \u00e2\u0080\u009cBy Balance\u00e2\u0080\u009d to be\\nmade in red ink.\\nFifth .\u00e2\u0080\u0094After the Ledger is closed take off\\na trial balance to ascertain if the Ledger is\\nstill in balance.\\nIf the work is correctly done, the two\\nsides of the trial balance will be equal, for\\nthe reason that in the case in which the\\nbusiness is possessed of more assets than\\nliabilities, there will be found upon the debit\\nside all the resources, and on the credit side\\nall th^ labilities, together with the net", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0697.jp2"}, "696": {"fulltext": "654\\nBOOK-KEEPING.\\ncapital, which is the excess of resources over\\nliabilities; and the net capital properly ap\u00c2\u00ac\\npears on the same side with the liabilities,\\nbecause the business owes to its proprietor\\nthat which he has invested in it; and if all\\nthe assets were collected, dollar for dollar of\\ntheir face value, as they appear on the books,\\nand the liabilities were paid out of them,\\nthe net capital would appear as a surplus, to\\nbe paid over to the proprietor. So, in ad\u00c2\u00ac\\nversity, the debit side of the trial balance\\nwill, as before, consist of the resources, to\u00c2\u00ac\\ngether with the net insolvency, which, taken\\ntogether, will equal the credit, or liability\\nside, for the reason that the proprietor would\\nhave to furnish, from other resources, the\\namount of the insolvency of the business to\\nenable the liabilities to be discharged, and\\nthe net insolvency is properly placed with\\nthe resources for this reason.\\nBANK DEPOSITS.\\nNo reference has been made in this book\\nto a ledger account with a bank, as it is not\\ncustomary, and is objectionable. Money in\\nbank is generally regarded as money on\\nhand in another safe, an account of which\\nappears, or should appear, on the stub of the\\ncheck book. When money is deposited the\\nliability of the bank for the money so depo\u00c2\u00ac\\nsited is acknowledged by the receiving teller\\nby an entry on the debit side of a pass book,\\ncalled the bank book. From this the book\u00c2\u00ac\\nkeeper should copy the amount and add it to\\nthe previous balance in bank, as shown by\\nthe stub in his check book. From this he\\nshould deduct the amount of each check\\ndrawn, the difference showing the amount\\nin bank subject to draft. This may not al\u00c2\u00ac\\nways agree with the balance as shown by the\\nbank book when settled at bank, for the\\nreason that a business man subtracts from\\nhis bank balance the amount of the check\\nat the time of its issue. The bank does not\\ncharge the account of a customer for a check\\ndrawn until it is presented and paid at bank.\\nIn keeping the check book there are many\\nadvantages arising from entering on the stub.\\nThe Philadelphia Clearing House Associa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion furnishes to the business community\\nquite a number of useful rules to be observed\\nby those doing business with a bank. W\\nquote a few as follows\\nIf you write or stamp over your endorse\u00c2\u00ac\\nment upon all checks which you send to be\\ndeposited to your credit in bank the words,\\n1 For deposit to our credit,\u00e2\u0080\u0099 it will prevent\\ntheir being used for any other purpose.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nAnother is that you \u00e2\u0080\u009cDo not give your\\nchecks to strangers.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Another is that \u00e2\u0080\u009cIt\\nis desired that all your checks for large\\namounts should be presented for payment by\\na person known to the pa) mg teller or other\\nofficer of the bank.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nAnother is: \u00e2\u0080\u009cIn conformity with the rules\\nadopted by all barks of this city and mem\u00c2\u00ac\\nbers of the Clearing Elouse Association, you\\nare hereby notified that you are held resnon-\\nsible as endorser for the non-payment of all\\nchecks upon other banks of this city, mem\\nbers of said Association, deposited by you as\\ncash in this bank, until the close of the\\nbusiness day next succeeding that on which\\nsuch checks are deposited. This bank receiv\u00c2\u00ac\\ning such checks only for collection on your\\naccount through the exchanges of the Clear\u00c2\u00ac\\ning House. Upon all other checks and drafts\\ndeposited by you as cash your responsibility\\nas endorser continues until payment has been\\nascertained by this bank.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nPROTEST.\\nBesides these suggestions it is well to re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmember that not only with checks but with\\npromissory notes held by you and secured to\\nyou by endorsement, that you lose the secur\u00c2\u00ac\\nity of the endorsement if you fail to protest\\nthose not paid at maturity-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0698.jp2"}, "697": {"fulltext": "CORRECT FORMS FOR NOTES, BILLS, CHECKS,\\nDRAFTS, RECEIPTS, ETC\\nLLpersons transacting business find\\nit necessary to write various busi\u00c2\u00ac\\nness forms. Among those in most\\nfrequent use are Receipts, Orders,\\nBills of articles purchased, Prom-\\np issory Notes, Checks, Drafts, etc.\\nTo better understand these, it is well to be\\nacquainted with the meaning of the various\\ncommercial terms to be constantly seen in\\nour general reading.\\nCOMMERCIAL TERMS.\\n-means dollars being a contraction\\nof U. S., which was formerly placed before\\nany denomination of money, and meant, as\\nit means now, United States Currency.\\nmeans pounds, English money.\\nstands for at or to. lb for pound, and bbl.\\nfor barrel; for per or by the. Thus, Butter\\nsells at 20@30c ft), and Flour at $8@i2\\nf bbl.\\n{or per cent, and for number.\\nJune i \u00e2\u0080\u0094Wheat sells at i. 2 o@ 1.25, \u00e2\u0080\u009cseller\\nJuly.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Seller Jidy means that the person who\\nsells the wheat has the privilege of delivering\\nit at any time during the month of July.\\nSelling short, is contracting to deliver a cer\u00c2\u00ac\\ntain amount of grain or stock, at a fixed price,\\nwithin a certain length of time, when the\\nseller has not the stock on hand. It is for the\\ninterest of the person selling \u00e2\u0080\u009cshort,\u00e2\u0080\u009d to depress\\nthe market as much as possible, in order that\\nhe may buy and fill his contract at a profit\\nHence the \u00e2\u0080\u009cshorts\u00e2\u0080\u009d are termed \u00e2\u0080\u009cbears.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nBuying long L to contract to purchase a\\ncertain amount of grain or shares of stock at\\na fixed price, deliverable within a stipulated\\ntime, expecting to make a profit by the rise of\\nprices. The \u00e2\u0080\u009clongs\u00e2\u0080\u009d are termed \u00e2\u0080\u009cbulls,\u00e2\u0080\u009d as\\nit is for their interest to \u00e2\u0080\u009coperate\u00e2\u0080\u009d so as to-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009ctoss\u00e2\u0080\u009d the prices upward as much as possible.\\nPROMISSORY NOTES.\\nA promissory note is a promise or engage\u00c2\u00ac\\nment in writing to pay a specified sum at a\\ntime therein limited, or on demand, or at\\nsight, to a person therein named, or his order\\nor assigns, or to the bearer. The persoa\\nmaking the note is called the drawer or maker.\\nA note is void when founded upon fraud.\\nThus, a note obtained from a person when in\u00c2\u00ac\\ntoxicated, or obtained for any reason which is\\nillegal, cannot be collected. If, however, the\\nnote is transferred to an innocent holder, the\\nclaim of fraud or no value received will not\\navail. The party holding the note can collect\\nit if the maker is able to pay it. A note given\\nupon Sunday is also void in some States.\\nNotes bear interest only when it is so ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npressed; after they become due, however, they\\ndraw the legal rate of the State. If it is in\u00c2\u00ac\\ntended to have the note draw more than the\\nlegal rate of interest, after maturity, the\\n655", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0699.jp2"}, "698": {"fulltext": "656\\nHOW TO DO BUSINESS\\nwords should so specify in the body of the\\nnote as follows: \u00e2\u0080\u009cwith interest at the rate of\\n-per cent, until paid.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Notes payable\\non demand or at sight, draw no interest until\\nafter presentation or demand of the same has\\nbeen made, unless they provide for interest\\nfrom date on their face they then draw the\\nlegal rate of interest of the State.\\nIf \u00e2\u0080\u009cwith interest\u00e2\u0080\u009d is included in the note,\\nit draws the legal rate of the State where it is\\ngiven from the time it is made.\\nIf the note is to draw a special rate of in\u00c2\u00ac\\nterest higher than the legal, but not higher\\nthan the law allows, the rate must be specified.\\nIf the note is made payable to a person or\\norder, to a person or bearer, to a person or\\nhis assigns, or to the cashier of an incorporated\\ncompany or order, such notes are negotiable.\\nWhen transferring the note, the indorser\\nfrees himself from responsibility, so far as the\\npayment is concerned, by writing on the back,\\nabove his name, \u00e2\u0080\u009cWithout recourse to me in\\nany event.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe simple indorsement of the name of the\\nperson selling the note, which serves as a\\ntransfer, upon the back of the same, is not in\\nsome States a guarantee for the payment of\\nthe note at maturity. When it is designed\\nparticularly to be a guarantee, it should be so\\nstated on the back of the note, as follows:\\nJOHN MEEK.\\nFor value received I (or we) hereby guarantee\\nthe payment of the within note at maturity or at any\\ntime thereafter with interest at per cent, until\\npaid; and agree to pay all costs or expenses paid or\\nincurred in collecting the same.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nJOHN MEEK.\\nWhen a note is made payable at a definite\\nperiod after date, three days beyond the time\\nexpressed on the face of the note (called days\\nof grace) are allowed to the person who is to\\npay the same, within which to make such\\npayment. Notes payable \u00e2\u0080\u009con demand are\\nnot entitled to days of grace.\\nIf a note is payable at a bank, and is held\\nthere on the day upon which it falls due, until\\nthe usual hour for closing, ready for receiving\\npayment thereon, no further demand upon\\nthe maker is necessary, in order to charge the\\nindorser. The demand must, in all cases, be\\nmade upon the last of the days of grace a\\ndemand before that time passing for nothing\\nas against the indorser.\\nThe days of grace, which must be com\u00c2\u00ac\\nputed according to the laws of the State\\nwhere the note is payable, are to be reckoned\\nexclusive of the day when the note would\\notherwise become due, and without deduction\\nfor Sundays or holidays in which latter case,\\nby special enactments in most of the States,\\nnotes are deemed to become due upon the\\nsecular day next preceding such days. Thus,\\na note, due upon the twenty-fifth day of\\nDecember, is payable on the twenty-fourth,\\nas the day when due is Christmas day if the\\ntwenty-fourth chance to be Sunday, it is due\\nupon the twenty-third.\\nIn order to charge an indorser, the note, if\\npayable at a particular place, must be pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nsented for payment at the place upon the\\nveiy day it becomes due; if no place of pay\u00c2\u00ac\\nment be named, it must be presented, either\\nto the maker personally, or at his place of\\nbusiness, during business hours, or at his\\ndwelling house, within reasonable hours if\\npayable by a firm, a presentment may be\\nmade to either of the partners, or at the\\nfirms place of business if given by several\\npersons jointly, not partners, the demand\\nmust be made upon all. If the note has been\\nlost, mislaid, or destroyed, the holder must\\nstill make a regular and formal demand offer\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the party, at the same time, a sufficient\\nindemnity for failure to return the note.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0700.jp2"}, "699": {"fulltext": "HOW TO DO BUSINESS\\n657\\nNEGOTIABLE NOTE.\\nWith interest at legal rate per cent, from date.\\nate\\nyix\\nyK\\nate\\nSK 1\\nate\\ny\\nChicago, III., Jan. i, 18\u00e2\u0080\u0094.\\nQy^zee $cm\u00c2\u00a3^d afterdate, for value received, (2/ promise\\nto pay ^S^az/ed or order, ifflazzc/zec/ ^Lo/ZaZd^\\nwith interest. C WiZZtam C Sow/e.\\nNEGOTIABLE NOTE.\\nW T ith interest at ten per cent, after maturity, until paid.\\nate\\ny\\nate\\ny\\nate\\ny\\nate\\ny\\nate\\ny\\n\u00c2\u00a3te\\ny\\n6 0 Des Moines, Iowa., April 2 18\u00e2\u0080\u0094.\\nFor value received, nzne/^ Zayd after date, OZ promise\\nto pay ZZtZ/iam ^JoZdozi^ or order, C ^ne 2/u?ic/zec/ ZZZ 0 /Ya Zd^\\nwith interest at ten per cent, after maturity, until paid.\\nZZ-naz/ed y^oZc/cm.\\nBANK CHECK.\\n42", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0701.jp2"}, "700": {"fulltext": "658\\nHOW TO DO BUSINESS\\nENDORSEMENT OF CHECK ON BACK.\\nBANK DRAFT.\\nXK\\nate\\nxK\\nate\\nXK\\nx\\nas\\nIS\\n85fl\\nNo. 398. FIRST NATIONAL BANK.\\n^\u00c2\u00a300 Jersey City, QA^ov. 2, 18\\nFor value received, pay to the order of C dffl. 2 ^ac/fet,\\nAABa/io mote, (Afttve dffianc/tec/ Dollars, which charge\\nwith or without advice to this Bank.\\nAyeoye AAcid^tci.\\nJAAn y^f Aym/eteoTij A 44 -I ~Sa4 At et.\\na SCCic/ Jffla/toria/\\nSIGHT DRAFT.\\nate\\nate\\nate\\nxK\\nxK\\nate\\nXK\\nXK\\n$300 New York, (2 Pe/d. 18\\nAt sight pay 2 ?f or order, %teo\\n(Ptunc/tcc/ Dollars, and charge the same to the account of\\nK r M M M encc", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0702.jp2"}, "701": {"fulltext": "LEGAL FORMS \u00e2\u0080\u009cHIS\u00c2\u00ae\\nym $P\\nA HAND-BOOK OF LAW\\nyTTHB following compilation of business law\\nJL contains the essence of a large amount of legal\\nverbiage i. If a note is lost or stolen, it does not\\nrelease the maker; he must pay it, if the consider\u00c2\u00ac\\nation for which it was given and the amount can be\\nproven.\\n2. Notes bear interest only when so stated.\\n3. Principals are responsible for the acts of their\\nagents.\\n4. Each individual in a partnership is responsible\\nfor the whole amount of the debts of the firm, except\\nin cases of special partnership.\\n5. Ignorance of the law excuses no one.\\n6. The law compels no one to do impossibilities.\\n7. An agreement without consideration is void.\\n8. A note made on Sunday is void.\\n9. Contracts made on Sunday cannot be enforced.\\n10. A note by a minor is voidable. A contract made\\nby a minor is void.\\n11. A contract made by a lunatic is void.\\n12. A note obtained by fraud, or from a person in\\na state of intoxication, cannot be collected.\\n13. It is a fraud to conceal a fraud.\\n14. Signatures made with a lead-pencil are good in\\nlaw.\\n15. A receipt for money is not always conclusive.\\n16. The acts of one partner bind all the rest.\\n17. The maker of an accommodation bill or note\\n(one for which he has received no consideration, hav\u00c2\u00ac\\ning lent his name or credit for the accommodation of\\nthe holder) is not bound to the person accommodated,\\nbut is bound to all other parties, precisely as if there\\nwas a good consideration.\\n18. No consideration is sufficient in law if it be\\nillegal in its nature.\\n19. Checks or drafts must be presented for 7 ayment\\nwithout unreasonable delay.\\n20. Checks or drafts should be presented during\\nbusiness hours but in this country, except in the\\ncase of banks, the time extends through the day and\\nevening.\\n21. If the drawee of a check or draft has changed\\nhis residence, the holder must use due and reasonable\\nt \u00e2\u0080\u0099licence to find him.\\n22. If one who holds a check, as payee or other\u00c2\u00ac\\nwise, transfers it to another, he has a right to insist\\nthat the check be presented that day, or, at farthest,\\non the day following.\\n23. A note indorsed in blank (the name of the in\u00c2\u00ac\\ndorser only written) is transferable by delivery, the\\nsame as if made payable to bearer.\\n24. If time of payment of a note is not named, it is\\npayable on demand.\\n25. The time of payment of a note must not depend\\nupon a contingency. The promise must be absolute.\\n26. A bill may be written upon any kind of paper,\\neither with ink or pencil.\\n27. The payee should be named in the note, unless\\nit is payable to bearer.\\n28. An indorsee has a right of action against all\\nwhose names were on the bill when he received it.\\n29. If the letter containing a protest of non-pay\u00c2\u00ac\\nment be put into the post-office, any miscarriage docs\\nnot affect the party giving notice. Notice of protest\\nmay be sent either to the place of business or of\\nresidence of the party notified.\\n30. The holder of a note may give notice of protest\\neither to all the previous indorsers or only to one of\\nthem; in case of the latter he must select the last\\nIndorser, and the last must give notice to the last\\nbefore him, and so on. Each indorser must send\\nnotice the same day or the day following. Neither\\nSunday nor any legal holiday is counted in reckon\u00c2\u00ac\\ning time in which notice is to be given.\\n31. The loss of a note is not sufficient excuse for\\nnot giving notice of protest.\\n32. If two or more persons, as partners, are justly\\nliable on a note or bill, due notice to one of them is\\nsufficient.\\n33. If a note or bill is transferred as security, or\\neven as payment of a pre-existing debt, the debt\\nrevives if the note or bill be dishonored.\\n34. An indorsement may be written on the face or\\nback.\\n35. A11 indorser may prevent his own liability to\\nbe sued by writing \u00e2\u0080\u009cwithout recourse\u00e2\u0080\u009d or similar\\nwords.\\n^6. An oral agreement must be proved by evidence.\\n059", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0703.jp2"}, "702": {"fulltext": "GGO\\nLEGAL FORMS.\\nA written agreement proves itself. The law prefers\\nwritten to oral evidence, because of its precision.\\n37. No evidence can be introduced to contradict or\\nvary a written contract; but it may be received in\\norder to explain it, when such explanation is needed.\\n38. Written instruments are to be construed and\\ninterpreted by the law according to the simple, cus\u00c2\u00ac\\ntomary and natural meaning of the words used.\\n39. The finder of negotiable paper, as of all other\\nproperty, must make reasonable efforts to find the\\nowner, before he is entitled to appropriate it for his\\nown purposes. If the finder conceal it, he is liable\\nto the charge of larceny or theft\\n40. Joint payees of a bill or note, who are not\\npartners, must all join in an indorsement.\\n41. One may make a note payable to his own order\\nand indorse it in blank. He must write his name\\nacross its back or face, the same as any other indorser.\\n42. After the death of a holder of a bill or note, his\\nexecutor or administrator may transfer it by his\\nindorsement.\\n43. The husband who acquires a right to a bill ot\\nnote which was given to the wife, either before or\\nafter marriage, may indorse it.\\n44. \u00e2\u0080\u009cAcceptance applies to bills and not to notes.\\nIt is an engagement on the part of the person 0:1\\nwhom the bill is drawn to pay it according to its\\ntenor. The usual way is to write across the face of\\nthe bill the word accepted.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n45. An account outlawed according to statute of\\nstate where it is contracted cannot be collected\\nunless judgment note has been given.\\nglisipess\\nN agreement or contract is an arrange\u00c2\u00ac\\nment entered into by two or more\\npersons, by which each binds himself\\nto perform certain specified acts within a\\ndesignated time.\\nAgreements may be verbal, but it is better\\nin all cases, and absolutely essential in matters\\nof importance, to express them in writing.\\nFraud annuls all contracts and obligations,\\nand the party so wronged is relieved of his\\nGeneral Form\\nThis Agreement, made this tw T enty-fifth day of\\nSeptember, in the year of our Lord one thousand\\neight hundred and ninety\u00e2\u0080\u0094, between John Swan, of\\nLivonia, County of Livingston, State of New York,\\nparty of the first part, and Hiram Bolt, of the same\\nplace, party of the second part,\\nWITNESSETH, That the said John Swan, party of\\nthe first part, hereby covenants and agrees, that he\\nwill deliver to the said Hiram Bolt, party of the\\nsecond part, during the month of September, one\\nhundred cords of hickory wood, at the woodyard of\\nthe said Hiram Bolt, as follows twenty cords to be\\ndelivered on or before the 10th of October; twenty\\ncords more to be delivered on or before the 15th of\\nOctober; twenty cords more on or before the 20th of\\nOctober twenty cords more on or before the 25th of\\nOctober, and the remaining twenty cords on or before\\nthe 30th of October the entire quantity of one hun\u00c2\u00ac\\ndred cords to be delivered by the 30th of October.\\nAnd the said Hiram Bolt, party of the second part,\\nobligation by law. If both the parties to an\\nagreement act fraudulently, neither can take\\nadvantage of the fraud of the other; nor can\\none who acts fraudulently set his own fraud\\naside for his benefit.\\nAgreements should be prepared and signed\\nin duplicate, triplicate, etc., according to the\\nnumber of persons concerned in them. Each\\nparty should have a copy, and should care\u00c2\u00ac\\nfully preserve it.\\nof Agreement.\\niu consideration of the prompt fulfilment of this\\nagreement by the said John Swan, party of the first\\npart, agrees and binds himself to pay to the said\\nJohn Swan, the sum of three dollars for each and\\nevery cord of hickory wood delivered to him by the\\nsaid John Swan or his agents, and to pay for each\\ncord of wood as soon as it is delivered at his wood-\\n3^ard.\\nIn case of the failure of either party to this con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntract to make good his promises, it is hereby stipu\u00c2\u00ac\\nlated and agreed that the party so failing shall forfeit\\nto the other party the sum of one hundred dollars in\\ncash as fixed and settled damages.\\nIn Witness Whereof, the parties to these\\npresents have hereunto set their hands and seals,\\nthe day and year first above written.\\nJOHN SWAN. [seal,.]\\nHIRAM BOLT, [seae.j\\nSigned, sealed and delivered\\nin presence of S", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0704.jp2"}, "703": {"fulltext": "LEGAL FORMS.\\nCGI\\n;ci\\\\Vs of Partnership\\nPARTNERSHIP is an agreement be\u00c2\u00ac\\ntween two or more persons for join\u00c2\u00ac\\ning together their money, goods,\\nlabor, and skill, or any or all of them, in\\nsome lawful commerce or business, under\\nan understanding, express or implied from\\nthe nature of the undertaking, that the\\nparties to the agreement shall share be\u00c2\u00ac\\ntween them the profits and loss arising\\ntherefrom.\\nIt is not necessary that each partner should\\ncontribute an equal amount of money to be\\nentitled to an equal share of the profits. An\\nindividual may contribute his knowledge of\\nthe business to be engaged in, or his skill, or\\nhis labor, or all three, the other partner or\\npartners contributing a specified sum of\\nmoney, or the money and their services.\\nThe agreement must state exactly what is\\ncontributed.\\nThe act of one partner binds all the others.\\nThus, if one partner gives a negotiable note\\nfor the use of the firm, and signs it with his\\nindividual name, such signature binds all the\\nother partners.\\nA person who contributes his money to\\nthe capital of a firm and shares its profits,,\\nwithout allowing his name to be used, is\\ntermed a secret or silent partner. A person\\ncontributing to the capital and sharing the\\nprofits of the concern, but taking no active\\npart in its management, is termed a sleeping\\nor dormant partner. Both of these are liable\\nto creditors for the debts of the concern,\\neven though they did not know them to be\\nmembers of the firm.\\nIn forming partnerships, it is generally the\\nrule to form them for a stated period, which\\nmust be expressed in the agreement. This\\nis termed a limited partnership, and expires\\nby limitation at the end of the period\\nnamed.\\nA Partnership Agreement.\\nThis Agreement, made this tenth day of June,\\n189-, between James Smith, of Salem, Washington\\nCounty, N. Y., of the one part, and Henry Smythe,\\nof the same place, of the other part, witnesseth\\nThe said parties agree to associate themselves as\\nco-partners, for a period of five years from this date,\\nin the business of buying and selling hardware and\\nsuch other goods and commodities as belong in that\\nline of trade the name and style of the firm to be\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cSmith Smythe.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nFor the purpose of conducting the business of the\\naboved named partnership, James Smith has, at the\\ndate of this writing, invested Five Thousand Dollars,\\nas capital stock, and the said Henry Smythe has paid\\nin the like sum of Five Thousand Dollars, both of\\nwhich amounts are to be expended and used in\\ncommon, for the mutual advantage of the parties\\nhereto, in the management of their business.\\nIt is further agreed that once every year, or oftener,\\nshould either party desire, a full, just and accurate\\nexhibit shall be made to each other, or to their\\nexecutors, administrators or representatives, of the\\nlosses, receipts, profits and increase made by reason\\nof, or arising from, such co-partnership. And after\\nsuch exhibit is made, the surplus profit, if such there\\nbe, resulting from the business, shall be divided be\u00c2\u00ac\\ntween the subscribing partners, share and share alike.\\n[Here state amount to be drawn out annually\\nby eachparty\\nIt is also agreed that in case of a misunderstanding\\narising with the partners hereto which cannot be set\u00c2\u00ac\\ntled between themselves, such difference of opinion\\nshall be settled by arbitration, upon the following con\u00c2\u00ac\\nditions, to wit: Each party to choose one arbitrator,\\nwhich two thus elected shall choose a third the\\nthree thus chosen to determine the merits of the case,\\nand arrange the basis of a settlement.\\nIn Witness Whereof, The undersigned hereto\\nset their hands the day and year first above written.\\nJAMES SMITH.\\nHENRY SMYTHE.\\nSigned in presence of\\nJohn Jones,\\nvSamuee Brown.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0705.jp2"}, "704": {"fulltext": "662\\nLEGAL FORMS.\\nDeeds\\nTN this country, no lands can be trans\u00c2\u00ac\\nferred excepting by a deed, which\\nmust be properly signed, sealed, wit\u00c2\u00ac\\nnessed, acknowledged, delivered, and re\u00c2\u00ac\\ncorded. In some of the States, seals are\\nnot necessary to the validity of a deed.\\nA deed must be delivered in order to ren\u00c2\u00ac\\nder it valid. There is no special form neces\u00c2\u00ac\\nsary to constitute a proper delivery. If the\\ndeed comes into the possession of the grantee\\nwith the knowledge and consent of the gran\u00c2\u00ac\\ntor, however it may have been gotten posses\u00c2\u00ac\\nsion of, it is a valid delivery. If a man makes\\na deed and fails to deliver it, and dies with\\nWarranty Deed\\nThis Indenture, Made this eighteenth day of\\nMarch, in the year of our Lord 189-, between Ben\\nCooper, of Ramsey, County of Fayette, State of\\nIllinois, and Mary, his wife, of the first part, and\\nL. Y. Rood, of the same place, of the second part.\\nWiTNESSE-H, That the said party of the first part,\\nfor and in consideration of the sum of Three Thou\u00c2\u00ac\\nsand Dollars in hand, paid by the said party of the\\nsecond part, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowl\u00c2\u00ac\\nedged, have granted, bargained, and \u00c2\u00abold, and by\\nthese presents do grant, bargain and sell, unto the\\nsaid party of the second part, his heirs and assigns,\\nall the following described lot, piece, or parcel of\\nland, situated in the town of Ramsey, in the County\\nof Fayette, and State of Illinois, to wit:\\n\\\\Here describe the property\\nTogether with all and singular the hereditaments\\nand appurtenances thereunto belonging or in any\\nwise appertaining, and the reversion and reversions,\\nremainder and remainders, rents, issues, and profits\\nthereof; and all the estate, right, title, interest, claim\\nand demand whatsoever, of the said party of the first\\npart, either in law or equity, of, in, and to the above\\nbargained premises, with the hereditaments and\\nappurtenances To have and to hold the said prem\u00c2\u00ac\\nises above bargained and described, with the appur\u00c2\u00ac\\ntenances, unto the said party of the second part, his\\nheirs and assigns, forever. And the said Ben Cooper,\\nand Mary, his wife, parties of the first part, hereby\\nexpressly waive, release and relinquish unto the said\\nparty of the second part, his heirs, executors, admiuis-\\nit in his possession, the deed is of no effect\\nwhatever. A deed to a married woman\\nmay be delivered either to her or to her\\nhusband.\\nA deed must be recorded to be valid\\nThat is, the grantee must deliver it to the\\nRecorder of Deeds, or other official appointed\\nby law for that purpose, who must cause it\\nto be copied in full in a book kept in his\\noffice for that purpose. A deed is regarded\\nas recorded from the moment it is placed in\\nthe hands of this officer, and he generally\\nwrites upon it the year, month, day, hour,\\nand minute when he received it.\\nwith Covenants.\\ntrators, and assigns, all right, tit ll, claim, interest,\\nand benefit whatever, in and to th e above described\\npremises, and each and every part thereof, which is\\ngiven by or results from all laws of tnis State per\u00c2\u00ac\\ntaining to the exemption of homesteads.\\nAnd the said Ben Cooper and Mary Cooper, his\\nwife, party of the first part, for themselves and their\\nheirs, executors, and administrators, do covenant,\\ngrant, bargain, and agree, to and with the said party\\nof the second part, his heirs and assigns, that at the\\ntime of the ensealing and delivery of these presents\\nthey were well seized of the premises above conveyed,\\nas of a good, sure, perfect, absolute, and indefeasible\\nestate of inheritance in law, and in fee simple, and\\nhave good right, full power, and lawful authority to\\ngrant, bargain, sell, and convey the same, in manner\\nand form aforesaid, and that the same are free and\\nclear from all former and other grants, bargains,\\nsales, liens, taxes, assessments, and encumbrances of\\nwhat kind or nature soever, and the above bargained\\npremises in the quiet and peaceable possession of the\\nsaid party of the second part, his heirs and assigns,\\nagainst all and every person or persons lawfully\\nclaiming or to claim the whole or any part thereof,\\nthe said party of the first part shall and will warrant\\nand forever defend.\\nIn testimony whereof, the said parties of the first\\npart have hereunto set their hands and seals the day\\nand year first above written.\\nBEN COOPER. I 3 EAE.]\\nMARY COOPER. [seae-I", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0706.jp2"}, "705": {"fulltext": "LEGAL FORMS.\\n663\\nMortgages\\nMORTGAGE is a deed conveying real\\nestate to a creditor, as security for a\\ndebt. It conveys the property to him\\nas fully and absolutely as though it were sold\\noutright, with this difference, that the debtor\\nretains by the terms of the deed the right to\\npay the debt and redeem the property within\\na specified time.\\nIt is usual for the mortgage to contain an\\nagreement that the mortgagor shall keep the\\npremises insured in a certain sum for the\\nbenefit of the mortgagee. Where no such\\nstipulation is made, and the mortgagee in\u00c2\u00ac\\nsures the premises, he cannot recover the\\ncost of the insurance from the mortgagor.\\nShould a mortgagor erect buildings upon\\nmortgaged land, the mortgagee, on taking\\npossession, becomes the owner of these\\nbuildings also. If, however, the mortgagee\\nerects buildings upon lands on which he\\nholds a mortgage, the mortgagor, upon re\u00c2\u00ac\\ndeeming the land, becomes the owner of\\nsuch buildings without paying the mort\u00c2\u00ac\\ngagee for them. Such matters may, and\\nshould always, be regulated by an agree\u00c2\u00ac\\nment between the parties.\\nReal Estate Mortgage to Secure Payment of Money.\\nThis Indenture, Made this nineteenth day of\\nOctober, in the year of our Lord, 189-, between W. H.\\nHarrison, of Urbana, County of Champaign, and\\nState of Illinois, and Helen, his wife, party of the first\\npart, and Robert Fairchild, party of the second part.\\nWhereas, The said party of the first part is justly\\nindebted to the said party of the second part, in the\\nsum of Four Thousand Dollars, secured to be paid by\\ntwo certain promissory notes (bearing even date\\nherewith), the one due and payable at the First\\nNational Bank at Champaign, Ill., with interest, on\\nthe nineteenth day of October, in the year 189- the\\nother due and payable at the First National Bank at\\nChampaign, Ill., with interest, on the nineteenth day\\nof October, 189-.\\nNow, Therefore, This Indenture Witness-\\nETH, That the said party of the first part, for the\\nbetter securing the payment of the money aforesaid,\\nwith interest thereon, according to the tenor and\\neffect of the said two promissory notes above men\u00c2\u00ac\\ntioned and, also, in consideration of the further sum\\nof one dollar to them in hand paid by the said\\nparty of the second part, at the delivery of these\\npresents, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowl\u00c2\u00ac\\nedged, have granted, bargained, sold, and conveyed,\\nand by these presents do grant, bargain, sell, and\\nconvey, unto the said party of the second part,\\nhis heirs and assigns, forever, all that certain parcel\\nof land, situate, etc.\\n[.Describing the premises.\\nTo have and to hold the same, together with all\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2and singular the tenements, hereditaments, privi\u00c2\u00ac\\nleges, and appurtenances thereunto belonging or in\\nany wise appertaining. And also, all the estate,\\ninterest, and claim whatsoever, in law as well as in\\nequity, which the party of the first part have in and\\nto the premises hereby conveyed unto the said party\\nof the second part, his heirs and assigns, and to\\ntheir only proper use, benefit, and behoof. And the\\nsaid W. II. Harrison, and Helen, his wife, party of\\nthe first part, hereby expressly waive, relinquish,\\nrelease, and convey unto the said party of the second\\npart, his heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns,\\nall right, title, claim, interest, and benefit whatever,\\nin and to the above described premises, and each and\\nevery part thereof, which is given by or results from\\nall laws of this State pertaining to the exemption of\\nhomesteads.\\nProvided Alwa\\\\ and these presents are upon\\nthis express condition, that if the said party of the\\nfirst part, their heirs, executors, or administrators,\\nshall well and truly pay, or cause to be paid, to the\\nsaid party of the second part, his heirs, executors,\\nadministrators, or assigns, the aforesaid sums of\\nmoney, with such interest thereon, at the time and\\nin the manner specified in the above mentioned\\npromissory notes, according to the true intent and\\nmeaning thereof, then, in that case, these presents\\nand everything herein expressed, shall be absolutely\\nnull and void.\\nIn WITNESS Whereof, the said party of the first\\npart hereunto set their hands and seals the day and\\nyear first above written.\\nW. H. HARRISON. [1,. S.]\\nHELEN HARRISON. [L. S.]", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0707.jp2"}, "706": {"fulltext": "664\\nLEGAL FORMS.\\nLandlords ar|d ^daqts\\nEASES should be written. No par\u00c2\u00ac\\nticular form of words is essential, but\\nthe lease should state in the clearest\\nmanner the terms and conditions of the\\nagreement, so that nothing may be left to\\ndispute between the landlord and tenant.\\nThe law does not recognize verbal promises\\nas binding. Therefore the lease must state\\nexplicitly all the covenants between the\\nparties.\\nWhen the landlord desires to prevent his\\ntenant from sub-letting a part or the whole\\nof the premises, he must provide for it in the\\nlease. A person holding a lease which does\\nnot contain this prohibition can sub-let at\\nhis pleasure.\\nThe lease should definitely state the period\\nfor which it is given. If no time is specified\\nthe tenant can hold the property for one\\nyear, but no longer. A tenant-at-will cannot\\nvacate the property without giving notice of\\nhis intention, nor can he be put out without\\nbeing- given notice of the landlord\u00e2\u0080\u0099s desire to\\nregain possession of the property. The laws\\nin the various States are quite uniform as to\\nthe time of notice required. If the rent be\\npayable quarterly, three months\u00e2\u0080\u0099 notice must\\nbe given. If it be payable at more frequent\\nperiods, then the notice must equal in length\\nthe period of the payment. If the rent is\\npayable monthly, a month\u00e2\u0080\u0099s notice is suffi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncient; if weekly, a week\u00e2\u0080\u0099s notice will answer.\\nA lease given for a specified time, as one\\nyear, expires at the end of that time, and the\\ntenant may leave without giving notice, or\\nthe landlord may put him out without notice.\\nA lease should be recorded, whether the\\nlaw requires it or not. Such record binds a\\nsubsequent purchaser of the property to\\nassume all the obligations of the former\\nlandlord as expressed in the lease, and is a\\nnecessary legal form.\\nForm of Lease of a Farm and Buildings\\nThis AGREEMENT, Made this first day of January,\\n189- between PelegRoss, of Shawnee County, State\\nof Kansas, party of the first part, and O. B. Scott, of\\nthe county and State aftnesaid, party of the second\\npart,\\nWITNESSETH, That the said Peleg Ross lets, and\\nthe said O. B. Scott agrees to take and hold of him\\nas tenant all that parcel of land, with the buildings\\nand improvements appertaining and belonging to\\nit, situate\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\n[Here insert an accurate and careful description\\nof the property.\\nFrom the first day of February next ensuing, upon\\nthe terms following, that is to say\\nSaid tenant shall be deemed a tenant from year\\nto year;\\nThat said tenant enter and take possession of said\\npremises on the first day of February next;\\nThat either party may determine the tenancy by a\\nnotice in writing, three months before the expiration\\nof any year from the first day of February next pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nceding\\nThat the rent of said premises shall be five hun\u00c2\u00ac\\ndred dollars per annum, payable in half yearly pay\u00c2\u00ac\\nments on, etc., and on, etc.\\nThat the said tenant agrees to cause the following\\nrepairs to be made, viz.: Here state the repairs\\nagreed upon~\\\\\\nThat said tenant on quitting the farm shall receive\\nsuch pecuniary compensation for improvements in\\nfencing, etc., as two arbitrators (one of which arbi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrators shall be nominated by each party, and if\\neither neglect to nominate his arbitrator, the other\\nparty may nominate both arbitrators) shall award,\\nwhich arbitrators shall abate according to the benefit\\nderived by the tenant from such repairs, improve\u00c2\u00ac\\nments, and additions, and take into consideration\\nhow far, at the expiration of the tenancy, they may\\nbe beneficial to the estate.\\nIn Witness Whereof, The said parties have\\nhereunto set their hands and seals the day and\\nyear first above \u00e2\u0080\u009cTitten.\\nPEFEG ROSS, [seai,.]\\nO. B. SCOTT. [seae.]", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0708.jp2"}, "707": {"fulltext": "LEGAL FORMS.\\nGG5\\nfxast Wills aqd restaii^ei]ts\\nNY one may make a will who is of\\nlegal age and sound mind. A mar\u00c2\u00ac\\nried woman cannot, however, make\\na will unless the law of the State in which\\nher property is situated vests her with the\\nseparate ownership of it.\\nThe legal age for making a will devising\\nreal estate is twenty-one years. In most of\\nthe States a male, aged eighteen years, or a\\nfemale, aged sixteen years, may bequeath\\npersonal property by will.\\nThe person making a will, if a male, is\\ncalled the testator if a female, the testatrix.\\nA will is of no effect during the life of the\\nmaker, and may be set aside, altered or re\u00c2\u00ac\\nplaced by a new will, at any time previous\\nto the death of the maker.\\nThe last will made annuls all previous\\nwills. It is, therefore, the duty of the tes\u00c2\u00ac\\ntator to state distinctly in the first part that\\nthis is his last will. If he has made other\\nwills, he should state that by this instrument\\nhe revokes all other wills.\\nThe will should close with a formal state\u00c2\u00ac\\nment that it is the deliberate act of the tes\u00c2\u00ac\\ntator, and that it is properly signed ai d\\nsealed by him.\\nAll wills must be witnessed. Tnis is a\\nvery important part of making a will, and\\nshould be performed in strict accordance\\nwith the laws of the State in wAch it is\\nmade. Some of the States require two, and\\nsome three credible witnesses. It is a good\\nplan for the testator to have the will witnessed\\nby three persons, in all cases, whether the\\nlaw requires it or not.\\nGeneral F(\\nI, Thomas Henry Howard, of the City of Baltimore,\\nState of Maryland, declare this to be my last will and\\ntestament.\\nI. I give and bequeath to my wife Catharine\\nThe witnesses to a will should see the\\ntestator sign it. He should perform the act\\nin their presence. If the testator cannot\\nwrite, or is too feeble by reason of old age\\nor sickness to do so, he may make his mark\\nin the presence of the witnesses.\\nWhere a will is made, and the testator\\nsubsequently disposes of any or all the prop\u00c2\u00ac\\nerty described in the will, the will is invali\u00c2\u00ac\\ndated to the extent of the alienation of the\\nproperty.\\nWhere a man makes a will, and subse\u00c2\u00ac\\nquently marries and has children, the law\\nregards the will as revoked, unless the tes\u00c2\u00ac\\ntator, alter such acts, makes a new will con\u00c2\u00ac\\nfirming the original one.\\nA person cannot be an executor to a will\\nif at the time of the probate of the will he is\\na minor, a drunkard, a convict, or of unsound\\nmind.\\nWills are of two kinds, written and verbal\\nor nuncupative.\\nA codicil is an addition to a will designed\\nto modify or add new provisions to a will.\\nIt does not revoke the will. Though there\\ncan be but one will, there may be any num\u00c2\u00ac\\nber of codicils,\\nA will made by a single woman is revoked\\nby her subsequent marriage. By the terms\\nof her marriage settlement she may, how\u00c2\u00ac\\never, provide for the right to dispose of her\\nproperty.\\nA wife cannot be deprived of her dower\\nby any will of her husband. A husband\\nmay, however, bequeath to his wife a certain\\nsum in lieu of her dower.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2m of Will.\\nHoward, all the fixtures, prints, books, paintings,,\\nlinen, china, household goods, furniture, chattels,\\nand effects, other than money, or securities for\\nmoney, which shall, at my death, be in or about my", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0709.jp2"}, "708": {"fulltext": "STATUTES OF LIMITATIONS.\\n0G3\\nhouse, No. 458 Park avenue, in the said City of\\nBaltimore.\\n2. I also give and bequeath unto my said wife, the\\nsum of fifty thousand dollars in the preferred stock of\\nthe Baltimore Ohio Railroad Company, now held\\nby me.\\n3. I give and devise to my son, George Frederick\\nHoward, his heirs and assigns, forever, all that\\ncertain brick dwelling and lot of ground, known as\\nNumber 529, in St. Paul street, in the said City of\\nBaltimore, together with all the hereditaments and\\nappurtenances thereto belonging, or in anywise\\nappertaining to have and to hold the premises above\\ndescribed to the said George Frederick Howard, his\\nheirs and assigns, forever.\\n4. I give and bequeath to my said son, George\\nFrederick Howard, the sum of one hundred thousand\\ndollars, in the bonds of the United States of America,\\nknown as the five-twenty bonds, being all the secur\u00c2\u00ac\\nities of the United States now held by me.\\n5. I also bequeath to each of my domestic servants\\nwho may be living with me at the time of my death,\\nthe sum of two hundred dollars.\\n6. All the rest, residue, and remainder of my real\\nand personal estate, I give, devise, and bequeath in\\nequal shares, to my said wife, Catharine Howard,\\nand to my son, George Frederick Howard, their heirs\\nand assigns forever.\\n7. I appoint my said son and my said friend, Alfred\\nW. Fee, executors of this my will, and desire that\\nthey shall not be required to give any security for\\nthe performance of their duties.\\nIn Witness Whereof, I, Thomas Henry Howard,\\nhave hereunto set my hand and seal this twenty-fifth\\nday of May, 189-.\\nTHOMAS HENRY HOWARD, [seat.]\\n44=\\nTj0 \u00e2\u0080\u0094l\\nk.y.v\\nStatutes of Limitations 1\\nL-SS\\na* 3\\n.2\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nShowing the Limit of Time for Notes, Accounts and Judgments\\nin the Various States and Territories.\\nNote. J. P.\u00e2\u0080\u009d means judgments of Justices of the Peace and other Courts not of record. Sealed\\ninstruments and notes with witnesses, in some of the States, are not within these limitations, nor are judg\u00c2\u00ac\\nments rendered in other States. The lien of a judgment on real estate in some States is shorter in time than\\nthe period of limitation. Special limitations apply to claims presented to executors or administrators and\\ndisputed by them.\\nStates, Territories, c.\\nNOTES.\\nACCOUNTS.\\nJUDGMENTS.\\nAlabama.\\n6 years.\\nStated accounts, 6 years open\\naccounts 3 years.\\n10 years J. P. from 3% to\\n5 years.\\nAlaska\\n6 years.\\n6 years.\\n10 years.\\nArizona.\\n5 years.\\n3 years; between merchant and\\nmerchant, 4 years.\\n5 years.\\nArkansas.\\n5 years.\\n3 years.\\n10 years.\\nCalifornia\\nMade in State, 4 years\\noutside. 2 years.\\n2 years.\\n5 years.\\nColorado.\\n6 years.\\n6 years.\\n10 yrs.; J. P. 7 yrs.\\nConnecticut\\n6 years.\\n6 years.\\n17 years.\\nDelaware.\\n6 years.\\n3 years.\\n10 years.\\nDistrict of Columbia.\\n3 years.\\n3 years.\\n12 years J. P. 3 years if execu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion issued in 1 year.\\nFlorida.\\n5 years.\\n4 years.\\n20 yrs.; J. P. 7 yrs.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0710.jp2"}, "709": {"fulltext": "STATUTES OF LIMITATIONS.\\n667\\nStates, Territories, c.\\nGeorgia\\nIdaho\\nIllinois\\nIndiana\\nIndian Territory\\nIowa\\nKansas\\nKentucky\\nLouisiana\\nMaine\\nManitoba\\nMaryland\\nMassachusetts\\nMichigan\\nMinnesota\\nMississippi\\nMissouri\\nMontana\\nNebraska\\nNevada.\\nNew Brunswicl\\nNewfoundland\\nNew Hampshire\\nNew Jersey\\nNew Mexico\\nNew York\\nNorth Carolina\\nNorth Dakota\\nNova Scotia\\nOhio\\nOklahoma Territ\\nOntario.\\nOregon.\\nPennsylvania\\nPrince Edward\\nQuebec.\\nRhode Island\\nSouth Carolina\\nSouth Dakota\\nTennessee\\n:o\\nIsla\\nnd\\nNOTES.\\n6 years.\\n5 years,\\nio years,\\nio years.\\n5 years,\\nio years.\\n5 y r ears.\\n15 years if discounted in\\nbank, 5 years.\\n5 y^ears.\\n6 years.\\n6 years.\\n3 years.\\n6 yean\\n6 years.\\n6 years.\\n6 years.\\nio yrears.\\n8 years.\\n5 y r ears.\\n6 yrears.\\n6 years.\\n6 years.\\n6 yrears.\\n6 years.\\n6 yrears.\\n6 yrears.\\n3 years.\\n6 yrears.\\n6 yrears.\\ni 5 years.\\n5 years.\\n6 yrears.\\n6 years.\\n6 years.\\n6 yrears.\\n5 years.\\n6 years.\\n6 years.\\n6 years.\\n6 years.\\nACCOUNTS.\\n4 years.\\n4 years.\\n5 years.\\n6 years.\\n3 years.\\n5 years.\\n3 years.\\nBetween merchant and mer\u00c2\u00ac\\nchant, 5 years between mer\u00c2\u00ac\\nchant and consumer, 2 years.\\n3 years.\\n6 years.\\n6 years.\\n3 years.\\n6 years.\\n6 years.\\n6 years.\\nwhen acknowledged i\\ng, 6 years.\\n3 years; when acknowle\\nwriting, 6 years.\\nin\\n5 years.\\n5 years.\\n4 years.\\n4 years.\\n6 years.\\n6 years.\\n6 years.\\n6 years.\\n4 years.\\n6 years.\\n3 years.\\n6 years.\\n6 years.\\n6 years.\\n3 years.\\n6 years.\\n6 years.\\n6 years.\\n6 years.\\n5 years.\\n6 years.\\n6 years.\\n6 years.\\n6 years.\\nJUDGMENTS.\\n7 years.\\n6 years.\\n20 yrs.; J. P. 5 yrs.\\n20 years.\\nUnsettled.\\n20 yrs.; J. P. 10 yrs.\\n5 years.\\n1 5 years.\\n10 years.\\n20 years.\\n10 years.\\n12 years.\\n20 yrs.; J. P. 6 yrs.\\n10 yrs.; J. P. 6 yrs.\\n10 years.\\n7 years.\\n10 years.\\n6 years.\\n5 years.\\n6 years.\\n20 yrs.; J. P. 6 yrs.\\n20 years.\\n20 years.\\n20 years.\\n7 years.\\n20 yrs.; J. P. 6 yrs.\\n10 yrs.; J. P. 7 yrs.\\n10 years.\\n20 yrs.; J. P. 4 yrs.\\n21 years..\\n5 years.\\n20 years.\\n10 years.\\n20 years.\\n20 years; County Court, 10 years\\n30 years.\\n20 years.\\n20 years.\\n20 years.\\n10 years.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0711.jp2"}, "710": {"fulltext": "6G8\\nSTATUTES OF LIMITATIONS.\\nStates, Territories, c.\\nNOTES.\\nACCOUNTS.\\nJUDGMENTS.\\nTexas.\\n4 years.\\nOn stated and open accounts. 2\\nyears; on mutual and current\\naccounts, concerning trade of\\nmerchandise between mer\u00c2\u00ac\\nchant and merchant, 4 years.\\nio years.\\nUtah.\\n4 years.\\n2 years.\\n5 years.\\nVermont.\\n6 years.\\n6 years.\\n8 years.\\nVirginia.\\n5 years.\\nBetween merchant and mer\u00c2\u00ac\\nchant, 3 years; others, 2 years.\\nIf execution returned unsatis\u00c2\u00ac\\nfied, 20 years if no such returr\\nmade, io years.\\nWashington\\n5 years.\\n3 years.\\n6 years.\\nWest Virginia\\n10 years.\\n5 years.\\nio years.\\nWisconsin\\n6 years.\\n6 years.\\n20 yrs.; J. P. 6 yrs.\\nWyoming\\n5 years.\\n8 years.\\n5 years; but under some cir\u00c2\u00ac\\ncumstances may be revived\\nafter that time.\\nLIGHTNING CALCULATOR\\nOR\\nREADY RECKONER\\npB W |3jpB\\nY the use of the following tables the\\ncost of any number of articles at any\\ngiven price can be ascertained at a\\nglance. The first column of figures shows\\nthe number of articles the second column\\nof figures shows the total cost. For exam\u00c2\u00ac\\nple, 17 articles at cent each, amount to\\n4 t 4 cents; 98 articles amount to 2414 cents.\\nNo one can fail to see the convenience of\\nthese tables. By consulting them you not\\nonly save time, but you are sure of the\\naccuracy of the reckoning. Almost instantly\\nthe desired result can be obtained and it is\\ncertain to be correct.\\nAt 4 Cent.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nI\\nk\\n18\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a244\\n35\\n84\\n52\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a213\\n6q\\n.17I\\n86\\n.214\\n2\\ni\\n19\\n44\\n36\\n9\\n53\\n134\\n70\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2174\\n87\\n2 ii\\n3\\n20\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a25\\n37\\n94\\n54\\n.134\\n71\\n174\\n8S\\n.22\\n4\\n.i\\n21\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a254\\n33\\n94\\n55\\n.134\\n72\\n.18\\nS9\\n.224\\n5\\n.i 4\\n22\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a254\\n39\\n94\\n56\\n.14\\n73\\n184\\n90\\n22 5\\n6\\ni*\\n23\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a254\\n40\\n.10\\n57\\n.144\\n74\\n.184\\n91\\n.22.|\\n7\\n.i 4\\n24\\n.6\\n4 i\\n,to 4\\n53\\n.144\\n75\\n.184\\n92\\n.23\\n8\\n.2\\n25\\n.64\\n42\\n.104\\n59\\n.144\\n76\\n19\\n93\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2234\\n9\\n.24\\n26\\n.6 j\\n43\\n-.io!\\n60\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2w\\n77\\n.194\\n94\\n.234\\nIO\\n.24\\n27\\n.64\\n44\\n.11\\n61\\n154\\n73\\n195\\n96\\n.24\\nii\\n.2|\\n28\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a27\\n45\\n.114\\n62\\n.154\\n79\\n19!\\n98\\n24 i\\n12\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a23\\n29\\n74\\n46\\n.114\\n63\\n.154\\n80\\n.20\\n100\\n.25\\n13\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a234\\n30\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a274\\n47\\n.n|\\n64\\n.16\\n81\\n.204\\n200\\n5\\n14\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a234\\n31\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\u00e2\u0080\u00a274\\n48\\n.12\\n65\\n.164\\n82\\n.205\\n300\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a275\\n*5\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a234\\n32\\n8\\n49\\n124\\n66\\n.164\\n83\\n2o|\\n400\\n1.00\\n16\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a24\\n33\\n84\\n50\\n.124\\n67\\ni6|\\n84\\n.21\\n500\\n1.25\\n17\\n44\\n34\\n84\\n5 i\\n.124\\n68\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a217\\n85\\n.214\\nI coo\\n2.50", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0712.jp2"}, "711": {"fulltext": "LIGHTNING CALCULATOR\\nCCD\\nAt Cent\\nAt 2 Cents.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\ni\\ni\\n32\\n16\\n63\\n3 i i\\n1\\n2\\n32\\n.64\\n63\\n1.26\\n2\\nr\\nt\\n33\\n162\\n64\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a232\\n2\\n4\\n33\\n.66\\n64\\n1.2S\\n3\\nu\\n34\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a217\\n65\\n.322\\n3\\n6\\n34\\n.68\\n65\\n1.30\\n4\\n2\\n35\\nI 7 i\\n66\\n33\\n4\\n8\\n35\\n.70\\n66\\n1.32\\n5\\n23\\n36\\n.18\\n67\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2332\\n5\\n10\\n36\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a272\\n67\\n1-34\\n6\\n3\\n37\\n\u00c2\u00bbi8\u00c2\u00a3\\n68\\n34\\n6\\n12\\n37\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a274\\n68\\n1*36\\n7\\n32\\n33\\n.19\\n69\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2345\\n7\\n.14\\n38\\n.76\\n69\\n1.38\\n8\\n4\\n39\\n19*\\n70\\n35\\n8\\n16\\n39\\n.78\\n70\\n1.40\\n9\\n4 i\\n40\\n.20\\n7 i\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2355\\n9\\n.18\\n40\\n.80\\n7 i\\n1 42\\nIO\\n5\\n4 i\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a220*\\n72\\n3 6\\n10\\n.20\\n4 i\\n.82\\n72\\n1.44\\nii\\n5 i\\n42\\n.21\\n73\\n364\\n11\\n.22\\n42\\n.84\\n73\\n1.46\\n12\\n6\\n43\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a22l\u00c2\u00a3\\n74\\n37\\n12\\n.24\\n43\\n.86\\n74\\n1.48\\n13\\n6J\\n44\\n22\\n75\\n.372\\n13\\n.26\\n44\\n.88\\n75\\n1.50\\n14\\n7\\n45\\n.22^\\n76\\n.38\\n14\\n.28\\n45\\nQO\\n76\\n1.52\\n15\\n7 i\\n46\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a223\\n73\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a239\\n15\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a230\\n46\\n.92\\n78\\n1.5\\n16\\n8\\n47\\n23\\n80\\n.40\\n16\\n32\\n47\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a294\\n80\\n1.60\\n17\\n84\\n48\\n.24\\n82\\n4 i\\n17\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a234\\n48\\n.96\\n82\\n1.64\\n18\\n9\\n49\\n.244\\n84\\n.42\\n18\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a236\\n49\\n.98\\n84\\n1.68\\n19\\n94\\n50\\n.25\\n86\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a243\\n19\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a233\\n50\\n1.\\n86\\n1.72\\n20\\n10\\n5 1\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2252\\nS8\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a244\\n20\\n.40\\n5 i\\n1.02\\n88\\n1.76\\n21\\n.104\\n52\\n.26\\n90\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a245\\n21\\n.42\\n52\\n1.04\\n90\\n1.80\\n22\\n.11\\n53\\n263\\n92\\n.46\\nr?\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a244\\n53\\n1.06\\n92\\n1.84\\n23\\n.114\\n54\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a227\\n94\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a247\\n23\\n.46\\n54\\n1.08\\n94\\n1.88\\n24\\n12\\n55\\n.274\\n96\\n.48\\n24\\n.48\\n55\\n1.10\\n96\\n1.92\\n25\\n.124\\n56\\n.28\\n98\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a249\\n25\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a250\\n56\\n1.12\\n98\\n1.96\\n26\\n13\\n57\\n.2S4\\n100\\n5 v\\n26\\n.52\\n57\\n1.14\\n100\\n2.\\n27\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2134\\n53\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a229\\n200\\n1.\\n27\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a254\\n58\\n1.16\\n200\\n4\\n28\\n.14\\n59\\n.295\\n300\\n1.50\\n28\\n.56\\n59\\n1.18\\n300\\n6.\\n29\\n.144\\n60\\n.30\\n400\\n2.\\n29\\n.58\\n60\\n1.20\\n400\\n8.\\n30\\n15\\n61\\n.302\\n500\\n2.50\\n30\\n.60\\n61\\n1.22\\n500\\n10.\\n31\\n.154\\n62\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a231\\n1000\\n5\\n31\\n.62\\n62\\n1.24\\n1000\\n20.\\nAt\\nI Cent.\\nAt 5 Cents.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\n1\\n1\\n32\\n.32\\n63\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a263\\n1\\n5\\n32\\n1.60\\n63\\n3-15\\n2\\n2\\n33\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a233\\n64\\n.64\\n2\\n.10\\n33\\n1.65\\n64\\n3-20\\n3\\n3\\n34\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a234\\n65\\n5\\n3\\n15\\n34\\n1.70\\n65\\n3-25\\n4\\n4\\n35\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a235\\n66\\n.66\\n4\\n.20\\n35\\n1-75\\n66\\n3-30\\n5\\n5\\n36\\n.36\\n67\\n.67\\n5\\n.25\\n36\\n1.80\\n67\\n3-35\\n6\\n6\\n37\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a237\\n68\\n.63\\n6\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a230\\n37\\n1.85\\n68\\n3 40\\n7\\n7\\n38\\n.38\\n69\\n.69\\n7\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a235\\n38\\n1.90\\n69\\n3-45\\n8\\n8\\n39\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a239\\n70\\n.70\\n8\\n.40\\n39\\ni -95\\n70\\n3-50\\n9\\n9\\n40\\n.40\\n7 i\\n7 i\\n9\\n45\\n40\\n2.\\n7 i\\n3-55\\n10\\n10\\n41\\n.41\\n72\\n72\\n10\\n.50\\n4 i\\n2.05\\n72\\n3-60\\n11\\n.11\\n42\\n.42\\n73\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a273\\n11\\n55\\n42\\n2.10\\n73\\n3-65\\n12\\n12\\n43\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a243\\n74\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a274\\n12\\n.60\\n43\\n2-15\\n74\\n3-70\\n13\\n13\\n44\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a244\\n75\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a275\\n13\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a265\\n44\\n2.20\\n75\\n3-75\\n14\\n.14\\n45\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a245\\n76\\n.76\\nM\\n.70\\n45\\n2.25\\n7\\n3- 80\\n15\\n.15\\n46\\n.46\\n7 S\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a273\\n15\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a275\\n46\\n2.30\\n78\\n3 9\\n16\\n16\\n47\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a247\\n80\\n.80\\n16\\n.So\\n47\\n2-35\\n80\\n4\\n17\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a217\\n43\\n.48\\n82\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a283\\n17\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a235\\n48\\n2.40\\n82\\n4.10\\n18\\n18\\n49\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a249\\n84\\n.84\\n18\\n.90\\n49\\n2.45\\n84\\n4.20\\n19\\n.19\\n50\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a250\\n86\\n.86\\n19\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a295\\n50\\n2.50\\n86\\n4-30\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a020\\n.20\\n51\\n5 i\\n88\\n.88\\n20\\nI.\\n5 i\\n2-55\\n88\\n4.40\\n21\\n.21\\n52\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a252\\n90\\n.90\\n21\\n1.05\\n52\\n2.60\\n90\\n4-50\\n22\\n.22\\n53\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a253\\n92\\n.92\\n22\\n1.10\\n53\\n2.65\\n92\\n4.60\\n23\\n.23\\n54\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a254\\n94\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a294\\n23\\nI -15\\n54\\n2.70\\n94\\n4.70\\n24\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a224\\n55\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a255\\n96\\n.96\\n24\\n1.20\\n55\\n2.75\\n96\\n4.80\\n25\\n.25\\n56\\n.56\\n98\\n.98\\n25\\n1.25\\n56\\n2.80\\n98\\n4.90\\n26\\n.26\\n57\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a257\\n100\\n1.\\n26\\n1.30\\n57\\n2.85\\n100\\n5\\n27\\n.27\\n53\\n.58\\n200\\n2.\\n27\\n1-35\\n58\\n2.90\\n125\\n6.25\\n28\\n.28\\n59\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a259\\n300\\n3\\n28\\nI.40\\n59\\n2-95\\n150\\n7-50\\n29\\n.29\\n60\\n.60\\n400\\n4\\n29\\n1-45\\n60\\n3\\n175\\n8.75\\n30\\n30\\n61\\n.61\\n500\\n5\\n30\\n1.50\\n61\\n3-05\\n200\\n10.\\n3 i\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a231\\n62\\n.62\\nliooo\\n10.\\n3 i\\n1-55\\n62\\n3.10\\n225\\nn.25", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0713.jp2"}, "712": {"fulltext": "670\\nLIGHTNING CALCULATOR.\\nAt io Cents.\\nAt 25 Cents.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNd.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\ni\\n10\\n32\\n3.20\\n63\\n6.30\\n1\\n.25\\n32\\n8.\\n63\\n15-75\\n2\\n.20\\n33\\n3-30\\n64\\n6.40\\n2\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a250\\n33\\n8 25\\n64\\n16.\\n3\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a230\\n34\\n3-40\\n65\\n6.50\\n3\\n-75\\n34\\n8.50\\n65\\n16.25\\n4\\n.40\\n35\\n3-50\\n66\\n6.60\\n4\\n1.\\n35\\n8-75\\n66\\n16.50\\n5\\n.50\\n36\\n3.60\\n67\\n6.70\\n5\\n1 25\\n36\\n9\\n67\\n16-75\\n6\\n.60\\n37\\n3-70\\n63\\n6.80\\n6\\n1.50\\n37\\n9-25\\n68\\n17.\\n7\\n.70\\n38\\n3.80\\n69\\n6.90\\n7\\ni -75\\n38\\n9.50\\n69\\n17-25\\n8\\n.80\\n39\\n3 9\\n70\\n7\\n8\\n2.\\n39\\n6-75\\n70\\n17.50\\n9\\n.90\\n40\\n4\\n71\\n7.10\\n9\\n2.25\\n40\\n10.\\n7 i\\n17-75\\nIO\\n1.\\n4 i\\n4.10\\n72\\n7.20\\n10\\n2.50\\n41\\n10.25\\n72\\n18.\\nii\\n1.10\\n42\\n4.20\\n73\\n7-30\\n11\\n2-75\\n42\\n10.50\\n73\\n18.25\\n12\\n1.20\\n43\\n4-30\\n74\\n7.40\\n12\\n3\\n43\\n10.75\\n74\\n18.50\\n13\\n1.30\\n44\\n4.40\\n75\\n7-50\\n13\\n3-25\\n44\\n11.\\n75\\n18-75\\n14\\n1.40\\n45\\n4-50\\n76\\n7.60\\n14\\n3-50\\n45\\n11.25\\n76\\n19.\\n15\\n1.50\\n46\\n4.60\\n78\\n7.80\\n15\\n3-75\\n46\\n11.50\\n78\\n19.50\\n16\\n1.60\\n47\\n4.70\\n80\\n8.\\n16\\n4\\n47\\n11.75\\n80\\n20.\\n17\\n1.70\\n48\\n4.80\\n82\\n8.20\\n17\\n4-25\\n48\\n12.\\n82\\n20.50\\n18\\n1.80\\n49\\n4.90\\n84\\n8.40\\n18\\n4-50\\n49\\n12.25\\n84\\n21.\\n19\\n1.90\\n50\\n5\\n86\\n8.60\\n19\\n4-75\\n50\\n12.50\\n86\\n21.50\\n20\\n2.\\n51\\n5-10\\n88\\n8.80\\n20\\n5\\n5 i\\n12.75\\n88\\n22.\\n21\\n2.10\\n52\\n5-20\\n90\\n9\\n21\\n5-25\\n52\\n13\\n90\\n22.50\\n22\\n2.20\\n53\\n5-30\\n92\\n9.20\\n22\\n5-50\\n53\\n13-25\\n92\\n23\\n23\\n2.30\\n54\\n5-40\\n94\\n9.40\\n23\\n5-75\\n54\\n13.50\\n94\\n23.50\\n24\\n2.40\\n55\\n5-50\\n96\\n9.60\\n24\\n6.\\n55\\n13-75\\n96\\n24.\\n25\\n2.50\\n56\\n5.60\\n98\\n9.80\\n25\\n6.25\\n56\\n14.\\n98\\n24.50\\n26\\n2.60\\n57\\n5-70\\n100\\n10.\\n26\\n6.50\\n57\\n14-25\\n100\\n25.\\n27\\n2.70\\n58\\n5.80\\n125\\n12.50\\n27\\n6-75\\n58\\n14.50\\n125\\n31-25\\n28\\n2.80\\n59\\n5-90\\n150\\n15.\\n28\\n7\\n59\\n14-75\\n150\\n37-50\\n29\\n2.90\\n60\\n6.\\n175\\n17-50\\n29\\n7-25\\n60\\n15\\n175\\n43-75\\n30\\n3\\n61\\n6.10\\n200\\n20.\\n30\\n7-50\\n61\\n15-25\\n200\\n50\\n31\\n3 -io\\n62\\n6.20\\n225\\n22.50\\n3 i\\n7-75\\n62\\n15-50\\n225\\n56.25\\nAt 12* Cents,\\nor of a\\nDollar.\\nAt 33* Cents,\\nor of a\\nDollar\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\n1\\n.12$\\n32\\n4\\n63\\n7 87\\nr\\n33\\n32\\nio.66|\\n63\\n21*\\n2\\n.25\\n33\\n4-12*\\n64\\n8.\\n2\\n66|\\n33\\n11.\\n64\\n21 33\\n3\\n37\\n34\\n4-25\\n65\\n8.12$\\n3\\nI.\\n34\\nH- 33\\n65\\n21 66*\\n4\\n.50\\n35\\n4-372\\n66\\n8.25\\n4\\n1 33\\n35\\n11.66*\\n66\\n22.\\n5\\n.62*\\n36\\n4-50\\n67\\n8 37\\n5\\nI.66J\\n36\\n12.\\n67\\n22.33*\\n6\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a275\\n37\\n4.62*\\n68\\n8.50\\n6\\n2.\\n37\\n12.33*\\n68\\n22.66*\\n7\\n.87*\\n38\\n4-75\\n69\\n8.62*\\n7\\n2.33 k\\n38\\n12.66*\\n69\\n23\\n8\\n1.\\n39\\n4-87*\\n70\\n8-75\\n8\\n2.66*\\n39\\n3\\n70\\n23 33\\n9\\n1.12*\\n40\\n5\\n7 i\\n8.87*\\n9\\n3.\\n40\\n13 33\\n71\\n23.66*\\nio\\n1.25\\n4 i\\n5.12*\\n72\\n9\\n10\\n3 33\\n4 r\\n13.66*\\n72\\n24.\\nII\\n1 37\\n42\\n5-25\\n73\\n9.12*\\nIX\\n3-66*\\n42\\n14\\n73\\n24 33\\n12\\n1.50\\n43\\n5-372\\n74\\n9-25\\n12\\n4\\n43\\n14 33\\n74\\n24.66*\\n13\\n1.62*\\n44\\n5-50\\n75\\n9 37\\n13\\n4 33\\n44\\n14.66*\\n75\\n25\\n14\\n1-75\\n45\\n5.62*\\n76\\n9-50\\n14\\n4.66*\\n45\\nT 5\\n76\\n25 33\\n15\\n1 87\\n46\\n5 75\\n73\\n9-75\\n15\\n5\\n46\\n15 33\\n78\\n26.\\nl6\\n2.\\n47\\n5 87\\n80\\n10.\\n16\\n5 33\\n47\\n15-66*\\n80\\n27\\n17\\n2.12*\\n48\\n6.\\n82\\n10.25\\n17\\n5-66*\\n48\\n16.\\n82\\n27 33\\n18\\n2.25\\n49\\n6.12*\\n84\\n10.50\\n18\\n6.\\n49\\n16.33*\\n84\\n28.\\n19\\n2 37\\n50\\n6.25\\n86\\n10-75\\n19\\n6 33\\n50\\n16.66*\\n86\\n28.66*\\n20\\n2.50\\n51\\n6-372\\n88\\nii.\\n20\\n6 66*\\n5 i\\n17\\n88\\n29.66*\\n21\\n2.62*\\n52\\n6.50\\n90\\n1125\\n21\\n7\\n52\\n17 33\\n9\\n30\\n22\\n2-75\\n53\\n6.62*\\n92\\n11-50\\n22\\n7 33\\n53\\n17 66*\\n92\\n30.66*\\n23\\n2.87$\\n54\\n6-75\\n94\\nn -75\\n23\\n7-66*\\n54\\n18.\\n94\\n31 33\\n24\\n3\\n55\\n6.87*\\n96\\n12.\\n24\\n8.\\n55\\n18 33\\n96\\n32\\n25\\n3-12*\\n56\\n7\\n98\\n12.25\\n25\\n8 33\\n56\\n18.66*\\n98\\n32.66*\\n26\\n3-25\\n57\\n7.12*\\n100\\n12.50\\n26\\n8.66*\\n57\\n19.\\n100\\n33 33\\n27\\n3 37 a\\n58\\n7-25\\n125\\n15-62*\\n27\\n9\\n58\\n19 33\\n125\\n41.66*\\n28\\n3-50\\n59\\n7 37\\n150\\n18.75\\n28\\n9 33\\n59\\n19.66*\\n150\\n50\\n29\\n3-62*\\n60\\n7-50\\n175\\n21.87^\\n29\\n9-66*\\n60\\n20.\\n175\\n58 33\\n30\\n3-75\\nol\\n7.62*\\n200\\n25\\n30\\n10.\\n61\\n20 33*\\n200\\n66.66*\\n31\\n3 87\\n6 2\\n7-75\\n225\\n23 12\\n31\\n10 33*\\n62\\n20 66*\\n225\\n75", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0714.jp2"}, "713": {"fulltext": "LIGHTNING CALCULATOR.\\non\\nAt 433\\nCents\\nor -fa of a\\nDollar\\nAt 56? Cents,\\nor of a\\nDollar.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\ni\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2434\\n32\\n14\\n63\\n27.56?\\n1\\n56 t\\n32\\n18.\\n63\\n35 43\\n2\\n.875\\n33\\n14 43\\n64\\n28.\\n2\\nI 12?\\n33\\n18.56?\\n64\\n36\\n3\\ni. 3 i 4\\n34\\n14.874\\n65\\n28.43?\\n3\\n1.68?\\n34\\n19 12?\\n65\\n36.56?\\n4\\n1-75\\n35\\nJ 5 3 U\\n66\\n28.874\\n4\\n2.25\\n35\\n19.68?\\n66\\n37 12\\n5\\n2.183\\n36\\n15.75\\n67\\n29.31?\\n5\\n2.81?\\n36\\n20.25\\n67\\n37 68\\n6\\n2.62 i\\n37\\n16.18?\\n63\\n2 9-75\\n6\\n3 37\\n37\\n20.81?\\n68\\n38.25\\n7\\n3.063\\n38\\n16.624\\n69\\n30.18?\\n7\\n3-932\\n38\\n21.37?\\n69\\n38.81?\\n8\\n3-50\\n39\\n17.06?\\n70\\n30.624\\n8\\n4-50\\n39\\n21.93?\\n70\\n39 37\\n9\\n3 93 i\\n40\\n17-50\\n7 i\\n3 i-o 6\\n9\\n5-064\\n40\\n22.50\\n7 i\\n39 93\\nIO\\n4-374\\n4 i\\n17 93\\n72\\n31-50\\n10\\n5.624\\n41\\n23.06?\\n72\\n40.50\\nii\\n4.8U\\n42\\n18.374\\n73\\n3 i 93\\n11\\n6.182\\n42\\n23.62?\\n73\\n41.06?\\n12\\n5-25\\n43\\n18.814\\n74\\n32-374\\n12\\n6-75\\n43\\n24.18?\\n74\\n41.62?\\n13\\n5 6 S 3\\n44\\n19 25\\n75\\n32.8r?\\n13\\n7 3 U\\n44\\n24 75\\n75\\n42.18?\\n14\\n6 .124\\n45\\n19.68?\\n76\\n33-25\\n14\\n7.874\\n45\\n25 31\\n76\\n42 75\\n15\\n6.56!\\n46\\n20.124\\n78\\n34-125\\n5\\n8.432\\n46\\n25.87?\\n78\\n43 87\\n16\\n7\\n47\\n20.56?\\n80\\n35\\n16\\n9\\n47\\n26.43?\\n80\\n45\\n17\\n7 43\\n48\\n21.\\n82\\n35-874\\n17\\n9 56\\n48\\n27\\n82\\n46.12?\\n18\\n7.874\\n49\\n2 I- 43\\n84\\n36.75\\n18\\n10.12?\\n49\\n27 56?\\n84\\n47.25\\n19\\n8.313\\n50\\n21.874\\n86\\n37.624\\n19\\n10.684\\n50\\n28.12?\\n86\\n48 37\\n20\\n8.75\\n5 i\\n22.31?\\n83\\n38.50\\n20\\n11.25\\n5 i\\n28.68?\\n8S\\n49-50\\n21\\n9. i8l\\n52\\n22.75\\n90\\n39-374\\n21\\nii.8i?\\n52\\n29.25\\n90\\n50.62?\\n22\\n9 62$\\n53\\n23.18?\\n9 2\\n40.25\\n22\\n12.375\\n53\\n29.81?\\n92\\n51 75\\n23\\nlo.o 64\\n54\\n23.624\\n94\\n41.124\\n23\\n12-932\\n54\\n30 37\\n94\\n52.87?\\n24\\n10.50\\n55\\n24.06?\\n96\\n42.\\n24\\n13-50\\n55\\n30.93?\\n96\\n54\\n25\\n10.93?\\n56\\n24.50\\n98\\n42.875\\n25\\n14.06?\\n56\\n31-50\\n98\\n55 12\\n26\\nH -373\\n57\\n24 93\\n100\\n43-75\\n26\\n14.624\\n57\\n32\u00e2\u0080\u00a206?\\n100\\n56.25\\n27\\nir. 8 i 3\\n53\\n25-374\\n125\\n54.68?\\n27\\n15-18?\\n58\\n32.62?\\n125\\n7031?\\n28\\n12.25\\n59\\n25.81?\\n150\\n65.624\\n28\\n15-75\\n59\\n33 -18?\\n150\\n84 37\\n29\\n12.683\\n60\\n26.25\\n175\\n76.56?\\n29\\n16.31?\\n60\\n33-75\\n175\\n98 43\\n30\\n13.124\\n61\\n26.68?\\n200\\n87.50\\n30\\n16.87?\\n61\\n34 31\\n200\\n112.50\\n31\\n13.653\\n62\\n27.124\\n225\\n98.43?\\n3 i\\n17 43\\n62\\n34 87\\n225\\n126.56?\\nAt 50 Cents.\\nAt 87V Cents, or of a\\nDollar.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts\\n1\\n.50\\n32\\n16.\\n63\\n31.50\\n1\\n.874\\n32\\n28.\\n63\\n55 12\\n2\\n1.\\n33\\n16.50\\n64\\n32\\n2\\ni- 75\\n33\\n28.87-?\\n64\\n56.\\n3\\n1.50\\n34\\n17\\n65\\n32.50\\n3\\n2.624\\n34\\n29-75\\n65\\n56.87?\\n4\\n2.\\n35\\n17-50\\n66\\n33\\n4\\n3-50\\n35\\n30.62?\\n66\\n57-75\\n5\\n2.50\\n36\\n18.\\n67\\n33-50\\n5\\n4 37\\n36\\n31-50\\n67\\n58.62?\\n6\\n3\\n37\\n18.50\\n68\\n34\\n6\\n5 25\\n37\\n32 37\\n68\\n59-50\\n7\\n3-50\\n38\\n19.\\n69\\n34-50\\n7\\n6.12?\\n38\\n33-25\\n69\\n60.37?\\n8\\n4\\n39\\n19.50\\n70\\n35\\n8\\n7\\n39\\n34 I2\\n70\\n61.52\\n9\\n4.50\\n40\\n20.\\n7 i\\n35-50\\n9\\n7-874\\n40\\n35\\n7 i\\n62.12?\\n10\\n5\\n4 i\\n20.50\\n72\\n36.\\n10\\n8 75\\n4 i\\n35 87 a\\n72\\n63\\nn\\n5-50\\n42\\n21.\\n73\\n36-50\\n11\\n9 62?\\n42\\n36 75\\n73\\n63-87?\\n12\\n6.\\n43\\n21.50\\n74\\n37\\n12\\n10.50\\n43\\n37.62?\\n74\\n64-75\\n13\\n6.50\\n44\\n22.\\n75\\n37-50\\n13\\n11-374\\n44\\n38.50\\n75\\n65.62?\\n14\\n7\\n45\\n22.50\\n76\\n38\\n14\\n12.25\\n45\\n39 37\\n76\\n66.50\\n15\\n7.50\\n46\\n23\\n78\\n39\\n15\\n13 12 a\\n46\\n40.25\\n78\\n68.25\\n16\\n8.\\n47\\n23.50\\n80\\n40.\\n16\\nl 4\\n47\\n41.12?\\n80\\n70\\n17\\n8.50\\n48\\n24.\\n82\\n41.\\n17\\n14-872\\n48\\n42 \u00e2\u0080\u0098o I\\n82\\n71-75\\n18\\n9\\n49\\n24.50\\n84\\n42.\\n18\\n15 75\\n49\\n42.87?\\n84\\n73-50\\n19\\n9-50\\n50\\n25.\\n86\\n43\\n19\\n16.622\\n50\\n43 75\\n86\\n75-25\\n20\\n10\\n5 i\\n25-50\\n88\\n44.\\n20\\n17 50\\n5 i\\n44.622\\n88\\n77\\n21\\n10.50\\n52\\n26.\\n9\\n45\\n21\\n18.37?\\n52\\n45-50\\n90\\n78.75\\n22\\n11.\\n53\\n26.50\\n92\\n46.\\n22\\n19 25\\n53\\n46.372\\n92\\n80.50\\n23\\n11.50\\n54\\n27.\\n94\\n47\\n23\\n20.124\\n54\\n47.25\\n94\\n82.25\\n24\\n12.\\n55\\n27-50\\n96\\n48.\\n24\\n21.\\n55\\n48.12?\\n96\\n84.\\n25\\n12.50\\n56\\n28.\\n98\\n49\\n25\\n21.874\\n56\\n49\\n98\\n85-75\\n26\\n13.\\n57\\n28.50\\n100\\n50\\n26\\n22.75\\n57\\n49.87?\\n100\\n87.50\\n27\\n13-50\\n58\\n29.\\n125\\n62.50\\n27\\n23.624\\n58\\n50.75\\n125\\n109.37?\\n28\\n14.\\n59\\n29.50\\n150\\n75\\n28\\n24.50\\n59\\n51.62?\\n150\\n131-25,\\n20\\n14.56\\n60\\n30.\\n175\\n87.50\\n29\\n25-374\\n60\\n52.50\\n175\\n1 53 .12*\\n30\\n15.\\n61\\n30.50\\n200\\n100.\\n30\\n26.25\\n61\\n53 37\\n200\\n175\\n31\\n15-50\\n62\\n31\\n225\\n112.50\\n3 i\\n27.12?\\n62\\n54-25\\n225\\n196.87?", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0715.jp2"}, "714": {"fulltext": "672\\nLIGHTNING CALCULATOR.\\nAt $1.25 Cents.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\n1\\n1.25\\n36\\n45\\n7 i\\n88-75\\n2\\n2.50\\n37\\n46.25\\n72\\n90.\\n3\\n3-75\\n38\\n47.50\\n73\\n91.25\\n4\\n5\\n39\\n48-75\\n74\\n92.50\\n5\\n6.25\\n40\\n50\\n75\\n93-75\\n6\\n7-50\\n41\\n51-25\\n76\\n95\\n7\\n8-75\\n42\\n52-50\\n77\\n96.25\\n8\\n10.\\n43\\n53-75\\n78\\n97-50\\n9\\n11.25\\n44\\n55\\n79\\n98.75\\n10\\n12.50\\n45\\n56-25\\n80\\n100.\\n11\\n13-75\\n46\\n57-50\\n81\\n101.25\\n12\\n15\\n47\\n58.75\\n82\\n102.50\\n13\\n16.25\\n48\\n60.\\n83\\n103.75\\n14\\n17-50\\n49\\n61.25\\nS 4\\n105.\\n15\\n18.75\\n50\\n62.50\\n85\\n106.25\\n16\\n20.\\n5 i\\n63-75\\n86\\n107.50\\n17\\n21.25\\n52\\n65\\n87\\n108.75\\n18\\n22.50\\n53\\n66.25\\n88\\nno.\\n19\\n23-75\\n54\\n67.50\\n89\\nhi. 25\\n20\\n25\\n55\\n68.75\\n90\\n112.50\\n21\\n26.25\\n56\\n70\\n9 i\\nH 3-75\\n22\\n27-50\\n57\\n71-25\\n92\\n115\\n23\\n28.75\\n58\\n72.50\\n93\\n116.25\\n24\\n30\\n59\\n73 75\\n94\\n117.50\\n25\\n31-25\\n60\\n75\\n95\\nii 8.75\\n26\\n32.50\\n61\\n76.25\\n96\\n120.\\n27\\n33-75\\n62\\n77-50\\n97\\n121.25\\n28\\n35\\n63\\n78.75\\n98\\n122.50\\n29\\n36.25\\n64\\n80.\\n99\\n123-75\\n30\\n37-50\\n65\\n81.25\\n100\\n125.\\n31\\n38.75\\n66\\n82.50\\n125\\n156.25\\n32\\n40.\\n67\\n83-75\\n150\\n1S7.50\\n33\\n41-25\\n68\\n85\\n175\\n218.75\\n34\\n42.50\\n69\\n86.25\\n200\\n250.\\n35\\n43-75\\n70\\n87.50\\n225\\n281.25\\nAt $1.50 Cents.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\n1\\n1.50\\n36\\n54\\n7 i\\n106.50\\n2\\n3\\n37\\n55-50\\n72\\n108.\\n3\\n4-50\\n38\\n57\\n73\\n109.50\\n4\\n6.\\n39\\n58.50\\n74\\n1 ir.\\n5\\n7-50\\n40\\n60.\\n75\\n112.50\\n6\\n9\\n41\\n61.50\\n76\\n114.\\n7\\n10.50\\n42\\n63\\n77\\n115-50\\n8\\n12.\\n43\\n64.50\\n78\\n117.\\n9\\n13-50\\n44\\n66.\\n79\\n118.50\\n10\\n5\\n45\\n67.50\\n80\\n120.\\n11\\n16.50\\n46\\n69.\\n81\\n121.50\\n12\\n18.\\n47\\n70.50\\n82\\n123.\\n13\\n19.50\\n48\\n72\\n83\\n124.50\\n14\\n21.\\n49\\n73-50\\n84\\n126.\\nn\\n22.50\\n50\\n75\\n85\\n127.50\\n16\\n24.\\n5 i\\n76.50\\n86\\n129.\\n17\\n25-50\\n52\\n78\\n87\\n130.50\\n18\\n27.\\n53\\n79-50\\n88\\n132.\\n19\\n28.50\\n54\\n81.\\n89\\n133-50\\n20\\n30\\n55\\n82.50\\n90\\n135\\n21\\n31-50\\n56\\n84.\\n9 i\\n136.50\\n22\\n33\\n57\\n85.50\\n92\\n138.\\n23\\n34-50\\n58\\n87.\\n93\\n139-50\\n24\\n36\\n59\\n88.50\\n94\\n141.\\n25\\n37-50\\n60\\n90.\\n95\\n142.50\\n26\\n39\\n61\\n91.50\\n96\\n144.\\n27\\n40.50\\n62\\n93\\n97\\n145-50\\n28\\n42.\\n63\\n94-50\\n98\\n147.\\n29\\n43.50\\n64\\n96.\\n99\\n148.50\\n30\\n45\\n65\\n97-50\\n100\\n150.\\n3 i\\n46.50\\n66\\n99.\\n125\\n187.50\\n32\\n4S.\\n67\\n100.50\\n150\\n225.\\n33\\n49.50\\n68\\n102.\\n175\\n262.50\\n34\\n51\\n69\\n103.50\\n220\\n300.\\n35\\n52.50\\n70\\n105.\\n250\\n337-50\\nAt $1.75 Cents.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\nNo.\\nDols. Cts.\\n1\\n1-75\\n18\\n31.50\\n35\\n61.25\\n52\\n91.\\n69\\n120.75\\n86\\n150.50\\n2\\n3-50\\n19\\n33-25\\n36\\n63\\n53\\n92-75\\n70\\n122.50\\n87\\n152.25\\n3\\n5-25\\n20\\n35\\n37\\n64-75\\n54\\n94-50\\n7 i\\n124.25\\n88\\n154\\n4\\n7\\n21\\n36.75\\n38\\n66.50\\n55\\n96.25\\n72\\n126.\\n89\\n155.75\\n5\\n8-75\\n22\\n38.50\\n39\\n68.25\\n56\\n98.\\n73\\n127-75\\n9\\n157.50\\n6\\n10.50\\n23\\n40.25\\n40\\n70.\\n57\\n99-75\\n74\\n129.50\\n9 i\\n159-25\\n7\\n12.25\\n24\\n42.\\n4 i\\n71-75\\n58\\nior.50\\n75\\n131.25\\n92\\n161.\\n8\\n14.\\n25\\n43-75\\n42\\n73-50\\n59\\n103.25\\n76\\n133\\n93\\n162.75\\n9\\n15.75\\n26\\n45-50\\n43\\n75-25\\n60\\n105.\\n77\\n134-75\\n94\\n164.50\\n10\\n17.50\\n27\\n47-25\\n44\\n77\\n61\\n106.75\\n78\\n136.50\\n96\\n168.\\nII\\n19.25\\n28\\n49.\\n45\\n78.75\\n62\\n108.50\\n79\\n138.25\\n98\\n171.50\\n12\\n21.\\n29\\n50.75\\n46\\n80.50\\n63\\n110.25\\n80\\n140.\\n100\\n175\\n13\\n22.75\\n30\\n52.50\\n47\\n82.25\\n64\\n112.\\n81\\n141.75\\n125\\n218.75\\n14\\n24.50\\n3 i\\n54-25\\n48\\n84.\\n66\\nU 3-75\\n82\\n143-50\\n150\\n262.50\\n15\\n26.25\\n32\\n56\\n49\\n85.75\\n65\\n115.50\\n83\\n145.25\\n175\\n306.25\\n16\\n28.\\n33\\n57.75\\n50\\n87.50\\n67\\n117.25\\n84\\n147\\n200\\n350\\n17\\n29.75\\n34\\n59.50\\n51\\n89.25\\n68\\n119.\\nS 5\\n148.75\\n225\\n393-75", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0716.jp2"}, "715": {"fulltext": "iUHsaa\\n*v-\\nENCYCLOPEDIA\\nOF\\nVALUABLE INFORMATION\\n%v\\nJiSte:\\nC:\\n......I 1 ^i..........l.......i.....;;M.....I.,;;; f \u00c2\u00bb**3*?!!*! ...l.lii................................ m\u00c2\u00a3 7.IT!..... ij;.. J !?!I IT*..*1\\nrP 1 \u00c2\u00a9m i iiliii\\nPresidents of the United States.\\nHE various States,\\nduring January,\\n1789, held elections\\nfor choosing elec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntors by whom the\\nStates were to be\\nrepresented in the\\nselection of their first Presi\u00c2\u00ac\\ndent. On the first Wednes\u00c2\u00ac\\nday in February of the same\\nyear, 1789, the electors\\nappointed, met in their re\u00c2\u00ac\\nspective States to cast their\\nvotes for President and Vice-\\nPresident. After some fur\u00c2\u00ac\\nther action, we have the\\nhistoric record that, on the\\nfirst Wednesday in March, George Wash\u00c2\u00ac\\nington was chosen President and John Adams\\nwas selected for Vice-President.\\nWashington being at Mt. Vernon, Va.,\\nconsiderable time was necessary to advise\\nhim of his election. His journey north was\\nslow, owing to the ovations and enthusiastic\\nwelcomes that greeted him at every point.\\nUpon his arrival at New York a delay in the\\nceremony of inauguration, incidental to prepa\u00c2\u00ac\\nrations of getting Federal Hall in readiness,\\nwas occasioned so that it was not until April\\n30th that everything was in shape for his\\nbeing sworn into ofifice. John Adams took\\nthe oath as Vice-President, April 21st.\\n43\\nThe salary to be paid the President was a\\nsource of much discussion in Congress, in\\nview of the fact that the Constitution required\\nthat the President should receive a compen\u00c2\u00ac\\nsation for his services. Washington had\\nstated that he did not wish any salary. The\\nlimits suggested by Congress ranged from\\n$15,000 to $70,000. It was finally placed\\nat $25,000. This remained the presidential\\nsalary until Grant\u00e2\u0080\u0099s second term, when it\\nwas increased to $50,000, March 3, 1873.\\nValuable Information.\\nThe following tables give very complete\\ninformation respecting our National Govern\u00c2\u00ac\\nment. They treat of the education, marriage,\\netc., of the different Presidents, giving statis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntics also respecting the Vice-Presidents, and\\nfurnishing the figures in the popular and\\nelectorial votes.\\nThe names of the political parties are also\\ngiven, one of Tiich it will be seen has a\\nhistory dating back to 1801. There is also\\na table showing the annual salaries of the\\nprincipal United States officers. The records\\nshow that there have been six Secretaries oi\\nState who became Presidents. No Secre\u00c2\u00ac\\ntaries of the Treasury, the Navy, or the\\nInterior, nor any Postmasters, or Attorney\\nGenerals have become President. The reader\\nwill also notice interesting facts concerning\\nWashington and a great number of tables.\\n673", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0717.jp2"}, "716": {"fulltext": "674\\nOUR NATIONAL GOVERNMENT.\\nEducation, Marriage, Children, Etc., of the Presidents.\\nWashington\\nAdams.\\nJefferson.\\nMadison.\\nMonroe.\\nAdams, J. Q..\\nJ ackson.\\nVan Buren....\\nHarrison, W..\\nTyler.\\nPolk.\\nTaylor.\\nFillmore.\\nPierce.\\nBuchanan.\\nLincoln.\\nJohnson.\\nGrant.\\nHayes.\\nGarfield.\\nArthur.\\nCleveland.\\nHarrison, B...\\nMcKinley.\\nEDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES.\\nCommon school.\\nGraduate, Harvard College, 1755\\nClvo/111nfn Cnllorro AViIIiqtyi\\n1762\\nGraduate, Princeton College, 1771\\nEntered College William and Mary.\\nGraduate, Harvard College, 1787\\nSelf-taught.\\nAcademy.\\nEntered Hampden, Sydney College..\\n1806\\nUniversity of North Carolina.\\nCommon school.......\\nPublic school.\\nGraduate, Bowdoin College, 1824\\nGraduate, Dickinson\u00e2\u0080\u0099s College, 1809\\nSelf-taught.\\nSelf-taught.\\nf Graduate, West Point Mil. Academy,\\n1843\\nGraduate, Kenyon College, O., 1842\\nGraduate, William\u00e2\u0080\u0099s College, 1856\\nGraduate, Union College, 1848\\nCommon school..\\nAllegheny College, 1861\\nPROFES\u00c2\u00ac\\nSION.\\nEARLY\\nvocat\u00e2\u0080\u0099on\\nPlanter...\\nSurveyor.\\nLawyer...\\nTeacher..\\nLawyer...\\nLawyer...\\nLawyer...\\nLawyer...\\nPolitician\\nLawyer...\\nLawyer\\nLawyer...\\nLawyer...\\nLawyer..\\nLawyer...\\nLawyer...\\nArmy.\\nMedicine.\\ny\\nLawyer...\\nLawyer...\\nLawyer...\\nLawyer...\\nArmy.\\nSoldier....\\nLawyer...\\nTailor.\\nLawyer...\\nLawyer...\\nLawyer...\\nLawyer...\\nLawyer...\\nFarmer...\\nPolitician\\nTailor.\\nArmy.\\nTanner....\\nLawyer...\\nLawyer...\\nLawyer...\\nTeacher...\\nLawyer...\\nTeacher...\\nLawyer...\\nTeacher...\\nLawyer...\\nLawyer...\\nLawyer...\\nLawyer...\\nANCESTRY.\\nEnglish.\\nEnglish.\\nWelsh..,\\nEnglish.\\nScotch...\\nFATHERS\\nBUSINESS*\\nPlanter\\n.Farmer\\nPlanter\\nPlanter\\n.Planter\\nEnglish.j. .Lawyer\\nScotch-Irish \u00e2\u0080\u0094Farmer\\nDutch...\\nEnglish.\\nEnglish.\\nScotch-Irish\\nEnglish.\\nEnglish.\\nEnglish.\\n....Farmer\\n.Statesman\\n..Jurist\\n...Farmer\\n...Planter\\n...Farmer\\n...Farmer\\nScotch-Irish ..Merchant\\nEnglish F armer\\nEnglish.\\nScotch.\\nScotch.\\nEnglish.\\nScotch-Irish\\nEnglish.\\nEnglish.\\nScotch.\\n.Sexton\\n.Tanner\\n..Merchant\\n....Farmer\\nClergym\u00e2\u0080\u0099n\\nClergy m\u00e2\u0080\u0099n\\n.Farmer\\n..Mechanic", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0718.jp2"}, "717": {"fulltext": "ENCYCLOPEDIA OF VALUABLE INFORMATION.\\n675\\nVice-Presidents.\\n1-2\\n3\\n4\\n5-6\\n7\\n8-9\\n10-11\\n12\\nJohn Adams 1\\nThomas Jefferson 1\\nAaron Burr.\\nGeorge Clinton 2\\nElbridge Gerry 2\\nD. D. Tompkins.\\nJohn C. Calhoun 3\\nMartin Van Buren 1\\n13 Richard M. Johnson..\\n14John Tyler 4\\n15 George M. Dallas.\\n16 Millard Fillmore 4\\n17!Wm. Rufus King 2\\n18 John C. Breckinridge\\n19 Hannibal Hamlin.\\n2o Andrew Johnson 4\\nSchuyler Colfax.\\nHenry Wilson 2\\nWilliam A. Wheeler.\\n21\\n22\\n23\\n1789; Mass.\\n1796 Va....\\n1800 N. Y.\\n1804 N. Y.\\n1812 Mass.\\n1816 N. Y.\\n1824\\n1832\\n1836\\n1840\\n1844\\nS. C..\\nN. Y.\\nKy....\\nVa.\\nPenn,\\n54\\n53\\n44\\n65\\n68\\n42\\n42\\n50\\n1 735 Quincy, Mass.\\n1743 Shad well, Va..\\n1756 Newark, N. J.\\ni739iUlster Co., N. Y...\\n1744 Marblehead, Mass.\\n1774 Scarsdale, N. Y_\\n1782 Abbeville, S. C.\\n1848 N. Y.\\n24 Chester A. Arthur 4\\n25 Thomas A. Hendricks 2\\n26 Devi P. Morton.\\n27 Adlai E. Stevenson.\\n28 Garret A. Hobart.\\n29\\n3\u00c2\u00b0\\n1852\\n1856\\ni860\\n1864\\n1868\\n1872\\n1876\\n1880\\n1884\\n1888\\n1892\\n1896\\nAla.\\nKy....\\nMe....\\nTenn.\\nInd...\\nMass.,\\nN. Y.\\nN. Y.\\nInd...\\nN. Y.,\\nIlls...\\nN. J...\\n1820\\n1826\\n1836\\n1812\\n1814\\n1825\\n1850\\n17S2 Kinderhook, N. Y. 1862\\n56) 1780! Louisville, Ky. 1850\\n1862\\nTS64\\n1874\\n1853\\n1875\\n1891\\n1875\\n1885\\n1875\\n50] 1790 Green way, Va.\\n52 1792 Philadelphia, Pa.\\n4S 1800 Summer Hill, N. Y,\\n66 1786 Sampson Co., N. C.\\n35 1821 Lexington, Ky.\\n5i\\n56\\n1809 Paris, Me.\\n1808 Raleigh, N. C.\\n45 1823 New York, N. Y.\\n60 1812 Farmingham, N. H..\\n57 1819 Malone, N. Y.\\n50 1830 Fairfield, Vt.\\n65 1819 Muskingum Co., O...\\n641824 Shoreham, Vt.-\\n57T835 Christian Co., Ky.\\n52\u00e2\u0080\u00991844 Monmouth Co., N. J.\\n1887\\n1886\\n1885\\nQuincy, Mass.\\nMonticello, Va.\\nRichmond Co., N. Y.\\nWashington, D. C....\\nWashington, D. C....\\nRichmond Co., N. Y.\\nWashington, D. C....\\nKinderhook, N. Y....\\nFrankfort, Ky.\\nRichmond, Va.\\nPhiladelphia, Pa.\\nBuffalo, N. Y.\\nDallas Co., Ala.\\nLexington, Ky.....\\nPortland, Me.\\nGreenville, Tenn.\\nMankato, Minn.\\nWashington, D. C.\\nMalone, N. Y.\\nNew York, N. Y.\\nIndianapolis, Ind.\\n1 Later elected President.\\n2 Died in office.\\n3 Resigned.\\n4 Succeeded to Presidency.\\nPopular and Electoral Votes for President,\\nPARTY.\\nPopular\\nVote.\\nElec.\\nVote.\\n736,656\\n3\\n26\\n14\\n11\\n48\\nYEAR. CANDIDATES.\\n1828 Andrew Jackson.Democrat. 647 231..178\\n1828 John Q. Adams.Federc..,... 509 097 83\\n1832 Andrew Jackson.Democrat. 687 502..219\\n1 832 Henry Clay.Nat. Repub... 530 189 49\\n1832 John Floyd.Whig. 11\\n1832 William Wirt.Whig. J\\n1836 Martin Van Buren...Democrat. 761 549.170\\n1836 .AV. H. Harrison.Whig\\n1836 Hugh L White.Whig\\n1836 Daniel Webster.Whig\\n1836 W. P. Mangum.Whig\\n1840 Martin Van Buren...Democrat. 1 128 702\\n1840 W. H. Harrison.Whig. 1 275 017..23 1\\n1840 J. G. Birney.Liberal. 7 059\\n1844 Tames K. Polk.Democrat. 1 337 243 1/0\\n1844 Henry Clay.Whig. 1 299 068 1O0\\n1844 James G. Birney.Liberal. 62 300\\n1848 Zachary Taylor.Whig.\\n1848 Lewis Cass.Democrat. 1 220 541.127\\n1848 Martin Van Buren...Free Soil. 291 263\\n1852 Franklin Pierce.Democrat. 1 601 474..254\\n1852 Winfield Scott.Whig. 1 386 578 42\\n1852 John P. Hale.Free Soil. 156 149\\n1856 James Buchanan.Democrat. 1 838 169..174\\n1856 .John C. Fremont.Republican... 1 341 262.114\\n1856 Millard Filmore.American. 874 534 8\\n1860 Abraham Lincoln Republican... 1,866 852..180\\nI860!.Stephen A. Douglas..Democrat.L 375 157 72\\n1860 J. C. Breckinridge....Democrat. 845 0 o.. oJ\\nPARTY.\\n.John Bell.Union.\\n.Abraham Lincoln.Republican...\\n.Geo. B. McClellan...Democrat.\\n.U. S. Grant.Republican...\\n.Horatio Seymour.Democrat.\\n.U. S. Grant.Republican...\\n.Horace Greeley.Liberal.\\n.Charles O\u00e2\u0080\u0099Conor.Democrat.\\n.R. B. Hayes.Republican...\\n.Samuel J. Tilden.Democrat.\\n.G. C. Smith.Prohibition....\\n.James A. Garfield.Republican...\\n.W. S. Hancock.Democrat.\\n.James B. Weaver.Greenback....\\n.Grover Cleveland.Democrat.\\n.James G. Blaine.Republican...\\n.Benjamin F. Butler..Teople\u00e2\u0080\u0099s.\\n.John P. St. John.Prohibition....\\n.Benjamin Harrison...Republican...\\n.Grover Cleveland.Democrat.\\n.Clinton B. Fisk.Prohibition....\\n.A. J. Streeter.Union Labor.\\n.Benjamin Harrison...Republican...\\n.Grover Cleveland.Democrat....,\\nJames B. Weaver.Populist...\\n.William McKinley...Republican...\\n.William J. Bryan.Dem.-Pop....\\nJoshua Levering.Prohibition....\\n.John M. Palmer.N. Democrat.\\nPopular Elec.\\nVote. Vote.\\n589,581.. 12\\n2,216,067..212\\n1.808.725.. 21\\n3,015,071..214\\n2.709.613.. 80\\n3,597,070..286\\n2,834,079......\\n29,408.\\n4,033,950..185\\n4.284.885.. 184\\nQ ^99\\n4,449\u00e2\u0080\u0099053. .214\\n4,442,035.155\\n307,306.\\n4.874.986.. 219\\n4,851,981.182\\n175,370.\\n150,369.\\n5.439.853.. 233\\n5.540.329.. C3\\n249,506.\\n146,935.\\n5,162,874.145\\n5.556.562.. 277\\n1,055,424.. 22\\n7.101.401.. 271\\n6,470,656.176\\n130,560,.\\n132,056.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0719.jp2"}, "718": {"fulltext": "676\\nOUR NATIONAL GOVERNMENT.\\nPolitics of the Presidents.\\nThe subjoined table will be found interesting, as a\\nreference, to many of our readers. Of course, the\\nname of Washington heading the list does not mean\\nthat he wthe candidate of any party or faction, but\\nis placed there to complete the roll. The name of the\\nPresident is given, the date of his inauguration and\\nthe party to which he belonged. In connection with\\nthis it is interesting to note the ballots cast at the\\nnational conventions and the popular vote for Presi\u00c2\u00ac\\ndent by States.\\nNAME. INAUGURATION. POLITICS.\\nGeorge Washington.April 30, 1789.Unanimous.\\nJohn Adams.March 4, 1797......Federal.\\nThomas Jefferson.March 4, 1801.Democrat.\\nJames Madison.March 4, 1809.Democrat.\\nJames Monroe.March 4, 1817.Democrat.\\nJohn Ouincy Adams....March 4, 1825.Federal.\\nAndrew Jackson.March 4, 1829.Democrat.\\nMartin Van Buren.March 4, 1837.Democrat.\\nWm. Henry Harrison..March 4, 1841.Whig.\\nJohn Tyler.April 6 1841.Whig.\\nJames K. Polk.March 4, 1845.Democrat.\\nZachary Taylor.March 5, 1849.Whig.\\nMillard Fillmore.July 9, 1850.Whig.\\nFranklin Pierce.March 4, 1853.Democrat.\\nJames Buchanan.March 4, 1857.Democrat.\\nAbraham Lincoln.March 4, 1861.Republican.\\nAndrew Johnson.April 15, 1865......Republican.\\nUlysses S. Grant.March 4, 1869.Republican.\\nRutherford B. Hayes...March 5, 1877.Republican.\\nJames A. Garfield.March 4, 1881.Republican.\\nChester A. Arthur.Sept. 20, 1881.Republican.\\nGrover Cleveland.March 4, 1885.Democrat.\\nBenjamin Harrison.March 4, 1889.Republican.\\nGrover Cleveland.March 4, 1893.Democrat.\\nWilliam McKinley.March 4, 1897.Republican.\\nBallots Cast at the National Conventions\\nin 1896.\\nThe National Republican Convention for nominat\u00c2\u00ac\\ning candidates for the presidency and vice-presidency\\nwas held at St. Louis, June 16, 1896. The platform\\nreaffirmed the doctrine of protection and declared for\\nthe gold standard. President McKinley was nomi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnated on the first ballot. He received 661J votes;\\nReed, 84J; Quay, 61J; Morton, 58; Allison, 35J.\\nGarret A. Hobart was nominated for the vice-presi\u00c2\u00ac\\ndency.\\nThe Democrats met in Chicago, July 7, 1896. W.\\nJ. Bryan, of Nebraska, was nominated for the presi\u00c2\u00ac\\ndency on the fifth ballot. He received 500 votes;\\nBland 106; Pattison, 95; Matthews, 31; Boies, 26.\\nArthur Sewall, of Maine, was nominated for the vice\u00c2\u00ac\\npresidency.\\nThe Sound-Money Democratic National Convention\\nwas held at Indianapolis, September 2, 1896. Senator\\nJohn M. Palmer, of Illinois, was nominated for the\\npresidency, and Gen. Simon B. Buckner, of Kentucky,\\nfor the vice-presidency.\\nThe result of the election is recorded below:\\nPopular Vote for President by States\\nin 1896.\\nStates. McKinley. Bryan. Palmer. Levering.\\nAlabama. 54,737 131,219 6,464 2,147\\nArkansas. 37,512 110,103 893 889\\nCalifornia. 146,588 144,166 2,573\\nColorado. 26,271 161,269 1,717\\nConnecticut. 110,297 56,740 4,336 1,806\\nDelaware. 20,452 16,615 956 602\\nFlorida. 11,889 32,213 1,778 868\\nGeorgia. 20,191 94,232 2,708\\nIdaho. 6,324 23,192 181\\nIllinois. 607,130 466,703 6,390 9,796\\nIndiana. 323,719 305,771 2,146 3,056\\nIowa. 289,293 223,741 4,519 3,192\\nKansas. 158,541 171,810 1,209 2,351\\nKentucky. 218,171 217,890 5,114 4,781\\nLouisiana. 22,012 77,096 1,810\\nMaine. 80,421 34,504 1,864 1,571\\nMaryland. 136,978 104,745 2,507 5,928\\nMassachusetts.... 279,976 105,711 11,749 2,998\\nMichigan. 293,327 237,251 6,930 4,968\\nMinnesota. 193,501 139,626 3,202 4,343\\nMississippi. 4 730 63,457 1,021 390\\nMissouri. 304,940 363,652 2,355 3,169\\nMontana. 10,490 43,680\\nNebraska. 101,064 115,999 2,797 1,196\\nNevada. 1,939 8,377\\nNew Hampshire. 57,444 21,650 3,420 776\\nNew Jersey. 221,367 113,675 6,373 5,614\\nNew York. 819,838 551,513 18,972 16,075\\nNorth Carolina... 155,222 174,488 578 635\\nNorth Dakota 26,336 20,689 356\\nOhio. 527,945 478,547 1,831 5,060\\nOregon. 48,711 46,739 974 789\\nPennsylvania. 728,300 427,127 11,000 19,274\\nRhode Island. 37,437 14,495 1,166 1,160\\nSouth Carolina... 9,313 58,801 824\\nSouth Dakota. 40,802 40,930 992\\nTennessee. 148,773 168,176 1,951 3,098\\nTexas. 164,886 368,299 5,030 185\\nUtah. 13,861 67,053\\nVermont. 50,991 10,607 1,329 728\\nVirginia. 135,388 154,985 2,127 2,341\\nWashington. 39,153 51,646 1,668 968\\nWest Virginia.... 104 414 92,927 677 1,203\\nWisconsin. 269,135 165,528 4,584 7,509\\nWyoming. 10,072 10,855 159\\nTotal. 7,101,401 6,470,656 132,056 130 560", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0720.jp2"}, "719": {"fulltext": "ENCYCLOPEDIA OF VALUABLE INFORMATION. 677\\nAnnual Salaries of Principal United States\\nOfficers.\\nLEGISLATIVE.\\nPresident. 50,000\\nVice-President. 8,000\\nSecretary o f State. 8,000\\nSecretary of Treasury. 8,000\\nSecretary of Interior. 8,000\\nSecretary of Navy. 8,000\\nSecretary of War. 8,000\\nSecretary of Agriculture. 8,000\\nPostmaster-General. 8,000\\nAttorney General. 8,000\\nSpeaker of House of Representatives. 8,000\\nUnited States Senators. 5,000\\nRepresentatives in Congress. 5,000\\nUNITED STATES MINISTERS TO\\nEngland.$ 17,500\\nGermany. 17,500\\nFrance. 17,500\\nRussia. 17,500\\nChina. 12,000\\nBrazil. 12,000\\nSpain. 12,000\\nJapan. 12,000\\nMexico. 12,000\\nCentral America. 10,000\\nChili. 10,000\\nPeru. 10,000\\nVenezuela. 7,500\\nTurkey. 7 5\u00c2\u00b0\u00c2\u00b0\\nSweden and Norway. 7 5 3\u00c2\u00b0\\nNetherlands. 7,5\u00c2\u00b0\u00c2\u00b0\\nDenmark. 5 ,oco\\nGreece. 5 oco\\nUruguay. 5 000\\nPortugal. 5 ,ooo\\nS witzerl and. 5 000\\nLiberia. 4,000\\nJUDGES.\\nChief Justice U. S. Supreme Court.$ 10,500\\nAssociate Judges. 10,000\\nUnited States Circuit Judges. 6,000\\nU. S. District Judges.from 3,500 to. 4,5\u00c2\u00b0\u00c2\u00b0\\nJudge of U. S. Court of Claims. 4,5\u00c2\u00b0\u00c2\u00b0\\nHEADS OE DEPARTMENTS.\\nDirector of Geological Surveys. 6,000\\nAuditor of Railroad Accounts. 5 000\\nSuperintendent of Census. 6 ,coo\\nSuperintendent of Naval Observatory. 5 000\\nCommissioner of Patents. 5\\nDirector of the Mint. 4,5\u00c2\u00b0\u00c2\u00b0\\nCommissioner of General Land Office. 4,000\\nSuperintendent of Signal Service. 5,500\\nCommissioner of Pensions. 5 000\\nSuperintendent of Nautical Almanac. 4,400\\nCommander of Marine Corps. 4,500\\nCommissioner of Indian Affairs. 4,000\\nCommissioner of Education. 3 00 a\\nSalaries of the United States Army and\\nNavy Officers.\\nARMY.\\nGeneral...$ 13,500\\nLieutenant-General. 11,000\\nMajor-General. 7,500\\nBrigadier-General. 5,500\\nColonel. 3)500\\nLieutenant-Colonel. 3,000\\nMajor. 2,500\\nCaptain. 2 ,ooo\\nRegimental Adjutant.\u00e2\u0080\u009e\u00e2\u0080\u009e. 1,800\\nFirst Lieutenant. 1,600\\nSecond Lieutenant. 1,400\\nNAVY.\\nAdmiral.$ 13,000\\nVice-Admiral. 9,000\\nRear-Admiral. 6,000\\nCommodore. 5,000\\nCaptain. 4,500\\nCommander. 3,500\\nLieutenant-Commander. 2,800\\nLieutenant. 2,400\\nMaster. 1,800\\nEnsign. 1,200\\nMidshipman. 1,000\\nTlie President\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Salary, etc.\\nMost people believe that the 50,000 a year which\\nthe President gets as his salary is.the sum total. This\\nis a mistake. 36,064 is given him, in addition to his\\nsalary of 50 000 to pay the salaries of his subordinates\\nand clerks. His private secretary is paid 3 250 his\\nassistant private secretary 2 250 his stenographer\\n1 800 five messengers, each 1 200 a steward 1 800\\ntwo door-keepers, each 1 200 four other clerks at\\ngood salaries, one telegraph operator, two ushers 1,200\\nand 1 400 a night usher 1 200 a watchman 900 and\\na man who takes care of the fires who receives $864 a\\nyear. In addition to this, there is given him 8,000\\nfor incidental expenses such as stationery, carpets, and\\nthe care of the presidential stables. And under anoth\u00c2\u00ac\\ner heading there is given him nearly 40,000 more.\\nOf this 12,500 is for repairs and refurnishing the White\\nHouse, 2,500 is for fuel, 4,000 is for the green-house,\\n15,000 is for gas, matches and the stable. The White\\nHouse, all told, costs the country in connection with\\nthe President considerably over 125,000 a year.\\nCabinet Facts.\\nThere were six Secretaries of State who afterward\\nbecame Presidents, namely, Jefferson, Madison, Mon\u00c2\u00ac\\nroe, John Quincy Adams. Van Buren, and Buchanan.\\nI", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0721.jp2"}, "720": {"fulltext": "078\\nOUR NATIONAL GOVERNMENT.\\nMonroe was Secretary of War for a short time after he\\nhad served in the State Department, and General\\nGrant was Secretary of War adinterim. There have\\nbeen no Secretaries of the Treasury, the Navy, or the\\nInterior, nor any Postmasters or Attorney Generals\\nwho have become President. Jeff Davis was Secretary\\nof War under President Pierce.\\nReligion of the Presidents.\\nWashington, Garfield, and Harrison were the only\\nPresidents who were church members, but all, one ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ncepted, were men who revered Christianity. Adams\\nmarried a minister\u00e2\u0080\u0099s daughter, and was inclined to\\nUnitarianism. Jefferson was not a believer, at least\\nwhile he was Chief Magistrate. Madison\u00e2\u0080\u0099s early con\u00c2\u00ac\\nnections were Presbyterian. Monroe is said to have\\nfavored the Episcopal Church. John Quincy Adams\\nwas like his father. Jackson was a Presbyterian and\\ndied in the communion of that church. Van Buren\\nwas brought up in the Reformed Dutch Church, but\\nafterward inclined to the Episcopal Church. Harrison\\nleaned toward the Methodist Church, and Tyler was an\\nEpiscopalian. Polk was baptized by a Methodist\\npreacher after his term of office expired. Taylor was\\ninclined to the Episcopal communion. Fillmore at\u00c2\u00ac\\ntended th? Unitarian Church, and Franklin Pierce was\\na member, but not a communicant, of a Congregation-\\nalist Church, at Concord. Buchanan w r as a Presbyte\u00c2\u00ac\\nrian, as is also Benjamin Harrison. General Grant\\nattended the Methodist Church, and President Garfield\\nthe Church of the Disciples.\\nPresidents of the United States Inaugurated\\non Other than the 4th of March.\\nGeorge Washington, April 30 1789 James Monroe,\\nsecond term, March 5 1821 John Tyler, April 6 1841\\nZachary Taylor, March 5 1849 Millard Fillmore, July\\n10 1850 Andrew Johnson, April 15 1865 R. B. Hayes,\\nMarch 5 1877\\nTHE WHITE HOUSE.\\nThe residence of the President of the United States\\nis officially known as the Executive Mansion, which\\nmeans that it is the residence of the head of the Executive\\nbranch of the Government; but it is seldom called in\\nordinary talk, either by those who live in it, or by the\\nAmerican people in general, anything but the White\\nHouse. This is a very unpretentious title, and it is\\ninteresting to note how the residence of the President,\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0hi a country which is full of w T hitc houses, came to bear\\nthis simple name as its special property.\\nThe explanation is easily found. The first Executive\\nMansion at Washington was occupied in 1800 It was\\nbuilt of freestone, and was unpainted but in 1814 the\\nBritish Army occupied Washington, and burned, with\\noth-r public buildings, the President\u00e2\u0080\u0099s house, leaving\\nit a blackened ruin.\\nThe house was rebuilt on the same site, and the. same\\nwalls were used in its construction but trey ueT so\\ndiscolored by smoke that, on the suggestion. of General\\nJackson, they were painted white, not o x\\\\y to improve\\ntheir appearance, but in token of the successful de\u00c2\u00ac\\nfiance of British fire by the American Republic.\\nThe mansion soon became the White Hou c e ii\\nthe mouths of the people cn account of its dazzling\\ncolor, and from that day to this it has been repainted\\nwhite every ten years. Its name commemorates a\\npatriotic feeling, therefore, as well as serves to describe\\nthe appearance of the mansion, for the original coat of\\nwhite paint was a sort of protest against the vandalism\\nof the British, and every subsequent coat has served to\\nperpetuate the protest.\\nINTERESTING FACTS ABOUT\\nINGTON, D. C.\\nThe dome of the United States Capitol io 87 feet\\nhigh. The w r eight of the iron alone in U.r* dome of\\nthe Capitol is 8 909,200 pounds.\\nOf the domes to large buildings i a che world the\\ndome of the United States Capitol raxi a fifth in height\\nand fourth in diameter.\\nIt is said that the Capitol of the United States is un\u00c2\u00ac\\nquestionably the finest and largest building of the kind\\non the face of the earth.\\nThe great bronze door of the east front entrance of\\nthe rotunda of the Capitol weighs 20,000 pounds anj\\ncost 28 000\\nThe six large paintings on the walls of the rotunda\\nof the Capitol cost 74 000 Three of them cost 10,000\\neach, one 12 000 and the other four $8000 each.\\nThere are 51 acres of ground around the Capitol,\\nwhich are known as the Capitol Grounds,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and cost\\nthe government 684 199\\nThe Soldiers\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Home grounds, near Washington, em\u00c2\u00ac\\nbrace 800 acres of land.\\nThe new State Department has 150 rooms and cost\\n5 000 000\\nWashington\u00e2\u0080\u0099s tomb, at Mount Vernon, Virginia, is\\nseventeen miles south of the Capitol.\\nThe Scott statue in Washington, which is made of\\nbronze, weighs 12,000 pounds, and cost 20 000\\nThe District of Columbia comprises sixty-four square\\nmiles, and lies entirely within the State of Maryland.\\nPennsylvania avenue, from the Treasury Building to\\nthe Capitol is 160 feet wide and almost as smooth as an\\nice-pond.\\nThe statue of Gen. McPherson, located in McPherson\\nSquare in Washington city cost 23 500 and weighs\\n7000 pounds.\\nThe new War Department has 173 rooms and cost\\n2 500 000 The building has 412 windows.\\nThe water used in the White House for drinking\\npurposes is conveyed to the Mansion by pipes from a\\nspring in Franklin Park, several squares distant.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0722.jp2"}, "721": {"fulltext": "IMPORTANT FACTS FOR REFERENCE.\\nC7D\\nOriginals of the New Testament.\\nThe New Testament was originally written in Greek.\\nIt is not claimed that any of the manuscripts written\\nby the Apostles themselves are in existence.\\nThe Bible Printed in 300 Tongues.\\nThe British and Foreign Bible Society reports that\\ntne sacred Scriptures were last year translated into\\nsix fresh languages. The number of tongues in which\\nthis society now publishes the Bible is thus increased\\nto 300 Fifty years ago it was published in 150 tongues.\\nThe society distributed four million two hundred and\\n:Six thousand volumes during the year.\\nCuriosities of tlie Bible.\\nThe Bible contains 3 566,480 letters, 773,746 words,\\n31,173 verses, 1,189 chapters, aud 66 books. The word\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cand occurs 46,277 times. The word \u00e2\u0080\u009cFord occurs\\n1,855 times. The w T ord \u00e2\u0080\u009creverend\u00e2\u0080\u009d occurs but once,\\nwhich is in the 9 th verse of the mth Psalm. The\\nmiddle verse is the 8 th verse of the 118 th Psalm. The\\n21 st verse of the 7 th chapter of Ezra contains all the\\nletters of the alphabet except the letter J. The 19 th\\nchapter of II Kings and the 37 th chapter of Isaiair are\\nalike. The longest verse is the 9 th verse of the 8 th\\nchapter of Esther. The shortest verse is the 35 th\\nverse of the nth chapter of St. John. There are no\\nwords or names of more than six syllables. In the\\noriginal Hebrew manuscripts of the Old Testament a\\ndivision of the matter into paragraphs was early in\u00c2\u00ac\\ntroduced for convenience in reading. Larger divisions\\ninto sections suitable for Sabbath readings were made\\nabout the middle of the fifteenth century. The gospels\\nwere divided into sections for a similar purpose as early\\nas the third century. The present arrangement of the\\nScriptures into chapters, however, originated in the\\nthirteenth century with Cardinal Hugo, who devised\\nit wdiile making a Latin concordance. The division\\ninto verses was introduced by the celebrated printer,\\nRobert Stephens, in his Greek Testament 1551 aa d\\nin his Latin Bible 1556 7\\nThe -word heaven occurs the following number of\\ntimes in each of the books of the New Testament.\\nBook\\nMatthew.\\nMark.\\nLuke\\nJohn.\\nActs.\\nRomans.\\nI Corinthians..\\nII Corinthians.\\nGalatians.\\nEphesians\\nTime\\n....70\\n....17\\n3\\n.18\\n.24\\n2\\n2\\n2\\n1\\n3\\nBook Time\\nPhilippians. 2\\nColossians. 5\\nI Thessalonians. 2\\nII Thessalonians. 1\\nHebrews. 5\\nJames. 2\\nI Peter. 3\\nII Peter. 1\\nI John. I\\nRevelation. 56\\nThe word \u00e2\u0080\u009cheaven\u00e2\u0080\u009d occurs several times with the\\nmeaning of sky, and in a similar sense, but the above\\nlist gives the number of times \u00e2\u0080\u009cheaven\u00e2\u0080\u009d is used aa\\nmeaning the abode of the blest or the immediate\\npresence of the Lord.\\nValuable Bibles.\\nA copy of the Mazarin Bible was recently sold at\\nauction in London, and brought an even 10 000 This\\nis the fourth of these volumes which has been sold\\ninsiJe of sixteen years, and the price it brought was\\nalso lower than those of the other three. One sold for\\n19 500 another for 13 450 and the other for 13 250\\nThis edition of the Bible was the work of Gutenberg\\nand Faust, and was the first book ever printed with\\nmovable types. As an artistic production, it is claimed\\nto have never been surpassed.\\nThe Roman Catholic Bible.\\nThe translations of the Bible by the Protestants at\\nthe Reforation w ere soon followed by translations at\\nthe hands of Roman Catholic scholars, intended for\\nthose who still adhered to the Roman Church. Ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncordingly the New Testament appeared at Rheims, in\\nFrance, in 1582 and the Old Testament appeared at\\nDouai in 1609 10 although it had been prepared before\\nthe New Testament. The first complete edition of the\\nentire Bible, according to this recension was published\\nat Rouen in 1633 35 Says Dr. Schaff: \u00e2\u0080\u009cIts transla\u00c2\u00ac\\ntors w r ere good scholars, but were obliged to take the\\nLatin Vulgate as the basis, and to adhere closely to it.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nA revision w T as made about the middle of the last\\ncentury.\\nA Petrified Bible.\\nWhile cleaning an old swamp, Mr. Martin Flush,\\nliving near Pleasant Valley, Ind., discovered quite a\\ncuriosity. Several feet beneath the leaves and muck\\nhe unearthed what appeared to be a stone book. Close\\ninspection showed it to be a family Bible, bearing the\\ndate 1773 plainly lettered. It is now solid limestone.\\nThose who have examined the book state that it was\\noriginally a real book and is now petrified.\\nDiscoveries and Settling\u00e2\u0080\u0099 of Countries.\\nAmerica discovered by Columbus, October n, 1492\\nAndreanoffsy Isles, between Asia and America, dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ncovered 1760\\nAngola settled by Portugal, 1482\\nAnguilla, in the Caribbees, first planted by England,\\n1650\\nAntigua settled by the English, 1632\\nArchangel, passage to, discovered, 1553\\nAruba Isle, planted by Holland, 1634\\nAzores Isles discovered by Portugal, 1419\\nBaffin\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Bay discovered, 1622\\nBahama Isles, discovered, 1659 taken possession of\\nby the English, December, 1718\\nBarbadoes discovered and planted, 1614\\nBarbuda Isle first planted by England, 1628", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0723.jp2"}, "722": {"fulltext": "680\\nENCYCLOPEDIA OF VALUABLE INFORMATION.\\nBarrington Isle one of the Gallapagos, explored,\\nJune, 1703\\nBatavia, in the Island of Java, first fortified by Hol\u00c2\u00ac\\nland, 1618.\\nBermuda Isles discovered, 1527 settled, 1612.\\nBoston, Mass., built, 1630.\\nBotany Bay settlement first sailed from England,\\nMarch 21, 1787.\\nBourbon (formerly Mascareen) Isle planted by\\nFrance, 1672.\\nBrazil discovered, i486 settled by the Spaniards,\\n1515; settled by Holland, 1624; taken from Holland\\nby Portugal, 1654.\\nBritain discovered to be an island about 90.\\nCaledonia, in America, settled, 1699.\\nCalifornia discovered by Cortez, 1543.\\nCanada discovered by Cabot, 1499 explored by the\\nFrench, 1508, 1524 and 1534 settled, 1540; Quebec\\nbuilt, 1603; taken first by England, 1628.\\nCanary Isles discovered, 1344, and granted Spain\\nexplored, 1393.\\nCape Blanco, on the coast cf Africa, discovered,\\n1441.\\nCape Breton discovered by the English, 1584;\\nyielded to France, 1632 taken by England, 1745;\\nrestored, 1748 again taken and kept, 1758.\\nCape de Verd Islands discovered, 1447.\\nCape of Good Hope discovered, 1487 planted by\\nHolland, 1651.\\nCape Horn first sailed round, 1616.\\nCarolina discovered, 1497 planted, 1629.\\nCaribbce Isles discovered, 1595.\\nCat Isle, one of the Bahamas, the first discovery in\\nAmerica by Columbus, 1492.\\nCayenne Isle first planted by France, 1635.\\nCeylon, the Isle of, discovered, 1506.\\nChatham Isle, one of the Gallapagos, explored, June,\\n*793*\\nChili discovered by Spain, 1518; invaded by the\\nSpaniards, 1540.\\nChina first visited by the Portuguese, 1517; conquered\\nby the Eastern Tartars, 1635.\\nChristopher\u00e2\u0080\u0099s, St., Isle of, discovered, 1595; settled\\nby the English, 1626.\\nCongou Kingdom discovered, 1482 settled by Port\u00c2\u00ac\\nugal, i486.\\nCrimea settled by Russia, 1784.\\nCuba discovered, 1492 settled in 1511.\\nCuracoa settled by the Dutch, 1634.\\nDarien settled, 1700.\\nDavis\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Straits discovered, 1586.\\nDe la Plate, river, discovered, 1512.\\nDeseada Isle was discovered by Columbus, 1494.\\nDomingo, St., Isle of, discovered, 1492 city founded,\\n1494\\nDominica discovered by Columbus, November 3.\\nT 493\\nEaster Isle discovered, 1722.\\nEast Indies discovered by the Portuguese, 1497 vis\u00c2\u00ac\\nited overland by some English, 1591; first Dutch\\nvoyage, 1595 first voyage of the English company,\\n1601; first from France, 1601; first voyage of the Danes,\\n1612.\\nFaulkland, Isles of, discovered, 1592.\\nFlorida discovered by Cabot, 1500 settled in 1763.\\nFrobisher\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Straits discovered, 1578.\\nFox Island, in North Pacific Ocean, discovered\\n1760.\\nGalapagos Isles discovered, 1700 explored by Cap\u00c2\u00ac\\ntain James Colnett, 1793.\\nGeorgia colony erected by General Oglethorpe, 1739.\\nGoree Isle, on the Guinea Coast, first planted by the\\nDutch, 1617.\\nGranada Isle settled by France, 1652.\\nGreenland was discovered in 1585; settled, 1721,\\nI 73 I\\nGuadaloupe Isle discovered by Columbus, 1493;\\nplanted by France, 1635.\\nGuinea Coast discovered by the Portuguese, 1482\\nslave trade commenced here by Captain Hawkins an\\nEnglishman, 1563.\\nHelena, St., discovered, 1502; first possessed by\\nEngland, 1600 settled by the English, 1651.\\nHood\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Isle, one of the Galapagos, in the Pacific\\nOcean, explored, June, 1793.\\nHudson Bay discovered by Captain Hudson, 1607.\\nIceland discovered by a Danish pirate in 860.\\nJamaica discovered by Columbus, 1494; settled by\\nthe Spaniards, 1509.\\nJapan discovered, 154 2 I visited by the English, 1612,\\nKamtschatka discovered by the Russians, 1739.\\nPadrone Isles discovered, 1521.\\nLe Roach Island, near Faulkland\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Island, discov\u00c2\u00ac\\nered, 1657.\\nLouisiana, west of the Mississippi, discovered by\\nthe French, 1633 settled by them, 171S ceded to the\\nUnited States, 1801.\\nMadagascar discovered by the Portuguese, 1506.\\nMadeira, Island of, discovered, 1344 and 1418.\\nMagellan, Straits of, discovered, 1520.\\nMarigalante Isle discovered, 1493.\\nMaryland planted by Lord Baltimore, at the expense\\nof ,\u00c2\u00a340,000, 1633.\\nMauritius Isle discovered, 1598 settled in 1721.\\nMexico conquered by the Spaniards under Cortez,\\n1519-21.\\nMontreal discovered, 1534; settled, 1029.\\nMontserrat, in the West Indies, discovered by Col\u00c2\u00ac\\numbus, 1493 planted by England, 1632.\\nNevis planted by England, 1628.\\nNew Caledonia discovered, 1774.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0724.jp2"}, "723": {"fulltext": "IMPORTANT FACTS FOR REFERENCE.\\nG81\\nNew England planted by the Puritans, 1620.\\nNewfoundland discovered by Cabot, 1497 settled,\\n1614.\\nNew Guinea discovered, 1699.\\nNew Holland discovered by the Dutch, 1627 settled\\nby the English, 17S7.\\nNew Jersey planted by the Swedes, 1637.\\nNew Spain or Mexico, discovered, 1518.\\nNew Zealand discovered, 1660 explored in 1769.\\nNew Plymouth built and settled, 1620.\\nNew York settled, 1664.\\nNorth-East passage to Russia discovered, 1553.\\nNova Scotia settled, 1622.\\nNova Zembla discovered, 1553.\\nOtaheite, or George Ill\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Island, discovered June 18,\\n1765-\\nOwhy-he Island discovered, 1778; where Captain\\nCook was killed.\\nPalmyra, ruins of In the Deserts of Syria, discov\u00c2\u00ac\\nered, 1678.\\nPanama settled, 1516.\\nParaguay discovered, 1525.\\nPennsylvania, Penn\u00e2\u0080\u0099s charter fc^ planting, 1680.\\nPeru discovered, 1518.\\nPhilippine Isles discovered by the Spaniards, 1521.\\nPitt\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Straits in the West Indies, discovered, April\\nlo, 1760.\\nPorto Rico discovered, 1497.\\nSaba planted by the Dutch, 1640.\\nSalem, Mass., settled, 1628.\\nSandwich Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, discovered,\\n1778\\nSavannah settled, 1732.\\nSierra Leone Coast discovered, 1460.\\nSociety Isles, in the Pacific Ocean, discovered. 1765.\\nSolomon Isles, in America, discovered, 1527.\\nSomer\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Isles discovered, 1527.\\nSt. Eustatia Isle settled by Holland, 1632.\\nSt. Lawrence River discovered and explored by the\\nFrench, 1508.\\nSt. Salvador, Guanihani, or Cat Island, was the\\nfirst land discovered in the West Indies, or America,\\nby Columbus, October 11, 1492.\\nSuffolk Isles discovered, 1764 first produced sugar,\\n1770.\\nSurinam planted by England, 1640.\\nSurat settled, 1603.\\nTate Islands, East Indies, discovered, June 29, 1795.\\nTobago planted by the Dutch, 1642.\\nTerceras Isles discovered by the Spaniards, 1583.\\nTerra Firma settled by the Spaniards, 1524-\\nTrinidad, The Isle of, discovered, 149S.\\nUkraine settled by Russia, I 75 2\\nVirginia discovered by Sir Walter Raleigh, 1584 the\\nsettlement of the first permanent colony there, 1607,\\nWest Indies discovered by Columbus, 1492.\\nThe Political Divisions of the World, Ar\u00c2\u00ac\\nranged According to Size.\\nSq miles.\\nRussian Empire...7,862,568\\nChinese Empire...4,695,334\\nBritish Empire...4,419,559\\nUnited States.3,578,392\\nBritish N. Am.3,523,083\\nBrazil.3,231,047\\nAustralian Cont...2,945,2i9\\nTurkish Empire...i,9i7,472\\nIndia.1,552,028\\nChina (proper)....1,300,000\\nArgentine Repub. 826,828\\nMexico. 773,144\\nEgypt. 659,081\\nTurkestan. 640,516\\nPersia. 562,344\\nBolivia. 535,769\\nPeru. 510,107\\nVenezuela. 368,235\\nU. S. of Colombia 357,179\\nTripoli. 344,423\\nMorocco. 259,593\\nAfghanistan. 258,530\\nTexas. 247,356\\nAustria,. 240,381\\nMadagascar. 232,313\\nEcuador. 218,984\\nFrance. 209,428\\nSpain. 195,607\\nCalifornia. 188,981\\nCentral America.. 178,869\\nSweden. 170,634\\nBeloochistan. 165,830\\nGerman Empire.. 160,207\\nAbyssinia. 158,392\\nDakota. 152,000\\nJapan. 149,399\\nMontana. 143,776\\nPrussia. 135,806\\nChili. 132,624\\nParaguay. 126,352\\nNew Mexico. 121,201\\nGreat Britain. 121,115\\nNorway. 120,295\\nArizona. 113,916\\nNevada. 112,090\\nItaly. 109,837\\nColorado. 104,500\\nOregon. 95, 2 74\\nIdaho. 90,932\\nUtah. 88,056\\nWyoming. 88,000\\nMinnesota. 83,531\\nKansas. 81,318\\nTransvaal Repub\u00c2\u00ac\\nlic. 77,964\\nSq. miles.\\nNebraska.\\n75,995\\nWashington.\\n.69,994\\nIndian Territory.\\n.68,991\\nUruguay..\\n66,716\\nMissouri..\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a265,350\\nFlorida.\\n59,268\\nGeorgia.\\n.58,000\\nMichigan...__\\n56,451\\nIllinois.\\n55 4 io\\nIowa.\\n55,045\\nWisconsin.\\n53 9 2 4\\nArkansas.\\n.52,198\\nAlabama.\\n.50,722\\nNorth Carolina.\\n.50,704\\nOrange Free State...\\n.48,019\\nMississippi.\\n47 U 56\\nNew York.\\n.47,000\\nPennsylvania.\\n.46,000\\nTunis.\\n45 7 io\\nTennessee.\\n.45,600\\nLouisiana.\\n4 L 346\\nOhio...\\n39,964\\nVirginia.\\n38,352\\nPortugal.\\n37,977\\nKentucky.\\n.37,68o\\nMaine.\\n.35,000\\nSouth Carolina.\\n.34,000\\nIndiana.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a233,809\\nBavaria...\\n29-373\\nWest Virginia.\\n.23,000\\nServia.\\n.21,210\\nGreece.\\n19,353\\nSt. Domingo.\\n.17,826\\nSwitzerland.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a215,722\\nDenmark.\\n14,734\\nNetherlands.\\nBelgium.\\n11,373\\nMaryland.\\n.11,124\\n^rmont.\\nHayti..\\n.10,205\\nLiberia.\\n9,567\\nNew Hampshire....\\nFejee Islands.\\n8,033\\nMassachusetts.\\nSandwich Islands...\\n7,633\\nNew Jersey.\\n7-570\\nWurtemburg.\\n7,532\\nBaden.\\n5 9 i 2\\nSaxony.\\n5,779\\nMecklenburg-Schw\\nerin.\\n5,190\\nConnecticut.\\n4,674\\nPapal States..\\n4,552\\nHesse Darmstadt...\\n2,969\\nOldenburg.\\n2,469\\nWealth of Principal Nations.\\nArgen. Rep..$i,66o,ooo,ooo\\nAustralia. 4,950,000,000\\nAustria.18,060,000,000\\nBelgium. 4,030,000,000\\nCanada. 3,250,000,000\\nDenmark. 1,830,000,000\\nFrance.40,300,000,000\\nGermany.31,615,000,000\\nGreat Britain ano\\nIreland..43,600,000,000\\nGreece.$1,055,000,000\\nHolland. 4,935,000,000\\nItaly.12,755,000,000\\nMexico. 3,190,000,000\\nNorway. 1,410,000,000\\nPortugal. 1,855,000,000\\nSpain. 7,965,000,000\\nSweden. 3,475,000,000\\nSwitzerland.. 1,620,000000\\nU. States.47,475,000,000", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0725.jp2"}, "724": {"fulltext": "682\\nENCYLOPEDIA OF VALUABLE INFORMATION.\\nMoney.\\nMoney first mentioned as a medium of commerce in\\nthe twenty-third chapter of Genesis, when Abraham\\npurchased a field as a sepulcher for Sarah, in the year\\nof the world 2139; first made at Argos, 894 before\\nChrist. Silver has increased 30 times its value since\\nthe Norman conquest, viz: a pound in that age was\\nthree times the quantity what it is at present, and ten\\ntimes its value in purchasing any commodity; first\\ncoined in the United States, 1652 first paper money,\\n1690.\\nWeight of a Million Dollars.\\nThe United Slates gold dollar contains 25.8 troy\\ngrains. A troy pound contains 5760 troy grains, but\\nthe ordinary pound of currency, avoirdupois, weighs\\n7000 troy grains. Therefore $1,000,000 in United States\\ngold coin weigh 36S6.4 pounds avoirdupois. A United\\nStates standard silver dollar weighs 412.5 troy grains.\\n$1,000,000 in United States silver coin of the present\\nstandard weigh 56,931 pounds avoirdupois, or nearly\\n28X tons.\\nFoundations of Fortunes.\\nSenator Farwell began life as a surveyor.\\nCornelius Vanderbilt began life as a farmer.\\nWanamaker\u00e2\u0080\u0099s first salary was $1.25 a week.\\nA. T. Stewart made his start as a school-teacher.\\nJim Keene drove a milk-wagon in a California town.\\nCyrus Field began life as a clerk in a New England\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2store.\\nPulitzer once acted as stoker on a Mississippi steam\u00c2\u00ac\\nboat.\\nLucky\u00e2\u0080\u009d Baldwin worked on his father\u00e2\u0080\u0099s farm in\\nIndiana.\\nDave Sinton sold sugar over an Ohio counter for $1\\na week.\\nMoses Taylor clerked in Water street, New York,\\nat $2 a week.\\nGeorge W. Childs was an errand boy for a bookseller\\nat $4 a month.\\nJ. C. Flood, the California millionaire, kept a saloon\\nin San Francisco.\\nP. T. Barnum earned a salary as bartender in Niblo\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nTheatre New York.\\nJay Gould canvassed Delaware County, New York,\\nselling maps at $1.50 apiece.\\nC. P. Huntington sold butter and eggs for what he\\ncould get a pound and dozen.\\nAndrew Carnegie did his first work in a Pittsburgh\\ntelegraph office at $3 a week.\\nWhitelaw Reid did work as correspondent of a Cin\u00c2\u00ac\\ncinnati newspaper for $5 a week.\\nAdam Forepaugh was a butcher in Philadelphia\\nwhen he decided to go into the show business.\\nSenator Brown made his first monsy by plowing his\\nneighbor\u00e2\u0080\u0099s fields with a pair of bull calves.\\nA Business Lesson.\\nPeter Cooper was one of the most successful, careful,\\nand prudent business men of his time. He was strongly\\nopposed to the methods of many merchants who launch\u00c2\u00ac\\ned out into extravagant enterprises on borrowed money,\\nfor which they paid exorbitant rate of interest. The\\nfollowing anecdote illustrates this point very forcibly:\\nOnce, while talking about a project with an acquaint\u00c2\u00ac\\nance, the latter said he would have to borrow the money\\nfor six months, paying interest at the rate of 3 per cent,\\nper month.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cWhy do you borrow for so short a time?\u00e2\u0080\u009d Mr.\\nCooper asked.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cBecause the brokers will not negotiate mils for\\nlonger.\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nWell, if you wish,\u00e2\u0080\u009d said Mr. Cooper, I will dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ncount your note at that rate for three years.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cAre you in earnest?\u00e2\u0080\u009d asked the would-be bor\u00c2\u00ac\\nrower.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cCertainly, I am. I will discount your note for\\n$10,000 for three years at that rate. Will you do it?\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nOf course I will,\u00e2\u0080\u009d said the merchant.\\nVery well,\u00e2\u0080\u009d said Mr. Cooper \u00e2\u0080\u009cjust sign this note\\nfor $10,000 payable in three years, and give your check\\nfor $800, and the transaction will be complete.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cBut where is the money for me askei the aston\u00c2\u00ac\\nished merchant.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cYou don\u00e2\u0080\u0099t get any money,\u00e2\u0080\u009d was the reply. \u00e2\u0080\u009cYour\\ninterest for thirty-six months at three per centum per\\nmonth amounts to 108 per centum, or $10,800; there\u00c2\u00ac\\nfore your check for $Soo just makes us even.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe force of this practical illustration of the folly of\\npaying such an exorbitant price for the use of money\\nwas such that the merchant determined never to bor\u00c2\u00ac\\nrow at such ruinous rates, and he frequently used to\\nsay that nothing could have so fully convinced him as\\nthis rather humorous proposal by Mr. Cooper.\\nAvoid Debt.\\nEvery man who would get on in the world should,\\nas far as possible, avoid debt. From the very outset of\\nhis career he should resolve to live within his ineome,\\nhowever paltry it may be. The art of living easily as\\nto money is very simple\u00e2\u0080\u0094pitch your scale of living one\\ndegree below your means. All the world\u00e2\u0080\u0099s wisdom on\\nthe subject is most tersely epitomized in the words of\\nDickens s Micawber: Annual income, twenty pounds;\\nannual expenditure, nineteen six; result, happiness.\\nAnnual income, twenty pounds annual expenditure,\\ntwenty pounds naught and six result, misery.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Many\\na man dates his downfall from the day when he begav\\nborrowing money. Avoid the first obligation, for, that\\nincurred, others follow, one necessitating the other;\\nevery day the victim will get more entangled; then\\nfollow pretexts, excuses, lies, till all sense of shame is\\nlost, the whole life becomes a makeshift, and the debtor", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0726.jp2"}, "725": {"fulltext": "G33\\nIMPORTANT FACTS FOR REFERENCE.\\nin despair finally resolves to live by indirect robbery\\nand falsehood.\\nGetting\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Rich by Small Inventions.\\nThe New Jersey man who hit upon the idea of attach\u00c2\u00ac\\ning a rubber erasing tip to the end of the lead pencil i s\\nworth 200 000\\nThe miner who invented a metal rivet or eyelet at\\neach end of the mouth .of coat and trowsers pockets,\\nto lesist the strain caused by the carriage of pieces of\\nore and heavy tools, has made more money from his\\nletters patent than he w\u00e2\u0080\u0099ould have made had he struck\\na good vein of gold-bearing quartz.\\nEvery one has seen the metal plates that are used to\\nprotect the heels and soles of rough shoes, but every\\none doesn\u00e2\u0080\u0099t know that within ten years the man who\\nhit upon the idea has made $250,000.\\nAs large a sum as was ever obtained for any inven\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion was enjoyed by the Yankee who invented the\\ninvented glass bell to hang over gas-jets to protect\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0aeiliugs from being blackened by smoke.\\nThe inventor of the roller skate has made $1,000,000,\\naotwithstanding the fact that his patent had nearly ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npired before the value of it was ascertained in the craze\\nfor roller skating that spread over the country a few\\nyears ago.\\nThe gimlet-pointed screw has produced more wealth\\nthan most silver mines, and the Connecticut man who\\nfirst thought of putting copper tips on the tees of\\nchildren\u00e2\u0080\u0099s shoes is as well off as if he had inherited\\n$1 ,000,000, for that\u00e2\u0080\u0099s the amount his idea has realized\\nfor him.\\nThe common needle threader which every one has\\nseen for sale, and which every woman owns, was a boon\\nto needle users. The man who invented it has an\\nincome of $10,000 a year from his invention.\\nA minister in England made $50,000 by inventing an\\nodd toy that danced by winding it with a string.\\nThe man who invented the return ball, an ordinary\\nwooden Dali with a rubber string attached to pull it\\nbackj made $1,000,000 from it.\\nResults of Saving Small Amounts of Money.\\nThe following show\u00e2\u0080\u0099s how easy it is to accumulate a\\nfortune, provided proper steps are taken. The table\\nshows what would be the result at the end of fifty\\nyears by saving a certain amount each day and putting\\nit at interest at the rate of six per cent.:\\nDaily Savings. The result.\\nOne cent.$ 95\\nTen cents. 9 5\u00c2\u00b04\\nTwenty cents. 19,006\\nThirty cents. 28,512\\nForty cents. 38, 01 5\\nFifty cents. 47 5 2\\nDaily Savings. The result.\\nSixty cents.....$57,024\\nSeventy cents. 66,528\\nEighty cents. 76,032\\nNinetv cents......... 85,537\\nOne dollar. 95,041\\nFive dollars.475,208\\nNearly every person wastes enough in twenty or\\nthirtv years, which, if saved and carefully invested,\\nwould make a family quite independent; but the prin\u00c2\u00ac\\nciple of small savings has been lost sight of in th.*\\ngeneral desire to become wealthy.\\nWliat a Dollar Saved Each Day Will Earn.\\nOne dollar per day saved in the cost of fuel amounts,\\nwith interest, on basis of 312 working days in a year,\\nto following:\\nFour Six Eight Ten\\nPer Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent*\\nOne Year. $324 48 $330 72 $336 96 $343 20\\nFive Years. 1,757 50 1,86420 1,97680 2,0952s\\nTen Years.3,895 76 4,359 14 4,881 40 5,469 73\\nFifteen Years.. 6,479 24 7,69782 9,14918 10,90430\\nTwenty Years.. 9,662 39 12,16572 15,41994 19,65678\\nValue of Metals.\\nFully ninety-nine persons in every hundred, if asked\\nto name the most precious metals, would mention\\ngold as first, platinum as second, silver as third. If\\nasked 1 to name others a few might add nickel, and a\\nvery few aluminum to the list.\\nLet us see how near the truth they would be. Gold\\nis worth about $240 per pound, troy platinum $130,\\nand silver about $12. Nickel would be quoted atabout\\n60 cents and pure aluminum $8 to $9 to the troy pound.\\nWe w\u00e2\u0080\u0099ill now compare these prices with those of the\\nrarer and less well known of the metals. To take them\\nin alphabetical order, barium sells for $975 a pound,\\nwhen it is sold at all, and calcium is worth $1,800 a\\npound, while cerium is a shade higher\u00e2\u0080\u0094its cost is $160\\nan ounce, or $1,920 a pound. Chromium brings $200\\ncobalt falls to about half the price of silver, -while\\ndidymium is the same price as cerium, and cerium $10\\ncheaper on the ounce than calcium, or just $1,680 per\\npound.\\nIf the wealth of the Vanderbilts be not overestimat\u00c2\u00ac\\ned, it amounts to nearly $200,000,000. With this sum\\nthey could purchase 312 tons of gold and have some\u00c2\u00ac\\nthing left over, but they couldn\u00e2\u0080\u0099t buy two tons of gal\u00c2\u00ac\\nlium, that rare metal being worth $4,250 an ounce.\\nWith this metal the highest price is reached, and it\\nmay well be called the rarest and most precious of\\nmetals.\\nGlucinum is worth $250 per ounce; indium, $158;\\nirinium, $658 per pound lanthanium, $175, and lin-\\nthium, $160 per ounce. Niobium costs $128 per ounce;\\nasmium, paladium, platinum, potassium and rhodium\\nbring respectively, $640, $400, $59, $32 and $512 per\\npound. Strontium costs $128 an ounce; tantium,\\n$144 tellurium, $9 atliorium, $272 vanadium, $320;\\nvitrium, $144, and ziconium, $250 an ounce.\\nBarium is more than four times as valuable as gold,\\nand gallium more than 162 times as costly, while many\\nof the metals are twice and thrice as valuable.\\nAluminum, which now costs $8 to $9 a pound, will\\neventually be produced as cheap as steel.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0727.jp2"}, "726": {"fulltext": "684\\nIMPORTANT FACTS FOR REFERENCE.\\nLightning conductors afford protection over a circle\\nwhose radius equals their height from the ground\\nformerly considered twice.\\nAverage Annual Rainfall in the United\\nS tates.\\nfLACE Inches.\\nNeah Bay, Wash. Ter...123\\nSitka, Alaska. 83\\nFt. Haskins, Oregon... 66\\nMt. Vernon, Alabama.. 66\\nBaton Rouge, La. 60\\nMeadow Valley, Cal.... 57\\nFt. Tonson, Indian Ter. 57\\nFt. Myers, Florida. 56\\nWashington, Arkansas. 54\\nHuntsville, Alabama... 54\\nNatchez, Mississippi.... 53\\nNew Orleans, La. 51\\nSavannah, Georgia. 48\\nSpringdale, Kentucky.. 48\\nFortress Monroe, Va... 47\\nMemphis, Tennessee... 45\\nNewark, New Jersey... 44\\nBoston, Massachusetts.. 44\\nBrunswick, Maine. 44\\nCincinnati, Ohio. 44\\nNew Haven, Conn. 44\\nPhiladelphia, Pa. 44\\nCharleston, S. Carolina 43\\nNew York City, N. Y.. 43\\nGaston, N. Carolina. 43\\nRichmond, Indiana. 43\\nMarietta, Ohio. 43\\nSt. Louis, Mis iri. 43\\nMuscatine, Iowa. 42\\nBaltimore, Maryland... 41\\nNew Bedford, Mass. 41\\nProvidence, R. 1 41\\nFt. Smith, Arkansas_ 40\\nplace. Inches.\\nHanover, N. H.40\\nFt. Vancouver.38\\nCleveland, Ohio.37\\nPittsburgh, Pa.37\\nWashington, D. C.37\\nWhiteSulph\u00e2\u0080\u0099r Spgs.,Va-37\\nFt. Gibson, Indian Ten.36\\nKey West, Florida.36\\nPeoria, Illinois.35\\nBurlington, Vermont....34\\nBuffalo, New York.33\\nFt. Brown, Texas.33\\nFt. Leavenworth, Kan...31\\nDetroit, Michigan.30\\nMilwaukee, Wisconsin..30\\nPenn Yan, New York...28\\nFt. Kearney.25\\nFt. Snelling, Minnesota25\\nSaltLake City,Utah Ter.23\\nMackinac, Michigan.23\\nSan Francisco, Cal.21\\nDallas, Oregon.21\\nSacramento, California..2i\\nFt. Massachusetts, Col .17\\nFt. Marcy,New Mex. T.16\\nFt. Randall, Dakota T...16\\nFt. Defiance, Arizona.... 14\\nFt. Craig, New Mex. T. 11\\nSan Diego, California.... 9\\nFt. Colville, Wash. Ter.. 9\\nFt. Bliss, Texas. 9\\nFt. Bridger, Utah Ter... 6\\nFt. Garland, Colorado... 6\\nAverage Annual Temperature in United\\nStates.\\nriace of Average\\nObservation. Temperature.\\nTucson, Arizona.69\\nJacksonville, Florida.69\\nNew Orleans, La.69\\nAustin, Texas.67\\nMobile, Alabama.66\\nJackson, Mississippi.64\\nLittle Rock, Arkansas...63\\nColumbia, S. Carolina...62\\nFt. Gibson, Indian Ter..6o\\nRaleigh, North Carolina59\\nAtlanta, Georgia.58\\nNashville, Tennessee.58\\nRichmond, Virginia.57\\nLouisville, Kentucky....56\\nSan Francisco, Cal.55\\nWashington, D. C.55\\nSt. Louis, Missouri.55\\nBaltimore, Maryland.54\\nHarrisburg, Pa.54\\nWilmington, Delaware-53\\nTrenton, New Jersey.53\\nColumbus, Ohio.53\\nPortland, Oregon.53\\nFt. Boise, Idaho.52\\nPlace of Average\\nObservation. Temperature.\\nSalt Lake City, Utah.52\\nRomney, West Virginia52\\nIndianapolis, Indiana...51\\nLeavenworth, Kansas,...51\\nSante Fe, NewMex.Ter.51\\nSteilacoom. W. Ter.51\\nHartford, Connecticut...50\\nSpringfield, Illinois.50\\nCamp Scott, Nevada.50\\nDes Moines, Iowa.49\\nOmaha, Nebraska.49\\nDenver, Colorado.48\\nBoston, Massachusetts...48\\nAlbany, New York.48\\nProvidence, R. 1 .48\\nDetroit, Michigan.47\\nFt. Randall, Dakota Ter.47\\nSitka, Alaska.46\\nConcord, N. H.46\\nAugusta, Maine.45\\nMadison, Wisconsin.45\\nHelena, Montana Ter...43\\nMontpelier, Vermont....43\\nSt. Paul, Minnesota.42\\nThe Derivations of the Names of the\\nMonths.\\nJanuary. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The Roman Janus presided over thebe**\\nginning of everything hence the first month of the\\nyear was called after him.\\nFebruary. \u00e2\u0080\u0094The Roman festival Februs was held\\non the 15th day of this month, in honor of Lupercus,\\nthe god of fertility.\\nMarch. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Named from the Roman god of war,.\\nMars.\\nAprie. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Latin, Aprilis, probably derived from\\naperire, to open because spring generally begins and\\nthe buds open in this month.\\nMay. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Latin, Maius, probably derived from Maia, a\\nfemine divinity worshiped at Rome on the first day of\\nthis month.\\nJune. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Juno, a Roman divinity worshiped as the\\nQueen of Heaven.\\nJury (Julius).\u00e2\u0080\u0094Julius Caesar was born in this\\nmonth.\\nAugust. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Named by the Emperor Augustus Caesar,\\nB. C. 30, after himself, as he regarded it a fortunate\\nmonth, being that in which he had gained several vic\u00c2\u00ac\\ntories.\\nSeptember. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Latin, septem or 7. September was\\nthe seventh month in the old Roman calendar.\\nOctober. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Latin, octo. Eighth month of the old\\nRoman year.\\nNovember. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Latin, novem, or 9. November was\\nthe ninth mouth in the old Roman year.\\nDecember. Latin, decern, or 10. December was\\nthe tenth month of the early Roman year. About the\\n21st of this month the sun enters the Tropic of Capri\u00c2\u00ac\\ncorn, and forms the winter solstice.\\nDays of the Week.\\nSunday.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Saxon, Sunnaudseg, da} of the sun.\\nMonday. \u00e2\u0080\u0094German, Montag, day of the moon.\\nTuesday. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Ang-Saxon, Tiwesdaeg, from Tw, the god\\nof war.\\nWednesday. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Ang-Saxon, Wodnesdaeg, from Odin,\\nthe god of storms.\\nThursday. Danish, Thor, the god of thunder.\\nFriday. Saxon, Frigedasg, day of Freya, goddess\\nof marriage.\\nSaturday. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Day of Saturn, the god of time.\\nThe names of the seven days of the week originated\\nwith the Egyptian astronomers. They gave them the\\nnames of the sun, moon and five planets viz., Mars,\\nMercury, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn.\\nThe Chinese and Thibetans have a week of five days\\nnatned after iron, wood, water, feathers and earth.\\nPrincipal Exports of Various Countries.\\nArabia. Coffee, aloes, myrrh, frankincense, gum\\narabic.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0728.jp2"}, "727": {"fulltext": "685\\nENCYCLOPEDIA OF VALUABLE INFORMATION.\\nBelgium.\u00e2\u0080\u0094G rain, flax, hops, woolens, linens, laces,\\nvarious manufactures.\\nBrazil. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Cotton, sugar, coffee, tobacco, gold, dia\u00c2\u00ac\\nmonds, wheat and dry goods.\\nCanada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nFlour, furs, lumber, fish.\\nCape Colony. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Brandy, wine, ostrich feathers,\\nhides, tallow.\\nCentral America. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Logwood, mahogany, indigo,\\ncocoa.\\nChili. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Silver, gold, copper, wheat, hemp, hides,\\nsugar, cotton, fruits.\\nChina. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Tea, silks, nankeens, porcelain, opium,\\narticles of ivory and pearl.\\nDenmark. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Grain, horses, cattle, beef, pork, but\u00c2\u00ac\\nter, cheese.\\nEastern, Western and Southern Africa.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nGold, ivory, ostrich feathers.\\nEgypt.\u00e2\u0080\u0094R ice, grain, linseed, fruits, indigo, cotton,\\nsugar.\\nEcuador and New Grenada.\u00e2\u0080\u0094C offee, cotton,\\nindigo, cocoa, fruits, sugar.\\nFrance \u00e2\u0080\u0094Silks, w ooiens, linens, cotton, wine,\\nbrandy, porcelain, toys.\\nGermany. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Linen, grain, various manufactures of\\nsilver, copper, etc.\\nGreat Britain. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Woolens, cottons, linens, hard\u00c2\u00ac\\nware, porcelain, etc.\\nGreenland. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Whale oil, whale bone, seal skins.\\nHindoostan. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Cotton, silks, rice, sugar, coffee,\\nopium, indigo.\\nHolland. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Fine linens, woolens, butter, cheese,\\nvarious manufactures.\\nITALY. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Silks, wine, oil, grain, fruits.\\nIreland. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Linens, beef, butter, tallow, hides, pota\u00c2\u00ac\\ntoes, barley.\\nJapan. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Silk and cotton goods, japanware, porce\u00c2\u00ac\\nlain.\\nMexico. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Gold, silver, logw r ood, cochineal, fruits.\\nPERSIA. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Carpets, shawls, wine, silk, cotton, rice,\\nrhubarb, guns, swords, etc.\\nPERU. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Silver, gold, Peruvian bark, mercury, suga-,\\ncotton, fruits.\\nRUSSIA. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Hemp, iron, linen, grain, timber, furs,\\ntallow, platina.\\nSpain and Portugal. Silks, w t oo1, wine, oil,\\nfruits, salt.\\nSweden and Norway. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Iron, steel, copper, tim\u00c2\u00ac\\nber, fish.\\nSwitzerland. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Watches, jewelry, paper, laces,\\nlinen, cotton and silk goods, etc.\\nTurkey. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Gr^in, ffmits, cotton, oil, wines, carpets,\\nmuslin, swords.\\nUnited States.\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nEastern States -\u00e2\u0080\u0094Lumber, beef, pork, fish, cottons,\\nwoolens, etc.\\nMiddle States .\u00e2\u0080\u0094Flour, wheat, salt, coal, cottons,\\nwoolens.\\nSouihern States. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Cotton, rice, tobacco, corn, lum-\\nI ber, pitch, fruits.\\nWestern Stales. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Corn, wheat, lead, coal, iron, salt,\\nlime, beef, pork.\\nVenezuela. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Sugar, coffee, cocoa, cotton, indigo,\\nfruits.\\nWest Indies. \u00e2\u0080\u0094Sugar, rum, molasses, coffee, spice,\\ncotton, indigo, fruits.\\nSalaries Paid to Heads of Governments.\\nVarious governments pay their chiefs as follows:\\nThe United States, $50,000 a year Persia, $30,000,000;\\nRussia, $10,000,000; Siam, $10,000,000; Spain,\\n$3,9 00 00 Italy, $3,000,000; Great Britain, $3,000,-\\n000; Morocco, $2,500,000 Japan, $2,300,000; Egypt,\\n$L 575 Germany, $1,000,000; Saxony, $700,-\\n000; Portugal, Sweden and Brazil, each $600,000;\\nFrance, $200,000; Hayti, $240,000; Switzerland,\\n$3,000.\\nSovereigns of England.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cFirst William the Norman\\nThen William, his son,\\nHenry, Stephen and Henry,\\nThen Richard and John\\nNext, Henry the third,\\nEdwards, one, two, three,\\nAnd again, after Richard,\\nThree Henrys we see.\\nTwo Edwards, third Richar-,\\nIf rightly I guess\\nTwo Henrys, sixth Edward,\\nQueen Mary, Queen Bess,\\nThen Jamie, the Scotchman,\\nThen Charles, whom they slew,\\nYet received after Cromwell\\nAnother Charles, too;\\nNext James the second\\nAscended the throne\\nThen good William and Mary\\nTogetlier came on\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0099Till Annie, Georges four\\nAnd fourth William all past;\\nGod sent us Victoria,\\nMay she long be the last!\u00e2\u0080\u0099\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nThe Smallest Republic in Europe.\\nThe honor which was claimed for Gersau belongs to\\nthe independent hamlet of Foust. This pretty group of\\nhuts, situated a few hours distant from Oleron, in the\\ndepartment of the lower Pyrenees, belongs neither to\\nFrance nor Spain. It has somewhat over 100 citizens.\\nThey have no mayor or other civil official. They have\\nnot even an established church or priest of their own,\\nbut attend at a neighboring village. The very weak\u00c2\u00ac\\nness of this little republic preserves it in existence.\\nWhat Royalty Costs England.\\nAs a sample of what royalty costs the people of\\nGreat Britain alone, Whitaker gives the following an\u00c2\u00ac\\nnuities to the royal family", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0729.jp2"}, "728": {"fulltext": "C8G\\nIMPORTANT FACTS FOR REFERENCE.\\nHer Majesty\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nPrivy purse. /6o,ooo\\nSalaries of household.131,260\\nExpenses of household.172,500\\nRoyal bounty, etc. 13,500\\nUnappropriated. 8,540\\n^385,800\\nPrince of Wales. 40,000\\nPrincess of Wales. 10,000\\nPrince Albert Victor. 10.000\\nCrown Princess of Prussia. 8,000\\nDuke of Edinburgh. 25,000\\nPrincess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein. 6,oco\\nPrincess Louise (Marchioness of Lome). 6,000\\nDuke of Connaught. 25,000\\nDuke of Albany. 25.000\\nDuke of Cambridge. 6,000\\nDuchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. 3,000\\nDuke of Cambridge. 12,000\\nDuchess of Teck. 5,000\\nTotal.^566,800 \u00c2\u00a9r 12,834,000\\nCarlisle Tables of Mortality.\\nHow Human Life is Spent.\\nAccording to a French statistician, taking tne mean\\nof many accounts, a man of 50 years of age has slept\\n6,000 days, worked 6,500 days, walked 800 days, amus\u00c2\u00ac\\ned himself 4,000 days, was eating 1,500 days, was sick\\n500 days, etc. He ate 17,000 pounds of bread, 16,000\\npounds of meat, 4,600 pounds of vegetables, eggs and\\nfish, and drank 7,000 gallons of liquid, namely, watei.\\ntea, coffee, beer, wine, etc., altogether.\\nHow to tell the Ag-e of any Person.\\nThere is a good deal of amusement in the following\\nmagical table of figures. It will enable you to tell how\\nold the young ladies are. Just hand this table to a\\nyoung lady, and request her to tell you in which col\u00c2\u00ac\\numn or columns her age is contained, and add together\\nthe figures at the top of the columns in which her age\\nis found, and you have the great secret. Thus, sup\u00c2\u00ac\\npose her age to be 17, you will find that number in the\\nfirst and fifth columns add the first figures of these\\nShowing how many persons out of 10,000 will die\\nannually, on the average until all are deceased,\\nby Life Insurance Companies.\\nUsed\\nYear.\\nNo. Alive.\\nDeaths.\\nYear.\\nNo. Alive.\\nDeaths.\\nAt Birth.\\n10,000\\n8,461\\nL539\\n41\\n5,009\\n69\\nI\\n682\\n42\\n4,940\\n71\\n2\\n7,779\\n5\u00c2\u00b05\\n43\\n4,869\\n71\\n3\\n7,274\\n276\\n44\\n4,798\\n71\\n4\\n6,998\\n201\\n45\\n4,727\\n70\\n5\\n6,797\\n121\\n46\\n4,657\\n69\\n6\\n6,670\\n82\\n47\\n4,588\\n67\\n7\\n6,594\\n58\\n48\\n4,521\\n63\\n8\\n6,536\\n48\\n49\\n4,458\\n6l\\n9\\n6,493\\n33\\n50\\n4,397\\n59\\n10\\n6,460\\n29\\n5i\\n4,338\\n62\\nIi\\n6,43 t\\n3i\\n52\\n4,276\\n65\\n12\\n6,400\\n32\\n53\\n4,211\\n68\\n13\\n6,368\\n33\\n54\\n4,i43\\n70\\n14\\n6,335\\n35\\n55\\n4,073\\n73\\n15\\n6,300\\n39\\n56\\n4,000\\n76\\n16\\n6,261\\n42\\n57\\n3,924\\n82\\n17\\n6,219\\n43\\n58\\n3,842\\n93\\n18\\n6,176\\n43\\n59\\n3,749\\n106\\n19\\n6,133\\n43\\n60\\n3,633\\n122\\n20\\n6,090\\n43\\n61\\n3,52i\\n126\\n21\\n6,047\\n42\\n62\\n3,395\\n127\\n22\\n6,005\\n42\\n63\\n3,268\\n125\\n23\\n5,963\\n42\\n64\\n3,M3\\n125\\n24\\n5,92i\\n42\\n65\\n3,018\\n124\\n25\\n5,879\\n43\\n66\\n2,894\\n123\\n26\\n5,83 6\\n43\\n67\\n2,771\\n123\\n27\\n5-793\\n45\\n68\\n2,648\\n123\\n28\\n5,748\\n5\u00c2\u00b0\\n69\\n2,525\\n124\\n29\\n5,698\\n56\\n70\\n2,401\\n124\\n3\u00c2\u00b0\\n5,642\\n57\\n7i\\n2,277\\n134\\n3 1\\n5,585\\n57\\n72\\n2,143\\n146\\nS 2\\n5,5 2 8\\n5 6\\n73\\n1.997\\n156\\n33\\n5,472\\n55\\n74\\n1,841\\n166\\n34\\n5,4i7\\n55\\n75\\n1,675\\n160\\n35\\n5,362\\n55\\n76\\nL515\\n156\\n3 6\\n5,307\\n56\\n77\\ni,359\\n146\\n37\\n5,251\\n57\\n78\\n1,213\\n132\\n38\\n5,194\\n58\\n79\\n1,081\\n128\\n1 39 .i.,\\n5,136\\n61\\n80\\n953\\n116\\n40\\n5,075\\n66\\n81\\nU 8 37\\n112\\ntwo columns.\\nHere is the magic table\\n1\\n2\\n4\\n8\\n16\\n32\\n3\\n3\\n5\\n9\\n17\\n33\\n5\\n6\\n6\\n10\\n18\\n34\\n7\\n7\\n7\\n11\\n19\\n35\\n9\\n10\\n12\\n12\\n20\\n36\\n:i\\n11\\n13\\n13\\n21\\n37\\n13\\n14\\n14\\n14\\n22\\n38\\n15\\n15\\n15\\n15\\n23\\n39\\n17\\n18\\n20\\n24\\n24\\n40\\n19\\n19\\n21\\n25\\n25\\n4i\\n21\\n22\\n22\\n26\\n26\\n42\\n23\\n23\\n23\\n27\\n27\\n43\\n25\\n26\\n28\\n28\\n28\\n44\\n27\\n27\\n29\\n29\\n29\\n45\\n29\\n30\\n30\\n30\\n30\\n46\\n31\\n3i\\n3i\\n3i\\n3i\\n*7\\n33\\n34\\n36\\n40\\n48\\n48\\n35\\n35\\n37\\n4i\\n49\\n49\\n37\\n38\\n38\\n42\\n50\\n50\\n39\\n39\\n39\\n43\\n5i\\n51\\n4i\\n42\\n44\\n44\\n52\\n52\\n43\\n45\\n43\\n46\\n45\\n46\\n45\\n46\\n53\\n54\\n53\\n54\\n47\\n47\\n47\\n47\\n55\\n55\\n49\\n50\\n52\\n56\\n56\\n56\\n5i\\n5i\\n53\\n57\\n57\\n57\\n53\\n54\\n54\\n58\\n58\\n58\\n55\\n55\\n55\\n59\\n59\\n59\\n57\\n58\\n60\\n60\\n60\\n60\\n59\\n59\\n61\\n61\\n61\\n61\\n61\\n62\\n62\\n62\\n62\\n62\\n63\\n63\\n63\\n63\\n6 3\\n63\\nAnother NLctliod of Telling^ .Any One s Age\\nGirls of a marriageable age do not like to tell how\\nold they are, but you can find out by following sub\u00c2\u00ac\\njoined instructions, the young lady doing the figuring.\\nTell her to put down the number of the month in which\\nshe was born then to multiply it by two then to add\\nfive then to multiply it by 50; then to add her age;\\nthen to subtract 365 then to add 115 then tell her to", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0730.jp2"}, "729": {"fulltext": "csr\\nENCYCLOPEDIA OF VALUABLE INFORMATION.\\ntell you the amount she has left. The two figures to\\nthe right will denote her age, and the remainder the\\nmonth of her birth. For example, the amount is 822,\\nshe is twenty-two years old, and was born in the eighth\\nmonth (August). Try it.\\nA Lady\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Chance of Marrying\\nEvery woman has some chance to marry it may be\\none to fifty, or it may be ten to one that she will. Re\u00c2\u00ac\\npresenting her entire chance at one hundred at certain\\npoints of her progress in time, it is found to be in the\\nfollowing ratio:\\nBetween the ages of 15 and 20 years.14 y 2 per cent.\\nBetween the ages of 20 and 25 years. 52 per cent.\\nBetween the ages of 25 and 30 years. 18 per cent.\\nBetween the ages of 30 and 35 years.15 per cent.\\nBetween the ages of 35 and 40 years. 3^ per cent.\\nBetween the ages of 40 and 45 years. 2per cent.\\nBetween the ages of 45 and 50 years... of 1 per cent.\\nBetween the ages of 50 and 56 years...of 1 per cent.\\nAfter sixty it is one-tenth of one per cent, or one\\nchance in a thousand. A pretty slender figure\u00e2\u0080\u0094but\\nFIGURES are often SLENDER at that age.\\nMode of Execution in Every Country.\\nCountry.\\nMode.\\nPublicity.\\nAustria.\\n..Gallows.\\nBavaria.\\n..Guillotine.\\nBelgium.\\n..Guillotine.\\nBrunswick.\\n..Ax.\\nChina.\\n..Sword or cord.\\nDenmark.\\n..Guillotine.\\nEcuador.:.\\n..Musket.\\n.Public.\\nFrance.\\n..Guillotine.\\nGreat Britain.\\n.Gallows.\\nHanover.\\n.Guillotine..\\nItaly.\\n.Sword or gallows\\n.Public.\\nNetherlands..\\n..Gallows.\\nOldenberg.\\n.Musket.\\nPortugal.\\n.Gallows.\\nPrussia.\\n.Sword.\\nRussia.\\n.Musket,gallows, or\\nsword Public.\\nSaxony.\\nGuillotine.\\nSpain.\\n..Garrote.\\nSwitzerland-\\nFifteen cantons.\\n..Sword.\\nTwo cantons.\\n..Guillotine.\\nTwo cantons.\\n..Guillotine.\\nUnited States (other\\nthan New York)....\\n..Gallows.\\nf Mostly\\nNew York.\\n...Electricity.\\n*Capital punishment abolished in 1876.\\nAntidotes for Pois* ns.\\nIn cases where the other articles to be used as anti\u00c2\u00ac\\ndotes are not in the house, give two tablespoonfuls of\\nmustard mixed in a pint of warm water. Also give\\nlarge draughts of warm milk or water mixed with oil,\\nbutter or lard. If possible give as follows\\nFor Bed-Bug Poison,\\nBlue Vitrioe,\\nCorrosive Sublimate,\\nRead Water,\\nSaltpetre,\\nSugar of Lead,\\nSulphate of Zinc,\\nRed Precipitate,\\nVermilion,\\nFor Fowler\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Solution,\\nWhite Precipitate,\\nArsenic,\\nFor Antimonial Wine,\\nTartar Emetic,\\nFor Oil Vitriol,\\nAqua Fortis,\\nBi-Carbonate Potass a,\\nMuriatic Acid,\\nOxalic Acid\\nFor Caustic Soda,\\nCaustic Potash,\\nVolatile Alkali,\\nj- Give Milk or White of\\nEggs, in large quantities.\\nGive prompt Emetic of\\nMustard and Salt\u00e2\u0080\u0094tabic-\\n-spoonful of each; follow\\nwith Sweet Oil, Butter 01\\nMilk.\\nDrink warm water to en\u00c2\u00ac\\ncourage vomiting. If\\nvomiting does not stop,\\ngive a Grain of Opium\\nin water.\\nMagnesia or Soap, dis-\\nsolved in water, every\\ntwo minutes.\\nDrink freely of water with\\nVinegar or Lemon Juice in.\\nit.\\nFor Carbolic Acid\\nGive Flour and Water or Glu.^\\nJ tinous drinks.\\nFor Chloral Hydrate,\\nChloroform,\\nPour cold water over the\\nhead and face, with arti\u00c2\u00ac\\nficial respiration, Galvanic\\nBattery.\\nFor Carbonate of Soda,\\nCopperas,\\nCobalt,\\nPrompt Emetic Soap or\\nMucilaginous drinks.\\nFor Laudanum,\\nMorphine,\\nOpium,\\nStrong Coffee, followed by Ground\\nMustard, or Grease in warm water\\nto produce vomiting. Keep in mo\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion.\\nFor Nitrite of Silver \u00e2\u0080\u0094Give common Salt in water.\\nFor Strychnine, Emetic of Mustard or Sulphate of\\nTinct. nux vomica Zinc, aided by warm water.\\nPowers of Locomotion of Animals, and\\nAverage Velocities of Various Bodies.\\nA man walks.\\nPer hour\\nor\\nPer Sec.\\n4 feet.\\nA horse trots.\\n7\\nor\\n10\\nA horse runs.\\n4\\nor\\n29\\nSteamboat runs.\\n18\\n4\\nor\\n26\\nSailing vessel runs.\\nk\\nor\\n14\\nSlow rivers flow.\\n3\\n4\\nor\\n4\\nRapid rivers flow.\\n7\\n4\\nor\\n10\\nA moderate wind blows..\\n7\\n4\\nor\\nIO\\nA storm moves.\\n36\\n4 4\\nor\\n32\\nA hurricane moves.\\n4\\nor\\n117\\nA rifle ball moves.\\n4 4\\nor\\n1,466\\nSound moves.\\n743\\n(4\\nor\\n1,142\\nLight moves.\\nmiles per second.\\nElectricity moves.,,,,,,.288,000 miles per second.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0731.jp2"}, "730": {"fulltext": "688\\nIMPORTANT FACTS FOR REFERENCE.\\nThe Pulse.\\nThe natural rate of the pulse varies at different ages\\nas follows:\\nBeats per Minute.\\nAt birth. 130\u00e2\u0080\u0094140\\nOne year.. 115\u00e2\u0080\u0094130\\nTwo years.. 100\u00e2\u0080\u0094115\\nThree years... 95\u00e2\u0080\u0094105\\nFour to seven years. 85\u00e2\u0080\u0094 95\\nSeven to fourteen years. 80\u00e2\u0080\u0094 90\\nFourteen to twenty-one years. 75-- 85\\nTwenty-one to sixty years. 70\u00e2\u0080\u0094 75\\nOld age. 75\u00e2\u0080\u0094 85\\nPeriods of Digestion.\\nSUBSTANCE.\\nRice, boiled.\\nEggs, whipped, raw.\\nTrout, fresh, fried.\\nSoup, barley, boiled.\\nApples, sweet, mellow, raw.\\nVenison steak, broiled...\\nSago, boiled.\\nTapioca, boiled.\\nBarley, boiled.\\nMilk, boiled.\\nLiver, beef, fresh, broiled.\\nEggs, fresh, raw.*.\\nApples, sour, mellow, raw.\\nCabbage, with vinegar, raw.\\nMilk, raw.\\nEggs, fresh, roasted.\\nTurkey, domestic, roasted.\\nGoose, wild, roasted.\\nCake, sponge, baked.\\nHash, warmed.\\nBeans, pod, boiled.\\nParsnips, boiled.\\nPotatoes, Irish, baked.\\nCabbage, head, raw.\\nCustard, baked.\\nApples, sour, hard, raw.\\nOysters, fresh, raw.\\nEggs, fresh, soft boiled.\\nBeefsteak, broiled.\\nMutton, fresh, broiled.\\nMutton, fresh, boiled.\\nSoup, bean, boiled.\\nChicken soup, boiled.\\nDumpling, apple, boiled.\\nOysters, fresh, roasted.\\nPork, salted, broiled.\\nPorksteak, broiled.\\nMutton, fresh, roasted.\\nBread, corn, baked.\\nCarrot, orange, boiled.\\nSausage, fresh, broiled.\\nH. M.\\nI\\nI 30\\nI 30\\nI 30\\nI 30\\nI 45\\n1 45\\n2\\n2\\n2\\n2\\n2\\n2\\n2\\n2 15\\n2 15\\n2 3\\n2 3\\n2 3\\n2 3\\n2 3\\n2 30\\n2 3\\n2 30\\n2 5\\n2 50\\n2 55\\n3\\n3\\n3\\n3\\n3\\n3\\n3\\n3 15\\n3 15\\n3 15\\n3 15\\n3 15\\n3 15\\n3 20\\nOysters, fresh, stewed. 3 30\\nButter, melted.. 3 30\\nCheese, old, raw. 3 3\\nOyster soup, boiled. 3 30\\nBread, wheat, fresh, baked. 3 30\\nTurnips, flat, boiled. 3 30\\nPotatoes, Irish, boiled. 3 30\\nEggs, fresh, hard boiled. 3 30\\nEggs, fresh, fried. 3 30\\nGreen corn and beans, boiled. 3 45\\nBeets, boiled. 3 45\\nSalmon, salted, boiled. 4\\nBeef, fried. 4\\nVeal, fresh, broiled. 4\\nFowls, domestic, boiled. 4\\nBeef, old, salted, boiled. 4 1^\\nPork, salted, fried. 4 15\\nPork, salted, boiled. 4 30\\nVeal, fresh, fried. 4 30\\nCabbage, boiled. 4 30\\nPork, roasted. 5 15\\nSuet, beef, boiled. 5 30\\nPercentage of Nutrition in Various Articles\\nof Food.\\nRaw Cucumbers. 2\\nRaw Melons. 3\\nBoiled Turnips. 4*-^\\nMilk. 7\\nCabbage. 7^\\nApples.10\\nCurrants.10\\nWhipped Eggs.13\\nBeets.14\\nApples.16\\nPeaches.20\\nBoiled Codfish.21\\nBroiled Venison.22\\nPotatoes.22^\\nFried Veal.24\\nRoast Pork.24\\nPercentage of Alcoln\\nScotch Whisky. 54*53\\nIrish Whisky.51.a\\nRum.53-68\\nGin.51.6\\nBrandy. 53-39\\nBurgundy. 14-57\\nCape Muscat.18.25\\nChampagne (still).13.80\\nChampagne (sp\u00e2\u0080\u0099rkl\u00e2\u0080\u0099g) 12.61\\nConstantia.19-75\\nGooseberry Wine.11.48\\nRoast Poultry...26\\nRaw Beef..26\\nRaw Grapes.27\\nRaw Plums.29\\nBroiled Mutton.30\\nOatmeal Porridge.75\\nRye Bread.79\\nBoiled Beans._.87\\nBoiled Rice...88\\nBarley Bread.88\\nWheat Bread.90\\nBaked Corn Bread.91\\nBoiled Barley.92\\nButter.92\\nBoiled Peas.93\\nRaw Oils.95\\n1 in Various Liquors,\\nCurrant Wine.20.50\\nPort.22.90\\nMadeira.22.27\\nTeneriffe.19.79\\nSherry.19*17\\nClaret.15.1\\nElder. 8.79\\nAle. 6.87\\nPorter. 4.02\\nMalaga.17.26\\nRhenish. 12.8\\nSmall Beer. 1.28\\nWeight of Eggs.\\nThe following table of the weight of eggs per pound\\nof various breeds of fowls and the number of eggs laid\\nin a year is approximately fair, though it may vary\\nunder exceptionally adverse or favorable conditions i", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0732.jp2"}, "731": {"fulltext": "ENCYCLOPEDIA OF VALUABLE INFORMATION.\\n639\\nVarieties. Eggs\\nPer lb\\nLight Brahmas. 7\\nDark Brahmas. 8\\nPartridge Cochins. 7\\nBlack, White, Buff Cochins. 7\\nPlymouth Rocks. 8\\nHoudaus..-. 8\\nLa Fleche. 7\\nCreve Cceurs. 8\\nBlack Spanish. 8\\nLeghorns. 8\\nHamburgs. 9\\nDominiques. 8\\nGames. 9\\nBantams. 16\\nNo. Eggs\\nPer Year.\\n130\\nI30\\n130\\n120\\n150\\n155\\n135\\n145\\n155\\nl6o\\n150\\n135\\n140\\n90\\nFood in an Egg.\\nAn egg contains as much nourishment as a pound\\nand an ounce of cherries, a pound and a quarter of\\ngrapes, a pound and a half of russet apples, two pounds\\nof gooseberries and four pounds of pears; and 114\\npounds of grapes, 127 pounds of russet apples, 192\\npounds of pears, and 327 pounds of plums are equal\\nin nourishment to 100 pounds of potatoes.\\nRules for tlie Management of Poultry.\\nI. Good dry houses, well ventilated but void of\\ndrafts.\\n2 0 Keep your hen houses clean and the floor covered\\nwith ashes.\\n3. Whitewash inside monthly from March 1st to\\nOctober 1st.\\n4. Feed regularly, but never overfeed cease feeding\\nwhen the fowls cease to run for it.\\n5. Scatter the food on the ground when the weather\\nwill permit.\\n6. Feed mixed grain, or alternate, as corn one day,\\noats nexi, wheat next, etc.\\n7. Allow adult fowls freedom as early in the morn\u00c2\u00ac\\ning as they desire.\\n8. Keep hens with chicks in small coops (well cov\u00c2\u00ac\\nered and dry) until the chicks are three weeks old.\\n9. Feed chicks morning, noon and afternoon.\\n10. Mix ground black pepper with the morning\\nfood.\\nII. Grease the hens well under the wings, breast and\\nfluff feathers as soon as the chicks are taken off, with\\nointment made of lard and carbolic acid one table\u00c2\u00ac\\nspoonful of lard to ten drops of acid.\\nBox Measures.\\nFarmers and market gardeners will find a series of\\nbox measures very useful, and they can readily be made\\nby anyone who understands the two-foot rule and can\\nhandle the saw and hammer. The following measure\u00c2\u00ac\\nments, it will be seen, vary slightly from the United\\nStates bushel adopted tey some of the States, but are\\nsufficiently accurate for aA ordinary purposes:\\n44\\nA box 16 by i6p\u00c2\u00a3 inches square and 8 inches deep\\nwill contain a bushel, or 2150.4 cubic inches, each inch\\nin depth holding one gallon.\\nA box 24 by 11.2 inches square and 8 inches deep\\nwill also contain a bushel, or 2150.4 cubic inches, each\\nin depth holding 1 gallon. A box 12 by 11.2 inches\\nsquare and 8 inches deep will contain half a bushel, or\\n1075.2 cubic inches, each inch in depth holding half a\\ngallon.\\nA box 8 by 8.4 inches square and 8 inches deep will\\ncontain half a peck, or 298.8 cubic inches. The gal\u00c2\u00ac\\nlon, dry measure.\\nA box 4 by 4 inches square and 4.2 inches deep will\\ncontain 1 quart, or 67.2 cubic inches.\\nHow to Drive Flies from Stables.\\nScatter chloride of lime on a board in a stable, to\\nremove all kinds of flies, but more especially biting\\nflies. Sprinkling beds of vegetables with even a weak\\nsolution, effectually preserves them from caterpillars,\\nslugs, etc. A paste of one part powdered chloride of\\nlime, and a half part of some fatty matter placed in a\\nnarrow band round the trunk of the tree, prevents\\ninsects from creeping Lip it. Even rats, mice, cock\u00c2\u00ac\\nroaches and crickets flee from it.\\nHow to Keep Flies from Horses.\\nProcure a bunch of smartweed and bruise it to cause\\nthe juice to exude. Rub the animal thoroughly with\\nthe bunch of bruised weed, especially on the legs, neck\\nand ears. Neither flies or other insects will trouble\\nhim for twenty-four hours. The process should be\\nrepeated every day. A very convenient way of using\\nit is, to make a strong infusion by boiling the weed a\\nfew minutes in water. When cold it can be conveni\u00c2\u00ac\\nently applied with a sponge or brush. Smartweed is\\nfound growing in every section of the country, usually\\non wet ground near highways.\\nA Rule for Determining\u00e2\u0080\u0099 tlie Weight of\\nLive Cattle by Measurement.\\nThere are many rules for estimating the weight of\\ncattle by measurement, but one of the authorities on\\nthe subject says that \u00e2\u0080\u009cThere is no rule that comes\\nnearer than good guessing,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and that no two animals\\nwill weigh alike according to measurement. The\\nsame authority further remarks that a rule, as good as\\nany, is to find the superficial feet by multiplying the\\ngirth, just behind the shoulder-blade, by the length\\nfrom the fore part of the shoulder-blade to the root of\\nthe tail. Thus an ox girthing seven feet nine inches,\\nand measuring six feet in length, would contain seven\\nand three-fourtlis times six or 46^ superficial feet.\\nFor cattle, grass fed, the following is given as the\\nweight per superficial foot: Girth less than 3 feet, 11\\npounds girth 3 to 5 feet, 16 pounds girth 5 to 7 feet,\\n23 pounds girth 7 to 9 feet, 31 pounds.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0733.jp2"}, "732": {"fulltext": "(ff/ r\\nm\\nss\\nffl\\nPopdlatiorj of tf^e United States\\nDuring tpe I^iijeteer^tlj Century\\nw\\nft\\n1\\nm\\ni\\nm\\nStates and\\nTerritories.\\n1810\\n1820\\n1830\\n1840\\n1850\\ni860\\nAlabama.\\n127,901\\n309,527\\n590,756\\n771,623\\n064,201\\nArizona.\\nArkansas.\\n14,255\\n30,388\\n97,574\\n209,897\\n92,597\\n435,450\\n379-994\\n34,277\\n460,147\\n4,837\\n112,216\\n75,o8o\\n140,424\\n1,057,286\\nCalifornia.\\nColorado.\\nConnecticut-....\\nDakota.\\n261,942\\n275,148\\n297,675\\n309,978\\n370,792\\nDelaware.\\n72,674\\n24,523\\n72,749\\n32,039\\n76,748\\n39,834\\n34,730\\n516,823\\n78,085\\n43,712\\n54,477\\n691,392\\n9 I 53 2\\n51,687\\n87,445\\n906,185\\nDistrict of\\nColumbia\\nFlorida.\\nGeorgia\\n252,433\\n340,985\\nIdaho.\\nIllinois.\\n12,282\\n24,520\\n55,162\\n147,178\\n157,445\\n343,031\\n476,183\\n685,866\\n43 ,H 2\\n851,470\\n988,416\\n192,214\\ni, 7 n, 95 T\\n1,350,428\\n674,913\\n107,206\\n1,155,684\\n708,002\\n628,279\\n687,049\\n1,23 r,066\\n749 ,H 3\\n172,023\\n79 L 305\\n1,182,012\\nIndiana.\\nIowa.\\nKansas.\\nKentucky.\\n406,511\\n76,556\\n228,705\\n380,546\\n472,040\\n4,762\\n564,135\\n152,923\\n298,169\\n407,350\\n523,159\\n8,765\\n687,917\\n215,739\\n399,455\\n447,040\\n610,408\\n3L659\\n779,828\\n352 4 H\\n5 oi ,793\\n470.019\\n737,699\\n212,267\\n982,405\\n517,762\\n583,169\\n583,034\\n994,514\\n397,654\\n7,077\\n606,526\\n682,044\\nLouisiana.\\nMaine.\\nMaryland.\\nMassachusetts...\\nMichigan.\\nMinnesota\\nMississippi.\\nMissouri..\\n40,352\\n20,845\\n75,448\\n66,557\\n136,621\\n140,455\\n375,651\\n383,702\\nMontana.\\nNebraska.\\n28,841\\n6,857\\n326,073\\n672,035\\n93,516\\n3,880,735\\n992,622\\nNevada.\\nNew Hampshire\\nNew Jersey.\\nNew Mexico.\\n214,460\\n245,562\\n244,022\\n277,426\\n269,328\\n320,823\\n284,574\\n373,306\\n317,976\\n489,555\\n6 i ,547\\n3 97,394\\n869,039\\nNew York.\\nNorth Carolina..\\nNorth Dakota....\\n959,049\\n555,500\\n1,372,111\\n638,829\\n1,918,608\\n707,987\\n2,428,921\\n753,419\\nOhio..\\n230,760\\n581,295\\n937,903\\n1,519,467\\n1,980,329\\n2 339 5 H\\nOklahoma.\\nOregon.\\n13,294\\n2,311,786\\n147,545\\n668,507\\n52,465\\n2,906,215\\n174,620\\n703,708\\nPennsylvania....\\nRhode Island....\\nSouth Carolina..\\nSouth Dakota....\\n810,091\\n76,931\\n4 i 5 ,n 5\\n1,047,507\\n83,015\\n502,741\\n1,348,233\\n97,199\\n581,185\\n1,724,033\\n108,830\\n594,398\\nTennessee.\\nTpyas\\n261,727\\n422,771\\n681,904\\n829,210\\n1,002,717\\n212,592\\n11,380\\n314,120\\n1,421,661\\n1,109,801\\n604,215\\n40,273\\n315,098\\nL 596 3 i 8\\nn ,594\\nUtah\\nVermont.\\n217,895\\n974,600\\n235,966\\n1,065,116\\n280,652\\n1,211,405\\n291,948\\n1 239,797\\nVirginia.\\nWn ihi n o tnn\\nWest Virginia\\n30,945\\n305,391\\n775 ,88r\\nWvnminof __\\nTotal...\\n1\\n7,239,881\\n9,633,822 12,866,020! 17,069,453\\n2 3,i9i,876 3i,443,22i\\n690\\n1870\\n996.992\\n9.658\\n484,471\\n560,247\\n39.864\\n537.454\\n14,181\\n125.015\\n131,700\\n187,748\\n1,184,109\\n14.999\\n2 539.89\\n1,680,637\\n1,194,02,)\\n364,399\\n1,321,01 j\\n726.915\\n626.915\\n780,894\\n1 457 35\\n1,184,059\\n439 7 o 6\\n827,922\\n1,721,295\\n20,595\\n122.993\\n42,491\\n3 i 8 3\\n906,096\\n91,874\\n4 382,759\\n1,071,361\\n90,923\\n3 521,951\\n217,353\\n705,606\\n1,258,520\\n818,579\\n86,786\\n330,551\\n1,225,163\\n23,955\\n442,014\\n1,054,670\\n9. t 18\\n38,558,371\\n1,262,505\\n40,440\\n802,525\\n864,694\\n194,327\\n622,700\\n135,177\\n146,608\\n177,62;\\n269,493\\n1,542,180\\n32,610\\n3,077,871\\n1,978,3m\\n1,624,615\\n996,096\\n1,648,690\\n939,946\\n648,936\\n34.943\\n1 783,085\\n1,036,937\\n780,773\\ni,i 3 i ,597\\n2,168,380\\n39,159\\n452,402\\n62,266\\n346,991\\n1,131,116\\n119,565\\n5,082,871\\n1 399,750\\n174,768\\n4,282,819\\n276,53 1\\n995,577\\n1 542,359\\ni, 59 i ,749\\n143,963\\n332,286\\n1,512,565\\n75 ,h 6\\n618,457\\n1 315,497\\n20,789\\n1S90\\n1,513,017\\n59,620\\n1,128,179\\n1,208,130\\n419,198\\n746,258\\n168,493\\n230,392\\n391.422\\n1, 837,353\\n84,385\\n3,826,351\\n2,192,404\\n1,911,896\\n1,427,096\\n1,858,635\\n1,118,587\\n66 r, 086\\n1,042,390\\n2,238,943\\n2,093,889\\n1,301,826\\n1,289,600\\n2,679,184\\n132,159\\n1,058,910\\n45 76 i\\n376,530\\n1 444,933\\n153,593\\n5 997,853\\n1,617,947\\n182,719\\n3,672,316\\n61,834\\n313,767\\n5,258,014\\n345,506\\n1,151,149\\n328,808\\n1,767,518\\n2,235,523\\n207,905\\n332.422\\n1,655,980\\n349,390\\n762,704\\n1,686,880\\n60,705\\n50,155,78362,622,250\\n2,665,260\\n3,198,062", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0734.jp2"}, "733": {"fulltext": "X/angei ge: and Jcnlimenf of lowers\\n^mmmmmm\\nHE flower world is linked with all the\\nfiner sympathies of our nature. The\\nsweet blossoms that cover the green\\nwood are the delight of our childhood; a\\nbouquet is the best ornament of girlish beau-\\nty: the meetest offering from young and\\ntimid love. Flowers deck the chamber of\\nold age, and are the last sad gift of sorrow\\nto the dead.\\nIt was from the Bast that we obtained a\\nlanguage of perfume and beauty which be\u00c2\u00ac\\nstows a meaning on buds and blossoms,\\nthough the Turkish and Arabic flower-\\nlanguage does not much resemble ours. It\\nis formed, not by an idea or sentiment orig\u00c2\u00ac\\ninating in the flower itself, but by its capa\u00c2\u00ac\\ncity for rhyming with another word that\\nis, the word with which the flower rhymes\\nbecomes its signification.\\nLa Mottraie, the companion of Charles\\nXII., brought the Bastern language of\\nflowers to Burope but it was the gifted\\nLady Mary Wortley Montague who first\\ntold the Bnglish-speaking world how the\\nfair maidens of the Bast had lent a mute\\nspeech to flowers, and could send a letter by\\na bouquet. Here is part of a Turkish love-\\nletter sent by her in a purse to a friend. She\\nsays, speaking of it: There is no color, no\\nflower, no weed, no fruit, herb, pebble, or\\nfeather, that has not a verse belonging to it;\\nand you may quarrel, reproach, or send let\u00c2\u00ac\\nters of passion, friendship, or civility, or\\neven of news, without even inking your\\nfingers.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nin the letter the following flowers are em\u00c2\u00ac\\nployed\\nJonquil,.\u00e2\u0080\u0094H ave pity on my passion.\\nRose.\u00e2\u0080\u0094M ay you be pleaced, and all youi\\nsorrows be mine.\\nA Straw.\u00e2\u0080\u0094 Suffer me to be your slave.\\nThe European flower-language was util\u00c2\u00ac\\nized, and almost formed, by Aime Martin\\nand the earlier works on the subject were\\nonly translations or adaptations from the\\nFrench: but English writers have good\\ndeal altered and modified it since; and as\\nnew flowers come yearly to us from other\\nlands, every fresh vocabulary many contain\\nadditional words or sentences, even as our\\nown tongue grows by grafts from other\\nlanguages.\\nThe vocabulary which is given below i.;\\nbelieved to be complete in every respect.\\nThe Flower-Language.\\nA very interesting correspondence may be main\u00c2\u00ac\\ntained by means of bouquets. We give below severai\\nexamples of this. The message is given and then the\\nnames of the flowers needed in the bouquet.\\n1.\\nMay maternal love protect your early youth in inno\\ncence and joy!\\nFlowers needed.\\nMoss. Maternal love\\nBearded Crepis... Protect.\\nPrimroses. Early Youth.\\nDaisy.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2 Innocence.\\nWood Sorrel. Joy.\\n2.\\nYour humility and amiability have won my love\\nFlowers needed.\\nBroom. Humility.\\nWhite Jasmine. AmioM ity.\\nMyrtle... Love\\n3\\nLet the bonds of marriage unite us\\nFlowers needed.\\nBlue Convolvulus. Bonds.\\nXyy. Marriage,\\nA few whole straws. Unite us.\\nC01", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0735.jp2"}, "734": {"fulltext": "092\\nTHE LANGUAGE AND SENTIMENT OF FLOWERS.\\n4-\\nA Fareweee.\\nFarewell give me good wishes. Forget me not.\\nFlowers needed.\\nSprig of Spruce Fir. Farewell.\\nSweet Basil. Give me your good\\nwishes.\\nForget-Me-Not. Forget me not.\\n5\\nYour patriotism, courage, and fidelity merit ever\u00c2\u00ac\\nlasting remembrance.\\nFlowers needed.\\nNasturtium...\\n..Patriotism\\nOak leaves.\\n..Courage.\\nHeliotrope.\\n..Fidelity.\\nEverlasting, or Immortelles..\\n...Everlasting remem-\\nbrance.\\n6\\nA Red Rose.\\n...I love you.\\n7\\nAn Impertinence.\\nYour insincerity and avarice make me hate you.\\nFlowers needed.\\nCherry Blossom, or Foxglo vz...Insincerity.\\nScarlet Auricula. Avarice.\\nTurk\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Cap. Hatred.\\n8\\nA Warning.\\nBeware of deceit. Danger is near. Depart.\\nFlowers needed.\\nOleander. Beware.\\nWhite Flytrap. Deceit.\\nRhododendron. Danger is near.\\nSweet Pea. Depart.\\n9\\nA Rebuke.\\nYour frivolity and malevolence will cause you to be\\nforsaken by all.\\nFlowers needed\\nLondon Pride. Frivolity.\\nLobelia. Malevolence.\\nLaburnum. Forsaken.\\n10.\\nBe assured of my sympathy. May you find conso\u00c2\u00ac\\nlation\\nFlowers needed.\\nThrift. ....Be assured of my sym\u00c2\u00ac\\npathy.\\nRed Poppy..... Consolation.\\n11.\\nBy foresight you will surmount your difficulties.\\nFlowers needed.\\nHolly. Foresight.\\nMistletoe.,. You will surmount your\\ndifficulties\\nModifications of the Flower Language.\\nIf a flower be given reversed its original\\nsignification is understood to be contradicted,\\nand the opposite meaning to be implied.\\nA rosebud divested of its thorns, but re\u00c2\u00ac\\ntaining its leaves, convey the sentiment, I\\nfear no longer; I hope; thorns signify fears,\\nand leaves hopes.\\nStripped of leaves and thorns, the bud,\\nsignifies, \u00e2\u0080\u009cThere is nothing to hope or fear.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe expression of flowers is also varied by\\nchanging their positions. Place a marigold\\non the head, and it signifies \u00e2\u0080\u009cMental anguish;\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\non the bosom, \u00e2\u0080\u009cIndifference.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nWhen a flower is given, the pronoun is\\nunderstood by bending it to the right hand\\nthou by inclining it to the left.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cYes,\u00e2\u0080\u009d is implied by touching the flower\\ngiven with the lips.\\nNo,\u00e2\u0080\u009d by pinching off a petal and cast\u00c2\u00ac\\ning it away.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cI am,\u00e2\u0080\u009d is expressed by a laurel-leaf twisted\\nround the bouquet.\\nI have,\u00e2\u0080\u009d by an ivy-leaf folded together^\\nI offer you,\u00e2\u0080\u009d by a leaf of the Virginian\\ncreeper.\\nTHE VOCABULARY.\\nAbecedary.\\nAbatina.\\nAcacia.\\nAcacia, Rose or White.\\nAcacia, Yellow.\\nAcanthus.\\nAcalia.\\nAchillea Millefolia.\\nWar\\nAchimenes Cupreata.\\nAconite (Wolfsbane).\\nAconite, Crowfoot.\\nAdonis, Flos.\\nAfrican Marigold.\\nAgnus Castus.\\nAgrimony.\\ntude\\nAlmond (Common).\\nAlmond (Flowering).\\nAlmond, Laurel.\\nAlispice.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0736.jp2"}, "735": {"fulltext": "MANUAL OF PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS.\\nCO 3\\nAloe... Grief. Religious su\\nperstition.\\nAithaea Frutex (Syrian Mallow) Persuasion.\\nAlyssum (Sweet). Worth beyond beauty.\\nAmaranth (Globe). Immortality. Unfad\u00c2\u00ac\\ning love.\\nAmaranth (Cockscomb). Foppery. Affectation.\\nAmaryllis. Pride. Timidity. Splen\u00c2\u00ac\\ndid beauty.\\nAmbrosia... Love returned.\\nAmerican Cowslip. Divine beauty.\\nAmerican Elm. Patriotism.\\nAmerican Linden. Matrimony.\\nAmerican Starwort. Welcome to a stranger.\\nCheerfulness in old\\nage.\\nAmethyst. Admiration.\\nAndromeda. Self-sacrifice.\\nAnemone (Zephyr Flower). Sickness. Expectation.\\nAnemone (Garden). Forsaken.\\nAngelica. Inspiration or magic.\\nAngrec. Royalty.\\nApricot (Blossom). Doubt.\\nApple. Temptation.\\nApple (Blossom). Preference. Fame\\nspeaks him great and\\ngood.\\nAppie, Thorn. Deceitful charms.\\nApocynum (Dogsbane). Deceit.\\nArbor Vitae. Unchanging friend\u00c2\u00ac\\nship. Live for me.\\nArum (Wake Robin). Ardor. Zeal.\\nAsh-leaved Trumpet Flower ....Separation.\\nAsh Mountain. Prudence or With me\\nyou are safe.\\nAsh Tree. Grandeur.\\nAspen Tree. Lamentation or fear.\\nAster (China). ..Variety. Afterthought.\\nAsphodel. My regrets follow you\\nto the grave.\\nAuricula. Painting.\\nAuricula, Scarlet... Avarice.\\nAusturtium.. Splendor.\\nAzalea. Temperance.\\nBachelor\u00e2\u0080\u0099siButtons. ..Celibacy.\\nBalm. Sympathy.\\nBalm, Gentle. Pleasantry.\\nBalm of Gilead. Cure. Relief.\\nBalsam, Red. Touch me not. Impa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntient resolves.\\nBalsam, Yellow. Impatience.\\nBarberry,,... Sharpness of temper.\\nBasil. Hatred.\\nBay Leaf.. I change but in death\\nBay (F/ se) Rhododendron. .....Danger% Bcwqyc*\\nBay Tree... Glory.\\nBay Wreath... Reward of merit\\nBearded Crepis. Protection.\\nBeech Tree. Prosperity.\\nBee Orchis... Industry.\\nBee Ophrys. Error.\\nBegonia. Deformity.\\nBelladonna. Silence. Hush I\\nBell Flower, Pyramidal. Constancy.\\nBell Flower (small white). Gratitude.\\nBelvedere. I declare against you\\nBetony. Surprise.\\nBilberry... Treachery.\\nBindweed, Great. Insinuation,\\ntunity.\\nBindweed, Small... Humility.\\nBirch.... Meekness.\\nBirdsfoot, Trefoil. Revenge.\\nBittersweet; Nightshade. Truth.\\nBlack Poplar. Courage.\\nBlackthorn. Difficulty.\\nBladder Nut Tree... Frivolity. Amusement.\\nBluebottle (Centaury). Delicacy.\\nBluebell. Constancy. Sorrowful\\nregret.\\nBlue-flowered Greek Yaler\\\\a.n.. Rupture.\\nBonus Henricus. Goodness.\\nBorage. Bluntness.\\nBox Tree..... Stoicism.\\nBramble. Lowliness. Envy. Re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmorse.\\nBranch of Currants. ....You please all.\\nBranch of Thorns. Severity. Rigor.\\nBridal Rose. Happy love.\\nBroom. Humility. Neatness.\\nBrowallia Jamisonii. Could you bear poverty?\\nBuckbean. .Calm repose.\\nBud of White Rose. Heart ignorance of love.\\nBuglos,. Falsehood.\\nBulrush.. Indiscretion. Docility.\\nBundle of Reeds, with their\\nPanicles. Music.\\nBurdock. Importunity. Touch\\nme not.\\nBur. Rudeness. You weary\\nme.\\nButtercup (Kinkcup). Ingratitude. Childish\u00c2\u00ac\\nness.\\nButterfly Orchis.... Gayety.\\nButterfly Weed. Let me go.\\nCabbage. Profit.\\nCacalia. Adulation.\\nCactus. Warmth.\\nCalla ^Ethiopica... Magnificent beauty", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0737.jp2"}, "736": {"fulltext": "694\\nthe language and sentiment of flowers.\\nCalceolaria...\\noffer you pecuniary\\nassistance or I offer\\nyou my fortune\\nCal yean thus\\n....Benevolence.\\nCamelia Japonica, Red\\nGnpretending excel-\\nlence.\\nCamelia Japonica, White\\n...Perfected Loveliness.\\nCamomile.\\n...Energy in adversity\\nCampanula Pyramida.\\n...Aspiring.\\nCanary Grass.\\n...Perseverance.\\nCandytuft.\\n...Indifference.\\nCanterbury Bell.\\n...Acknowledgment.\\nCape Jasmine.\\n...lam too happy.\\nCardamine.\\n...Paternal error.\\nCarnation, Deep Red.\\n....Alas! for my poor\\nheart.\\nCarnation, Striped.\\n....Refusal.\\nCarnation, Yellow\\n...Disdain.\\nCardinal Flower\\n...Distinction.\\nCatchfly\\n...Snare.\\nCatchfly. Red\\nYouthful Love\\nCatchfly, White\\n.Betrayed.\\nCattleya\\n....Mature charms.\\nCattleya Pineli\\nMatronly grace.\\nCedar.\\n....Strength.\\nCedar of Lebanon\\n...Incorruptible.\\nCedar Leaf\\n...I live for thee.\\nCelandine (Lesser)\\nJoys to come.\\nCereus (Creeping)\\nModest gen ins.\\nCentaury\\nDelicacy.\\nChampignon.\\n...Suspicion.\\nChequered Fritillary.\\n....Persecution.\\nCherry Tree, White..\\n...Good education.\\nCherry Tree, White.\\n...Deception.\\nChestnut Tree\\n...Do me justice.\\nChinese Primrose.\\n...Lasting love.\\nChickweed.\\n...Rendezvous.\\nChicory.\\n....Frugality.\\nChina Aster...\\nVariety.\\nChina Aster, Double\\n...1 partake your senti-\\nments.\\nChina Aster, Single\\nwill think of it.\\nChina or Indian Pink\\n...Aversion.\\nChina Rose\\n...Beauty always new.\\nChinese Chrysanthemum\\n....Cheerfulness under ad-\\nversity.\\nChorozema Varium\\n...You have many lovers.\\nChristmas Rose\\n...Relieve my anxiety.\\nChrysanthemum, Red\\n...I love.\\nChrysanthemum, White\\nTruth.\\nChrysanthemum, Yellow\\n....Slighted love.\\nCineraria\\n...Always delightful.\\nCinquefoil\\n...Maternal affection.\\nCircsea\\n...Spell.\\nCistus, or Rock Rose\\n...Popular favors\\nCistus, Gum. ....Ishall die to-morrow.\\nCitron.. Ill-natured beauty-\\nClarkia. The variety of your\\nconversation delights\\nme.\\nClematis. Mental beauty.\\nClematis, Evergreen.. Poverty.\\nClianthus. Worldliness Self-seek-\\ning.\\nClotbur... Rudeness. Pertinacity.\\nCloves. Dignity.\\nClover, Four-leaved. Be mine.\\nClover, Red. Industry.\\nClover, White. Think of me.\\nCobaea. Gossip.\\nCockscomb, Amaranth. Foppery. Affectation.\\nSingularity.\\nColchicum, or Meadow Saffron .My best days are past.\\nColtsfoot. .Justice shall be done.\\nColumbine. Folly.\\nColumbine, Purple. Resolved to win.\\nColumbine. Red. Anxious and trem\u00c2\u00ac\\nbling.\\nConvolvulus... Bonds.\\nConvolvulus, Blue (Minor). Repose. Night.\\nConvolvulus, Major. F.xtinguished hopes.\\nConvolvulus, Pink. Worth sustained by ju\u00c2\u00ac\\ndicious and tender\\naffection.\\nCorchorus. Impatient of absence.\\nCoreopsis. Always cheerful.\\nCoreopsis Arkansa. Love at first sight.\\nCoriander. Hidden worth.\\nCorn. Riches.\\nCorn, Broken. Quarrel.\\nCorn Straw. Agreement.\\nCorn Bottle. Delicacy.\\nCorn Cockle. Gentility\\nCornel Tree. Duration.\\nCoronella... Success crown your\\nwishes.\\nCosmelia Subra. The charm of a blush.\\nCowslip. Pern i veness. Win ning\\ngrace.\\nCowslip, American. Divine beauty.\\nCrab (Blossom). Ill-nature.\\nCranberry. Cure for heartache\\nCreeping Cereus. Horror.\\nCress. Stability. Power.\\nCrocus Abuse not.\\nCrocus, Spring. Youthful gladness.\\nCrocus, Saffron... Mirth.\\nCrown, Imperial. Majesty. Power.\\nCrowsbill. Envy.\\nCrowfoot..... Ingratitude.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0738.jp2"}, "737": {"fulltext": "605\\nMANUAL OF PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS.\\nCrowfoot (Aconite-leaved)\\nLustre.\\nCuckoo Plant.\\nCudweed, American...\\nbrance.\\nCurrant.\\nCuscuta.\\nCyclamen..\\nCypress.\\nDaffodil........\\nDahlia.\\nDaisy.\\nDaisy, Garden.\\nDaisy, Michaelmas.\\nthought.\\nDaisy, Party-colored.\\nDaisy, Wild.\\nDamask Rose.\\nDandelion...\\nDaphne.\\nGlory. Ini mortality.\\nDaphne Odora.\\n....Painting the lily\\nDarnel..\\nVice.\\nDead Leaves...\\n....Sadness.\\nDeadly Night-shade.\\n....Falsehood.\\nDew Plant.\\n....A serenade.\\nDianthus.\\n....Make haste.\\nDiosma.......\\n,...Your simple elegance\\ncharms me.\\nDipteracanthus Spectabilis...\\n...Fortitude.\\nDiplademia Crassinoda.\\n....You are too bold.\\nDittany of Crete.\\n....Birth.\\nDittany of Crete, White.\\n...Passion.\\nDock.\\n...Patience.\\nDodder of Thyme...\\n...Baseness.\\nDogsbane\\nDeceit. Falsehood.\\nDogwood...\\n...Durability.\\nDragon Plant,.\\n...Snare.\\nDragon wort.\\nHorror.\\nDried Flax.\\n....Utility.\\nEbony Tree...\\n...Blackness.\\nEchites Atropurpurea.\\n.Be warned in time.\\nEglantine (Sweetbriar).\\n...Poetry. I wound heal.\\nElder.\\n...Zealousness.\\nElm.\\n...Dignity.\\nEnchanters\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Night-shade.\\n...IVricher aft. Sorcery.\\nEndive.\\n...Frugality.\\nEscholzia.\\n...Do not refuse me.\\nEupatorium.\\n...Delay.\\nEverflowing Candvtuft.\\n...Indifference.\\nEvergreen Clematis.\\n...Poverty.\\nEvergreen Thorn.\\n..Solace in adversity.\\nEverlasting....\\n...Never-ceasing remem-\\nbrance.\\nEverlasting Pea......\\n..Lasting pleasure.\\nFennel.......\\nIVor thy all praise.\\nStrength\\nFern.....\\nSincerity.\\nFicoides, Ice Plant.\\nFig...\\nFig Marigold.\\nFig Tree..\\nFilbert\\nFir.\\nlime.\\nFir Tree.\\nFlax\\nFlax-leaved Goldenlocks.\\nFleur-de-lis.\\nFleur-de-Luce.\\nFlowering Fern.\\nFlowering Reed.....\\nFlower-of-an-Hour.\\n....Delicate beauty.\\nFly Orchis..\\n....Error.\\nFlytrap.\\n....Deceit\\nFool\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Parsley.\\n.Silliness.\\nForget-Me-Not.\\n....True love.\\nFoxglove..\\n....Insincerity.\\nFoxtail Grass.\\n...Sporting.\\nFranciscea Latifolia.\\nBeware of falsefriends.\\nFrench Honeysuckle.\\n...Rustic beauty.\\nFrench Marigold.\\n.Jealousy.\\nFrench Willow.\\n...Bravery and humanity\\nFrog Ophrys.\\n...Disgust.\\nFuller\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Teasel.\\n...M isanthrofy.\\nFumitory.\\n...Spleen.\\nFuchsia, Scarlet.\\nTaste.\\nFurze, or Gorse.\\nLove for all seasons\\nGarden Anemone.\\n...Forsaken.\\nGarden Chervil.\\n...Sincerity.\\nGarden Daisy.\\n...1 partake your senti\\nments.\\nGarden Marigold.\\n...Uneasiness.\\nGarden Ranunculus..\\nYou are rich in altraC\\ntions.\\nGarden Sage.\\n...Esteem.\\nGarland of Roses.\\n...Reward of virtue.\\nGardenia...\\n..Refinement.\\nGermander Speedwell.\\n..Facility.\\nGeranium, Dark.\\n...Melancholy.\\nGeranium, Horse-shoe-leaf...,\\n...Stupidity.\\nGeranium Ivy.\\n...Bridal favor.\\nGeranium, Lemon.\\n...Unexpected meeting.\\nGeranium, Nutmeg..\\n...Expected meeting.\\nGeranium, Oak-leaved.\\nTrue Friendship\\nGeranium, Pencilled.\\n...Ingenuity.\\nGeranium, Rose-scented.\\n...Preference.\\nGeranium, Searlet.\\nComforting.\\nGeranium, Silver-leaved.\\n..Recall.\\nGeranium, Wild.\\n...Steadfast Piety.\\nGillyflower.\\n...Bonds of affection.\\nGladioli.\\n..Ready armed", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0739.jp2"}, "738": {"fulltext": "GOG\\nTHE LANGUAGE AND SENTIMENT OF FLOWERS.\\nGlory Flower. Glorious beauty.\\nGoat\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Rue. Reason.\\nGolden Rod. Precaution.\\nGooseberry. Anticipation.\\nGourd..... Extent. Bulk.\\nGrammanthus Chloraflora. Your temper is too\\nhasty.\\nGrape, Wild. Charity.\\nGrass. Submission. Utility.\\nGuelder Rose. Winter. Age.\\nHand Flower Tree. Warning.\\nHarebell. Submission. Grief.\\nHawkweed. Quicksightedness.\\nHawthorn. Hope.\\nHazel. Reconciliation.\\nHeartsease, or Pansy. Thoughts.\\nH eath. Solitude.\\nHelenium. Tears.\\nHeliotrope.. Devotion or I turn\\nthee.\\nHellebore. Scandal. Calumny.\\nHelmet Flower (Monkshood). .Knight-errantry.\\nHemlock. You will be my death.\\nHemp. Fate.\\nHenbane... Imperfection.\\nHepatica.\u00e2\u0080\u009e....... Confi dence.\\nHibiscus. Delicate Flower.\\nHolly. Foresight.\\nHolly Herb. ....Enchantment.\\nHollyhock. Ambition. Fecundity.\\nHonesty. Honesty. Fascination.\\nHoney Flower. Love sweet and secret.\\nHoneysuckle. Devoted. Affection.\\nHoneysuckle (Coral). The color of my fate.\\nHoneysuckle (French). Rustic beauty.\\nHop. Injustice.\\nHornbeam. Ornament.\\nHorse Chestnut. Luxury.\\nHortensia... You are cold.\\nHouseleek.. Vivacity. Domestic In\u00c2\u00ac\\ndustry.\\nHoustonia. Content.\\nHoya... Sculpture.\\nHoyabella. Contentment.\\nHumble Plant..-.. Despondency.\\nHundred-leaved Rose. Dignity of mind.\\nHyacinth. Sport. Game. Play.\\nHyacinth, Purple. Sorrowful.\\nHyacinth, White. Unobtrusive lovliness.\\nHydrangea. A boaster.\\nHyssop..... Cleanliness.\\nIceland Moss.. Health.\\nIce Plant. Your looks freeze me.\\nImbricata..... Uprightness. Senti\u00c2\u00ac\\nments of honro.\\nImperial Montague.\\nPower.\\nIndian Cress.\\nIndian Jesmine (Ipomcea)...\\n....Attachment.\\nIndian Pink (Double).\\n....Always Lovely.\\nIndian Plum.\\n....Privation.\\nIris.\\n....Message.\\nIris, German.\\n....Flame.\\nIvy\\nFriendship. Fidelity\\nMarriage\\nIvy, Sprig of, with Tendrils.\\n....Assiduous to please.\\nJacob\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Ladder.\\n....Come down.\\nJapan Rose.\\n...Beauty is your only at\\ntraction.\\nJasmine.\\n....Amiability.\\nJasmine, Cape.\\nTransport of joy.\\nJasmine, Carolina.\\n...Separation.\\nJasmine, Indian.\\n...I attach myself to you.\\nJasmine, Spanish.\\n...Sensuality.\\nJasmine, Yellow.\\n...Grace and elegance\\nJonquil.\\ndesire a ?eturn of af-\\nfection.\\nJudas Tree.\\n...Unbel ief. Betray a l.\\nJuniper.\\n...Succor. Protection.\\nJusticia.\\nThe perfection of female\\nloveliness.\\nKennedia.\\n..Mental beauty.\\nKing-cups...\\n...Desire of riches.\\nLaburnum.\\n..Forsaken. Pensive\\nbeauty.\\nLady\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Slipper.\\n..Capricious beauty. Win\\nme and wear me.\\nLagerstraemia, Indian..\\n..Eloquence.\\nLantana.\\n..Rigor.\\nLapageria Rosea.\\n..There is no unalloyed\\ngood.\\nLarch.\\n..Au dac i ty. Boldness.\\nLarkspur.\\nL ig fitness. Levity.\\nLarkspur, Pink.\\n..Fickleness.\\nLarkspur, Purple.\\n..Ha ugh t iness.\\nLaurel.\\n..Glory.\\nLaurel, Common, in flower...\\n..Perfidy.\\nLaurel, Ground....\\n.Perseverance.\\nLaurel, Mountain.\\n..Ambition.\\nLaurel-leaved Magnolia.\\n..Dignity.\\nLaurestina.\\n..A token.\\nLavender.\\n.Distrust.\\nLeaves (dead).\\n..Melancholy.\\nLemon.\\n.Zest.\\nLemon Blossoms.\\n..Fidelity in love.\\nLeschenaultia Splendens.\\n..You are charming\\nLettuce.\\nCold-heartedness.\\nLichen.\\n.Dejection. Solitude.\\nLilac, Field.\\n.Humility.\\nLilac, Purple..\\nFirst emotions of love", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0740.jp2"}, "739": {"fulltext": "MANUAL OF PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS.\\nC97\\nLilac, White..\\nLily, Day.\\nLily, Imperial.\\nLilv, White..\\nLily, Yellow..\\nLily of the Valley.\\nUnconscious sweet\u00c2\u00ac\\nness.\\nLinden or Lime Trees.\\nLint.\\nLive Oak...\\nLiverwort.\\nLiquorice, Wild..\\nLobelia..\\nLocust Tree.\\nLocust Tree (Green).\\ngrave.\\nLondon Pride.\\nLote Tree.\\nLotus.\\nLotus Flower.\\nLotus Leaf.\\nLove in a Mist.\\nLove lies Bleeding.\\nLucern.\\nLupine.\\nMadder.\\nMagnolia.\\nMagnolia, Swamp.\\nMallow.\\nMildness\\nMallow, Marsh.\\nMallow, Svrian.\\nMallow, Venetian.\\nMallow Creeana..\\nWill you share my for-\\ntunes?\\nManchineal Tree..\\n....Falsehood.\\nMandrake.\\n....Horror.\\nMaple.\\n....Reserve.\\nMarianthus.-.\\n....Hopefor better days.\\nMarigold.\\n....Grief.\\nMarigold, African.\\nVulgar Minds.\\nMarigold, French..\\n.Jealousy.\\nMarigold, Prophetic.\\n....Prediction.\\nMarigold and Cypress.\\n....Despair.\\nMarjoram.\\n....Blushes.\\nMarvel of Peru.\\n....Timidity.\\nMeadow Lychnis.\\n....Wit.\\nMeadow Saffron.\\n....My best days are past.\\nMeadowsweet.\\nUselessness.\\nMercury.\\nGoodness.\\nMesembryanthemum.\\n....Idleness.\\nMezereon.\\n....Desire to please.\\nMichaelmas Daisy.\\n.Afterthought.\\nMignonette.\\nYour qualities surbass\\nyour charms\\nMilfoil. War.\\nMilkvetch. Your presence softims\\nmy pains.\\nMilkwort.. Hermitage.\\nMimosa (Sensitive Plant). Sensitiveness.\\nMint. Virtue.\\nMistletoe. I surmount difficulties.\\nMitraria Coccinea. Indolence. Dulness.\\nMock Orange. Counterfeit\\nMonarda Amplexic ulis. Your whims are quite\\nunbearable.\\nMonkshood. A deadly foe is near.\\nMonkshood (Helmet Ylosvzr)..Chivalry.\\nMoon wort. Forgetfulness\\nMorning Glory. Affectation.\\nMoschatel. Weakness.\\nMoss. Maternal love.\\nMosses. Ennui\\nMossy Saxifrage. Affection.\\nMotherwort. Concealed love.\\nMountain Ash. Prudence.\\nMourning Bride. Unfortunate at t ach-\\nment. I have lost all.\\nMouse-eared Chickweed. Ingenuous simplicity.\\nMouse-eared Scorpion grass. Forget me not.\\nMoving Plant. Agitation.\\nMudwort. Happiness. Tranquil\u00c2\u00ac\\nity.\\nMulberry Tree (Black). I shall not survive you.\\nMulberry Tree (White). Wisdom.\\nMushroom.. Suspicion or I can t\\nentirely trust you.\\nMusk Plant.- Weakness.\\nMustard Seed. Indifference.\\nMyrobalan. Privation.\\nMyrrh. Gladness.\\nMyrtle. Love.\\nN arcissus. Eg otism.\\nNasturtium. Patriotism\\nNemophila. Success everywhere.\\nNettle, Common Stinging. You are spiteful.\\nNettle, Burning. Slander.\\nNettle Tree. Conceit.\\nNight-blooming Cere us. Transient beauty.\\nNight Convolvulus. Night.\\nNightshade. Falsehood.\\nOak Leaves.\\nOak Tree.\\nOak (White).\\nOats.\\nOleander.\\nOlive.\\nOrange Blossoms\\nBravery.\\nHospitality.\\nIndependence.\\nThe witching soul of\\nmusic.\\n.Beware.\\nPeace.\\nYour purity equals youi\\nloveliness*", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0741.jp2"}, "740": {"fulltext": "THE LANGUAGE AND SENTIMENT OF FLOWERS.\\n698\\nOrange Flowers.\\ntivities.\\nOrange Tree..\\nOrchis.\\nOsier.\\nOsmunda.\\nOx eye.\\nPalm.\\nPansy.\\nParsley.\\nPasque Flower.\\nPassion Flower.\\nWhen the flower is\\nreversed or Faith if\\nerect.\\nPatience Dock.\\nPea, Everlasting.\\nLasting pleasure.\\nPea, Sweet.\\nPeach.\\nyour charms are\\nunequalled.\\nPeach Blossom.\\nPear.\\nPear Tree...\\nPenstemon Azureum.\\nPennyroyal.\\nPeony..\\nPeppermint.\\nPeriwinkle, Blue.\\nPeriwinkle, White.\\nPersicaria.\\nPersimmon..\\nBury me amid Na\u00c2\u00ac\\nture s beauties.\\nPeruvian Heliotrope.\\nPetunia..\\nme.\\nPheasant\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Eye..\\nPhlox.\\nPigeon Berry.\\nPimpernel.\\nPine.\\nPine-apple.\\nPine, Pitch\\nPine, Spruce.\\nHope in adversity.\\nPink.\\nPink, Carnation.\\nPink, Indian, Double.\\nPink, Indian, Single.\\nAversion.\\nPink, Mountain.\\nPink, Red, Double.\\nPure and ardent love.\\nPink, Single..\\nPink, Variegated.\\nPink, White.\\nIngenious ness. Talent.\\nPlantain...\\nPlane Tree.\\n...Genius.\\nPlum, Indian.\\n....Privation.\\nPlum Tree.\\n...Fidelity.\\nPlum, Wild.\\n.Independence.\\nPlumbago Larpenta.\\n...Lloly wishes.\\nPolyanthus....\\n.Pride of riches.\\nPolyanthus, Crimson....\\nThe heart s mystery.\\nPolyanthus, Lilac.\\nConfidence.\\nPomegranate.\\n....Foolishness.\\nPomegranate Flower.\\n....Mature elegance.\\nPoor Robin..\\nCompensation or its\\nequivalent.\\nPoplar, Black.\\nCourage.\\nPoplar, White.\\n...Time.\\nPoppy, Red...\\n.Consolation.\\nPoppy, Scarlet.\\nFa nt as tic extrava\\ngance.\\nPoppy, White.\\nPotato..\\n...Benevolence.\\nPotentilla..\\nesteem.\\nPrickly Pear.\\nPride of China..\\n_ Dissension.\\nPrimrose...\\nEarly youth and sad\\nness.\\nPrimrose, Evening...\\nPrimrose, Red.\\nPrivet.\\nPurple Clover..\\nPyrus Japonica.\\nOuaking-grass.\\nOuamoclit.\\nQueen\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Rocket.\\ncoquettes. Fashion.\\nQuince..\\nRagged-robin...\\nWit.\\nRanunculus.\\ncharms.\\nRanunculus, Garden.\\ntractions.\\nRanunculus, Wild.\\nRaspberry.\\nRay Grass.\\nRed Catchfly.\\nYouthful love.\\nReed.\\nReed, Split.\\nRhododendron (Rosebay)...\\nDanger. Beware.\\nRhubarb.\\nRocket. Rivalry.\\nRose. Love.\\nRose, Austrian. Thou art all that u\\nlovely.\\nRose, Bridal. Happy love.\\nRose, Burgundy. Unconscious beauty.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0742.jp2"}, "741": {"fulltext": "MANUAL OF PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS.\\n699\\nRose, Cabbage.\\nRose, Campion.\\nRose, Carolina.\\nRose, China.\\nRose, Christmas...\\niety.\\nRose, Daily.\\nRose, Damask.\\nRose, Deep Red.\\nRose, Dog...\\nRose, Guelder.\\nRose, Hundred-leaved.\\nRose, Japan.\\ntraction.\\nRose, Maiden Blush.\\nfind it out.\\nRose, Montiflora.\\nRose Mundi.\\nRose, Musk.\\nRose Musk, Cluster.\\nRose, Single.\\nRose, Thornless.\\nRose, Unique.\\nRose, White.\\nRose, White (withered\\nRose, Yellow.\\nousy.\\nRose, York and Lancaster.\\nRose, Full-blown placed over\\ntwo Buds\\nRose, White and Red together. Unity.\\nRoses, Ciownof..\\nRosebud, Red.\\nRosebud, White.\\nRosebud, Moss.\\nRosebud, (Rhododendron)..\\nBeware. Danger.\\nRosemary.\\nRemembrance.\\nRudbackia.\\nRue.\\nDisdain.\\nRush.\\nDocility.\\nRye Grass.\\nChangeable disposition.\\nSaffron...\\n....Beware of excess.\\nSaffron Crocus.\\nSaffron, Meadow..\\nMy happiest days are\\npast.\\nSage.\\nDomestic virtue.\\nSage, Garden.\\n....Esteem.\\nSainfoin.\\n....Agitation.\\nSaint John\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Wort.\\n....Animosity.\\nSalvia, Blue.\\nWisdom.\\nSalvia, Red.\\nEnergy.\\nSaxifrage, Mossy.\\n....Affection.\\nScabious.\\nUnfortunate love.\\nScabious, Sweet.\\nWidowhood.\\nScarlet Lychnis.....\\n,...Sunbeaming eyes\\nSchinus.\\nScotch Fir.\\nSensitive Plant\\nShamrock.\\nShepherd\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Purse.\\nSiphocampylos.\\nSnakesfoot.\\nSnapdragon.\\nSnowball.\\nSnowdrop..\\nSorrel.\\nSorrel, Wild.\\nSorrel, Wood.\\nSouthernwood.\\nSpanish Jasmine.\\nSpearmint.\\nSpeedwell.\\nSpeedwell, Germander,\\nSpeedwell, Spiked.\\nSpider Ophrys.\\nSpiderwort.\\nSpiked Willow Herb....\\nSpindle Tree.\\nStar of Bethlehem.\\nStarwort..\\nStarwort, American.\\nStephan otis.\\nStock.\\nStock, Ten Week.\\nStonecrop.\\nStraw, Broken.\\nStraw, Whole.\\nStrawberry Blossoms...\\nStrawberry Tree.\\nSultan Lilac.\\nSultan, White.\\nSultan, Yellow.\\nSumach, Venice.....\\nSunflower, Dwarf.\\nSunflower, Tall.\\nSwallow-wort.\\nSweet Basil.\\nSweetbriar, American...\\nSweetbriar, European...\\nSweetbriar, Yellow.\\nSweet Pea.\\nSweet Sultan.\\nSweet William..\\nSycamore.\\nSyringa.\\nSyringa, Carolina.\\n....Religious enthusiasm.\\n...Elevation.\\n...Sensibility.\\nIndifference.\\nL ight-heartedness.\\n...I offer you my all.\\n..Resolvedto be noticed.\\n..Horror.\\n...Presumption alsti\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cNo.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\n..Bound.\\n...Hope.\\n...Affection.\\nWit ill-timed.\\n..Joy.\\n.Jest. Bantering.\\n..Sensuality.\\n...Warmth of sentiment\\n..Female fidelity.\\n.Facility.\\n.Semblance.\\n.Adroitness.\\n..Esteem, not love.\\n..Pi 3 tension.\\nT our charms are ei\\ngraven on my hear\\n..Purity.\\n.Afterthought.\\nCheerfulness in old age,\\nWill you accompany\\nme to the East?\\n.Lasting beauty.\\n.Promptness.\\nTranquillity.\\n.Rupture of a contract.\\n.Union.\\n.Foresight.\\nEsteem not love.\\nforgive you.\\nSweetness.\\nContempt.\\n.Splendor.\\n..Adoration.\\n.Haughtiness.\\nCure for heartache\\n.Good wishes.\\n.Simplicity.\\n.1 wound to heal.\\nDecrease of love.\\n.Delicate pleasure\\n.Felicity.\\nGallantry.\\n.Curiosity.\\n.Memory.\\nDisappointment", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0743.jp2"}, "742": {"fulltext": "700\\nTHE LANGUAGE AND SENTIMENT OF FLOWERS.\\nTamarisk.\\nCrime.\\nTansy (Wild).\\ndeclare war against\\nyou.\\nTeasel.\\n..Misanthropy.\\nTendrils of Climbing Plants..\\nTies.\\nThistle, Common.\\n..Austerity.\\nThistle, Fuller\u00e2\u0080\u0099s.\\n.Misanthropy.\\nThistle, Scotch.\\n...Retaliation.\\nThorn, Apple.\\n..Deceitful charms.\\nThorn, Branch of..\\n...Severity.\\nThrift.\\n..Sympathy.\\nThroatwort.\\n..Neglected beauty.\\nThyme.\\n..Activity or courage.\\nTiger Flower.\\n...For once may pride be-\\nfriend me.\\nTraveller\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Joy.\\nSafety.\\nTree of Fife.\\n...Old age.\\nTrefoil.\\n...Revenge.\\nTremella Nestoc..\\n..Resistance.\\nTrillium Pictum.\\n...Modest beauty.\\nTriptillium Spinosum.\\n...Be prudent.\\nTruffle.\\n..Surprise.\\nTrumpet Flower.\\n...Fame.\\nTuberose.\\n..Dangerous pleasures.\\nTulip, Red.\\n...Declaration of love.\\nTulip, Variegated.\\n..Beautiful eyes.\\nTulip, Yellow.\\n..Hopeless love.\\nTurnip..\\n...Charity.\\nTussilage (Sweet-scented).\\n.Justice shall be done\\nyou.\\nValerian.\\n..A71 accommodating\\ndisposition.\\nValerian, Greek.\\n...Rupture.\\nVenice, Sumach.\\nIn telle dual excellence.\\nSplendor.\\nVenus\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Car.\\n..Fly with me\\nVenus\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Pooking-glass.\\n..Flattery.\\nVenus\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Trap.\\n..Deceit.\\nVerbena, Pink.\\n..Family union.\\nVerbena, Scarlet.\\n..Unite against evil, or\\nChurch unity.\\nVerbena, White.\\n..Pray for me.\\nVernal Grass.\\n..Poor, but happy.\\nVeronica.\\n..Fidelity.\\nVeronica Speciosa.\\n..Keep this for my sake.\\nVervain..\\nEnchantment.\\nVine..\\nIntoxication.\\nViolet, Blue\\nFaithfulness.\\nViolet, Dame\\nWatchfulness.\\nViolet, Sweet\\nModesty.\\nViolet, Yellow\\nRural happiness.\\nVirginia Creeper\\nI cluig to you both in\\nsunshine and shade.\\nVirgin\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Bower\\nFilial love.\\nViscaria Oculata\\nWill you dance with\\nme\\nVolkamenia\\nMay you be happy\\nWalnut\\nIntellect. Stratagem.\\nWall-flower\\nFidelity in adversity.\\nWatcher by the Wayside\\nNever despair.\\nWater Lily\\nWater Melon\\nBulkiness.\\nWax Plant\\nWheat Stalk\\nWhin\\nAnger.\\nWhite Jasmine\\nWhite Fily\\nPurity and modesty.\\nWhite Mullein\\nGood nature.\\nWhite Oak\\nIndependence.\\nWhite Pink\\nTalent.\\nWhite Poplar\\nTime.\\nWhite Rose (dried)\\nof innocence.\\nWhortleberrv\\nWillow, Creeping\\nWillow, Water\\nWillow, Weeping\\nMourning.\\nWillow Herb\\nWillow, French.\\nBravery and humanity.\\nWinter Cherry.\\nWisteria.\\nWitch Hazel.\\nWoodbine.\\nWood Sorrel.\\n....foy. Maternal tender-\\nness.\\nWormwood.\\nXanthium.\\nXerantemum\\nversity.\\nYew..\\nZephyr Flower.\\nZinnia.\\nfriends.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0744.jp2"}, "743": {"fulltext": "LIQUID AIR.\\nTHE COLDEST SUBSTANCE KNOWN TO MAN. THE MOST MAR-\\nV VELOUS DISCOVERY IN THE REALM OF SCIENCE.\\n4\\n^\u00e2\u0096\u00a04*4*4*4*4*4*4*44*^*^4*4*4*4*4*444**^4*444*4*4*4*4*443*\\nNE of the most interesting dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ncoveries in the realm of sci\u00c2\u00ac\\nence in late years has been\\nthat of liquid air. It was\\nlong ago observed that when a gas was\\ncompressed so as greatly to reduce its\\nvolume, it became hot. This was called\\nthe heat of compression, and, strangely\\nenough, was thought to be generated by\\nthe act of compression. It is now under\u00c2\u00ac\\nstood, however, that the rise in temper\u00c2\u00ac\\nature is not caused by an increase in heat,\\nbut rather by the concentration of the\\nmanifest heat of a large volume into a\\nsmall space. Experiments that proved\\nthis also suggested that the discovery\\ncould be turned to profit by cooling the\\nheated gas down while under pressure,\\nand then allowing it again to expand to\\nits original volume, which would make it\\nfall greatly in temperature. It was soon\\nlearned that gas could be compressed and\\nthen cooled and allowed to expand until\\nits temperature dropped 200 degrees.\\nFor some time it had been held by scien\u00c2\u00ac\\ntists that air was a permanent gas, and\\ncould not be changed in its form, but\\ngradually with experiments the idea arose\\nthat if air could be brought to a suffi\u00c2\u00ac\\nciently low temperature it could be lique\u00c2\u00ac\\nfied. All means known were used\\nwithout success until, in 1877, Raoul\\nPictet submitted oxygen gas to an enor\u00c2\u00ac\\nmous pressure combined with intense\\ncold. The result was a few drops of\\nclear, bluish liquid that bubbled violently\\nfor a few moments, and then evaporated\\ninto the air again. In 1892, a Polander\\nnamed Olzewski succeeded in performing\\na similar experiment with nitrogen, the\\nother constituent of air. And about the\\nsame time Professor Dewar, of England,\\nnot only performed both of these experi\u00c2\u00ac\\nments, but also succeeded in producing a\\nsmall quantity of air in a mushy form\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nin fact, air-ice.\\nThe Cost\\nof this first ounce of liquid air was more\\nthan $3,000. While being a very in\u00c2\u00ac\\nteresting discovery for laboratory use,\\nsuch a production and at such an ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npense was out of the question for com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmercial purposes. So it remained for\\nCharles E. Tripler, of New York City, to\\ninvent a method whereby this wonderful\\nagent can be brought forth with ease and\\nat the cost of about 20 cents a gallon.\\nHe saw at once, upon the discovery that\\nair could be liquefied, that it might be a\\ngreat power generator, and accordingly\\ncommenced experiments to simplify the\\nmethod for procuring it. He investigated\\nthe various means by which refrigeration\\nwas developed, such as the immense\\nammonia plants used in breweries and\\nthe like. The principle of cooling by\\nexpansion, he learned, was the basis to\\nwork upon, and the result of his studies\\nwas the following system:\\n701", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0745.jp2"}, "744": {"fulltext": "702\\nLIQUID AIR.\\nAt present a fifty-horse power plant\\noperating an air compressor, and a barrel\u00c2\u00ac\\nlike arrangement about fifteen feet high,\\nfull of small pipes and valves, and pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ntected by wrappings so as to keep out the\\nheat, are the machines by means of which\\nthis new discovery is brought forth.\\nTripler uses compressed air to cool the\\nother air that he is liquefying. Lender\\nthe very principle that expanding air\\ngrows cooler, if he could so arrange his\\nALCOHOL FROZEN IN A GLASS OF\\nLIQUID AIR.\\napparatus that air which was rapidly\\ngrowing cooler could pass about pipes\\ncontaining his working material, he would\\nhave his problem solved. And so it is.\\nAir under a pressure of 2,500 pounds\\nto the square inch, and cooled to about\\n50 degrees Fahrenheit by being passed in\\npipes through a bath of running water\\nwhile thus compressed, is carried through\\ncoils of pipe to the large felt-and-canvas-\\ncovered tube or receiver spoken of. Two\\nsets of pipes lead from the compressor to\\nthe receiver: one contains the air to be\\nliquefied, the other the air that does the\\nwork of liquefying, but both are under\\nthe same heavy pressure. By turning a\\ntap in the receiver, the air that does the\\nwork rushes forth and up the sides and\\naround the pipes in the chimney-like\\nspace of the receiver. This reduces the\\npressure, and since air in expanding takes\\nup heat wherever it can be found, the air\\nconfined in the pipes is coolec^. As the\\nreleased air now grows warmer and\\nclimbs to the top of the receiver, it gradu\u00c2\u00ac\\nally returns to the compressor. Here it\\nis again brought under pressure and\\ncooled again, only to be released once\\nmore in the receiver to lick up more\\nwarmth from the air in the pipes. Since\\nthe temperature of the air under treat\u00c2\u00ac\\nment is going down in jumps of 100 de\u00c2\u00ac\\ngrees every time it is treated to this\\nchilling process, it takes but about fifteen\\nminutes till a tap at the bottom may be\\nturned, and drops of liquid air at the\\ntemperature of 312 degrees below zero\\ndrip out from the pipes in the receiver.\\nThese at once evaporate in great billowy\\nclouds of vapor.\\nBut it is not intended that such an\\noperation shall be devoid of results, so\\ndevices have been invented for holding\\nthe air after its production. One of these\\nreceptacles is the\\nDewar Bulb.\\nIt consists of two vessels of glass, one\\nwithin the other, having a high vacuum\\nbetween the walls, and joined in a common\\nneck at the top. The vacuum prevents the\\npassage of heat, so that the evaporation of\\nthe liquid in the inner tube is reduced to\\na minimum. The neck of the bulb is left\\nopen, for liquid air is of such an expand\u00c2\u00ac\\ning nature that it would otherwise\\nexplode. The cold, heavy mist of evap\u00c2\u00ac\\noration that is always present at the\\nmouth of the bulb acts, however, as a", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0746.jp2"}, "745": {"fulltext": "LIQUID AIR.\\n703\\nshield to some extent. Lately, Dewar\\ntried putting a few drops of mercury be\u00c2\u00ac\\ntween the walls of the two bottles, with\\nthe result that in a vacuum the mercury\\nvaporized and spread itself over the walls\\nof the bottles. This acted as a mirror,\\nand still more effectually kept out the\\nheat. Tripler has arranged a set of cans\\nof similar nature, which are covered with\\nfelt and canvas so that the liquid air may\\nbe shipped. The mouth of the can is also\\ncovered with felt, but this is safe, as it\\nallows the gases to escape somewhat. Air\\nthus packed loses less than one-third in a\\nnine hours\u00e2\u0080\u0099 ride.\\nThe Uses and Experiments\\nto which this wonderful discovery may be\\nplaced are as odd and interesting as the\\nmethod of its production. The following\\nare a few of its uses:\\nIt is eleven and one-half times as power\u00c2\u00ac\\nful as compressed air, and may be carried\\nin a pasteboard box, while as much energy\\nin compressed air would need the strong\u00c2\u00ac\\nest steel cans. It may supplant some\\nforms of fuel, for, when mixed with any\\nform of carbon, it burns rapidly or ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nplodes. Thus it may be used in interior\\ncombustion engines\u00e2\u0080\u0094for instance, the gas\\nengine. When a proper motor has been\\ndeveloped, it will no doubt be used to\\nhelp solve the question of aerial naviga\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, for something that combines great\\npower with lightness seems to be the only\\nreason why air-ships are not a complete\\nreality. The same may be said of sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nmarine navigation. Here liquid air would\\nsupply the motive power, and the air\\nfor the crew to breathe as well, for a\\nsmall quantity contains as much air as\\ncan be compressed into many great tanks.\\nAn automobile is now being made to run\\nby this power. Deep-sea diving would\\nalso be aided by the use of casks of this\\nair attached to the diving apparatus of the\\ndiver, thus doing away in a great measure\\nwith the pumps. In mines where water\\nis likely to rush in at any time, it might\\nbe used to freeze the surrounding earth,\\nthus preventing great catastrophes. In\\nmaking such vacuum bulbs as those used\\nfor electric lights, liquid air would be very\\nuseful. After the air has been pumped\\nout as much as possible, the remainder\\ncan be frozen into a solid drop at one\\nLIQUID AIR BOILING ON A BLOCK\\nOF ICE.\\nThe temperature of Liquid Air being 312 0 below\\nzero and the Ice 32 0 above, the latter is like a fur\u00c2\u00ac\\nnace in comparison.\\nend, and then the bulb may be closed\\nabove it by an ordinary blow-pipe, thus\\ngiving an absolute vacuum. The most\\nfrightful explosives can be produced with\\nthe combination of combustibles and\\nliquid air, for oxygen is necessary to\\ncombustion, and this air contains it in\\nvast quantities. Of late months, physi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncians and surgeons are singing the praises\\nof this discovery, for by its aid a wound\\nmay be cauterized, or an excrescence\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cburned\u00e2\u0080\u009d away entirely. Odd experi\u00c2\u00ac\\nments, such as freezing a rose in all its\\ncolor and loveliness, or reducing an egg to\\na frozen solid that when handled will\\nbreak up into a thousand fragments and\\nthe yolk scatter as the pollen of a flower,\\nshow what may be done in the laboratory.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0747.jp2"}, "746": {"fulltext": "704\\nLIQUID AIR.\\nWhen a potato is frozen it becomes as\\nhard as stone, and when fractured shows\\nas beautiful a surface as ivory. Frozen\\nbutter may be pounded in a mortar until\\nit is as fine as powder, and a raw beef\u00c2\u00ac\\nsteak becomes pale and then breaks like\\npetrified wood.\\nWe have generally considered mercury\\nand alcohol non-freezable, but when\\nbrought into contact with this queer\\nliquid, mercury becomes as hard as rock,\\nand alcohol a white, stringy substance\\nlike molasses candy. Steel in bars may\\nbe readily reduced to flame by dipping it\\nin a glass of this air and lighting it.\\nTripler has already succeeded in perfect\u00c2\u00ac\\ning a machine by which he makes liquid\\nair produce itself. And though it is\\nscoffed at by scientists, who say some\u00c2\u00ac\\nthing cannot be made from nothing, yet\\nTripler maintains that when his machine\\nhas once been cooled down he can make\\nalmost ten gallons of fresh supply with\\nthe use of but three gallons. If this be\\nso, ere long we shall have steamships and\\nlocomotives running themselves from\\nnothing but air\u00e2\u0080\u0094in fact, almost perpetual\\nmotion. However, just as it is this new\\nproperty is a marvel, and to see Trip-\\nler\u00e2\u0080\u0099s engine running without a vestige of\\nheat, in fact, with ice on her firebox, and\\nyet the wheels revolving and producing\\npower, is, to say the least, weird and awe\u00c2\u00ac\\ninspiring.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0748.jp2"}, "747": {"fulltext": "THE HORSELESS AGE.\\nAUTOMOBILES, MOTO-CARS AND OTHER\\nAUTOMATIC VEHICLES.\\nThe speed of an average railroad train made possible, with only good roads\\nand clear right of way necessary. A vehicle that is destined to take the\\nplace, to a great extent, of horses, electric and cable cars, and\\ncheapen as well as add comfort to conveyances.\\nHOUGH the manufacture\\nand use of self-propelling\\nvehicles are yet in their\\ninfancy, the industry is\\ngrowing to such an enor\u00c2\u00ac\\nmous size that it is tak\u00c2\u00ac\\ning in half the carriage and wagon\\nfactories in this country. For many years\\nattempts have been made to solve the\\nproblem of propelling wagons, carriages\\nand other vehicles along the highways\\nwithout the use of rails to run upon, and\\nby some such motive power as steam,\\ncompressed air or electricity. Five j^ears\\nago a few very expensive locomotive-like\\naffairs had been turned out that operated\\nwith great fuss and feather, but were suc\u00c2\u00ac\\ncessful to the extent that large manufac\u00c2\u00ac\\nturers employed skilled inventors to work\\nout new ideas. Now we have the\\nindustry growing to great size, and such\\nself-moving cars, wagons, trucks and car\u00c2\u00ac\\nriages being used universally in the large\\ncities, with the prospect of their invading\\nthe realm of the horse in the country\\nbefore many years.\\nFrance at present leads in the use of\\nthese contrivances, and has a fashionable\\nautomobile club numbering 1,700. Re\u00c2\u00ac\\ncently an exposition was held in which\\n1,100 vehicles were shown, representing\\nevery sort and kind from a fashionable\\nbrougham to a milk-peddler\u00e2\u0080\u0099s cart. The\\nmotive power in most of these machines\\nis gasoline or naphtha, while those Eng\u00c2\u00ac\\nland has been putting out run mostly by\\nsteam. It has been left to America, as in\\nmost other things, to bring forth the per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfect electric carriage. And this latter\\nkind seems to give better satisfaction than\\nany other, by reason of its safety, endur\u00c2\u00ac\\nance and speed, extensive orders from\\nEurope being proof of acceptance of the\\nAmerican models abroad.\\nTo be worthy of consideration, the\\nmodern motor vehicle, no matter what its\\nmethod of propulsion, should be odorless,\\nalmost noiseless, and free from jolting.\\nMethods that are likely to result in ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nplosions are being cast aside, and the\\nweight of the motor, which is at present\\nrather great, is being reduced as much as\\npossible. Most of the carriages look odd\\nto one seeing them for the first time, for,\\nhaving no shafts or poles, they appear\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cbobbed\u00e2\u0080\u009d off in front. They are also\\nrather too high for self-propelled vehicles,\\nbut soon they will have more graceful\\noutlines and by having smaller wheels and\\nless gearing the body of the vehicle will\\nbe nearer the ground. Of course, when a\\nhorse was attached to draw the wagon, it\\n45\\n705", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0749.jp2"}, "748": {"fulltext": "TOG\\nTHE HORvSELESS AGE\\nwas necessary that the wheels be high\\nenough so that the rider could see over\\nthe horse\u00e2\u0080\u0099s back. And when these new\\nmethods for travel were first attempted,\\nthe carriage as it had been was made\\nhave been applied with success; the others\\nare in their infancy, while the new power\\ngenerator, liquid air, is expected to bring\\nforth great power ere long, in a compact\\nand very light form. The\\nj imS i\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\\nAN ELECTRIC AUTOMOBILE ON\\nuse of without much change in appear\u00c2\u00ac\\nance.\\nIn America, altogether there are six\\nmotive powers employed: electricity,\\nsteam, gasoline, compressed air, carbonic-\\nacid gas and alcohol. The hist three\\nONE OF OUR CITY STREETS.\\nElectric Mobile\\nis the one in most common use in this\\ncountry, and possibly has the combined\\nqualities of being more rapid, cleaner,\\nand more nearly \u00e2\u0080\u0098Tool-proof\u00e2\u0080\u009d than any\\nother. The method employed for its con-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0750.jp2"}, "749": {"fulltext": "THE HORSELESS AGE.\\n707\\nstruction is similar to that used on any\\nelectrically-driven apparatus: namely, a\\nstrong motor attached to the wheels, and\\npropelled by electricity from storage bat\u00c2\u00ac\\nteries carried on the vehicle. Such a\\nmotor is odorless, almost without vibra\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, and is practically noiseless. It can\\nrun with great speed and climb almost\\nany hill road so long as it is smooth. Of\\ncourse, it is very heavy, owing to the use\\nof storage batteries, and it can run only a\\nceitain distance without being recharged\\nwith electricity. These batteries weigh\\nfrom 500 to 1,500 pounds each, the vehicle\\nweighing from 900 to 4,000 pounds. An\\nordinary lady\u00e2\u0080\u0099s phaeton weighs about a\\nton, and carries a battery of 900 pounds.\\nWhen the battery is empty it may be\\nrecharged again at electrical stations\\nmaintained for the purpose, after which\\nthe carriage is ready for its journey once\\nmore. The current not only operates the\\nmotor at the wheels, but also lights the\\nlamps, rings the alarm gong, and, in cabs,\\nactuates a push-button bell for communi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncation between the passenger and driver.\\nAside from the device for supplying\\npower to the wheels, there are numerous\\nothers for guiding and controlling the\\nmachine when it is under way. Near the\\nseat of the driver are a number of\\nswitches and levers, which to one just\\nlearning how they operate are rather\\nbewildering. In fact, schools are main\u00c2\u00ac\\ntained where persons are taught how to\\nmanage these roadsters. In France a\\nspecial highway is prepared with dummy\\nfigures in the path where the beginner is\\nlearning, the object being to become so\\nproficient that none will be knocked down\\nby the carriage running away. The\\ndriver must keep his eyes wide open and\\nboth his feet and hands busy. With his\\nleft hand he grasps the power lever which\\ncontrols the speed, while with the right\\nhe manages the steering lever. He has\\none heel all the time on an emergency\\nswitch that cuts off the current, and at the\\nsame time must ring a gong to warn\\npeople of the approach of his pneumatic-\\ntired conveyance. With the other foot\\nhe manages a reversing-switch that will\\nback the carriage, while with his toes he\\napplies a quick brake. When he wishes\\nto turn on the lights he presses a button\\nunder the seat. So it may be seen that he\\nis rather busy, and can never go to sleep\\nand let the old horse carry him home.\\nIn all the large cities lines of these elec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntric cabs are being established. Most of\\nthem run from twenty to thirty miles\\nwithout new current. It is a simple\\nmatter to recharge\\nThe Storage Batteries,\\nit being necessary only to put in a plug\\nconnecting it with the generator, some\u00c2\u00ac\\nwhat after the fashion of a bicycle pump.\\nThis may be done at almost any electrical\\nplant, and in some places, Belgium for\\ninstance, regular posting stations are\\nbeing established, while coin-in-the-slot\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cpumps\u00e2\u0080\u009d will soon be arranged on the\\ncorners of city streets where a broken-\\ndown battery may be refilled.\\nThe gasoline motors are in some ways\\ninferior to those run by electricity; though\\nall the long-distance races in Europe\\nhave been made in vehicles thus pro\u00c2\u00ac\\npelled. This motor is lighter than the\\nother kind and needs no recharging sta\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, gasoline being procurable at any\\ncrossroads at a small price. On the\\nother hand, these engines are not self\u00c2\u00ac\\nstarting, a push on the piston rod being\\nnecessary, and then the carriage throbs\\nunder the motion of the machinery. The\\nins and outs of all the machinery must be\\nthoroughly learned, and one really be\u00c2\u00ac\\ncomes an experienced engineer before he\\nmasters the art of guiding this sort of\\nautomobile. When one has learned, how-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0751.jp2"}, "750": {"fulltext": "708\\nTHE HORSELESS AGE.\\never, he is master of the sit\u00c2\u00ac\\nuation, for he may travel up\\nto fifty miles an hour on\\nsmooth roads, and through\\nmud and other difficulties at\\nless speed, with the aid only\\nof a can of gasoline\\nThe process of\\nPower Generation by\\nGasoline\\nis very simple. It is known\\nthat this liquid mixed with\\ncertain quantities of air and\\nconfined will, when ignited,\\nexplode with violence. A\\ncylinder is devised which ad\u00c2\u00ac\\nmits this combination at one\\nend, the gas is exploded at\\nthe proper time and drives\\nout the piston red, which in\\nturn causes the fly-wheel to\\nrevolve, drawing the piston\\nback to its old place once\\nmore, after which the opera\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion is repeated. Most of\\nthese engines operate under\\nfour cycles or impulses.\\nDuring the first the vapor\\nis drawn into the cylinder;\\nduring the second it is com\u00c2\u00ac\\npressed by the return piston;\\nduring the third it is ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nploded, and in the fourth\\nthe products of the explosion\\nare driven out, and the cyl\u00c2\u00ac\\ninder is ready for the new\\ncharge. In most engines\\nthe explosion is caused by\\nan electric spark, there be\u00c2\u00ac\\ning no fire on the vehicle.\\nOwing to the heat generated\\nby the explosions going on\\nall the time, the machinery\\nmust be kept cool by being\\ncased in water jackets. In", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0752.jp2"}, "751": {"fulltext": "THE HORSELESS AGE.\\n709\\nsome cases the spark is done away with by\\nhaving the compression of the gasoline so\\ngreat that it explodes of its own heat.\\nDifferent devices are made for mixing the\\nproper quantities of gasoline and air, and\\nmany improvements are going on in gen\u00c2\u00ac\\neral to do away with odors, vibrations and\\nthe like.\\nThe cost of owning and operating auto\u00c2\u00ac\\nmobiles for a period of several years is\\nreally considerably less than that of\\nhorses and carriage, and especially is this\\ntrue of the gasoline kind. Many of the\\ngasoline vehicles will run ioo miles on a\\nhalf-dollar\u00e2\u0080\u0099s worth of liquid.\\nSteam engines have been used to some\\nextent for both trucks and pleasure\\nvehicles with success. For the latter, how\u00c2\u00ac\\never, they are not as yet in the stage\\nwhere they are desirable, there being a\\ngreat deal of complicated machinery to\\nrun which requires a regularly licensed\\nengineer; and then there is generally a\\npuffing sound and escaping steam at the\\nexhaust pipe. However, for traction\\nengines, trucks, fire-engines and omni\u00c2\u00ac\\nbuses, they have proved eminently suc\u00c2\u00ac\\ncessful, because of the ease with which\\nfuel and water may be had. As yet,\\nCompressed Air\\nis rather cumbersome to handle. One\\ntruck has been constructed which has a\\nset of cylinders operated by this method\\nsomewhat after the style of steam. The\\ncompressed air is held in huge steel\\nstorage bottles or tubes, which are carried\\nunder the wagon. Difficulty has been\\nhad from the freezing of the valves when\\nthe air is turned on and escapes rapidly.\\nThis is because of the great reduction\\nof the temperature about the pipes when\\nthe air expands and sucks up latent heat.\\nTo avoid this a system of hot-water pipes\\nheated by a gasoline flame is arranged,\\nthat keeps the valves from cooling too\\nmuch. Because of the great weight of\\nthese trucks they are as yet not much\\nused. However, improvements are being\\nmade daily. One inventor has arranged\\na small gasoline engine that generates\\nelectricity in the front of a truck and\\nstores it in batteries at the back. From\\nthese storage batteries the current is\\ndrawn which runs an electrical motor.\\nThis truck weighs, however, over 9,000\\npounds, and when loaded about 25,000\\npounds, making it a serious question for\\ngood pavements.\\nThe Uses\\nto which automobiles are being put are\\nnumerous and varied. All sorts of pleas\u00c2\u00ac\\nure vehicles are already in use, together\\nwith cab and omnibus lines in competition\\nwith street-car lines. A railway hand-car\\nhas recently been put in use, of the gas\u00c2\u00ac\\noline velocipede type, capable of carrying\\nthree persons at the rate of thiity-two\\nmiles an hour. The Parisian fire depart\u00c2\u00ac\\nment uses an electric automobile the bat\u00c2\u00ac\\ntery of which is only one-fifth the weight of\\nthe whole apparatus including the crew.\\nIt is capable of traveling four or five\\nhours at the rate of twelve miles an hour.\\nIn other fire departments many of the\\nlight buggies of the chiefs and marshals\\nare driven by electricity, and run from\\nforty to fifty miles per day. The post\\noffices of several of the larger cities are\\nnow using autowagons for delivering and\\npicking up mail, while nearly all the\\ngreat department stores use electric\\nwagons exclusively in their delivery\\nbusiness. The War Department at\\nWashington has recently taken official\\ncognizance of the automobile by ordering\\nseveral wagons for the Signal Corps, and\\nsoon it is expected ambulance and ammu\u00c2\u00ac\\nnition wagons will be ordered of the\\nsame kind.\\nIt may readily be imagined what will be", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0753.jp2"}, "752": {"fulltext": "710\\nTHE HORSELESS AGE.\\nthe outcome of these marvelous strides in\\nperfecting self-propelling vehicles. It\\nmeans better pavements and roads all\\nover the country, and in the city before\\nlong the noises from the harsh rumbling\\nof wheels and the crash of the horses\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nhave become necessary for their regula\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion. In France they must be licensed,\\nand the driver must have a certificate of\\nproficiency. Speed must not exceed\\nmiles an hour in open country, or 12 y 2\\nmiles in passing houses, while in narrow\\n(Courtesy of the Woods Motor Vehicle Co.)\\nA TRIP INTO THE COUNTRY IN AN AUTOMOBILE OF THE ENGLISH\\nTRAP DESIGN.\\nhoofs will be replaced by the rapid swish\\nof the pneumatic tires.\\nAlready capital to the amount of $400,-\\n000,000 has been invested in the manufac\u00c2\u00ac\\nture of these vehicles in New York,\\nChicago, Boston and Philadelphia. Laws\\nthoroughfares it must be reduced to walk-\\ning pace. All sorts of names are being pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nposed for this style of vehicle, from \u00e2\u0080\u009chorse\u00c2\u00ac\\nless wagon\u00e2\u0080\u009d to \u00e2\u0080\u009cself-propeller\u00e2\u0080\u009d and \u00e2\u0080\u009cauto\u00c2\u00ac\\ncar.\u00e2\u0080\u009d It seems, however, that the French\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cautomobile\u00e2\u0080\u009d has come to stay.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0754.jp2"}, "753": {"fulltext": "MARVELS OF THE RAILWAY.\\nGREAT WEBS OF STEEL BRIDGING VAST CONTINENTS,\\nGiving the North the fruits of the tropics fresh from the trees and vines, the\\nSouth the grains and other products of the colder climes. Uniting\\nthe East and West by shortening the time, making travel\\na luxury and lessening expense.\\nm\\nm\\nm\\nm\\nm\\nm\\nm\\nm\\nm\\nm\\nm\\nto 1850 progress in rail\u00c2\u00ac\\nway building was very slow,\\nbut shortly after came a great\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cboom\u00e2\u0080\u009d in stocks, and the\\nyears succeeding 1865 were noted for\\ntheir vast strides in railway improvements\\nand construction. Seventy years ago\\nthere were not twenty-five miles of rail in\\nthe whole country; to-day the total mile\u00c2\u00ac\\nage of the United States\\nis 184,000. This is\\nabout half the number\\nof miles in the whole\\nworld.\\nIn 1850 nearly all the\\nroads were confined to\\nthe North Atlantic\\nStates, but in the next\\ndecade a number of\\nlines were pushed west\\nto the Mississippi, and\\nshortlv after came the\\nfirst great transconti\u00c2\u00ac\\nnental system to the\\nPacific. The railroads\\nguard to keep off the attacks of the\\nIndians, it was not to be expected that\\nconstruction would be other than cheap.\\nTowns did not have to be consulted as to\\nrights-of-way, for towns followed rather\\nthan preceded the railroad. As years\\nwent on, however, this cheap method of\\nbuilding was thrown out for new and\\nmodern improvements, and to-day every-\\nbuilt in the west were\\nnecessarily forerunners\\nof civilization, and\\nwhere the engine had (Courtesy of c., b. Q. Ry.)\\nto o-o under armed MODERN A LA CARTE DINING CAR.\\n711", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0755.jp2"}, "754": {"fulltext": "712\\nMARVELS OF THE RAILWAY.\\nwhere old wooden culverts are being re\u00c2\u00ac\\nplaced by steel bridges, secure rock bal\u00c2\u00ac\\nlast is taking the place of the bedding\\nthat was formerly so easily washed out,\\nand heavy and continuous steel rails now\\nform even and smooth tracks, instead of\\nthe old warped iron affairs. Curves have\\nbeen straightened, steep and dangerous\\ngrades have been abandoned for cuts and\\ntunnels, and instead of the murderous\\ngrade-crossings we are now being supplied\\nwith elevated systems and block signals.\\nAll this takes enormous wealth, but the\\nroads are constantly increasing in that\\ndirection. It is true that many improve\u00c2\u00ac\\nments are yet to be expected, even with\\nour \u00e2\u0080\u009clightning flyers,\u00e2\u0080\u0099\u00e2\u0080\u0099 ere travel will be\u00c2\u00ac\\ncome perfect, but these improvements will\\nbe along the lines of the already existing\\nroads, rather than along new lines yet to\\nbe laid out.\\nIf construction in the number of miles\\nlaid out has been great, even greater has\\nbeen the development in the\\nLuxury and Ease of Traveling.\\nSome forty years ago the continuous steel\\nrail had not been invented, and the link-\\nconnected cars clattered along over the\\ndisjointed rails with a rattle and bang\\nthat was nerve destroying. The only con\u00c2\u00ac\\nveniences then provided for, even on the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cthrough trains\u00e2\u0080\u0099\u00e2\u0080\u0099 across the country, were\\na few telegraph blanks,\\na separate s m ok i n g\\napartment, and, in some\\ncases, a buffet from\\nwhich were served food\\nand drink of poor qual\u00c2\u00ac\\nity and enormous price.\\nThe night train was a\\nthing unheard of and\\nthe Pullman sleeper\\nhad not yet made its\\nappearance. To-day\\none journeying from\\ncoast to coast need\\nhardly give a thought\\nas to his comforts after\\nhe has boarded the\\nmodern cross country\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cflyer.\u00e2\u0080\u0099\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Trains are\\nnow really almost\\nsmooth running, and\\nare equipped with every\\ndevice for comfort that\\nman can imagine.\\nDrawing-room, observation, dining, and\\nsleeping cars arranged with an eye to\\nartistic effect as well as to luxurious com\u00c2\u00ac\\nfort, are ever being improved upon by the\\ncompanies, while electric and gas lights,\\nvestibules between cars to keep out noise\\nand dust, barber shops, buffet smoking\\ncars, card rooms, and libraries and music\\nrooms, with waiters and porters at every\\nturn, are daily adding to the ease of\\ntravel, as well as to the pocketbooks of\\nthe railway magnates.\\n(.By Courtesy of the \u00e2\u0080\u009cBurlington Route.\\nA GENTLEMEN\u00e2\u0080\u0099S CLUB ON WHEELS.\\nInterior view of a modern buffet and smoking car.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0756.jp2"}, "755": {"fulltext": "MARVELS OF THE RAILWAY.\\n713\\nNow Construction.\\nTo think, then, that all these devices\\nwill soon be applied to trains of cars run\u00c2\u00ac\\nning\u00e2\u0080\u0099 regularly across every continent on\\nthe globe is to wonder what will be the\\nlimit of man\u00e2\u0080\u0099s power. To-day there are\\nin course of construction two marvelous\\nlines: one, the Trans-Siberian route,\\nbeing laid by the Russian government\\nfrom St. Petersburg, Russia, to Port\\nArthur, China, thus taking in all the\\nresources of unknown Siberia and China;\\nrunning along the gulf coast to Guate\u00c2\u00ac\\nmala, then along the border and down\\nthrough the South American states to the\\nPacific coast, thus making a thread line\\nfrom North to South America.\\nTrans-Siberian and Chinese Eastern\\nRailways.\\nHad Russia imagined in 1867 that she\\ncould ever have accomplished such a work\\nof engineering skill as that of the con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstruction of the Trans-Siberian and the\\nChinese Eastern Railways, she never\\nSt. Petersburg\\nMoscow,\\nPERM\\nCheliai\\nSamara\\nKRASNOYARSK\\nlAKEi! Baikal\\nIISHRlUOINSK\\nJVofeA ACOVESCi .ENSK\\nM /jSfHETINSKi\\nU 9 jA\\nfK. Chita .\u00c2\u00bb\u00c2\u00abm*\u00c2\u00a3,\\nJpSOYAGA\\niMABAROVKA,\\nI .IRKUTllO\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2.JSITSIKAR A\\nHarbin\\nLA01V0ST0K\\nMukden\\nNewchwai\\nPEKIN\\nPort Arthur\\nA MAP OF THE TRANS-SIBERIAN AND CHINESE EASTERN RAILWAY,\\nShowing the entire route from Port Arthur to St. Petersburg. The dotted line marks the course\\nwhere work is not yet completed.\\nthe other, the \u00e2\u0080\u009cCape to Cairo\u00e2\u0080\u009d route, as\\nyet only partly built and partly on paper,\\nbut a marvel in imagination, extending\\nfrom the Cape of Good Hope, at the most\\nsouthern extremity of Africa, up through\\nunknown savage lands to its northern\\nterminal at the old capital of the Pharaohs,\\nCairo, Egypt. Besides these two great\\nundertakings, there is one of similar\\nnature being promoted by .American cap\u00c2\u00ac\\nital that is to be called the Interconti\u00c2\u00ac\\nnental Railway, or the Pan-American\\nRoad. At the expense of $25,000,000\\nit is to connect this country with the\\nSouth American states, starting from\\nMatamoras, on the Rio Grande border,\\nwould have sold to the United States for\\nthe paltry sum of of $7,000,000 the great\\nterritory of Alaska. Instead she would\\nhave been our neighbor, with a sea\u00c2\u00ac\\nport at Fort Wrangell, almost at our\\ndoors on Puget Sound, and England, with\\never-watchful eyes, would turn from\\nRussia at the gate of Herat to Russia\\nwithin a day\u00e2\u0080\u0099s march of Vancouver. But\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2the first work of building this great thread\\nacross a continent full of superstitious\\nsemi-savages was not commenced till May\\n30, 1891, when the present Emperor, then\\nCzarovitch, on his way around the\\nworld, visited Vladivostok and drove the\\nfirst spike. It was then thought that the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0757.jp2"}, "756": {"fulltext": "714\\nMARVELS OF THE RAILWAY.\\nTrans-Siberian could not be completed\\ntill 1905 or 1907. That was before the\\nChino-Japanese War, and a route had\\nalready been mapped out along the south\u00c2\u00ac\\nern border of Siberia to Vladivostok, a\\nport on the Pacific just north of Korea\\nthat is ice-bound all winter. This port\\nwas practically the only outlet for Russia\\non the Pacific, and accordingly great out\u00c2\u00ac\\nlay was made for piers, ice-breakers, etc.\\nBut after Russia s aid to the Chinese in\\nthe war with Japan, China felt very grate\u00c2\u00ac\\nful, and as a mark of esteem gave her\\nbenefactor great privileges in Manchuria,\\namong which were the rights to build the\\nChinese Eastern Railway and to lease\\nPort Arthur as its eastern terminus.\\nThis port is open the year round, so\\nRussia at once gave up her other surveys\\nalong the Amur River, and instead began\\nto throw out a line of roads to the south\u00c2\u00ac\\neast through the most fertile part of\\nChina, to end at Port Arthur, and with\\nbranches to Pekin and Vladivostok.\\nThe Trans-Siberian Road\\nitself is practically complete, and after an\\nexpenditure of $150,000,000 has a through\\nline from Irkutsk, on Lake Baikal, ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ntending 4,000 miles to St. Petersburg.\\nAcross the lake to Missoyaga trains are\\nbeing carried on great steel barges or fer\u00c2\u00ac\\nryboats. Beyond this point the road runs\\nin more or less complete state in an east\u00c2\u00ac\\nerly direction to Stretinsk, and from the\\nport at Vladivostok directly northward to\\nKhabarovka. The country lying between\\nthis latter point and Stretinsk was to have\\nbeen covered by a line that would have\\ndirectly connected St. Petersburg with\\nVladivostok. But with the donation from\\nChina, as said before, this line was aban\u00c2\u00ac\\ndoned, and now the eastern terminus of\\nthe Trans-Siberian route is at Stretinsk,\\nwhile a little to the south and west of this\\npoint, at Kidalova, the main Russian line\\nis tapped by the Chinese Eastern Railway.\\nThe work across Siberia was full of\\ndifficulties, much of the land never hav\u00c2\u00ac\\ning been traversed by white men before.\\nConvict labor has been used to a great\\nextent, thereby cutting down expense.\\nExpense has not been spared in the least,\\nhowever, to give good construction, and\\nabove all else is considered safety.\\nBridges that are marvels in civil engi\u00c2\u00ac\\nneering span numerous rivers between\\nStretinsk and St. Petersburg, twenty mil\u00c2\u00ac\\nlions having been expended in this line\\nalone. The largest and most costly of\\nthese is the great iron and stone affair\\nthat spans a distance of 3,150 feet over\\nthe Yenisei at Krasnoyarsk. It stands on\\nfive colossal circular stone piers, with\\nmatching stone abutments, and is thrown\\nover the river in five spans. The cost\\nwas $2,300,000; the work was designed\\nby Knorre, once a German, but now a\\nnaturalized Russian. Another great\\nbridge, costing $2,000,000, extends over\\nthe Obi River at Kolivan. During the\\nwinter, when the rivers are deeply frozen,\\nsuch parts of the road as yet have no\\nbridges are strung temporarily across on\\nthe thick ice, and later are replaced by\\nsteel culverts.\\nThe work of most interest at present,\\nhowever, is that upon the\\nChinese Eastern Railway.\\nwhich, though in direct conjunction with\\nthe Trans-Siberian road, is yet kept\\nentirely separate in its finances and out\u00c2\u00ac\\nward dealings with the public. In 1896\\nRussia contracted with China to build a\\nroad through Manchuria, guaranteeingthat\\nthe president should be a Chinaman, and\\nthat at the end of eighty years the entire\\nownership of the road was to pass to China\\nupon payment. The route was at once\\nmapped out, and for rapidity of construc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion this line holds the record. The work", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0758.jp2"}, "757": {"fulltext": "MARVELS OF THE RAILWAY.\\n715\\nis being done by both Siberian convicts\\nand Chinese coolies, while almost every\\ntool and modern means of equipment\\nis of American manufacture. The\\nguards along the route are mainly Cos\u00c2\u00ac\\nsacks, and they dress half in Chinese and\\nhalf in Russian costume. The flag of the\\ncompany is likewise half of one country\\nand half of the other. Of course, the en\u00c2\u00ac\\nterprise is wholly Rus\u00c2\u00ac\\nsian and the result of\\nthis enterprise is start\u00c2\u00ac\\nling. Cities have\\ngrown up all along the\\ncountry that was for\u00c2\u00ac\\nmerly wilderness. To\\nthink of the wonderful\\ncivilizing effect of this\\nrailway is startling.\\nThe road covers like a\\nhand 400,000 square\\nmiles of rich Chinese\\nterritory. The main\\nline extends southwest\\nfrom Kidalova to Vladi\u00c2\u00ac\\nvostok, while about mid\u00c2\u00ac\\nway it is tapped by a di\u00c2\u00ac\\nrectly southern branch\\nat a new town called\\nHabin. From this point\\nit runs to Port Arthur\\nand to Pekin.\\nWork on the new\\nroute is continued\\nthroughout the winter, aided by the use\\nof American tools and supplies. Euro\u00c2\u00ac\\npean methods are in the main crude along\\nengineering lines, and American enter\u00c2\u00ac\\nprise supplies this work with nearly\\neverything from steel for bridges to pick-\\naxes and cross-ties. Rock drills caused a\\ngreat deal of trouble, however, among the\\nnative Chinese and also to some extent\\namong the convicts. It was impossible\\nfor these ignorant people to understand\\nthe workings of such an engine without\\nvisible motive power, and they at once\\ncame to the conclusion that the work was\\ndone by the white man\u00e2\u0080\u0099s \u00e2\u0080\u009cslave devil.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe result was that 10,000 workmen\\nstruck, and it was only with the greatest\\ndifficulty that they were induced to re\u00c2\u00ac\\nturn to work. Eventually they became\\namused at the workings of the machines,\\nthough they still think them controlled\\nby evil spirits. What has already been\\naccomplished by the construction of such\\na great railway may be shown by noting\\nthat Habin, the junction of the two great\\nrailways, as well as headquarters of their\\nofficers, was not on the map at the close\\nof 1899, and yet it is destined to be the\\nChicago of northern Asia, Already in\\nthis city are magnificent office buildings\\nand dwellings, and broad and electrically\\nlighted streets are to-day being paved in\\nthe most improved methods. Palatial\\nA CONVICT CAMP ON THE TRANS-SIBERIAN RAILWAY.\\nA Cossack guard is about to conduct a body of convict laborers to\\ntheir daily task. This class of labor was largely used in the construc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of the Trans-Siberian Railway.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0759.jp2"}, "758": {"fulltext": "716\\nMARVELS OF THE RAILWAY\\nLATEST MAP OF THE ROUTE OF THE\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cCAPE TO CAIRO\u00e2\u0080\u009d RAILWAY,\\nShowing also southern countries now involved\\nin war with Great Britain.\\nsteamships arrive and depart daily, and\\nmachine shops, banks, ice-factories and\\nother enterprises are numerous. To sum\\nup the gigantic effort,, a trip of 10,000\\nmiles, or nearly half-way round the world,\\ncan soon be made without changing cars!\\nThe Cape to Cairo Railway.\\nWere English capital being invested for\\nthe building of the Trans-Siberian and\\nChinese Eastern railways, we might see\\nthe value of the speculation, for it is only\\nthat nation that has colonies scattered all\\nover the globe that will greatly benefit by\\neasy means of communication between\\nthem. Russia, however, is not building\\nthese great distance-bridging webs of\\nsteel for the money there is in it; rather\\nfor the purpose of bringing her great\\ndomains together. But if Russia is out\u00c2\u00ac\\nlaying millions of capital in a costly\\nventure, England is risking still more in\\nthe scheme to build a railway throughout\\nthe length of Africa from the Cape of\\nGood Hope to Cairo, Cecil Rhodes,\\nthe genius of South Africa, promulgated\\nthe idea, and though capital has been\\nscarce for the purpose, yet the time is not\\nmore than ten years off when the most\\ngigantic of all daring feats will have been\\ncompleted. From point to point the\\ndistance to be covered is about 6,600\\nmiles. Of this over 3,000 miles is already\\nconstructed, but the remaining portion,\\n3,200 miles, is yet to be strung across the\\nmost difficult stretches of land in all\\nAfrica. The total cost of the whole\\nenterprise is estimated at $125,000,000, but\\nas the northern and southern extremities\\nare already laid, it will need only about\\n$75,000,000 more.\\nAnd there really seems no reason for\\nbuilding this middle section now either.\\nIn the south from Cape Town to Bula\u00c2\u00ac\\nwayo, and on the southeastern coast from\\nDurban, Delagoa Bay, and Beira into the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0760.jp2"}, "759": {"fulltext": "MARVELS OF THE RAILWAY.\\n717\\ninterior where the lines have already\\nbeen built, there was some reason for an\\noutlay of capital, because of the great\\nresources of the country, especially the\\ngold and diamond fields. Likewise on\\nthe north it has been necessary to run\\nlines to the south because of their value\\nfor the military in subduing the Mahdi.\\nBut from Khartum or Berber south along\\nthe White Nile and through the malarious\\nlake regions, where the underbrush has\\nyet no trail of the white man, it seems\\nfolly thus to put up a road over which\\nthere is no likelihood of traffic. At the\\nbest, the time of travel from Cape Town\\nto Cairo and then by water to London,\\nwill take fourteen or fifteen days, at a\\nheavy expense and with discomfort across\\nthe deserts, while the whole trip can now\\nbe made cheaply by steamer around the\\nwest coast of Africa in but two days more.\\nHowever, the road is being built, and as\\nsuch merits admiration.\\nThe English government is not the\\npusher in this enterprise; whatever ma\u00c2\u00ac\\ntures of the marvelous scheme will be due\\nto the domineering pluck of\\nCecil Rhodes.\\nWhen he first conceived the idea he\\nfigured on making a forerunner of a tele\u00c2\u00ac\\ngraph line. This had money in it, and\\nthough set upon by great obstacles,\\nRhodes has the line well under way and\\nis endangering the revenues of the sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nmarine cable lines to the Cape. The only\\nplace that he had great difficulty in secur\u00c2\u00ac\\ning right of way for the telegraph was\\nthrough German East Africa. Here, for\\nthe privilege of running his own wires, he\\nmust also at his own expense run other\\nwires for the German government, which\\nthey will keep up at his expense for forty\\nyears, and then they go to Germany\\nwithout compensation.\\nFrom a point on the Zambesi River in\\nRhodesia it is planned to run the railroad\\nnorth to Abercorn, then along Lake Tan\u00c2\u00ac\\nganyika to Ujiji. From this point it will\\ncross to Mengo in British East Africa, and\\nthen probably skirt the western edge of\\nAbyssinia, avoiding as much as possible\\nthe malarious districts. Completed roads\\nto Assuan in Egypt existed before the\\nrecent trouble with the Mahdi, and when\\nGeneral, now Lord, Kitchener, Sirdar of\\nthe Egyptian army, started from Wady\\nHaifa towards Khartum, other lines were\\nthrown out to transport the army and its\\nsupplies. As it is, completed lines now\\npractically cover the district to Berber,\\nand a road is being run to Khartum.\\nJanuary 20, 1909, is set as the day for\\nthe laying of the last rail in this great\\nstretch of track. This gigantic enterprise\\nis likely to add greatly to the domain of\\nGreat Britain in that part of the world.\\nNinety Miles an Hour.\\nSpeed on railway trains has been\\ndeveloped to at least ninety miles an hour\\nbetween stops on level road. This has\\nbeen done in actual work of carrying\\nmails, and was the outcome of a race\\nagainst time that took place January\\n1, 1899, on both the C., B. Q. and the\\nNorthwestern railways on their respect\u00c2\u00ac\\nive lines running from Chicago to Omaha.\\nWith our new possessions in the Pacific\\nOcean any time saved on the way to the\\ncoast is of importance, and it was to\\nsecure mail contracts to these points that\\nsuch speed was shown. It is no uncom\u00c2\u00ac\\nmon event to-day to travel at the rate of\\nover fifty miles an hour, including stops,\\nbut extremely high rates of speed are not\\nusually developed on passenger trains.\\nWhen ninety miles are whizzing past in\\nsixty minutes it taxes to the utmost the\\nnerves of the engineer. All sorts of\\nsights and noises are magnified in the\\nnight, and even if engines are improved", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0761.jp2"}, "760": {"fulltext": "718\\nMARVELS OF THE RAILWAY.\\n(Courtesy of C B. Q. Ry\\nNINETY MILES AN HOUR.\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cBurlington Route,\u00e2\u0080\u009d Denver Limited Express Train.\\nbefore he would be a physical wreck.\\nWith the improved headlights shadows\\nare increased, and though the long stream\\nof light aids in detecting breaks on the\\ntrack at night, such a thing as a small fly\\nmiles an hour from an opposite direction\\npasses by, the two are coming together\\nat the rate of 180 miles an hour. With all\\nthese strains, the engineer wishes to re\u00c2\u00ac\\nduce rather than to increase the speed.\\nto fly at the rate of 150 miles an hour,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nwhich it is said will before long be pos\u00c2\u00ac\\nsible,\u00e2\u0080\u0094the driver of the engine would be\\nable to run his train only a few years\\ntraveling over the face of the lamp is\\nenlarged to great size in a shadow on the\\ntrack. The wind whizzes by, and when\\nanother train at an equal speed of ninety", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0762.jp2"}, "761": {"fulltext": "\\\\tr\\ntr\\nf\\nf\\nf\\nf\\nf\\nrt*\\n4j\\n4\\n4\\n4\\n4\\n4\\n4\\n4\\n4\\n4J\\n^^TTYTYTTft11T v fY^f^TTYV4\\nWireless Telegraphy.\\nMESSAGES SENT ACROSS SPACE, OVER WATER AND THROUGH\\nMOUNTAINS WITHOUT THE AID OF WIRES.\\nBridling one of the most delicate forces of nature, and making it do marvels\\nin the service of man.\\n,INCE the perfection of the\\ntelegraph and telephone\\nfor commercial purposes,\\nand the laying of cables\\nacross the ocean for the transmission\\nof messages, electrical experts have been\\nstudying the problem of transmission of\\nelectrical energy for messages without\\nwires. Gray devised a method of send\u00c2\u00ac\\ning signals along light waves, and others\\ntried transmitting telegrams to moving\\ntrains by means of the rails. These\\nmethods, however, were not successful\\nin the main, and it was left for\\nM. Guiglielmo Marconi,\\na Florentine yet in his twenties, to dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ncover that Hertzian waves could be\\ngenerated from electricity and sent across\\nspace without the means of intervening\\nwires.\\nIn 1895, while yet quite young, Mar\u00c2\u00ac\\nconi made experiments across his father s\\nfields in Bologna, Italy, and by the use of\\ntin boxes, called \u00e2\u0080\u009ccapacities,\u00e2\u0080\u009d set upon\\npoles of varying height, and connected to\\nseparate instruments by insulated wires,\\nhe sent and received by a crude trans\u00c2\u00ac\\nmitter and receiver electrical signals with\u00c2\u00ac\\nout the aid of intervening wires. He soon\\nlearned that certain distances could be\\ncovered only by having the poles for his\\nboxes of certain height, and the height of\\nthe poles had to be increased with the dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntance. He experimented with the aid of\\nseveral other scientists for some time, and\\nthen the world was startled early in 1899 by\\nthe news that messages had been sent by\\nthis wireless method across the English\\nChannel from Dover to Boulogne. Little\\nhad been known up to that time of the\\nprocess, but enthusiasm was now ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npressed everywhere, and when, in October\\nof the same year, the young wizard came\\nacross to America to report the great\\ninternational yacht races between the\\nColumbia and the Shamrock, for the New\\nYork papers, and succeeded so admirably\\nthat messages were flashed across space\\nwhen both yachts and sending ship were\\nenveloped by fogs and out of sight of\\nland, it was manifest that another epoch-\\nmaking discovery had been made.\\nThe method employed by Marconi\\nseems quite simple when it is known.\\nHertzian Waves\\nare strange undulations generated by\\nelectric impulse that travel through the\\natmosphere and have the peculiar prop\u00c2\u00ac\\nerty of jumping from the Marconi trans\u00c2\u00ac\\nmitter and fleeing through space at the\\nspeed of light, or seven times around the\\n719", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0763.jp2"}, "762": {"fulltext": "720\\nWIRELESS TELEGRAPHY.\\nearth in a second. When Marconi under\u00c2\u00ac\\nstood that these beams could be sent and\\nreceived by his first crude method, he at\\nsending and one at the receiving station.\\nFrom these poles are supported sprits,\\nalono; each of which runs an ordinary\\no\\nM. GUIGLIELMO MARCONI\\nDiscoverer and inventor of the Wireless\\nTelegraph.\\nonce set to work on improvements, and\\nthe following system has been the result:\\nTwo tall poles are erected, one at the\\ncopper wire extending vertically from the\\ntelegraph instruments into the air. The\\nupper portion of the wire is bare, so that", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0764.jp2"}, "763": {"fulltext": "WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY.\\n721\\nthe waves of energy may leap off into\\nspace as they are sent up the wire by the\\noperation of the instrument below. This\\ninstrument is simply a large induction\\ncoil connected with a strong battery. To\\nthe coil are also attached two brass knobs\\n(some distance apart), from the space be\u00c2\u00ac\\ntween which, when the current is on,\\nleaps a stream of sparks, the same as\\nthose produced in experiments with the\\nX-ray. Now, when a\\nmessage is being sent,\\nthe transmitting wire\\nis charged with a cur\u00c2\u00ac\\nrent of electricity at\\nhigh tension, which nat\u00c2\u00ac\\nurally rushes toward\\nthe earth. This dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ncharge causes a rapid\\noscillation in the wire\\nas long as the current\\ncontinues. This oscil\u00c2\u00ac\\nlation must have an\\noutlet, and, according\u00c2\u00ac\\nly, leaves the wire for\\nits journey across space.\\nThis agitation, when it\\nreaches the receiving\\ninstrument, produces an\\nopening and closing of\\nthe circuit accordingly\\nas the waves are con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinuous or cut short.\\nTo use a simple exam\u00c2\u00ac\\nple, let us suppose we have a string hang\u00c2\u00ac\\ning loose from the ceiling. Now take a\\nfan and wave the air. The result is the\\nstring is blown back. Make several mo\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions with the fan at short intervals, and\\nthe string will respond to the air waves.\\nThis is similar to what occurs in Marconi\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\ntelegraphing process. He has a switch\\nconnected with the sending instrument,\\nand as he opens or closes this a stream of\\nelectrical sparks follows. It may readily\\nbe seen, then, that as these sparks impart\\n46\\nthe waves to the transmitting wire, a short\\none would send a short wave across to the\\nreceiver, and a long stream would produce\\na long set of waves. That is just what\\nhappens.\\nWhen this much of the system was per\u00c2\u00ac\\nfected, it was necessary to arrange some\\ndevice whereby the gentle oscillations\\nmight be received and interpreted into\\nmessages. Here was a hard task, but it\\nwas successfully wrought out. In a\\nmetal box, that keeps out to a great ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ntent the Hertzian waves, is a relay instru\u00c2\u00ac\\nment, two devices called a \u00e2\u0080\u009ccoherer\u00e2\u0080\u009d and\\na \u00e2\u0080\u009ctapper,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and a Morse instrument for\\nprinting dots and dashes connected to a\\nhome battery. The\\n\u00e2\u0080\u0098Coherer\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nis the principal and most delicate of all\\nthese instruments, and upon its actions\\ndepends the success of the sending opera-\\nA WIRELESS TELEGRAPH STATION.\\nShowing operator in the act of sending a message. The large box on\\nthe table near the operator contains receiving instrument; the adjoining\\ncylinder with the two rods ending in knobs is the sender; while in upper\\nright-hand corner is the copper reflector used for directing the waves.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0765.jp2"}, "764": {"fulltext": "WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY.\\n722\\ntion. It consists of a tiny glass tube\\nabout as thick as that of a thermometer\\nand two inches long. In either end is a\\nsmall plug of silver, attached to the aerial\\nwire on the pole outside and to a wire\\nconnected with the relay instrument. It\\nmust be understood that a wave so deli-\\nEXTERIOR VIEW OF A WIRELESS TEL\u00c2\u00ac\\nEGRAPH STATION.\\nFrom the sprit at the top of the mast is suspended\\nthe copper reflector which sends the Hertzian waves\\nshooting across space. The wires attached to the\\nmast are only for support in heavy winds.\\ncate in its impulse would not be able to\\noperate a machine of itself; it is only\\nstrong enough to give the impulse that\\nWill complete the circuit of the home\\nbattery, and the latter then works the\\nwriting machine.\\nBut how can this impulse be given in\\ndots and dashes of the Morse telegraph\\ncode? Simply enough, when one knows\\nhow; and here came in Marconi\u00e2\u0080\u0099s great\u00c2\u00ac\\nest discovery. He learned that nickel\\nand silver were alternately good and bad\\nconductors of the Hertzian waves: good\\nwhen welded together by a continuous\\ncurrent, but bad when severed into par\u00c2\u00ac\\nticles by a blow from his little \u00e2\u0080\u009ctapper.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nHence, he contrived an arrangement of\\nvery tiny particles of nickel and silver\\ndust,\u00e2\u0080\u0094siftings through silk,\u00e2\u0080\u0094and placed\\nthem between the silver plugs of his\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009ccoherer.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Now, when a wave impelled\\nby a single spark from the transmitter is\\nreceived by the vertical wire hanging in\\nspace from the pole of the receiving sta\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, it comes down through the \u00e2\u0080\u009cco\u00c2\u00ac\\nherer,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and the tiny particles of nickel\\nand silver cohere (hence the name), the\\ncurrent is imparted to the battery that\\nsets the Morse instrument to printing a dot.\\nTo explain more clearly just the uses of\\nthe \u00e2\u0080\u009ccoherer\u00e2\u0080\u009d and the \u00e2\u0080\u009ctapper,\u00e2\u0080\u009d we must\\nremember that the power of the Hertzian\\nwave is very slight; in fact, it could create\\nno electrical disturbance were it not for\\nits property of welding together the\\nnickel and silver filings in the \u00e2\u0080\u009ccoherer.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nWhat it can do, however, is to complete\\nthe circuit that will operate the relay\\ninstrument. Let us imagine the circuit\\nof the relay is like an electric door-bell.\\nWell, the coherer is in the place of the\\npush-button. As long as the filings are\\nseparate there is no sound, for the circuit\\nis not complete. But let a Hertzian wave\\nstrike the coherer and the filings are\\nwelded together, the circuit is completed,\\nand the relay instrument gives the suffi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncient electrical energy to operate the\\nwriting machine or ticker. But so long\\nas the filings in the coherer are in cohe\u00c2\u00ac\\nsion the instrument will keep up one con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinuous buzz; hence no intelligible signals\\ncould be sent. Here is where Marconi\\nmade use of his", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0766.jp2"}, "765": {"fulltext": "WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY.\\nDecoherer or \u00e2\u0080\u009cTapper.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nIt is no more than a little hammer\\nattached to an electro-magnet, which,\\nwhen operated by electricity, will tap\\nagainst the coherer the same as the tap\u00c2\u00ac\\nper of an electric bell; and this blow\\ndecoheres the filings. Now, when the\\nHertzian wave reaches the receiving sta\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion it rushes down to the coherer, the\\nfilings are welded together, the circuit is\\ncompleted, and the instrument ticks off\\nits dot. At this instant the relay instru\u00c2\u00ac\\nment has also sent a current to the elec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntro-magnet of the tapper. The magnet\\ndraws back the little hammer and lets it\\nstrike the coherer, the filings are sepa\u00c2\u00ac\\nrated, and the station is ready to receive\\nthe next flash.\\nEach succession of waves produces\\nthe same effect, and the operation is\\nrepeated, the result being an intelligi\u00c2\u00ac\\nble series of dots and dashes which\\nare readily translated into their proper\\nmeaning.\\nMessages by wireless telegraphy have\\nalready been sent with accuracy up to\\nno miles, of which sixty were over water\\nand the rest over land. Messages are\\nnot lost by the curvature of the earth,\\nwhich is about 1,000 feet in eighty miles,\\nand they work all right from a wire 130\\nfeet high. Weather conditions cannot\\ninterfere, nor can the messages be stolen,\\nfor the reason that the transmitters and\\nreceivers must be. in \u00e2\u0080\u009ctune,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\u00e2\u0080\u0094that is,\\nthey must work in harmony. This makes\\nit almost impossible for the receiver to\\ntake a message not intended for him.\\nThe electric waves do not seem to be im\u00c2\u00ac\\npeded by buildings or hills in the inter\u00c2\u00ac\\nvening space, for experiments have shown\\nthat messages sent to given destina\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions, between which and the sender\\nwere high hills, buildings, etc., have\\nbeen accurately received. Whether the\\nHertzian waves go through or around\\n/23\\nthe intercepting object has not yet been\\nascertained.\\nThe Principal Cost\\nof installing a wireless telegraph plant is\\nthat of the poles, the receivers costing\\nonly about $60. The expense of main\u00c2\u00ac\\ntaining the electrical current is nominal.\\nEach station has both a sending and a\\nreceiving instrument, one being turned\\noff when the other is in operation. Mes\u00c2\u00ac\\nsages can now be sent at the rate of\\ntwenty-five words a minute, so it may\\nreadily be seen that when the system is\\nstill more perfect, it may threaten the\\nestablished telegraph lines. Imagine\\nanother Eiffel tower on this side of the\\nAtlantic, with sending and receiving sta\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions here and at Paris. The expense of\\nlaying and operating the great submarine\\ncables would be entirely done away with.\\nAlready the system is in use on light\u00c2\u00ac\\nships, connecting them with the life-sav\u00c2\u00ac\\ning stations on shore, and many lives and\\nmuch property have been saved by its\\nuse. What, then, if every ship or train\\nhad these instruments? Accidents might\\nbe avoided, news imparted without stop\u00c2\u00ac\\nping, directions given for war vessels\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nmanoeuvres, and countless other similar\\nuses. Marconi thinks some of the great\u00c2\u00ac\\nest improvements in this line are yet to\\ncome. He has already devised a sort of\\nreflector that concentrates the waves and\\nshoots them in one direction, like a\\nsearch-light, so that they may be directed\\nat will, and only to certain spots. He\\nis also working upon an arrangement that\\nwill tell from what direction a message\\ncomes. He speaks of possibly arranging\\na set of senders and receivers and so\\nmanipulating them for subscribers that\\nThe News of the Day\\ncan be telegraphed all over the country,\\nthus doing away with newspapers.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0767.jp2"}, "766": {"fulltext": "modern wonders of l|e Electrical worn\\nRAPID TELEGRAPHY, PICTURES BY WIRE, STIMULATING THE\\nGROWTH OF PLANTS BY ELECTRICITY, ETC.\\nThe marvelous strides taken by American genius in the perfection of new devices\\nand inventions which harness this weird fluid of the air and\\nmake it do service in the aid of man.\\nSIDE from such marvelous\\ndiscoveries as the wireless\\ntelegraph, the X-rays and\\nthe uses to which electricity.\\nhas been put as a motive\\npower, there are many minor experiments\\nthat are daily being made which are\\nrapidly bringing this weird fluid nearer\\nand nearer to our daily life, both for com\u00c2\u00ac\\nfort and for money-making. A directory\\nrecently published gives the names of\\n25,464 firms carrying on electrical busi\u00c2\u00ac\\nness throughout the world. The United\\nStates, as in most other things, is taking\\nthe lead in this important work. Daily\\nwe are shipping to Europe and the Orient\\nmotors and electrical storage outfits in\\ngreat numbers.\\nWhile in many instances the American\\ntrolley system for street cars has proved\\ndangerous, it is, nevertheless, being\\nrapidly taken up in Europe. Electrical\\nplows are being installed on the larger\\nfarms, and lighting by electricity is now\\nalmost universal. The success of using\\nwater power at Niagara and elsewhere\\nfor generating this force is remarkable,\\nand the use of the tides about Manhattan\\nIsland, upon which New York City is situ\u00c2\u00ac\\nated, for this purpose has been advanced\\nas tenable\\nTelegraphing 100,000 Words\\nan Hour.\\nIn telegraphing many improvements\\nhave been made, among others being one\\n724\\nsystem whereby the wires are attached to\\na sort of electrical typewriter, which,\\nupon being operated, sets in motion a\\nsimilar machine at the other end. The\\nbenefit of this system is that the operator\\ndoes not need to be acquainted with any\\nparticular method, any one who is able to\\nspell being competent to work the ma\u00c2\u00ac\\nchine. Another recent invention in this\\nline is a method of perforating strips of\\npaper with a machine similar to a type\u00c2\u00ac\\nwriter, and then placing these strips into\\nthe sending device, which transmits the\\nmessages at the rate of 100,000 words an\\nhour. This is a marvelous speed, and\\nwhere the time is saved is that a number\\nof men can be set to work at one time\\nperforating the strips before using the\\nwire for sending. The benefit to be\\nderived from such a system is that thei e\\nwould be a great saving in laying addi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntional lines, for once the strips are pre\u00c2\u00ac\\npared the sending occupies the line but a\\nfew moments.\\nPicture Telegraphy.\\nSending pictures by wire has at last\\ncome so near to perfection that it is being\\nused to some extent in detective work.\\nThe method used is called telepan-\\ntography. By it an engraving or artist\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nsketch may be sent over almost any dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntance by common telegraph communica\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion. If a picture is to be transmitted it\\nmust first be treated to a process similar\\nto that for a half-tone engraving. A", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0768.jp2"}, "767": {"fulltext": "INSTANTANEOUS PHOTOGRAPH OF AN ELECTRIC L DISCHARGE DURING A THUNDERSTORM\\nTHIS IS CONVINCING EVIDENCE THAT THE ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE DOES NOT MOVE IN A STRAIGHT LINE BUT TAKES A VERY IRREGULAR\\nCOURSE, FOLLOWING THE LINE OF LEAST RESISTANCE", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0769.jp2"}, "768": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0770.jp2"}, "769": {"fulltext": "MODERN WONDERS OF THE ELECTRICAL WORLD.\\n725\\nmetal plate is made, very thin so that it\\nmay be bent round like the cylinder of a\\nphonograph. The plate is slipped on the\\ntransmitting machine, and a tiny needle\\non this device traces over all the lines in\\nthe metal plate, in this way sending im\u00c2\u00ac\\npressions to a cylinder at the other end of\\nthe line, about which is wrapped a coil of\\npaper. An inked needle at the receiving\\nend traces the lines as they are tele\u00c2\u00ac\\ngraphed, and a complete reproduction of\\nthe original picture is the result. The\\ndevice is yet rather crude, but practical\\nresults have been obtained.\\nElectrical Plant Growth.\\nThe qualities of electricity, though\\nwhen in the form of lightning and strong\\ndirect currents readily take life, are such\\nthat in other forms as readily give life.\\nRecently experiments have been made on\\nseeds, and in one-half the time it takes\\nNature to turn out her work by ordinary\\nprocesses, the application of electricity has\\nbrought out mature plants.\\nThe first experiment was made on an\\negg that was being hatched. An electric\\ncurrent strong enough to kill a fowl did\\nnot destroy the germ of vitality, but the\\nchicken when hatched was of most abnor\u00c2\u00ac\\nmal size and monstrous in shape. This\\nproved, however, what might be done\\nwith this marvelous agent.\\nIn plant stimulation the apparatus con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsists of two glass cylinders, a larger one\\nabout two inches in diameter for the\\nlarger seeds, and one about three-fourths\\nof an inch for those of less size. Within\\nthese receptacles the seeds are placed,\\nthoroughly moistened, and the openings\\nclosed with copper disks having wires\\nattached. By these wires the disks are\\nconnected with the poles of an induction\\ncoil, and then the current is passed\\nthrough the moist seeds, which are good\\nconductors. After this treatment the\\nseeds are placed in germinating pans.\\nThese consist of two plates one within\\nthe other, the inner being of porous clay.\\nThe seeds are sown between two sheets\\nof filter paper, and water passing through\\nthe porous plate is absorbed by the paper,\\nthus keeping the seeds moist at all times.\\nThe temperature is kept at about 48 de\u00c2\u00ac\\ngrees all the time by aid of electrical\\ndevices, and the growth of the plants is\\n30 per cent quicker by this method than\\notherwise, while, at the same time, many\\nseeds not perfect enough to grow under\\nordinary climatic conditions are saved by\\nthis electrical treatment.\\nWireless Light.\\nNikola Tesla, one of the greatest of\\nelectrical wizards, has been at work some\\ntime perfecting several devices by means\\nof which he can send wave impulses at\\ngreat distances through the ether, but in\\ndifferent manner from the Marconi sys\u00c2\u00ac\\ntem. He has made the assertion that if\\nMars is inhabited he can create a great\\nenough current to be felt there. He is\\nalso at work on wireless light. But both\\nthese inventions are as yet void of com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmercial value. Some time ago, at an\\nexhibition in Chicago, he conducted a\\nseries of experiments in throwing his\\nwaves across space and directing minia\u00c2\u00ac\\nture war vessels in a tank of water with\u00c2\u00ac\\nout the aid of connecting wires. Waves\\nwere sent across to a receiver, which\\nopened currents that turned switches and\\nset in motion the machinery. It is\\nclaimed for these inventions that, when\\nperfected, torpedo boats can be more\\neffectually directed toward the enemy\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nvessels.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0771.jp2"}, "770": {"fulltext": "1\\nNew Studies of the Starry Skies.\\nASTRONOMICAL PROBLEMS AND RECENT DISCOVERIES.\\nTHE WORLD S GREATEST TELESCOPE.\\n\u00c2\u00a3t||L Achievements of the world\u00e2\u0080\u0099s greatest star-gazers, and the latest and most delicate\\ndevices used by them, giving to the student new facts concerning orbits,\\nseasons, atmospheres, and climatic and general conditions *11*\\nexisting on the planets, moons and suns.\\nROF. SIMON NEWCOMB, the\\nwell-known astronomer, uses\\na very startling method of\\ncomparing the size of the uni\u00c2\u00ac\\nverse, so that we may judge its size by\\nthings earthy. Imagine the United\\nStates as the extent of the whole known\\ncreation, and compare to it a lady\u00e2\u0080\u0099s fin\u00c2\u00ac\\nger-ring as the earth\u00e2\u0080\u0099s orbit around the\\nsun. The nearest fixed star would then\\nbe about a mile and a half away from the\\nring, and all the space from the Atlantic\\nto the Mississippi would be studded with\\nother stars, planets and constellations. It\\nhas recently been learned that the whole\\nsolar system, with the sun, earth and all\\nthe other planets, is traveling toward the\\nconstellation Lyra at the rate of three\\nhundred millions of miles a year. When\\nwe think of this constellation as being\\nabout ten miles away from the finger-ring\\nspoken of, we can readily see what enor\u00c2\u00ac\\nmous distances we are traveling, and little\\nwonder is it that great minds are trying\\nto solve the problem of where and when\\nthis vast and furious race began, and\\nwhere it will end. An astronomer who\\nmight watch the heavens for ten thousand\\nyears might gain some faint suggestion\\nof the answer to the riddle. But our sun\\n72fi\\nand its system are not the only moving\\nbodies in the universe.\\nThousands Upon Millions\\nof other stars like our sun are traveling in\\nsome direction, and with greater or less\\nforce. A greater question, then, is what\\nmeans the motion of all these other\\nbodies, and where will they end? Some\\nastronomers suggest that each system s\\nshooting off on a curve that thousands\\nof centuries will complete into orbits.\\nOthers say that if the laws of motion bt\\ntrue for all space and all time, it may be\\nthat each moving star will go on in an\\nunbending career forever, unless attracted\\naside by others. In that case, after ab\u00c2\u00ac\\nsorbing many smaller stars, a few of the\\nlarger bodies would gradually drift apart,\\nand the inhabitants of each would then\\nbehold only black and starless skies. All\\nthis is amazing in its proportions and\\ngrandeur, but as yet theories only exist,\\nfor with millions of bodies flying in\\ndifferent directions and at such frightful\\nspeed as 200 miles a second, calculations\\nare at best but weak.\\nAnother problem that presents itself to\\nstar-gazers is that of the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0772.jp2"}, "771": {"fulltext": "NEW STUDIES OF THE STARRY SKIES.\\n727\\nSize of the Whole Universe.\\nWith the latest improved telescopes we\\nare able to see only what is considered a\\nvery small portion of the vast extent of\\nstar-filled space. We\\nare able at present to\\ncount, by means of pho-\\ntographic telescopes,\\nsome hundred millions\\nof these bodies, but it\\nis not supposed that we\\nhave reached anywhere\\nnear the edge of the\\nlimits of their confines.\\nIn fact, astronomers\\nhardly think they will\\nbe able ever to know\\nwhen they have found\\na limit, for even then\\nthere might be a great\\nintervening empty\\nspace, but farther on\\npossibly another vast\\nfield full of these spark\u00c2\u00ac\\nling lights. It is said\\nthat it is not probable\\nthat these stellar sys\u00c2\u00ac\\ntems go on infinitely,\\nfor mathematicians\\nhave figured out that if\\nsuch were the case, the\\nlight thrown off from\\nsuch a number of lumi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnous bodies would light\\nup the whole heavens\\nas brightly as at noon\u00c2\u00ac\\nday. What the solu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of this question is\\nmust remain in doubt,\\nit seems, forever.\\nFollowing close upon\\nthis comes the thought,\\nWhence Comes the Heat\\nfrom the sun and other stars? and where\\ndoes it go? We have decided quite accur\u00c2\u00ac\\nately that meteors and other falling stars\\ndo not start out on their voyage through\\nspace on fire, but rather are solid bodies\\nwhich, when they pass so rapidly through\\nthe air, are burned up by the heat of\\nfriction. Similarly it is thought that the\\ncontraction of the bodies of these stars\\nthrough the gravitation of their parts\\nA PHOTOGRAPH OF THE MILKY WAY.\\nShowing a portion of the myriads of nebulous bodies that make up that\\ngreat path through the heavens.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0773.jp2"}, "772": {"fulltext": "728\\nNEW STUDIES OF THE STARRY SKIES.\\ncreates heat so great that combustion is\\nthe result, and when the bodies finally\\nbecome dense as the earth they grow\\ncold. This theory is pretty well founded\\nupon observations of the sun, and while\\nthe conclusion is that this is the proper\\nsolution of the problem, yet the process\\nis very slow,\u00e2\u0080\u0094so slow that it would have\\nto go on for thousands of years before\\nastronomers could find by comparing\\nsizes that it had grown any smaller\\nAN ECLIPSE OF THE SUN.\\nCaused by the passage of the moon between\\nthe sun and the earth.\\nThough this problem is solved to an\\nextent, where does the heat vanish? is\\naltogether a harder question. What be\u00c2\u00ac\\ncomes of the flood of heat and light that\\nhas gone on at the rate of 180,000 miles a\\nsecond since the dawn of creation? Sci\u00c2\u00ac\\nence of to-day might say that it continues\\nthrough space forever. But at such a\\nmarvelous velocity it seems that in a few\\nthousand years it should have reached\\nthe confines of space, if there be any, and\\nthere is no reason why it should stop\\nthere. There is a law of conservation of\\nenergy that maintains that nothing is\\nlost here on earth: no gas that escapes\\nbut that it returns to nature in some form.\\nMay it not be true that the heat so long\\nthrown off from our burning worlds may\\nreturn? We cannot say; it remains a\\nproblem unanswered.\\nIf there are these greater questions\\nrelative to the whole universe, there are\\nstill as interesting ones regarding the\\nworlds we can behold. The question of\\nwhether there are inhabitants on any of\\nthe planets is still indeed doubtful. We\\nare not sure yet what bodies have atmos\u00c2\u00ac\\npheres about them such as that which\\nmakes a part of our earth. The moon has\\nbeen well studied and with many good\\nresults, though they cannot apply to the\\nplanets and stars. We can see that she\\nhas no atmosphere and that there are\\ntraces of mountains and craters of extinct\\nvolcanoes, but the largest telescopes made\\nwill hardly ever be able to aid us suffi\u00c2\u00ac\\nciently to discern these qualities with ac\u00c2\u00ac\\ncuracy on the farther planets. It is said\\nthat Mars is inhabited, that Venus turns\\non an axis and has an atmosphere, though\\ncloudy and not transparent like ours.\\nMars was for a long time thought to re\u00c2\u00ac\\nsemble the earth very closely, but after\\nyears of study, the only resemblance\\nthought to be accurate is what is sup\u00c2\u00ac\\nposed to be a cap of snow that appears to\\nform over one of its poles in the Martian\\nwinter.\\nThe Sun.\\nWith the sun there are still many ques\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions about which the astronomers are\\nworrying themselves. We know a great\\ndeal about this body, but when it comes\\ndown to facts, the study is still full of\\nwonders. We should like to know what\\nis the cause and what the nature of the\\nspots on the sun; why the sun seems so", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0774.jp2"}, "773": {"fulltext": "NEW STUDIES OF THE STARRY SKIES.\\n729\\ncalm when the raging fire that is consum\u00c2\u00ac\\ning it is beyond our thought. What is\\nthe corona, and has it magnetic proper\u00c2\u00ac\\nties? And is the hazy patch of light in\\nthe sky that follows the counterglow of\\nthe sun at its setting in the western\\nhorizon the tail of the earth, the same as\\nthat to a comet?\\nIt seems wonderful that the astronomers\\ncan map out so well the time of the occur\u00c2\u00ac\\nrence for eclipses and showers of meteors\\nand the like, and to the one not versed in\\nthe wisdom of the science it seems as\\nthough there were but little more to\\nlearn, but such is far from the case. All\\ncalculations are not exact: the earth does\\nnot always perform its rotations in the\\nsame time; sometimes it is faster, some\u00c2\u00ac\\ntimes a little slower, though very slight.\\nFor half a century the moon will jump\\nahead of her regular rate, and then again\\nshe will drop behind.\\nForces Are At Work\\nhere and there that we cannot under\u00c2\u00ac\\nstand, pulling this planet toward another\\nand vice versa. In all it is a science the\\nmost exact and beautiful, but far from\\nfinished.\\nRecent photographs of the moon, taken\\nby means of the elbow telescope at the\\nParis observatory, have led scientists to\\nbelieve that the moon has still about it", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0775.jp2"}, "774": {"fulltext": "730\\nNEW STUDIES OF THE STARRY SKIES.\\nthe remains of what was once an atmos\u00c2\u00ac\\nphere. Faint traces of this can be found,\\nand when the shape of the moon shows\\nsuch a similarity to the earth in the for\u00c2\u00ac\\nmation of its mountains and craters,\\nocean-beds and streams of lava, it is\\nthought by some that very likely the same\\nconditions once existed there as do at\\npresent upon the earth: hence that the\\nmoon was once inhabited. Among the\\nrecent discoveries in astronomy the novel\\nassertion is made by Professor See that\\nthe color of a star varies with its age,\\nbeing yellow in its youth, and in\\nits old age blue, the tint being a\\nmatter of temperature. The bluer\\nit becomes the hotter it is, be\u00c2\u00ac\\ncause great heat causes blue light\u00c2\u00ac\\nwaves. Thus, Sirius is a very\\nblue star, and gives out about one\\nhundred times as much heat as\\nthe sun, though only perhaps four\\ntimes as big. When the sun be\u00c2\u00ac\\ncomes hotter with age, it is argued,\\nit will be bluer, and we shall have\\nblue instead of nearly white light.\\nThe Largest Known Meteor.\\nLieutenant Peary, the great arc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntic explorer, in tramping through\\nGreenland recently found the\\nlargest known meteor, which, in\\nhonor of his voyage north, he\\ncalled the \u00e2\u0080\u009cNorthward.\u00e2\u0080\u009d It\\ncontains much iron, and from this\\nsubstance the native Esquimaux\\nmade many knives and fishing im\u00c2\u00ac\\nplements. It is many times as\\nlarge as a man, and weighs one\\nhundred tons.\\nYerkes* Great Telescope.\\nWith all the studies that are\\nbeing conducted in astronomy, let\\nus look at a monster telescope by\\nmeans of which we are brought\\nnearer the starry skies. Charles T.\\nYerkes, the street-railway king of\\nChicago and New York, recently\\ngave to the University of Chicago\\nthe newest of the great telescopes. In its\\nobservatory on the shores of Lake\\nGeneva, near Williams Bay, Wis., it\\ngives to students the opportunity of mak\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the best examinations of the stellar\\nYERKES\u00e2\u0080\u0099 TELESCOPE: THE LARGEST AND MOST\\nPOWERFUL INSTRUMENT IN THE WORLD.\\n(Tube sixty-five feet long; lens forty inches wide.)\\nInterior view of Yerkes Observatory, showing the great\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009clifting-floor\u00e2\u0080\u009d at its lowest point. By means of electric motors\\nthis floor can be brought up even with the eye-piece of the\\ninstrument; electric motors also turn the tube and the observa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntory dome in any desired direction.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0776.jp2"}, "775": {"fulltext": "NEW STUDIES OF THE STARRY SKIES.\\n731\\nsystems possible. The huge forty-inch\\nlens of the great refractor is the largest in\\nexistence, and it probably marks the limit\\nof size to be attained in the manufacture\\nof the instruments, because any larger\\nsize might not give so distinct visions,\\nbesides being of such great weight that\\nthe large steel tube which holds the sev\u00c2\u00ac\\neral lenses would very likely sag and not\\nbe accurately steady. The large glasses\\nin the lenses of this telescope were ground\\nby Alvan Clark, who came from a family\\nof lens makers. The glass proper is com\u00c2\u00ac\\nposed of two lenses, one of crown glass,\\nthe other of flint glass, ranging in thick\u00c2\u00ac\\nness from three-quarters of an inch to\\ntwo inches, and placed eight inches\\napart. They weigh 500 pounds, and\\nwere four years in polishing, the final\\ntouches being done by the maker\u00e2\u0080\u0099s finger\u00c2\u00ac\\ntips. Contrary to common thought, dust\\ndoes not hinder in the use of the tele\u00c2\u00ac\\nscope, and no protection from it is placed\\nover the glass. Even a small scratch\\nwould not greatly hurt the glass, though\\nof course this is avoided with as much\\ncare as possible.\\nThe length of the great tube is sixty-\\nfive feet, its weight twenty tons, yet the\\nwhole instrument is so evenly poised that\\nit can with ease be moved to any angle or\\nposition by the hand. Under the ninety-\\nfoot dome, where this monster eye is\\nhoused, is a large lifting floor of forty tons\\nweight, that can be brought, by means\\nof electric motors, up to a height even\\nwith the eye-piece of the telescope. The\\ngreat dome is also movable, being placed\\non car wheels which rest on a circular\\ntrack, and at the will of the operator the\\nwhole affair may be revolved about so\\nthat the large opening in the roof may be\\nbrought opposite any star. The motive\\npower for the dome is electricity, as it\\nalso is for the great sliding shutters for\\nthe roof of the dome. Inside the base of\\nthe tube is a clock-like arrangement that\\nadjusts various parts of its workings, as\\nwell as keeps it moving steadily in the\\npath of the star being studied. The total\\ncost of the huge glass and observatory\\nwas a half million dollars, but the outlay\\nproduced the most perfect seeing appa\u00c2\u00ac\\nratus yet devised by man.\\nA peculiar incident about the history\\nof the glass is that after Alvan Clark, the\\nmaker, had superintended the setting of\\nthe lens, he returned to his home in\\nMassachusetts and died the next day.\\nWith this instrument many interesting\\nfacts are being learned. It has been\\nlearned that a layer of carbon, hitherto\\nunknown, surrounds the sun; the fifth\\nsatellite of Jupiter, discovered with the\\nLick telescope, has now been measured\\nby means of the small spider webs drawn\\nacross the eye-piece of this new glass.\\nIt has also been ascertained that the earth\\nreceives a small amount of heat from the\\nstars. Excellent photographs of the moon\\nhave been made, and at frequent intervals\\nscientists assemble there from all over\\nthe world to make special observations.\\nArrangements for photographing with\\nthis gigantic camera are numerous. One\\nof the oddest to the uninitiated is that of\\na set of lenses attached to the outside of\\nthe great tube and about forty feet apart.\\nIt is naturally supposed that light must\\nbe shut off from between the glasses, but\\nsuch is not the case this time, for all that\\nis wished to be photographed is the\\nobject that appears at the focussing point\\non the eye-piece. Therefore, the only\\nplace the light shutter is used is at the end\\nnearest the sky.\\nA word might be well about the dainty\\nlittle spider webs used in making meas\u00c2\u00ac\\nurements with such a telescope. Spiders\\nare kept for the purpose, and in little\\nboxes arranged like lantern slides the\\nwebs are strung before the eye-piece, so\\ni", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0777.jp2"}, "776": {"fulltext": "732\\nNEW STUDIES OF THE STARRY SKIES.\\nthat when a star is brought into view a\\ndelicate shadow is thrown across its image\\nby these film-like threads. Knowing the\\nspace between the meshes of the webs\\nand the distance of the stars, their sizes\\nare computed. These webs are used in\\npreference to any threads that might be\\nmanufactured, because of their extremely\\ndelicate nature. Another arrangement of\\ninterest is a series of colored lights that\\nmay be thrown on these webs for telling\\nwhat the stars are made of. It is well\\nknown that certain minerals burn with a\\ncertain color, so that by turning on a\\ngiven light, the light that still shows up\\nfrom the star can readily be classified and\\nthe make-up of the body under observa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion easily decided.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0778.jp2"}, "777": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0779.jp2"}, "778": {"fulltext": "Z CD\\ntr\\n2\\nz\\nu X\\nLU I-\\nC/3\\nCD\\nQ\\nQ UJ\\nZ 1\\n3 d\\n3\\no\\ntr\\nX\\nQ\\ntr\\no.\\nc D\\nLU CJ\\n0 z\\n21\\nu- 3\\no O\\nCD CD\\n-I CD\\n-J UJ\\nO QC\\na: o.\\nUJ X\\nO o\\nI UJ", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0780.jp2"}, "779": {"fulltext": "i The Great Canals of the World. I\\nPANAMA, NICARAGUA, KEIL, CHICAGO DRAINAGE.\\nArtificial waterways that will save millions of dollars and make it possible for\\ngigantic ocean vessels to make direct voyages to inland cities\\nand towns which have heretofore been beyond\\nthe limits of navigation.\\nR nearly a century after the\\ndiscovery of America, explor\u00c2\u00ac\\nations were made to find the\\nstraits that were supposed to\\nexist between the northern and southern\\nhalves of the continent. At last, when\\nthe Isthmus of Panama was found, en\u00c2\u00ac\\ngineers at once began to dream of an\\nartificial waterway to link the Atlantic\\nand Pacific oceans. The canal routes\\nthat have received the most publicity are\\nthose of Panama and Nicaragua. Both\\nof these are under way, though the\\nPanama has expended the more money\\nand is nearer completion. The United\\nStates government has interested itself\\nin the Nicaragua plan, and has authorized\\nan expenditure of $115,000,000 on that\\nroute.\\nThe Panama Route\\nis already cut two-fifths of the way across\\nthe Isthmus from Colon on the Atlantic\\nside to Panama on the Pacific, and the\\ncost of completing it will be about $102,-\\n000,000. The route at first lay over\\ntwenty-five miles of river, eight miles of\\nthe Cordilleras mountains that had to be\\ncut down from 100 to 325 feet, and a\\ngreat part in bottom lands. Great floods\\nof the Chagres River and the opening up\\nof the damp soil causing sickness necessi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntated the change of route. Estimates\\nnow show $87,000,000 to be necessary for\\ncompletion, and eight or ten years\u00e2\u0080\u0099 time\\nin which to do the work. The route as\\nnow laid out is forty-six miles long with\\nthe same ports as before, only the Cha\u00c2\u00ac\\ngres River is not used and in its place\\ncanals are to be dug. From Colon fifteen\\nmiles is straight cut canal; after that\\ncomes a dam which by controlling the\\nwaters of the Chagres will flood the\\ncountry for 1^/2 miles, with an artificial\\nlake. This lake is to be used as a chan\u00c2\u00ac\\nnel of the canal, and at the other end\\nfollows a section of canal five miles long\\nwhich is the highest of the whole route,\\nsixty-eight feet above the sea. Six\\nlocks altogether control the water be\u00c2\u00ac\\ntween the sections, while another arti\u00c2\u00ac\\nficial lake nine miles north of the main\\nroute, caused by another dam, will supply\\nwater in dry season.\\nThe Nicaragua Canal,\\nwhile well indorsed, is a great deal more\\ndifficult task than the Panama, and but a\\nsmall part of the work has been done.\\nIt is to extend from Greytown on the\\nAtlantic, to Brito on the Pacific, using as\\nmain channels Lake Nicaragua and the\\nSan Tuan River. Six locks control the\\n733", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0781.jp2"}, "780": {"fulltext": "734\\nTHE GREAT CANALS OF THE WORLD.\\nwater, and the hardest part of the plan is\\nto build a series of dams, some of them\\n6,000 feet long, to check the flow of the\\nSan Juan River so that the whole valley\\nwill be flooded and make an immense\\nartificial stream connecting with the lake.\\nShort and steep canals are built at each\\nend of the route and connect the lake\\nand river with the oceans. The route\\nis 169 miles long as compared to forty-\\nsix on the Panama, while the summit\\nlevel, or highest point, is 154 miles long,\\nwith one end but thirteen miles and the\\nother two miles from the oceans. Should\\na break occur in one of the Nicaragua\\nlocks, half this stretch would be emptied\\nof water and the vessels in transport would\\nbe stranded. With both these routes\\nin construction a waterway across the\\nIsthmus is assured before 1910.\\nThe Keil Ship Canal.\\nThe great ship canal which is des\u00c2\u00ac\\ntined to connect the Baltic with the\\nBlack Sea, work on\\nwhich was begun in\\n1898 by the Russian\\ngovernment, is being\\npushed forward with\\nthe greatest zeal and at\\nthe same time with a\\nquietness amounting\\nalmost to secrecy.\\nWhen finished, the\\nwork, on account of its\\nimmensity and the al\u00c2\u00ac\\nmost insuperable diffi\u00c2\u00ac\\nculties to be overcome,\\nwill be worthy of a\\nplace beside such mod\u00c2\u00ac\\nern wonders as the St.\\nGothard Tunnel and the\\nSuez Canal.\\nThe route unites the\\nRiver Dnieper, which\\nflows into the Black\\nSea, with the Dwina,\\nwhich empties into the\\nBaltic Sea at Riga. It\\nstarts at Riga, follow\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the course of the\\nDuna River as far as\\nDuneberg, where it is\\nunited to the Beresina\\nby means of an immense course cut right\\nthrough the country. The Beresina and\\nthe Dnieper are then used to complete\\nthe connection. The total length of the\\nline is 1,600 kilometers, or about 1,000\\nEnglish miles, 200 kilometers of the en\u00c2\u00ac\\ntire distance being artificially cut through\\nthe land. The work is to be finished in\\nOUTLET OF A MODERN CANAL LOCK.\\nHere is controlled and put to use the enormous power developed by the\\nflow of these great artificial streams.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0782.jp2"}, "781": {"fulltext": "THE GREAT CANALS OF THE WORLD.\\nfive years, if all goes well and a sufficient\\nnumber of men are kept at work during\\nthat period.\\nThe canal is about 307 feet wide, and\\nabout thirty feet deep, thus allowing the\\nlargest vessels means of passing from\\none sea to the other. Seventeen large\\nports, or artificial bays, are to be con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstructed along the line as well, each\\ncapable of containing a large number of\\nships, so that a Russian vessel, however\\nlarge it may be, may make the entire\\ntransit in six days without hindrance of\\nany kind.\\nThe Cost\\nof the work, at the lowest estimate, and\\ntaking into consideration the means at\\nthe disposal of the Russian government\\nas to the adoption of unpaid labor, will\\namount to about $120,000,000. The\\nwhole passage is kept within the limits of\\nthe Russian Empire, thus allowing Rus\u00c2\u00ac\\nsia absolute sovereignty over the entire\\ncourse. Putting aside the great political\\nadvantages given to Russia by the new\\nenterprise, the gain commercially and\\neconomically will be an incalculable one.\\nChicago Drainage Canal.\\nOne of the greatest enterprises in the\\nline of canal building has just been fin\u00c2\u00ac\\nished by the Sanitary District of Chicago,\\nand consists of an artificial waterway con\u00c2\u00ac\\nnecting the waters of the Chicago River\\nwith those of the Mississippi. For years\\nthe filth of the Chicago River has been\\nsuch as to give the stream the name of\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009csewer.\u00e2\u0080\u009d The refuse from numerous\\nfactories emptied into it, and in heavy\\nweather or after a thaw these waters\\nflowed far out into Lake Michigan, from\\nwhich Chicago gets its water supply, thus\\nbeing a great menace to the health of the\\ninhabitants. The opening of this canal\\neffectually turned back the waters of the\\nriver from its mouth and made the stream\\nflow towards its source. Virtually Lake\\nMichigan thus has an outlet to the Gulf of\\nMexico, the water flowing steadily up the\\nriver and out through the cut that joins\\nthe river at its south branch, and over a\\nrocky bed and between stone walls to\\nLockport, Illinois, where a great con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrolling dam is situated that lets the water\\ninto the Des Plaines River. From this\\npoint the water runs by way of the Des\\nPlaines, through the town of Joliet, to the\\nIllinois River, and thence into the Mis\u00c2\u00ac\\nsissippi. The canal is 160 feet wide, is\\nmade of six-foot thick masonry, and is\\ndeep enough to admit ocean vessels, while\\nit has a capacity of 600,000 cubic feet of\\nwater a minute. Part of the route lay\\nalong clay beds, and here the work of\\nconstruction was the easiest; elsewhere it\\nlay along solid rock, and here blasting had\\nto be done; another part lay along a\\nprairie, and there a wall of stone thirteen\\nmiles long had to be built.\\nTo remedy the sewage problem of Chi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncago the whole sewer system had to be\\nreversed, and the refuse matter made to\\nflow out to the canal instead of into the\\nlake as heretofore. To do this large\\nintercepting sewers were constructed\\nunderground, connecting the larger sewer\\nmains and emptying into the south branch\\nof the river. It took seven years to\\nconstruct the canal, and about $32,000,000\\nwere expended. The money for this\\nwas raised by taxes, but a large income\\nwill be derived from the use of the power\\ndeveloped by the fall of the water over\\nthe dam at the big controlling works at\\nLockport.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0783.jp2"}, "782": {"fulltext": "Stupendous Power 01 Niagara\\nFIFTY THOUSAND HORSE POWER DEVELOPED FROM THE\\nWORLD\u00e2\u0080\u0099S GREATEST CATARACT.\\nHE Niagara Falls are now being\\nused to operate great electric\\ndynamos for generating power\\nfor many factories in their\\nneighborhood. The waters of lakes Su\u00c2\u00ac\\nperior, Michigan, Huron and Erie empty\\ninto the Niagara River, which after leav\u00c2\u00ac\\ning Lake Erie flows swiftly for two miles\\nand then widens and separates above\\nGrand Island into two branches. These\\ncome together again below the island, and\\nflow slowly about several islands till their\\ncombined waters reach the \u00e2\u0080\u009crapids\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nabout a mile above the falls. The flow of\\nwater here is 275,000 cubic feet a second,\\nor half a million tons per minute. This\\nenormous flood was first utilized for\\npower in 1725, when a small saw-mill was\\nerected near the falls and run by its force.\\nThe Niagara Falls Power Company\\nrecently made cuts in the river a mile\\nabove the American Falls. Water is led\\nin from the \u00e2\u0080\u009crapids\u00e2\u0080\u009d by a canal 12 feet\\nwide and 180 feet long, with capacity of\\n100,000 horse power, to a wheel pit 30 feet\\nwide by 200 feet long and 180 feet deep.\\nEight steel penstocks restrain the water in\\nits plunge down to the bottom of the wheel\\npit, and at the base of each is a 5,500-\\nhorse power vertical turbine. The shaft\\nof each turbine is attached at the upper\\nend to a 5,000-horse power generator,\\nwhich gives the plant a total capacity of\\n736\\n40,000 Horse Power.\\nProvision has been made for two more\\nturbines and for another house to be built\\non the Canadian side. From the wheel\\npit the water runs through a tail-race\\n7,000 feet long directly under the town of\\nNiagara Falls to an outlet at the base of\\nthe cliffs.\\nThe Niagara Falls Paper Company uses\\n7,200 hydraulic horse power from this\\nsame point, taking it from the canal be\u00c2\u00ac\\nfore it reaches the penstock.\\nAnother plant, operated by the Niagara\\nFalls Hydraulic Power Company, takes in\\nwater from the rapids 2,000 feet below the\\nother intake, and runs a canal through the\\ntown to the edge of the gorge, where two\\npenstocks, eight and eleven feet in\\ndiameter, take the water to a power\\nhouse 200 feet below at the edge of the\\nriver. Here horizontal turbines develop\\nenergy to about 20,000 horse power. An\\nold canal built in 1858 also supplies about\\n7,500 horse power. On the Canadian\\nside the Niagara Falls Park and River\\nRailway operates a power house with\\ntwo turbines, and generates 2,000 horse\\npower.\\nThe theoretical power that is possible\\nfrom the Falls is that of 7,500,000 horses,\\nof which, however, less than 50,000 is\\nbeing developed and put to useful\\naccount.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0784.jp2"}, "783": {"fulltext": "THE STUPENDOUS POWER OF NIAGARA FALLS.\\n737\\nThe Turbines\\nthat do the work of generating power are\\narranged in pairs. Each is attached to a\\n13-foot diameter inlet tube. Two large\\nrevolving bronze wheels receive the\\nwater, which has first been governed by\\npressure gates, and led into the wheels\\nby draught tubes, which are so arranged\\nas to keep the dampness out of the ma\u00c2\u00ac\\nchinery. The turbines are 70 inches in\\ndiameter, and have 36 blades, each one of\\n142 square inches and highly polished so\\nas not to give resistance to the water.\\nThe axis of each of the great wheels is\\n11 *4 inches in diameter, and they are all\\n47\\nmounted on ball bearings. Each turbine\\nrevolves 250 times a minute.\\nIndustries using electric power for\\nmanufacturing paper, aluminum, car\u00c2\u00ac\\nborundum, calcium carbide, and other\\nchemical industries, street railways of\\nNiagara and a railway of twenty-two\\nmiles to Buffalo, are all being operated\\nby this great power generator. Buffalo\\nalone takes 6,000 horse power. It was at\\nfirst thought that the electricity thus\\ngenerated would sometime be taken great\\ndistances for power purposes, but the\\ntendency is more for industries to move\\nnear Niagara than to transmit the power.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0785.jp2"}, "784": {"fulltext": "THe Cinematopiili-Plovi Pictures.\\nReproducing, by means of the camera, the motion of moving objects as well\\nas the objects themselves. A wonderful accomplishment which\\nscience in the time of our fathers would have scoffed at as\\nimpossible,\u00e2\u0080\u0094to-day an absolute fact.\\nO THE person viewing for the\\nfirst time the flitting pictures\\nprojected from a moving-pic\u00c2\u00ac\\nture machine to the large\\nmagic-lantern screen where they repro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduce accurately every phase of life in\\nrapid motion, there is something very\\nweird and fascinating. When one knows,\\nhowever, the means by which this ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ntremely odd and interesting feat is accom\u00c2\u00ac\\nplished, he simply learns that another\\ngreat improvement has come about in\\nthis age of invention.\\nThe first phase of the moving-picture\\nstudy was that of the invention of the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cZeotrope.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThis was a toy in the shape of a wheel\u00c2\u00ac\\nlike disk. On the back were painted a\\nnumber of figures, each one in a stage of\\nmotion a little farther advanced than the\\none before it. Under each picture was a\\nnarrow slit, so that when a pin was run\\nthrough the center of the disk and the\\npicture side of the zeotrope held nearest a\\nmirror, the person using the toy might\\nsquint through the slits as they passed by\\nwhen the disk was whirled around. The\\ngeneral effect thus seen through the slits\\nreflected on the glass was that of the\\nobject going forward by jumps, a great\\n738\\ndeal like real life. Since the artist had\\nto draw upon his imagination in painting\\nthe pictures, they were often incorrect in\\nattitude, therefore as the disk spun around\\nsome very grotesque methods of locomo\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion were the result.\\nThis, however, was but the start of a\\nseries of experiments which later brought\\nto perfection the present motion pictures.\\nSome years later there appeared an inven\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion which brought to light the main prin\u00c2\u00ac\\nciple now used in the best machines,\\nnamely, the passing of a strip of pictures\\nbehind the lens of a lantern, the device\\nhaving a shutter which cut off the light\\nfor a short interval, as a new picture was\\nmoving into place, and again opened to\\nallow the passage of light as the picture\\npaused an instant before the lens. All\\nexperiments have since been conducted\\nupon this system of jerking pictures\\nthrough on strips, letting them pause\\nfor a moment before the light, then shut\u00c2\u00ac\\nting off the light and then again going\\nthrough the same operation.\\nThe question now came as to how cor\u00c2\u00ac\\nrect pictures might be obtained to place\\non these strips. When instantaneous\\nphotography became a fact, a man named\\nMuybridge, of California, tried the scheme\\nof placing a number of cameras in a row", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0786.jp2"}, "785": {"fulltext": "THE CINEMATOGRAPH\u00e2\u0080\u0094MOVING PICTURES.\\nalong a road where he trotted a horse,\\nand as the horse was in front of each\\ncamera the respective shutters were set\\noff automatically. The result was his\\nfamous \u00e2\u0080\u009cTrotting Horse,\u00e2\u0080\u009d which for\\nsome time astonished the public in its\\nlifelike motions. But it is apparent that\\nthe cameras had to be placed so far apart\\nthat the jump from one picture to the\\nnext was too great, especially if the ma\u00c2\u00ac\\nchine reproducing the pictures was moved\\nvery rapidly.\\nThe Kinetoscope.\\nThen came Edison with his famous\\nkinetoscope, by which he took series of\\nphotographs on long strips of film at the\\nrate of some thirty a second. After this\\nprocess the rest of the work of perfection\\nwas simply that of mechanical contriv\u00c2\u00ac\\nances, the principle remaining the same.\\nThe systems in all the different motion-\\npicture machines are very similar, though\\nthere are nearly as many names as ma\u00c2\u00ac\\nchines. First, photographic films are\\nprepared on strips of gelatine, varying in\\nlength from seventy feet to six hundred\\nfeet. These strips are sensitized the\\nsame as a photographic plate, and are\\nwound in convenient spools. The object\\nis to pass this strip of film through a\\ncamera at the point where the plate is\\nusually placed, or the focal point, unwind\\nthe roll bit by bit, have a tiny section an\\ninch long stop still in front of the lens of\\nthe camera for a short fraction of a\\nsecond, then have a shutter cut off the\\nlight, and the roll proceed till the next\\ninch is before the lens. When the light\\nis on again, another exposure is made,\\nand so on till the whole strip of film is\\nused up and about a thousand pictures\\nhave been made, all in the space of a\\nlittle over a minute. This process re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquires a delicate mechanism, for the film\\nmust stop before the lens just during that\\nfraction of a second that the shutter is\\n739\\nopen, and the shutter must remain closed\\nwhile the next bit of film is moving into\\nplace.\\nAfter a series of pictures have been ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nposed, the strip of film is taken to the\\ndark-room and developed. To handle a\\nroll of flimsy gelatine seventy, a hundred,\\nor perhaps several hundred feet in length\\nis no small task, but devices have been\\narranged for keeping it on a windlass and\\nunwinding and developing a short length\\nat a time, or winding it on frames with\\npegs on them, so that the whole piece\\ncan be developed at one time. After the\\nfilm is dried another film is placed over\\nit and another exposure is made, only\\nthis one is a positive, whereas the other\\nwas a negative,\u00e2\u0080\u0094that is, in the negative\\nall the white objects were black, and the\\nblack objects white, but in the positive\\nthey are their proper colors. Now, after\\nthe positive has been dried, it is ready\\nto be passed again through the machine,\\nwhich is, however, this time fitted with\\na powerful light of some kind, similar to\\nthat in a magic lantern. The film is un\u00c2\u00ac\\nwound and the shadow is cast by the light\\nthrough the lens upon the white screen;\\nthen the shutter cuts off the light, the next\\npicture moves into place, and the light\\nthrows another picture. The pictures\\nmove about fifteen to the second, that is,\\nalmost the same as the animal moves in\\nreal life. By a peculiar phenomenon,\\ncalled \u00e2\u0080\u009cpersistence of vision,\u00e2\u0080\u009d we retain\\nupon the retina of the eye the image of\\nwhat we have seen for even a short fraction\\nof a second after we have shut our eyes, or\\nthe light has been cut off. This may be\\nexplained by looking through the fly\u00c2\u00ac\\nwheel of some large engine. The spokes\\nkeep cutting off the vision, yet the only\\nresult is a haze over the object beyond.\\nWell, this is what enables us to view\\nthese motion pictures, for as we gaze at\\none picture it becomes firmly impressed", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0787.jp2"}, "786": {"fulltext": "740 THE WHITE MAN\u00e2\u0080\u0099S GREED FOR THE LAND OF THE BLACKS.\\nupon the retina of the eye, and stays\\nthere long enough for the next picture to\\nbe moved into place. Thus we experience\\nthe effect of a continuous motion instead\\nof a series of pictures, though there is a\\njerky sensation that it will take sometime\\nbefore the inventors can do away with.\\nPictures may be colored and made more\\nlifelike, though this is not often done.\\nAs yet these motion pictures have not\\nbeen placed to much use beyond that of\\namusement. It is helping in some\\nstudies, however, such as that of anatomy.\\nPictures of operations may be made and\\nafterwards shown to the class. At pres\u00c2\u00ac\\nent we have all sorts of subjects, from\\nathletic contests to naval and land bat\u00c2\u00ac\\ntles; from scenes in the nursery to the\\nflight of birds or the thundering advance\\nof the fast locomotive.\\nTp8 wuite Plan\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Greed lor me Land el tpe Blacks.\\nCIVILIZATION IN AFRICA.\\nHE scramble for land in Africa\\nby the nations of Europe is\\nof comparatively recent date.\\nEarliest explorations were\\nbegun in 1553, and while the continent\\nhas held more of romance and danger for\\nthe explorer than possibly any other, it\\nhas been a hard task to colonize it.\\nFrance and England, as in other things,\\nhave been constant rivals here, with Eng\u00c2\u00ac\\nland in the lead. Country after country\\nhas pushed into the interior at different\\npoints along the coast, and gained control\\nof the native chiefs. Generally the parti\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion went on gradually and peacefully,\\nand it was not till after the Brussels Con\u00c2\u00ac\\nference in 1878 that the unrestrained\\nscramble began that has since resulted in\\nthe division of the whole continent among\\nthe great powers. In 1876, while Great\\nBritain, France, Spain and Portugal had\\nlocated colonies on the coast, the interior\\nwas largely held by wild tribes, but since\\nthen the work of division has been so\\nenergetic, that in 1890, of the 11,900,000\\nsquare miles of territory on the continent,\\nonly some 1,500,000 remained open for\\nfurther conquest. Conflicting claims\\nhave existed all along between the\\npowers, and it was through these mainly\\nthat France had trouble with England at\\nFashoda, in which the latter country came\\nout victorious, and which keeps England\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\narmy in the Soudan. The recent trouble\\nwith the Boers in South Africa will very\\nlikely add to the possessions of Great\\nBritain, while France is daily getting a\\nstronger hold on Madagascar. The follow\u00c2\u00ac\\ning is the area as controlled by the different\\npowers, omitting such as has over it only\\na protectorate government: Great Britain,\\n2,250,000 square miles; France, 3,500,-\\n000; Germany, 890,000; Portugal, 900,000;\\nItaly, 600,000; and Spain, 250,000. Besides\\nthese possessions there, the Congo Free\\nState controls 850,000 square miles; Li\u00c2\u00ac\\nberia, 37,000; the Boer republics, 162,640,\\nand unappropriated territory, 1,500,000.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0788.jp2"}, "787": {"fulltext": "tTTTTTTVTtTTTTTTTT* *PtTTtTTftfTTtfTTftTtTTTTTTTVTTVTTtttvtftttff\\nScieRtific FarmiRg.\\nFOREST WASTE: IRRIGATION: PREVENTION OF FROSTS:\\nCongress investigating and assisting in agricultural expansion, making it possible\\nto grow grains and fruits in what was formerly a barren waste.\\n*st\u00c2\u00bb J/* \u00e2\u0080\u009cvjr* vl/* M/* \u00e2\u0080\u00a2\\\\f/ *\\\\tr \u00e2\u0080\u00a2Jf* \u00e2\u0080\u00a2Jr\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Jr A\u00e2\u0080\u0099 *4/* M/* *\\\\J/\u00c2\u00bb M/* *\\\\f/* a!/*\\n*j* j* if* if* tj* 4$* ifk 4^ *j* *+fi if* if* if* if* if* if* if* if* if* if* if* if*\\nAR by year the United States\\ngovernment is striving to aid\\nthe farmer and land-owner by\\nscientific work through the\\nAgricultural Department. One of the\\ngreatest problems before the department,\\nand before the whole country in fact, is\\nthe waste of timber, the denudation of\\nforest land and the resulting floods that\\nravish the countryside in the spring, only\\nto be followed by long droughts in the hot\\nseason. The making of paper is of course\\na necessity, but the rate at which timber\\ncutting is going on for building and for\\nmaking paper pulp is astounding. The\\npeople of Maine have complained, but\\nthey are not the only ones who are be\u00c2\u00ac\\ncoming anxious over the depletion of our\\ngreat forest lands. The devastation is\\nenormous, and the waste is equal almost\\nto the amount used. A substitute is de\u00c2\u00ac\\nsired for paper pulp, and the Legislatures\\nare taking up the question. Cornstalks\\nhave been used with some success, and\\nsome relief seems in sight.\\nCongress, in the fall of 1899, sent a\\nCommission to the Head-Waters of\\nthe Mississippi\\nwhich looked over the ground in Minne\u00c2\u00ac\\nsota for the purpose of establishing a\\nnational forest reserve and game park.\\nThe possibility that the vast cuttings of\\ntimber at the head of these waters might\\nthreaten this mighty stream has caused\\nthis action of Congress. The forests keep\\nthe moisture under their roots and allow\\nit gradually to seep through continuously\\nin all seasons. When trees are cut down\\nit leaves a barren tract of land, over\\nwhich in rainy seasons the waters pour in\\ngullies to the rivers. Disastrous floods\\nfollow, but as soon as the rain ceases, as\\nharmful droughts take their place.\\nWhile forestry has become a living\\nissue in the fertile Atlantic and Northern\\nStates through the depletion of perennially\\nflowing springs and streams and increased\\nflood action, and probably by greater and\\nincreasingly injurious extremes of frost\\nand heat arising from forest destruction,\\nin the West and Southwest successful\\nforestry is to be the saving of the country.\\nVast stretches of arid land await develop\u00c2\u00ac\\nment, and what good timber land there is\\nwill be saved at all hazards. The cover\u00c2\u00ac\\ning of the mountain sides must be re\u00c2\u00ac\\nspected, though of course old trees may\\nbe cut as young ones grow up.\\nAnother method for\\nReclaiming the Bad Lands\\nis to find crops that will grow in arid soil.\\nBrome grass and broom-corn millet are\\n741", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0789.jp2"}, "788": {"fulltext": "742\\nSCIENTIFIC FARMING.\\nbeing tried with great success. This pos\u00c2\u00ac\\nsibly is an easier way for the individual\\nfarmer than irrigation ditches. After\\nfairly good crops of these grasses are\\nraised for some time, the conditions\\nnaturally improve greatly. In many\\ncases springs are developed, the grass\\nsod holding the water in the hillsides.\\nAnother method for helping the agri\u00c2\u00ac\\nculturist is through the Weather Bureau.\\nDaily signals are sent all over the country\\nwarning against approaching storms. It\\nis the study of this department to avoid as\\nmuch as possible the bad effect of drought\\nand flood, and particularly of frost.\\nThe most effective prevention against\\nA CALIFORNIA JACK-RABBIT DRIVE\u00e2\u0080\u0094RABBITS ENTERING CORRAL.\\nIn the west the country is so infested with jack-rabbits that the whole community rises to drive the\\npests in an ever narrowing circle that at last ends in a corral. Here they are leisurely shot or\\nkilled with clubs.\\nKaffir corn is an example of what can be\\ndone in this line. Ten years ago this\\nplant was an experiment in the United\\nStates. It was said to thrive in ground\\ntoo dry for Indian corn, and was tested in\\nwestern Kansas. In 1898 Kansas raised\\ncorn of this kind to the value of $5,688,-\\n380,\u00e2\u0080\u0094a reclamation of half a million acres\\nof land in a single State.\\nheat radiation that induces frost is by\\nmeans of glass screens, which possess the\\npeculiar properties of allowing the heat\\nto come in from the sun, but are almost\\nimpervious to the \u00e2\u0080\u009cdark\u00e2\u0080\u009d heat rays re\u00c2\u00ac\\nflected from the earth and plants.\\nLately, in California, muslin screens\\nstretched on poles above the tops of the\\ntrees have protected whole orchards. In", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0790.jp2"}, "789": {"fulltext": "SCIENTIFIC FARMING.\\n743\\nFlorida, houses of laths are made with\\nopenings at the top the width of a slat.\\nWhen placed in the proper direction so as\\nto receive the sun but gradually in the\\nmorning, the fruit trees thrive, for at\\nnight only partial radiation of heat takes\\nplace. Sometimes crude petroleum or tar\\nis burned near the trees, so that great\\nclouds of smoke are produced that rival\\natmospheric clouds. This produces con\u00c2\u00ac\\nditions that will not allow frost. To\\nquote Professor Garriot of the Weather\\nBureau, \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe amount of heat produced\\nfrom burning one sack of wet straw\\nweighing fifty pounds, and condensing\\nwater vapor near the earth, would be\\nsufficient to raise the temperature twenty\\ndegrees in a space of seventy-five feet\\nsquare and twenty-five feet high. If only\\none quarter of this heat remained within\\nthe region to be protected, which would\\nseem to be a reasonable estimate, it would\\nafford ample protection for almost any\\nordinary conditions.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nSpraying and Sprinkling Plants\\nhas been effectual in preventing frosts.\\nIn California, during threatening seasons,\\nsprinklers are placed at the top of fifty-\\nfoot poles, which fill the air with fine mist.\\nThe owners of the ranch using these claim\\nthey have proved very successful in sav\u00c2\u00ac\\ning crops. In France frost bells are rung\\nto warn the vine growers when frost is\\nexpected, and they immediately pour tar\\non the ground near the vines and set fire\\nto it. In Louisiana and Florida water\\nditches are run between rows of trees.\\nDuring threatening weather the water\\ngives off heat as it passes along, thus\\nwarming the surrounding atmosphere and\\nsaving severe freezes.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0791.jp2"}, "790": {"fulltext": "a\\nDISCOVERIES in the\\ng\\nART OF HEALING medicine\\nCuring by Light Rays; Artificial Skin and Bone,\\nGermicide, Etc.\\nANY diseases and injuries\\nwhich a few years ago were\\nconsidered incurable and al\u00c2\u00ac\\nways resulted in death are to\u00c2\u00ac\\nday successfully treated by the masters of\\nmedical science. Thousands of persons\\nto-day owe their lives and healthy phys\\nical condition to the last decade\u00e2\u0080\u0099s progress\\nin surgery.\\nWith the recent experiments in treat\u00c2\u00ac\\nments for disease by electricity, X-rays,\\nthe Finsen violet light, and Pasteur se\u00c2\u00ac\\nrums for plague microbes, the world of\\nscience is fast advancing upon the diseases\\nthat flesh is heir to. Most scientists are\\ncoming around to the belief that a vast\\nnumber of ailments commonly attributed\\nto various or unknown causes all have\\ntheir origin in microbes or bacilli,\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\ntiny animal natures that feast themselves\\nupon the tissues of the human body. With\\nthis thought in view, they have steadily\\nsought out the particular germs of certain\\ndiseases, with the result that many have\\nbeen classified The next study was to\\nfind some remedy that would effectually\\nchase these intruders out of the system.\\nAt present scores of microbes have been\\nfound, some that cause one disease, others\\nthat cause others. Thus tuberculosis, or\\nconsumption of the lungs, diphtheria,\\nplagues, cancers, and yellow fever, each\\nhas its own peculiar bacillus, and phy\u00c2\u00ac\\nsicians are daily searching for more and\\nsurer enemies to these little pests,\\n744\\nLight in almost any form and pure air\\nare very beneficial in these diseases, being\\ndeadly enemies to most microbic organ\u00c2\u00ac\\nisms. Consequently scientists are search\u00c2\u00ac\\ning through these media for the desired\\nremedies, and yet in some cases air on a\\nsore surface aggravates the trouble. Dr.\\nMurphy has recently invented a process\\nfor the treatment for consumption in\\nwhich he pierces one lung by means of a\\nsmall hollow needle. Through the\\naperture of the needle he admits a quan\u00c2\u00ac\\ntity of gas which collapses that lung in its\\ndiseased part. When the tissues of the\\nlung come together they scarify or grow\\ninto one piece, and though the lung is\\nsmaller than at first, it is cured; and\\nafter a few years the constant exercise of\\nthe lungs tends to develop them to their\\nformer size Dr. Murphy was also the\\ninventor of the famous \u00e2\u0080\u009cMurphy button\u00e2\u0080\u0099*\\nfor piecing together severed intestines.\\nCures by Liquid Air.\\nLiquid air, though in its crude stages\\nfor surgical uses, is yet hailed as a great\\nboon to man. There is not to be found\\nany other means of producing such in\u00c2\u00ac\\ntense cold, and the effect upon animal\\ntissue of this strange property of air is\\nnearly the same as intense heat, though\\nno blister is occasioned. In cauterizing\\nwounds, in removing foreign growths\\nand killing putrid flesh, this method is\\nsure and has few evil after effects. It", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0792.jp2"}, "791": {"fulltext": "DISCOVERIES IN THE ART OF HEALING.\\n745\\ncures corns, warts, boils, ring-worms, ivy\u00c2\u00ac\\npoisoning and ulcers, forms of rheuma\u00c2\u00ac\\ntism and neuralgia, kills typhoid fever\\ngerms, as well as diphtheria, and in part\\nsupplants the surgical knife. It has been\\nused with success for eating out ulcers,\\nand recently a case of facial erysipelas\\nwas treated by rolling a glass bulb filled\\nlight. It is well known that such mala\u00c2\u00ac\\ndies are caused by bacteria, and when\\nlight in concentrated violet hues is cast\\nupon diseased tissue it has been found\\nthat the bacilli are killed and the skin\\nbecomes healthy again.\\nThe bactericidal property of light had\\npreviously been proved. Investigations\\nA HUGE STATIC ELECTRICAL MACHINE FOR X-RAY WORK.\\nDiameter of revolving plate, 6 feet; of fixed plate, 6 feet 4 inches.\\nwith liquid air over the inflamed tissues,\\nwith the result that the heat subsided\\nand the patient was entirely recovered.\\nFinsen Light Cure.\\nProbably one of the greatest discover\u00c2\u00ac\\nies of recent years in medicine has been\\nthat of Dr. Finsen of Copenhagen for the\\ncure of skin disease by subjecting the\\naffected parts to strong violet ravs of\\nat the Finsen Laboratory showed that\\nthat property, instead of residing in light\\nas a whole, was peculiar to the chemical\\nrays. These rays have a power to irritate\\nthe skin and to penetrate it. He exposed\\na specimen bacillus to bright sunshine in\\nJuly, and found that the rays killed it in\\nan hour and a half. The light from an\\nelectric lamp did the same work in about\\neight hours. It was learned that when", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0793.jp2"}, "792": {"fulltext": "746\\nDISCOVERIES IN THE ART OF HEALING.\\nthe skin was full of blood it was harder\\nfor the light to penetrate. This was\\nproved by fastening a piece of sensitized\\nphotographic paper behind a man\u00e2\u0080\u0099s ear\\nand placing him in the sunlight. After\\na considerable exposure the paper was\\nunaffected. When the ear was after\u00c2\u00ac\\nwards pressed so as to squeeze the blood\\nfrom it an exposure of twenty seconds\\nturned the paper black.\\nNow, as soon as Finsen had learned that\\nthe blue rays of light had the properties\\nof killing disease germs, he set about\\ndevising a method for its practical use.\\nThe result has been a set of lenses be\u00c2\u00ac\\ntween which is a bright blue, weak, am-\\nmoniacal solution of copper sulphate.\\nThis water absorbs the red or heat waves\\nand some of the yellow, but allows the\\nblue, violet and ultra-violet rays to pass.\\nTo the surface of the skin to be treated is\\nattached by rubber bands a lens between\\nthe glasses of which is run a stream of\\nwater to cool the surface and keep from\\nblistering the skin, while at the same\\ntime the weight of the glass presses out\\nmost of the blood. When the rays are\\nturned on, they at once penetrate to the\\nspot where the germs are feeding upon\\nthe tissue and destroy them. It is said\\nthe treatment has been very efficient in\\nsmallpox, lupus or tuberculosis of the\\nskin, baldness in small spots, and other\\nepidermic ailments, and the patients say\\nthere is little or no pain, and are quite\\nready to undergo the treatment.\\nPasteur Serum.\\nM. Pasteur of Paris, the inventor of the\\nPasteur water filter, and discoverer of\\nhydrophobia serum, has recently been\\ngiving his attention to other methods for\\nbacteria killing. In Portugal recently\\nthe plague broke out in a most frightful\\nmanner, and daily took off scores of vic\u00c2\u00ac\\ntims. At Oporto all experiments with\\nthe Pasteur serum were completely suc\u00c2\u00ac\\ncessful, and in China, where the plague\\nseemed to originate, cases have been re\u00c2\u00ac\\nported where life was saved. The work,\\nhowever, is extremely difficult, since the\\nnatives are very suspicious of the French\\nand English doctors. The treatment con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsists of injection into the blood of serum\\nprepared especially for its deadly effects\\nupon the plague bacilli. When the treat\u00c2\u00ac\\nment is undergone in time, it is rare that\\nthe patient is not saved.\\nIn the Pasteur institute for rabies in\\nParis all the persons treated in 1898 were\\ncured with the exception of three. For\\nthe thirteen years since the foundation of\\nthe institute to the end of 1898, 13,183\\npersons were treated in Paris, and out of\\nthis number only ninety-nine died.\\nAnti-Toxin.\\nA serum called anti-toxin has recently\\nbeen put into use as a cure for diph\u00c2\u00ac\\ntheria. It is a brownish liquid prepared\\nfrom the serum taken from the glands\\nin the neck of a horse inoculated\\nwith the disease to fever point. The\\nserum is allowed to stand and the anti\u00c2\u00ac\\ntoxin comes to the surface and is skimmed\\noff. By injecting the anti-toxin into the\\nblood of the subject there is at once sent\\nthrough the system a most deadly enemy\\nto the diphtheria germs, j One well-\\nknown physician in two years\u00e2\u0080\u0099 practice\\nwith this remedy treated 2,100 cases in\\nmalignant form without losing one\\npatient. The after effects are somewhat\\nweakening, however, as the action of the\\nanti-toxin tends to retard the heart\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nmotions.\\nThe X-Ray.\\nBrain specialists have hailed with joy\\nthe X-ray as a medium for learning\\nwhether clots of blood are pressing on\\ncertain parts of the brain, thereby causing\\ninsanity, or inaction of some of the facul-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0794.jp2"}, "793": {"fulltext": "DISCOVERIES IN THE ART OF HEALING.\\n747\\nties. One well-known lawyer in a fight\\nwith burglars received a severe blow on\\nthe head which rendered him insane at\\ntimes. By means of a skiagraph or X-ray\\npicture a shadow was seen that indicated\\na pressure on one of the brain convolu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions. A cleft was made in the skull, the\\npressure removed, small bone particles\\ntaken which resulted in remarkable dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ncoveries. Other uses for these rays are\\nconstantly coming before the public.\\nSome time ago a Chicagoan suffered great\\nagony from what seemed to be an abscess\\nbehind the base of the nose. By means\\nof the Roentgen rays a skiagraph showed\\nthat the sufferer had in the cavity back of\\nVT\\n4\\nHplp;\\nmm-\\nif\\nA SO-CALLED X-RAY EXHIBITION.\\nA reflection from the man in the coffin appears on the screen at the same spot that the reflection from\\na skeleton in the coffin is seen at the back of illustration. By turning on one set of lights and lower\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the other, the man appears to be transformed into a skeleton, and the skeleton into a man, at the will\\nof the operator.\\nplaced over the cleft and the skin re\u00c2\u00ac\\nplaced. Apparently the lawyer\u00e2\u0080\u0099s reason\\nwas restored.\\nIn stomach diseases it has been very\\ndifficult to locate enlargements or to indi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncate conditions of the membranes. Re\u00c2\u00ac\\ncently saturated chemical solutions\\nimpervious to the X-rays have been\\npoured into the stomach, and skiagraphs\\nhis nose a small sack containing thirty-\\ntwo miniature teeth. An operation was\\nperformed successfully, but for which the\\npatient might have died. It is hinted\\nthat mental conditions are expected to be\\ndiscovered by the aid of this remarkable\\nlight, certainly nearly every other malady\\nhas been treated with a measure of suc\u00c2\u00ac\\ncess. The heart can be seen beating in", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0795.jp2"}, "794": {"fulltext": "748\\nDISCOVERIES IN THE ART OF HEALING.\\none\u00e2\u0080\u0099s breast, and enlargements or diseases\\ncan be promptly treated. Consumption\\nof the lungs is discernible before it reaches\\nits last stages, and ruptures, fractures\\nand the presence of foreign substances\\ncan at once be noted.\\nApart from medical use the X-ray was\\nrecently employed to explore the interior\\nof a mummy casket that had never been\\nopened since the time some old Egyptian\\nPharaoh had been wrapped in his burial\\nclothes. Also mummified animals, so dried\\nup that the family to which they belonged\\ncould not be ascertained, were easily clas\u00c2\u00ac\\nsified after skiagraphs had been made of\\ntheir bones and skulls.\\nHydrophobia.\\nt\\nBecause of the apparent cruelty of the\\nPasteur treatment for prevention of\\nhydrophobia, resulting from inoculation\\nof small animals like the rabbit with\\nrabies in order to procure the virus neces\u00c2\u00ac\\nsary to inject into the patient, many sci\u00c2\u00ac\\nentists have been studying other methods\\nfor curing or preventing this frightful\\nmalady, with the result that the Buisson\\nsystem has quite a following. Many\\npersons imagine yet that M. Pasteur\\nundertakes to cure hydrophobia; this is a\\nmistake, for from the point of view of this\\nschool of scientists, the disease is incur\u00c2\u00ac\\nable; the only thing they claim for their\\ntreatment is that it would prevent rabies\\nif given soon enough after the bite. This\\nwas considered weak by many physicians,\\nand though the Pasteur institutes have\\nbeen in a wonderful degree successful, the\\nfollowers of the Buisson method assert\\nthat theirs is the more simple, humane\\nand curative system.\\nFor many years the vapor and Turkish\\nbaths have been considered of great bene\u00c2\u00ac\\nfit in relieving many ailments. Natives of\\nAustralia, and also of India, have a success\u00c2\u00ac\\nful habit of at once taking violent exercise\\non beginning to feel ill, upon the grounds\\nthat the sweat produced thereby will\\ncleanse the body of impurities. It is\\nstated that years ago the Arabs knew of\\nsweating as a cure for hydrophobia and\\nother poisoning. The patient was\\nswathed in woolen covering till all but\\nsmothered, placed in a small tent of\\ncamel\u00e2\u0080\u0099s hair and almost air-tight, and\\nthen left to sweat it out. This treatment\\nhas been found effective even for snake\\nbites. The Buisson treatment is of the\\nsame nature.\\nA good many years ago, Dr. Buisson, a\\nFrench physician, was called to attend a\\nwoman attacked by hydrophobia. In\\nbleeding her, as was the custom at the\\ntime, he cut his finger, and incautiously\\nwiped it upon her handkerchief covered\\nwith her saliva. He cauterized the\\nwound when he reached home, but to no\\neffect, for he was taken down with the\\nrabies almost a month after. His pain\\nwas so acute and his death so certain that\\nhe sought for the easiest method to die.\\nFor some time he had considered a vapor\\nbath preventative but not a cure for hydro\u00c2\u00ac\\nphobia. He now thought of this as possibly\\nthe least painful way to die, hoping that\\nthe warm vapor might produce a languor\u00c2\u00ac\\nous feeling, letting him peacefully sink\\noff into a death slumber. Accordingly he\\nwent to a vapor bath, desired a very high\\ntemperature, and at 127 degrees Fahren\u00c2\u00ac\\nheit was cured.\\nHe at once commenced to experiment\\nwith his discovery, with the result that he\\nsoon claimed cures for the disease even in\\nits last stages, and prevention positively\\nin its early forms, without the danger of\\nthe use of possibly fatal methods. Since\\nthe time of his work his followers have\\ngone on establishing branches all over\\nthe world. Marvelous cures have been re\u00c2\u00ac\\nported from every quarter and sometimes\\nwith the aid of only the crudest appli-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0796.jp2"}, "795": {"fulltext": "DISCOVERIES IN THE ART OF HEALING.\\n749\\nances. Recently a keeper of a Turkish\\nbath establishment in Milwaukee, Wis.,\\nlearned that his dog had the rabies. In\\ntrying to coax him into a bath room, he\\nwas bitten in the hand. It has been\\nalways considered impossible to cure a\\ndog of the rabies, but after several hours\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nwith the patient sitting in the vapor and\\ncovered by heavy blankets, has effected\\ncures.\\nTwo theories are advanced for the\\ncurative properties of the vapor bath: one\\nis that it opens the pores and allows the\\nimpurities to escape; the other, that the\\nMETHOD OF MAKING A SKIAGRAPH EXAMINATION.\\nIn the box on the patient\u00e2\u0080\u0099s chest is a sensitive photographic plate. Below, on the floor, is the tube which\\ndevelops the X-ray. The light passes through the patient\u00e2\u0080\u0099s body and prints a shadow on the plate.\\ntreatment to a vapor bath, during which\\ntime the dog snapped and bit at every\u00c2\u00ac\\nthing in the room, he finally went to sleep\\nand awoke cured. The keeper took a\\nsimilar treatment at a high temperature\\nand never felt any evil effects from the\\nbite. For country use it is maintained\\nthat simply a pan of water over a lamp,\\nintense heat to which the body is sub\u00c2\u00ac\\njected kills the poisonous germs. When\\nmedical aid cannot be summoned, life\\nmay often be saved simply by reverting to\\nan old-time sweat.\\nAppendicitis.\\nOperations for appendicitis, or inflam\u00c2\u00ac\\nmation of the vermiform appendix, have in", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0797.jp2"}, "796": {"fulltext": "750\\nDISCOVERIES IN THE ART OF HEALING.\\nrecent days been brought down nearly to\\nperfection. In the old days of crude\\nsurgery, when one had peritonitis (intense\\ninflammation of the bowels) he generally\\ndied, for this was not considered a case\\nfor surgery. But to-day, on the least\\nsign of inflammation of the appendix, care\\nis taken that medical aid is at once called\\nto reduce if possible the swelling, and as\\na last means surgery is resorted to. The\\nappendix is a long, narrow, worm-like\\ntube attached to the caecum (one of the\\nbowels) on the right side of the abdomen\\nnear the hip. It is from three to six\\ninches long, has a diameter about equal to\\nthat of a goose quill, and opens into the\\nbowel by a rather imperfect valve.\\nInflammation of this tiny organ,\u00e2\u0080\u0094which,\\nby the way, has no known use,\u00e2\u0080\u0094is rare in\\ninfants, and occurs in both males and\\nfemales, though more commonly in the\\nlatter. It occasionally happens without\\nthe action of mechanical injury, and then\\nit is supposed to result from the action of\\nvery small organisms, though it is due\\nmostly from fecal concretions and foreign\\nbodies such as grape and other fruit seeds,\\nbuttons, bits of bitten finger nails, and\\nworms. It has also been caused by ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ntension of catarrh of the intestines.\\nThese foreign bodies produce inflamma\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, which is generally attended by\\nulceration. If the poisonous matter is\\nnot gotten rid of, it will soon form a coat\u00c2\u00ac\\ning around the appendix a nd neighbor\u00c2\u00ac\\ning bowels; then the appendix is grad\u00c2\u00ac\\nually eaten away, and when the abscess\\nbreaks it lets all the poisons into the\\nabdominal cavity, which at once causes\\nperitonitis, and frequently soon results\\nin death. The most characteristic symp\u00c2\u00ac\\ntoms are pains, swelling, tenderness and\\nrigidity of the abdominal wall on the\\nlower right side. Experience has taught\\nthat almost without exception sudden\\npain in this region, with fever and\\ntenderness, with or without a swelling\\n(tumor), means appendicitis.\\nThe Surgical Operation\\nstarts with an incision from four to six\\ninches long over the inflamed part. The\\ndeeper tissues or muscles are drawn back\\nand held away from the opening by\\nclamps. Occasionally an exploration\\nneedle is used to probe for the abscess\\nbefore the operation, but this is generally\\ncondemned; however, after or during the\\noperation, this needle may be used to a\\ngood advantage. As soon as the abcess\\nis reached, the contents are washed out\\nwith a weak antiseptic solution, and\\nsearch made for fecal concretions or for\u00c2\u00ac\\neign bodies. Then the bowel is drawn\\nout, and the appendix removed, if it has\\nnot already been so perforated as to be\\nnearly gone. After cleansing and sew\u00c2\u00ac\\ning up the bowel it is replaced in the\\nabdomen, and the incision in the wall of\\nthe latter is closed by sewing. Some\u00c2\u00ac\\ntimes, when an abscess occurs, the incision\\nmust be kept open to allow impurities to\\npass out; in this case the stitches are\\nmade but not drawn close at first.\\nSkin and Bone Grafting.\\nImprovement along the line of skin-\\ngrafting and bone-making is going on\\nrapidly. It is no uncommon occurrence\\nto-day to graft over burned or diseased\\nspots large pieces of flesh and skin, taken\\nfrom the body of a healthy person. In\\nbone-growing, animal bone has practically\\nsupplanted the insertion of foreign sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nstances, such as plates of silver and the\\nlike. Decalcified bone chips (that is,\\nbone with the lime taken out) are pre\u00c2\u00ac\\npared from the fresh tibia or femur of an\\nox by being kept in a weak solution of\\nhydrochloric acid for about a week. The\\nperiosteum, or outer skin of the bone,\\nand the medullary tissue (marrow) are", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0798.jp2"}, "797": {"fulltext": "VOYAGING AT BOTTOM OF THE SEA\\n751\\nremoved and the flimsy bone is cut into\\nlong strips about one-eighth of an inch\\nwide. These, when they are to be used,\\nmay be cut into smaller pieces, and laid\\nin the cavity of the patient left by the old\\nbone being taken out. The skin of the\\nwound is replaced, and gradually the\\ngrafted bone grows into the bone of the\\npatient and performs its new functions as\\nwell as that with which he was born. For\\ncranial defects, larger bones must be\\nsought out and used in the same way.\\nVoyaging at Bottom of the Sea\\nWonderful Boats that Navigate below the Surface\\nof the Deep.\\nICE the day when Jules\\nVerne wrote his famous\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cTwenty Thousand Leagues\\nunder the Sea,\u00e2\u0080\u009d there has\\nconstantly been some inventor experi\u00c2\u00ac\\nmenting to solve the problem of traveling\\nby a boat submerged under the surface of\\nthe water. Verne\u00e2\u0080\u0099s boat, the \u00e2\u0080\u009cNautilus,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nwas a marvel of imagination, but others\\nas wonderful in their reality have ap\u00c2\u00ac\\npeared, which, though not perfect in all\\nthings desired, yet do operate at the bot\u00c2\u00ac\\ntom of the sea, float under the surface for\\nseveral hours, and come up again safely.\\nSuch boats are being constantly studied\\nby the war departments of the great\\npowers perhaps more than by any one\\nelse, for reason of the uses to which they\\nmay be put during war. Such a sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nmarine traveler, supplied with a number\\nof torpedoes and with an air supply to\\nlast the crew a few hours, could send to\\neverlasting rest a whole navy, equipped\\nthough it might be with the most modern\\nmethods for protection and attack.\\nFrance, as much as any other nation,\\nhas been interested in this subject,\\nand the result of her studies has been\\nseveral boats brought forth by the skill\\nand inventive genius of Gustave Zede.\\nThis clever man, in 1886, built at Toulon\\nan experimental vessel,\\nThe \u00e2\u0080\u009cGymnote,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nso as to test the principles he held with a\\nview to embodying them in a larger and\\nmore complete war vessel. This boat\\nwas not much more than a large White-\\nhead torpedo, made of sheet steel in the\\nshape of a cigar, being 56.7 feet long by\\n5.9 feet in diameter, and with displace\u00c2\u00ac\\nment of thirty tons. To this shell were\\nattached horizontal and upright rudders,\\nso that she might be steered straight\\nahead by using the usual rudder, or might\\nbe made to dive or rise by use of the\\nhorizontal rudder. Electric motors with\\nstorage batteries supplied the power for\\nthe screw propeller, and a speed of seven\\nknots an hour submerged and of nine knots", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0799.jp2"}, "798": {"fulltext": "752\\nVOYAGING AT BOTTOM OF THE SEA\\non the surface were secured, while the\\nbatteries would run constantly for from\\nfour to five hours. Buoyancy was\\nsecured by a watertight compartment fore\\nand aft, and sufficient compressed air\\nwas stored to supply the crew of five men\\nwhen submerged. Besides these con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrivances there was a heavy ballast at\u00c2\u00ac\\ntached to the bottom of the boat on the\\nkeel, that could be detached at a moment\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nnotice in case of accident, thus allowing\\nthe vessel to rise. A long tube with re\u00c2\u00ac\\nflecting lens and mirrors rose from the\\nboat like a mast. This could be bent at\\nan elbow at right angle and made to turn\\nabout, so that the image of any object at\\nany point of the horizon could be reflected\\nto the cabin of the boat when it was sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nmerged. Without this \u00e2\u0080\u009cprismscope\u00e2\u0080\u009d it\\nwould be almost impossible to keep track\\nof the enemy when on a cruise under the\\nsurface.\\nThe experiments with the \u00e2\u0080\u009cGymnote\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nwere so wonderfully successful that the\\nFrench government at once set Zede to\\nwork making a large one for practical use.\\nThe result was the vessel about which all\\nthe countries are talking, and which, in\\nhonor of the inventor, has been named the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cGustave Zede.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe length of this boat is 147 feet, diam\u00c2\u00ac\\neter 10.75 feet, and displacement 260 tons.\\nThe hull follows the general lines of the\\nformer model, being cigar shaped with\\nvery sharp ends. The speed has been\\nincreased to 8*4 knots an hour below and\\n14 knots on the surface. Ten men con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstitute the crew, and enough stored air is\\ncarried to last them while below. In the\\nnose of the boat is an opening for dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ncharging an ordinary torpedo. She has\\nalready operated in deep and shallow\\nwater with remarkable\\nsuccess, and trips aver-\\naging between seventy\\nand eighty miles are her\\naverage runs, thus giv\u00c2\u00ac\\ning her power to make\\na fighting dash at any\\nenemy within a radius\\nof thirty-five miles, and\\nreturn in safety.\\nVarious boats having\\nthe same general prin\u00c2\u00ac\\nciples have been made\\nand operated with much\\nthe same success, among\\nothers the Nordenfeldt,\\nthe Peral, Goubet, and\\nthe Holland, the latter a remarkable\\nvessel built by an American and used\\nto some extent by the United States\\ngovernment.\\nOf a different sort altogether, however,\\nis Simon Lake\u00e2\u0080\u0099s invention,\\nThe \u00e2\u0080\u009cArgonaut.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nKnowing the difficulties that beset the\\npath of the inventor who tries to keep his\\nboat floating under the surface in equilib\u00c2\u00ac\\nrium with the water, he set about to con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrive one that would travel on wheels at\\nthe sea bottom. In all types of floating\\nboats, there is great danger of misplacing\\nthe ballast and thus tipping the boat over\\nTHE \u00e2\u0080\u009cGYMNOTE\u00e2\u0080\u009d TRAVELING AT THE SURFACE.\\nShowing conning-tower and prismscope just in front of the captain.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0800.jp2"}, "799": {"fulltext": "VOYAGING AT BOTTOM OE THE SEA\\n753\\non her side. This was what Lake figured\\nagainst, and accordingly he brought out a\\nboat that would float on the surface pro\u00c2\u00ac\\npelled by a screw, yet when closed and\\nloaded with its water ballast, would sink\\nto the bottom and advance along the un\u00c2\u00ac\\nknown highways by means of large\\nwheels, after the style of a locomotive.\\nThere are three of these wheels, one at\\neither side, and one at the\\nback that can be moved like\\nthe front wheel of a tricycle\\nfor steering. This back wheel\\nis also the rudder when the\\nboat is sailing on the sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nface. The oddest principle\\nabout the \u00e2\u0080\u009cArgonaut\u00e2\u0080\u009d is that\\nthough of heavy steel and\\nweighing many tons, never\u00c2\u00ac\\ntheless, she rests on her\\nwheels at the bottom with\\na weight of but a few\\nhundred pounds, generally\\njust enough to keep her\\nfrom deviating, by conflict\u00c2\u00ac\\ning currents, from the course\\nlaid out. This is done in\\ntwo ways: by letting in\\nwater ballasts, and by the\\nuse of two iron anchor\\nweights weighing 1,000 pounds each.\\nWhen it is necessary to go\\nBelow the Surface,\\nthe hatches are closed tight, the two\\nweights, which are attached by cables to\\na windlass, are released and at once fall\\nto the bottom. Then the water is let\\ninto the ballast compartments till the\\nbuoyancy is less than the two\\nweights, say, 1,500 pounds. The\\nboat is still floating with just a\\nlittle of her conning tower and\\nspars above the water, but when\\nthe weights are tugged at, it is\\nfound that the boat slowly falls\\nbelow the surface and at last\\nrests on the bottom. The two\\nweights weigh together 2,000\\npounds, and since the buoyancy\\nwould stand only 1,500 pounds\\nbefore the boat would sink, with\\nthe two weights she now rests\\non her wheels on the bottom\\nwith but the pressure of the\\ndifference between these two\\nfigures, or 500 pounds. Now\\nher gasoline engines are started,\\nthe two side wheels revolve, and\\nthe \u00e2\u0080\u009cArgonaut\u00e2\u0080\u009d is on her voyage\\nTHE \u00e2\u0080\u009cARGONAUT\u00e2\u0080\u009d FLOATING AT THE SURFACE.\\nNear the center is seen the open conning-tower with a man\u00e2\u0080\u0099s head appearing. From this tower the\\nboat is operated when below the surface. The man behind is steering by means of the submerged third\\nwheel of the boat. Down one of the tall, hollow, steel masts, when nearly submerged, comes the supply of\\nfresh air, and out at the other goes the exhaust steam.\\n48", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0801.jp2"}, "800": {"fulltext": "754\\nVOYAGING AT BOTTOM OF THE SEA\\namong the queer sea monsters, aged\\nwrecks and untold treasures.\\nThe vessel is thirty-six feet long, cigar\u00c2\u00ac\\nshaped, with blunt nose and pointed stern,\\nand is fitted with a thirty-horse power\\ngasoline engine which operates the screw\\npropeller, driving wheels, the electric\\nA WEIRD SUBMARINE VOYAGE OF THE \u00e2\u0080\u009cARGONAUT.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nAt the prow of the boat is seen a diver at work on a sunken vessel. He has just emerged from the\\nopen trap-door, and, with the aid of the powerful electric search-light in the nose of the vessel, is about to\\nexplore the unknown interior of a long-lost treasure-ship. About him, in all their glory, thrive the marvel\u00c2\u00ac\\nous exotic plants of the deep sea, while, attracted and dazed by the fierce lights of the vessel, swarm the\\nman-hunting shark and other queer ocean fauna.\\ndynamo, the air compressor, and derricks\\nfor hoisting the weights. Like many\\nother submarine boats, she is supplied\\nwith air when all but below the surface,\\nby a steel tube reaching up in the air in\\nthe shape of a mast. Down this comes a\\nfresh supply of air, and out at another\\nsimilar one goes the exhaust steam from\\nentirely practicable below as well as above\\nwater, only it must be kept high above the\\nmachinery, which would otherwise affect\\nher needle. Compressed air is resorted\\nto for breathing supply when the boat is\\nso far below the surface that the engine\\nhas to be stopped and the masts are\\nentirely submerged. Then the elec-\\nthe engine. In her nose is a searchlight\\nthat shoots out rays far ahead into the\\nwater; on her bottom is a heavy false keel\\nthat may be released in case of accident,\\nallowing her to rise because of added\\nbuoyancy. The vessel is guided by a\\ncompass, and it is found that this is", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0802.jp2"}, "801": {"fulltext": "755\\nVoyaging at bottom of the ska\\ntricity, stored up by the dynamo while\\nthe engine was working, is used to oper\u00c2\u00ac\\nate the machinery. Trips of 1,000 miles\\nhave been made in the \u00e2\u0080\u009cArgonaut\u00e2\u0080\u009d with\u00c2\u00ac\\nout landing, a great part of which was\\nspent below. Air supply sufficient for\\nfive men for twenty-four hours is easily\\nstored, and with occasionally running up\\nnear enough to the surface to let the steel\\ntubes send down more air, these trips can\\nlast as long as gasoline and food hold out.\\nBut simply to go below the surface and\\nnot be able to leave the boat would be of\\nlittle avail. The \u00e2\u0080\u009cArgonaut\u00e2\u0080\u009d is therefore\\nfitted with\\nDiving Apparatus,\\nso that men may leave the boat at any\\ntime, explore a wreck fasten a torpedo\\nto an enemy\u00e2\u0080\u0099s war ship, pick up a cable\\nand cut it, or go a-fishing after sharks.\\nThis is all done by means of a hole in the\\nbottom of the boat near the forward end.\\nWhen a diver wishes to leave the boat, he\\nputs on a diving suit and goes into the\\ndiving compartment, which has a great\\nheavy door with rubber packing. This\\nA, gasoline engine, 30-horse power, which supplies all the power in moving and operating boat. BB, two\\nanchor weights used in sinking boat. C, one of the two driving wheels. E, rudder and guiding wheel. FFFF,\\nliving room, in which are placed the engine and all other machinery and apparatus for operating boat. G,\\nairlock; this affords a passage to and from diver\u00e2\u0080\u0099s room without reducing air pressure. H, diver\u00e2\u0080\u0099s room,\\nwhence is had free passage into the sea. K, bow compartment where searchlight is placed. L, forward\\nlookout compartment. MM, gasoline tanks. NN, compressed-air reservoirs. OOOO, water-ballast com\u00c2\u00ac\\npartments. PP, permanent keel. PQ, drop keel. R, dynamo. S, conning-tower. T, binnacle; the\\ncompass in this binnacle is in direct view of the outside steering gear, but from the conning-tower is read\\nby reflection. U, outside steering gear. In general form the \u00e2\u0080\u009cArgonaut\u00e2\u0080\u009d is cylindrical, or cigar-shaped,\\nwith a very bluff bow, a pointed stern, and is 36 feet long.\\nSectional view of \u00e2\u0080\u009cArgonaut\u00e2\u0080\u009dsubmerged, showing\\nman in conning-tower making observations; also\\nman steering with third wheel, which rests on the\\nocean bottom. Water tanks are filled when de\u00c2\u00ac\\nscending, and pumped dry when ready to cdme up.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0803.jp2"}, "802": {"fulltext": "UNIVERSAL DISARMAMENT.\\n756\\ndoor he closes, and cuts off the diving\\ncompartment from the living rooms and\\nmachinery. Then he turns on the com\u00c2\u00ac\\npressed air till the pressure in the room is\\ngreater than that of the water that wants\\nto come in. He then lets drop the heavy\\niron door to the hole in the bottom of the\\nboat, and steps out, and not so much as a\\ndrop of water enters the vessel. Or sup\u00c2\u00ac\\npose in time of war the telegraph cables\\nof the enemy are to be cut. Instead of\\nputting on a diving suit, the man to do\\nthe work simply goes into the diving\\nroom, turns on the air pressure, lets the\\ntrap door drop, and by means of a short\\nwooden stick with a hook in the end\\nreaches down and picks up the cable and\\ncuts it.\\nThe possibilities of such a boat are very\\ngreat, both in time of peace and war. In\\nsalvaging wrecked ships and treasures a\\nsubmarine boat would do marvels, as well\\nas in pearl, sponge and coral fishing.\\nThe work of laying foundations for light\u00c2\u00ac\\nhouses, piers and breakwaters would be\\nwonderfully facilitated, as well as in land\u00c2\u00ac\\ning armies during a blockade, and blow\u00c2\u00ac\\ning up war ships.\\na niuersal Disarmament.\\nTHE PEACE CONFERENCE OF THE CZAR.\\nUGUST 24, 1898, by order of\\nNicholas, the emperor of Rus\u00c2\u00ac\\nsia, Count Muravieff, the\\nRussian minister of foreign\\naffairs, handed to all the foreign diplomats\\nat St. Petersburg a note calling for a meet\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the next year of all the countries\\ninterested to discuss the question of de\u00c2\u00ac\\ncreasing the armed forces of the world,\\nwith a view to an universal peace some\u00c2\u00ac\\ntime in the near future. It held that\\nrecent expansion of the governments and\\narmed forces of the world were to be\\ndeplored, both from a humanitarian and\\nan economic point of view, and that the\\nczar held it his duty to help ward off the\\ncalamities that must soon threaten the\\nwhole world. After a session of some six\\nweeks at The Hague, capital of the\\nNetherlands, on July 24, 1899, the final\\nacts of the conference thus called together\\nwere embodied in a final act. This act\\nheld that there should be a permanent\\nCourt of Arbitration\\nfor the pacific settlement of all interna\u00c2\u00ac\\ntional disputes; that asphyxiating and\\ndeleterious gases should not be used in\\nprojectiles from balloons in war; that\\ndum-dum bullets, or those made of soft\\nmaterial that will easily expand in the\\nhuman body, should be prohibited in\\nwar; and that it was desirable that all\\ncountries limit their great military forces\\nwhich so burden their own people and\\nthreaten the world. It also held that it\\nwas the right and duty of neutrals to offer\\ntheir services toward the peaceable set\u00c2\u00ac\\ntlement of difficulties between other\\nnations; and that all private property on\\nland should be inviolable in war, and that\\nin naval war towns and villages should\\nnot be bombarded.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0804.jp2"}, "803": {"fulltext": "THE LINOTYPE AND \u00e2\u0080\u009cMAKEUP-ROOM\u00e2\u0080\u009d OF A GREAT DAILY NEWSPAPER\\nIN THE BACKGROUND ARE SEEN THE LINOTYPE OR TYPESETTING MACHINES AND THEIR OPERATORS. IN THE FOREGROUND TO THE RIGHT\\nARE THE TYPESET PAGES OR \u00e2\u0080\u009cFORMS\u00e2\u0080\u009d OF THE PAPER", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0805.jp2"}, "804": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0806.jp2"}, "805": {"fulltext": "Our New Possessions.\\nTHE UNITED STATES AT THE EQUATOR AND EXTENDING\\nNEARLY HALF-WAY AROUND THE GLOBE.\\nNew territory to the extent of 170,000 square miles, with populations\\nnumbering over ten millions, now under the protecting\\nfolds of the American flag.\\nHE Philippine Islands lie just\\neast of Cochin China, being\\nseparated from it by the\\nChina Sea, and are between\\nthe fourth and twentieth degrees north\\nlatitude, and 116 and 126 east longi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntude. There are thought to be about\\n2,000 islands in the group, though this is\\nnot certain. A recent writer says: \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe\\nnumber of islands which form the Philip\u00c2\u00ac\\npine archipelago will astonish many read\u00c2\u00ac\\ners. It is said to approach 2,000. There\\nare among them two which are larger\\nthan Ireland, namely, Luzon, with 42,000,\\nand Mindanao, with 38,000 square miles.\\nThere are other islands with 5,500, 5,000,\\n4,500, 4,000, 3,500, and 3,000 square\\nmiles.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Of the whole number some 600\\nare inhabited. The estimates of the\\npopulation vary from 6,000,000 to 9,000,-\\n000, the fair estimate being about 7,500,-\\n000. Nearly half this number inhabit the\\nprincipal island of Luzon, on which is the\\ncapital, Manila, and where nearly all\\nthe fighting of the Filipino war has taken\\nplace.\\nAs many races almost as islands people\\nthis odd archipelago. Most important are\\nthe\\nTagals of Luzon,\\nwho number about 2,000,000 souls, and\\nwho are leading in the rebellion against\\nthe United States government, headed by\\ntheir chief, Aguinaldo. They are a short,\\ncopper-colored people of the Malay race,\\nand of exceptional cleverness. Next to\\nthem in point of intelligence are the\\nVicols, or BiCols, who occupy the Camar-\\nines peninsula and the islands of Catan-\\nduanes, Burias, Ticao, and half of\\nMasbate. They resemble the Tagals, and\\nnumber about 400,000. The third divi\u00c2\u00ac\\nsion of the people are the Visayas, or\\nBisayas, who occupy the islands between\\nLuzon and Mindanao, and are estimated\\nat 2,500,000. Besides these are the Moros\\nof Sulu, the Negritos and some others of\\nthe Malay race. Little is needed or\\ndesired by these natives. The soil of the\\nislands is rich, and the rivers teem with\\nfish; so that with a fighting cock, which\\nevery Filipino dearly loves, and scanty\\nattire, he leads a happy-go-lucky life.\\nThe islands were discovered by Magel\u00c2\u00ac\\nlan, who landed on the island of Cebu in\\nMarch, 1521, and soon after lost his life in\\na skirmish with the natives. In 1565 a\\nfleet from Mexico took possession of the\\nislands, and in 1570 a settlement was\\nestablished on the Manila River, which\\nplace became the capital of the Spanish\\npossessions in the Philippines, and con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinued such till the late war. Before the\\narrival of the Spaniards the place bad\\n757", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0807.jp2"}, "806": {"fulltext": "758\\nOUR NEW POSSESSIONS.\\nbeen under the dominion of the Chinese.\\nThe Dutch made an unsuccessful attempt\\nto capture Manila in 1606, and the British\\nsucceeded in a capture in 1762. The\\nPhilippines would probably have been\\nBritish to-day, had not Spain promised to\\nransom them for $5,000,000, which, how\u00c2\u00ac\\never, remains unpaid to this day. Rebel\u00c2\u00ac\\nlions have been frequent in the islands\\never since Spanish rule, those of 1822,\\n1841, 1842, 1872, 1896 and 1897 being the\\nmost important. The revolts have all had\\na common cause, that of freedom from\\nSpanish tyranny. When the United\\nStates went to war with Spain, the Fili\u00c2\u00ac\\npinos, under several chiefs and headed by\\nAguinaldo, assisted the Americans in\\nhopes of gaining their freedom from\\nSpain. But after the treaty of Paris,\\nwhich ceded these islands to the United\\nStates pending the establishment of a\\ngovernment for and of the native inhabit\u00c2\u00ac\\nants, the Filipinos rose in\\nRevolt\\nagainst seeming annexation to the United\\nStates, and since that time have con\u00c2\u00ac\\nducted a sort of guerrilla warfare against\\nthe American troops. An actually estab\u00c2\u00ac\\nlished government is claimed to exist by\\nthe natives, but the capital seems to\\ntravel with the fleeing president. At\\npresent the government of these islands\\nis that of martial law, aided to a degree\\nwith civil courts maintained by the\\nnatives, who likewise aid in the govern\u00c2\u00ac\\nment of the municipalities.\\nThere are\\nTwo Seasons,\\na wet and a dry; the first from June to\\nNovember, the dry season from Novem\u00c2\u00ac\\nber to June. In the wet season the\\ncountry is inundated, the roads are im\u00c2\u00ac\\npassable, and the bridges disappear. The\\nannual rainfall is from seventy-five to\\nninety-one inches. The hottest months\\nare April and May; the droughts are\\nthen long, and the ants and mosquitoes\\ntroublesome. The coolest months are\\nDecember to February. The average\\ntemperature is 80 degrees. Cyclones,\\ntyphoons and hurricanes visit the coast,\\nand earthquakes are frequent. Many\\ncraters of extinct volcanoes are found, and\\nsome active ones are in operation. The\\nhighest mountain of the group is that of\\nApo on Mindanao, which is 9,000 feet\\nhigh, while Halcon, in Mindoro, reaches\\nnearly 8,900 feet, and Majon, in Luzon,\\nexceeds 8,200 feet.\\nThe soil of the islands is very fertile, and\\nthe products are sugar, hemp, tobacco,\\nrice, coffee, gums, cotton, indigo, cochi\u00c2\u00ac\\nneal, and cocoanuts. In the forests grow\\nrattan, bamboo, ebony, logwood and\\nnumerous other hard woods and gum-\\nyielding trees. The celebrated Manila\\nhemp is not made from hemp, but is the\\nfiber of a species of banana. The Philip\u00c2\u00ac\\npines are fabulously rich in gold, and cop\u00c2\u00ac\\nper and coal have been discovered in large\\nveins. We had exported to these islands\\nbefore the war merchandise amounting to\\nabout $100,000 yearly, and imported about\\n$5,000,000, but since the islands are now\\nAmerican dependencies, this commerce\\nhas been greatly increased.\\nSultan of Sulu and His Island\\nDomain.\\nMohammed Tamajamalu Kiran, Sultan\\nof Sulu, the monarch who is now, or who\\nwill be, something of an issue in Ameri\u00c2\u00ac\\ncan politics, because of his recent treaty\\nacknowledging American supremacy, is\\nthe ruler of 140 islands in the Philippines,\\nof 120,000 subjects and a dozen wives.\\nThe sultan, his people, his wives and the\\n75,000 slaves in his islands are now sub\u00c2\u00ac\\njects of the United States. He is known\\nby many titles other than sultan, for\\nexample, \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe Stainless One.\u00e2\u0080\u009d \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe\\nSpotless One\u00e2\u0080\u009d and \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe Mountain of", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0808.jp2"}, "807": {"fulltext": "OUR NEW POSSEvSSIONS.\\n759\\nLight.\u00e2\u0080\u009d His dress is simple, consisting\\nof one garment, after the fashion of a\\nmodern night shirt. He is a short, fat\\nman, with a round, boyish face and big,\\nsaucer-like eyes. Kiran lives in a small\\nhouse protected by a stone wall ten feet\\nhigh and quite thick. The first floor con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntains only one room, a large, bare apart\u00c2\u00ac\\nment. The sleeping rooms of the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cpalace\u00e2\u0080\u009d are on the second story. The\\nMoros\u00e2\u0080\u0094that is the name of the sultan\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nsubjects\u00e2\u0080\u0094have the reputation of being an\\ninnocent, harmless people, but when\\nGeneral Bates visited the islands on the\\nCharleston he found that most of the\\ninhabitants went about armed. The\\nmother of the sultan is regarded as the\\nmost beautiful woman among her people.\\nTHE MARIANA OR LADRONE\\nISLANDS.\\nThe Mariana archipelago is a chain of\\nislands in the Pacific stretching north and\\nsouth a winding distance of about 600\\nmiles, and embraces some seventeen\\nislands, having an area of about 500\\nsquare miles. The islands were discov\u00c2\u00ac\\nered in 1521 by Magellan, and were\\nnamed in honor of Mariana of Austria,\\nwife of Philip IV. king of Spain, though in\\nthe later days of piracy they were dubbed\\nthe \u00e2\u0080\u009cLadrones\u00e2\u0080\u009d or \u00e2\u0080\u009crobbers,\u00e2\u0080\u009d because\\nthey were supposed to be the stronghold\\nof those pests of Asiatic waters. They are\\nalmost directly east of the Philippines, at\\na distance of about 1,200 miles. The\\nprincipal island of the group is Guam, or\\nGuahn, which covers nearly one-half the\\narea of the archipelago. Formerly, when\\nSpain first took control of the islands, the\\nnatives numbered about 120,000, but the\\noppressions were so great that one-half\\nthat number were killed off, and the\\ngreater part of the rest fled to the Caroline\\nIslands. Colonization was tried from the\\nPhilippines, but these emigrants died of\\nepidemics. In 1760 the population had\\nbeen reduced to 1,600, and in 1875 but\\n600 survived.\\nThe climate is very moist, several rain\\nsqualls occurring every day, which, how\u00c2\u00ac\\never, the natives do not seem to mind, for\\nit keeps the air cool. The natives grow\\nsugar cane, rice, corn and melons. The\\nsoil is well adapted to coffee growing, but\\nthis is done only to a limited extent,\\nwhile all sorts of tropical fruits abound.\\nCommercially the group is of little im\u00c2\u00ac\\nportance, for the natives need little, and\\nno trade is done. However, the posses\u00c2\u00ac\\nsion of Guam by the United States, which\\ncame about by the treaty of Paris, is of\\nsome political value for a coaling station,\\nand as a near neighbor to the Philippines\\nin case of war.\\nTHE SAMOAN OR NAVIGA\u00c2\u00ac\\nTOR\u00e2\u0080\u0099S ISLANDS.\\nThe Samoan group consists of thir\u00c2\u00ac\\nteen islands, of which nine are inhab\u00c2\u00ac\\nited, lying in the south Pacific Ocean,\\nbetween 13 and 14 degrees of south lati\u00c2\u00ac\\ntude, and 169 and 173 west longitude.\\nThey are about midway on a line drawn\\nsouthwest from the Sandwich Islands to\\nNew Zealand. A population of about\\n40,000 people, including, besides natives,\\nAmericans, Germans and English, covers\\nthe area of some 1,125 square miles.\\nUpolu, Savaii, Tutuila and Manua are the\\nislands of most importance. Apia, on\\nUpolu, is the chief town, and a good sea\u00c2\u00ac\\nport, while Pango-Pango, or Pago-Pago,\\non Tutuila, is possibly the best harbor in\\nany of the Pacific islands, and being in\\ndirect route from San Francisco, is de\u00c2\u00ac\\nveloping into an important port.\\nThe climate of the islands is equable,\\naveraging about 82 degrees, while the\\nrain is rather evenly distributed through-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0809.jp2"}, "808": {"fulltext": "760\\nOUR NEW POSSESSIONS.\\nout the whole year. Tropical plants of\\nall kinds abound, and while the com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmerce of the group is small, exports of\\ncotton and the dried meat of the cocoa-\\nnut are made to Hamburg and San Fran\u00c2\u00ac\\ncisco. The natives are well developed\\nand intelligent.\\nThe government by chiefs was unsatis\u00c2\u00ac\\nfactory, so that in 1873 they desired the\\nprotection of the United States. In 1875\\na native was elected king again, but with\\nan American for prime minister. In 1878\\na treaty between the islands and the\\nUnited States was effected which gave us\\ngreat powers, and later on similar treaties\\nwere made with Great Britain and Ger\u00c2\u00ac\\nmany which led to a tripartite protectorate\\nover the islands by these two governments\\nin conjunction with that of the United\\nStates. A chief justice appointed by the\\nthree powers to some extent controlled\\nthe courts and advised the king, while the\\nconsuls of the three countries took a\\nprominent part in the government. From\\ntime to time jealousies arose between\\nthese three countries, and annexation to\\none or another of them was proposed. In\\n1898 and 1899 a serious difficulty was in\u00c2\u00ac\\ncurred because of the death of the reign\u00c2\u00ac\\ning king, and American forces were\\nlanded at Apia with threats of bombard\u00c2\u00ac\\nment. Trouble between the German and\\nAmerican officials was at last patched up,\\nand a division of the islands among the\\nthree countries will be the result.\\nTutuila,\\nthe island that will come to the United\\nStates as the issue of the Anglo-German\\ntreaty, gives us the finest harbor of the\\nsouth seas, Pago-Pago. The island has\\nan area of 55 square miles, being nearly\\n17 miles long and from 3 to 5 miles wide.\\nIt is well wooded and fertile, and has\\nsome rivers of fair size. The harbor has\\nbeen held by the United States since 1872,\\nand from a strategic point is very desir\u00c2\u00ac\\nable, especially as a naval base of opera\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions in the Pacific. The harbor is a\\nnatural one, and well sheltered, and may\\nbe easily fortified. It is 2,000 miles from\\nAustralia, twice that distance from the\\nPhilippines, and 5,000 nautical miles from\\nSan Francisco. With the Philippines in\\nthe possession of the United States, this\\nnew dependency is invaluable.\\nPORTO RICO.\\nThe island of Porto Rico, or, according\\nto the Spanish spelling, Puerto Rico,\\nmeaning \u00e2\u0080\u009crich port,\u00e2\u0080\u009d is fourth in size of\\nthe Greater Antilles, being exceeded by\\nCuba, Santo Domingo and Jamaica. It\\nlies between the seventeenth and nine\u00c2\u00ac\\nteenth parallels of north latitude, and the\\nsixty-sixth and sixty-seventh degrees of\\nlongitude, and contains about 3,668 square\\nmiles, being about 35 miles broad and 95\\nmiles long. The island was discovered\\nby Columbus on his second voyage,\\nNovember 16, 1493. Ponce de Leon, the\\ncelebrated explorer, was one of the first\\nSpanish governors, and the wrongs\\nheaped upon the natives by his arbitrary\\nrule led to revolts. Several attacks upon\\nthe island by English and Dutch forces\\nmet with no success. The last one prior\\nto that of our late war was by the cele\u00c2\u00ac\\nbrated British commander, Sir Ralph\\nAbercromby, who laid siege to San Juan\\nin 1797 for about two weeks. Owing to\\ninsufficient forces, he had to withdraw,\\nand from that time until the bombard\u00c2\u00ac\\nment of May 12, 1898, by Admiral Samp\u00c2\u00ac\\nson, that city had had a century\u00e2\u0080\u0099s respite\\nfrom the enemies of Spain.\\nSeveral rebellions by the people oc\u00c2\u00ac\\ncurred with the hope of throwing off the\\ngalling Spanish yoke and establishing a\\nrepublic. One of these was in 1820, an\u00c2\u00ac\\nother in 1867, the latter being broken up by", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0810.jp2"}, "809": {"fulltext": "OUR NEW POSSESSIONS.\\n761\\nthe eruption of a volcano, which so scared\\nthe people that they again gave in to Spain.\\nWhen General Miles, with the\\nAmerican Forces,\\nlanded on the island in the summer\\nof 1898, he was greeted everywhere as\\nthe benefactor of the down trodden\\nnatives, and from town to town his vic\u00c2\u00ac\\ntorious troops were met by the officials\\nof the provinces, who gladly turned over\\nthe government to that of the United\\nStates. October 18, the flag of the United\\nStates was raised over San Juan, the\\nSpanish evacuation having been com\u00c2\u00ac\\npleted, and January 1, 1899, the entire\\ngovernment, according to the Treaty of\\nParis, was placed in our hands.\\nThe island has a population of 815,000,\\nof whom about 300,000 are negroes, the\\nremainder being mostly Spanish, besides\\nsome Americans, English, Germans, and\\nothers of European nationality. The sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nface of the island is broken by hills and\\nlow mountains, one range of which passes\\nthrough it from east to west. The high\u00c2\u00ac\\nest point of this range is El Yunque,\\nwhich is about 3,700 feet above sea level.\\nThere are some 1,300 streams of remark\u00c2\u00ac\\nably pure water running into the sea, of\\nwhich forty-seven are rivers of consider\u00c2\u00ac\\nable size. Thus the island has abundant\\nwater supply for large herds of cattle.\\nThe Climate\\nis exceptionally salubrious, mainly on\\naccount of there being little stagnant\\nwater. Heavy rains occur in the north\\nfrom May to September, sometimes\\namounting to seventy inches. In the\\nsouth there is little rain at all, while over\\nthe whole island in the winter the air\\nand sea breezes are delightful. Coffee,\\ntobacco, and sugar cane are grown in\\nprofusion, while exceptionally fine cotton\\nis cultivated. Besides these staples the\\nisland exports annually large quantities\\nof cattle, hides, timber and molasses,\\nwhile flax, ginger, rice, maize,, citrons,\\nlemons, oranges and other tropical fruits\\nabound. Traces of some ores have been\\ndiscovered, including gold, iron, copper\\nand lead.\\nNo portion of the West India Islands is\\nlovelier or in better condition than Porto\\nRico. The climate draws many foreign\u00c2\u00ac\\ners there for the winter; the people are\\nself-suStaining and hospitable, though\\nsomewhat ignorant and superstitious.\\nSlavery was abolished in 1873, and the\\nisland is remarkably free from disorder.\\nAt present the government is temporary\\nin nature, awaiting the decision of Con\u00c2\u00ac\\ngress as to the best methods of governing\\na race of people so different in all things\\nfrom the average American.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0811.jp2"}, "810": {"fulltext": "The /Modern Newspaper.\\n94AAiiiiAlAUiAAUAlAAAAAiUAAiilAiAAIiiliUAiiiliUlMAUAAUniAAiililliiiiAUJAAiiiAliAAlAAiAUAAlliAAJAlAiilAiAAAUiAmAiAMl\u00c2\u00a3\\n1\\n3\\n*S\\nH-\\nl 4\\nSnmmn iTTiTumnnmmnmmfimmnmnmmnmmmmmnnTTmmmnmmmmmtTnnmmnmTnis\\nA GLIMPSE OF THE WORKINGS OF THE GREATEST AGENT\\nMODERN CIVILIZATION AND EDUCATION\u00e2\u0080\u0094HOW A DAILY\\nPAPER IS WRITTEN, PRINTED AND CIRCULATED.\\nOF\\nIncluding Descriptions of\\nPhoto Engraving, Stereotyping,\\nMonster Presses.\\nand Printing by\\nIME was when the owner of a\\nnewspaper was editor, re\u00c2\u00ac\\nporter, typesetter, \u00e2\u0080\u009cdevil,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\npresshand, and circulator,\\nides the duties incumbent on\\nthese positions he had to see to the odds\\nand ends belonging to no one in partic\u00c2\u00ac\\nular. But the day of the old Franklin\\nhand press, and of setting up his articles in\\ntype before his case as the inspiration\\ncame to him, has passed, and now, with\\nthe division of labor, and the marvels of\\nmachinery, it is possible for the sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nscriber a hundred miles away to read in\\ncomfort at his breakfast table the metro\u00c2\u00ac\\npolitan daily paper at the same time that\\nother subscribers are reading it in the\\ncity where it is printed. To the persons\\nwho go to bed at nine o\u00e2\u0080\u0099clock and rise at\\nfive it is amazing that thousands of men\\nand women are working while they sleep,\\nand the sight of a large newspaper plant\\nin full swing of operation would be still\\nmore wonderful.\\nEvery well organized paper is divided\\npnto a number of departments, just like a\\ngovernment, with a head or ruler over\\neach. In most papers there are three\\nmain departments: Business, Editorial,\\nand Mechanical, and each of these has\\nnumerous subdivisions.\\n762\\nUpon the business departments de\u00c2\u00ac\\nvolve the duties of managing the capital\\ninvested, paying the salaries, etc., and the\\ntwo greatest of all duties upon any paper\\nthat is expected to make money: the get\u00c2\u00ac\\nting of advertisements, and the circula\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of the paper to the subscribers.\\nThe editorial department has control of\\nthe reading matter and its preparation,\\nwhile to the mechanical departments are\\nleft the duties of setting the stories, edi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntorials and advertisements into type, the\\nmolding of the stereotype impressions of\\nthis type into great half-cylinders that are\\nto be placed upon the monster presses,\\nand the work of bringing forth from\\nthese presses the folded paper ready for\\nits reader, at the astonishing rate of from\\nthirty to fifty thousand copies per hour.\\nThe Editorial Staff\\nof a paper is divided into several parts:\\nthe managing editor is head over every\\none in his department, and to some ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ntent is consulted in other things than\\nthose pertaining to his own department;\\nthe city editor is directly under the manag\u00c2\u00ac\\ning editor, and controls a staff of reporters\\nwhose duties are to gather up the news\\nabout town and present it in readable and\\ninteresting form. Besides these two editors", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0812.jp2"}, "811": {"fulltext": "THE MODERN NEWSPAPER.\\n763\\nand the staff pf reporters, there are a num\u00c2\u00ac\\nber of men who write editorial comments\\non the great events of passing interest to\\nthe public; on them to a marked degree\\nfalls the lot of shaping a community\u00e2\u0080\u0099s opin\u00c2\u00ac\\nion on political or public questions. Then\\nThe modern city editor almost knows the\\nnews before it happens, and therefore has\\nmen suitable for the occasion on the spot\\nwaiting for it.\\nAt 12:30 p. m. the reporters of a morn\u00c2\u00ac\\ning paper congregate in the \u00e2\u0080\u009clocal\u00e2\u0080\u009d room\\n(Courtesy of the Chicago Record\\nA LINOTYPE MACHINE AND OPERATOR.\\nThe operator is at work setting \u00e2\u0080\u009crush\u00e2\u0080\u009d copy. At the top of the machine is the fan-shaped magazine\\nwhich holds the matrices of the letters. At the left, in the box and on the floor, are seen blocks of metal\\nto be melted and used in casting the \u00e2\u0080\u009cline o\u00e2\u0080\u0099 type,\u00e2\u0080\u009d while at the left, near the top, is the large arm that\\nreaches down and picks up the matrices for distribution after the line has been cast in metal.\\nthere are the special writers who write\\ndramatic criticisms, sporting news, liter\u00c2\u00ac\\nary, art and musical notes and criticism,\\nand last, but not least, on the up-to-date\\npaper, the funny story man. Contrary to\\ngeneral opinion, the reporter does not go\\naimlessly about town looking for news.\\nand wait for the summons of their chief.\\nFor weeks ahead every event of impor\u00c2\u00ac\\ntance is pigeon-holed, every article in any\\npaper noting an incident of interest is cut\\nout and kept on a spindle with the date\\nmarked when it is likely to be available.\\nThen there is a whistle at the speaking", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0813.jp2"}, "812": {"fulltext": "764\\nTHE MODERN NEWSPAPER.\\ntube in the local room; a man jumps to\\nanswer it; the city editor is calling for\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cBrown\u00e2\u0080\u009d or \u00e2\u0080\u009cJones.\u00e2\u0080\u009d That man hies\\nhimself to his superior\u00e2\u0080\u0099s office, and here\\nis given a definite \u00e2\u0080\u009cassignment\u00e2\u0080\u009d or job to\\ngo to this or that place and find out\\na particular thing. Sometimes some\\nwell-known man is in town; then he\\nis told to \u00e2\u0080\u009cget a story out of him.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThere is no such word as fail when\\nthe city editor tells a man to do thus\\nor so; failure means forfeiture of his\\nposition, and even though the city editor\\nhas been a reporter once himself and\\nknows how impossible are some of the\\ntasks set, yet he is never-relenting, and\\nno excuses go.\\nWhen the man comes back from his\\nassignment, he reports to his chief and is\\ntold to write so many words, to \u00e2\u0080\u009cplay it\\nup strong,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or to \u00e2\u0080\u009cmake it funny.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nAfter this is done, the reporter waits\\nabout the office for another assignment or\\nthe good news that he may go home.\\nHis \u00e2\u0080\u009ccopy\u00e2\u0080\u009d or manuscript is sent up to\\nthe printer, and after being set in type is\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cproved\u00e2\u0080\u009d and copies of the proof come\\ndown to men experienced in correcting\\naccording to the particular style of the\\npaper. Some phrases are never used on\\none paper that are of habitual occurrence\\non others. These \u00e2\u0080\u009cdesk men\u00e2\u0080\u009d must see\\nthat all copy conforms to the paper\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cstyle,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and that nothing libelous is\\nprinted. After the proof is corrected, it\\ngoes back to the printer, who makes the\\ncorrection in type, and then the article, or\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cstory,\u00e2\u0080\u009d as the reporters call it, is ready\\nfor its trip down to the stereotypers.\\nPhoto-Engraving.\\nBut possibly the story is of sufficient\\nimportance to need illustrating. No\\nnewspaper is complete without a corps of\\nartists and a photo-engraving plant.\\nSuppose the story is that of a great fire.\\nAt once the city editor on hearing the tap\\nof the fire alarm in his office calls for\\nreporters and artists to write up and illus\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrate the fire. The reporters get the\\nnews, while the artists with paper and\\npencil sketch the most interesting sights\\nat the fire. This must be done in light\u00c2\u00ac\\nning-like hurry, for time is a great factor\\nin newspaper work. On coming back to\\nhis office, the artist redraws in India ink\\nthe crude sketch he has made. This\\nsketch is generally several times larger\\nthan it will appear in the paper, for the\\nprocess of engraving reduces the size\\nsomewhat.\\nZinc Etching\\nis the process generally employed in en\u00c2\u00ac\\ngraving illustrations for newspapers,\\nbecause of the rapidity with which cuts\\nmade by this method may be turned out.\\nThe first operation after the picture has\\nbeen drawn in black and white by the\\nartist is to photograph it by means of a\\ngreat camera on a \u00e2\u0080\u009cwet\u00e2\u0080\u009d plate. The\\ncamera and rack to which is fastened\\nthe picture when being photographed\\nare both placed on a long board and\\nhung by ropes or chains from the ceil\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, a good deal after the manner of a\\npainter\u00e2\u0080\u0099s horizontal ladder hung by ropes\\nfrom the roof of a house. This is done\\nso that they will hold the same relative\\npositions to each other, and if there is\\nany jarring it will not affect the ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nposure. The exposures are generally\\nmade by the light of an electric arc lamp\\nplaced just back and to one side of the\\nlens of the camera.\\nAfter a number of plates have thus\\nbeen exposed, they are developed by ordi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnary photographic silver process. The*\\nuse of \u00e2\u0080\u009cwet\u00e2\u0080\u009d plates is most important, for\\nby this process the gelatine film which is\\nwet may be stripped off from the lighter", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0814.jp2"}, "813": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0815.jp2"}, "814": {"fulltext": "MODERN OFFICE BUILDING IN COURSE OF CONSTRUCTION\\nSHOWING THE FRAMEWORK NOT QUITE COMPLETE, WITH DERRICKS AT THE TOP FOR HOISTING INTO PLACE THE\\nGREAT STEEL BEAMS. NEAR THE CENTRE ARE SEEN THE WO D KMEN ON THE SCAFFOLDING\\nBUSILY LAYING ON THE OUTER WALLS", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0816.jp2"}, "815": {"fulltext": "THE MODERN NEWSPAPER.\\n765\\nglass used in the camera and pasted on a\\nheavier glass for printing, several pictures\\non one plate. This heavy plate glass is\\nthen dried over a gas stove till the gela\u00c2\u00ac\\ntine is perfectly hard. Now a sheet of\\nsensitized zinc is placed behind this\\nplate, and is exposed to an electric light,\\nthat shows up the lines of the picture.\\nAfter this there is a treatment of\\nNitric Acid\\nthat eats away the exposed surface of the\\nzinc plate and leaves the inked lines\\nstanding out. The plate is then treated\\n{Courtesy of the Chicago Record.)\\nSTEREOTYPING ROOM OF A LARGE DAILY NEWSPAPER.\\nShowing the metal plates being prepared for the printing presses.\\nthe same as one would print an ordinary\\nphotograph. The negative, being dark\\nexcept in the places where the black lines\\nof the drawing show in white lines, ad\u00c2\u00ac\\nmits light to the sensitive zinc only along\\nthese lines. The zinc plate is now taken\\nto the dark-room, where it is coated with\\nink and treated by a developing process\\nto a shower of red dust called \u00e2\u0080\u009cdragon\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nblood,\u00e2\u0080\u009d which is burned into it by plac\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the plate on top of a hot gas stove.\\nThe plate would now be almost good\\nenough to produce a fair impression, but\\nacid and burning are repeated four times,\\nonce for each side of every line. Then\\nthe eaten-out portion is made still deeper", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0817.jp2"}, "816": {"fulltext": "766\\nTHE MODERN NEWSPAPER.\\nby the \u00e2\u0080\u009crouting\u00e2\u0080\u009d machine, which con\u00c2\u00ac\\nsists principally of a little drill-like tool,\\ndriven rapidly by electricity, which bores\\ndown and scrapes away such parts as are\\nlikely to blur in printing. After this\\nprocess, the etching is ready to be\\nmounted on a metal base and sent to the\\nprinting form.\\nOther methods such as half-tones and\\ncolor-processes are used at times on news\u00c2\u00ac\\npapers, but for general work the above-\\ndescribed process is in the main adopted.\\nThe time used in preparing an illustration\\nfrom the moment the artist returns to\\nmake his final drawing till the cut is\\nplaced in the form is often less than an\\nhour.\\nThe Linotype Machine.\\nOne of the greatest machines ever in\u00c2\u00ac\\nvented is that which does away with the\\nold method of setting type by hand, sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nstituting instead a device that performs\\nwith mathematical precision every act\\nnecessary for typesetting except thinking.\\nOttomar Mergenthaler, an inventor who\\nrecently died a millionaire, brought about\\nthis revolution by inventing the \u00e2\u0080\u009clino\u00c2\u00ac\\ntype\u00e2\u0080\u009d machine, which, as the name would\\nindicate, sets automatically a \u00e2\u0080\u009cline o\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\ntype.\u00e2\u0080\u009d This machine, which looks like a\\nhuge typewriter, has for its essential fea\u00c2\u00ac\\nture the \u00e2\u0080\u009cmatrix,\u00e2\u0080\u009d while the keyboard,\\ntriggers, rollers, pistons, elevators,\\nsprocket wheels, and levers work with\\nsuch accuracy that the line of \u00e2\u0080\u009cmatrices\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nis carried down to the box for the molten\\nmetal, there is flooded by the metal, and\\nthen each separate matrix is carried back\\nto its respective little box, waiting for the\\nnext tap on the keyboard that will call it\\ninto use again. The matrix is a mold of\\na particular letter made of sheet brass,\\nand varying in thickness according to the\\nwidth of that letter. If you were to press\\na type into some wax or putty, there\\nwould be the reverse of that letter; just\\nso with the matrix. At the top is a\\nV-shaped cut made up of little steps, and\\nat the side of the matrix is the imprint of\\nthe letter to be used. Each of the little\\nsteps in the V plays an important part, for\\nthey are different in each matrix, and\\nafter the line has been molded, these\\nsteps help in the automatic sorting of the\\nmatrices back to their proper places in\\nthe magazine. The operator sits before\\nhis keyboard something like the type\u00c2\u00ac\\nwriter girl; he lightly taps a certain key,\\nand there at once drops down from the\\nmagazine and falls into place near the\\nmetal box the matrix of the particular\\nletter wanted. The keyboard is laid out\\nthe same a\u00e2\u0080\u0099s the type case of the old days,\\nthe \u00e2\u0080\u009clower case\u00e2\u0080\u009d or small letters being\\non white keys, the \u00e2\u0080\u009cupper case\u00e2\u0080\u009d or cap\u00c2\u00ac\\nitals on black, and the punctuation marks\\non blue keys; separate letters not much\\nused are kept in a little rack at the side,\\nand may be put in by hand. The \u00e2\u0080\u009ctypo\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\ntaps away on his keyboard until a bell\\nrings that tells him a line is completed.\\nHe then pushes down a lever at his right\\nside, and the line of matrices is picked up\\nbodily, carried to a set of clamps,\\nsplashed over with hot metal, and then\\ncarried up by an elevating arm to the dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntributing part at the top of the machine.\\nHere, by means of the little step-like\\ngrooves, each matrix is sorted out to its\\nproper compartment by a machine some\u00c2\u00ac\\nwhat on the principle of a sieve.\\nThe Distributing Bar\\nextends along the whole length of the\\nmagazine, which is fan-shaped and\\ndivided into tubes all ending at the bot\u00c2\u00ac\\ntom in the little runway where the\\nmatrices come out. Beside the bar is a\\nlong revolving screw, and as the row of\\nmatrices come up from the elevating arm\\nthis screw pushes them along the bar.\\nIn front of the compartment allotted for", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0818.jp2"}, "817": {"fulltext": "THE MODERN NEWSPAPER.\\n767\\neach letter is a special set of notches. As\\nwas said before, each letter has a set of\\nlittle steps on the V-cut;* these notches\\nand steps agree for each particular letter,\\nso that as the matrix of the letter \u00e2\u0080\u009cA is\\ncarried along the distributing bar it can\\nenter no compartment but that whose\\nnotches its little steps fit\u00e2\u0080\u0094just like the\\nkey that fits only one door.\\nioo letters.) There are men who can set\\neven 10,000 ems per hour. Mistakes, of\\ncourse, occur as in setting by hand, and\\nthe proofreader must send the matter\\nback to be corrected.\\nIn setting\\nLarge Advertisements\\nand headlines only is the old method of\\nhand setting now used. This is necessi-\\n(Courtesy of the Chicago Record\\nFOUR O\u00e2\u0080\u0099CLOCK A. M.\\nA crowd of newsboys waiting for their papers.\\nHot Type Mstal\\nis always kept in the metal box, heated by\\na gas flame. Knives trim the edges of\\nthe molded line of type to the exact size\\nnecessary. After the metal has been\\nused once it is again melted up for more\\ntype. Typesetters can set as high as\\n7,000 ems, or matter to the amount of\\none newspaper column, in an hour,\\nwhereas it formerly took six hours.\\n(The \u00e2\u0080\u009cem\u00e2\u0080\u009d is the standard of type meas\u00c2\u00ac\\nurement; 100 ems is equal to the average\\ntated by the use of large and odd-sized\\ntype. And still the \u00e2\u0080\u009cad\u00e2\u0080\u009d room of a paper\\nis not the least interesting part of its\\nplant. Here, on nights preceding a great\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cbargain day\u00e2\u0080\u009d of some of the leading\\nstores of the city, many men, expert in\\nstyle of setting up fancy advertisements,\\nare kept busy arranging the most attract\u00c2\u00ac\\nive displays of type for the reader on the\\nmorrow.\\nAfter all the advertisements and\\narticles are set up in type, they are sent", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0819.jp2"}, "818": {"fulltext": "768\\nTHE MODERN NEWSPAPER.\\nto stone tables where men called \u00e2\u0080\u009cmake\u00c2\u00ac\\nups\u00e2\u0080\u009d see that each \u00e2\u0080\u009cad\u00e2\u0080\u009d or story finds its\\nproper position in large, square steel\\nframes called \u00e2\u0080\u009cforms.\u00e2\u0080\u009d In these the\\ntype is securely locked by screws so that\\nthe \u00e2\u0080\u009cform\u00e2\u0080\u009d maybe sent down an elevator\\nto the stereotyping room, where another\\nprocess is gone through with before the\\npress gets the work.\\nStereotyping.\\nEach page is made up separately, and\\nas the \u00e2\u0080\u009cchase\u00e2\u0080\u009d containing the type\\nreaches the stereotyping room on the\\nelevator it is at once placed upon the\\nsteam table to dry, for the \u00e2\u0080\u009cmake-up\u00e2\u0080\u009d has\\nused a wet sponge to dampen the type\\nand make each line stick against the\\nother, to facilitate in handling. From\\nTHE FOUNDRY.\\nTo the left, the electric battery; to the right the men are making an impression of the type in wax,\\nand after the wax receives the coating of copper in the battery they take the copper shell and pour the\\nmetal into it\u00e2\u0080\u0094this is called casting.\\nTime was when we printed by simply\\nbringing a heavy weight to bear upon the\\nflat surface of the paper spread on the\\ninked type. That was when printing was\\ndone by hand. When the style improved\\nand great cylinder presses came into use,\\ntype in its ordinary form would not do,\\nbut great circular molds had to be made\\nthat could be placed around the cylinders.\\nThis process is called\\nthe steam table, after the type is dry, the\\nchase goes to a table where a \u00e2\u0080\u009cmatrix\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nis made, only this matrix is not in brass,\\nbut in a sort of papier-mache. Sheets of\\ntissue paper specially prepared are kept\\ndamp over night, and a sheet of this is\\nnow placed over the type. This is pressed\\ninto every little crack in the type and\\nforms a reverse impression, which can\\neasily be read. Then \u00e2\u0080\u009cbacking\u00e2\u0080\u009d powder,", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0820.jp2"}, "819": {"fulltext": "THE MODERN NEWSPAPER.\\n78fl\\nConsisting of lime, flour and charcoal, is\\nspread over the back and into the impres\u00c2\u00ac\\nsions, after which other paper is spread\\nover and the whole affair is covered with\\nheavy blankets and shoved under a heavy\\npress heated by steam. Here it is\\nallowed to remain until the paper has\\nbecome hard and dry, when it forms a\\nlight, almost fire-proof mold that can\\neasily be bent into the shape of a half-\\nthe rough edges, and chisel out any im\u00c2\u00ac\\nperfections. After this the plate is run\\nunder water to cool, and we have ready\\nfor the press a mass of metal the size of a\\npage of a newspaper, seven-eighths of an\\ninch thick, and curved exactly to fit the\\ncylinder of the press.\\nMonster Presses.\\nThe Hoe press is possibly the largest\\nand best of the monster printing machines\\nENGRAVING HALF-TONES.\\nTo the left of the picture are the finishers; to the right are the men that rout out the portion of the\\nplate that isn\u00e2\u0080\u0099t to print.\\ncylinder. Then the matrix is placed in\\nthe\\nCasting-box,\\nwhich is semi-cylindrical in form, consist\u00c2\u00ac\\ning of two parts, one of which opens.\\nThe matrix is laid on the face of the\\ncasting-box, which bends it into the shape\\ndesired; the box is closed, the metal run\\nin, and allowed partly to cool. While\\nstill hot to the touch, men with heavy\\ngloves seize the cast plate and trim off\\n49 1\\nof to-day. They are quadruple in form,\\nand are so ingeniously arranged that they\\ntake in paper in enormous rolls on spin\u00c2\u00ac\\ndles on one side of the press, print the\\npages, paste the pages together, cut each\\npaper off at the proper time from the rest\\nthat is being fed from the spindle, fold\\nthe papers, count them, and deliver them\\nat the rate of 48,000 four, six, or eight\\npage papers an hour, 24,000 ten, twelve,\\nfourteen or sixteen page papers an hour,", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0821.jp2"}, "820": {"fulltext": "770\\nTHE MODERN NEWSPAPER.\\nor 12,000 twenty, twenty-four or thirty-\\ntwo page papers an hour. Each press\\nneeds floor space 22 feet long by 12 feet\\nwide, and stands over nine feet high.\\nThe press is really two presses in one,\\npaper being fed in from two rolls at a\\ntime, while the folder is really a separate\\nmachine connected and operated by the\\npress. Each press has four 14-inch plate\\ncylinders to which are attached by\\nscrews the stereotype plates. The cyl\u00c2\u00ac\\ninders revolve in the opposite direction\\nto the impression roll, which is a heavy\\niron cylinder that presses against the\\nplate and is covered with cloth. After\\na roll of\\nHundreds of Pounds of Paper\\nis adjusted at the back of the press the\\npaper web is run over a roller which\\nsmooths it out. Next it is grasped by\\nthe first impression roll, and it passes over\\nthe plate, receiving its first impression.\\nThen the web runs downward to the\\nsecond impression roll, where more is\\nprinted. Carrying tapes which guide the\\npaper then run it up over the top of the\\npress, where it is slit by a circular knife,\\nand two wheels apply paste to the edges\\nof the paper. Now the web is led\\nto the folder over an angle bar, and\\nthe mechanism is so perfect that the\\npages are all brought out in their prop\u00c2\u00ac\\ner position and the leaves cut. The\\nother half of the press has been work\u00c2\u00ac\\ning in the same manner, either to make\\na complete paper like the other, or a\\nsupplement that is \u00e2\u0080\u009cstuffed\u00e2\u0080\u009d into the\\nother part.\\nThe Greatest Care\\nmust be taken in operating the gigantic\\npress, both to protect its delicate parts\\nand the hands and legs of the men in\\nattendance. One man holds a lever that\\nstarts and stops the press, others run\\nabout with oil-cans, lubricating every\\npart, while others see that the ink is\\nproperly fed, and that the paper does not\\nbreak or that a fresh supply is on hand.\\nThe cost of a Hoe press above described\\nis $40,000.\\nFrom the maw of this great giant the\\npapers are run in on little electric trolley\\ncars to\\nThe Mailing and Delivery Rooms.\\nIn \u00e2\u0080\u009cnewsboys\u00e2\u0080\u0099 alley\u00e2\u0080\u009d has congregated a\\ncrowd of urchins with their pennies ready\\nto lay in a supply for their morning trade.\\nEach has bought a check from a cashier\\nwhich bears upon it the number of papers\\nto which he is entitled. With this check\\nhe falls into line at the delivery window,\\nand as his turn comes, he yells out the\\nnumber. The man behind the window\\nrapidly counts out that number, takes his\\ncheck, and throws the bundle of papers\\nat him. So quick is the whole process\\nfrom writer to street boys that \u00e2\u0080\u009chot\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nnews brought in at half-past two in the\\nmorning is in the hands of the early riser\\nat four o\u00e2\u0080\u0099clock. But there is yet the\\nsubscriber living at a distance who must\\nbe supplied with his particular morning\\nfavorite. As soon as his name is entered\\non the subscription list, this list is sent to\\nthe printer, who sets it up in type. From\\nthis is printed upon long strips of yellow\\npaper the names of every subsciiber who\\nis to receive a paper by mail. The print\u00c2\u00ac\\ning includes with each name the post-\\noffice and street address, together with\\ndate of expiration of the subscription.\\nThese strips are set into still larger strips,\\nand sometimes pasted together, so that\\nby a clever little device called a \u00e2\u0080\u009cmailing\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nmachine, in the hands of skilled \u00e2\u0080\u009cmail\u00c2\u00ac\\ners,\u00e2\u0080\u009d each little label is carefully gummed,\\ncut off from the strip, and with a slap is\\npasted on the outside of the paper, thus\\ntelling the postmasters its destination.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0822.jp2"}, "821": {"fulltext": "THE FINISHING DEPARTMENT OF AN ELECTROTYPE FOUNDRY.\\nonce, hurriedly roll up the bundle and\\nthrow it into the sack for a particular\\ntrain.\\nAll the \u00e2\u0080\u009cgalleys\u00e2\u0080\u009d of printed lists of\\nsubscribers and dealers out of town\\nhave been arranged in geographical\\norder, that is, all those going to one town\\nare on the same list. This greatly aids\\nin sending out to the trains, for as soon\\nas one strip is done, that bunch of\\npapers is put in a bag ready for that\\ntown or train.\\nthat will increase the reputation of the\\npaper; correspondents abroad hired and\\npaid; press associations formed with\\nother papers for the protection of their\\ngeneral interests. And when one stops\\nto consider how vast are some of the\\nAmerican journals, with several issues\\neach day, and great magazine-like editions\\non Sunday, with circulations that run\\nnearly to a half million copies daily, the\\nnature of such stupendous business enter\u00c2\u00ac\\nprises may be imagined.\\nNEWSPAPER. 771\\ni\\nBusiness Departments\\nof the newspaper are where all other de\u00c2\u00ac\\ntails are thought out. Advertising must\\nbe obtained which will bring in money to\\nsupport the plant and make money for its\\nowners. Schemes must be worked out to\\ninduce customers to buy this particular\\npaper instead of some competitor. Enor\u00c2\u00ac\\nmous contracts for buildings and machin\u00c2\u00ac\\nery must be let; new devices developed\\nTHE MODERN\\nThis process is, however, only for the\\nsingle subscribers; for the dealers there\\nhave been prepared early the evening\\nbefore large wrappers with their proper\\nlabels for sending, together with the\\nnumber of papers to be sent, plainly\\nmarked on the outside. So when the\\ntime comes for wrapping, each mailer can\\nrapidly count out the desired number,\\nappty paste to a number of wrappers at", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0823.jp2"}, "822": {"fulltext": "Death=Dealing Machines of War.\\nas m\\nt\\nm\\nHOW THE ARMIES AND NAVIES OF THE WORLD FIGHT TO-DAY\\nCOMPARED WITH METHODS USED ONE HUNDRED YEARS AGO.\\nHuge Floating Arsenals; Shells Fired Eight Miles; Smokeless Powder; Torpedoes m\\nand Submarine Mines.\\nT has been said that improve\u00c2\u00ac\\nments in deadly war missiles\\nwill before long put a stop to\\nwar altogether. One would\\nalmost think so when it is considered\\nwhat marvelous strides invention has\\ntaken along this line. Time was, and not\\nlong ago either, when the round cannon\\nshot was aimed at the tough oak side of the\\nfrigate; when the grappling chain and\\ncutlass for hand-to-hand conflicts were\\nnecessary on all war vessels, and the\\nbayonet and cavalry charge played great\\nparts in land battles. Most of this is now\\nchanged. The iron shot gave way to\\nsteel projectiles, as the wooden hulls were\\nreplaced with steel. The completeness of\\nvictories, however, is no less than in cen\u00c2\u00ac\\nturies past; distances are only greater.\\nAnd each increase in the power of im\u00c2\u00ac\\nproved explosives and projectiles will be\\nmet with greater defensive devices, and\\nwith greater distances between the firing\\nlines. It will be the brotherhood of\\nman, not the deadliness and fear of\\nweapons, that will bring about universal\\npeace.\\nTo-day, in land forces there are such\\nimprovements as the far-reaching rifle,\\nwith its nickel-capped bullets, the Gatling,\\nMaxim and Hotchkiss guns, smokeless\\npowders, and such explosives as cordite,\\ndynamite, lyddite and nitro-glycerine.\\nCharges play some part, as in the gallant\\nfight of San Juan Hill, but, in the main,\\nartillery and long-distance firing prevail.\\n772\\nWith the navy more marvelous improve\u00c2\u00ac\\nments have been made. Nearly every\u00c2\u00ac\\nthing on board ship can now be operated by\\nelectricity. Ships are lighted, torpedoes,\\nguns and mines fired, searchlights are\\noperated, torpedo-boats propelled, and a\\nhundred other devices all controlled by\\nthis weird agent.\\nThe armor plates of the modern vessel\\nare thick and of the hardest steel known,\\nyet they are readily pierced by the enor\u00c2\u00ac\\nmous shells thrown at the distance of\\nseveral miles from the throats of great\\ndynamite and compressed air guns.\\nAmong the numerous\\nExplosives of High Power\\nthat are coming into use, the newest and\\npossibly the most powerful is lyddite.\\nLike others of its class, such as dynamite,\\nmelinite, cordite,, maxinite, etc., it is\\npicric acid brought into a dense state of\\nfusion. Picric is obtained by the action\\nof nitric acid on carbolic acid. When\\nlyddite shells explode they grind their\\nouter coverings into small fragments, and\\nwith a noise like the downfall of the\\nheavens, tear everything to pieces for\\nyards around. This explosive is being\\nused now by the English in the war with\\nthe Boers, though the latter have com\u00c2\u00ac\\nplained that such is against the codes of\\ncivilized warfare. General Kitchener\\nalso used it in his campaign of the Sou\u00c2\u00ac\\ndan with tremendous effect. A shell was\\ndropped into a mosque at Omdurman,", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0824.jp2"}, "823": {"fulltext": "GREAT NAVAL DEMONSTRATION IN PHILADELPHIA DURING THE PEACE JUBILEE\\nA STRIKING EFFECT WAS PRODUCED BY SEARCHLIGHTS ON THE WAR VESSELS AND ON THE CITY HALL", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0825.jp2"}, "824": {"fulltext": "THE BALLOON USED IN MODERN WARFmRE\\nv", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0826.jp2"}, "825": {"fulltext": "DEATH DEALING MACHINES OF WAR.\\n773\\nwhere 120 Mahdists were worshiping.\\nThe mosque and its inmates were\\nBlown Into Pieces,\\nand only twelve of the worshipers\\nescaped alive. In the war between China\\nand Japan, cordite, a similar though in\u00c2\u00ac\\nferior explosive, was thrown in a twelve-\\ninch shell into the Japanese flagship\\nMatsushima with the effect of hurling a\\n4.7-inch gun from its mounting, firing a\\nheap of ammunition, disabling two more\\n4.7-inch guns, and killing and wounding\\nninety officers and men.\\nSmokeless powder is another deadly ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nplosive, having for its main peculiarity\\nthe quality of exploding without smoke,\\ngiving off only a slight violet vapor, that\\nis not sufficient to betray the ambush of\\nthe gun. This kind of powder is made in\\nlong cylindrical strings and then cut up\\ninto small pieces. In the United States\\nwar supply factories, it is coated with\\nplumbago by being placed in receptacles\\nwith the powdered black lead or plum\u00c2\u00ac\\nbago and shaken up. This coating, being\\nrather oily, keeps the powder from ignit\u00c2\u00ac\\ning by friction in case of rough handling.\\nCordite looks a great deal as its name\\nwould signify, something like brown jelly\\npressed into long strings from one-six\u00c2\u00ac\\nteenth to one-half inch in diameter, and\\ndried. Some kinds of smokeless powder\\nlook for all the world like carefully cut\\nstrips of slippery elm bark. It is made in\\nslabs about one-fourth inch thick and a\\nfoot and a half to two feet long. This\\npowder is much safer to handle than com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmon black or brown powder, and will bear\\nquite a blow provided no sparks are\\nstruck. Like all smokeless powder, it\\nwill burn without special danger if a\\nmatch is applied, to it, with a clear, steady\\nflame, not flashing with a big s-s s-s like\\nthe old sort. Some of these explosives\\nare cut into pieces just like Saratoga\\nchips, and it is. a rather blood-curdling job\\nfor one not informed to watch shell-load\u00c2\u00ac\\ners hammer home this stuff into the big\\nshells as though in truth it were only so\\nmuch potato.\\nNitro-GIycerine,\\nwhich is used in some of its forms for war\\npurposes, but more especially for blasting\\noil-wells and the like, is one of the most\\ndifficult of all explosives to manufacture.\\nIt is generally pale yellow in color, is\\nodorless, and has a sweet, pungent taste,\\nthough when touched to the skin will\\ncause severe headache. It is made in a\\nlarge tank called an agitator, which has a\\nset of revolving paddles. Into this are\\npoured equal quantities of nitric and sul\u00c2\u00ac\\nphuric acids, and after a mixture of 250\\npounds is secured, sweet glycerine to the\\namount of 1,500 pounds is added. The\\nchemicals naturally tend to come to great\\nheat, but since ninety degrees explodes\\nthe mixture, water pipes are arranged\\nabout the vat to keep down the temper\u00c2\u00ac\\nature. In carrying this explosive there is\\ngreat danger of jarring. Makers of the\\nstuff generally live only about five years\\nat their work. As in all other factories of\\npowders and the like, no metals are\\nallowed, and the shoes and clothing of the\\nworkmen must be changed to suit their\\nemployment. Canvas shoes are used,\\nand the men may not turn their trousers\\nat the bottom for fear of bringing in grit\\nand gravel that might strike a spark.\\nProjectiles\\nhave improved in weight and hardness so\\nthat now in battles tons of metal are fired\\nthrough great granite fortifications and\\nsteel clad ships with greater ease than the\\nold-time round shot could pierce an oak\\nside. Early in the present century\\nmethods for throwing hollow shells filled\\nwith powder or small shot were invented.\\nFrom canister, grape and chain shot,\\nthere have evolved heavier shells, gener-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0827.jp2"}, "826": {"fulltext": "DEATH-DEALING MACHINES OF WAR.\\n774\\nally explosive, but also of such hard and\\nsharply pointed steel that no armor can\\nwithstand them. Most of the smaller\\nrifles are equipped with balls that pierce\\nthe object aimed at cleanly and without\\njagged edges. Cases have been known\\nwhere such a ball passing through a per\u00c2\u00ac\\nson did not even inflict a severe wound.\\nSuch is really the result aimed at in civil\u00c2\u00ac\\nized war; either to kill a man outright,\\nor simply temporarily to disable him.\\nSome kinds of shells, however, are dia\u00c2\u00ac\\nbolical in their intent. Among these is\\nthe\\nDum-dum Bullet\\nrecently declared barbarous by the Peace\\nConvention at The Hague. Some small\\nshot explode after entering the body;\\nTHE ENGLISH DUM-DUM BULLET.\\nThe recess in the point of the bullet allows the soft\\nlead, of which the interior of the bullet is made, to\\nexpand on striking the victim\u00e2\u0080\u0099s body; while the\\nnickel sheath breaks into jagged edges and makes\\nfrightful wounds.\\nothers, like the dum-dum bullet, flatten\\nout when they strike any object of resist\u00c2\u00ac\\nance, because of their soft material, being\\nonly partly covered by a nickel envelope,\\nand these at once make fearful, jagged\\nwounds, and are hard to extract. The\\nBritish are now using in South Africa an\\nawful affair partly covered with copper,\\nbut bare at the end, and with a slight\\nopening sawed down into the bullet.\\nWhen this strikes a victim, the cut closes\\nbecause of its softness, and the bullet\\nthen assumes the shape of a mushroom,\\nas a result making terrible and painful\\nwounds. One of the new inventions\\nalong the line of projectiles is what is\\ncalled\\nThe \u00e2\u0080\u009cBase\u00e2\u0080\u009d Shell.\\nThe bottom or blunt end of the shell,\\nwhich is large and for cannon use, is\\nseparate from the rest of the shell. This\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cbase\u00e2\u0080\u009d rests on ball-bearings, and, while\\nthe upper portion revolves, it is station\u00c2\u00ac\\nary. Attached to the base and folding\\nup into grooves along the upper part are\\nfour murderous scythes. When the shell\\nis thrown from its gun, the rifling of the\\ncore starts the point of the shell revolv\u00c2\u00ac\\ning, the knives, pushed by springs, jump\\nout from the sides of the base, and as\\nthey go through the ranks of the enemy\\ncut and maim every man in their course.\\nThen, after its work is nearly complete, it\\nexplodes and works more havoc. The\\nknives when outspread cover a diameter\\nof forty-five inches, and it may be imag\u00c2\u00ac\\nined what carnage such a missile will cre\u00c2\u00ac\\nate in a rank of closely lined infantry.\\nSearchlights\\nhave brought about a great revolution in\\nwarfare. By their means lights and sig\u00c2\u00ac\\nnals can be thrown many miles, and the\\nwork of the enemy in the night detected.\\nThe average searchlight is made up of\\nlenses and reflectors so as to condense or\\ndiffuse the light of a 25,000 candle-power\\nelectric arc lamp. They are made in the\\nshape of a cylinder about thirty inches\\ndeep and from two-to three feet in diam\u00c2\u00ac\\neter. In the back is a silver-backed re\u00c2\u00ac\\nflecting lens, and at the front is a glass\\ndoor. Within is an electric lamp placed\\nat the focusing point of the lens. Be\u00c2\u00ac\\ntween the glass door and the lamp is a\\nsmaller reflecting lens that throws the\\nlight of the electric lamp into the large\\nlens, and that lens in turn throws the\\nconcentrated rays out through the glass\\ndoor miles and miles into the night. The\\nwhole affair is mounted on a pedestal,\\nand can be moved in any direction at will.\\nThe rays of light are generally kept to\u00c2\u00ac\\ngether so that a beam 3,000 feet away", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0828.jp2"}, "827": {"fulltext": "DEATH DEALING MACHINES OF WAR.\\n775\\ncovers only the width of fifty feet. This,\\nhowever, can be changed at will if de\u00c2\u00ac\\nsired.\\nTorpedoes\\nare the dread of all war vessels, and work\\nas much havoc as any other weapon.\\nThey are shaped like a cigar, with pro\u00c2\u00ac\\npeller at the rear and an awful load of\\ndynamite or gun-cotton at the nose. In\u00c2\u00ac\\nside is an electric storage battery attached\\nto a motor that operates the propeller.\\nWhen ready to be discharged at the\\nenemy, a torpedo is placed in a com\u00c2\u00ac\\npressed-air device that shoots it out into\\nthe water, aimed in a certain direction.\\nThe electric battery has been turned on\\nand the rudders so arranged that the tor\u00c2\u00ac\\npedo will travel in a given angle. It\\ndrives forward at a great speed, the cap\\non the nose strikes the side of the ship\\nand discharges the explosive, and the ship\\nis torn into pieces.\\nMines are used nowadays for protection\\nof the harbors against an incoming\\nenemy. These are big bombs placed at\\nthe bottom of the harbor or straits and\\nconnected by electricity so that they may\\nbe fired off at will. Charts are made of\\nthe harbor, and so figured out that the\\nattendant several miles away can look\\nthrough a telescope at the approaching\\nenemy, and can tell at just what moment\\nthe intruder is over a given mine. He\\nthen turns a switch, and the great vessel\\nof steel and iron is blown into the air with\\na vast volume of water, and rapidly sinks.\\nSome mines are fast to buoys which float\\nat the surface, so that when a vessel com\u00c2\u00ac\\ning into the forbidden waters strikes one,\\nan electric spark is carried down to the\\nmine and it explodes.\\nAmong\\nMachine Guns\\nthe Gatling, Hotchkiss and Maxim are the\\ndeadliest because of their rapid fire. The\\nGatling has a .number of barrels joined\\ntogether side by side, and at a distance\\nlooks like a big stubby cannon. There\\nare generally about ten barrels, which\\nrevolve upon a pivot. Each chamber has\\na separate lock which is discharged auto\u00c2\u00ac\\nmatically when the barrel reaches its\\nproper position. The machine is worked\\nby a crank; the cartridges are placed in a\\nrack with grooves that let them slide down\\ninto their proper chambers as soon as the\\nfired shells have been ejected. As many\\nas 1,200 shots a minute have been fired\\nby the Gatling gun.\\nThe Maxim differs in that it is wholly\\nautomatic; after each recoil of a previous\\ndischarge the shock opens the breech,\\nextracts the empty shell, takes a fresh\\ncartridge, cocks the gun, pushes the shell\\ninto its chamber and fires the gun. The\\ncartridges are loaded into the gun in a\\nbelt, and all the operator has to do is to\\npull the trigger the first time, and the\\nbelt is ground through the machine at the\\nrate of 600 shots a minute.\\nThe Armstrong gun is the largest of\\nthe rapid-fire guns. It is for large caliber\\nshells, using 4 y 2 pounds of smokeless\\npowder, and throwing six-inch projectiles\\nweighing 100 pounds with enough force\\nto penetrate fifteen inches of wrought\\niron. -A smaller gun of the same order\\nfires forty-five pound shells at the rate of\\nfifteen per minute.\\nThe Driggs-Schroeder and Hotchkiss\\nrapid-fire guns are inventions of Ameri\u00c2\u00ac\\ncans, and are used largely on our battle\\nships, especially in the \u00e2\u0080\u009cfighting tops.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThese swing on pivots, so that they may\\nbe directed to any quarter. They fire\\none shot at a time, and to aim the gun an\\narm-piece similar to that of a rifle is\\nattached. The gunner presses this against\\nhis shoulder and steadies it, while his two\\nhands remain free to open the chamber,\\ninsert a shell, pull the trigger, and re\u00c2\u00ac\\nload. It fires still projectiles with great", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0829.jp2"}, "828": {"fulltext": "776\\nDEATH-DEALING MACHINES OF WAR.\\nCARING FOR THE WOUNDED.\\nA scene in a modern U. S. field hospital during the late war with Spain.\\nbattleship class the effectiveness of our\\nfighting ships has been prodigiously in\u00c2\u00ac\\ncreased. Six new monsters of the finest\\ntype are under way: the Kearsarge, Ken\u00c2\u00ac\\ntucky, Alabama, Illinois, Wisconsin, and\\nthe new Maine. The measurements of\\nthe Kearsarge and Kentucky are: Water\u00c2\u00ac\\nline length, 368 feet; displacement, 11,525\\ntons; speed, 16 knots; horse power,\\n10,000; water-line armor belt, 16*4\\ntiles thrown from the main-battery guns\\nweigh 1,100 pounds, leave the muzzle\\nwith 33,627 foot tons energy, and have\\nthe power of penetrating 34^4 inches of\\nwrought iron.\\nBesides the heavy war vessels, the navy\\nis being equipped with a new class of\\npeace ships. Six cruisers are soon to be\\nbuilt that are not intended for battle with\\nwar ships of the enemy. Their duties\\ninches; side armor above belt, 6 inches;\\nturret armor, 17 and 15 inches; conning\\ntower, 10 inches; protective deck, 2^\\ninches. Armament: Main battery, 4 thir\u00c2\u00ac\\nteen-inch guns; submain battery, 4 eight-\\ninch guns; secondary battery, 14 five-\\ninch rapid-fire guns, and 20 six-pound\\nrapid-fire guns. The enormous projec-\\nforce and at the rate of thirty-six shots a\\nminute.\\nEnormous strides have been made in\\nthe upbuilding of the\\nAmerican Navy\\nsince the Spanish-American war. Many\\nnew craft have been added, but in the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0830.jp2"}, "829": {"fulltext": "DEATH-DEALING MACHINES OF WAR.\\n777\\nwill lie in capturing or annoying the\\nmerchantmen and unprotected harbor\\ntowns of the enemy, and policing the sea.\\nThey are especially adapted to tropical\\nwaters, carry plenty of coal, and are light\\nenough to enter shallow water. They\\nare to be built of steel, but their bottoms\\nand sides up to a minimum of two feet\\nabove the water line are to be sheathed\\nwith heavy planking, which in turn is to\\nbe covered with copper. This copper\\ncovering is to avoid barnacles and the\\nlike which grow on the bottoms and sides,\\nand materially hamper marine move\u00c2\u00ac\\nments. Very little wood is to be used on\\nthe vessels, for it has been found that\\nbreaking beams splinter and cause more\\nwounds than bullets. They will measure\\n308 feet 2 inches over all, 53 feet wide;\\nfull draft when loaded, 16 feet 8 inches;\\ndisplacement, 3,400 tons; horse power,\\n4,500; coal capacity, 700 tons, and speed\\ni 6}4 knots. All the latest methods of\\nelectric lighting, heavy engines and the\\nlike will enable them to carry crews of\\n290 men 9,800 miles without other supply.\\nThe Largest Searchlight\\never made is the one that was exhibited\\non the roof of the Manufactures Building\\nat the World\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Columbian Exposition, and\\nwhich is now installed in the observatory\\non the summit of Mt. Lowe, California.\\nIt has the power of 3,000,000 candles and\\nthrows a strong light 150 miles. Its re\u00c2\u00ac\\nflecting lens weighs 800 pounds, is three-\\nfourths of an inch thick at the edges and\\none-sixteenth in the center, and is encased\\nin metal rings weighing 750 pounds.\\nThe whole light is 11 feet high and\\nweighs 6,000 pounds, yet is so delicatety\\npoised that a child can move it in any\\ndirection.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0831.jp2"}, "830": {"fulltext": "THE MODERN PUEBLO VILLAGE; WHOLE TOWNS IN THE TALL\\nBUILDING OF TO-DAY.\\nEN years ago, when the first\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cskyscraper,\u00e2\u0080\u009d the Tacoma\\nbuilding, was begun in Chi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncago, it was supposed that\\nthe Pyramids and a few of the great\\ncathedrals were the largest buildings that\\nwere likely ever to be erected. To-day\\nwe have tall bridge-like edifices that almost\\novertop these landmarks and seem to brush\\nthe skies. The development of the tall\\nbuilding generally known as the \u00e2\u0080\u009csky\u00c2\u00ac\\nscraper\u00e2\u0080\u009d came about in the natural course\\nof improvements in building, but it has\\nwrought one of the greatest revolutions,\\nthough peaceful, that has ever been wit\u00c2\u00ac\\nnessed.\\nWhen land values in the great cities\\nbegan to go up several figures at a jump,\\nthe question was asked, \u00e2\u0080\u009cWhere are we\\ngoing to conduct our business?\u00e2\u0080\u009d Land\\nwas occupied in the mercantile centers,\\nand since the buildings could not spread\\nout they must increase in height. This\\nwent on in a meager sort of way, for\\npeople did not like climbing up several\\nstories to their offices. Then came the\\nelevator, and with it the study of how\\nbest to increase the height of the office\\nbuildings.\\nIt had always been supposed that the\\nwalls were the main support for the floors\\nand the rest of the structure, but one day\\nan engineer came along who reversed this\\nmethod. He argued that by making the\\nframework of steel and fastened together\\nlike a cantilever bridge, there ought to be\\n778\\nstrength enough to support the outside\\ncovering. And such has been the method\\no-f building since, called\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cChicago Construction.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nBut the problem was not nearly worked\\nout, for with increased height there must\\nbe increased strength in the foundations.\\nThis meant a study of the soil to see if it\\nwould bear such great weights, and what\\nwould be the best method of keeping the\\nstructure from leaning out of plumb.\\nThe result has been that building has\\nnow become almost a branch of civil\\nengineering.\\nLet us observe the rearing of one of\\nthese cities in miniature, with its railway\u00c2\u00ac\\nlike elevators carrying thousands of pas\u00c2\u00ac\\nsengers and freight daily, with its own\\nelectric light and power plants, its restau\u00c2\u00ac\\nrants and hotels, its libraries for the\\ntenants, its telephone \u00e2\u0080\u009ccentral\u00e2\u0080\u009d and tele\u00c2\u00ac\\ngraph lines, its laundries, fire apparatus\\nand trained fire departments, barber\\nshops, postoffices, superintendents, de\u00c2\u00ac\\ntectives, and corps of workmen.\\nThe Tallest Building\\nof to-day is the Park Row, in New York\\ncity, designed by R. H. Robertson. It is\\ntwenty-nine stories in height and meas\u00c2\u00ac\\nures from the bottom of its foundation to\\nthe top of its flag pole 501 feet, or nearly\\none-tenth of a mile. Its weight is about\\n20,000 tons, and when loaded with its\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009clive\u00e2\u0080\u009d weight of tenants, furniture, etc.,\\nthe total pressure upon the foundation", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0832.jp2"}, "831": {"fulltext": "SKYSCRAPERS.\\npiles is about 61,400 tons. It may well be\\nimagined what is the amount of steel,\\nstone, bricks, cement, glass, etc., that is\\nneeded in the construction of such a\\nmonster, and yet the rapidity\\nwith which these buildings\\nare erected is still more\\namazing.\\nFirst the soil is probed to\\nsee of what nature it is. In\\nChicago,\u00e2\u0080\u0094which, by the way,\\nis almost a floating city be\u00c2\u00ac\\ncause of the thin crust of\\nearth that rests on a large\\nbed of ooze,\u00e2\u0080\u0094the building\\nproblem is different from\\nthat in New York, where the\\nground is largely sandy with\\nrock bottom.\\nwould seem no force o*r time could con\u00c2\u00ac\\nquer. Resting on this sub-foundation are\\nhuge blocks of granite, and above them the\\nbrick piers of the building. The weight of\\nGreat Pile-Drivers\\nwith hundred-ton hammers,\\npound down into the ground\\nto great depths long pine\\npiles, sometimes, as in the\\nPark Row building, forty feet\\nlong, and as many as 1,200\\nin number. The piles are\\nplaced about two feet apart\\nand in rows that will be di\u00c2\u00ac\\nrectly under the great ver\u00c2\u00ac\\ntical columns that are to\\nsupport the great weight of\\nthe completed building. On\\ntop of these piles and about\\ntheir upper ends is ponred\\nconcrete, which hardens and\\nbecomes a solid rock-like sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nstance, resting securely upon\\nthe piles. Sometimes criss\u00c2\u00ac\\ncross arrangements of steel\\nrails are imbedded in the\\nconcrete, and, when it has\\nhardened, there is presented\\nas a first foundation a mass\\nof steel and rock that it\\nA MODERN \u00e2\u0080\u009cSKYSCRAPER.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nShowing the framework tip, and several floors laid. Ready to put\\non the wallo of the lower stories.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0833.jp2"}, "832": {"fulltext": "780\\nSKYSCRAPERS.\\nthe building- is not allowed to come directly\\non the granite, but huge steel beams,\\nsome of them eight by fifty feet, and\\nweighing more than fifty tons, are placed\\nbetween the foundations and the bases of\\nthe upright steel girders about which the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cskyscraper\u00e2\u0080\u009d is to be built. This dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntributes the weight to every part of the\\nfoundation. Above the surface a great\\nsteel framework rises, which, before the\\nwalls are on, looks a great deal like an\\nimmense house of cards.\\nThe enormous steel girders that make\\nup the frame are all riveted together in\\nevery available place. It is said that if a\\nstorm great enough to disturb one of\\nthese skyscrapers came along the building\\nwould hang together, even if it were\\nblown entirely over. The outer walls of\\nthis great box-like frame are very thin\\nwhen compared to its height. If the old\\nmethod of using the walls as support for\\nthe floors were used, the walls at the bot\u00c2\u00ac\\ntom would have to be so thick that there\\nwould be no open space for use, while the\\nweight would be so great that no founda\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion would support it. The material varies;\\noften it is of terra cotta, and sometimes of\\nbrick and stone. It is fastened securely\\nupon the framework, and the lower walls\\ngive but little support to those above.\\nThe floors are made, as are also the\\nwalls, entirely of hollow,\\nFireproof Brick;\\nand some buildings have not even wooden\\nlaths, but rather arrangements of thin\\nsteel or tin upon which the plaster is laid.\\nThus a fire may burn out the fittings of\\none room, yet not spread to another.\\nThe cost of the Park Row building was\\n$2,400,000, but the income from its rents\\nis more every year than the taxes of a\\nsmall city. It contains 950 rooms, and\\nwill accommodate tens of thousands of\\npeople. The elevators carry over 50,000\\npeople daily.\\nThe question whether the \u00e2\u0080\u009cskyscraper\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nhas reached its limit is not as yet\\nanswered. Cities are enacting building\\nlaws regulating the height of buildings.\\nFires disastrous in their results have\\nrecently broken out in New York, which\\nthreatens the increase of height. It re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmains to be seen whether steel will last\\nlong enough without rusting, though at\\npresent, examinations of steel girders\\nerected ten years ago show no such\\ndecay. Whatever the future of the tall\\nbuildings is, all modern improvements in\\nbuildings take on the aspect of the \u00e2\u0080\u009csky\u00c2\u00ac\\nscraper.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0834.jp2"}, "833": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0835.jp2"}, "834": {"fulltext": "s\\n3\\na\\no\\n1 i\\n3\\nS\\n2 QJ\\nw it\\n03\\nZ\\no\\nco\\nco\\nO\\no\\nB\\nUl\\nH\\nZ\\nO\\ns\\na\\nD\\nUl\\ncr\\nO\\nz\\nUJ\\nCO\\nO\\ncr\\nUJ\\ncr\\ng 9\\ni\\nIM\\nD\\nM\\nac\\nCD\\nUJ\\no\\ncr\\nD\\nb\\nz\\nUJ\\nz\\nUJ\\nD\\nCD\\ncr\\nO\\ncr\\no\\nUJ\\no\\ncr\\nO\\nUJ\\no\\ncr\\nO\\nb\\nz\\nUJ\\n00\\nUJ\\no\\ncr\\n2\\ncr\\nO\\nb\\nZ\\nu\\nt\\nS)\\nE\\no.\\nUJ\\no\\nUJ\\na\\nUL\\no\\nh-\\nUJ\\ncr\\nh-\\nUJ\\nI\\nH\\n0\\na\\nZ\\n0\\nCO\\nCO\\nQC\\nUJ\\nZ\\no\\nco\\nco\\nO\\no\\nUJ\\na\\nUJ\\ncl\\nI\\nCO\\nCL\\nCO\\nQ\\nZ\\no\\ncc\\nUJ", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0836.jp2"}, "835": {"fulltext": "9\\nCompressed Air and Pneumatic Tubes.\\n9\\n9\\n9\\nHOW MAIL AND EXPRESS PACKAGES ARE SENT MILES\\n9\\n9\\n9\\n9\\nUNDERGROUND BY AIR ALONE.\\n9\\n9\\n9\\nIR compressed into a smaller\\nspace than it normally occu\u00c2\u00ac\\npies exerts a powerful pres\u00c2\u00ac\\nsure, for being a gas of a\\ncertain density it needs a certain amount\\nof room. When, then, by means of a\\ncompressor or pump we force air into a\\nsmall receiver the tendency is for the tiny\\natoms that make it up to push one against\\nthe other for more room and try to get\\naway. This powerful agent is easily\\nobtained, and when stored up in tanks\\nmay be used in any one of some hundreds\\nof ways. When conducted through a\\npipe with a faucet nozzle the air may be\\nused for blowing dust out of carpets and\\nupholstery, as well as for applying paint\\nto high ceilings. Chemical experiments\\nare made daily with its aid. Power is\\napplied for running cars, elevators, auto\u00c2\u00ac\\nmobiles, electric dynamos, and many\\nother such affairs. Liquid air was dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ncovered only by its aid, and the great\\nsystem of sending packages in pneumatic\\ntubes from floor to floor of the great de\u00c2\u00ac\\npartment stores, mail from city to city,\\nand messages underground from the great\\npress associations to the newspapers,\\nsaves much time and expense. Recently\\na pneumatic tube system was opened be\u00c2\u00ac\\ntween the New York City postoffice in\\nthe city hall at New York with that of\\nBrooklyn. A tube eight inches in\\ndiameter and over a half-mile long pass\u00c2\u00ac\\ning over the Brooklyn Bridge thus hourly\\nsaves the use of many wagons and mes\u00c2\u00ac\\nsengers. Possibly as fine a system as any\\nis that which was recently installed in the\\nWaldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City,\\nthough the placing of the tubes in the\\nwalls of the building is a great deal easier\\nthan running them under the ground in\\nconduits, as are those that connect all the\\ngreat newspaper offices with the tele\\ngraph companies.\\nThis great hotel has 1,200 rooms, and\\non an average entertains 1,500 guests; it\\nis sixteen floors high, so that it may\\nreadily be seen what an army of pages\\nand clerks it would take to sort and de\u00c2\u00ac\\nliver 6,000 pieces of mail and 2,000 news\u00c2\u00ac\\npapers that are received every day,\\nwithout the aid of some such device as its\\npneumatic tube system. In the basement\\nof the hotel is a\\nPump-Like Engine\\nthat compresses the air to a pressure of\\nfrom two to three pounds to the square\\ninch. The compressed air is stored in a\\nlarge tank, from which run two large\\nmains or pipes, one to the \u00e2\u0080\u009ccentral\u00e2\u0080\u009d sta\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion on the main floor, where the boxes\\nare shot up to the different floors, and\\nanother that leads up to the top of\\nthe building. The latter has fourteen\\n781", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0837.jp2"}, "836": {"fulltext": "782\\nMODERN ILLUSTRATING.\\nbranches, one leading to each of the first\\nfourteen floors, each one ending in receiv\u00c2\u00ac\\ners specially adapted to the system.\\nThese two mains and their branches\\nsupply air under pressure to the other\\ntubes that are to carry the messages.\\nNow, leading from each station on the\\nupper floors down to the \u00e2\u0080\u009ccentral\u00e2\u0080\u009d on the\\nmain floor are separate transmission\\ntubes made of seamless brass tubing\\nthree inches in diameter, which do the\\ncarrying. Thus, at the main station\\nthere is a long row of receivers, fourteen\\nin all, each numbered and leading to its\\nrespective floor. Little boxes to fit the\\ntubing, and having fur on the ends so as\\nnot to stand still and let the air pass\\naround them when in the tube, are em\u00c2\u00ac\\nployed to shoot through these pipes,\\nwhile longer ones ten inches in length\\nare used for carrying newspapers. When\\nit is desired to send up mail or a visitor\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\ncard to an occupant on an upper floor the\\nattendant at \u00e2\u0080\u009ccentral\u00e2\u0080\u009d places the message\\nin one of the boxes, shoves the box into\\nthe receiver, and then pushes a rod which\\nin turn actuates machinery that lets a\\nlittle air into the tube. This causes a cur\u00c2\u00ac\\nrent sufficient to carry the box up to the\\nend of its tube, where it is dumped out.\\nThe attendant at this station hands the\\nmessage to a page in waiting, who carries\\nit to the proper room.\\nSome systems have two sets of pipes\\nthrough which all the time there is flow\u00c2\u00ac\\ning a strong current of air, one pipe lead\u00c2\u00ac\\ning up, the other down. This, however,\\nis done away with by the system just\\ndescribed, one tube sufficing for messages\\neither way. On election nights when\\nnewspapers are rushed to get the news,\\nand thousands of telegrams are being\\nsent and received hourly, this is the only\\nmethod which could be used.\\nModern Illustrating.\\nHALF-TONE AND COLORTYPE ENGRAVING.\\nSIDE from the method known\\nas zinc-etching (see article on\\nModern Newspaper) there are\\nseveral other processes, such\\nas wood-cuts, half-tones and colortypes.\\nWood-cuts, as their name implies, are\\nengravings on blocks of wood, and are of\\nthe earlier method of engraving. With\\nthese very fine detail in lights and shad\u00c2\u00ac\\nows can be obtained, but for rapid and\\ninexpensive work the photo-engraving\\nprocesses are used in the main. The zinc\\nmethod for outline cuts, or cuts where\\nthere are no other tones or colors other\\nthan black with the blank space white,\\nis as good a process as could be desired,\\nbut it can readily be noticed that in repro\u00c2\u00ac\\nducing photographs there are some shad\u00c2\u00ac\\nows more intense than others and some\\nlights brighter. Zinc etching cannot", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0838.jp2"}, "837": {"fulltext": "MODERN ILLUSTRATING.\\npossibly bring out anything .but white\\nand black, so the half-tones or lighter\\nshadows had to be produced by some\\nother method.\\nIt was found that by photographing the\\nobject desired through a fine screen of\\nmuslin or\\nWire Gauze\\nor lines scratched on a glass plate and\\nthen filled up with ink, the little squares\\nin the screen would separate the rays of\\nlight according to the strength of the light\\nor shadow of the picture. Where the\\nshadows are intense the rays run together\\nso that the effect on the plate is of the\\nblack shadow running all together, but\\nwhere they are lighter the rays come\\nupon the plate differently and form little\\ndots, while in the high lights or white\\nplaces the plate is still more dotted. If\\nyou will take a magnifying glass and\\nexamine a half-tone you will see that the\\nwhole picture is made up of little cross\u00c2\u00ac\\nbars. This is the effect of the screen, and\\nis called stippling. The screen is placed\\njust in front of the plate to be photo\u00c2\u00ac\\ngraphed upon in the camera, and as the\\nrays of light come in through the lens\\nthey are diffused according to the inten\u00c2\u00ac\\nsity of the light or shadows in the object\\nbeing photographed. The screen is ruled\\nin little bars with lines from 80 to 150 to\\nthe inch. These are so small that they\\nhardly appear as lines when the cut is\\nviewed a little ways off, yet they accom\u00c2\u00ac\\nplish the work of collecting the different\\ngrades of half-tones, and produce a pic\u00c2\u00ac\\nture after being etched on copper or brass\\nplates almost a counterpart of the photo\u00c2\u00ac\\ngraph.\\nThe Colortype\\nis worked out on the same line, that is,\\nwith a screen to stipple or grain the plate,\\nbut a further process of using different\\ncolored inks is used which in the end gives\\n783\\nthe effect of photographs in color. The\\nprocess consists in having three different\\nhalf-tone plates made of the same subject,\\nwhich are used respectively with three dif\u00c2\u00ac\\nferent inks: red, yellow, and blue. These\\nthree colors when combined in proper\\namounts by printing one on top of the\\nother will give any shade of color desired.\\nThe subject to be printed is carefully\\nstudied as to its color, and the proper\\ncombination of the inks to produce the\\ndesired colors is decided. Then one plate\\nis arranged for printing, let us say, in\\nblue. All that portion of the picture that\\nis to appear in heavy blue has a heavy\\nsurface on the engraving; the lighter\\nshades are stippled more, o-r eaten out;\\nwhile that portion which needs blue in\\ncombination with one or both of the other\\ncolors is shaded in proportion. This\\nplate, after being \u00e2\u0080\u009cblocked\u00e2\u0080\u009d with color\\nthus, is marked near the edges with-\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cRegister Marks\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nwhich aid in printing the next color ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nactly on top of the other at the proper\\nplace. Then the yellow plate is prepared\\nin the same manner, and then the red.\\nProofs of each plate are taken separately\\nand together, to see if the right color scale\\nhas been worked out. If the final proof\\nis correct, all the register marks on the\\nseveral plates should print exactly one\\nover the other and not blur, forming a\\nsingle mark. When this is done, we have\\nas a result a perfect colortype or picture\\nresembling a photographic half-tone, only\\nin natural colors. The greatest difficulty\\nin this kind of engraving is that the oper\u00c2\u00ac\\nator must thoroughly understand the\\neffects of one color upon the other, and\\nbe able to know what degrees of intensity\\nof the primary colors must be used to\\ncombine at last into the perfect and\\nnatural shade.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0839.jp2"}, "838": {"fulltext": "me Meat Market oi me world.\\nThe Union Stock Yards, of Chicago, Where Millions of Dollars, Worth of\\nCattle, Hogs, and Sheep are Slaughtered Daily and Shipped\\nTo Every Quarter of the Globe.\\nHICAGO supplies the world\\nwith meat. Daily there passes\\nthrough the great Stock Yards\\non the southwest side of the\\ncity millions of dollars, worth\\nof cattle, hogs, and sheep, beside vast num\u00c2\u00ac\\nbers of horses, to be shipped to all parts\\nof the globe. These yards gain their name\\nby reason of the numerous railway lines\\nthat surround them in a square, and which\\nbring here from all parts of the stock-\\nraising country vast herds to be slaugh\u00c2\u00ac\\ntered and packed.\\nThe Union Stock Yards is a corpora\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, virtually a monopoly, and has many\\nof the powers of a municipal^. Within\\n784\\nits gates enter every morning, between\\n4:30 a. m. and 9 a. m., some 28,000 per\u00c2\u00ac\\nsons, while there are employed in both\\nthe yards proper and \u00e2\u0080\u009cPackington,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nwhich is always considered a part of the\\nyards, about 35,000 people. In 1899 the\\ntotal receipts of animals were about 2,500,-\\n000 cattle, 140,000\\ncalves, 9,200,000 hogs,\\n3,700,00c sheep, and\\n120,000 horses (for this\\nyard is also the greatest\\nhorse market in the\\nworld). To bring this\\nstock to market re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquired nearly 300,000\\ncars, or a train over 300\\nmiles long. The Stock\\nYards Company con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrols all manner of in-\\nd u s t r i e s within its\\ngrounds, from water\\nplants and fire depart\u00c2\u00ac\\nments to restaurants and boot-blacking\\nstands.\\nWhen a load of stock is run in on the\\nside track, the cattle or hogs are run into\\nchutes by the company and locked up\\nuntil the man to whom they are consigned\\nsends for them. Then a \u00e2\u0080\u009ckey-man\u00e2\u0080\u009d opens\\nthe chute and gives the animals into the\\ncare of the consignee. This man may be", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0840.jp2"}, "839": {"fulltext": "THE MEAT MARKET OF THE WORLD.\\n785\\nKILLING \u00e2\u0080\u009cKOSHER CATTLE.\\nFor Jewish customers meat must be dressed with especial religious rites.\\nThe Pens\\nare divided into blocks\\nand divisions just like\\na township, to facilitate\\nin locating stock. The\\nyards cover no less than\\n475 acres, 320 of which\\nare covered with plank\\nflooring. There are 13,-\\n000 pens, 8,500 of which are covered for\\nhousing hogs and sheep. The divisions and\\nblocks lay out the place with twenty-five\\nmiles of streets, while there are thirty-\\neight miles of water troughs for watering\\nstock, ninety miles of water pipe and fif\u00c2\u00ac\\nteen miles of sewers Six artesian wells\\nfurnish the water supply, and in summer\\ntime the tanks and reservoirs hold water\\nfor emergency to the amount of 8,000,000\\n50\\nof inspection for disease by government\\nofficials makes it almost impossible for\\nunhealthy stock to be sold. And when\\none considers that in one year $230,000,-\\n000 worth of stock is yarded by the com\u00c2\u00ac\\npany and it seldom occurs that a single\\nhead is lost, one can possibly understand\\nthe magnitude of this great buying and\\nselling center.\\nBut aside from the simple handling of\\na packer or a commission man. From the\\nchutes the animals are driven to pens that\\ncustom has given to each particular firm.\\nHere they are inspected and sold. As they\\ngo to the scales and are weighed govern\u00c2\u00ac\\nment inspectors throw out poor stock,\\nwhile a public shrinker docks some ani\u00c2\u00ac\\nmals that are not in the best condition from\\nforty to eighty pounds.\\nCondemned animals\\nhave a tag fastened in\\ntheir ears. Three main\\nsections in the yards are\\nlaid off for cattle, sheep,\\nand hogs. The cattle\\npens are large, roomy\\nplaces which will hold\\nseveral car-loads, and\\nare brick paved. The\\npens for hogs are\\ndouble-decked, that is,\\nlike a two-story house,\\none pen over the other.\\nThe sheep are all taken\\nto a roofed place called\\nthe \u00e2\u0080\u009csheep-house.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\ngallons. Owners are put to no trouble in\\nthe handling of stock, for all kinds of feed\\nare delivered to the pens by the com\u00c2\u00ac\\npany, and the watering, feeding and yard\u00c2\u00ac\\ning is all conducted under its care at\\nreasonable cost. Two hundred commis\u00c2\u00ac\\nsion firms located at this market make\\ncompetition acute. A thorough system", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0841.jp2"}, "840": {"fulltext": "786\\nTHE MEAT MARKET OF THE WORLD.\\nstock by commission men and speculators,\\nthe Stock Yards are noted for the latest\\nand fastest methods for killing, packing\\nand shipping to all points of the globe\\nthe meat supply of all humanity. The\\nlargest packers at Chicago include Armour\\nCo., Swift Co., Nelson Morris Co.,\\nLibby, McNeil Libby, and the Cud-\\nahys. All these firms are capitalized in\\nthe millions, and nearly all have branch\\nyards and packing houses at Kansas City,\\nOmaha, St. Louis, and several other\\npoints, while they are represented by\\nsalesmen and markets all over the world.\\nTo give an idea of the immensity of one\\nof these concerns the following figures\\nare given: One company in 1898 pur\u00c2\u00ac\\nchased live stock to the aggregate of\\n1,437,844 cattle, 2,658,951 sheep, and\\n3,928,659 hogs. Sales the same year\\namounted to $150,000,000, and the total\\nnumber of cars needed to carry the meats\\nwas 107,684. From this number of live\\nstock there were made 196,244,585 pounds\\nof lard, 6,472,857 pounds of wool, 3,888,-\\n983 pounds of neatsfoot oil, 5,487,540\\npounds of glue, 8,116,338 pounds of\\nbutterine, 26,009,453 pounds of tallow\\nand grease, 61,635,047 pounds of oil,\\n90,079,748 pounds of hides, and 86,226,-\\n586 pounds of fertilizer. This same\\ncompany\u00e2\u0080\u0099s plant at Chicago extends over\\nforty acres of land, of which thirty-\\neight acres are covered by buildings, the\\nlatter having floor space to the area of\\nsixty- seven acres.\\nTwenty five engines\\nwith eighty-one boilers\\nand 12 dynamos supply\\nthe plant with power\\nand light, while seven\\nrefrigerating machines\\nwith 125 miles of pipe\\nhave a capacity of cool\u00c2\u00ac\\ning 1,400 tons of meat\\ndaily. The storage and\\ncooling rooms have a\\ncapacity of 5,000 cattle,\\n7,500 sheep, and 12,000\\nhogs. Six thousand and\\neighty five employes\\nthat carry on this gi\u00c2\u00ac\\ngantic enterprise neces\u00c2\u00ac\\nsitate a weekly pay roll\\nof $70,000.\\nNumerous methods\\nare used for\\nKilling\\nand preparing the stock for consumption.\\nThe cattle are driven from the buying\\npens over long runways to pens near the\\nslaughter houses. From these they are\\nrun one by one into pens within the house,\\neach just large enough for one animal.\\nPlatforms run along the side of these\\npens and level with the top. Along these\\nplatforms walk men with small sledge\u00c2\u00ac\\nhammers, and when just above a steer,\\none of them will suddenly swing the ham-\\nIN THE HOG \u00e2\u0080\u009cSTICKING-PEN.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nShowing a sticker in the act of killing.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0842.jp2"}, "841": {"fulltext": "787\\nTHE MEAT MARKET OF THE WORLD.\\nmer with stunning force upon the head of\\nthe animal just between the horns. The\\nanimal drops to the floor, and then a gate\\nis swung up, the floor turns upward on\\none side upon a pivot, and the animal\\nrolls out, only to be quickly jerked to the\\nceiling by a chain fastened about one\\nhoof. At once the throat is cut, and the\\nhead removed; the animal is drained of\\nblood, and then in quick stages the hide,\\nhoofs, shanks and inwards are removed,\\nand sorted to their various departments.\\nThe \u00e2\u0080\u009csplitter\u00e2\u0080\u009d comes\\nalong and splits the ani\u00c2\u00ac\\nmal down the back\u00c2\u00ac\\nbone. All this time the\\ncarcass has been trav\u00c2\u00ac\\neling upon an endless\\ntrolley; and now, after\\nit has been washed and\\ncooled, it is ready to be\\nstored in the great re-\\nfrigerating rooms,\\nwhence it comes later\\nwrapped in cloth and\\nis shipped away in spe\u00c2\u00ac\\ncially prepared refriger\u00c2\u00ac\\nator cars all over the\\nworld. For Jewish cus\u00c2\u00ac\\ntomers a special killing\\nis necessarv because of\\nj\\nthe tenets of their re\u00c2\u00ac\\nligion that will not allow them to eat\\nmeat other than that killed by an ordained\\nrabbi, or which has ever had a broken\\nlimb. Instead of using the hammer for\\nstunning, the animal is first tied by the\\nfeet, then raised in the air by the one\\nhind foot. A killer appointed by a rabbi\\ncomes along murmuring a prayer, and\\nwith a quick slash cuts the animal\u00e2\u0080\u0099s throat.\\nThis process is called\\nKilling \u00e2\u0080\u009cKosher,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nand is very rapid, in one plant 250 being\\nkilled and dressed an hour.\\nWith sheep the process is similar to\\nother killings, only the sheep are sus\u00c2\u00ac\\npended two by two on hooks that run\\nalong a continuous trolley line. As each\\nset passes a certain station a certain part\\nof the process is completed. The killer\\nsticks the knife in their throats at the\\nrate of twenty a minute; then the animal\\nmoves along to each specialist until the\\ncarcass appears at the end of the trolley\\nheld apart with wooden sticks, ready for\\nthe chilling room. With this branch of\\nslaughtering as with others, the Jewish\\nmethod necessitates a special slayer, who\\nplaces the edge of the knife between his\\nlips and mutters a prayer before every\\ndeath stroke.\\nWith\\nHogs\\nan odd device like a great drum, with six\\nhooks at intervals on each side, revolves\\nby machinery. Each hook is so arranged\\nwith a little wheel that, when a hog is\\nfastened to one as the drum revolves, the\\nhog is jerked with it till it reaches its\\nhighest point, when the little wheel slips\\nUNITED STATES INSPECTORS MARKING HOGS TO BE\\nSHIPPED.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0843.jp2"}, "842": {"fulltext": "788\\nTHE MEAT MARKET OF THE WORLD.\\non to the rail of a trolley and the hog is\\nquickly run down to the killer. This\\nman makes the quickest killing of any,\\nnumbering about twenty-five strokes per\\nminute, while 550 wholly dressed hogs\\nare turned out from one plant each hour.\\nFrom the killer the hogs go to the \u00e2\u0080\u009cgut\u00c2\u00ac\\nter,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and then to the scalding trough,\\nwhere in boiling hot water and with the\\naid of a scraping machine most of their\\nhair is removed. Next in a cooler bath\\nthe last vestige of hair is scraped away by\\nhand. From here the carcass goes\\nthrough the general process of cutting\\nup, only with hogs the cutting is in\\nsmaller pieces. The leaf lard is sent to\\nmarkets or to the refinery; the sides are\\npressed into shape for bacons by hy\u00c2\u00ac\\ndraulic presses, while odd bits and cut\u00c2\u00ac\\ntings are sliced off here and there and\\nshot through tin chutes hundreds of feet\\nlong to other parts of the building,\\nwhere they are packed in boxes ready for\\nshipment.\\nThe process of killing must for facility\\nbe divided so that each man does but one\\npart of the work; thus, one man kills, one\\nman \u00e2\u0080\u009cguts,\u00e2\u0080\u009d another removes the hide,\\nanother chops off the hocks, while still\\nothers split and divide the carcass into\\nmarketable shape. The animal is always\\nyet warm ere the process is complete, and\\nin from three to five minutes after the\\nlive animal is driven into the pen, the\\nmeat is ready for cooling. It is remark\u00c2\u00ac\\nable that not an ounce of a slaughtered\\nanimal goes to waste. Every part that\\ncannot be used directly for food, wool,\\nleather or oil goes to the \u00e2\u0080\u009ctank\u00e2\u0080\u009d and is\\nrefined into glue.\\nCHICKEN KILLING.\\nWith a corps of eighty men, 10,000 chickens, 8,000 ducks or 6,000 turkeys are killed and dressed by the\\nabove illustrated process every day. Each operator has his certain work to do; one man fastens the fowl\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\nlegs to the hooks on the endless chain, and also hangs a little can to its neck just below the bill. The\\nchain moves on, a man sticks an awl through the neck of the fowl, and the blood drips out into the can\\nwhence it is sent to the \u00e2\u0080\u009ctank\u00e2\u0080\u009d for fertilizer. Then as the chain goes on each man plucks his part of the\\nfeathers till all is done.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0844.jp2"}, "843": {"fulltext": "UJ\\nCD\\nUJ\\nI\\nO\\nh\\no\\no\\nh\\nUJ\\nX\\no\\nz\\nE\\nCO\\nO\\nh\\nCC\\nUJ\\no\\nu\\no\\nI\\no\\nI\\nCO\\nQ\\nCC\\nO\\no\\nH\\nCO\\nZ\\no\\nz\\nz\\nQ\\nUJ\\na:\\ncc\\ncd\\nCD UJ\\ncr _i\\nO\\ncc\\nUJ\\nCO\\n5\\n3\\nZ\\nUJ\\nX\\nI-\\nQ\\nUJ\\ncc\\nQ\\nz\\n3\\nI\\nUJ\\nUJ\\ncc\\nX\\nH\\nCD\\nUJ\\nCD\\n3\\no\\nX\\n0\\nZ\\nZ\\no\\n0.\\nQ\\nz\\nCD\\nQ\\nUJ\\nI\\nCD\\ncr\\nH\\n3\\no\\nCD\\nQ\\nCC\\nUJ\\nCD\\nz\\nUJ\\n5\\n5\\nCD\\nz\\nUj\\n0.\\nUJ\\nI\\nI-\\nUJ\\n_\u00c2\u00bb\\nH\\nh-\\no\\nUJ\\nI\\nh-\\n0\\nz\\ni\\no\\nI\\nCD", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0845.jp2"}, "844": {"fulltext": "STEEL PLATE MILL\\nSHOWING IN THE BACKGROUND THE IMMENSE ROLLERS THAT PRESS THE WHITE-HOT STEEL INGOTS OR\\nSLABS INTO IMMENSE STEEL PLATES TOR THE HULLS OF VESSELS, LOCOMOTIVES AND OTHER USES\\nCONTINUOUS TRAIN-ROD MILL SHOWING THE IMMENSE ROLLER THAT PRESS THE IRON INTO LONG RODS", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0846.jp2"}, "845": {"fulltext": "Great Governments of the World\\nHOW THE NATIONS OF TO-DAY GOVERN\\nTHEIR PEOPLE.\\nOVERNMENT has existed\\nsince the birth of man. Opin\u00c2\u00ac\\nions differ with people and\\nnations as to the goal to be\\nreached by this or that\\nmethod, but the intelligent person watches\\nwith interest the growth in any form of\\nthe great science of politics and govern\u00c2\u00ac\\nment. The entire human family has un\u00c2\u00ac\\ndergone, or is still undergoing, vital\\nchanges of government and mutual rela\u00c2\u00ac\\ntionship. A glance at the various gov\u00c2\u00ac\\nernments in operation throughout the\\nworld at the present time will reveal\\nthe important fact that few, if any, of\\nthe methods familiar in the pages of\\nhistory are absent from the list. We still\\nhave the savage communities, which in\u00c2\u00ac\\nvolve almost an obliteration of the family\\nrelation rather than the existence of one\\nlarge family; there are the nomadic\\nhordes and camp-followers, grazing their\\nherds on the edges of the desert at one\\ntime, and threatening to overthrow the\\nworld at another. Some countries still\\nthink the individual exists for the benefit\\nof the government rather than the gov\u00c2\u00ac\\nernment for the governed. Let us glance\\nat some of the larger nations with their\\nmost improved and enlightened methods\\nof government, as well as their errors.\\nFRANCE.\\nIn France, as much possibly as in any\\nother great government, we have the ex\u00c2\u00ac\\ntremes democracy and monarchy com\u00c2\u00ac\\nbined. When the old monarchy went to\\npieces under Louis XVI., the masses were\\nafraid to trust any of the aristocracy with\\nthe reins of government, and, accord\u00c2\u00ac\\ningly, boards were appointed to manage\\nthe different departments. When Napo\u00c2\u00ac\\nleon assumed control, however, it was an\\neasy matter to place trusty tools or single\\nofficers in charge. After him came\\nchanges of republics and empires until\\nto-day, under the third republic, we have\\na system of government combining the\\nfeatures gained from the advanced repub\u00c2\u00ac\\nlican thinkers of France (the country most\\nadvanced in theoretical republicanism)\\nwith those of a strongly centralized mili\u00c2\u00ac\\ntary rule. One cannot study the govern\u00c2\u00ac\\nment of this powerful republic without\\ntaking into consideration the enormous\\npower wielded by the army, and the\\nalmost implicit confidence placed by the\\ncommon people in that body.\\nA national assembly, elected to treat\\nwith Germany after the Franco-Prussian\\nWar in 1871, found itself in control of the\\ngovernment, and while the members were\\nlargely monarchists, the general tendency\\n789", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0847.jp2"}, "846": {"fulltext": "790\\nGREAT GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD.\\nof France as a whole was toward the re\u00c2\u00ac\\npublican form of government, therefore\\nthe assembly dared do nothing but draw\\nup a republican constitution. To be\\nsure, the constitution was rather meager,\\nand tended strongly towards the monar\u00c2\u00ac\\nchical, and it was not submitted to the\\npeople for approval, nor is such now\\nnecessary. We have, therefore, these\\ntwo tendencies of monarchy and republi\u00c2\u00ac\\ncanism struggling for supremacy.\\nThe divisions of France for electoral and\\nadministrative purposes are eighty-six de\u00c2\u00ac\\npartments, which are divided into smaller\\ndistricts,\u00e2\u0080\u0094362 in all,\u00e2\u0080\u0094which are in turn\\ndivided into still smaller cantons, 2,899 in\\nnumber, while the smallest subdivision is\\nthe commune, of which France has 36,170.\\nThree sides of government exist, the legis\u00c2\u00ac\\nlative, executive and judicial, though all\\nare so centralized that a comparison to\\nthe government of the United States would\\nbe entirely out of place.\\nThe Legislative Department\\nis divided into a chamber of deputies and\\na senate, members of the first to the num\u00c2\u00ac\\nber of 584 being elected for four years,\\nwhile those of the senate are elected for\\nnine years, one-third retiring every three\\nyears. Each male citizen of twenty-one\\nyears who has resided six months in a\\ncommune, and who is not disqualified, may\\nvote. Deputies must be citizens twenty-\\nfive years old, and receive $1,800 a year\\nand free transportation on all railways.\\nAs a rule they are men of ordinary cal\u00c2\u00ac\\niber, being retired business men, doctors\\nand farmers. Senators are forty years\\nold or more, and average sixty-three\\nyears, with salary the same as the depu\u00c2\u00ac\\nties. The deputies are elected directly\\nfrom the districts, though some of these\\nare so large that two or more constitu\u00c2\u00ac\\nencies are made from them. Election\\nday is set by government and not by law,\\nand always comes on Sunday. If no\\ncandidate receives an absolute majority\\nof all the votes cast, and at least one-\\nfourth of the registered voters in his con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstituency, another election is held in two\\nweeks, in which a simple plurality elects,\\nand if a tie occurs, the oldest man is\\nchosen. Senators are chosen from de\u00c2\u00ac\\npartments by electoral colleges (bodies\\nof men elected for the purpose) composed\\nof three classes: first, of delegates chosen\\nfrom the municipal councils of the differ\u00c2\u00ac\\nent Communes in the Department; sec-\\nond, of senators and Deputies of the De\u00c2\u00ac\\npartment; third, of members of the coun\u00c2\u00ac\\ncil general of the Department, and of the\\nmembers of the different councils in the\\nDistricts of the Department. The sen\u00c2\u00ac\\nators are not often men of national\\nreputation, but retired professional men\\nfrom the country towns. The work of\\nthe senate is not much beyond that of\\ndeciding with the president when the\\nchamber of deputies shall be dissolved,\\nand that of sitting as high court for im\u00c2\u00ac\\npeachments and trials of persons who\\nthreaten the existence of the state. In gen\u00c2\u00ac\\neral it is a body inferior to the chamber.\\nThe President of France\\nis elected by a majority of the chamber\\nand senate sitting in joint session, and\\nno member of the royal family may hold\\nthe office. The president\u00e2\u0080\u0099s salary is $125,-\\n000 yearly, with a great retinue of serv\u00c2\u00ac\\nants and the free use of the palace (Palais\\nd\u00e2\u0080\u0099Elysees) in Paris. He has no veto on\\nlegislation, though he may return a bill\\nfor a second vote. He may adjourn the\\nhouses, though only for a month; may\\nclose a session over five months old,\\nand with the consent of the senate may\\ndissolve the chamber of deputies. The\\npresident has for his advisers a cabinet of\\neleven ministers of the different portfolios\\nof finance, war, marine and the colonies,\\nforeign affairs, etc., whose salaries are\\neach $12,000 a year. These ministers are", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0848.jp2"}, "847": {"fulltext": "GREAT GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD\\n791\\nchosen by the president with a view to\\ntheir influence in the respective house of\\nwhich they may be members, and gener\u00c2\u00ac\\nally with the advice of the presidents of\\nthe two houses. They really frame the\\nlegislation of the administration, and\\nmust sanction the acts of the president\\nere they are effective. They speak in\\nboth houses, whether they are members\\nor not, but when they cannot control the\\nbodies in legislation they are forced to\\nresign, and a new cabinet is chosen. The\\nsmallest factional fight will defeat a cabi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnet, the average life of the cabinet being\\nabout eight or ten months. And yet the\\ngovernment is largely that of the cabinet\\nrather than of the president, for the\\nlatter really has no very great powers,\\nand is more a luxurious figurehead than\\nanything else.\\nLegislative Methods\\nbegin with a choice of eleven bureaus in\\nthe chamber by lot at the start of each\\nannual session, while nine are selected in\\nthe same manner by the senate. These\\nbureaus choose from their numbers a\\nmonthly committee on parliamentary\\ninitiative, to which all bills are first re\u00c2\u00ac\\nferred, when presented, to decide if they\\nare worthy of consideration. This com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmittee practically passes all serious bills,\\nand after printing them refers them to\\ntheir respective bureaus. The bureau\\nselects a sub-committee for study of the\\nbill, though this is generally on party\\nlines. After the bill has been amended\\nto suit the committee, it is presented be\u00c2\u00ac\\nfore the chamber by a commissioner, who\\ndoes not speak from his seat, but from a\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009ctribune\u00e2\u0080\u009d above and behind the chair of\\nthe president of the house. The speaker\\n(president of the chamber) has nothing of\\nthe great power wielded by the same\\nofficer of the United States, though he is\\nelected by party rule. French parlia\u00c2\u00ac\\nmentary practice differs greatly from that\\nof almost any other country, it being\\nnothing uncommon for members to shout\\nout their opinions of disapproval of the\\nperson speaking, and even the Speaker\\nwill stoop to trivial criticisms of members\\nand speeches.\\nAnother body, the \u00e2\u0080\u009ccouncil of state,\u00e2\u0080\u009d a-\\nrelic of the days of Napoleon, performs\\nthe function of advising the president and\\nministers on matters of public impor\u00c2\u00ac\\ntance. The members are, in many cases,\\nmen of learning, and do considerable\\ngood in preparing rules for administra\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, though, as far as legislation is con\u00c2\u00ac\\ncerned, they are of little avail, for they\\nare not generally consulted.\\nSince the cabinet is dependent upon\\nthe chamber for support, it must naturally\\ndeal out favors to the deputies. These\\nare largely in the shape of offices for\\nfriends and political aids. Public opinion\\nis largely felt in France, and to avoid\\ncensure of the press, it is a well-known\\nfact that the great sums of money at the\\nhands of the cabinet for secret service\\nare largely spent in subsidizing the news\u00c2\u00ac\\npapers.\\nThe System of Courts\\nstarts with the usual local justices of\\nthe peace, ascending through courts of\\nappeal to a final supreme court. The\\npresident of the republic appoints the\\njudges, with the aid of the minister of\\njustice, and with the exception of the\\njustices of the peace the tenure of office\\nis permanent. A special court also ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nists, composed of judicial officers and men\\nof administrative training, whose duty it\\nis to decide disputes arising over admin\u00c2\u00ac\\nistrative questions or between officers of\\nthe administration and citizens. The\\nmethods of procedure in French courts\\nare entirely different from those in Amer\u00c2\u00ac\\nica or England, and while there is not so\\nmuch chance for a guilty criminal to avoid", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0849.jp2"}, "848": {"fulltext": "792 GREAT GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD.\\nsentence, at the same time, the system\\nlacks the security of personal liberty.\\nOne judge in secret does the work of\\nexamining cases instead of a grand jury,\\nand he may dismiss the case or commit it\\nto trial at his own discretion. Many\\ncourts which sentence but for three or\\nfour years consist of three judges who\\nact without a jury. A prisoner may be\\nkept for days without communication\\nwith his friends, and if the judge so wills\\nit, all the evil effects of the old \u00e2\u0080\u009clettres\\nde cachet\u00e2\u0080\u009d of the days of the Bastile can\\nbe reproduced. In the higher courts\\ntwelve jurors generally assist the judges\\nand decide by a simple majority. In\\ncommercial cases there are special courts\\nand councils made up of experts.\\nIn Local Government\\neach district has a prefect, or sort of\\ngovernor, appointed by the president for\\nan indefinite term and responsible to the\\ncabinet. A general council of the de\u00c2\u00ac\\npartment, elected by general vote for six\\nyears, one from each canton, assists him.\\nThese carry on the general work of the\\ndepartment, such as management of\\nschools, local courts, railroads, asylums\\nand the poor. Likewise the district\\n(arrondissement), the next smaller divis\u00c2\u00ac\\nion, has a sub-prefect appointed by the pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nfect, responsible to him and really act\u00c2\u00ac\\ning as his agent. A council, one mem\u00c2\u00ac\\nber elected from each canton, has the\\nwork of dividing the taxes among the\\ncommunes. The canton is simply a\\nsmall election district and judicial district\\nfor justices of the peace, muster district\\nfor the army, etc. The commune (still\\nsmaller) is self-governing, and is the\\nunit of all government. Each elects a\\nmunicipal council according to its popula\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, and this council elects its mayor.\\nThe mayor, however, when once elected,\\nbecomes the agent of the central govern\u00c2\u00ac\\nment at Paris, and may be suspended or\\nremoved if so desired. By the system of\\nappointments and removals from office\\nthe government can for a time be abso\u00c2\u00ac\\nlutely despotic in its decrees, though when\\nthis happens new elections shortly remove\\nthe real offenders. Thus we have really\\ntwo extremes of government, yet the\\ngreat centralized power is plainly shown\\nfor the good in the great roads, bridges,\\nexpositions, public improvements and\\neducational institutions of France.\\nGERMANY.\\nAfter the ravages of Napoleon upon the\\nGerman states, their rulers naturally\\nsought a defensive alliance. Till after\\nthe war of 1866 Austria was the natural\\nleader of the union, but at that time\\nPrussia came forward and Austria was\\nthrust out. Three forces set to work to\\nbring about what is now the German Em\u00c2\u00ac\\npire, namely: first, the necessity of union\\nof the several states; second, the great\\nBismarck of victorious Prussia, wishing\\norder more than freedom; and, third, the\\nprinces of the different states, desiring to\\nperpetuate their thrones, and wishing a\\ndegree of states\u00e2\u0080\u0099 rights.\\nHistory.\\nAfter the victories of the Prussian\\narmy against the French, the king of\\nPrussia was elected the president of the\\nunion with the title of \u00e2\u0080\u009cemperor,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and\\nthe first coronation\u00e2\u0080\u0094that of Emperor\\nWilliam\u00e2\u0080\u0094took place in the palace of\\nLouis XVI. at Versailles, near Paris,\\nwhich was still besieged, January 18, 1871.\\nShortly afterward a diet was called and\\nthe new constitution was drawn up. This\\nhas not distinctly marked in it the three-\\nsided form of government so familiar to\\nAmericans.\\nThe Imperial Government\\nconsists of the emperor and his adminis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntration, a federal council (or bundesrath)", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0850.jp2"}, "849": {"fulltext": "GREAT GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD.\\n793\\nsimilar to our senate, and a diet (or\\nreichstag) similar to our house of repre\u00c2\u00ac\\nsentatives. The latter is composed of 397\\nmembers elected by popular vote for five\\nyears. Any German twenty-five years\\nold can vote or be a candidate. The\\nmembers are not paid, but receive free\\ntransportation. Bills cannot be intro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduced in the diet without support of at\\nleast fifteen members, and when a bill\\nconcerns only a certain state, either in the\\nfederal council or in the diet, the whole\\nhouse does not vote, but rather only that\\nportion affected by the bill. The diet\\nmust be consulted on war, the senate on\\ntreaties, and neither house can adjourn\\nfor more than from day to day, the em\u00c2\u00ac\\nperor having the right to fix the dates of\\nadjournment. He is also empowered to\\ndissolve the diet and order a new election\\nwithin sixty days. The federal council is\\nalmost a counterpart of our senate, being\\ncomposed of ambassadors from the differ\u00c2\u00ac\\nent states of the union, selected by the\\nhead of the state, aided in a measure by\\nthe legislature. They vote according to\\nthe number from their respective states,\\nand votes are cast in a lump by one\\nspokesman for each state. The council is\\na perpetual body, and the emperor must\\nconvoke it upon the request of one-third\\nof the members. The imperial chancellor\\npresides over the council, and in case of\\na tie, his vote produces the necessary ma\u00c2\u00ac\\njority for legislation. The council must\\nconcur in the legislation of the diet\\nbefore it becomes a law, and accepts\\nor rejects treaties. In case a state\\nof the union shall not obey commands,\\nthe council may enforce its edicts with\\narms. The council is also empowered\\nby the constitution to execute laws\\nwhenever no other provision has been\\nmade by law, thus giving, it is said,\\nthe actual sovereignty of the empire to\\nthis body.\\nThe Emperor\\nat first glance would be thought to have\\nno more power than that of our president,\\nbut it must be remembered that the con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstitution makes the ruler of Prussia its\\nemperor. The Prussian crown descends\\nto the oldest male, hence a man is always\\nin power. This allows customs to grow\\nup, and privileges are granted the ruler\\nthat would never be the case if a presi\u00c2\u00ac\\ndent governed, or if the emperor came\\nfrom a different state each time. Also\\nthe German people have a great re\u00c2\u00ac\\nspect for the glory and grandeur of the\\nimperial throne; the emperor repre\u00c2\u00ac\\nsents the empire in all its foreign affairs,\\nappoints ambassadors without confirma\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, and receives those of other courts.\\nBesides this, he is almost absolute lord\\nover an army of 500,000 thoroughly\\ntrained soldiers, always ready for the\\nfield. As king of the Prussians, he con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrols their seventeen delegates in the\\nfederal council, and it would mean almost\\nrevolution if he could not secure the other\\nfourteen votes necessary for a majority.\\nAnd then Prussia has absolute veto power\\non questions relating to the army, the\\nnavy, and the imperial taxes. This gives\\nthe emperor power enough to whip any\\nfaction into line.\\nBills\\nare generally prepared by experts and\\nsubmitted first to the council, and if\\npassed here sent through the chancellor\\nto the diet. Amendments of the consti\u00c2\u00ac\\ntution are not referred to the people, but\\nare enacted by the council. If fourteen\\nvotes are cast against such a measure it\\ncannot pass; hence, it can be seen that no\\ngroup of smaller states can force on\\nPrussia, with her seventeen votes, a dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntasteful amendment, and yet neither can\\nPrussia so work against the smaller states\\nthat they cannot secure fourteen votes to\\nquash measures harmful to them.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0851.jp2"}, "850": {"fulltext": "794\\nGREAT GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD.\\nThe Chancellor\\nis the emperor\u00e2\u0080\u0099s right-hand man, ap\u00c2\u00ac\\npointed by him and removed at pleasure.\\nHe generally controls politics, is head of\\nthe Prussian delegation in the council, and\\npresides over that body. All acts must\\nbe signed by him before they become law.\\nBismarck was the greatest of the chan\u00c2\u00ac\\ncellors.\\nLocal laws of the different kingdoms of\\nthe empire govern mostly in the courts.\\nThere is the usual system of local, district\\nand superior courts in the various king\u00c2\u00ac\\ndoms, the j udges being appointed instead of\\nelected. From the superior courts appeal\\nis had to the imperial supreme court,\\nwhich consists of eighteen judges who sit\\nfor life and are appointed by the emperor.\\nThe empire has a code of criminal law,\\nanother for commercial, and recently a\\ncivil code that governs the judiciary of all\\nthe kingdoms. The powers of the su\u00c2\u00ac\\npreme court do not reach to declaring\\nacts unconstitutional, for there is no dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinction between constitution and statute.\\nIn fact, the judiciary of Germany is only\\na branch of her political administration.\\nThe nature of the empire, while\\nNot Strictly Democratic,\\nis yet as much as can be expected of\\nmonarchical states, and very well fits the\\npeople it governs. It is no loose con\u00c2\u00ac\\nfederation, but a firm pact,\u00e2\u0080\u0094an \u00e2\u0080\u009cindis\u00c2\u00ac\\nsoluble union of\u00e2\u0080\u00a2 indestructible states.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nIts laws take precedence over those of its\\nstates, and a revolting state would be\\nbrought to terms by arms. The taxing\\npower is limited to customs and excises\\non salt, tobacco, beer, brandy, beet sugar\\nand sirup. Pro rata contributions can be\\ncalled for from the kingdoms to meet\\nemergencies. The empire controls the\\ncoinage, railways and telegraph, though\\nthe states are allowed to operate mints,\\nand to some extent own railways.\\nThe main defect of this government\\nis that it has no bill of rights in its con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstitution that guarantees to the individual\\ncertain rights against the encroachments\\nof the government when in the hands of\\nunscrupulous agents.\\nGREAT BRITAIN.\\nThe government of Great Britain is that\\nof a limited monarchy in name only, for,\\nthough the oldest member of the reigning\\nfamily holds the crown and title, as well\\nas the honors of a monarch, yet the power\\nis so limited that were the ruler to attempt\\nto coerce the representative branches of\\nthe eovernment, revolution would result\\nin dethronement. The government is\\nthat of a cabinet under constitutional\\ncontrol as worked out by a house of com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmons and house of lords, influenced to\\nsome extent by the queen and to a great\\nextent by public opinion. Unlike the\\nconstitution of the United States, that of\\nEngland is unwritten, being a mass of\\ncustoms of gradual growth which it has\\ntaken years to be brought out from pub\u00c2\u00ac\\nlic acts of the parliament against the\\nreigning sovereign.\\nIn Early Times\\nin England the power of the monarch was\\nnearly absolute, but gradually, by hard\\nfights, the people gained rights in repre\u00c2\u00ac\\nsentation in parliament, some monarchs\\nwere deposed, others executed, and still\\nothers judged insane or incompetent and\\nregents were appointed. The house of\\ncommons deposed Charles I., appointed\\nCromwell president of the Common\u00c2\u00ac\\nwealth, and later called a monarch back\\nto the throne. James II. attempted later\\nto enforce edicts distasteful to parliament\\nand was deposed, to be succeeded by\\nWilliam and Anne. Since these rulers a\\ncabinet has always played an important\\npart in English government. When", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0852.jp2"}, "851": {"fulltext": "GREAT GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD.\\n795\\nGeorge I. came to the crown he did not\\nunderstand English, and necessarily\\nleaned a great deal upon his cabinet.\\nLater, George III. tried to do away with\\nthis institution, but he eventually had to\\ncome around to its use again. Since that\\ntime\\nThe Cabinet\\nhas grown into a permanent branch of the\\ngovernment, though not mentioned legally\\nas such, it being simply a growth by cus\u00c2\u00ac\\ntom for convenience* sake.\\nThis cabinet is of from fifteen to twenty\\nof the chief ministers of the various de\u00c2\u00ac\\npartments or portfolios of the government.\\nA state of affairs that brings about two\\npolitical parties is necessary for such a\\nform of government, for each party\\nmust strive for supremacy, and criticise\\nthe acts of the other. The ministers\\nnaturally have control of the parliament\\nso as to influence the passage of impor\u00c2\u00ac\\ntant measures, or they are of no power\\nand have to resign. When a great issue\\nis at stake, the party that is defeated must\\nof necessity resign the ministry and with\\nit the cabinet positions, for without sup\u00c2\u00ac\\nport of parliament a dead-lock would\\nresult. The alternative is had of dissolv\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the house of commons and appealing\\nby elections to the spirit of the public.\\nIf members in sympathy with the measure\\nat stake are returned to the house, the\\nadministration is vindicated and the bill\\nis passed, for if the house of lords refuses\\nto agree in the legislation, which by law\\nis necessary, the house, with the queen,\\ncan create more new peers to take seats in\\nthe house of lords, and thus effect a pas\u00c2\u00ac\\nsage. It is to be seen, therefore, that\\nThe House of Commons\\nis the direct representative and servant of\\nthe public, that it is superior in power to\\nthe lords when really supported by the\\npeople at large, and that the reigning\\nsovereign must to a great measure coin\u00c2\u00ac\\ncide with the wishes of the government of\\nthe house of commons in order to avoid a\\nrevolution. If, then, the commons is so\\npowerful and the direct agent of the\\npeople, what is the office of the cabinet,\\nand why is the government at all a mon\u00c2\u00ac\\narchy? First, the cabinet is not recog\u00c2\u00ac\\nnized as such by law. As said before, it\\nwas of gradual growth, a secret body of\\nadvisers to the sovereign. The party\\nhaving control of the parliament, and\\nhence most directly representing the\\npeople, is the one that the sovereign must\\nconsult in order to have any legislation\\npassed. Therefore, when one ministry\\nand cabinet has resigned through lack of\\nsupport in parliament, the queen calls to\\nher aid the leaders of the victorious party\\nin both houses, appoints them to the\\noffices in the ministry (the privy council),\\nand from the officers of the ministry\\nselects the cabinet that is to originate and\\ninfluence legislation and administrative\\nacts. Having no standing according to\\nlaw, the cabinet may act not as the cabi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnet but as the privy council. The head\\nof the cabinet is the premier, but neither\\nis he recognized bylaw; he is generally\\nthe minister of foreign affairs.\\nAs to the second point,\\nThe Government is Monarchical\\nbecause the queen, though not having\\nveto power, yet exerts a powerful check\\non the cabinet, lords and commons, and\\nthough the people are largely democratic,\\nyet they have a great respect for their\\nsovereign, and would not return to parlia\u00c2\u00ac\\nment members that would willfully set at\\nnaught her rule.\\nThe method of administration and\\nlegislation, then, is that the cabinet of\\nleaders of a certain party, backed by an\\ninfluential force in the commons and\\nlords, in secret session discusses and", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0853.jp2"}, "852": {"fulltext": "796\\nGREAT GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD.\\nframes plans of action. The advice and\\nconsent of the sovereign is gained,\\nand the measure sent through both\\nhouses of parliament. If the houses con\u00c2\u00ac\\ncur, it is legal; if they disagree, the cabi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnet (as privy council) and queen may dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nsolve the commons and trust to an elec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion to vindicate their ideas; or the cabinet\\nmay resign their positions in the ministry,\\nwhereupon a new ministry and cabinet is\\nformed from leaders of the victorious\\nparty. Altogether, the system of checks\\nand balances is admirable, the main fea\u00c2\u00ac\\nture being that though the queen can do\\nno wrong, her ministers, as guided by her,\\ncan, and they are directly responsible for\\nbad management, being forced to resign\\nat the lack of public approval.\\nSince the\\nConstitution is Not Written\\nthe courts do not sit upon the constitu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntionality of an act; the parliament is all\\npowerful, and any legislation passed by it\\nis presumably constitutional. Thus, if\\nthe judiciary, which is entirely separate\\nfrom the legislative and executive\\nbranches, though appointive in some\\ndegree, should judge laws contrary to the\\nopinions and wishes of parliament, acts\\nwould be passed that would nullify the\\nold laws. The judiciary holds office for\\nlife, and cannot be removed except for\\ncause. This gives a great degree of\\nliberty to their acts, and tends toward\\njustice in the main. The\\nHouse of Lords\\nhas power almost collateral with that of\\nthe house in making legislation, except\\nthat it cannot introduce or amend money\\nbills. The privy council, which is the\\nlegal body of the ministers in session,\\ndoes the official negotiating with the\\nqueen and signs acts. Altogether, there\\nare five sources of influence that bring\\nabout English government: First, the\\nqueen legally and formally appoints;\\nsecond, the cabinet cannot continue to\\nexist unless it has the support of a ma\u00c2\u00ac\\njority of parliament\u00e2\u0080\u0094thus the commons is\\nsaid to choose the cabinet; third, when a\\nnew house is elected, the voters determine\\nwho shall be next prime minister, for the\\nleader of each particular party is in mind\\nwhen the ballot for members is cast;\\nfourth, parties must exist to keep the\\nsystem of cabinet up\u00e2\u0080\u0094that is, one party\\nmust always be ready to take the place of\\nthe one in power, thus making all acts\\nopen in the light of publicity; and, lastly,\\nthe man himself must develop into a\\nleader in order to give a possibility for\\ncabinet rule over the sovereign and lords.\\nRUSSIA.\\nAutocracy, or government imposed upon\\na people rather than created by them, is\\nthe principle upon which Russia is ruled.\\nAnd yet in the home life of the Russian\\nvillagers democracy is pre-eminent. Thus\\nthe worst and the best form of govern\u00c2\u00ac\\nments occur in the same land, at opposite\\nends. The land of Russia is one-seventh\\nof that of the whole globe, covers the cold\\nsides of both Europe and Asia, and is\\ninhabited by about 130,000,000 people.\\nThree-fourths of this nation are people of\\nthe Slavic race,\u00e2\u0080\u0094people who for centuries\\nhave threatened the southern countries of\\nEurope, and who, it is feared, will one\\nday dominate the earth. They are\\nadmirably adapted to colonizing, and\\nwhen in their early history robber chiefs\\narose who oppressed them, they simply\\nmoved to another quarter of their country\\nwhere, in their \u00e2\u0080\u009cmir\u00e2\u0080\u009d or village, they\\ncould have some degree of freedom in the\\nownership of land. They did not dread\\nslavery, but while being owned bodily,\\nthey still persevered in the customs of the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cmir.\u00e2\u0080\u009d", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0854.jp2"}, "853": {"fulltext": "BARTHOLDI STATUE OF LIBERTY\\nERECTED ON BEDLOE\u00e2\u0080\u0099S ISLAND, NEW YORK HARBOR. HEIGHT FROM GROUND, 220 FEET; STONE\\nPEDESTIAL 82 FEET HIGH; FOREFINGER 8 FEET LONG; HEAD 14 FEET\\nHIGH AND 40 PERSONS CAN STAND IN IT", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0855.jp2"}, "854": {"fulltext": "THE AUTOMOBILE IN WA R\u00e2\u0080\u0094R A PI D-FIR E GUNS USED BY THE ENGLISH TROOPS AT THE DEFENCE\\nOF LADYSMITH", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0856.jp2"}, "855": {"fulltext": "GREAT GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD.\\n797\\nHistory.\\nWhen all the rest of Europe was being\\nfreed from the feudal system by the upris-\\ning of commoners, Russian nobles were\\njust beginning to see the richness of the\\nprize that lay before them in the shape of\\ninnocent villagers who knew not the terrors\\nof robbery or slavery. At once the poorer\\nclasses were forced to carry out the will\\nof the noble; law was unknown as the\\noffspring of the people, and commands\\nand edicts took its place.\\nPeter the Great,\\nwho died in 1725, was the power that first\\nbegan to bring order out of chaos, and\\nthe autocracy that he organized has re\u00c2\u00ac\\nmained for almost two hundred years to\\nthe present time. A great part of his\\nwork lay through the church. Russians\\nhad long been of the Greek orthodox\\nchurch. A patriarch existed and the\\nchurch owned its lands. Peter at once\\ndispensed with the patriarch, confiscated\\nthe lands, and appointed a\\nHoly Synod\\nto do the bidding of the czar in matters\\necclesiastical. Since the church is thus\\nunder the direct will of the czar, it must\\nfollow that any belief not to his way of\\nthinking must be persecuted and perish.\\nHigh-mindedness must needs soon dwin\u00c2\u00ac\\ndle, and instead of exposition of religion\\nand teachings for the goodness of the\\nbelief, there is in reality nothing but vast\\nceremonials and endless doings. Thus,\\nthrough the church, the czar wields an\\nenormous influence over the minds and\\nsouls of the common people.\\nThree Agents.\\nBesides the holy synod, the czar has\\nthree other methods of executing his will:\\na committee of ministers, a council of\\nstate, and a senate. With these divisions\\none would suppose some division would\\nbe made of legislative, executive, and\\njudicial duties, but such is not the case.\\nThat would be an approach to democracy,\\nand we are here dealing with autocracy.\\nAll these bodies exert the functions of all\\nbranches of government, though each has\\nits particular duties. However, the\\nexecutive, instead of having a check put\\nupon him by the people or any other\\nbranch of the government, is absolute;\\nhe issues orders instead of laws. Thus\\nthere is no legislative branch, the usual\\nbodies simply aiding in suggestions for\\nthe executive and in seeing that they are\\nproperly issued. Neither is there such a\\nthing as a branch of justice, for since\\nthere are no laws, there must needs be no\\ninterpretation of them; simply the en\u00c2\u00ac\\nforcement of the commands of the execu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntive. In short, the czar w r ills, the czar\\nsees that his will is obeyed, and the czar\\npunishes arbitrarily any disobedience.\\nFor convenience\u00e2\u0080\u0099 sake there are\\nTwelve Departments,\\nsuch as state, navy, justice, foreign\\naffairs, and the like, and the heads of\\neach, appointed by the czar, form the\\ncommittee of ministers. Their duties are\\nto aid in conducting the affairs of admin\u00c2\u00ac\\nistration, and issuing explanations of the\\nso-called laws. They may not resign\\nwithout the consent of the czar, for then\\nhe would not be having implicit obedi\u00c2\u00ac\\nence. The council of state consists of\\nsome sixty members appointed by the\\nczar, of which twelve are the ministers of\\nthe various bureaus. The duties of the\\ncouncil are principally those of consulta\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion and information. Reports of the\\ndepartments are read here and discussed,\\nand special commissioners appointed by\\nthe czar look into the details of recom\u00c2\u00ac\\nmendations of the ministers. The coun\u00c2\u00ac\\ncil also considers the annual budget, or\\nexpense account.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0857.jp2"}, "856": {"fulltext": "798\\nGREAT GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD.\\nThe Senate\\nis the body through which the so-called\\nlaws are patched up in shape to dupe the\\npeople. It is composed of high digni\u00c2\u00ac\\ntaries, also appointed by the czar, and\\nthese men have in charge the putting into\\neffect of all commands. Ministers or\\ngovernors of provinces are also here called\\nto account for their conduct. The senate\\nis regarded as the last court of resort in\\nthe feeble judicial system, though the\\ncouncil of state may review its acts.\\nThus, there are four main agencies for\\nthe execution of the will of the imperious\\nczar: the holy synod, for church matters;\\nand for matters of state, through twelve\\ndepartments or bureaus and the commit\u00c2\u00ac\\ntee of ministers, the council of state, and\\nthe senate. All sorts of work are done in\\nall bodies, and the sole object aimed at is\\nthe union of every phase of government\\ninto the single person of the czar.\\nYet, while this autocratic method is\\npursued with cruelness over the great\\nneeds of the state, in the family life\\ndemocracy is triumphant. Entire free\u00c2\u00ac\\ndom of will is expressed in the\\nGovernment of the Town Meetings\\nby the heads of families, custom having\\ngone so far that decisions must be unani\u00c2\u00ac\\nmous to be effective. The \u00e2\u0080\u009cmir,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or\\ntown, is all-powerful in all matters that\\npertain directly to its domestic life;\\nits officers are responsible to the peo\u00c2\u00ac\\nple at large, and it is no branch of the\\nrule of the czar. All the czar wishes is\\nobedience to laws, especially in the mat\u00c2\u00ac\\nters of taxation. Here the \u00e2\u0080\u009cmir is\\nwilling to submit; the people are simply\\nvictims of the higher government, but\\ncomplain little if let alone in their home\\nlife and ownership of land.\\nIt is not to be wondered at that such a\\ngovernment by one powerful and possibly\\nunscrupulous man should cause uprisings\\nand plots. In fact, the government uses\\nsuch methods, and the people copy after\\nthem. It is said that assassination is a\\nfrequent method of meting out so-called\\njustice to the czar\u00e2\u0080\u0099s subjects. After a\\ntime such a rule must needs dwarf the\\nsensibilities of the people, and then worse\\npunishments must be prescribed to arouse\\ndread.\\nFlogging\\nand exile to the mines in Siberia are of\\ndaily occurrence. Without warning, the\\ngovernment lays hold on those who have\\nbroken no law, and subjects them to the\\nseverest penalties. What wonder, then,\\nif the government that uses the sword in\\nthe place of law must in the law of nature\\nsometime perish by the sword?\\nTHE UNITED STATES\\nOF AMERICA.\\nIt is a common and erroneous saying\\nthat the constitution of the United States\\nis the most marvelous instrument ever\\nstruck off by the brain of man. This\\nwould lead people to think that our fore\u00c2\u00ac\\nfathers simply sat down to the task of\\nwriting a constitution, and produced a\\npaper at first thought that has since\\nproved almost perfect. Such was not the\\ncase. For generations before, both the\\ncolonists in America and their British\\ncousins across the water had been fighting\\nthe domineering power of the English\\ncrown, and as a result many concessions\\nwere made to the\\nRepresentatives of the People.\\nThough we were oppressed by governors\\nnot our own, and by foreign-made laws,\\nyet we had in every colony some form of\\ndemocratic government as expressed in\\nthe councils and assemblies. In most\\ncases there had been grants or charters,\\ngiven by the sovereign, enumerating cer\u00c2\u00ac\\ntain privileges. These were in reality\\nlittle constitutions. All the colonies", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0858.jp2"}, "857": {"fulltext": "GREAT GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD.\\n71)0\\nwere in the habit of sending complaints\\nto England, sometimes even rebelling if\\nthe governors did not acknowledge the\\nproper powers of the people. What\\nwonder, then, that upon throwing off the\\nEnglish yoke the different colonies should\\nat once frame constitutions democratic in\\nnature, somewhat improving upon their\\nold forms, and later that the colonies\\nJtpon uniting into the common union\\nshould combine all their various forms\\ninto one instrument? Many clauses in\\nOur Present Constitution\\nwere deemed decidedly undemocratic by\\nsome of the colonies, and vice versa.\\nThus the great central system of our\\ngovernment is built about an instrument\\nthat was in every sense the outcome of\\nsimple experience, and one of compro\u00c2\u00ac\\nmises and concessions.\\nIn 1787 a body of men framed this con\u00c2\u00ac\\nstitution, and referred it to the various\\ncolonies for ratification. The instrument\\nstipulated that upon the adoption by nine\\ncolonies it was to be effective, and was to\\nbe permanent. In 1788 nine colonies had\\nsigned, and in 1789 George Washington\\nwas installed as the first president, with\\nthe capital at New York. The govern\u00c2\u00ac\\nment thus laid down in writing, and\\nwhich by common consent is supreme,\\nconsists of three main departments: legis\u00c2\u00ac\\nlative, executive, and judicial. The first\\ncomprises two representative bodies: the\\nsenate, or upper house, consisting of two\\nmembers from each state elected for six\\nyears each and so divided that one-third\\nof the house is new every two years; and\\nthe house of representatives, consisting of\\nmembers from each state in number\\naccording to the population, and each\\nelected for two years. The senators are\\nchosen generally by the legislatures of\\nthe states, and if a vacancy occurs during\\nvacation, the governor of the state tem\u00c2\u00ac\\nporarily fills the vacancy. The repre\u00c2\u00ac\\nsentatives are elected directly by the\\npeople of the congressional districts of\\neach state. These two houses are almost\\nco-ordinate in their powers, though only\\nthe representatives can introduce money\\nbills, and only the senate can ratify\\ntreaties with the president, and agree to\\nappointments made by him.\\nThe President of the United States\\nis the main executive, elected by an elec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntoral college, and serves for four years,\\nwith the privilege of re-election. The\\nelectoral college consists of members\\nchosen from each state, equaling in num\u00c2\u00ac\\nber the representatives and senators of\\nthat state. These electors are chosen at\\nlarge by the people of the state, and at\\nthe capital of their state on a day ap\u00c2\u00ac\\npointed by law they cast their votes for\\npresident and vice-president. The votes\\nthus cast are forwarded to Washington,\\nwhere they are all counted together and\\nthe decision made as to the man elected.\\nAll the electors of one pai ty in any state\\nmay be elected by a bare majority,\\nespecially if election districts are so\\nmarked out as to favor that party. Thus,\\nwhile the popular vote of the whole\\ncountry might favor a president of one\\nparty, the system of electors may result\\nin placing a man in the chair who has the\\nless number of votes of the people behind\\nhim, as when Harrison was elected over\\nCleveland in 1889. As far as law is con\u00c2\u00ac\\ncerned, the elector is not bound to vote\\nfor any particular candidate, but custom\\nhas arisen by which they pledge their\\nvotes for the leader of their respective\\nparties.\\nThe Duties of the President\\nare to see that the laws of the land are\\nduly carried out, to send a message to\\neach congress suggesting needed legisla\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, and to sign or reject bills for legisla-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0859.jp2"}, "858": {"fulltext": "800\\nGREAT GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD.\\ntion. He has the veto power, but the two\\nhouses of congress may pass a bill over\\nhis veto by a two-thirds vote. He is com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmander-in-chief of the land and naval\\nforces of the United States, is the official\\nrepresentative of this country in dealings\\nwith foreign powers, and is the general\\nadviser for the welfare of the government.\\nAssisting, though not called for by the\\nconstitution, are a number of officers who\\nhead the different departments of state,\\nnavy, war, interior, treasury, etc., and\\nwho together form his cabinet. With\\nthese men, who, by the way, are selected\\nby him with the consent of the senate\\nfrom the greatest men in the country, he\\nconsults on matters of administration.\\nThey are directly responsible to him for\\ntheir acts, and censure would lead to\\nresignation, though not necessarily with\u00c2\u00ac\\nout the demand of the senate. Each of\\nthe department heads sees that the work\\nin his particular province is carried on;\\nfor instance, the postmaster-general con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrols in a great measure the post-offices\\nall over the country.\\nWhen\\nLegislation\\nis proposed in one of the houses it is sent\\nover to the other for confirmation. Here\\nit is either refused or passed. In the\\nlatter case it goes to the president for his\\napproval. If he signs it, it is at once a\\nlaw; or if he allows it to remain unsigned\\nten days there is the same effect. As\\nbefore said, he has the veto power, but he\\ncannot block legislation that has the sup\u00c2\u00ac\\nport of two-thirds of congress. The\\nsenate is the more conservative of the\\ntwo houses, for it represents not the\\npeople directly, but rather the individual\\nstates of the Union. Here are brought to\\nnaught many of the bills from the house\\nof representatives that are considered too\\nradical. The legislation in the house of\\nrepresentatives is carried on largely by\\ncommittees. A speaker elected by the\\nhouse appoints a number of standing com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmittees for various subjects to be consid\u00c2\u00ac\\nered. When a bill is presented, it is at\\nonce referred to a committee, which\\nrefers it to a sub-committee. If the bill\\nis in favor with the party in power the\\ncommittee reports favorably, and a vote\\nis cast. But if otherwise, the committee\\nnever lets it see the light of day again.\\nThus it may be seen what a power resides\\nin the speaker.\\nThe Judicial Department\\nconsists of a supreme court and various\\nlower courts, entirely independent of the\\nother two departments, though generally\\nsomewhat in sympathy with them.\\nThe federal courts, which are courts of\\nthe United States as a whole, in distinc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion from those of state power, pertain only\\nto the laws of congress and the constitu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion, with the exception of the supreme\\ncourt, which is the court of last resort for\\nany legal question, be it of state or fed\u00c2\u00ac\\neral law. To understand just the distinc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion between the federal and state oowers\\nA\\none must know that in their local govern\u00c2\u00ac\\nments the states are absolutely supreme,\\nthat is, of course, where they do not\\ncome into contact or conflict with the\\npowers given by the constitution to the\\nfederal government. The federal authori\u00c2\u00ac\\nties govern only such questions as interest\\nthe whole union of states. The minor\\nmatters of the states, such as police, civil\\nand criminal laws, schools, etc., are in the\\ndomain of the states alone. These have\\nassemblies consisting of two houses\\nelected by the people, and a governor, for\\nthe enactment of state laws and the execu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion thereof. Whenever the federal gov\u00c2\u00ac\\nernment attempts to encroach upon the\\nrights of the states, they at once appeal to\\nthe constitution, which is the supreme\\nlaw of the land. The judiciary decides", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0860.jp2"}, "859": {"fulltext": "GREAT GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD.\\n801\\nwhat is the proper construction of the\\nconstitution, and declares the law valid\\nor void as the case may be. Thus we\\nhave a system of checks and balances as\\ngood as almost any government. The\\npresident cannot act without the aid of\\nthe houses, the houses cannot enact legis\u00c2\u00ac\\nlation, unless by great majorities, without\\nthe consent of the president, and after the\\nlaw is enacted, if it is questioned, the\\njudiciary must also be in accord with the\\nother branches of the government before\\nthe law is legal.\\nThe tendency all the while is for the\\nSupreme Court\\nto uphold the acts of congress and the\\npresident, for it considers that the con\u00c2\u00ac\\ngressmen are serious in their intents, and\\nnot merely passing laws to hold their posi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions. This leads the federal government\\nmore and more to control the states, and\\ntends toward a centralized government.\\nBut if the people do not like this method,\\nthey at once resort to the ballot, a new\\npresident soon takes the chair, and new\\nsenators and representatives govern more\\nin accord with the sentiments of their\\nconstituents.\\n51", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0861.jp2"}, "860": {"fulltext": "Colonial Government\\nof the United States.\\nSfiSRRrV *\u00c2\u00bb^V=r\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2i*v\\ng*g\\n:V!\u00c2\u00ab.\\n;r#\\nw**\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cX**\\n_ _ ___ _ _ __\\nm\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2v..;-\u00c2\u00bb\\nHE president is giving careful\\nattention to the selection of\\ncivil governors for Puerto\\nRico, Cuba and the Philip\u00c2\u00ac\\npines. As commander-in-chief of the\\narmy it is within his authority to desig\u00c2\u00ac\\nnate civil governors to act under the\\ndirection of the secretary of war.\\nIn administration circles it is not ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npected that congress will take hasty action\\nconcerning Cuba, Puerto Rico or the\\nPhilippines. Until congress relieves him\\nthe president will remain in supreme con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrol of affairs in the islands, and he is\\nproceeding under the conviction that the\\nwelfare of the people will be in his charge\\nat least during the remainder of his pres\u00c2\u00ac\\nent term.\\nPUERTO RICO.\\nThe problem of civil government in the\\nislands yielded or ceded by Spain presents\\nitself in the simplest form in the case of\\nPuerto Rico. That island is fully and\\nwithout question under the sovereignty of\\nthe United States. It came to ns not only\\nby legal right, but with the cheerful and\\nunanimous desire of its people, who are\\npeaceful and loyal, and eager for the\\nbenefits to be derived from the applica\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of American ideas of government.\\nIn determining the question as to the\\nform of government and the participation\\nof the people of the island therein, the\\n802\\nmost important fact to be considered is\\nthat the people have not yet been edu\\ncated in the art of self-government or any\\nreally honest government. The difficulty\\ndoes not consist merely of a lack of\\nfamiliarity with the methods and proc\u00c2\u00ac\\nesses of government; it lies deeper than\\nthat, in the fact that the Puerto Ricans,\\nas a people, have never learned the\\nfundamental and essential lesson of obedi\u00c2\u00ac\\nence to the decision of the majority. In\\nthe experiments which have already been\\ntried in municipal elections and toward\\ngovernment by municipal boards, the\\nminority which is voted down almost\\ninvariably refuses to participate further\\nin the business of government.\\nThe attitude of the defeated party is\\nprecisely that which causes the continual\\nrevolutions in the government of other\\nWest Indian islands and the Central\\nAmerican states in the same latitude. It\\nwould be of no use to present to the\\npeople of Puerto Rico now a written\\nconstitution or frame of laws, however\\nperfect, and tell them to live under it.\\nThey would inevitably fall unless they had\\na course of tuition under a strong and guid\u00c2\u00ac\\ning hand. With that tuition for a time\\ntheir natural capacity will, it is hoped,\\nmake them a self-governing people.\\nPlan of Government.\\nSome such provision should be made\\nfor future government as the following:", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0862.jp2"}, "861": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n803\\nThat we should first declare definitely, by\\nstatute, what general laws of the United\\nStates are to be extended to the Puerto\\nRicans, such as, for instance, the postal\\nlaws, the banking laws, the customs,\\nnavigation and internal-revenue laws\\nwith such modifications as may be\\ndeemed advisable, the laws against\\ncounterfeiting, the anti-trust laws, etc.,\\nand provide for federal officers to execute\\nthese laws just as they are executed in the\\nvarious states and territories of the Union.\\nThat there should be a provision for a\\nfederal judiciary in the island, with the\\nsame kind of jurisdiction which is exer\u00c2\u00ac\\ncised by the circuit and district courts of\\nthe United States, and that jurisdiction to\\nreview their determinations should be\\nvested in the Supreme Court of the\\nUnited States, or in a designated circuit\\ncourt of appeals and the Supreme Court\\nof the United States. That there should\\nbe a form of local insular government\\nprovided which shall have complete con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrol over the rights, property and obliga\u00c2\u00ac\\ntions of the people of the island, substan\u00c2\u00ac\\ntially covering the field covered by the\\ngovernment of our respective states, and\\nsubject to limitations prescribed by con\u00c2\u00ac\\ngress of the same character as the consti\u00c2\u00ac\\ntutional limitations generally imposed\\nupon our state legislatures.\\nFramework of the Plan.\\nThe framework of this government\\nshould be substantially as follows: A gov\u00c2\u00ac\\nernor, to be appointed by the president of\\nthe United States, with the advice and\\nconsent of the senate; the chief officers of\\nstate customary under our system, such as\\nsecretary of state, attorney-general, treas\u00c2\u00ac\\nurer, auditor or comptroller, superintend\u00c2\u00ac\\nent of public works, and superintendent\\nof education, to be appointed in like\\nmanner, and a legislative council, to\\nbe composed of the chief officers of state\\nand a minority selected from the people\\nof the island by the president. That all\\nacts of the council should be subject to\\nthe veto power of the governor and to be\\npassed over the veto by a two-thirds vote,\\nand no law should take effect until it has\\nremained without disapproval for thirty\\ndays after presentation to congress, or to\\nthe president of the United States if\\npassed when congress in not in session.\\nThat there should be a supreme court of\\nthe island, composed of judges appointed\\nby the president with the advice and\\nconsent of the senate, and having appel\u00c2\u00ac\\nlate jurisdiction only; trial courts in\\nseparate districts, having general original\\njurisdiction, with judges and officers to\\nbe appointed by the governor, and a petty\\ncourt in each municipality; that the sev\u00c2\u00ac\\neral municipalities now existing in the\\nisland, with such consolidations and alter\u00c2\u00ac\\nations of boundaries as the council shall\\nprescribe, shall be governed by mayors\\nand municipal councils, to be elected by\\nthe people of the municipalities, each\\nmunicipality to be free from control in\\nthe exercise of the powers of local gov\u00c2\u00ac\\nernment, except as it shall be controlled\\nby statute, and except as its officers shall\\nbe liable to removal by the governor in\\ncase of failure to faithfully perform their\\nduties, and with power in the governor,\\nin case of such failure, to order a new\\nelection and to fill vacancies in the mean\u00c2\u00ac\\ntime.\\nLegislature.\\nThe question whether there might not\\nnow be provision made for a legislature\\nelected by the people of the island is not\\nfree from doubt, but in view of their pres\u00c2\u00ac\\nent inexperience it would be better to\\npostpone such a provision until the people\\ncan have had an opportunity for exercise\\nin municipal government, and until the\\nfirst formative period of adapting the laws\\nand procedure of the island to the new", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0863.jp2"}, "862": {"fulltext": "804\\nCOLONIAL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nconditions shall have passed under the\\ndirection of a council composed of Puerto\\nRicans selected for their known capacity\\nand wisdom, and Americans from the\\nstates competent and experienced in\\ndealing with legislative and admin\u00c2\u00ac\\nistrative problems. The constitution\\nof such a legislature should be contem\u00c2\u00ac\\nplated as a step to be taken in the near\\nfuture.\\nWherever it is necessary to employ\\nAmericans, except in the chief offices,\\na system of civil-service examination\\nshould be provided, under which re\u00c2\u00ac\\nquests from the governor of Puerto Rico\\nfor suitable persons to be appointed may\\nbe filled.\\nThe answer to the question, \u00e2\u0080\u009cWhat\\nshall be the treatment of the municipal\\nlaw of the island, and how far shall the\\nlaws which now regulate the rights and\\nconduct of the people be changed to con\u00c2\u00ac\\nform to ideas which prevail among the\\npeople of the United States?\u00e2\u0080\u009d presents\\nlittle real difficulty. The civil code estab\u00c2\u00ac\\nlished by Spain for Cuba, Puerto Rico and\\nthe Philippines, and in force at the time\\nof the cession, is an excellent body of\\nlaws, adequate in the main and adapted\\nto the customs and conditions of the\\npeople. It should be continued in force\\nwith such gradual modification as ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nperience from time to time suggests to\\nthose who are actually engaged in en\u00c2\u00ac\\nforcing it.\\nCongress has the legal right to regulate\\nthe customs duties between the United\\nStates and Puerto Rico as it pleases; but\\nthe highest considerations of justice and\\ngood faith demand that we should not\\ndisappoint the confident expectation of\\nsharing in our prosperity with which the\\npeople of Puerto Rico so gladly trans\u00c2\u00ac\\nferred their allegiance to the United\\nStates, and that we should treat the inter\u00c2\u00ac\\nests of this people as our own.\\nCUBA.\\nThe object of the present government\\nis to give protection to the people of\\nCuba, security to person and property, to\\nrestore confidence, to encourage the\\npeople to resume the pursuits of peace, to\\nbuild up waste plantations, to resume\\ncommercial traffic, and to afford full pro\u00c2\u00ac\\ntection in the exercise of all civil and\\nreligious rights. To this end the United\\nStates has endeavored to work through\\nthe channels of civil administration, with\\nthe preservation of the civil and criminal\\nlaws of Spain, modified from time to time\\nas the interest of good government de\u00c2\u00ac\\nmanded. Immediately upon assuming\\nhis control of the island, General Brooke\\nbegan the formation of a civil govern\u00c2\u00ac\\nment\u00e2\u0080\u0094not such as we Americans might\\nchoose, but one suited to the character\\nand customs of the people. At the same\\ntime he confirmed in office all the Spanish\\nappointees. This was a disappointment\\nto Cubans, but it was necessary, for it\\nprevented a scramble for office and a\\ntangle in administrative affairs that would\\nhave been hopelessly confusing.\\nWith his civil government formed, the\\nMilitary Governor\\nbegan, slowly, and with a conservatism\\nthat was utterly incomprehensible to the\\nfiery Cuban character, to reach out upon\\nall sides, perfecting his system, as out\u00c2\u00ac\\nlined by himself and his advisers, and\\nrectifying wrongs as they came to his\\nnotice. Civil governors for the various\\nprovinces were appointed, and the pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nvincial deputations, which had been\\nadvisory to the governors, were abol\u00c2\u00ac\\nished. The first act was a concession to\\nwhat might be called the province or\\nstates rights idea, made because it had\\nbeen part of the old system. The second\\nwas a step in counter action, in order that", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0864.jp2"}, "863": {"fulltext": "f\\nREVOLVING GUNS USED FOR COAST DEFENSE", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0865.jp2"}, "864": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0866.jp2"}, "865": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n805\\nthe spirit of sectionalism might not grow\\ntoo strong in so small a country.\\nThe question of\\nTaxation\\nwas taken up, and a complete revision of\\nall assessments was made, at the cost of\\nimmense labor. The outrageous imposts\\nof the Spaniards were in many cases\\nentirely abolished, and in others so\\nlowered as to come within the range of\\nright and reason. Municipalities which\\nwere hampered by suits for debts saddled\\nupon them by the Spaniards for war pur\u00c2\u00ac\\nposes were relieved by an order prevent\u00c2\u00ac\\ning civil action, until some plan of\\nsettlement could be determined upon,\\nand many taxes which had formerly gone\\nto the state were turned over to the\\nmunicipalities, that they might meet their\\nobligations as they occurred under the\\nnew regime.\\nCourts\\nwere stopped from prosecuting persons\\ncharged with committing crimes during\\nthe war while in actual military service,\\nfor no sooner did the Americans come\\ninto power than all sorts of private re\u00c2\u00ac\\nvenges were plotted by both Spaniards\\nand Cubans through the instrumentality\\nof corrupt courts.\\nThe control which we are exercising in\\ntrust for the people of Cuba should not\\nbe, and of course will not be, continued\\nany longer than is necessary to enable\\nthat people to establish a suitable govern\u00c2\u00ac\\nment to which the control shall be trans\u00c2\u00ac\\nferred, which shall really represent the\\npeople of Cuba and be able to maintain\\norder and discharge its international obli\u00c2\u00ac\\ngations. When that government is estab\u00c2\u00ac\\nlished it will be its duty and right to solve\\ni\\nThe Problems\\nfor Cuba. Our present duty is limited to\\ngiving every assistance in our power to\\nthe establishment of such a government,\\nand to maintaining order and promoting\\nthe welfare of the people of Cuba during\\nthe period necessarily required for that\\nprocess.\\nBefore long it is believed that, the\\nresults of the census having been com\u00c2\u00ac\\nputed and tabulated, we shall be ready to\\nprovide for municipal elections, which\\nwill place all the local governments of the\\nisland in the hands of representatives\\nelected by the people, and that when\\nthese local governments thus elected are\\nestablished they will be ready to proceed\\nto the formation of a representative con\u00c2\u00ac\\nvention to frame a constitution and pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nvide for a general government of the\\nisland, to which the United States will\\nsurrender the reins of government.\\nWhen that government is established the\\nrelations which exist between it and the\\nUnited States will be matter for free and\\nuncontrolled agreement between the two\\nparties.\\nIt cannot be doubted that when the\\nquestion of\\nFuture Relations\\nbetween this country and Cuba comes\\nto be considered by the represent\u00c2\u00ac\\natives of the two countries the United\\nStates will deal generously in all respects\\nwith the people for whom she has made\\nsuch great sacrifices. It does not seem\\nthat, so long as we retain control of Cuba\\nand preclude her people from making\\ntrade agreements or treaties on their own\\naccount, we ought to treat her sugar pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nducers less favorably than we do their\\ncompetitors in the West Indian islands\\nwhich are subject to other powers, and it\\nhas been recommended that during the\\nperiod of our occupation of the island the\\nduties imposed upon the importation\\ninto the United States from Cuba of the\\nproducts of that island be reduced to the\\nsame rates which will be imposed upon", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0867.jp2"}, "866": {"fulltext": "806\\nCOLONIAL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES.\\nthe goods imported from Jamaica in case\\nthe senate shall ratify the pending reci\u00c2\u00ac\\nprocity treaties.\\nSince the Spanish evacuation there have\\nbeen no strictly military operations, and\\nthe officers of the army in Cuba have been\\nlargely occupied in conducting, under the\\ndirection of the military governor and the\\ndepartment commanders, a general civil\\nadministration, for which no other gov\u00c2\u00ac\\nernmental machinery existed, and in aid\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the existing municipal governments\\nin the performance of their duties.\\nTHE PHILIPPINES.\\nClaim to government by insurgents in\\nthe Philippines can be made no longer\\nunder any fiction. Its treasurer, secre\u00c2\u00ac\\ntary of the interior, and president of con\u00c2\u00ac\\ngress are in our hands; its president and\\nremaining cabinet officers in hiding, evi\u00c2\u00ac\\ndently in different central Luzon prov\u00c2\u00ac\\ninces; its generals and troops in small\\nbands scattered through these provinces,\\nacting as banditti, or dispersed, playing the\\nrole of \u00e2\u0080\u009camigos,\u00e2\u0080\u009d with arms concealed.\\nSince that time our troops have been\\nactively pursuing the flying and scattered\\nbands of insurgents, further dispersing\\nthem, making many prisoners, and releas\u00c2\u00ac\\ning many Spanish prisoners who had been\\nin the insurgents\u00e2\u0080\u0099 hands.\\nIt is gratifying to know that as our\\ntroops got away from the immediate\\nvicinity of Manila they found the natives\\nof the country exceedingly friendly, and\\nboth men and animals were able to live\\nupon the country and for considerable\\nperiods leave their supply trains behind.\\nWherever the\\nPermanent Occupation\\nof our troops has extended in the Philip\u00c2\u00ac\\npine Islands, civil law has been imme\u00c2\u00ac\\ndiately put in force. The courts have\\nbeen organized, and the most learned\\nand competent native lawyers have been\\nappointed to preside over them. A sys\u00c2\u00ac\\ntem of education has been introduced and\\nnumerous schools have been established.\\nIt is believed that in the city of Manila a\\ngreater number of good schools, affording\\nbetter facilities for primary instruction,\\nexists to-day than at any previous time in\\nthe history of the city.\\nThe commissioners appointed by the\\npresident to study the government of the\\nPhilippines have returned, and ere long\\ncongress will take up the question of\\nreplacing the military with a civil govern\u00c2\u00ac\\nment.\\nTHE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.\\nFor a considerable time after the queen\\nof the Hawaiian Islands had been deposed\\nfrom her throne the liberal party in the\\nislands, made up largely of Americans\\nand Europeans, repeatedly petitioned the\\ngovernment of the United States for\\nannexation. Early in 1898 the provisional\\ngovernment sent to this country a com\u00c2\u00ac\\nmission to bring about the desired junc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of the two governments. Debate\\nwas hot in congress for some time, and\\nseveral treaties were drawn up and pend\u00c2\u00ac\\ning. Upon the explosion of the Maine in\\nthe harbor of Havana, however, the\\nadministration was so aroused that as a\\nwar measure it was decided to annex the\\nislands. Accordingly, June 11, 1898, the\\nhouse passed a resolution by a vote of 209\\nto 91 to take\\nPossession of the Islands\\nceded by the provisional government, the\\nsenate concurring July 6, by a vote of 42\\nto 21. August 12, this government\\nofficially lowered the old Hawaiian flag\\nand set our own stars and stripes over\\nthe government buildings, and adminis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntered the oath of allegiance to the national", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0868.jp2"}, "867": {"fulltext": "COLONIAL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES.\\n807\\nguard. The resolution under which the\\nislands were annexed stipulates that\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cuntil congress shall provide for the gov\u00c2\u00ac\\nernment of such islands, all the civil and\\njudicial and military powers exercised by\\nthe officers of the existing government in\\nsaid island shall be vested in such person\\nor persons and shall be exercised in such\\nmanner as the president of the United\\nStates shall direct. The existing treaties\\nwith foreign powers were to cease, and\\nbe replaced by those of the United States;\\nmunicipal legislation not inconsistent\\nwith the resolution or with the constitu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of the United States was to remain\\nin force until congress acts; customs\\nduties were to remain in full force; the\\npublic debt was to be assumed by the\\nUnited States, not, however, to a sum\\ngreater than $4,000,000. The Chinese\\nwere at once barred from further immi\u00c2\u00ac\\ngration.\\nA Joint Commission\\nwas to be appointed by the president to\\nstudy the laws and customs of the islands,\\nand report to the congress of the United\\nStates for legislation. For this purpose\\n$100,000 was appropriated by our govern\u00c2\u00ac\\nment, and President McKinley appointed\\nSenator Cullom of Illinois, John T. Mor\u00c2\u00ac\\ngan of Alabama, Representative Robert\\nH. Hitt of Illinois, Ex-President Dole of\\nHawaii, and W. F. Frear of Hawaii, as\\nthe joint commission. This commission\\nstudied the nature of the islands, and\\nfrom their reports congress will soon\\nenact new methods of governing our new\\npossessions.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0869.jp2"}, "868": {"fulltext": "i\\n\\\\h\\nt\\nTRAVELING\\nIN THE AIR\\nMODERN SCIENTIFIC\\nKITES AND FLYING\\nMACHINES.\\n1\\nWonderful development toward solving the problem of Aerial Navigation.\\nthrough space at enormous speed assured in the near future.\\nTravel\\nm\\nm\\nm\\nm\\nm\\nm\\nm\\nm\\nm\\nm\\nm\\n9\\n9\\nm\\n9\\n9\\nENTISTS and mechanical\\nengineers are looking for\\nsome one to bring to perfec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion a pactical flying machine\\nor air ship. They no longer laugh at the\\nidea that earial flight is a possibility, but\\ninstead say that it is not only a possi\u00c2\u00ac\\nbility but a strong probability. The\\nreason for this is that a number of men\\nhave been steadily experimenting for the\\nlast decade upon kites, aeroplanes and\\nballoons, with the idea in view of being\\nable sometime to direct them at will.\\nOtto Lilienthal, a German inventor, came\\nas near, perhaps, to perfection as any\\none yet, while Maxim, the gun inventor,\\nhas been to some extent successful. The\\nlatter built a machine eight feet wide and\\nforty feet long, which by propulsion by\\nscrews made a number of flights.\\nLilienthars Method\\nnot only was successful in propelling to\\nsome distance a machine through the air,\\nbut also carried its inventor. His outfit\\nconsisted of several large \u00e2\u0080\u009cplanes\u00e2\u0080\u009d made\\nof light wooden frames covered with cot\u00c2\u00ac\\nton cloth, the whole apparatus much like\\nfour outspread wings of a huge bird.\\n808\\nThey were in two sets, one above the other,\\nconnected by vertical rods, and at the\\nback between the two extended a large,\\ncloth-covered rudder, which also had\\nhorizontal planes. The operator held\\non to the lower set, clasping levers to the\\nwings by his hands, while at the same\\ntime he was supported by cushions under\\nhis arms, thus leaving his legs free and\\ndangling in the air. The affair weighed\\nfrom thirty-five to fifty-five pounds, and\\nwas intended for jumping from a high\\ntower, somewhat after the style of a para\u00c2\u00ac\\nchute, only as the flyer started off into\\nspace he might work the levers, which in\\nturn manipulated the planes, and sent him\\nshooting out at an angle, or soaring up\\nagain or around in circles, just like a bird.\\nNear Berlin, Lilienthal built a tower\\nabout fifty feet high on a hill, and from\\nthis he sailed as far as six hundred feet in\\neasy winds, sometimes against heavy\\nwinds, and on several occasions he\\nreached a height greater than that from\\nwhich he started. These experiments,\\nthough they advanced the science of aero\u00c2\u00ac\\nnautics, at last resulted in the inventor\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\ndeath by collapse of his machine.\\nProfessors Chanute and William Paul", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0870.jp2"}, "869": {"fulltext": "TRAVELING IN THE AIR.\\n809\\nsome years ago conducted a series of\\naeroplane flights at Dunne Park, Indiana,\\non the shores of Lake Michigan, which\\nwere in the main successful. No motive\\npower was used, the principle being that\\na slide down hill would lift the plane a\\ndistance into the air, and then by other\\nplanes and rudders, the machine was\\nkept in the air for some time.\\nPaul has also invented one of the most\\nperfect tailless kites of late years. It is\\ncalled\\nThe \u00e2\u0080\u009cFin\u00e2\u0080\u009d Kite,\\nand consists of two planes, one intersect\u00c2\u00ac\\ning the other at right\\nangles, so that there are\\npresented to the wind\\nfour fins, two lateral,\\none at either side, and\\ntwo perpendicular, one\\nabove and one below.\\nThe connecting band is\\nattached at the ends of\\nthe perpendicular fins,\\nand when the kite is\\nraised it exerts a very\\npowerful pull, and has\\nhardly any wavering\\nmotion. Heavy logs\\nhave been pulled across\\nLake Michigan in tow\\nof the kite, and the\\ninventor contemplates a\\nvoyage himself in a\\nsmall iron open boat.\\nProbably the best experiments, or\\nthose that have borne the most useful\\nresults, are those made by the war de\u00c2\u00ac\\npartments of this country and Europe.\\nThe use of the kite has been remarkable\\nin past years. Franklin by its aid drew\\nelectricity from the clouds; Peacock\\ndragged a little carriage by one, and\\nothers have suggested life-saving appa\u00c2\u00ac\\nratus with kite connection. But it has\\nreally been only in recent years that huge\\nkites have been constructed with the sole\\npurpose of experiment.\\nThe great variance in wind pressure\\nunder different conditions makes it rather\\ndifficult to figure accurately on flights.\\nTails for a long time were considered\\nnecessary, but of late years this hin\u00c2\u00ac\\ndrance was done away with. The fact\\nthat tails were not necessary was discov\u00c2\u00ac\\nered purely by accident. A famous kite-\\nflyer had built a huge affair of 500 square\\nfeet with an immense tail of brush. At\\nthe first attempt at flight the tail became\\nentangled in a tree. The kite came to\\nground, and the disgusted maker resolved\\nto try another tail, when a gust of wind\\ncame along and took it up in the air,\\nwhere it flitted about unsteadily, but\\nrather successfully, though without an\\nappendage.\\nThe material for building is varied, some\u00c2\u00ac\\ntimes the frames are made of bamboo,\\nsometimes of metal, while the sails are\\noften made from silk or cambric cloth,\\nand sometimes even heavier material..\\nThe most successful flyers operate several\\nA GAS-KITE BEING PROPELLED THROUGH MID-AIR.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0871.jp2"}, "870": {"fulltext": "810\\nTRAVELING IN THE AIR.\\nkites from one rope, thus giving great\\nlifting power. Captain Baden-Powell, of\\nthe Scotts Guards, rigged up a series of\\nfive kites and attached a balloon basket\\nto them which would lift two men to the\\nheight of ioo feet. Photographic appa\u00c2\u00ac\\nratus has been attached to kites and bird\u00e2\u0080\u0099s-\\neye views of the earth taken by manip\u00c2\u00ac\\nulating strings from the ground. Pictures\\nof birds in flight have also been\\nmade in this way. In large cities flags\\nand advertising banners are flown from\\nthe supporting string, and in signal serv\u00c2\u00ac\\nice corps occasionally signals are sent to\\ndistant camps by their means.\\nFor years,\u00e2\u0080\u0094in fact, ever since the bal\u00c2\u00ac\\nloon was developed into a man-carrying\\nflyer,\u00e2\u0080\u0094plans have been laid to make it so\\nthat it can be propelled and directed at\\nthe will of the operator. Huge cigar\u00c2\u00ac\\nshaped bags filled with gas have been\\nfloated to which were attached baskets of\\nsome sort containing propelling machin\u00c2\u00ac\\nery and rudders. The general plans that\\nseem to be followed the most are those\\nwhich call for large planes or wings so\\nconstructed that they will help to support\\nthe ship, and also guide it by extending\\ngreat enough surfaces so that conflicting\\nwinds will not beat them about. Screw\\npropellers above and at the rear are\\ngenerally used to draw the ship about.\\nThe latest improvement in the line of\\nWar Balloons\\ncomes from Germany. That country\\ntook no interest in ballooning till 1884,\\nwhereas her traditional\\nenemy, France, began\\ninvestigations in the\\nscience of aeronautics\\nat once after the war of\\n1870. However, Ger\u00c2\u00ac\\nmany has made rapid\\nstrides in her experi\u00c2\u00ac\\nments, with the result\\nthat the United States\\ngovernment is now buy\u00c2\u00ac\\ning one of the recent\\nproductions of her skill.\\nThe balloon in question\\nis the invention of Cap\u00c2\u00ac\\ntain von Parsval, a\\nBavarian, and First\\nLieutenant Sigsfeld, a\\nPrussian. Hitherto the\\nwind has been the great\u00c2\u00ac\\nest difficulty to over\u00c2\u00ac\\ncome in this science.\\nEven a moderate wind was sufficient to\\ndepress the ordinary bullet-shaped ship,\\nthe result being that it could not mount\\nhigh, and was thus practically useless for\\nmilitary purposes. To surmount the\\nwind difficulty, therefore, this ship has\\nbeen made of great length, and of such\\nnature that it rises in the air on a slant,\\nsomewhat like a kite. This odd feature\\nhas given the device the name of the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cdragon\u00e2\u0080\u009d balloon. The main bag is\\nfilled with a buoyant gas which keeps the\\nDANILEWSKY\u00e2\u0080\u0099S DIRIGIBLE FLYING MACHINE.\\nShowing wings and the bag inflated ready for a flight.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0872.jp2"}, "871": {"fulltext": "TRAVELING IN THE AIR.\\nI\\nship afloat, while at the rear and below it\\nis a sack-like arrangement which is open\\nto the wind, allowing it to pass through\\nan aperture in the back, thus steadying in\\na great measure the balloon against\\nheavy gusts of wind. The basket is hung\\nto the rear end, and from it are run cable\\nand telephone wires, thus weighting that\\nend and keeping the whole ship in the air\\nat an angle of 20 degrees to the horizon\u00c2\u00ac\\ntal. Ingenious devices are arranged in\u00c2\u00ac\\nside the bag for keeping the pressure the\\nsame upon the sides at all times, this\\nhaving been one of the greatest diffi\u00c2\u00ac\\nculties to overcome. At the sides of the\\nbag are fins which in a great measure\\nprotect it from upward wind currents.\\nA cable through which run insulated\\ncopper wires for telephone and telegraph\\ncommunication, holds the balloon to earth\\nand is reeled from a cylinder on a wagon.\\nWhen the huge ship rises in the air, it can\\nstand steadily in almost any direction\\ndesired, and in the face of heavy gales\\ndoes not fly about. The benefits to\\naccrue from such a contrivance are many:\\nbattles may be viewed from a distance;\\nexplosives dropped on the enemy, though\\n81\\nthis is prohibited in civilized warfare;\\nfortifications inspected and photographed,\\nand similar manoeuvres.\\nWith the help of the motive power of\\nFLYING.\\nThe wings raised in mid-air and being pro\u00c2\u00ac\\npelled by occupant of the ship.\\nthe newly-discovered liquid air we may\\nexpect to have some sort of a dirigible air\\nship before long.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0873.jp2"}, "872": {"fulltext": "STEEL ROLLING HILLS.\\nFrom crude iron ore to shining steel rails. How work is done in one of America\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\ngreatest industries. Millions made and invested\\nin nature\u00e2\u0080\u0099s great product.\\nIGHT is the time when one\\nshould watch the process of\\nconverting crude iron ore\\ninto the long black steel rails\\nthat are destined to span the country.\\nNo display of fireworks can equal the\\ngrandeur of the great crucibles vomiting\\nmen love it and take a pride in the fine\\nlittle scars that seam their breasts, the\\nresult of their working stripped to the\\nwaist in a shower of sparks.\\nWhen a load of ore arrives from the\\nmines it is brought up on side tracks\\nwhere men with wheelbarrows can easily\\nBLAST FURNACES.\\nThe towers with the cupolas are the blast furnaces. Between the blast furnaces are seen the hot-air\\nfurnaces, of bottle-like appearance. Inside the four buildings (each one connected with a blast furnace)\\nare cast the steel billets and ingots, which are later run through the mills and rolled into plates, rails or rods\\nforth their masses of fiery metal. Many\\ntimes the glow on the sky from these great\\nmills can be seen great distances, and the\\nreflection on the clouds often resembles a\\nmountain on fire. The work in these\\nrolling mills is hard in its nature, and\\nto some degree dangerous, yet the work-\\n812\\ncart it down to the melting room. This\\nis a great roomy place with no walls to\\nspeak of, and nothing but a sand floor.\\nIn one end of the room, reaching high up\\nin the air, is the \u00e2\u0080\u009ccupola.\u00e2\u0080\u009d In some\\nmills this is fifty feet high. It is cylin\u00c2\u00ac\\ndrical in shape, like an enormous boiler", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0874.jp2"}, "873": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0875.jp2"}, "874": {"fulltext": "STUDENTS OF DECORATIVE PAINTING AT WORK-SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL ART, PHILADELPHIA.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0876.jp2"}, "875": {"fulltext": "STEEL ROLLING MILLS.\\n813\\nset up on end, and is lined with firebrick.\\nThe bottom has a sand bed, and just\\nabove this enters a blast pipe through\\nwhich rushes the current of air that is to\\nmake the fire \u00e2\u0080\u009cblow.\u00e2\u0080\u009d At the top of the\\ncupola is a stack out of which the smoke\\nand gases escape, and a little lower down,\\nout, and just above these and running\\naround the base are a number of holes or\\nslits, called \u00e2\u0080\u009ctuyeres,\u00e2\u0080\u009d surrounded by a\\nwind box. This wind box is attached to\\nthe blast pipe and aids in the \u00e2\u0080\u009cblow.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe Cupola\\nman starts a fire of kindling wood and\\nUNLOADING IRON ORE.\\nThis picture shows the trams over which the ore is carried in large buckets from the ships and dumped\\ninto the ore pile within the yards of the steel works. From these great heaps the ore is later taken to the\\nblast furnaces for conversion into pig iron.\\nrunning around the cupola, is a platform\\ncalled the \u00e2\u0080\u009ccharging floor.\u00e2\u0080\u009d An opening\\nin the cupola even with this floor is called\\nthe charging \u00e2\u0080\u009cdoor,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and it is here that\\nthe ore, coke and lime are dumped in\\nwhen a melting is to take place. At the\\nbottom of the cupola are a tap hole and a\\nspout at which the molten metal runs\\ncoke, and when he has it going well he\\ndumps down through the charging door\\nalternate loads of coke, lime and iron ore.\\nWhen the cupola is nearly full and the\\nblast is working well, the cupola man sits\\ndown with his pipe, to watch. Gradually\\nthe ore is heated through and begins to\\nyield; and here conies in the use of the", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0877.jp2"}, "876": {"fulltext": "814\\nSTEEL ROLLING MILLS.\\nlime. Many impurities, especially sulphur,\\nare in the ore, which, if not removed, would\\nmake the iron too hard or too soft. The\\nlime seems to have an affinity for these sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nstances, and as the ore melts it takes them\\nup, together with particles of the coke,\\nand lets the melting iron run down to the\\nsand bed at the bottom. At the tap hole,\\njust above the wind box, is an opening\\ncovered with mica, where the process of\\nmelting can be watched by the cupola\\nA STEEL RAIL MILL.\\nman. When he sees the first sign of\\ndripping, he plugs the tap-hole up with\\nclay, and then waits a little longer till he\\nis ready to unload.\\nIn the meantime men have been pre\u00c2\u00ac\\nparing the sand floor of the room into\\nlong troughs, one leading from the other,\\nand all joining in one main trough that\\nends just under the spout of the cupola.\\nNow the charge is full, and a man with a\\nbig mallet strikes the plug of the spout a\\nblow. Out rushes the stream of fiery\\nmetal into the troughs to cool. Men with\\ngreat wooden sabots for shoes, or boards\\non their feet, run about among the\\ntroughs and cover the iron with sand.\\nAs it cools somewhat by streams of water\\nbeing thrown on the sand, these men run\\nalong over the iron and break it into\\nshort lengths or \u00e2\u0080\u009cpigs.\u00e2\u0080\u009d These pigs\\nmay be shipped to foundries or other\\nmills for casting.\\nAt the steel mills, however, much of the\\niron is not cooled into\\npigs, but drawn off into\\nlittle brick cars and car\u00c2\u00ac\\nried at once to the\\nsteel converting cruci\u00c2\u00ac\\nbles, thus saving a sec\u00c2\u00ac\\nond heating. The cars\\nrun along rails that\\ncarry them right up to\\nthe top of another cu\u00c2\u00ac\\npola-like affair. Here\\nthe iron is poured in,\\nand a\\nTremendous Blast\\nset going. Sometimes\\noil is used to get the\\ndesired heat. Then a\\nman comes along with\\na ladle full of \u00e2\u0080\u009cspiegel-\\neisen,\u00e2\u0080\u009d which is a com\u00c2\u00ac\\nbination of carbon,\\nmanganese and other\\nchemicals that works\\nthe great process of changing iron into\\nsteel. There are three grades of iron\\nproduct: malleable or wrought iron, which\\nis simply iron as we know it in pigs;\\nsteel, which is iron with an addition of\\ni to percent of carbon; and cast iron,\\nwhich contains about 4 per cent of carbon.\\nThe more carbon added the harder and\\nmore brittle the substance becomes.\\nWhen the carbon has been poured in, the\\nblast spouts up for a while longer, and\\nthen the cupola, which is hinged, tips\\nThe steel ingot passes back and forth between the sets of immense rollers\\nuntil it is finally delivered, at the left of the picture, a perfect steel rail,\\nready to do its part in the transportation of the world\u00e2\u0080\u0099s products.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0878.jp2"}, "877": {"fulltext": "STEEL ROLLING MILLS.\\n815\\nFIFTEEN THOUSAND TONS OF STEEL RAILS.\\nIn this one pile are enough rails to build a double track railroad from New York to Philadelphia, or\\nnearly enough to build a single track from New York City to Washington.\\nover and with a shower of sparks the\\nbright red steel flows out about as thick\\nas tar into big oblong molds set on the\\nsand floor, which, however, have only\\nfour sides and no top or bottom. There\\nare generally a dozen or so of these molds\\nfull of glowing steel arranged in a circle\\non the floor waiting to cool. When their\\ncontents are sufficiently cool to handle,\\nthe molds are picked up by great cranes\\nand tongs, and swung over to brick-\\ncovered cars. Here the steel \u00e2\u0080\u009cingot,\u00e2\u0080\u009d as\\nthe lump is called, is knocked out of the\\nmold, and sent on its way to the rollers,\\nwhile the mold is dropped back to iL\\nplace to receive another charge.\\nIn Making Steel Rails,\\nnumerous rollers, each a little smaller\\nthan the one before it, are arranged in\\nsuccessive rooms. The red-hot ingot is\\ndumped from its car on to a continuously\\ntraveling bed with arms sticking up from\\nits chains. These pick up the ingot, and\\nwith the aid of a man who pushes with a\\ncrowbar, the mass of metal is run between\\ntwo great rollers and reduced in width\\nand thickness but greatly lengthened.\\nMAGNETIC TRAVELING CRANES.\\nSome steel plates are so large that they cannot be carried by hand; consequently, powerful electro\u00c2\u00ac\\nmagnets are so arranged that\u00e2\u0080\u0094by the simple push of an electric button\u00e2\u0080\u0094they descend, and, grasping the\\nhuge plates, convey them to any part of the mill desired.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0879.jp2"}, "878": {"fulltext": "816\\nACETYLENE GAS.\\nThis process is repeated again and again,\\neach time the size diminishing one way\\nbut increasing another. Finally the rail\\nbegins to take on a shape, with flanges at\\nthe bottom and T-shaped head. Then\\nthe name of the mill is stamped in and\\nholes are punched in the sides, so that\\nthey may be handled better when laid on\\nthe tracks. Then comes the sawing\\napart, by highly tempered saws lubricated\\nwith oil. The rail is gradually cooling all\\nthis time, and as it cools it warps. To\\novercome this it is placed in vises and\\nstraightened. The time occupied from\\nthe moment the hot iron metal leaves the\\nore-refining cupola till it is formed into\\nheavy, perfect rails is, in a rush season,\\nbut a few hours.\\nLj\\nIS\\nAcetylene Gas: The New Illummant.\\nBRIGHTER THAN ALL OTHER LIGHTS.\\nI\\nJ!I l\\nJ 1 I 1 I L\\n1_1 I L\\nECENTLY a most successful\\nilluminating gas has appeared\\nto which has been given the\\nname \u00e2\u0080\u009cacetylene.\u00e2\u0080\u009d It is\\ngenerated by dampening cal\u00c2\u00ac\\ncium carbide. This calcium or calcium\\ncarbide is a hard, porous, grayish material\\nproduced by fusing in an electric furnace\\npulverized coke and air-slaked lime. One\\nton of this material will make i i,ooo cubic\\nfeet of acetylene gas, which is said to be\\nthe equivalent of 264,000 cubic feet of\\nordinary coal gas; that is, 1 cubic foot of\\nacetylene is equal to 24 cubic feet of coal\\ngas. The following is the process for\\nmaking the calcium:\\nThe lime is crushed and pulverized by\\nsuitable machinery and allowed slowly to\\nair-slake, after which it is mixed with a\\ncertain amount of powdered coke and\\nplaced in a specially prepared furnace for\\nfusing. This furnace is built of fire\u00c2\u00ac\\nbrick, and in it is a cast-iron crucible.\\nThe bottom of this crucible is connected\\nwith an electrical generating apparatus\\nand above it is suspended a \u00e2\u0080\u009cpencil,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nspecially prepared, which forms the other\\nend of the electrical circuit. To prevent\\nthe crucible from melting when the cur\u00c2\u00ac\\nrent is on, a thick layer of powdered car\u00c2\u00ac\\nbon is strewn on the bottom of the cruci\u00c2\u00ac\\nble, which acts as a good conductor of\\nelectricity but a poor one of heat.\\nWhen the furnace is ready to be\\ncharged, the carbon pencil is lowered till\\nit touches the bottom plate, or \u00e2\u0080\u009celec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntrode,\u00e2\u0080\u009d and the mass of powdered coke\\nand lime is shoveled in around it. The\\ndoors of the furnace are now closed and\\nthe current turned on. So long as the\\npencil touches the bottom there is no\\neffect, for the current simply runs off to the\\nearth; but the minute it is slightly raised,\\nthe current is broken, and to gain the\\nearth the electricity must jump across the\\nintervening space. This makes a big\\nspark, and the fusing together of the lime\\nand coke is soon accomplished by means", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0880.jp2"}, "879": {"fulltext": "ACETYLENE GAS.\\n817\\nof the great heat thus generated. Gradu\u00c2\u00ac\\nally the pencil is raised as the process\\ngoes on, for the calcium is an excellent\\nconductor of electricity. At last, when\\nthe current is turned off, we have a cone\\nof calcic carbide in the middle of the\\ncrucible, where the electricity operated\\non the two crude materials.\\nWhen dampened, this calcium throws\\noff a thick, heavy gas, which has a very\\ndisagreeable, pungent odor, and which\\nburns with a steady, brilliant, greenish-\\nwhite light. Lamps have been invented\\nfor burning this gas, and those for bicycle\\nuse have small compartments in which\\nthe calcide and water are kept separate,\\nthe water being allowed to drip through a\\nvery small hole, one drop at a time, and\\nas the gas is generated it flows out\\nthrough a jet at which it may be lighted.\\nA lamp thus charged with a few cents\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nworth of calcide will burn all night.\\nPlants for the manufacture of this gas\\nfor use on farms and country estates\\nhave recently been built, with the result\\nthat far away from the city a very\\nsuperior gas for illuminating may be had,\\nand at a very reasonable cost. The light\\nis many times as powerful as that from\\n52\\ncoal gas, but it needs more careful hand\u00c2\u00ac\\nling, cases having been reported of dis\u00c2\u00ac\\nastrous explosions from careless use of\\ndamp carbide.\\nACETYLENE GAS LAMP.\\nIn the upper chamber is held a quantity of\\nwater, the flow of which is controlled by the\\nthumbscrew at the top. As the water drips down\\nto the bottom chamber where the calcium carbide\\nis stored, the acetylene gas is generated, and flows\\nup into the central gas chamber; then through the\\nfilter above the coil spring and out at the jet, where\\nit burns.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0881.jp2"}, "880": {"fulltext": "m\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2:-v\\n1\\nPHOTOGRAPHY\\nIN 1900.\\n|S-\\nPICTURES OF LIGHTNING,\\nELECTRIC SPARKS, OBJECTS L\\nTOO SMALL TO BE SEEN, O\\nAND OBJECTS AT A DISTANCE FAR 111\\nBEYOND THE REACH OF THE HUMAN EYE.\\nthe last few years many\\nimportant inventions\\nhave been made in\\nphotographic circles.\\nThe X-rays are used in\\nmethods peculiar to the\\nrealms of photography. New sensitive\\npapers have been introduced, especially\\nthe rough gray platinum kinds that give\\nthe effect of steel engravings. More im\u00c2\u00ac\\nproved plates for making exposures have\\ngiven results never before dreamed of.\\nBeautiful pictures of the heavens and\\nnature are the result. Among other odd\\nsubjects for the camera are the lightning-\\nflash and electric sparks. Meteorologists\\nhave been much interested in the results\\nof pictures of lightning, and among other\\nconclusions arrived at regarding these\\nfamiliar electrical discharges is that they\\nare crooked as they appear, and not, as\\nsome would have us believe, straight with\\nVIEW OF A COCOANUT-TREE TAKEN WITH AN ORDINARY\\nCAMERA AT A DISTANCE OF 200 FEET,\\n818", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0882.jp2"}, "881": {"fulltext": "a crooked effect from\\nthe background of\\nclouds.\\nPHOTOGRAPHY IN 1900.\\n819\\nElectographs,\\nor pictures of electric\\nsparks, are of great\\ninterest to scientists.\\nThese are produced by\\nexposing a sensitive\\nphotographic plate to\\nthe path of a spark\\njumping from the poles\\nof a static machine.\\nThe plate is enclosed\\nin a dark envelope, and\\nplaced between the\\npoles of the machine\\nat right angles to a\\nline that would con\u00c2\u00ac\\nnect them. The spark\\nleaps out, punctures the\\nenvelope, exposes the\\nplate, and rushing over\\nOne of the latest snap-shot cameras, arranged for\\narrying twelve plates without reloading. A pres-\\nure on the bulb operates the shutter which exposes\\nhe plate. Then the little screw at the upper left\\nland corner is turned one notch, and the plate is\\nIropped down on the bottom of the camera, leaving\\nl fresh one at the proper place ready for another ex-\\nosure.\\nCOCO^.NUTS ON THE TREE. VIEW TAKEN WITH TELE\u00c2\u00ac\\nPHOTO LENS, SAME DISTANCE.\\nthe edge of the plate, leaps across through\\nthe air to the other pole.\\nSome peculiar properties of electricity\\nare thus learned; among others that elec\u00c2\u00ac\\ntricity follows the line of least resistance\\nthrough its conductor, whether it be air\\nor of another sort, but in so doing it\\nselects a number of special paths mutually\\ndivergent from each other, and hence does\\nnot travel in a mass through its conductor.\\nFrom these experiments laws are ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npected soon to be formulated which gov\u00c2\u00ac\\nern this freakish fluid.\\nThe Telephotograph.\\nMany instances arise where, because of\\nthe remoteness of the subject to be photo\u00c2\u00ac\\ngraphed, the operator secures very poor\\npictures, with only faint outlines, or at\\nthe best very small reproductions. To\\ndo away with this difficulty a new process,\\ncalled telephotography, has come into use.\\nIt came about partly through the use of", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0883.jp2"}, "882": {"fulltext": "820\\nPHOTOGRAPHY IN 1900.\\nordinary field glasses and telescope for\\nobserving with the naked eye, and later\\non with photographic attachments to the\\ngreat glasses in observatories. Now,\\nhowever, cameras are made that may be\\ncarried around from place to place, and\\nyet so arranged that if the view to be\\nphotographed is across a wide river, the\\nfar-seeing lens is simply adjusted, and the\\ntelephotograph made.\\nlens, back of which is a small negative or\\nconcave lens. The negative lens is the\\none that does the far-seeing work, for it\\nmagnifies the object. This lens may be\\ntaken out if desired and the camera used\\nfor ordinary exposures. After a common\\npicture has been taken, the operator may\\nreplace the negative lens, and upon his\\nground-glass screen will be seen the same\\nsubject, only a great deal nearer and\\nAN ELECTROGRAPH OR PHOTOGRAPHIC REPRODUCTION OF THE\\nLEAP OF AN ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE BETWEEN\\nTHE POLES OF A STATIC MACHINE.\\nDwight L. Elmendorf has been as sue-\\ncessful, perhaps, as any one in taking\\nviews of this kind, and it has been largely\\ndue to his work in experimenting with\\ntelescopes that a good camera has been\\ndeveloped. An arrangement that he has\\nperfected consists of a rack and pinion\\nlens tube, 3^ inches long and 1 inches\\nin diameter, enclosing a fine rectilinear\\nlarger. If the outline is not quite dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinct, by using the rack and pinion the\\nregular lens may be moved forward or\\nbackward similar to an opera glass, and a\\nperfect focus is obtained. Exposures\\nwith this kind of camera must necessarily\\nbe increased in length of time, for the\\nreason that fewer light rays pass through\\nthe negative lens to the sensitive plate.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0884.jp2"}, "883": {"fulltext": "0\\na\\na\\nO\\nu\\nx\\nH\\nz\\nCO\\nHI\\nD.\\no\\no\\nco\\nUJ\\n_J\\nHI\\nh- co\\no:\\nco\\nCO _J\\nUJ\\ni\\n1- O\\nO\\nHI\\nCE Z\\nC5 O\\nHI\\nLU\\nX =J\\nz\\n1- 2\\nLU\\nH.\\nu\\nLl.\\nHI _l\\nLU\\nZ\\no x\\nCO \u00c2\u00a3T\\n_l\\nZ HI\\nQC\\nh\\nZ U_\\no o\\nLU\\nO\\nZ\\nQ co\\nZ O\\nco\\no\\nu_\\nLl\\nD\\n_l\\n1- h-\\nco c\\no:\\nGG\\nHJ co\\nLU\\nZ \u00c2\u00a3E\\nI\\nUJ\\nH\\nO\\nO\\nZ\\nO rr.\\nO x\\nHI\\nor\\noc\\nX\\nX\\nO\\n1-\\no\\nH\\nH.\\no\\nCO\\n1-\\nQC\\nZ\\nt-\\nLU\\nHJ\\nco\\nCO\\n1 X\\nOJ\\nHJ\\nO\\n\u00c2\u00a3E\\n0.\\nZ\\nco\\nHJ\\n:z\\nLU\\nQ\\nHJ\\n_l\\nI\\n(X\\no\\nh-\\nLU\\no\\n2\\nO\\nz\\nH\\nQ\\nLU\\no\\nHJ\\nI\\nr\\nH\\nH\\nh\\nCO\\nHI\\nX\\nH\\nI\\n1-\\nQ\\nUJ\\nI\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nO\\nHJ\\nZ\\nZ\\no\\no\\nco\\n1-\\nO\\nO", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0885.jp2"}, "884": {"fulltext": "o:i|", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0886.jp2"}, "885": {"fulltext": "PHOTOGRAPHY IN 1900.\\n821\\nThis seriously retards taking pictures of\\nmoving objects at a distance, but ere long\\nit will doubtless be overcome.\\nThe uses to which this process may be\\nput are various and wonderful. For\\npleasure alone the results are startling.\\nImagine yourself in the Alps, desiring to\\ntake a picture of a distant cap of snow\\nmiles away. Here is the means of grati\u00c2\u00ac\\nfying this desire. In the war between\\nEngland and the South African Republic,\\nthe former country used this process for\\ntaking pictures of camps and fortifications\\nmany miles off, and which could not pos\u00c2\u00ac\\nsibly have been accomplished otherwise\\nthan by dangerous risk of fire from the\\nBoers\u00e2\u0080\u0099 guns. As soon as an apparatus is\\nperfected that will take rapidly-moving\\nobjects, a kinetoscope attachment will be\\nmade that will enable the scientist to take\\nand reproduce moving pictures of wild\\nanimals in their native haunts, and birds\\non the wing, long before they become\\naware of the approach of their enemy.\\nMicrophotography\\nis rapidly coming to the aid of medicine.\\nHeretofore it has been doubtful just what\\nconditions existed in diseased tissues, but\\nnow, with camera and microscopes, last\u00c2\u00ac\\ning pictures may be made of life-destroy\u00c2\u00ac\\ning germs. The apparatus for such\\nprocesses is simple, and even inexperi\u00c2\u00ac\\nenced amateurs may get beautiful results\\nof flowers and animal life. A light tight\\nbox is arranged for the camera, with a very\\nlong bellows. At the end is attached a\\npowerful microscope, and farther up an\\nIMPRESSION OF AN ELECTRIC SPARK\\nON A PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATE.\\nordinary photographic lens. The box\\nmust be held very rigid, for long ex\u00c2\u00ac\\nposures are the rule. When the plate is\\ndeveloped, one may see in great detail\\ntiny objects not risible to the naked eye.\\nThese, when thrown on screens from\\nmagic lanterns, make beautiful enlarge\u00c2\u00ac\\nments.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0887.jp2"}, "886": {"fulltext": "^TTTmTYTTTTTmTTTTTTTTTTTmTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTmTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTYfT?7nTrTT^rm7T?7TTTTTTTmYTTTmT^ ^3\\nRecent Occurrences\\nTHAT HAVE MADE HISTORY.\\np The Rural Postal Delivery; British War in the Soudan; Arctic and 3\\nE Antarctic Exploration; Partition of China.\\nSAAAAAAU AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA UAAAAAAAAAAAAAlUAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAmAAAAAAAAAAAmiMAmAAMAAAAAAAAAAAAAAte\\n^muiuiiiauuiuuumuiuumuuuauiiiiiiiuuiiiuiiiiiiiiuuiumiuimuiuiii\\nThe Rural Postal Delivery.\\nERE is nothing so remarkable\\nin the history of the postal\\ndepartment as the recent\\ngrowth of the free rural de\u00c2\u00ac\\nlivery. Within the last two years, be\u00c2\u00ac\\ncause of the wish of the people whom it\\nserves, it has so implanted itself upon the\\npostal administration that it can no longer\\nbe considered in the light of an experi\u00c2\u00ac\\nment. Some of the advantages derived\\nfrom it are: Increased postal receipts,\\nmore letters being written and received,\\nand more newspapers and magazines sub\u00c2\u00ac\\nscribed for, thus keeping people in\\ncountry parts well informed on topics of\\nthe day, as well as better educating them.\\nLand values are increased, in general\\nabout $2 to $3 an acre, because of better\\nmeans of communication. Country roads\\nmust be improved for the carrying of\\nmails, and here lies a great benefit to the\\nfarmer. In one county in Indiana the\\ndelivery was valued so much that the\\n8 9*7\\nO\\nfarmers spent $2,600 on grading in\\norder to obtain it. Possibly the greatest\\nadvantage to the country man is better\\nprices on his produce, because he can\\nkeep in daily touch with the market re\u00c2\u00ac\\nports and can take advantage at once of\\nhigh prices to sell. At the end of 1899\\nrural free delivery was in successful oper\u00c2\u00ac\\nation over 383 routes, radiating over forty\\nstates and one territory. The service was\\ngiven to over 190,000 persons at an\\nannual cost of about 84 cents a person.\\nThis was accomplished by an expenditure\\nof $150,000, which was made available by\\nan act of congress July 1, 1899.\\nBritish War in the Soudan.\\nThe fanatically religious Dervishes,\\nfollowers of the Mahdi and the Khalifa of\\nSoudan, for eighteen years carried on a\\nwarfare with the English that was most\\ndiscouraging to all attempts at civiliza\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion. The great Colonel \u00e2\u0080\u009cChinese\u00e2\u0080\u009d Gor-", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0888.jp2"}, "887": {"fulltext": "1\\nTRYING TO FIND THE POLES.\\ndon in 1879 was governor of the country,\\nand tried without success to quell insur\u00c2\u00ac\\nrections. He was recalled to England,\\nand at his departure new rebellion against\\nthe British authority broke out, headed by\\nthe son of a Dongola carpenter named\\nSheil Mohammed Ahmet, who called him\u00c2\u00ac\\nself El Mahdi, the prophet of God. This\\nman gathered under his banner thou\u00c2\u00ac\\nsands of fanatical Mohammedans, and\\nravished the country at the sources of the\\nNile River. England sent Colonel Hicks\\nwith 11,000 picked men against him, but\\nthe expedition ended in a massacre of the\\nBritish. England, now awake to the\\nenormity of the situation, sent Gordon\\nback to capture and destroy the Mahdi.\\nIn 1884 he arrived at Khartum, was im\u00c2\u00ac\\nprisoned, and before reinforcements\\nunder Gen. Sir Garnet Wolseley could\\n823\\narrive, had to surrender, and was then\\ntreacherously killed by the Dervishes.\\nThe Mahdi died the next year and was\\nsucceeded by Khalifa Abdullahi, who\\ndispensed with the Mahdi\u00e2\u0080\u0099s religious\\nfervor, but lacked none of his wiliness.\\nIn 1896 the British renewed the war\\nunder General Kitchener, who, in order\\nto carry the war into the enemy\u00e2\u0080\u0099s country,\\nbuilt a railway over the desert, advancing\\nas fast as it was completed, thus having a\\nready communication with civilization for\\nsupplies. In 1897 Berber and Abu Hamed\\nwere taken, and September 2, 1898, Om-\\ndurman, the capital of the Dervishes, fell.\\nThe following year, November 24, 1899,\\nthe Khalifa was killed in battle, and Lord\\nKitchener sent to London the terse mes\u00c2\u00ac\\nsage, \u00e2\u0080\u009cThe Soudan may now be declared\\nopen.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nARCTIC AND ANTARCTIC EXPLORATION.\\nF all the baffling forces of na\u00c2\u00ac\\nture possibly those experi\u00c2\u00ac\\nenced in polar expeditions are\\nthe greatest. For nearly three\\nhundred years brave explorers have\\nbattled with icebergs and frozen seas,\\nand all in the quest of those unknown\\nlands about the poles. Of the many ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npeditions, successful and otherwise, those\\nof Greely, Peary, Nansen, and Andree\\nare possibly the most important. Amer\u00c2\u00ac\\nica has given to the world much informa\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion on the Arctic Ocean, and Lieutenant\\nPeary, of the United States navy, who is\\nnow in Greenland, has done as much for\\nour glory in discoveries as any other. He\\nmade trips in 7.886, 1891, 1894 and 1898,\\nstriving in the main to reach the North\\nPole by traveling across the land ice of j\\nGreenland. During the last trip, how\u00c2\u00ac\\never, from which he has not yet returned,\\nhe intended to try a system of food posts,\\none after the other, farther and farther\\ntowards the pole. Andree, who probably\\nperished with his two brave companions,\\nsought to reach the pole by balloon, figur\u00c2\u00ac\\ning that the wind currents would carry\\nhim safely. His start was bad, however,\\nand the last heard from him was a mes\u00c2\u00ac\\nsage taken from a carrier pigeon shot near\\nWadden Island, and which stated that July\\n13, 1898, the party was in good health.\\nNansen, a Norwegian, sailing under\\ngovernment instructions in the \u00e2\u0080\u009cFram,\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nused the method of drifting with cur\u00c2\u00ac\\nrents toward the pole, and reached the\\nfarthest known point north, 86 degrees\\nand 14 minutes, or within less than", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0889.jp2"}, "888": {"fulltext": "824\\nTRYING TO FIND THE POLES.\\nfour degrees of the object of all explorers\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nsearch.\\nThe Antarctic Ocean\\nhas not been as well explored as has its\\nnorthern mate, but its region is full of\\ninterest. Three distinct points of land\\njut out of this great frozen sea toward\\nrents of cold air that blow off the land.\\nHowever, it is supposed that a great con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntinent exists there, yet to be explored.\\nThe latest southern exploration was that\\nof the \u00e2\u0080\u009cBelgic,\u00e2\u0080\u009d sent out by the Belgian\\ngovernment. The party on this vessel\\nwas ice-bound below the seventieth paral-\\nALMOST AT THE NORTH POLE.\\nThe American flag flying from one of the series of relief and supply stations at Cape Tegetthoff.\\nthe north, which are known as Wilkes\\nLand, Enderby Land and Graham Land.\\nThese three lands form almost a triangle,\\nwith points on each side of the earth.\\nAbout all that is known of them is the\\nintense condition of cold that exists on\\nthe interior, as is found by the great cur-\\nlel for eleven months, the farthest point\\nbeing 71 y 2 degrees. One important dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ncovery made by them was that the south\u00c2\u00ac\\nern magnetic pole, which governs the\\ncompass in the southern hemisphere, is\\nsome two hundred miles farther east than\\nwas formerly supposed.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0890.jp2"}, "889": {"fulltext": "THE PARTITION OF CHINA.\\n825\\nTHE PARTITION OF CHINA.\\nNATIONS SCRAMBLE FOR POSSESSION\\nOF THE FLOWERY KINGDOM.\\nHEN the war between China\\nand Japan was ended and\\nChina was beaten so badly\\nthat she had to give not only\\ncash indemnity but territory as well to\\nher victorious opponent, the nations of\\nEurope saw that there lay before them a\\ncountry the most populous in the world,\\nrich in its resources, and lacking force of\\ncharacter so much that they at once de\u00c2\u00ac\\ncided to grab as much of this easy prize as\\nthey could. Japan was deeded as indem\u00c2\u00ac\\nnity Shashih, Suchow, Hang-Chow, the\\nLiau-Tong peninsula, and the temporary\\npossession of the port of Wei-Hai-Wei.\\nRussia, France and Germany at once com\u00c2\u00ac\\nplained of this; Russia wishing Port\\nArthur, in the province of Liau-Tong,\\nas a southern terminus of the Siberian\\nrailway. Russia got possession of Port\\nArthur with long leases.\\nGermany complained of this treatment,\\nand a little later, rather opportunely, oc\u00c2\u00ac\\ncurred the massacres of several German\\nmissionaries. This was used as a good pre\u00c2\u00ac\\ntext for demands upon China, and a seizure\\nof ports was made by forces landed from\\nGerman warships. After a dispute be\u00c2\u00ac\\ntween the two governments, China paid a\\nsum of $450,000 to the families of the\\nmurdered men, and gave a ninety-nine-\\nyear lease of the port of Kiao Chau and\\nother territory seized by Germany to that\\nnation. About this time Great Britain\\nwas fully awake to the possibilities of the\\nsituation, and began dickering for her\\nshare of the spoils. China had to have\\nmoney to pay the war claims of Japan,\\nand the only place to get it was London.\\nEighty million dollars were advanced to\\nChina by England, and as security the\\nport of Wei-Hai-Wei was given over.\\nEngland now controlled the gulf of Pe-\\nchi-li and the great valley of the Yang-\\ntse-Kiang River, with its tributaries,\\ndraining 800,000 square miles. Later\\nFrance strengthened herself along the\\nTonquin frontier on the south; she also\\nacquired a lease on the south coast,\\nwith large rights for railway construc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion. To offset this, England secured\\nparts of Mirs Bay on the east, and Deep\\nBay on the west, as well as the island of\\nLantao.\\nThe partition of China is yet only just\\nbegun, and with such weak forces, no\\ngeneral in command of her armies, and\\nvacillating methods of government, her\\nunique history is threatened with severe\\ntrials unless her vast hordes rise with\\nknowledge of their power, and throw off\\nthe encroaching Europeans.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0891.jp2"}, "890": {"fulltext": "nrcniuifflnnnii\\niiiiiHiiiiiiaii::!\\niiiiisiiiuiiiisiiuuiuiiilliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuuiicuuiiiiiiiiiiBiiuuuimtiiKiiiiiiUSSii\\niiuBamiam*\\nSSSI!) iiniSSiliilSiS! SS!1! iil iii SSMiliiSiiSSmMHil\\ns\\nII\\nTli\\nB\\n11118\\nE\\ni::s3\\nmi::\\n=2\\nK\\nE=\\nB\\nlima\\ne\\nr-\\nB\\nlima\\nililiia\\n=a\\n\u00e2\u0080\u00a2a\\nniiaa\\n=3\\n;;=3\\nii\\nM\\nmi::\\nITr\\n\u00e2\u0096\u00a0ill\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009c::sh\\nAmerican Expansion.\\nHOW THE UNITED STATES IS DOMINATING\\nMODERN CIVILIZATION.\\nCi:\\nk:\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009ciiiSiliiimr\\n(smmpRiiiiiiiiiiiinminiiiiiuimiiiimniiiniiniiiniininiiiiissuniuiiiaiiinnRinijinNiiiimiiHTnnRnmiKiiniiiniimiiimiKimmiiniimininniiiiiiiiniiiTniiissii\\nl!!!!SS!l!llli!lSS ll!l!lllS8!!lll!S!!SSr !!l!!!,!l! ,,!l!!!f\\nm miui i ntiiiiiM 11 ii\\niiiiiSriiiiiMiiiiliiiiali\\nEli\\nli\\n!!!53\\nE:\\nsi:\\n:::s:\\nr=\\nhi 1\\nMinn aa\\n..=3\\nra:\\np\\nmm 1\\nM!\\nnnaa\\nhum\\nWM\\nH\\nIliiM\\nM l VI\\nF-\\nM^nmn^ssiinmnssunuirisstnmmisstnTrrisnnmfiutinTirmrsstmpi^ssainunnnn:::\\niiiiiiiiiiiijgliiii\\nHILE the United States gov\u00c2\u00ac\\nernment has not interfered in\\nthese partitions, her \u00e2\u0080\u009csphere\\nof influence\u00e2\u0080\u0099\u00e2\u0080\u0099 is not altogether\\nwanting. Upon the signing of the Treaty\\nof Paris, which closed the Spanish-Ameri\u00c2\u00ac\\ncan war, and which gave to American\\ncontrol the resourceful Philippine Islands\\nand one island in the Ladrones, in the\\nPacific, besides the other American\\nacquisitions, Europe at large felt that the\\nUnited States were overstepping the fa\u00c2\u00ac\\nmous Monroe Doctrine. Early in 1898 the\\nannexation of the Hawaiian Islands had\\nbeen accomplished by the United States,\\nmainly as a war measure for protection in\\nthe Pacific Ocean. As it is now, the sun\\nhardly sets on the American flag. Be\u00c2\u00ac\\nsides this great influence brought to bear\\non the far east through colonization and\\ncommerce with our dependencies and with\\npushing the war in the Philippines, we\\nhave made ourselves materially felt in\\nAsia proper by exporting great quantities\\nof supplies for the Trans-Siberian and\\nChinese Eastern railways. In Africa, as\\nyet, we hold little other than protection\\nover native-born American adventurers\\nin the Boers* republics, but here also\\nAmerican push and energy have been\\nfelt. When Lord Kitchener was pushing\\n826\\ninto the Soudan with his new military rail\u00c2\u00ac\\nway, he found it necessary to\\nBridge the Atbara River.\\nAmerican engineers, with their usual\\nforesight, jumped to the spot, and by\\npromising quicker work than any com\u00c2\u00ac\\npetitor landed the prize. Thirty days\\nfrom the time of the letting of the con\u00c2\u00ac\\ntract, the steel girders for the construction\\nof the bridge were leaving the harbor of\\nNew York on their way to Africa.\\nBut if we are pushing forward in war\\nand in commerce, the result has not been\\nwithout evil comment by many persons\\nand nations. China, with her dread of\\nthe influence of the white man, has ex\u00c2\u00ac\\npressed, through Li Hung Chang, her\\ndislike for the methods of the republic\\nwhich brought forth the great Grant who\\nwas so popular with the Chinese. \u00e2\u0080\u009cHad\\nhe yet been alive,\u00e2\u0080\u0099\u00e2\u0080\u0099 remarks Earl Li,\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cthere would never have been this greedy\\nexpansion toward the weaker peoples\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nlands.\\nThe South American republics, with\\nwhom we have always been on such\\nfriendly terms, look with fear upon what\\nthey think are mere aggressions. They\\nnow talk of binding themselves together\\nfor protection against any encroachments", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0892.jp2"}, "891": {"fulltext": "AMERICAN EXPANSION.\\n827\\nfurther south, for with control of Cuba,\\nwhich they think we will never give up,\\nand the absolute annexation of Puerto\\nRico, they believe that it will not be long\\nbefore the Yankees will strive still further\\nto dominate the continent.\\nOUR WAR WITH SPAIN.\\nAfter the bloodshed of years on the\\nisland of Cuba, the destruction of the\\nU. S. S. Maine by an explosion in the\\nHavana harbor wrought the people of\\nthe United States to such fever heat that\\nnothing could come but war with Spain.\\nA court of inquiry was appointed by the\\nPresident, and the finding was that the\\nexplosion had been caused by a submarine\\nmine. This resulted in still greater ill-\\nfeeling between the two countries. April\\n21, 1898, Minister Woodford received his\\npassports from Spain, and the next day\\nthe first prize of the war was captured,\\nthe Buena Ventura, by the United States\\ngunboat Nashville. On the twenty-third,\\nthe President called for 125,000 volun\u00c2\u00ac\\nteers, and the next day Spain issued a\\ndecree stating that a state of war existed\\nwith the United States. May 1, the cele\u00c2\u00ac\\nbrated battle of Manila occurred, in which\\nCommodore, now Admiral, Dewey anni\u00c2\u00ac\\nhilated the Spanish Asiatic fleet, and took\\npossession of the Philippine Islands.\\nCampaigns were at once started in Cuba\\nand Puerto Rico, while the Atlantic squad\u00c2\u00ac\\nrons, increased by new vessels recently\\npurchased from other countries and by\\nocean greyhounds pressed into the service\\nby the government, blockaded the Cuban\\nports and tried to lay a net for the fleet of\\nCervera, which was on its way to protect\\nthe islands. July 1, the celebrated charges\\nup the heights of El Caney and San Juan\\nwere successfully made by the American\\nforces. The next day the Spanish at\u00c2\u00ac\\ntempted to re-take the heights, but were\\nunsuccessful. American losses were:\\nkilled, officers, 23, men, 208; wounded,\\nofficers, 80, men, 1,203; missing, 81 men.\\nJuly 3, Cervera\u00e2\u0080\u0099s fleet attempted to run\\nthe blockade of the harbor of Santiago\\nand was thoroughly overwhelmed, with a\\nterrible loss of life and the capture of\\n1,300 prisoners, while on the American\\nside only one man was killed. July 14,\\nGeneral Toral, commander of the military\\nof Santiago Province, surrendered. July\\n26, M. Jules Cambon, the French Ambas\u00c2\u00ac\\nsador at Washington, in whose hands had\\nbeen placed the affairs of Spain during\\nthe conflict, commenced negotiations for\\npeace with the President. August 11, a\\nprotocol suspending hostilities was signed\\nby W. R. Day, Secretary of State, and\\nJules Cambon, and the President issued a\\nproclamation of temporary peace. August\\n13, General Merritt and Admiral Dewey,\\nby combined attack, carried Manila by\\nstorm, and after five hours, fighting the\\nSpanish surrendered the city, with about\\n7,000 prisoners. October 1, the commis\u00c2\u00ac\\nsioners for peace of the two governments\\nmet at Paris. December 10, the treaty of\\npeace was signed by the representatives\\nof the two governments. From the open\u00c2\u00ac\\ning of the war till the date of signing the\\ntreaty but 233 days elapsed.\\nThe casualties during this war were:\\n,-Killed-v Wounded\\nOfficers. Privates. Officers. Privates.\\nCuba.\\n23\\n237\\n99\\n1,332\\nPuerto Rico.\\n3\\n4\\n36\\nManila.\\n17\\n10\\n96\\nDied of wounds\\n4\\n61\\n27\\n318\\n113\\n1,464\\nThe number of deaths by disease and\\naccident from May 1 to September 30 was\\n2,565. Total of deaths during war from\\nall causes, 2,910.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0893.jp2"}, "892": {"fulltext": "RICHES GREATER THAN\\nKING SOLOMON S.\\nKLONDIKE AND CAPE NOME GOLD DISTRICTS.\\nDIAMONDS OF ENORMOUS VALUE.\\nT r\\nKlondike.\\nHE fall of 1897 brought great\\nquantities of gold from Alaska\\nand the bordering Canadian\\nfrontier, with news of still\\ngreater veins to be opened up. At once\\ngreat numbers of prospectors struck out\\nfor that country, expecting a duplicate\\nof the \u00e2\u0080\u009cdays of \u00e2\u0080\u009949.\u00e2\u0080\u009d They were not\\ndisappointed, for there were found the\\nrichest of deposits all along the Yukon and\\nKlondike rivers. However, the hardships\\nto be endured were so great that they\\nhave turned back many prospective min\u00c2\u00ac\\ners.\\nFor many years it had been known that\\nAlaska was rich in gold, but that such\\ngreat amounts would be taken out was\\nnever dreamed. The territory that is so\\nrich in this product lies mostly just within\\nthe Canadian lines and between our bor\u00c2\u00ac\\nder and the 138th meridian of west longi\u00c2\u00ac\\ntude, and has for central point Dawson\\nCity. Circle City, with a surrounding\\ngold-bearing region, lies further west and\\nwithin the United States territory, not far\\nfrom Fort Yukon, on the river of the\\nsame name. The Klondike is really only\\na creek tributary to the Yukon, while\\nLewis River, Forty Mile Creek, and Cop\u00c2\u00ac\\nper River are adjacent to it and bear\\ngold. The Klondike, which names the\\ndistrict, was called Throchec by the\\n82(8\\nIndians, which means salmon, possibly\\nbecause of the great number of these fish\\nthere.\\nThe Town of Dawson,\\nwhich was named after the man who fixed\\nthe boundary between American and\\nCanadian possessions, is new, and is chiefly\\na source of supplies and a place of meet\u00c2\u00ac\\ning. The site is on the east bank of the\\nYukon and on the north bank of the\\nKlondike River, which empties into the\\nYukon at that point. The boundary line\\nis seventy miles southwest.\\nThe gold has been found in the small\\ncreeks that flow into the Klondike. First\\ncomes Bonanza Creek, a mile and a half\\nback of Dawson. It is thirty miles long\\nand very rich, but its tributaries are still\\nbetter. Ten miles up it the Eldorado, for\\nexample, is the most productive streak\\nthat has been turned up; it is only six\\nmiles long, and is all staked out in claims,\\nabout $250 has been taken out in a\\npan, and it is estimated that the yield\\nwill be $20,000,000. Seven miles above\\nBonanza the Klondike receives the waters\\nof Bear Creek, which is also rich in gold.\\nHunker Creek is fifteen miles up the\\nKlondike, and up that is a little stream,\\nabout the size of a brook, which is called\\nGold Bottom. All these streams flow\\nfrom the south, and they come from hills\\nthat must have lots of gold in them, for", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0894.jp2"}, "893": {"fulltext": "I", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0895.jp2"}, "894": {"fulltext": "STUDENTS OF PRACTICAL DESIGN AT WORK-SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL ART, BOSTON", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0896.jp2"}, "895": {"fulltext": "829\\nRICHES GREATER THAN KING SOLOMON\u00e2\u0080\u0099S.\\nother creeks that run out of them into\\nIndian River show yellow, too. Indian\\nRiver is about thirty miles south or up\\nthe Yukon from Dawson. Stewart River\\nand Sixty Mile Creek, with their tribu\u00c2\u00ac\\ntaries, all south, and Forty Mile Creek,\\nwith its branches, off to the northwest-\\nall have gold. The average yearly yield\\nof the Alaskan and Klondike mines is\\nabout $6,000,000.\\nThe Largest Nugget\\never found in the Yukon country was\\nbrought to the surface\\nin creek claim 34 El\u00c2\u00ac\\ndorado by Peter Gordt.\\nIt weighs six pounds,\\nand represents $1,158\\nworth of gold.\\nCape Nome District.\\nThe most remarkable\\ngold mining at present\\nin the world, if not\\nin the entire history of\\ngold mining, is that\\nnow in progress at and\\nabout Cape Nome, on\\nNorton Sound, Behring\\nSea, Alaska, situated\\nabout 225 miles north\\nand west of the mouth of\\nthe Yukon River, or 135\\nmiles from St. Michael\u00e2\u0080\u0099s. Gold was first\\ndiscovered on Snake River in the fall of\\n1898. In June, or early in July, 1899, some\\none of the stranded miners tenting on the\\nbeach, as the only unclaimed space, acci\u00c2\u00ac\\ndentally discovered gold in the sand at his\\nfeet. Never had such easy mining been\\nheard of, never had it been found so unex\u00c2\u00ac\\npectedly and so opportunely, and it was\\nnot long before everything else was de\u00c2\u00ac\\nserted for the seashore, and even women\\nand boys of ten or twelve years were to\\nbe found as busy in the sand as the men\\nwere. At present it is estimated that\\n1,000 to 1,200 miners are at work on the\\nbeach, extending west for twenty miles.\\nAll these work with rockers, and they\\noccupy just as much territory to the man\\nor group as can work it. It is not un\u00c2\u00ac\\nusual for one small square bit of beach to\\npan out $10 to $15 per hour, but, of\\ncourse, the space is soon exhausted and the\\nlucky digger must move to another spot.\\nWhere Does It Come From?\\nThis beach deposit of gold is as yet an\\nunsolved problem. By some it is claimed\\nthat the gold in the sand, which is en\u00c2\u00ac\\ntirely \u00e2\u0080\u009cdust,\u00e2\u0080\u009d has been washed out from\\nthe tundra by the waves at high tide and\\ndeposited through hundreds of years in\\nthe sand.\\nCripple Creek, Colorado.\\nCripple Creek district is now at the\\nheight of its productive history. The\\nrate of growth in output from month\\nto month is greater than ever before,\\nwhile the \u00e2\u0080\u009cgush veins,\u00e2\u0080\u009d near the sur\u00c2\u00ac\\nface, have become strong ore bodies,\\nwith well defined walls, at from 300 to\\n800 feet in depth, with shafts extending\\nHYDRAULIC MINING IN THE ALASKAN GOLD FIELDS.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0897.jp2"}, "896": {"fulltext": "830\\nRICHES GREATER THAN KING SOLOMON\u00e2\u0080\u0099S.\\nto the 1,000-foot levels. The Portland\\nCompany has a gold production record of\\n$7,000,000, with dividends to date amount\u00c2\u00ac\\ning to $2,377,080. Its territory consists of\\nover 180 acres of claims on Battle Moun\u00c2\u00ac\\ntain, and the whole property is splendidly\\nand thoroughly equipped with up-to-date\\nmachinery and buildings. The output of\\n$7,000,000 has been secured from 2 x 2 per\\ncent of the total acreage, leaving 97 x 2 per\\ncent practically untouched. The produc\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion of the mine is now being limited to\\n$200,000 per month.\\nThe gross value of the ore marketed\\nfrom the camp in one month reached\\n$1,731,000. Of the material shipped, the\\ncyanide and chlorination mills treated\\n24,950 tons, ranging in value from $20 to\\n$35 per ton, while the smelters handled\\n11,000 tons, at an estimated value of $93\\nper ton, a larger figure than ever before\\nfor this class of material, demonstrating a\\ngain in gold contents as depth is attained\\nin working the mines.\\nSouth Africa.\\nGold was discovered in the Transvaal in\\n1886, and since that time has been taken\\nout in vast quantities. Cities have arisen\\nas if by magic. Railways, telegraph and\\ncable lines have been strung, and every\u00c2\u00ac\\nwhere has been felt the power of gold,\\nin 1898, gold to the amount of $74,220,000\\nwas taken from this region, and the limit\\nto the veins is not yet near.\\nDiamonds.\\nThough diamonds are now found in the\\ngreatest abundance in Brazil and South\\nAmerica, they were formerly obtained\\nfrom India, Borneo and the Ural Moun\u00c2\u00ac\\ntains of Russia. The great stones of his\u00c2\u00ac\\ntory have almost without exception come\\nfrom India, though recently a number of\\ndiamond monsters have been found in\\nSouth Africa, of which the most noted is\\nthe Excelsior, weighing 970 carats.\\nOccasionally diamonds come to light in\\nother regions. The Piedmont plateau at\\nthe southeastern base of the Appalachians,\\nbetween Virginia and Georgia, has pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nduced some ten or twelve diamonds which\\nhave varied in weight from one to three\\ncarats, to the \u00e2\u0080\u009cDewey\u00e2\u0080\u009d diamond, which\\nweighed over twenty-three carats.\\nIt is, however, in the territory of the\\ngreat lakes that the greatest interest now\\ncenters, for in this region a very interest\u00c2\u00ac\\ning problem of origin is being worked out.\\nNo less than seven diamonds, ranging\\nfrom four to twenty-four carats, have\\nbeen found in the clays and gravels of\\nthis region.\\nIn 1883, a diamond was brought to Mil\u00c2\u00ac\\nwaukee and sold for $1. Later it was\\nfound to be a diamond of sixteen carats\u00e2\u0080\u0099\\nweight. The woman who found it lived\\nin Eagle, Wis., and the stone was picked\\nup during the excavation of a well. Ten\\nyears later a four-carat diamond was\\nfound at Oregon, Wis., by a farmer\u00e2\u0080\u0099s boy\\nat play in a clay bank. A third diamond\\nwas found at Kohlsville. Another beauti\u00c2\u00ac\\nful stone of six carats was found at Sauk-\\nville, Wis., and was in the possession of\\nthe finder sixteen years before he knew its\\nvalue.\\nProbably the\\nGreatest Diamond Mines\\nof the world to-day are those in and\\naround Kimberley, in South Africa.\\nDiamonds were discovered here in 1870,\\nand since then the value of the world\u00e2\u0080\u0099s\\noutput has been fixed at this point. Well\\nmay the value of these mines be imagined\\nwhen we learn that since their first dis\u00c2\u00ac\\ncovery diamonds to the value of $400,-\\n000,000 have been marketed from South\\nAfrica.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0898.jp2"}, "897": {"fulltext": "COMBINATIONS OF WEALTH.\\nThe Greatest Problem of the Age.\\nWHAT ARE WE TO DO WITH CORPORATIONS AND TRUSTS?\\nHE beginning of the industrial\\ncombinations goes back a\\ngreat many years. It dates\\nfrom the abandonment of the\\nspinning wheel and the knitting needle.\\nWhen women went out of the stocking\u00c2\u00ac\\nknitting and rag-carpet business, that in\u00c2\u00ac\\ndustry was taken up by men who had\\nmachinery with which to carry it on more\\ncheaply and more quickly. When the\\ncotton-gin was invented the industrial\\ncombination had its beginning. When\\nthe machinery that makes boots and shoes\\nwas invented the great boot and shoe fac\u00c2\u00ac\\ntories were made possible, and the busi\u00c2\u00ac\\nness of the individual shoemaker was\\ntaken from his hands and put into the\\nhands of the capitalists. When the oyster\\nmen on the Long Island shore began to\\nturn their oysters over to the owner of a\\nbig sloop, who took them to market, they\\neconomized time and made what was in\\nprinciple a business combination like\\nwhat are known as the trusts. The dairy\\nfarmer sends his milk to a co-operative\\ncheese factory, where the work which was\\nonce done on his own place is done much\\nmore cheaply and much better; and he\\ngets a better price for his product at a\\nsmaller expenditure of labor.\\nThese combinations are being formed\\neverywhere. Cartwright\u00e2\u0080\u0099s power loom\\ngives employment to half a million people\\nin the United States, and their wages are\\n$160,000,000 a year. Whitney\u00e2\u0080\u0099s cotton-\\ngin enables us to put on the market every\\nyear two hundred and fifty million dol\u00c2\u00ac\\nlars\u00e2\u0080\u0099 worth of cotton goods at a price\\nwhich makes clothing plentiful and cheap,\\nbut still gives employment to hundreds of\\nthousands of men at good wages and\\nbrings to capital a fair return.\\nThe Old Hand Process\\nof shelling corn was so slow that it would\\ntake one-third of the whole population of\\nthe United States working every day in\\nthe year to shell the corn crop of this\\ncountry, if machinery had not been in\u00c2\u00ac\\nvented that does the work with marvelous\\nrapidity and cheapness. The possibilities\\nof economy in production are enormous.\\nInvention is the foundation of industrial\\ncombination. These combinations have\\nnot only increased enormously the pro\u00c2\u00ac\\nductive capacity of the people, but in\u00c2\u00ac\\ncreased the wages of labor and the\\ncertainty and steadiness of employment,\\nand cheapened the product of labor to the\\nconsumer. It is because of these com\u00c2\u00ac\\nbinations that we are to-day sending\\nenormous quantities of manufactured\\ngoods to all the countries of the world.\\nIt is not alone capital which has entered\\ninto combinations. Labor has its combi\u00c2\u00ac\\nnations, and they will increase in strength.\\nThe danger which confronts industrial\\ncombination is the danger of over-capital-\\n831", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0899.jp2"}, "898": {"fulltext": "832\\nCOMBINATIONS OF WEALTH.\\nization. We have had some evidences of\\na disposition to over-capitalize already,\\nand too much stress can not be laid on\\nworking- against it. It should be regu\u00c2\u00ac\\nlated by law. This danger was more\\nserious once than it now appears. We\\nwere threatened not long ago with a\\nrepetition of the South Sea bubble. The\\nstory of\\nThe Trusts\\nhas created an epidemic of desire to\\nacquire sudden wealth. At intervals the\\npublic hears of men who have risen from\\ncomparative poverty to great riches in a\\nshort period of time, and others wish to\\ndo likewise.\\nAside from the question of over-capital\u00c2\u00ac\\nization, the trust is in a large measure on\\ntrial. It was not so many years ago that\\nthere was a bitter public sentiment\\nagainst corporations. Every effort was\\nmade, especially by adverse legislation, to\\ndiscourage them. After a time men\\nbegan to realize the benefits of the cor\u00c2\u00ac\\nporate form, and now recognize its advan\u00c2\u00ac\\ntages. The same feeling exists to-day\\ntoward great industrial combinations. It\\nfound expression recently in Missouri, in\\nthe passage of a law against the depart\u00c2\u00ac\\nment store. In one respect\\nThe Department Store\\nis like what we know as the trust. The\\nman with small capital\u00e2\u0080\u0094say ten thousand\\ndollars\u00e2\u0080\u0094is doing a business of one hun\u00c2\u00ac\\ndred thousand a year, and has to make at\\nleast five per cent on the gross sum to pay\\nthe expenses of his establishment and\\nsupport himself. Along comes a depart\u00c2\u00ac\\nment store and goes into competition with\\nhim. That store does a business of a mil\u00c2\u00ac\\nlion dollars a year, and can figure on a\\nfair profit if it makes only one per cent\\non its gross receipts. The one-per-cent\\nstore drives all the little people out of\\nbusiness, and they must either move to\\nsome smaller place or quit business.\\nThe feeling of twenty years ago against\\nthe Vanderbilts is being duplicated to-day\\nas a result of industrial combinations. It\\nis a hatred of the very wealthy, and a\\ndesire to deprive them of the greater part\\nof their wealth. Whether it will find\\nexpression in stringent legislation against\\nthe trusts, no one can tell now. The\\nAmerican people, when they have had\\ntime to consider a matter carefully, are\\npretty sure to form a correct judgment\\nabout it. They sometimes act hastily and\\ndo wrong; but they are sure to come out\\nright in the end.\\nThe Trust is on Tr al.\\nIf it proves, like the corporation, to be\\ninoppressive, and a necessity to the con-,\\nduct of certain operations which are for\\nthe public good, it will live. If, on the\\nother hand, it oppresses the people, they\\nwill very quickly put a stop to it. If it\\nviolates public sentiment, it cannot live\u00e2\u0080\u0094\\nif it puts into the hands of a few men the\\nmanufacture or distribution of any article\\nof prime necessity, so that the American\\npeople feel that they are dependent on\\nany set of men for coal or steel or any\u00c2\u00ac\\nthing which is in universal use, it will die.\\nThe Carnegie Steel Company, with its\\ncapital of $250,000,000, and the Federal\\nSteel Company, and the American Com\u00c2\u00ac\\npany, are of enormous wealth and power,\\nand each controls a large part of the\\ntrade. But they operate independently\\nof each other, and it is possible for the\\nother steel and iron plants also to live;\\nhence there is little popular feeling\\nagainst them. If they combined to form\\none gigantic corporation, and to crowd\\nout some of the smaller though still im\u00c2\u00ac\\nportant makers of iron and steel, they\\nwill find public opinion operating to bring\\nabout legislation to restrain them, and", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0900.jp2"}, "899": {"fulltext": "SOUTH AFRICA AND THE BOERS.\\n833\\neventually to break up their business, if it\\ndid not break up through the natural\\noperation of the laws of trade.\\nThe Whisky Trust Met Its Fate\\nwithout the intervention of the law-mak-\\ning power. It undertook to do so much\\nfor its stockholders that it actually made\\nit profitable for the man of small capital\\nto start in business; for if he could not\\ncompete with the trust he could at least\\nsell out to it; and in time the building\\nof distilleries to sell to the trust became a\\nrecognized indust^.\\nIt remains to be determined whether\\nthe regulation of the trusts is a matter for\\nCongress, or, as the Attorney General\\nholds, for the States which charter them.\\ni-t\\nSouth Africa and the Boers.\\nEngland\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Conquest of the Transvaal.\\ni\u00c2\u00a7L\\n85S8.\\nHE clash of arms in South\\nAfrica between the forces of\\nGreat Britain and those of the\\ntwo Dutch republics, the\\nTransvaal, otherwise known as the South\\nAfrican Republic, and the Orange Free\\nState, is the final outcome of a state of ill-\\nfeeling that dates back to the beginning\\nof the century. South Africa was orig\u00c2\u00ac\\ninally settled by the Dutch. Huguenot\\nrefugees from France followed and inter\u00c2\u00ac\\nmarried with the Dutch. The Boers, or\\nDutch Afrikanders, of to-day are, there\u00c2\u00ac\\nfore, a mixed race, a fact that is shown by\\nthe names of their leaders, that of Presi\u00c2\u00ac\\ndent Kruger, for example, being Dutch,\\nand General Joubert\u00e2\u0080\u0099s being French.\\nThe colonists were always restive under\\nthe control of a European government,\\nand in 1795 threw off the allegiance to\\nHolland.\\n53\\nThe British Gained Control\\nthe same year, and with the exception of\\nthe brief period from 1802 to 1806 have\\nbeen supreme in Cape Colony ever since\\nHolland renounced all claims to the Cape\\nsettlement in 1814, in consideration of the\\npayment of $30,000,000 by England.\\nFrom the first the Boers chafed under\\nthe British rule, and when the measures\\nabolishing slavery throughout the empire\\nwere adopted, and the Boers were com\u00c2\u00ac\\npelled in 1834 to free the native Africans\\nwhom they held in slavery, their dislike\\nfor the British was intensified into bitter\\nhatred.\\nThe Life of the Boers\\nat this time was very primitive. With\\ntheir herds and their slaves they wan\u00c2\u00ac\\ndered from one pasture land to another,\\nlike the patriarchs of the Israelites, to", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0901.jp2"}, "900": {"fulltext": "SOUTH AFRICA AND THE BOERS.\\n834\\nwhom they loved to compare themselves.\\nThe British government appropriated\\n$6,000,000 with which to indemnify the\\nslave-holders for their losses, but payment\\nwas made in orders on London, which the\\nBoers were compelled to discount at ruin\u00c2\u00ac\\nous rates at the Cape. In 1835-36, imme\u00c2\u00ac\\ndiately following the liberation of the\\nslaves, occurred what is known as the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cGreat Trek,\u00e2\u0080\u009d or migration. About\\n10,000 Boers \u00e2\u0080\u009ctrekked\u00e2\u0080\u009d into the wilder\u00c2\u00ac\\nness north of Orange River, where they\\nhoped to be free from British control, and\\nat liberty to treat the natives in accord\u00c2\u00ac\\nance with their inclinations. Here they\\nmaintained themselves in independence\\nat the cost of\\nContinual Warfare with the Natives,\\nuntil, in 1848, the British intervened to\\nestablish order, and took possession of the\\nterritory, naming it \u00e2\u0080\u009cOrange River Sover\u00c2\u00ac\\neignty.\u00e2\u0080\u009d This action was taken at the\\nsolicitation of many of the inhabitants,\\nwho had grown weary of the struggles\\nwith the native tribes. The change was\\nvery distasteful, however, to a large party\\nof the Boers, and these immediately re\u00c2\u00ac\\nvolted under the leadership of Pretorius.\\nHaving been defeated by the English\\nunder Sir Harry Smith, they \u00e2\u0080\u009ctrekked\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nonce more, this time into the country\\nnorth of the Vaal River, where they\\nestablished what became known as the\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cTransvaal\u00e2\u0080\u009d Government.\\nAfter a few years, experience in control\\nof the Orange River Sovereignty, the\\nBritish reached the conclusion that it was\\nnot a desirable acquisition, and in 1852,\\nby terms of the Sand River Convention,\\ngave the Boers liberty to organize a gov\u00c2\u00ac\\nernment of their own. The Orange Free\\nState was immediately established, and\\nhas maintained its independence ever\\nsince, unhampered by the English. The\\nhistory of the years that follow is a record\\nof constant warfare with the native tribes\\nuntil, in 1875, threatened with extermina\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion by an outbreak which they were un\u00c2\u00ac\\nable to control, the Boers of Transvaal\\npetitioned England to come to their assist\u00c2\u00ac\\nance. England\u00e2\u0080\u0099s control of the territory\\nwas the price asked, and April 12, 1877,\\nTransvaal was annexed to Cape Colony.\\nThe danger past, the Boers repented their\\nbargain and revolted in 1880, defeating\\nthe British in three engagements, in the\\nlast of which, the famous battle of Majuba\\nHill, Sir George Colley was killed. By a\\nconvention in 1881, signed at Pretoria,\\nMr. Gladstone\u00e2\u0080\u0099s government restored\\nindependence to the Transvaal, now\\nknown as the South African Republic.\\nIt was clearly understood, however, that\\nthe Transvaal was to remain under the\\nsuzerainty of Great Britain. The Boers\\nwere not satisfied, and in 1884 negotiated\\na new agreement with Great Britain,\\nknown as the London Convention of 1884.\\nBy the terms of this agreement no re\u00c2\u00ac\\nstriction was placed on the independence\\nof the South African Republic, except as\\nexpressed in the following statement:\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cThe South African Republic will con\u00c2\u00ac\\nclude no treaty or engagement with any\\nstate or nation other than the Orange\\nFree State, nor with any native tribe to\\nthe eastward or westward of the Republic\\nuntil the same has been approved by Her\\nMajesty, the Queen.\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nThe Discovery of Diamond Deposits\\nat Kimberley in 1870, and later on of gold\\nin 1886, in the Transvaal, wrought great\\nchanges in the condition of the South\\nAfrican settlements. A mighty tide of\\nimmigration set in. Railroads and cities\\nwere built, and from a position of isola\u00c2\u00ac\\ntion South Africa became a theater of the\\ngreatest industrial activity on the part of\\nenterprising men from all the civilized", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0902.jp2"}, "901": {"fulltext": "SOUTH AFRICA AND THE BOERS.\\n835\\ncountries. The city of Johannesburg\\nsprang up as by magic, and now has a\\npopulation of over 100,000. The Boers\\nclassed all new-comers as\\nUitlanders\\nor foreigners, and viewed with alarm the\\nrapid increase of their numbers. To\u00c2\u00ac\\nday the Uitlander population of the South\\nAfrican Republic is at least twice as large\\nas that of the Boers. In order to main\u00c2\u00ac\\ntain themselves in control of the govern\u00c2\u00ac\\nment the Boers denied the Uitlanders the\\nprivilege of the ballot. They were taxed\\nheavily, and claimed to be subjected to\\nother abuses, of which they complained to\\nthe English. Their discontent reached a\\ncrisis in 1896, when a band of raiders\\nunder the leadership of Dr. Jameson\\nentered the Transvaal with the purpose\\nof intervening by force of arms in behalf J\\nof the Uitlanders. The attempt was a\\nfailure, and had the effect of intensifying\\nthe bad feeling between the English and\\nthe Boers. It was firmly believed by the\\nBoers that the English government con\u00c2\u00ac\\nnived at the effort to incite rebellion, but\\nthis the British denied.\\nSince that time agitation has been\\nkept up more or less constantly by the\\nUitlanders for the redress of their griev\u00c2\u00ac\\nances. In negotiations which preceded\\nthe outbreak of the hostilities, the Boers\\ncontended that as the word \u00e2\u0080\u009csuzerainty\u00e2\u0080\u009d\\nwas deliberately left out of the London\\nConvention of 1884,\\nBritish Suzerainty\\nno longer existed. This the British gov\u00c2\u00ac\\nernment refused to admit, and to empha\u00c2\u00ac\\nsize its demands for reform began to\\nconcentrate troops on the border of the\\nTransvaal. It became evident to the\\nBoers that they would be compelled to\\nyield or fight. They were unwilling to\\nyield, and finally made a peremptory de\u00c2\u00ac\\nmand on Great Britain to withdraw her\\nforces from the border of the Transvaal,\\nstating that a failure to do so within forty-\\neight hours would be considered an act of\\nwar. The demand was refused, and the\\nBoers immediately began hostilities in\\nconjunction with the government of the\\nOrange Free State, which served notice\\non Great Britain that it would support the\\nSouth African Republic.\\nThe division of the vast continent of\\nAfrica is really under way, and land-\\nhungry England, always in the van of\\ncivilization and colonization, is in pros\u00c2\u00ac\\npect of its own vast share. At present\\nfourteen countries, with population ag\u00c2\u00ac\\ngregating 50,000,000 people, the greater\\nmajority of whom are blacks, cover a ter\u00c2\u00ac\\nritory 2,600,000 square miles in extent,\\nand are all under the shadow of the\\nUnion Jack. Diamonds and gold are the\\ncause of the warfare that is ravaging the\\nentire continent of Africa, and hardly can\\nit be wondered at when in the last thirty\\nyears diamonds to the value of $400,000,-\\n000, and gold in 1898 to the amount of\\n$74,213,953, were taken from South Africa\\nalone. Foreigners with push and enter\u00c2\u00ac\\nprise are populating and improving the\\ncountry, and wish the Boers to do like\u00c2\u00ac\\nwise. The Dutch, however, are a rather\\nunprogressive lot, standing in the way of\\nfurther encroachment this time with armed\\nforces, which, it is likely, will eventually\\nhave to give way to the progress of Great\\nBritain.", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0903.jp2"}, "902": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0904.jp2"}, "903": {"fulltext": "ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SUBJECTS.\\nA PAGE\\nAccounts .632\\nAcetylene Gas.816\\nAdmiration, Genuine.149\\nAerial Navigation.808\\nAfghanistan .495\\nAfrica, Partition of.740\\nAge of Stars.730\\nAgreement, A Partnership.. 661\\nAgreement, General Form of.660\\nAgreements, Business.660\\nAir, Compressed.781\\nAir, Liquid.701\\nAlabaster, To Cleanse ..259\\nAlcohol, Who Drinks It ..616\\nAlps, The.616\\nAlphabet, How We Get It. 21\\nAmaryllis.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2 \u00e2\u0080\u00a2.186\\nAmusements, Indoor.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2 604\\nAnimal Propensities.134\\nAnimals, Locomotion of.687\\nAntarctic Explorations.823\\nAntidotes for Poison.687\\nAnti-Toxin.746\\nAnkle, Sprained.329\\nAir Current, How to Detect an.269\\nAppendicitis.749\\nArbitration, Court of.756\\nArmstrong Gun.745\\nArctic Explorations.823\\nAstronomy.513, 726\\nAsparagus.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2 245\\nAtbara River Bridge.826\\nAttention, Necessity of. 93\\nAttitudes, Incorrect. 68\\nAttitude. 65\\nAge of any Person, How to Tell.686\\nAustralia 502\\nAverage Rainfall in the United States.684\\nApple Sauce for Roast Goose.242\\nAutomobiles.705\\nAutomatic Vehicles.705\\nAustro Hungarian Empire.471\\nArtesian Wells, Failure of.274\\nArabia. 490\\nAquaria.212\\nAzalea. 195\\nAsps, The Poison of.142\\nArm, Movement of. 72\\nPAGE\\nArmy and Navy Officers, Salaries of.677\\nArticulation, Errors in. 56\\nB\\nBacilli. 744\\nBackgammon.610\\nBacteria.744\\nBalloon, War.810\\nBarbary States.498\\nBase Ball.390\\nBear, The Great.559\\nBelgium.479\\nBeloochistan.495\\nBeans with Pork.234\\nBeans, Boston Baked. 245\\nBeef or Veal Pie.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2 230\\nBeef, Roast, with Yorkshire Pudding.227\\nBeef, Scalloped.228\\nBeefsteaks, Fried.227\\nBeef, Roast.227\\nBeef Loaf.228\\nBeauty, A Plant of.\\nBeefsteak, Broiled.\\nBible, A Petrified.\\nBible, The Roman Catholic.\\nBible, Curiosities of.\\nBible Printed in Three Hundred Tongues\\nBills of Original Entry.\\nBird Seed.\\nBirds and Other Pets, Care of.\\nBicycling.\\nBiscuit.\\nBiscuit, French.\\nBiscuit, Lemon.\\nBiscuit, Breakfast.\\nBiscuit, Graham.\\nBiscuit, Rye\\nBlast Furnaces.\\nBlotters and Ink.\\nBlue Front Amazon, The.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\\nBlack Bird, English.\\nBlue Jay, The.\\nBloomers, Perpetual.\\nBoers, Life of.\\nBook-keeping.\\nBoxing.\\nBody, The Human.\\nBox Measures..\\n170\\n227\\n679\\n679\\n679\\n679\\n633\\n207\\n197\\n411\\n248\\n249\\n249\\n249\\n249\\n249\\n812, 814\\n23\\n205\\n202\\n201\\n191\\n833\\n630\\n409\\n616\\n689\\n837", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0905.jp2"}, "904": {"fulltext": "838\\nALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SUBJECTS.\\nPAGE\\nBouillon.21G\\nBobolink.200\\nBody, Culture of. 87\\nBody, Attitude of the. 54\\nBooks of Account.632\\nBooks, Glue for ;.259\\nBooks of Original Entry.633\\nBrazil.505\\nBrain, Compression of the.329\\nBreathing, To Induce.,.322\\nBrass.259\\nBritish India.492\\nBritish War in the Soudan.822\\nBread.248\\nBreads, Hot.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2 348\\nBreakfasts.347\\nBroth, Veal.217\\nBroth, Chicken.218\\nBroth, Mutton. 217\\nBreathing, Abrupt 54\\nBreathing, Forcible. 54\\nBreathing, Tranquil. 54\\nBreathing, Exercises in. 54\\nBusiness Terms and Rules.624\\nBuilding Societies.601\\nBuilding Societies, Constitution of.601\\nBurns, How to Treat \u00e2\u0080\u00a2.328\\nButter, To Make Drawn. 243\\nButter, Melted.243\\nBullfinch, The.203\\nBusiness Lesson.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2 682\\nC\\nCabinet Facts.677\\nCanal Locks.734\\nCape Cairo Railway.716\\nCape Colony.501\\nCape Nome.829\\nCasseiopeia.560\\nCards for Receptions.336\\nCalls and Visits.338\\nCash Book.634\\nCake, Fruit.250\\nCake, Loaf.251\\nCarpets, Treatment of.276\\nCake, Cream.251\\nCake, Gold.251\\nCake, Silver.251\\nCake, Caramel.251\\nCake, Velvet.251\\nCake, Elba.251\\nCake, Ice Cream.251\\nCake, Empress.251\\nCake, White.251\\nCake, Sponge.250\\nPAGE\\nCake, Huckleberry.251\\nCat Bird, The.201\\nCake.248\\nCauliflower.246\\nCatsup, Cucumber.242\\nCatsup, Tomato.242\\nCattle Killing.786\\nCalf\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Head, Boiled.230\\nCats and Monkeys.213\\nCancer in Birds.211\\nCapital Letters, How to Use. 29\\nCanary, The 197\\nCarnations and Picotees.190\\nCarlisle Tables of Mortality.686\\nCattle, To Obtain the Weight of.689\\nCecil Rhodes.717\\nCentral America.508\\nCelery, Stewed.246\\nChess, Laws of the Game .608\\nChess 605\\nChess Terms.606\\nChicago Drainage Canal.735\\nChicago Construction \u00e2\u0080\u009d.778\\nChili.507\\nChina, Partition of.825\\nChinese Eastern Railway.713\\nChoking, How to Treat.329\\nChintzes, Washing.256\\nChicken Pie.238\\nChicken, Deviled. 238\\nChina.490\\nChicken Cutlets.239\\nChicken, Broiled.239\\nChicken Pie. 239\\nChicken Pates.239\\nChicken, To Curry.240\\nChicken, Mode of Broiling.240\\nCharacters, Weak ones Despised.132\\nChickens.206\\nChaffinch, The.203\\nCheerfulness, In Wife.170\\nCharacters, Strong. 122\\nChest, Expanding The. 53\\nCinematograph.738\\nCities, Fictitious Names of.617\\nCivilization in Africa.740\\nClothing, To Remove Stains .253\\nClothing, Receipts for Renovating.252\\nClothes, Washing 256\\nClam Chowder.224\\nClaws and Beak, Long.210\\nCohener \u00e2\u0080\u009d.721\\nColonial Government of the United States 802\\nCombinations of Wealth.831\\nComparative Physiognomy.612", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0906.jp2"}, "905": {"fulltext": "ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SUBJECTS.\\nConstellations, Magnificent.\\nCountries of the World, The.\\nCordite.\\nCorporations.\\nCorrespondence, The Art of.\\nCorona, The Brilliant.\\nCondolence, Letters of.\\nCostume, Calling or Visiting.\\nConversation, Art of.\\nComplexion, The.\\nCosmetics, Receipts for.\\nCosmetic Wash Powder.\\nCoquetry.\\nCourage.\\nCorn Oysters, Green.\\nCoats of Arms of States and Territories\\nCod Pie.\\nCodfish Cakes.\\nCodfish, Dried.\\nCooking, Receipts for.\\nConstipation in Birds.\\nCockatoos.\\nCookery, Outrageous.\\nCompliments, Empty.\\nCourtship, Blind Errors of.\\nCourtship\\nConsonants.\\nCountries, Sizes of.\\nCountries, Settling of.\\nCountries, Discoveries of.\\nCrater, a Remarkable\\nCricket.\\nCrumpets, London.\\nCrab Pie.\\nCrabs, Soft Shell.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2\\nCuba.\\nCuba, Government of.\\nCuba, Military Governor of.\\nCurls and Ribbons.\\nCulture, Physical.\\nD\\nDates of First Occurrences.\\nDay Book\\nDahlias\\nDawson City.\\nDeath-Dealing Machines of War.\\nDecoherer\\nDesert World, A.\\nDemocratic Party, The.\\nDeed, Warranty with Covenants.\\nDeeds.\\nDelsarte, Birth of\\nDelsarte What He Thought.\\nDelsarte System, The.\\n839\\nPAGE\\nDebt, Avoid.682\\nDepartment Stores.832\\nDiamonds, Great. 830\\nDiamonds in South Africa.830\\nDistances, Amazing.555\\nDirt in the Eye.328\\nDixey.617\\nDisease, Infectious.277\\nDinner Giving.344\\nDinner Dress.346\\nDiet, Avoid Bad.174\\nDiseases of Birds, Proper Remedies.207\\nDiffidence.172\\nDianthus.191\\nDiscretion.171\\nDivorces, Great Number of,.136\\nDiscipline, Mental. 94\\nDiscoveries in Medicine.744\\nDiphthongs. 55\\nDiamond-cutting.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2.595\\nDigestion, Periods of.688\\nDominion of Canada, The .457\\nDogs.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2 213\\nDomestic Bliss, Receipt for.159\\nDollars, Weight of a Million.682\\nDollar, How Much One Saved Will Earn Each\\nDay.683\\nDress for Riding.360\\nDress for Dinner.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2 356\\nDress for Gentleman.360\\nDriggs-Schredner Gun.775\\nDrowning ..322\\nDrainage, Good.265\\nDumb Bells, Exercises With.295\\nDuck, Roast ..240\\nDwellings, Healthful.264\\nDysentery.209\\nE.\\nEarth\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Satellite, The.546\\nEarth\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Centre.617\\nEclipse of the Sun.728\\nEditors.761\\nEducation. 17\\nEgypt.488\\nEgg Dumplings for Soup.219\\nEgg Bound.210\\nEgg, Food in an ..689\\nEggs, Weight of.688\\nEl Dorado.618\\nElectric Cab.706\\nElectric Light, The.580\\nElectricity. 573-744\\nElectrical Plant Growth.725\\nElectrographs.819\\nPAGE\\n559\\n439\\n773\\n832\\n367\\n524\\n375\\n358\\n333\\n261\\n260\\n261\\n137\\n172\\n245\\n453\\n221\\n221\\n221\\n215\\n209\\n205\\n174\\n168\\n118\\n118\\n55\\n681\\n679\\n679\\n554\\n392\\n250\\n225\\n225\\n509\\n804\\n804\\n355\\n79\\n433\\n633\\n102\\n829\\n772\\n723\\n548\\n449\\n662\\n662\\n79\\n82\\n79", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0907.jp2"}, "906": {"fulltext": "840\\nALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SUBJECTS.\\nPAGE\\nElocution, Principles of. 73\\nElocution. 53\\nElocution Illustrated. 73\\nEmergencies, What to Do in.320\\nEmphasis, Exercises in. 78\\nEmphasis, Errors in. 62\\nEmphasis. 62\\nEnglish Language. 21\\nEngland.461\\nEncyclopedia of Valuable Information 673\\nEndurance, Power of.294\\nEnglish Language, The. 45\\nEngagements, Breaking.148\\nEngland, Sovereigns of.685\\nEngraving, Colortype.783\\nEngraving, Half-tone.782\\nEpilepsy in Birds. 210\\nErrors of Gesture. 66\\nErrors in Writing and Speaking 47\\nEtiquette of Polite Society.331\\nEvening Parties.350\\nExercise, Wrong Modes of.306\\nExpansion, American.826\\nExplosives of High Power.772\\nExtravagance, The Curse of.134\\nExercises, Elementary. 55\\nExecution, Mode of 687\\nExports of Various Countries.684\\nF\\nFace Reading.612\\nFainting.324\\nFacts, Curious.616\\nFace Veil, The.356\\nFac-simile of National Hymn.451\\nFeathers, To Cleanse.256\\nFeet, Movement of. 67\\nFeet, Position of. 65\\nFilipino Revolt.758\\nFinsen Light Rays.745\\nFish Supper, A.353\\nFire, Accidents by.323\\nFish, Boiled Cod.221\\nFish, Croquettes of.221\\nFish.221\\nFish, White, Baked.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2 223\\nFish, Chowder.221\\nFigures, Remembering. 96\\nFlowers, Language of.691\\nFlying Dutchman \u00e2\u0080\u009d.618\\nFlying Machines.810\\nFlowers, The Beautiful.180\\nFlowers, Language and Sentiment.691\\nFlower Language.691\\nFlower Vocabulary.692\\nPAGE\\nFlies, To Keep from Horses.689\\nFlies, To Drive from Stables.689\\nFoot Racing.405\\nFood, Angels\u00e2\u0080\u0099.251\\nForest Waste.741\\nFowl, Boiled.240\\nFowl, How to Cook.239\\nFowl with Oysters, Boiled.240\\nFood for Birds. 212\\nForce, Impassioned. 74\\nForce, Declamatory. 73\\nForce, Moderate. 73\\nForce. 57\\nFortunes, Foundations of.682\\nFood, Percentage of Nutrition. 688\\nFrance.466\\nFrance, Depredations by.448\\nFrance, Chamber of Deputies.791\\nFrance, Courts of.791\\nFrance, Government of.789\\nFrance, President of.790\\nFrench Gem, Famous.594\\nFrosts, Prevention of.741\\nFrugality.175\\nFull Dress, Occasions for.360\\nFurniture, To Clean Dirty or Stained.259\\nFurniture, Receipts for Renovating.258\\nG\\nGame Supper, A.353\\nGame, How to Cook .238\\nGasoline Mobile.708\\nGatling Gun. 775\\nGems, Wheat. 249\\nGems, Graham.249\\nGerman Empire, The.468\\nGermany, Chancellor of. 794\\nGermany, Diet of 793\\nGermany, Emperor of. 793\\nGermany, Government of.792\\nGems, Rye.249\\nGems, Famous. 593\\nGentleman, The True.132\\nGermicides. 744\\nGerms. 744\\nGesture, Rules for. 72\\nGesture. 53\\nGloves and Shoes.356\\nGladiolus.188\\nGood Manners, Charm of. 331\\nGo to Halifax \u00e2\u0080\u009d.618\\nGold .829\\nGold, Greatest Nugget of.829\\nGold, Cripple Creek.829\\nGold in South Africa.830", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0908.jp2"}, "907": {"fulltext": "ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SUBJECTS\\nPAGE\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cGolden Age\u00e2\u0080\u009d.618\\nGood Health, How to Preserve.262\\nGoldfinch, The American.201\\nGold, Refined. 20\\nGrammar, General Principles of. 39\\nGrumbler, A Despicable.164\\nGravel for Birds.212\\nGreat Britain, Government of.794\\nGreat Britain, Cabinet of. ..795\\nGreat Britain, Constitution of.796\\nGreat Britain, House of Lords of.796\\nGreat Britain, House of Commons of.795\\nGreat Canals of the World.733\\nGreat Governments of the World.789\\nGreen Linnet, The.203\\nGymnastics, Free.280\\nGravy. 227\\nGreece.485\\nGymnote, The.751\\nH\\nHand-Book of Law.659\\nHalos, Magnificent.530\\nHam, How to Boil.336\\nHam, Baked.235\\nHam Toast.236\\nHaddock, Baked.221\\nHauled Over the Coals.617\\nHand, Position and Movement of. 71\\nHawaiian Islands.806\\nHawaii.510\\nHemorrhage.323\\nHeat, Inconceivable.520\\nHeat, Phenomena of.529\\nHead-Cheese.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2.236\\nHealth, A Means of Good.214\\nHead aud Countenance, Movement of 70\\nHeads of Governments, Salaries Paid to 685\\nHertzian Waves.719\\nHistoric Ten Circles, The.470\\nHolland\u00e2\u0080\u0094The Netherlands.477\\nHorseless Age.705\\nHotchkiss Gun. 775\\nHouse Beautiful, The.361\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cHobson s Choice\u00e2\u0080\u009d.618\\nHouse Decorations.342\\nHow to Remember. 90\\nHousekeeper, Helps for the.214\\nHouse Plants and Flowers.180\\nHusband, The Model.162\\nHow to Do Business.655\\nHydraulic Power.736\\nHydrophobia.327\\nHydrophobia, Buisson Care for.748\\n841\\nPAGE\\nI\\nIdeas, Association of. 93\\nInvoice Book..634\\nInterrogation Marks. 33;\\nInflection. 60\\nIndigo Bird, The.202\\nIndustry.176\\nIndoor Amusements.604\\nInformation, Valuable.673\\nInsult, A Conjugal.163\\nInvitation, Notes of.363\\nIncome Tax, Decision on the. 449\\nInsects, Stings of.330\\nIntroductions. 332:\\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cIron Age\u00e2\u0080\u009d...618.\\nIreland.465\\nIrrigation.741\\nJ\\nJameson, Dr.\\nJaponica, Camelia....\\nJapan\\nJewels, When to Wear\\nJohn Bull.\\nJupiter.\\n835.\\n194\\n491\\n356\\n618\\n541\\nK\\nKeil Canal.734\\nKites, Scientific.809\\nKings and Queens of England, Table of 463\\nKinetoscope, Edison\u00e2\u0080\u0099s. 583-739\\nKick the Bucket \u00e2\u0080\u009d.618\\nKlondike.828\\nL\\nLadies\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Handwriting. 28\\nLadrone Islands.759\\nLamp, Acetylene Gas.817\\nLanguage and Sentiment of Flowers.691\\nLandlords and Tenants.664\\nLargest Things in the World, The.415-\\nLard, How to Make.237\\nLawn Tennis.383\\nLace, To Whiten.256\\nLamb, Roast Forequarter of.233\\nLetters, Forms for.367\\nLease of Farm and Buildings.664\\nLetters, Business.377\\nLegal Forms.659\\nLetters of Congratulation.373\\nLetters, Signs Used by Deaf and Dumb 34\\nLime in the Eye.328\\nLight, Phenomena of.5S9\\nLimbs, Broken ..209\\nLinnet, The. 202:", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0909.jp2"}, "908": {"fulltext": "842\\nALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SUBJECTS.\\nPAGE\\nLily, The.180\\nLimbs, Movement of the. 68\\nLies Never Pay.146\\nLiberty Bell.618\\nLiberia.500\\nLight, Reflection of.589\\nLinotype Machines.776\\nLiquors, Percentage of Alcohol in.688\\nLimitations, Statutes of.666\\nLightning Calculator.668\\nLuncheons.347\\nLove Letters.370\\nLunar Mountains.547\\nLoisette Memory System, The. 90\\nLove Making, How to be Conducted.135\\nLove, How Blighted.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2 139\\nLove Killed by Quarrels.143\\nLove Begets Love.148\\nLoreys, The.205\\nLobster, Deviled.224\\nLove and Marriage.119\\nLyddite.772\\nM\\nMars.539\\nMachine Guns. 775\\nMan in the Moon.620\\nMacaroni.244\\nMarconi, Guiglielmo.719\\nMarriages, Unfortunate.129\\nMaiden, The Coquettish.137\\nMarrying, Loving Involves.142\\nMarried Life Happy, How to Make.155\\nManhood, True. 161\\nMariano Islands. 759\\nMarriage.118\\nMarrying, Lady\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Chance of.* 687\\nMarvels of the Railway.711\\nMaxim Gun.775\\nMeat Market of the World. 784\\nMexico.460\\nMetals, Value of.683\\nMen and Animals, Likeness Between.612\\nMelody. 58\\nMercury...536\\nMeteors.729\\nMeteor, Largest Known.730\\nMimeograph, Edison\u00e2\u0080\u0099s.582\\nMile Racing.405\\nMicrobes.744\\nMicroscopic Photography. 522-821\\nMignonette.186\\nMilky Way.727\\nMind, How It Works 91\\nMines.775\\nPAGE\\nMonroe Doctrine. 620\\nMortgages.663\\nMortgage, General Form of.663\\nMoulting.209\\nMocking Birds, Food for the.200\\nModem Illustrating.782\\nModern Newspaper.762\\nModern Wonders of Electricity.724\\nModesty.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2 \u00e2\u0080\u00a2.171\\nMoney, Crazy to Make.167\\nMonster Presses.769\\nMothers, Healthy.178\\nMovement. 61\\nMovement, Exercises in. 76\\nMoving Pictures.738\\nMoney, Results of Saving Small Amounts 683\\nMonths, How they get their Names.684\\nMoney.682\\nMortality, Tables of. 686\\nMuffins, Com Meal.250\\nMuffins, Plain.250\\nMutton Chop, Fried.233\\nMutton, Roast Loin of.232\\nMutton Chops, Broiled.233\\nMutton, Boiled Leg of.232\\nN\\nNations, Wealth of.681\\nNames of the Months, Derivations of.684\\nName, Engraving the.336\\nNavy, American.*. .776\\nNervous People, Whom to Marry.128\\nNeptune. 544\\nNew Possessions. 757\\nNew Railway Construction.713\\nNew Studies of the Sky.726\\nNew Testament, Originals of.679\\nNiagara Falls, Power of.736\\nNicaragua Canal.733\\nNikola Tesla.725\\nNinety Miles an Hour.717\\nNitro-Glycerine. 773\\nNorway and Sweden. 475\\nNightmares and Headaches.215\\nNightingale, The. 202\\nNonpareil, The. 202\\nO\\nOar and Paddle, The.305\\nOceanica. 503\\nOld Legend, An. 18\\nOmelet, Cauliflower.246\\nOil Gland, The.. 209\\nOstrich-farming.501\\nOpera Dress. 358", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0910.jp2"}, "909": {"fulltext": "ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SUBJECTS.\\n843\\nOrion.\\nOriental Women, Arts of\\nOrnamental Penmanship\\nOrnamental Pen Flourishes\\nOrange Free State.\\nOyster Toast.\\nOysters, Shell.\\nOysters, Canned.\\nOysters, Broiled.\\nOysters, Stewed a la Delmonico\\nOysters, Deviled.\\nOysters, Escalloped.\\nOyster Stew.\\nOysters, Green Corn.\\nP\\nPartnership, Laws of.\\nPaint, To Clean.\\nParties, Evening.\\nPanama Canal.\\nPansies..\\nPasteur Serum.\\nPartridges, How to Cook\\nPalestine\\nParrot, Cuban.\\nParrot, The Gray.\\nParrots, The.\\nParents, Consent of, in Marriage\\nPauses, Exercises in.\\nPauses\\nParenthesis, Bracket, Hyphen, etc\\nPeace Conference.\\nPen Flourishes.\\nPeru.\\nPersons Who are Frozen\\nPersia..\\nPen, How to Hold..\\nPerch, The.\\nPea, Sweet.\\nPenmanship, Specimen of\\nPen Flourish.\\nPhilippines, The.\\nPhilippines, Government of\\nPhonograph, The.\\nPhrenology.\\nPhotography, Wonderful.\\nPhoto-Engraving.\\nPhotographs of Lightning\\nPheasants, How to Cook.\\nPortugal.\\nPicture Telegraphy.\\nPilgrims, Arrival of the.\\nPoison, Cutting out the.\\nPoisons.\\nPipes and Ventilation.\\nPAGE\\n563\\n124\\n38\\n30\\n835\\n223\\n224\\n224\\n224\\n224\\n223\\n223\\n223\\n245\\n661\\n256\\n350\\n733\\n184\\n746\\n241\\n489\\n204\\n204\\nPotatoes, Scalloped.\\nPotato Chips.\\nPotatoes, Candied.\\nPigeon Pie.\\nPone, Sweet Potato.\\nPotatoes in Cases.\\nPig\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Cheek.\\nPork Chops, Steaks and Cutlets\\nPork and Beans.\\nPigeons, Stewed.\\nPork Sausages..\\nPork Fritters.\\nPork, How to Select.\\nPigs in Blanket..\\nPoultry and Game.\\nPike, Boiled.\\nPigeons.\\nPitch, Exercises on.\\nPitch, Very Low.\\nPitch.\\nPitch, Middle.\\nPitch, Very High.\\nPitch, High.\\nPneumatic Tubes.\\nPoisons, Antidotes for.\\nPorto Rico.\\n204 j Poultry, Management of\\n150\\n77\\n60\\n35\\n756\\n26\\n506\\n326\\n497\\n25\\n211\\n186\\n24\\n36\\n757\\n806\\n574\\n613\\n586-818\\n764\\n820\\n241\\n484\\n724\\n444\\n330\\n327\\n265\\nPlanets, King of the.\\nPlum-cake, Old-fashioned.\\nPuritans, The.\\nPudding, Yorkshire.\\nPunctuation, Rules of.\\nPunctuation Marks.\\nPunctuate, How to, Correctly.\\nPulse, The.\\nPresidents, Education, Marriage, etc.\\nPresidents, Popular Vote for, by States\\nPresidents, Politics of\\nPresidents, How they Died\\nPresident\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Salary\\nPresidents of France.\\nPresidents, Autographs of.\\nPresidents, Religion of.\\nPresses, Printing.\\nProjectiles of War.\\nProposal, Acceptance and Vow.\\nPronunciation.\\nQ\\nQueen of Jewels.\\nQuail on Toast.\\nR\\nRabies.\\nRabbit, Broiled.\\nRailroad Signalling.\\nPAGE\\n243\\n244\\n244\\n241\\n245\\n243\\n235\\n235\\n234\\n241\\n234\\n235\\n233\\n234\\n238\\n223\\n206\\n75\\n59\\n58\\n59\\n60\\n60\\n781\\n687\\n760-802\\n689\\n541\\n250\\n442\\n228\\n31\\n31\\n31\\n688\\n674\\n676\\n676\\n621\\n677\\n467\\n452\\n678\\n769\\n773\\n151\\n56\\n593\\n241\\n748\\n241\\n598", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0911.jp2"}, "910": {"fulltext": "844\\nALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SUBJECTS.\\nPAGE\\nRats, White.213\\nRabbits.212\\nRain-fall, Annual Average.684\\nRepublics in South Africa.500\\nReady Reckoner.668\\nRevolution, Events Preceding the.446\\nRed Men, Extinction of the.441\\nRecent Historic Events.822\\nRecesses, Cosy.362\\nReception Day, A.337\\nRed Bird, The.200\\nRefreshments, Serving...353\\nReceptions.350\\nReceipts for Everyday Use.214\\nReclaiming Bad Lands.741\\nRed Front Parrot, The.205\\nReligious Beliefs, Different.130\\nReporters.762\\nRepublic in Europe, The Smallest.685\\nRiches Greater than King Solomon\u00e2\u0080\u0099s.828\\nRowing.407\\nRouge, Oriental.261\\nRolls, Light.249\\nRolls, French.250\\nRolls, Bakers\u00e2\u0080\u0099.250\\nRoast Quail or Woodcock.241\\nRobin, The.201\\nRobin, The Japanese.204\\nRoentgen Rays.. 586\\nRose, The.. 196\\nRoyalty, What it Costs England.685\\nRural Postal Delivery.822\\nRussian Empire, The.472\\nRussia, Government of.796\\nRussia, Czar of.797\\nRussia, Holy Synod of.797\\nRussia, Senate of.798\\nRubbish and Disease.264\\nS\\nSamonan Islands.759\\nSandwich Islands...510\\nSaturn.542\\nSalutations.332\\nSales Book ..634\\nSatin, How to Wash.252\\nSalad, Potato.246\\nSalad, Chicken.247\\nSalad, Fruit.247\\nSalad, Sardine.247\\nSalad, Banana.247\\nSalad, Beet.247\\nSalad, Cucumber.247\\nSalad, Lobster.247\\nSalad, Salmon.248\\nPAGE\\nSalad, Tomato.248\\nSalad, Veal. 248.\\nSalad, Orange.248\\nSalad Dressing.248\\nSauerkraut.246\\nSauce, Chili.242\\nSauce, Roast Beef.242\\nSauce, Current.242\\nSauce, Bread.242\\nSauce, Egg.242\\nSauce, Celery.242\\nSauce, Lemon.243\\nSauce, Mint.243\\nSausage, Mississippi.235\\nSalmon or Halibut, Baked.223\\nSalmon, Thick Cream Sauce for.221\\nSalmon, Puree of.221\\nSalaries Paid to Heads of Governments 685\\nScientific Farming.741\\nScotland.464\\nScab, in Birds.210\\nScalds and Burns.328\\nSearch Lights.* *.777\\nSelf-Culture. 19\\nSelf-Command, Perfect. 173\\nSelf-Sacrifice, Examples of.169\\nSentences, Construction of. 42\\nSections and Paragraphs. 37\\nSemi-colons, Colons and Periods. 33\\nShadow-pictures. 591\\nShortcake, Strawberry ..251\\nShell Parakeet, The.205\\nSparrow, The Java. 203-\\nSigns and Abbreviations in Business.630\\nSilver Question, The.621\\nSignalling, Railroad.598\\nSilver. 259\\nSiam. 496-\\nSiskin, The.202\\nSimpletons, Conceited.164\\nSize of Universe.727\\nSkin and Bone Grafting.750\\nSkylark, The.203\\nSky Scrapers\u00e2\u0080\u009d.778\\nSlaw, Cold. 247\\nSlaw, Cabbage.246\\nSmelts, How to Fry.221\\nSmokeless Powder. 773\\nSnakes, Bites of. 330\\nSneezing.. 210\\nSnow-Drop, The.183\\nSmallest Republic 685\\nSmall Inventions, Getting Rich by 683\\nSolar System, Our. 536\\nSounds of English Language, Table of 55", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0912.jp2"}, "911": {"fulltext": "ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SUBJECTS.\\nSoup, Philadelphia Pepper Pot.\\nSoup, Dried Bean.\\nSoup, Corn\\nSoup, Green Pea.\\nSoup, Vermicelli.\\nSoup, Bisque.\\nSoup, Julienne.\\nSoup, Mock Turtle.\\nSoup, Clam\\nSoup, Wine.\\nSoup, White.\\nSoup, Bean\\nSoup, Gumbo.\\nSoup, Rice.\\nSoup, Friar\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Duck.\\nSoup, Noodle\\nSoup, Macaroni.\\nSoup, Vegetable.\\nSoup, Potato\\nSoup, French Tomato.\\nSoups\\nSoup, Ox-Tail.\\nSoup, Turtle.\\nSoup, Celery and Potato\\nSoup, Beef Heart..\\nSoup, Beef.\\nSoup, White Stock.\\nSoup, Tomato\\nSoup, Oyster.\\nSoup, Cream Celery.\\nSouth Africa and the Boers.\\nSovereigns of England.\\nSpell, How to, Correctly.\\nSporting Boat, Pneumatic.\\nSpain.\\nSports and Pastimes.\\nSpare-rib, Roast\\nSpeaker, The Graceful.\\nSpeaker, The Awkward.\\nStatutes of Limitations.\\nStates and Territories, Fictitious Names of\\nSteel Rolling Mills.\\nStereotyping\\nStockbrokers\u00e2\u0080\u0099 Technicalities.\\nStock Yards at Chicago.\\nStars, Infinite Clusters of.\\nStar Spangled Banner, Fac-simile of.\\nStrawberry Shortcake.\\nStrength, Feats of.\\nStones, How to Cleanse Precious.\\nStew, Brunswick.\\nStew, Irish.\\nStarling, European.\\nStress. Vanishing.\\nStyle of Composition, The Best.\\n845\\nPAGE\\nSub-Marine Navigation.752\\nSulu, Sultan of.758\\nSun\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Eternal Day, The.518\\nSunstroke \u00e2\u0080\u0099.324\\nSun\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Form, The.530\\nSun-Spots, Rapid Movement of.517\\nSun, Vast Size of.514\\nSun, Eclipse of the.523\\nSupper Parties.353\\nSun, The.728\\nSun Eruptions.525\\nSwing and Stirrups, The.\u00e2\u0080\u00a2 303\\nSwimming and Climbing.305\\nSynopsis, Make a 96\\nSynonyms and Anonyms. 98\\nT.\\nTable Decorations.345\\nTagalas, The.757\\nTallest Building.778\\nTennis Court.383\\nTemperaments, Balance of.126\\nTelephone, The.578\\nTea, Five O\u00e2\u0080\u0099Clock.349\\nI Telegraphing, Swift.724\\nTelephotography. 819\\nTelescope, Yerkes.730\\nTerrapins, How to Cook Maryland Style 225\\nTemperaments Adapted to Each Other 127\\nTemperament, The Mental.127\\nTemperaments, The.121\\nTemperament, The Motive.122\\nTemperature, Annual Average.684\\nThumb, Dislocated.329\\nThings Not Generally Known.616\\nThrush, The Brown.201\\nThrush, The English.202\\nTime, Exercises on. 75\\nTomato Toast.245\\nTomato Relish. 245\\nTomatoes, Fried.245\\nTomatoes, Stuffed.246\\nTomatoes and Onions, Green.245\\nTorpedoes.775\\nTrans-Siberian Railway ..713\\nTransvaal Government.834\\nTraveling in the Air.808\\nTrue Motto, The. 18\\nTroopial, The.204\\nTrunk, Movement of the. 69\\nTrusts.832\\nTraining of Mind and Body. 17\\nTurkey or Chicken, Roast.238\\nTulips.190\\nTurbines of Niagara Falls.73?\\nPAGE\\n220\\n220\\n220\\n220\\n220\\n220\\n220\\n219\\n219\\n219\\n219\\n219\\n219\\n219\\n219\\n218\\n218\\n218\\n218\\n218\\n216\\n217\\n217\\n218\\n217\\n217\\n216\\n216\\n216\\n218\\n883\\n685\\n27\\n620\\n483\\n382\\n235\\n57\\n57\\n666\\n622\\n812\\n768\\n623\\n784\\n558\\n450\\n251\\n284\\n259\\n238\\n233\\n201\\n74\\n43", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0913.jp2"}, "912": {"fulltext": "846\\nALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SUBJECTS.\\nPAGE\\nTutuila.760\\nType Setting..776\\nU\\nUshers at Weddings.342\\nUnited States.440\\nUranus. 543\\nUnited States of Colombia.508\\nUncle Sam.623\\nUnited States officers, Salaries of.677\\nUnited States of America, Government of\\nUnited States, President of.798\\nUnited States, Constitution of.799\\nUnited States, Congress of.800\\nUnited States, Senate of.800\\nUnited States, House of Representatives of 800\\nUnited States Supreme Court.801\\nUitlanders.835\\nV\\nVarnish, Furniture ,.258\\nVenus.537\\nVenison, Roast.237\\nVenezuela.504\\nVentilation, Best Methods of.268\\nVelvet, How to Wash.257\\nVegetables, How to Cook.243\\nVeal, To Roast.229\\nVeal Cutlets. 229\\nVeal Chops.229\\nVeal, Fillet of.230\\nVeal, Loin of, Roasted.230\\nVeal Pot-Pie.230\\nVermin on Birds.211\\nVice-Presidents, Birth, Election, Death, etc. 675\\nViolets.184\\nVisiting Cards, Specimens of. 40\\nVotes for Presidents.675\\nVoice, Loss of, in Birds.210\\nVocal Culture. 53\\nVoyaging at the Sea Bottom.751\\nVowel Sounds. 55\\nW\\nWanderers in Space.\\nWar with Spain\\nWater Supply, The..\\nWax Plant.\\nWater for Birds.\\nWashington, D. C., Facts About\\nWeddings.\\nWeather Signals.\\nWeather, The.\\nWedding Anniversaries.\\nWeddings, Home.\\nWedding Tour, The.\\nWedding, A Home.\\nWeek Days, Names of.\\nWeight of a Million Dollars\\nWealth of Principal Nations\\nWhite Man\u00e2\u0080\u0099s Greed for Land\\nWill, General Form of.\\nWireless Light.\\nWireless Telegraphy.\\nWriting, Plain, the Best.\\nWrite and Speak, How to Correctly\\nWinds and Storms.\\nWills and Testaments.\\nWives, How Good, are Spoiled\\nWriter, Position of\\nWhite Mice.\\nWomen, Arts of.\\nWorlds, Brotherhood of.\\nWomen, Masculine\\nWorM, Political Divisions of\\nWhite House.\\nWife, The Model.\\nX-Rays in Surgery\\nX\\nYeast, Potato\\nYeast, Apple\\nYeast. Hop\\nZeotrope\\nY\\nZ\\nPAGE\\n564\\n827\\n272\\n186\\n212\\n678\\n341\\n596\\n596\\n343\\n342\\n161\\n156\\n684\\n682\\n681\\n746\\n665\\n725\\n719\\n27\\n21\\n597\\n665\\n133.\\n23\\n213\\n124\\n516\\n129\\n681\\n678\\n176\\n746\\n248\\n249\\n248\\n738", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0914.jp2"}, "913": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0915.jp2"}, "914": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0916.jp2"}, "915": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0917.jp2"}, "916": {"fulltext": "", "height": "4802", "width": "3263", "jp2-path": "standardamerican00nort_0918.jp2"}}